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History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent

2026-05-04T22:55:26Z

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{{About|scientific and technological developments in ancient India|the modern-day Republic of India|Science and technology in India|modern-day Pakistan|Science and technology in Pakistan}}
{{Merge from |1=Vedic science |target=History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent#Early Kingdoms |afd=Vedic science |date =May 2026 }}

{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Science and technology in India}}

The '''history of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent''' begins with the [[History of India#Prehistoric era (until c. 3300 BCE)|prehistoric human activity]] of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] to the early Indian states and empires.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |title=Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |archive-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Prehistory==
{{See also|List of Indian inventions and discoveries}}

[[File:Hand-propelled wheel cart from Indus Valley Civilization.GIF|thumb|Hand-propelled wheel cart, Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE). Housed at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].]]

By 5500 BCE a number of sites similar to [[Mehrgarh]] (modern-day [[Pakistan]]) had appeared, forming the basis of later chalcolithic cultures.<ref name=Kenoyer230/> The inhabitants of these sites maintained trading relations with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Near East]].<ref name=Kenoyer230>Kenoyer, 230</ref>

Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 BCE.<ref name=R&U/> The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation, which eventually led to more planned settlements making use of [[drainage]] and [[sewerage]].<ref name=R&U>Rodda & Ubertini, 279</ref> Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley Civilization, including artificial [[reservoir]]s at [[Girnar]] dated to 3000 BCE, and an early [[canal]] irrigation system from c. 2600 BCE.<ref>Rodda & Ubertini, 161</ref> [[Cotton]] was cultivated in the region by the 5th–4th millennia BCE.<ref>Stein, 47</ref> [[Sugarcane]] was originally from tropical South and Southeast Asia.<ref name=Sharpe/> Different species likely originated in different locations with ''S. barberi'' originating in India, and ''S. edule'' and ''S. officinarum'' coming from [[New Guinea]].<ref name=Sharpe>Sharpe (1998)</ref>

The inhabitants of the Indus valley developed a system of [[standardization]], using weights and measures, evident by the excavations made at the Indus valley sites.<ref name=Baber_b>Baber, 23</ref> This [[technical standard]]ization enabled gauging devices to be effectively used in [[angular measurement]] and measurement for construction.<ref name=Baber_b/> [[Calibration]] was also found in measuring devices along with multiple subdivisions in case of some devices.<ref name=Baber_b/> One of the earliest known [[Dock (maritime)|dock]]s is at [[Lothal]] (2400 BCE), located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.<ref name="RaoQ"/> Modern oceanographers have observed that the [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Early Harappan|Harappans]] must have possessed knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the [[Sabarmati]], as well as exemplary [[hydrography]] and maritime engineering.<ref name="RaoQ">Rao, 27–28</ref>

Excavations at [[Balakot]] ([[Kot Bala]]) (c. 2500–1900 BCE), modern day Pakistan, have yielded evidence of an early [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]].<ref name=Dales/> The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of [[ceramic]] objects.<ref name=Dales>Dales, 3–22 [10]</ref> [[Oven]]s, dating back to the civilization's mature phase (c. 2500–1900 BCE), were also excavated at Balakot.<ref name=Dales/> The [[Kalibangan]] archeological site further yields evidence of potshaped [[hearth]]s, which at one site have been found both on ground and underground.<ref name=Baber20>Baber, 20</ref> [[Kiln]]s with fire and kiln chambers have also been found at the Kalibangan site.<ref name=Baber20/> [[File:Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India.jpg|thumb|left|View of the Ashokan Pillar at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. One of the [[edicts of Ashoka]] (272–231 BCE) reads: "Everywhere in the dominions of king Dēvānāṁ priya Priyadarśin, and likewise among (his) borderers, such as the Chōḍas, the Pāṇḍyas, the Satiyaputa,the Kētalaputa, even Tāmraparṇī, the Yōna king Antiyaka, and also the kings who are the neighbours of this Antiyaka,—everywhere two (kinds of) medical treatment were established by king Dēvānāṁ priya Priyadarśin, (viz.) medical treatment for men and medical treatment for cattle. And wherever there were no herbs that are beneficial to men and be- neficial to cattle, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted. Wherever there were no roots and fruits, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted. On the roads wells were caused to be dug, and trees were caused to be planted for the use of cattle and men."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wujastyk |first=Dominik |date=2022-02-19 |title=Evidence for Hospitals in Early India |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/70 |journal=History of Science in South Asia |volume=10 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.18732/hssa70 |issn=2369-775X|doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

Based on archaeological and textual evidence, [[Joseph E. Schwartzberg]] (2008)—a [[University of Minnesota]] [[professor emeritus]] of geography—traces the origins of [[Indian cartography]] to the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500–1900 BCE).<ref name=Schwartzberg1/> The use of large scale constructional plans, cosmological drawings, and cartographic material was known in [[South Asia]] with some regularity since the [[Vedic period]] (2nd – 1st millennium BCE).<ref name=Schwartzberg1>"We now believe that some form of mapping was practiced in what is now India as early as the Mesolithic period, that surveying dates as far back as the Indus Civilization (ca. 2500–1900 BCE), and that the construction of large-scale plans, cosmographic maps, and other cartographic works has occurred continuously at least since the late Vedic age (first millennium BCE)" — Joseph E. Schwartzberg, 1301.</ref> Climatic conditions were responsible for the destruction of most of the evidence, however, a number of excavated surveying instruments and measuring rods have yielded convincing evidence of early cartographic activity.<ref name=Schwartzberg1301-1302>Schwartzberg, 1301–1302</ref> Schwartzberg (2008)—on the subject of surviving maps—further holds that: "Though not numerous, a number of map-like graffiti appear among the thousands of Stone Age Indian cave paintings; and at least one complex Mesolithic diagram is believed to be a representation of the cosmos."<ref name=Schwartzberg1301>Schwartzberg, 1301</ref>

Archeological evidence of an animal-drawn [[plough]] dates back to 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref name=lal>Lal (2001)</ref> The earliest available [[sword]]s of copper discovered from the Harappan sites date back to 2300 BCE.<ref name=allchin1/> Swords have been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the [[Ganges]]–[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jamuna]] [[Doab]] region of India, consisting of [[bronze]] but more commonly copper.<ref name=allchin1>Allchin, 111–112</ref>

==Early kingdoms==
[[File:Ganesha ink.jpg|thumb|Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella (early 19th century). [[India ink|Carbon pigment]] [[Ink]], called ''masi'', and popularly known as [[India ink]] was an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BCE.<ref>Banerji, 673</ref> The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early [[South India]].<ref>Sircar, 62</ref> Several [[Jain]] sutras in India were compiled in [[India ink|Carbon pigment]] [[Ink]].<ref>Sircar, 67</ref> ]]
[[File:Hindu-arabic1.jpg|thumb|The ''Hindu-Arabic numeral'' system. The inscriptions on the edicts of Ashoka (1st millennium BCE) display this number system being used by the Imperial Mauryas.]]
The religious texts of the [[Vedic period]] provide evidence for the use of [[History of large numbers|large numbers]].<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361/> By the time of the last Veda, the ''[[Yajurveda|{{IAST|Yajurvedasaṃhitā}}]]'' (1200–900 BCE), numbers as high as <math>10^{12}</math> were being included in the texts.<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361>Hayashi, 360–361</ref> For example, the ''[[mantra]]'' (sacrificial formula) at the end of the ''annahoma'' ("food-oblation rite") performed during the ''[[Ashvamedha|aśvamedha]]'' ("an allegory for a horse sacrifice"), and uttered just before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion.<ref name=hayashi2005-p360-361/> The [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (9th century BCE) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras.<ref>Seidenberg, 301–342</ref>

[[Baudhayana]] (c. 8th century BCE) composed the ''Baudhayana Sulba Sutra'', which contains examples of simple [[Pythagorean triple]]s,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Math Book From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics |last=Pickover |first=Clifford A. |date=2011-09-27 |isbn=9781402797491 |publication-date=2011-09-27 |language=English}}</ref> such as: <math>(3, 4, 5)</math>, <math>(5, 12, 13)</math>, <math>(8, 15, 17)</math>, <math>
(7, 24, 25)</math>, and <math>(12, 35, 37)</math><ref name=joseph229>Joseph, 229</ref> as well as a statement of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] for the sides of a square: "The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square."<ref name=joseph229/> It also contains the general statement of the Pythagorean theorem (for the sides of a rectangle): "The rope stretched along the length of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together."<ref name=joseph229/> Baudhayana gives a formula for the [[square root of two]].<ref name=cooke200>Cooke, 200</ref>

The earliest [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomical]] text—named ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha|{{IAST|Vedānga Jyotiṣa}}]]'' and attributed to ''Lagadha''—is considered one of the oldest astronomical texts, dating from the fifth century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pingree |first=David |title=Astronomy before the telescope |date=1996 |publisher=Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-1746-1 |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=C. B. F. |location=London |pages=124–125 |chapter=Astronomy in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamashastry |first=R. |url=http://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s22695bh54s |title=Vedangajyautisha, Edited with His Own English Translation and Sanskrit Commentary |publisher=Govt. Branch Press |year=1936 |location=Mysore}}</ref> It details several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events. It also details astronomical calculations, calendrical studies, and establishes rules for empirical observation.<ref name= Subbaarayappa>Subbaarayappa, 25–41</ref> The ''{{IAST|Vedānga Jyotiṣa}}'' details several important aspects of the time and seasons, including lunar months, solar months, and their adjustment by a lunar leap month (Sanskrit ''adhikamāsa)''.<ref name=Tripathi08>Tripathi, 264–267</ref> Seasons (Sanskrit ''[[Ritu (Indian season)|ṛtus]])'' and eons (Sanskrit ''[[yuga]]s)'' are also described.<ref name=Tripathi08/> Tripathi (2008) holds that "Twenty-seven constellations, eclipses, seven planets, and twelve signs of the zodiac were also known at that time."<ref name=Tripathi08/>

The [[Egypt]]ian ''Papyrus of Kahun'' (1900 BCE) and literature of the [[Vedic period]] in India offer early records of [[veterinary medicine]].<ref>Thrusfield, 2</ref> Kearns & Nash (2008) state that mention of [[leprosy]] is described in the medical treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (6th century BCE). The [[Sushruta Samhita]] an [[Ayurvedic]] text contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, a detailed study on Anatomy, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.<ref name=Dwivedi&Dwivedi07 /><ref name=k&n08>Kearns & Nash (2008)</ref> However, ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine'' holds that the mention of leprosy, as well as ritualistic cures for it, were described in the Hindu religious book ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', written in 1500–1200 BCE.<ref>Lock etc., 420</ref>

[[Cataract surgery]] was known to the physician [[Sushruta]] (ca. 2nd-4th century CE).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=G. Jan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm42207455 |title=A history of Indian medical literature |date=1999 |publisher=E. Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |series=Groningen Oriental studies |volume=IA |location=Groningen |pages=333–357 |chapter= |oclc=ocm42207455}}</ref> Traditional cataract surgery was performed with a sharp probe used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision. The eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majno |first=Guido |title=The healing hand: man and wound in the ancient world |date=1991 |publisher=Harvard University press |isbn=978-0-674-38330-2 |location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref> The removal of cataract by surgery was also introduced into China from India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Vijaya |date=January 2000 |title=Ophthalmic surgery: a chapter in the history of Sino-Indian medical contacts |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X00008454/type/journal_article |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=370–388 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00008454 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sushruta's treatise provides the first written record of a cheek flap rhinoplasty, a technique still used today to reconstruct a nose.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |title=On the plastic surgery of the ears and nose: the Nepalese version of the Suśrutasaṃhitā |last2=Birch |first2=Jason |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu K. |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Lele |first8=Vandana |last9=Mehta |first9=Paras |date=2023 |publisher=HASP, Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |isbn=978-3-948791-63-6 |location=Heidelberg}}</ref> ''Otoplasty'' (surgery of the ear) was developed in [[History of India|ancient India]] and is described in the same medical compendium, the {{Transliteration|sa|[[Sushruta Samhita]]}}). Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] in the early centuries CE, with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight.<ref name="History2010" /> Effective modern treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians [[Frederick Banting]] and [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922.<ref name="History2010" /> The condition was named "heart pain" (Sanskrit हृत्शूल) in ancient India and was again described by [[Sushruta]].<ref name="Dwivedi&Dwivedi07">{{cite journal| vauthors = Dwivedi G, Dwivedi S |year=2007 |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |title=Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence |journal=The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences |volume=49 |pages=243–4 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref>

During the 4th century BCE, the scholar [[Pāṇini]] had made several discoveries in the fields of [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], and [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]].<ref name=Ivic>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Linguistics''.</ref> [[Pāṇini]]'s morphological analysis remained more advanced than any equivalent Western theory until the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Staal | first1 = Frits | title = Universals: studies in Indian logic and linguistics | url = https://archive.org/details/universalsstudie00staa | url-access = limited | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1988 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/universalsstudie00staa/page/n57 47] }}</ref> [[Metal]] [[currency]] was minted in India before the 5th century BCE,<ref name=Dhavalikar>Dhavalikar, 330–338</ref><ref name=sellwood2008>Sellwood (2008)</ref> with coinage (400 BCE – 100 CE) being made of [[silver]] and copper, bearing animal and plant symbols on them.<ref name=EBAllan&Stern>Allan & Stern (2008)</ref>

[[Zinc]] mines of Zawar, near [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], were active during 400 BCE.<ref name=Craddock>Craddock (1983)</ref><ref>[[Arun Kumar Biswas]], "The primacy of India in ancient brass and zinc metallurgy", Indian J History of Science, 28(4) (1993) page 309–330; and "Brass and zinc metallurgy in the ancient and medieval world: India's primacy and the technology transfer to the west", Indian J History of Science, 41(2) (2006) 159–174</ref> Diverse specimens of swords have been discovered in [[Fatehgarh]], where there are several varieties of hilt.<ref>F.R. Allchin, 111–112</ref> These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700 and 1400 BCE, but were probably used more extensively during the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=Allchin114>Allchin, 114</ref> Archaeological sites in such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] show iron implements from the period between 1800 BCE and 1200 BCE.<ref name=Tewari>Tewari (2003)</ref> Early iron objects found in India can be dated to 1400 BCE by employing the method of radio carbon dating.<ref name=Ceccarelli>Ceccarelli, 218</ref> Some scholars believe that by the early 13th century BCE iron smelting was practiced on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date of the technology's inception may be placed earlier.<ref name=Tewari/> In [[Southern India]] (present day [[Mysore]]) iron appeared as early as 11th to 12th centuries BCE.<ref name=UCP/> These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.<ref name=UCP>Drakonoff, 372</ref>

==Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE)==
[[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|The [[iron pillar of Delhi]] (375–413 CE). The first iron pillar was the Iron pillar of Delhi, erected at the times of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.]]

The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' of [[Kautilya]] mentions the construction of dams and bridges.<ref>Dikshitar, pg. 332</ref> The use of [[suspension bridge]]s using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible by about the 4th century.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''suspension bridge''.</ref> The ''[[stupa]]'', the precursor of the [[pagoda]] and [[torii]], was constructed by the 3rd century BCE.<ref name=Ency>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Pagoda''.</ref><ref name=Jaanus>[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/ Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (2001), ''torii''.]</ref> Rock-cut [[step well]]s in the region date from 200 to 400 CE.<ref name=L&B/> Subsequently, the construction of wells at Dhank (550–625 CE) and stepped ponds at [[Bhinmal]] (850–950 CE) took place.<ref name=L&B>Livingston & Beach, xxiii</ref>

During the 1st millennium BCE, the [[Vaisheshika]] school of [[atomism]] was founded. The most important proponent of this school was [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]], an [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]].<ref>Oliver Leaman, ''Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.'' Routledge, 1999, page 269.</ref> The school proposed that [[atom]]s are indivisible and eternal, can neither be created nor destroyed,<ref>{{harvnb|Chattopadhyaya|1986|pp=169–70}}</ref> and that each one possesses its own distinct {{IAST |viśeṣa}} (individuality).<ref>{{harvnb|Choudhury|2006|p=202}}</ref> It was further elaborated on by the [[Buddhist atomism|Buddhist school of atomism]], of which the philosophers [[Dharmakirti]] and [[Dignāga]] in the 7th century CE were the most important proponents. They considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy.<ref>(Stcherbatsky 1962 (1930). Vol. 1. P. 19)</ref>

By the beginning of the [[Common Era]] glass was being used for ornaments and casing in the region.<ref name=Ghosh/> Contact with the [[Greco-Roman world]] added newer techniques, and local artisans learnt methods of glass molding, decorating and coloring by the early centuries of the Common Era.<ref name=Ghosh>Ghosh, 219</ref> The [[Satavahana]] period further reveals short cylinders of composite glass, including those displaying a lemon yellow matrix covered with green glass.<ref name=Ghosh2>"Ornaments, Gems etc." (Ch. 10) in Ghosh 1990.</ref> [[Wootz]] originated in the region before the beginning of the common era.<ref>Srinivasan & Ranganathan</ref> Wootz was exported and traded throughout Europe, China, the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as [[Damascus steel]]. Archaeological evidence suggests that manufacturing process for Wootz was also in existence in South India before the Christian era.<ref name=Srinivasan94>Srinivasan (1994)</ref><ref>Srinivasan & Griffiths</ref>

Evidence for using bow-instruments for [[carding]] comes from India (2nd century CE).<ref name=Baber57>Baber, 57</ref> The mining of [[Diamond (gemstone)|diamonds]] and its early use as gemstones originated in India.<ref name=Wenk1>Wenk, 535–539</ref> [[Golconda]] served as an important early center for diamond mining and processing.<ref name=Wenk1/> Diamonds were then exported to other parts of the world.<ref name=Wenk1/> Early reference to diamonds comes from Sanskrit texts.<ref name=Encarta11>MSN Encarta (2007), [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html ''Diamond'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028121034/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html Archived] 2009-10-31.</ref> The ''Arthashastra'' also mentions diamond trade in the region.<ref name=lee1>Lee, 685</ref> The [[Iron pillar of Delhi]] was erected at the times of [[Chandragupta II]] Vikramaditya (375–413), which stood without rusting for around 2 millennium.<ref>Balasubramaniam, R., 2002</ref> The [[Rasaratna Samuchaya]] (800) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.<ref name=Craddock2>Craddock, 13</ref>

In the 2nd century, the [[Buddhist philosophy|Buddhist]] philosopher [[Nagarjuna]] refined the ''Catuskoti'' form of logic. The Catuskoti is also often glossed ''[[Tetralemma]]'' (Greek), which is the name for a largely comparable, but not equatable, 'four corner argument' within the tradition of [[Classical logic]].

The origins of the [[spinning wheel]] are unclear but [[South Asia]] is one of the probable places of its origin.<ref>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007), ''spinning wheel''.</ref><ref>Encyclopeedia Britannica (2008). ''spinning''.</ref> The device certainly reached Europe from India by the 14th century.<ref>MSN Encarta (2008), [http://encarta.msn.com ''Spinning''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411143533/http://encarta.msn.com/ |date=2009-04-11 }}. 2009-10-31.</ref> The cotton gin was invented in [[South Asia]] as a mechanical device known as ''charkhi'', the "wooden-worm-worked roller".<ref name="Baber57">Baber, 57</ref> This mechanical device was, in some parts of the region, driven by water power.<ref name="Baber57"/> The [[Ajanta Caves]] yield evidence of a single roller [[cotton gin]] in use by the 5th century.<ref name=Babergin>Baber, 56</ref> This cotton gin was used until further innovations were made in form of foot powered gins.<ref name=Babergin/> Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining.<ref name=Kieschnick11>Kieschnick, 258</ref> Each mission returned with different results on refining sugar.<ref name=Kieschnick11/>
[[Pingala]] (300–200 BCE) was a [[musical theory|musical theorist]] who authored a [[Sanskrit]] treatise on [[Prosody (music)|prosody]]. There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala stumbled upon both the [[Pascal triangle]] and [[Binomial coefficients]], although he did not have knowledge of the [[Binomial theorem]] itself.<ref name=fowler96>Fowler, 11</ref><ref name=singh36>Singh, 623–624</ref> A description of [[binary numbers]] is also found in the works of Pingala.<ref>Sanchez & Canton, 37</ref> The Indians also developed the use of the law of signs in multiplication. Negative numbers and the subtrahend had been used in [[East Asia]] since the 2nd century BCE, and [[South Asian]] mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century CE,<ref name=Smith>Smith (1958), page 258</ref> and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood.<ref name=bourbaki49>Bourbaki (1998), page 49</ref> Although the Indians were not the first to use the subtrahend, they were the first to establish the "law of signs" with regards to the multiplication of positive and negative numbers, which did not appear in East Asian texts until 1299.<ref name=Smith2>Smith (1958), page 257–258</ref> Mostly consistent and correct rules for working with negative numbers were formulated,<ref name=bourbaki46>{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}</ref> and the diffusion of these rules led the Arab intermediaries to pass it on to Europe.<ref name=bourbaki49/>

A [[decimal|decimal number system]] using hieroglyphics dates back to 3000 BCE in [[Egypt]],<ref>Georges Ifrah: ''From One to Zero. A Universal History of Numbers'', Penguin Books, 1988, {{ISBN|0-14-009919-0}}, pp. 200–213 (Egyptian Numerals)</ref> and was also in use in ancient India.<ref name=irfah346>Ifrah, 346</ref> By the 9th century CE, the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] was transmitted from the Middle East and to the rest of the world.<ref name="Wigelsworth">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Wigelsworth|title=Science And Technology in Medieval European Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPDqnGGHpHYC&pg=PA18|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33754-3|page=18}}</ref> The concept of [[zero|0]] as a number in decimal system, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.{{refn|group=nb|Note to be confused that centuries before Alexandrian Greek mathematician [[Ptolemy]] in his [[Almagest]] (written around 130 AD) employed the Babylonian [[sexagesimal]] system to which he incorporated a symbol O to represent the absence of a value in specific places within a number. Ptolemy's use of this placeholder extended to both positions between digits and at the end of a number.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zero |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>}}<ref name=bourbaki46_2>Bourbaki, 46</ref> In India, practical decimal calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century CE, even in case of division.<ref name=bourbaki46/><ref name=ebcal>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007). ''algebra''</ref> [[Brahmagupta]] (598–668) was able to find (integral) solutions of [[Pell's equation]]<ref name=sw101>Stillwell, 72–73</ref> and described [[gravity]] as an attractive force, and used the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)]" in Sanskrit to describe it.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book|last=Pickover|first=Clifford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC&pg=PA105|title=Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979268-9|page=105}}</ref> Conceptual design for a [[perpetual motion machine]] by [[Bhāskara II|Bhaskara II]] dates to 1150. He described a wheel that he claimed would run forever.<ref>Lynn Townsend White, Jr.</ref>

The [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] functions of [[sine]] and [[versine]], from which it was trivial to derive the cosine, were used by the mathematician, [[Aryabhata]], in the late 5th century.<ref>O'Connor, J. J. & Robertson, E.F. (1996)</ref><ref>"Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century" – Pingree (2003).</ref> The [[calculus]] theorem now known as "[[Rolle's theorem]]" was stated by mathematician, [[Bhāskara II]], in the 12th century.<ref>Broadbent, 307–308</ref>
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, 1561, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|[[Akbarnama]]—written by August 12, 1602—depicts the defeat of [[Baz Bahadur]] of [[Malwa]] by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] troops, 1561. The Mughals extensively improved metal weapons and armor used by the armies of India.]]

[[Indigo dye|Indigo]] was used as a dye in [[South Asia]], which was also a major center for its production and processing.<ref name=k&c>Kriger & Connah, 120</ref> The ''Indigofera tinctoria'' variety of Indigo was domesticated in India.<ref name=k&c/> Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] via various trade routes, and was valued as a luxury product.<ref name=k&c/> The [[cashmere wool]] fiber, also known as ''pashm'' or ''pashmina'', was used in the handmade shawls of Kashmir.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''cashmere''.</ref> The woolen shawls from [[Kashmir]] region find written mention between the 3rd century BCE and the 11th century CE.<ref name=ebpasm>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Kashmir shawl''.</ref> Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the [[Gupta Empire]],<ref name=Adas>Shaffer, 311</ref> and the earliest reference to candied sugar comes from India.<ref name=Kieschnick1>Kieschnick (2003)</ref> [[Jute]] was also cultivated in India.<ref name=ebjute>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''jute''.</ref> [[Muslin]] was named after the city where Europeans first encountered it, [[Mosul]], in what is now [[Iraq]], but the fabric actually originated from [[Dhaka]] in what is now [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Muslin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name=Muslin>Ahmad, 5–26</ref> In the 9th century, an [[Islamic economics in the world|Arab merchant]] named Sulaiman makes note of the material's origin in [[Bengal]] (known as ''Ruhml'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]).<ref name=Muslin/>

European scholar Francesco Lorenzo Pullè reproduced a number of Indian maps in his magnum opus ''La Cartografia Antica dell India''.<ref name=Sircar2>Sircar 328</ref> Out of these maps, two have been reproduced using a manuscript of ''Lokaprakasa'', originally compiled by the polymath Ksemendra ([[Kashmir]], 11th century CE), as a source.<ref name=Sircar2/> The other manuscript, used as a source by Francesco I, is titled ''Samgraha''.<ref name=Sircar2/>

''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] treatise by [[Bhoja]] (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances ([[automata]]), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|year=1987|title=History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1|page=68|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170172215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Wujastyk|first=Dominik|year=2003|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|page=222|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140448245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&q=automata&pg=PA222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|year=1965|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering|page=164|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521058032|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&q=bhoja+automata&pg=PA164}}</ref>

== Late Medieval (1206–1526) ==
[[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c. 1340 – 1425) and his [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] was the first to use infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions and took decisive steps in analysis.<ref name="rajag78">{{cite journal |last1=C. T. Rajagopal & M.S.Rangachari |title=On an Untapped Source of Medieval Keralese Mathematics |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |date=1978 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=101|doi=10.1007/BF00348142 |s2cid=51861422 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|publisher = School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
|work = Biography of Madhava
|author1 = J J O'Connor
|author2 = E F Robertson
|url = http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Madhava.html
|title = Mādhava of Sangamagrāma
|access-date = 2007-09-08
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060514012903/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Madhava.html
|archive-date = 2006-05-14
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The infinite series for [[pi|π]] was stated by him, and he made use of the series expansion of <math>\arctan x</math> to obtain an infinite series expression, now known as the ''Madhava-Gregory series'', for <math>\pi</math>. Their rational approximation of the ''error'' for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for <math>\pi</math>. They used the improved series to derive a rational expression,<ref name="roy" /> <math>104348/33215</math> for <math>\pi</math> correct up to nine decimal places, ''i.e.'' <math>3.141592653 </math> (of 3.1415926535897...).<ref name="roy">Roy, 291–306</ref>
The development of the [[Series (mathematics)|series]] expansions for [[trigonometric function]]s (sine, cosine, and [[arc tangent]]) was carried out by mathematicians of the Kerala School in the 15th century CE.<ref name="sll" /> Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a [[power series]] (apart from geometric series).<ref name="sll">Stillwell, 173</ref>

Mathematician [[Narayana Pandita (mathematician)|Narayana Pandit]] wrote two works, an arithmetical treatise called ''Ganita Kaumudi'' and an [[algebra]]ic treatise called ''Bijaganita Vatamsa''. Narayana is also made contributions to algebra and [[magic square]]s.Narayana's other major works contain a variety of investigations into the second order [[indeterminate equation]] ''nq''2 + 1 = ''p''2 ([[Pell's equation]]), solutions of indeterminate [[Degree of a polynomial|higher-order equations]] Narayana has also made contributions to the topic of [[cyclic quadrilateral]]s.

The [[Navya-Nyāya]] school began around [[East India|eastern India]] and [[Bengal]], and developed theories resembling modern logic, such as [[Gottlob Frege]]'s "distinction between sense and reference of proper names" and his "definition of number," as well as the Navya-Nyaya theory of "restrictive conditions for universals" anticipating some of the developments in modern [[set theory]].<ref>{{citation|title=Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic|author=Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=36|issue=4|date=June 1976|pages=554–563|publisher=International Phenomenological Society|doi=10.2307/2106873 |jstor=2106873|quote=This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with Frege's distinction between sense and reference of proper names and a similar distinction in Navya-Nyaya logic. In the second part we have compared Frege's definition of number to the Navya-Nyaya definition of number. In the third part we have shown how the study of the so-called 'restrictive conditions for universals' in Navya-Nyaya logic anticipated some of the developments of modern set theory.}}</ref> Udayana in particular developed theories on "restrictive conditions for universals" and "[[Infinity|infinite]] regress" that anticipated aspects of modern set theory. According to Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti:<ref>{{citation|title=Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic|author=Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=36|issue=4|date=June 1976|pages=554–563|publisher=International Phenomenological Society|doi=10.2307/2106873 |jstor=2106873}}</ref>

The [[Navya-Nyāya]] or Neo-Logical darśana (school) of Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century CE by the philosopher [[Gangesha Upadhyaya]] of [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]]. It was a development of the classical Nyāya darśana. Other influences on Navya-Nyāya were the work of earlier philosophers [[Vācaspati Miśra]] (900–980 CE) and [[Udayana]] (late 10th century).Navya-Nyāya developed a sophisticated language and conceptual scheme that allowed it to raise, analyse, and solve problems in logic and epistemology. It systematised all the Nyāya concepts into four main categories: sense or perception (pratyakşa), inference (anumāna), comparison or similarity ([[upamāna]]), and testimony (sound or word; śabda).

''Gaṇeśa Daivajna''' (born c. 1507, {{floruit}} 1520-1554) was a sixteenth century astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician from western India who wrote books on methods to predict eclipses, planetary conjunctions, positions, and make calculations for calendars. His most major work was the ''Grahalaghava'' which was included ephemeris and calendar calculations. He wrote several works including ''Grahalaghava'', ''Siddhantarahasya'', ''Buddhivilāsinī,'' and ''Laghutithicintamani''.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Plofker, Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-9916-0 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |location=New York |pages=781–782 |language=en |chapter=Ganesa |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |bibcode=2014bea..book.....H |s2cid=242158697 |editor-last2=Trimble |editor-first2=Virginia |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Thomas R. |editor-last4=Bracher |editor-first4=Katherine |editor-last5=Jarrell |editor-first5=Richard A. |editor-last6=Marché |editor-first6=Jordan D. |editor-last7=Palmeri |editor-first7=JoAnn |editor-last8=Green |editor-first8=Daniel W. E.}}</ref>

[[Sher Shah Suri|Shēr Shāh]] of northern India issued silver currency bearing Islamic motifs, later imitated by the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="EBAllan&Stern" /> The Chinese merchant [[Ma Huan]] (1413–1451) noted that gold coins, known as ''fanam'', were issued in [[Cochin]] and weighed a total of one ''fen'' and one ''li'' according to the Chinese standards.<ref name="Chaudhuri223">Chaudhuri, 223</ref> They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-''li'' weight each.<ref name="Chaudhuri223" />
[[File:Jahangir holding a globe, 1614-1618.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Jahangir]] holding a seamless [[celestial globe]]. This was one of the first examples of Seamless hollow Metallurgy. ]]
In 1500, [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]], in his [[Tantrasamgraha]], revised Aryabhata's elliptical model for the planets Mercury and Venus. His equation of the centre for these planets remained the most accurate until the time of [[Johannes Kepler]] in the 17th century.<ref>Joseph, George G. (2000), ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics'', Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-691-00659-8}}.
</ref>

Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were transmitted to India through the [[Mongol invasions of India]].<ref name="Kn">{{cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|title=Gunpowder And Firearms: Warfare In Medieval India|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566526-0}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=August 2021}}<ref name="kn2" /> The Mongols were defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and some of the Mongol soldiers remained in northern India after their conversion to Islam.<ref name="kn2">{{cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&pg=PA103|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=103}}</ref> It was written in the ''Tarikh-i Firishta'' (1606–1607) that the envoy of the Mongol ruler [[Hulegu Khan]] was presented with a [[pyrotechnics]] display upon his arrival in [[Delhi]] in 1258 CE.<ref name="khan 9 10">Khan, 9–10</ref> As a part of an embassy to India by [[Timur]]id leader Shah Rukh (1405–1447), 'Abd al-Razzaq mentioned naphtha-throwers mounted on elephants and a variety of pyrotechnics put on display.<ref name="GF2">Partington, 217</ref> Firearms known as ''top-o-tufak'' also existed in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] by as early as 1366 CE.<ref name="khan 9 10" /> From then on the employment of [[gunpowder warfare]] in the region was prevalent, with events such as the siege of [[Belgaum]] in 1473 CE by the [[Sultan]] Muhammad Shah Bahmani.<ref name="khan 10">Khan, 10</ref>

== Early Modern period (1526–1857 CE) ==
[[File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar, Delhi]]—consisting of 13 architectural astronomy instruments, built by [[Jai Singh II]] of Jaipur, from 1724 onwards]]By the 16th century, [[South Asians]] were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in [[Tanjore]], [[Dacca]], [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] and [[Murshidabad]].<ref name="GF3">Partington, 225</ref> Guns made of bronze were recovered from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (1504) and [[Diu, India|Diu]] (1533).<ref name="partingtonquote">Partington, 226</ref> [[Gujarat]] supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century.<ref name="IndiaBritannica">Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''India.''</ref> [[Bengal]] and [[Malwa|Mālwa]] participated in saltpeter production.<ref name="IndiaBritannica" /> The Dutch, French, Portuguese, and English used [[Chhapra]] as a center of saltpeter refining.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Chāpra.''</ref>

In ''A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder'', [[James Riddick Partington]] describes the gunpowder warfare of 16th and 17th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] India, and writes that "Indian war rockets were good weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bamboo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic... The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahāngir."<ref name="partingtonquote" />

The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in [[South Asia]] is described in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] works.<ref name=Siddiqui/> During medieval times, the diffusion of [[South Asian]] and [[Iran|Persian]] irrigation technologies gave rise to an advanced irrigation system which bought about growth and also helped in the growth of material culture.<ref name=Siddiqui>Siddiqui, 52–77</ref> The founder of the [[cashmere wool]] industry is believed traditionally held to be the 15th-century ruler of Kashmir, Zayn-ul-Abidin, who introduced weavers from [[Central Asia]].<ref name=ebpasm/>

The scholar Sadiq Isfahani of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] compiled an [[atlas]] of the parts of the world which he held to be "suitable for human life".<ref name=Schwartzberg1302>Schwartzberg, 1302</ref> The 32 sheet atlas—with maps oriented towards the south as was the case with Islamic works of the era—is part of a larger scholarly work compiled by Isfahani during 1647 CE.<ref name=Schwartzberg1302/> According to Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008): "The largest known Indian map, depicting the former [[Rajput]] capital at [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] in remarkable house-by-house detail, measures 661 × 645 cm.<ref name="Schwartzberg13032">Schwartzberg, 1303</ref> (260 × 254 in., or approximately 22 × 21 ft)."<ref name="Schwartzberg13032">Schwartzberg, 1303</ref>

[[File:NL-HaNA 1.11.01.01 1276 1R Brief van J.G. van Angelbeek, gouverneur van Ceylon, uit Cochin, aan de heer Decker, berichtend over de strijd tussen Tipoe en de vorst van Travancone. 1790 januari 14 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Mysorean rockets]]]]
[[Hyder Ali]], prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, [[Tipu Sultan]], continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at [[Seringapatam]] in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.

By the end of the 18th century the postal system in the region had reached high levels of efficiency.<ref name="Peabody1">Peabody, 71</ref> According to Thomas Broughton, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur]] sent daily offerings of fresh flowers from his capital to Nathadvara (320 km) and they arrived in time for the first religious [[Darśana|Darshan]] at sunrise.<ref name="Peabody1" /> Later this system underwent modernization with the establishment of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Lowe" />

== Colonial era (1858–1947 CE) ==
 <div style="text-align: center;"><gallery widths="140" heights="140">
File:J.C.Bose.JPG|[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] laid the foundations of experimental science in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Chatterjee, Santimay and Chatterjee, Enakshi, ''Satyendranath Bose'', 2002 reprint, p. 5, National Book Trust, {{ISBN|81-237-0492-5}}</ref> He is considered one of the fathers of radio science.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Sir J.C. Bose and radio science|last1=Sen|first1=A. K.|date=1997|publisher=IEEE|book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest|pages=557–560|location=Denver, CO|conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium|isbn=0-7803-3814-6|doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}</ref>
File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|Extent of the railway network in India in 1871; construction had begun in 1856.
File:India railways1909a.jpg|The Indian railways network in 1909
File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|Physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] is known for his work on the [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] during the 1920s.
File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|[[C. V. Raman]], known for his research in the field of light scattering, also known as [[Raman scattering]]
</gallery>
</div>
The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 enabled the [[Governor-General of India]] to convey messages by post within the territories of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Lowe" /> Mail was available to some officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed.<ref name="Lowe" /> The Indian Post Office service was established on October 1, 1837.<ref name="Lowe">Lowe, 134</ref> The British also constructed a vast [[railway]] network in the region for both strategic and commercial reasons.<ref>Seaman, 348</ref>

The British education system, aimed at producing able civil and administrative services candidates, exposed a number of Indians to foreign institutions.<ref name=Rajendran>Raja (2006)</ref> [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] (1858–1937), [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] (1861–1944), [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] (1894–1974), [[Meghnad Saha]] (1893–1956), [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] (1893–1972), [[C. V. Raman]] (1888–1970), [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] (1910–1995), [[Homi J. Bhabha]] (1909–1966), [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] (1887–1920), [[Vikram Sarabhai]] (1919–1971), [[Har Gobind Khorana]] (1922–2011), [[Harish-Chandra]] (1923–1983), [[Abdus Salam]] (1926–1996) and [[E. C. George Sudarshan]] (1933-2018) were among the notable scholars of this period.<ref name=Rajendran/>

Extensive interaction between colonial and native sciences was seen during most of the colonial era.<ref name=Arnold211>Arnold, 211</ref> Western science came to be associated with the requirements of nation building rather than being viewed entirely as a colonial entity,<ref name=Arnold212/> especially as it continued to fuel necessities from agriculture to commerce.<ref name=Arnold211/> Scientists from India also appeared throughout Europe.<ref name=Arnold212>Arnold, 212</ref> By the time of India's independence colonial science had assumed importance within the westernized intelligentsia and establishment.

French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the Solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India.<ref name=Arnold212/>

== Post-Independence (1947 CE – present) ==
{{Main|Science and technology in India|Science and technology in Pakistan|Science and technology in Bangladesh}}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
* [[Timeline of historic inventions]]
* [[Timeline of Indian innovation]]
* [[Science and technology in India]]
** [[Engineering education in India]]
** [[Information technology in India]]
** [[Science and technology studies in India]]
** [[Nalanda University]]

{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{reflist|3|refs=
<ref name=History2010>{{cite book |veditors=Poretsky L |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |edition=2nd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 |archive-date=2016-04-04}}</ref>

}}

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==Further reading==
*Alvares, Claude A. (1991) ''Decolonizing history: Technology and culture in India, China and the West 1492 to the Present Day'', New York, USA: Apex Press. [http://www.indianscience.org/essays/29-%20E--F-Decolonising%20History.pdf (review)]
* Dharampal (1971) ''Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: Some Contemporary European Accounts'' (with a foreword by Dr. D.S..Kothari and Introduction by Dr. William A.Blanpeid), Impex India, Delhi, 1971; reprinted by Academy of Gandhian Studies, Hyderabad 1983.
* Anant Priolkar (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/PrintingPressInIndia The printing press in India, its beginnings and early development; being a quarter-centenary commemoration study of the advent of printing in India] (in 1556).'' xix, 364 S., Bombay: Marathi Samshodhana Mandala, {{doi|10.1017/S0041977X00151158}}
* [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]] (1977) ''History of Science and Technology in Ancient India: The Beginnings'' with a foreword by Joseph Needham.
* [[Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and culture]], Volume 4. Fundamental Indian Ideas in Physics, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Medicine
* Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Monograph series, Volume 3. Mathematics, Astronomy and Biology in Indian Tradition edited by D. P. Chattopadhyaya and Ravinder Kumar
* [[T. A. Sarasvati Amma]] (2007)[1979] ''Geometry of Ancient and Medieval India'', Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1344-1}}
* Shinde, V., Deshpande, S. S., Sarkar, A. (2016) ''Chalcolithic South Asia: Aspects of crafts and technologies'', Indus-Infinity Foundation
*In Hāṇḍā, O. (2015) ''Reflections on the history of Indian science and technology'', New Delhi: Pentagon Press in association with Indus-Infinity Foundation.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181018060358/http://www.nscdelhi.org/exhibition-gallery.php?gallery=184 Our Science and Technology Heritage]}} gallery for the [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]] in Delhi
* [http://www.iish.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71:a-brief-introduction-to-technological-brilliance-of-ancient-india&catid=37:heritage-india-news&Itemid=56 A brief introduction to technological brilliance of Ancient India] (Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage)
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/articles/ScienceTechSanskritAncientIndiaMGPrasad.pdf Science and Technology in Ancient India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501145738/http://sanskritdocuments.org/articles/ScienceTechSanskritAncientIndiaMGPrasad.pdf |date=2015-05-01 }}
* [http://countrystudies.us/india/101.htm ''India: Science and technology'', U.S. Library of Congress.]
* ''[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051007052834/http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf Pursuit and promotion of science: The Indian Experience]'', Indian National Science Academy.
* [http://countrystudies.us/india/101.htm ''India: Science and technology'', U.S. Library of Congress.]
* [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2001), ''[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051007052834/http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf Pursuit and promotion of science: The Indian Experience]'', Indian National Science Academy,
* Presenting Indian S&T Heritage in Science Museums, Propagation : a Journal of science communication Vol 1, NO.1, January 2010, National Council of Science Museums, Kolkata, India, by S.M Khened, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162652/http://ncsm.gov.in/science_pdf/Shivaprasad%20Khened.pdf].
* Presenting Indian S&T Heritage in Science Museums, Propagation : a Journal of science communication Vol 1, NO.2, July, 2010, pages 124–132, National Council of Science Museums, Kolkata, India, by S.M Khened,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161448/http://ncsm.gov.in/science_pdf/Propagation%20Vol%202%20-%2008%20Science%20Centres.pdf].
* ''History of Science in South Asia'' ([http://hssa-journal.org hssa-journal.org]). HSSA is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online journal for the history of science in India.

{{Science in India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Science and technology in Pakistan}}
{{History of science}}
{{History of technology}}

{{South Asian topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Indian Science And Technology}}
[[Category:History of science and technology in India| ]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in Pakistan| ]]

Harur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:52:53Z

Kawoosahamad: starting a pg w/ refs

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.052|N|78.4855|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 61
| map_image = Constitution-Harur.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[V. Sampathkumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Harur
| electors = 245,692
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Harur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, which includes the city of [[Harur]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 61. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s. It is part of the [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| A. Duraisamy Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| M. K. Mariappan
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[C. Manickam (Harur MLA)|C. Manickam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[N. Theerthagiri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[S. A. Chinnaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[C. Sabapathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[R. Rajamanickam (Harur MLA)|R. Rajamanickam]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| M. Annamalai
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[P. Abaranji]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Vedammal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[V. Krishnamoorthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan=2 | [[P. Dillibabu]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist) | rowspan=2}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R. Murugan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
| rowspan=3 | [[V. Sampathkumar]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|51.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|53.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|31.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|34.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|23.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|28.14}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sampathkumar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Shanmugam|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Anitha Annadurai|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Rakesh|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245692|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sampathkumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,061 |percentage=50.46 |change=16.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=68,699 |percentage=34.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,327 |percentage=7.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Keerthana |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,950 |percentage=5.58 |change=5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,249 |percentage=1.15 |change=0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,362 |percentage=15.47 |change=9.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=196,316 |percentage=78.49 |change= -5.81 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=423 |percentage=0.22 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,120 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Harur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC061.pdf |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216062128/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC061.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 }}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Sampathkumar]]
|votes = 88,632
|percentage = 45.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Krishnakumar
|votes = 79,238
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = R. Murugan
|votes = 20,282
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = P. Thileep
|votes = 3,902
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,157
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,394
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,524
|percentage = 83.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,35,857 |change = }}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,568 |percentage=33.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,147 |percentage=27.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindhasamy |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=33,632 |percentage=17.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murali |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=27,747 |percentage=14.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Surulirajan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=3,500 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,092 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vediyappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,948 |percentage=1.02% |change=-1.49% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,421 |percentage=6.01% |change=-11.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=190,134 |percentage=84.30% |change= 4.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,545 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -17.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dillibabu]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=77,703 |percentage=51.71% |change=6.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. M. Nandhan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=51,200 |percentage=34.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Parthiban |party=Independent politician |votes=5,290 |percentage=3.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,844 |percentage=3.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Samikannu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,777 |percentage=2.51% |change=0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Athimulam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,149 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Anbutheeban |party=Independent politician |votes=2,119 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Buddhamani |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,974 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinnasamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,216 |percentage=0.81% |change=-0.42% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,503 |percentage=17.64% |change=8.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,764 |percentage=79.61% |change= 10.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,272 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 6.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dillibabu]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=71,030 |percentage=45.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindasamy |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=57,337 |percentage=36.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arjunan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,754 |percentage=10.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ambethkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,566 |percentage=2.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,959 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Raji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,907 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thirumal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,466 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kalaimani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,392 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,693 |percentage=8.81% |change=-16.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=155,411 |percentage=69.52% |change= 10.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,534 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -7.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Krishnamoorthy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=70,433 |percentage=53.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Periyasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,954 |percentage=27.83% |change=-27.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=13,819 |percentage=10.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkatesh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,191 |percentage=2.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Budthiran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,894 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Periasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,664 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sivaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,173 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,479 |percentage=25.21% |change=-3.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=132,781 |percentage=58.80% |change= -6.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,920 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vedammal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,561 |percentage=55.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Natesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,158 |percentage=26.91% |change=-31.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Kariyamal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=13,210 |percentage=10.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,136 |percentage=4.83% |change=-14.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dasarathan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,508 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,112 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,403 |percentage=28.68% |change=-8.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=126,930 |percentage=65.74% |change= 0.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,726 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Abaranji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,636 |percentage=58.56% |change=37.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Kariyamal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=24,172 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=22,175 |percentage=19.49% |change=-12.19% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,464 |percentage=37.32% |change=35.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,790 |percentage=65.56% |change= 8.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,487 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 26.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,324 |percentage=31.68% |change=0.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anbazhagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,447 |percentage=29.58% |change=-37.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuppammal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,982 |percentage=21.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,448 |percentage=12.80% |change=-54.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kamalesan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,570 |percentage=3.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. P. Vaigundam |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,877 |percentage=2.10% |change=-33.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,418 |percentage=56.96% |change= -11.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,709 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -35.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajamanickam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,106 |percentage=66.96% |change=9.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=27,799 |percentage=30.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Markandan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,383 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Viseray |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,307 |percentage=35.99% |change=17.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,763 |percentage=68.93% |change= 12.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,214 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sabapathy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,009 |percentage=57.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Natesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,401 |percentage=39.49% |change=18.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,715 |percentage=2.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,608 |percentage=18.17% |change=5.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,383 |percentage=56.55% |change= 4.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,169 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 22.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,042 |percentage=34.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Surattaiyan |party=Janata Party |votes=12,470 |percentage=21.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Raman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,032 |percentage=20.83% |change=-18.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,096 |percentage=19.21% |change=-35.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Meiyazhakan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,622 |percentage=2.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Theethan |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,572 |percentage=13.11% |change=-1.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,770 |percentage=52.12% |change= -18.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,102 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Chinnaraju |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,039 |percentage=54.26% |change=7.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ponnusamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,159 |percentage=39.68% |change=-8.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,299 |percentage=5.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,880 |percentage=14.58% |change=13.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,888 |percentage=71.06% |change= -5.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,615 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Theerthagiri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,565 |percentage=48.09% |change=13.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arumugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,017 |percentage=47.14% |change=5.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Kariyamal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,488 |percentage=4.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=548 |percentage=0.96% |change=-5.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,318 |percentage=76.35% |change= 14.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,563 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Manickam (Harur Mla)|C. Manickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,879 |percentage=41.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Mariappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,411 |percentage=34.46% |change=11.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Munisamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,204 |percentage=17.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=We Tamils |votes=2,385 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Theerthagiri |party=Independent politician |votes=1,259 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=893 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,468 |percentage=6.87% |change=6.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,031 |percentage=62.07% |change= 0.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,626 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Munusami Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,172 |percentage=23.13% |change=3.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ponnusami |party=Independent politician |votes=14,133 |percentage=12.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Theerthagiri (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=13,689 |percentage=12.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poosami (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,682 |percentage=9.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Desai Venugopal Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,180 |percentage=8.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivaprakasam Mudali |party=Independent politician |votes=5,661 |percentage=5.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramania Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=4,818 |percentage=4.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Podujanopagari T. V. Anganna Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,161 |percentage=2.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,039 |percentage=11.46%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,172 |percentage=61.26% |change= -11.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,747 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -5.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Duraiswami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=27,806 |percentage=28.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,601 |percentage=19.83% |change=19.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariappan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=15,098 |percentage=15.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theerthagiri |party=Independent politician |votes=8,724 |percentage=8.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirupathi Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=5,729 |percentage=5.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theerthan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,946 |percentage=3.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,205 |percentage=8.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,825 |percentage=73.23% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,950 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}l

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Digvijay Das

2026-05-02T08:00:50Z

Kawoosahamad: New some info added tags

{{short description|Last ruler of Nandgaon State in British India}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Mahant Raja Digvijay Das
|full name =
|title =
|image = Mahant Raja Digvijay Das of Nandgaon State.jpg
|caption = Raja Digvijay Das, {{circa|1940}}
|succession =[[File:Flag of the Nandgaon State.svg|23x20px]] 11th [[Nandgaon State|Raja of Nandgaon]]
|reign = 1940–1947
|coronation = 18 September 1940
|cor-type =
|predecessor = [[Mahant Raja Sarveshwar Das]]
|successor =
|reg-type =
|regent =
|spouse = Sanyukta Devi
|issue-link =
|issue =
|dynasty =
|father = [[Mahant Raja Sarveshwar Das]]
|mother = Rani Jyanti Devi
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|04|25}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1958|01|22}}
|death_place =
|signature =
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Raja Mahant Digvijay Das''' was the last ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Nandgaon State|Nandgaon]] in the present-day [[Rajnandgaon]] district of [[Chhattisgarh]], India.

==Early life==
Digvijay Das was born on 25 April 1933 to Sarveshvara Das, the ruler of [[Nandgaon State]]. He completed his primary education from [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]], then went to [[London]] for further education. He travelled around Europe at this time. He succeeded to the throne of Nandgaon State, aged seven, upon the death of his father in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/bhilai-news/who-was-the-hockey-fan-of-mahant-raja-sarveshwar-das-read-news-1-2117336/|title = छत्तीसगढ़ की किस रियासत ने 75 साल पहले तैयार की हॉकी की नर्सरी, पढि़ए पूरी खबर|date = 17 December 2017}}</ref>

==Sports==

Digvijay Das was dedicated to sports. He established the [[Lalbagh Club]] and was founder president of the [[All-India Hockey Association]].<ref name="patrika"/> [[Digvijay Stadium]] in [[Rajnandgaon]] is named after him.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

==Education==

Digvijay Das was educated person and realised the need of higher education for children. He donated his fort and {{convert|1800|acre|ha}} of land to his educational department. Digvijay College still operates from the former fort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindimedia.in/grateful-remembrance-of-the-contribution-of-mahant-raja-digvijay-das/|title=महंत राजा दिग्विजय दास के योगदान का कृतज्ञ स्मरण – Hindi Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/bemetara-vaishnav-brahmin-seva-sangh-has-been-following-the-path-of-other-societies-6732275|title=वैष्णव ब्राह्मण सेवा संघ अन्य समाजों का पथ प्रदर्शन करते आ रहा हैः बंजारे|date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Sanyukta Devi, princess of the former [[Baria State]], in 1953 and died aged 25 on 22 January 1958.<ref name="patrika">{{Cite news |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhilai-news/who-was-the-hockey-fan-of-mahant-raja-sarveshwar-das-read-news-1-2117336/|title =Which princely state of Chhattisgarh prepared hockey nursery 75 years ago |first=Satya Narayan |last=Shukla |date=18 December 2017 |work=Patrika |accessdate=2021-08-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Digvijai}}
[[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]

Hanskhali rape case

2026-04-25T07:05:33Z

Kawoosahamad: starting the bio from scratch

{{Short description|2022 child rape case in India}}
{{Infobox event
| title =Hanskhali Rape Case
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time =
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = {{start date|2022|04|04}}
| venue = [[Hanskhali]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Violence against women in India|Crime against women]], [[Gang rape]]
| theme =
| cause =
| motive =
| target =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| outcome =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| displaced =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests = 3 (up to 17 April 2022)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/third-arrest-made-in-hanskhali-rape-case/article65327186.ece|title=Third arrest made in Hanskhali rape case|newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 16, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| suspects = Brojogopali Gayali (alias Sohail Gayali)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://ommcomnews.com/india-news/cbi-team-visits-accuseds-home-in-hanskhali-rape-murder-case|title=CBI Team Visits Accused's Home In Hanskhali Rape-Murder Case | Nation|date=April 14, 2022|access-date=April 16, 2022|archive-date=August 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827080125/https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/cbi-team-visits-accuseds-home-in-hanskhali-rape-murder-case|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prabhakar Poddar<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/bengal-rape-victims-father-speaks-of-threats/article65318132.ece|title=Bengal rape victim's father speaks of threats|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 13, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges = Alleged gang-rape, destruction of evidence, conspiracy and aggravated sex (under [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] and [[Child sexual abuse laws in India#The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|Pocso Act]])
| trial =
| fatalities = 1 (victim)
| injuries =
| perpetrators =
| susperps = 
| weapons =
| numparts =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}
On 4 April 2022, a 14-year-old girl was raped in [[Hanskhali]], located in the [[Nadia district|Nadia]] district, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The main parties accused are Brojogopali Gayali and his friends. Notably, they are associated with [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==Incident and allegations==
On 4 April 2022 at 4:00 pm [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC+5:30), a 14-year-old girl, who was a student of class 9, went to a birthday party at the house of Brojogopal Gayali (alias Sohail Gayali), who is the son of [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] leader Samarendra Gayali. There, it is alleged that she was gang-raped by Sohail. With the help of two unknown men and a woman who self-identified to News18 as Polly Biswas, she reached home at 7:30 pm expressing that she had a headache.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nadia Gang-rape Case: BJP's 4-member Central Team to Reach Hanskhali, Will Visit Crime Site Shortly |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nadia-gang-rape-case-live-hanskhali-rape-murder-minor-girl-west-bengal-tmc-bjp-police-cbi-4986277.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=News18 |date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Her father stated that the two unknown men threatened to set their house on fire if they took the girl to the hospital. She died the next morning. Her mother alleged that within 30 minutes of her daughter's death, Sohail and other men attacked their home and again threatened to kill them, pointing a gun towards them. They then took away the body by wrapping it in a mat on which she was lying. Her mother stated, “They didn't allow us to touch the body. They set it on fire in front of my husband and threatened us with dire consequences if we raised our voice or informed others. We had no option but to mourn the death silently.”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hanskhali rape case: Girl's body forcibly taken away, says father |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hanskhali-rape-case-girls-body-forcibly-taken-away-says-father/cid/1860543 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Silence shrouds Bengal village as Nadia rape victim's family lives in fear |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nadia-rape-victim-family-fear-hanskhali-mamata-love-affair-comment-1936993-2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A villager who witnessed the young men trying to cremate the body said, “They were in a hurry to burn the body quickly but did not bring wood with them to set up a pyre. They frantically collected dry wood and dry leaves from a nearby bush. But as that was not enough to set up the pyre, they doused the body with kerosene to burn it.”<ref name=":2" />

Her parents lodged the police complaint on 10 April.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Second arrest made in Hanskhali rape case |url=https://theprint.in/india/second-arrest-made-in-hanskhali-rape-case/912732/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reaction and role of the TMC Government ==
[[Mamata Banerjee]], chief minister of [[West Bengal]] questioned the rape. She commented, "This story they are showing that a minor has died due to rape, Will you call it rape? Was she pregnant or had a love affair? I was told the girl had an affair with the boy.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2022 |first=Shreya |last=Sinha |title=If Mamata Banerjee is so insensitive about rape, she doesn't deserve to be CM: Nirbhaya's mother |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-love-affair-comment-nadia-rape-case-nirbhaya-mother-1936436-2022-04-12 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2022 |first1=Indrajit|last1=Kundu |first2=Rittick |last2=Mondal |title=Was she raped or was she pregnant after affair? Mamata Banerjee over 14-year-old's rape, murder |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/was-it-a-rape-she-was-pregnant-mamata-banerjee-raises-questions-on-reports-of-minor-s-rape-in-wb-1936127-2022-04-11 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She was heavily criticized for this comment from the intellectual society as well as public. [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) chairperson Rekha Sharma and West Bengal Democratic Woman's Association leader Kaninika Bose slammed her for the comment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/cpim-womens-wing-seek-apology-from-mamata-for-insensitive-remarks-on-hanskhali-rape/915083/|title=CPI(M) women's wing seek apology from Mamata for 'insensitive' remarks on Hanskhali rape|date=April 13, 2022}}</ref> Even, Asha Devi, mother [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|Delhi rape victim]] Nirbhaya stated that she should not be CM if she had such mentality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first1=Shreya |date=April 12, 2022 |title=If Mamata Banerjee is so insensitive about rape, she doesn't deserve to be CM: Nirbhaya's mother |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-love-affair-comment-nadia-rape-case-nirbhaya-mother-1936436-2022-04-12 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Multiple allegations were formed against the ruling TMC/AITC Government. Opposition leaders accused TMC for the broken law and order condition in state for which the rape case is proof. Also CPI(M) demanded answer on how the girl was cremated without any record.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/12-hour-bandh-bjp-peaceful-rape-accused-remanded-14-day-cop-custody-1503059624.html/amp|title=12-hour bandh by BJP peaceful, rape accused remanded in 14-day cop custody|website=www.thestatesman.com|date=12 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Investigation==
[[Calcutta High Court]] has directed [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] to investigate the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/calcutta-high-court-directs-cbi-probe-in-hanskhali-rape-death-case/article65314706.ece|title=Calcutta High Court directs CBI probe in Hanskhali rape, death case|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 12, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> On 13 April, the West Bengal state agencies handed over the documents of the Hanskhali rape-murder case to a 3-member CBI team. The CBI is scheduled to submit the report to the Calcutta High Court on May 2. The CBI on 13 April filed an FIR for gang-rape, destruction of evidence, conspiracy and aggravated sex of IPC and Pocso Act.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto1"/>
Sohail Gayali was arrested by the officials. Another one, who was present in the party a and is friend of the main suspect was also arrested.<ref name=":3" />
Responding to the accusation, additional superintendent of police, Ranaghat police district, Rupantar Sengupta, said: “We are trying to find out who intimidated the girl's parents as stated in a complaint. At the same time, the official status of the crematorium was being examined.”<ref name=":2" />

According to Karuna, the incharge of the crematorium said no body was burnt there for many years. On 5 April, the body was taken there but before any introspection the body was burnt as they were in hurry and could not wait. The Police took Karuna to the additional chief judicial magistrate's court in Ranaghat where she recorded her statement.<ref name=":2" />

CBI arrested the prime suspect Brojogopal Gayali under section 376 (3)/302/201/34 of IPC and 6 Pocso Act and took into custody of 14 days.

==Political and public response==
The opposition parties like the Left parties and the BJP heavily criticized the incident and staged protests in different parts of the State.<ref name="auto1"/> The CPIM state secretary [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]] said the incident as the "shadow of the Hathras rape" on Bengal.<ref name="auto2"/>

West Bengal Governor, [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] met Chief Secretary and Director General of [[West Bengal Police]] at the Raj Bhawan on April 10. He urged the Police "to take steps to curb the rising crimes against women; improve the worrisome law and order situation, and respond to pending issues”.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] created a five-member central team to enquire into the incident, which consisted [[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]], BJP MLA from English Bazar, MP Rekha Verma and Uttar Pradesh minister [[Baby Rani Maurya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=CBI gathers proof in Hanskhali rape, murder case; BJP team attacks TMC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-gathers-proof-in-hanskhali-rape-murder-case-bjp-team-attacks-tmc-101650047454497.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> TMC accused it as an attempt "to influence the CBI probe".<ref name=":1" />

==Aftermath==
On 15 April, on which day the rituals were to be done, the priests in the village did not came. Observers claimed that they were being stigmatised by some sections of society because she was allegedly raped. Local [[Communist Party of India Marxist|CPIM]] leaders arranged for a priest who finally performed the rituals in the evening. The priest Ashok Banerjee claimed he was also afraid due to TMC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Fatal Gang-rape: Family Says Hanskhali Village Priest Ditched Girl's Last Rites |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bengal-fatal-gang-rape-family-says-hanskhali-village-priest-ditched-girls-last-rites-4985983.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=News18 |date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rape in India]]

Kabhi Kabhie

2026-04-22T13:32:38Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{short description|1976 Indian Hindi film directed by Yash Chopra}}
{{other uses|Kabhie Kabhie (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kabhi Kabhie
| image = Kabhi Kabhie film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Yash Chopra]]
| producer = Yash Chopra
| screenplay = [[Sagar Sarhadi]]
| story = [[Pamela Chopra]]
| starring = [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Raakhee Gulzar]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Neetu Singh]] Naseem
| music = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
| cinematography = Romesh Bhalla Kay Gee
| editing = Naresh Malhotra Pran Mehra
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|1976|02|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mir |first1=Raza |title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry |date=2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-5118-725-7 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} [[Indian rupee|₹]]40 [[million]]<ref name=bo>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== Box Office 1976] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208235743/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |date=8 December 2011 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Kabhie Kabhie''''' ([[translation]]: ''Sometimes'') is a [[List of Hindi films of 1976|1976]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (Film and television)|drama]] film written by [[Pamela Chopra]] and directed and produced by [[Yash Chopra]] under the production banner of [[Yash Raj Films]]. The film was released on 27 February 1976 and stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Raakhee Gulzar|Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee Gulzar]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]]. This was Yash Chopra's second directorial film with Shashi Kapoor and Bachchan in the lead roles after ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), and was particularly noted for its [[soundtrack]] compositions by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]].

Rehman, Shashi Kapoor, Bachchan and Raakhee went on to star together in Chopra's next release, [[Trishul (1978 film)|''Trishul'']], two years later.

''Kabhie Kabhie'' earned an estimated [[Indian rupee|₹]]40 [[million]] at the [[box office]], becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 1976|eighth-highest grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2020 |title=The Best Films Of Rishi Kapoor - Bobby Has Historic Numbers |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6050 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> At the [[24th Filmfare Awards]], ''Kabhi Kabhie'' received a leading 13 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Yash Chopra), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Bachchan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Raakhee, who won for ''[[Tapasya (1976 film)|Tapasya]]'' instead), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Shashi Kapoor) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Rehman), and won a leading 4 awards: [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Khayyam), [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] ([[Sahir Ludhianvi]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]), the latter two for the song "[[Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein]]".

== Plot ==
Amit Malhotra ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), a budding [[poet]], recites his [[poetry]] at his [[college campus]] in [[Kashmir]], where he meets fellow student, Pooja ([[Raakhee Gulzar]]), and they fall in love. However, destiny has other plans as Pooja's parents [[Arranged marriage|arrange her marriage]] with an [[architect]], Vijay Khanna ([[Shashi Kapoor]]), against her wishes. Before ending their relationship, Pooja requests Amit to promise her that he will also get married and continue his poetry. Pooja and Vijay get married, and in a twist of fate, Vijay gifts Amit's first [[anthology]] book to Pooja on their [[Consummation|marriage night]] for he is a big fan of Amit. While the couple is blessed with a son, Vikram, also known as Vicky, a heartbroken Amit gives up poetry and takes over the [[quarry]] company of his elderly father ([[Iftekhar]]). 20 years later, spanning over to the next [[generation]], Pooja is shown to have become the host of a [[television show]], where she surprisingly introduces Amit as a famous poet to the audience. This is the first time Amit and Pooja, the two ex-lovers, have reunited after several years, but as strangers. When asked why he stopped writing poetry, Amit responds by recalling how his sorrow drove him away. Seeing Amit and Pooja together, Vijay invites Amit home for a [[Alcoholic beverage|drink]] and accurately deduces that his discontinuance to poetry was caused by heartbreak, causing Amit to angrily storm off.

Meanwhile, the now-grownup Vicky ([[Rishi Kapoor]]) falls in love with Pinky ([[Neetu Singh]]), his college friend and the daughter of the Vijay's doctor, Dr. R. P. Kapoor ([[Parikshit Sahni]]), and his wife, Shobha ([[Simi Garewal]]). However, before the two can get married, Pinky learns the shocking truth about her [[adoption]] and her biological [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] mother. A shattered Pinky severs ties with Dr. Kapoor and Shobha and decides to track down her biological [[Single parent|single mother]] and investigate the truth about her birth and abandonment. Pinky's search takes her to Kashmir and is finally able to meet with her mother, Anjali ([[Waheeda Rehman]]), who, as fate would have it, turns out to be none other than the wife of Amit. Shocked at seeing Pinky at her doorstep, Anjali secretly acknowledges her existence and showers her love on her reunited daughter. However, fearing for her marriage with Amit, she does not reveal their relationship to him and their daughter, Sweetie (Naseem). Instead, Anjali introduces Pinky as her distant niece from [[Delhi]], leaving Pinky anguished as Anjali would not let her address her as her mother. To add to Pinky's troubles, Vicky, after being encouraged by Vijay, arrives in Kashmir in order to support her emotionally, but Pinky requests him to maintain his distance from her.

However, Vicky charms his way into Amit's household by [[flirting]] with Sweetie, so that he can continue to meet Pinky. Sweetie requests Amit to employ Vicky in his company, so that he can sustain himself while living in the town. Pinky begins working as Amit's [[secretary]] while Vicky is becomes the trolley operator by Rambhajan ([[Deven Verma]]), Amit's quarry [[supervisor]]. The situation further backfires when Sweetie falls in love with Vicky, due to which Anjali and Amit decide to arrange their marriage. As a result, Pinky confronts Vicky and instructs him not to play with Sweetie’s life and betray Amit and Anjali's trust in him. Anjali notices Pinky leaving from Vicky's [[guesthouse]] and questions her when Pinky confesses that Vicky is her fiancée. Understanding the situation, Anjali attempts to convince Amit that Vicky should be married to Pinky instead of Sweetie, but Amit responds by accusing Anjali of favouring Pinky over Sweetie. Realising that Pinky is more than just a "niece" to Anjali, Amit demands to know the truth about Pinky's identity, forcing Anjali to reveal that Pinky is her daughter from a [[Premarital sex|premarital relationship]]. Pinky's biological father was a [[test pilot]] for the [[Indian Air Force]], and was tragically killed in an [[airplane crash]] while Anjali was [[pregnant]] with Pinky, forcing her to give Pinky away for adoption to the [[Childlessness|childless]] Dr. Kapoor and Shobha. A horrified Amit becomes furious with both Anjali and Pinky and punishes them with silences for hiding their past "misdeeds" from him.

Later, Amit meet with an architect on his site, who turns out to be Vijay, Pooja's husband. As Amit visits Vijay and Pooja's house to take them home for dinner, he spends a few moments alone with Pooja, who realises that Amit never forgave or forgot her. Vijay overhears their conversation, and on the drive over, finds out that Pooja and Amit studied in the same college, and that Amit had written poetry in that period. He is shocked to realise that Amit's mysterious aforementioned heartbreak was none other than his own wife, Pooja. At home, after a drink, Vijay tells Amit that a man degrades himself by thinking about the past affairs of a woman who gave birth to his children and spent 20 years of her life with him. In a way, he accepts Pooja and shows Amit that he is being unreasonable towards Anjali, which is overheard by both Anjali and Pooja. Amit confesses his love for Pooja in front of Vijay, which hurts Anjali. After Pooja and Vijay leave, Anjali apologises to Amit for keeping the truth about Pinky a secret from him, but the [[male chauvinist]] Amit is unwilling to forgive Anjali's past, so Anjali decides to have a [[divorce]].

Meanwhile, Sweetie witnesses an intimate moment between Vicky and Pinky, and still in love with Vicky and unaware of his engagement, she cries like a child and creates a scene, causing Amit to slap her, taking out his anger for Anjali on her. Feeling abandoned by everyone, Sweetie decides to commit [[suicide]] by riding her [[horse]] into one of the [[dynamite]] explosions at Amit's site. Vicky pursues her on [[Horse riding|horseback]], while Amit and Pinky follow close behind on Amit's jeep, and Vijay on his [[motorbike]]. A spark from the explosion catches a pile of dry [[twig]]s, igniting a [[forest fire]]. Sweetie dismounts and runs into the fire, followed by Vicky who attempts to dissuade her, revealing that he and Pinky are already engaged, causing Sweetie to drop her anger and apologise to him and Pinky. Vijay rescues Pinky, while Amit rescues Vicky and Sweetie, and they all embrace. After the near-death experience, Amit realises his mistake and that he loves Pinky, and rushes back home to stop Anjali from leaving him. He arrives just in time, and they both tearfully reconcile, admitting that they do love each other. Amit and Pooja put the past behind them and become friends anew, while Pinky and Vicky get married.

== Cast ==
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Anjali Malhotra
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Vijay Khanna
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Amit Malhotra
* [[Raakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]] as Pooja Khanna
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Vikram Khanna (Vicky)
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Pinky Kapoor
* Naseem as Sweetie Malhotra
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Dr. R. P. Kapoor (Pinky's adoptive father)
* [[Simi Garewal]] as Shobha Kapoor (Pinky's adoptive mother)
* [[Iftekhar]] as Mr. Malhotra (Amit's father)
* [[Deven Verma]] as Rambhajan (Amit's quarry company manager)

== Production ==
The film's concept came to Yash Chopra while he was reading a poem by his longtime friend (and also the film's lyricist) Sahir Ludhianvi. The movie was shot in [[Kashmir]], and Yash Chopra has claimed this to be one of his happiest experiences and he described the production as a "honeymoon", since the entire cast worked together as a family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mag4you.com/music/k/kabhi-kabhi.asp |title=Kabhi Kabhi Mp3 Songs Music Review Indian Movies |website=www.mag4you.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315025005/http://www.mag4you.com/music/k/kabhi-kabhi.asp |archive-date=2005-03-15}} </ref> The film also led to the reinvention of Amitabh Bachchan as a romantic poet who loses his love, which was a major departure from his earlier "angry-young-man" roles such as ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975). The film had been written with Raakhee in mind, and she had agreed to do it during the making of ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973) but before production started she married lyricist [[Sampooran Singh Gulzar|Gulzar]], who wanted her to retire from acting. However, after some persuasion from Yash Chopra, Gulzar let her do the film.<ref>{{YouTube|yaVSb9faj6M}}</ref>

=== Crew ===
* Chief Assistant Director: [[Ramesh Talwar]]
* Art Direction: Desh Mukerji
* Costume Design: [[Jennifer Kapoor]], Rajee Singh
* Choreography: Suresh Bhatt

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] with lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], both of whom won [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music]] and [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyricist]] at the [[24th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/music/hindi-film/songs/1170/kabhi-kabhie-love-is-life.html |title=Kabhi Kabhie 1976 songs |access-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918181110/http://ww.smashits.com/music/hindi-film/songs/1170/kabhi-kabhie-love-is-life.html |archive-date=18 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and performed vocals for Rishi Kapoor and Bachchan, respectively. Mukesh posthumously won his final [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the title track, "[[Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein]]". The duet version of the song, sung by Mukesh and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], topped the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1976|1976 annual list]] of [[Radio Ceylon]] radio show, ''[[Binaca Geetmala]]''.

The soundtrack was listed at #7 on [[PlanetBollywood.com]]'s list of 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever – Part 4 |publisher=PlanetBollywood.com |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> [[Rakesh Budhu]] of PlanetBollywood.com gave 9.5 stars out of 10 stating, "{{Lang|hi-latn|Kabhi Kabhie}} will remain an ode to brilliant melody".<ref name="pb" />
{{Infobox album
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Kabhi Kabhie}}
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 1976 (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[EMI]]
| producer = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
| prev_title = Sankalp
| prev_year = 1975
| next_title = [[Shankar Hussain]]
| next_year = 1977
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[PlanetBollywood.com]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|9.5|10}}<ref name="pb">{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042606031000 |title= Kabhi Kabhie: Music Review by Rakesh Budhu |publisher=PlanetBollywood.com |access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein]]|italic=no}} - I
| extra1 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| length1 = 05:31
| title2 = Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein - II
| extra2 = Mukesh, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 = 04:57
| title3 = Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein – Dialogue
| extra3 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| length3 = 01:06
| title4 = Main Pal Do Pal Ka Shayar Hoon
| extra4 = Mukesh
| length4 = 04:08
| title5 = Main Har Ek Pal Ka Shayar Hoon - II
| extra5 = Mukesh
| length5 = 03:01
| title6 = Tera Phoolon Jaisa Rang
| extra6 = [[Kishore Kumar]], Lata Mangeshkar
| length6 = 06:10
| title7 = Mere Ghar Aaye Ek Nanhi Pari
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length7 = 03:17
| title8 = Pyaar Kar Liya To Kya
| extra8 = Kishore Kumar
| length8 = 03:43
| title9 = Surkh Jode Ki Yeh Jagmagahat (Saada Chidiya Da Chamba Ve)
| extra9 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Pamela Chopra]], [[Jagjit Kaur]]
| length9 = 03:45
| title10 = Tere Chehre Se
| extra10 = Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
| length10 = 05:03
}}

== Awards ==
'''[[24th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] for "Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for "Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] – Sagar Sarhadi

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Yash Chopra]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Yash Chopra
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Raakhee]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Waheeda Rehman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] for "Main Pal Do Pal Ka Shayar Hoon"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for "Main Pal Do Pal Ka Shayar Hoon"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Pamela Chopra]]

== Home media ==
;DVD
* The release date of the [[DVD]] for this film is 1 November 1999.
* DVD is available at [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00005KIUK Amazon]
;Blu-ray
* The release date of the [[Blu-ray]] is 2 March 2010
* Blu-ray is available at [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0030QTA16 Amazon]
;Satellite Rights and VOD
* The film's satellite rights are with [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] while it is available as VOD on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0074730|Kabhi Kabhie}}
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=1268a2e5-eb49-42b1-9974-8f9a7ab00339 Kabhi Kabhie] at [[Yash Raj Films]]
{{Yash Chopra}}

[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yash Chopra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]

Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan

2026-04-20T00:20:36Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding New Bio!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan Bahadur II
| honorific_prefix = [[Honourable]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Baquar Ali
| birth_date = 1842
| birth_place = Kotaha, [[Ambala district]], British India
| death_date = January 20, {{death year and age|1902|1842}}
| death_place = [[Pindrawal]], [[British India]]
| other_names = Muhammad Baqar Ali Khan, Muhammad Bakir ali Khan, Muhammad Bakar Ali Khan
| known_for = philanthropy, social reformer
| occupation = [[zamindar]]
}}

'''Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan Bahadur''' (1842–1902) [[C.I.E.]], The [[Mir (title)|Mir]] of Kotaha and the [[Raja]] of [[Morni]] and [[Pindrawal]],<ref name=a>Asian Review 1902 -- Page 443</ref> was a noted [[zamindar]] and philanthropist from [[Morni]] who lived in [[Pindrawal]] in [[United Province]] of [[British India]].

==Early life==
He was born in year 1842 in the noted [[Lalkhani]] branch of [[Muslim Rajputs]].<ref>Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United ... by Francis Robinson - 2007 The chief Lalkhani estates were those of Pindrawal, [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], Danpur, Dharampur, [[Pahasu]] and [[Chhatari]].
</ref> He was born to Quasim Ali Khan aka Kasim Ali Khan and Latif-ul-nissa. His father, Quasim Ali was son of Mir Akbar Ali, the Mir of Kotaha, while his mother was granddaughter of Raja Nahar Ali Khan and daughter of Akbar Ali Khan of Pindrawal.<ref name=s/>

==Mir of Kotaha==
His grandfather Akbar Ali was the jagirdar of [[Garhi Kotaha, Haryana|Kotaha]] (Kutaya), usually spoken of as the [[Mir (title)|Mir]] of Kotaha, and enjoyed also a perpetual pension of Rs. 400 a year, granted in 1850, in return for the surrender of the right to levy transit duties within the limits of the Morni tract.<ref name=h>Haryana District Gazetteers: Amabala district gazetteer, 1923-24 reprint by Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana, 1998 - Haryana (India) pp:69-70</ref> His father Qasim Ali Khan II had died at [[Lahore]] in 1849-50. His grandfather, Meer Akbar Ali Khan had come under suspicion of British during [[Revolt of 1857]] and [[Thomas Douglas Forsyth]], Deputy Commissioner Umballa partially dismantled the Kotaha fort. The successor to him Melville was a bit lenient on Mir of Kotaha and taking advantage of this Akbar Ali rebuilt the fort without permission. But when James Stuart Tighe also known as Captain Tighe succeeded P. S. Melville as the Deputy Commissioner of [[Ambala|Umballa]] in 1864 and the Mir came under the severe displeasure of the British Government on a charge of conspiracy, and ‘on an attempt to partially rebuild his fort at Kotaha without permission’. This led to demolition of fort<ref>{{cite book|title=Professional Papers on Indian Engineering Demolition of Fort Kotaha by R. G. Elwes, Executive Engineer|date=1868|pages=133–138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHEtAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA133 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|date=1859|pages=238–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq5bAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA101 }}</ref> and confiscation of their [[jagir]].<ref name=h/> However, Meer Akbar Ali died in 1864 and young Bakir Ali succeeded him as Mir of Kotaha.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire by Sir Roper Lethbridge|date=1893|publisher=Macmillan & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofindi00lethgoldenrich/page/334 334]|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofindi00lethgoldenrich|quote= kotaha .}}</ref> Due to his young age he was spared and their jagir of Kotaha was restored to him but at the same time, he was banished from town. However, his whole property in [[Naraingarh]] was brought under direct official management. The Government cancelled the sentence of banishment and the property was finally restored to the Mir in 1880.<ref name=h/><ref name=gz>{{cite book|title=Extracts from the district & states gazetteers of the Punjab, Pakistan, Volume 4|date=1976|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiluAAAAMAAJ&q=Akbar+Ali+khan+bulandshahr}}</ref>

==Raja of Pindrawal==
After death of his grandfather, Baquar Ali Khan inherited the title of Mir of Kotaha but due to banishment settled at [[Pindrawal]] in the [[Bulandshahr district]] of the [[North-West Provinces]], where he had inherited a large [[zamindari]] property consisting of 365 villages, from her maternal side and was later given the title of Raja of [[Pindrawal]].<ref name=s>{{cite book|title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western ... By North-western provinces Edwin Thomas Atkinson|date=1876|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4IAAAAQAAJ&q=pindrawal&pg=PA61|pages=61–62}}</ref> He also inherited large estates in Koil, Khair and Atrauli parganas of [[Aligarh district]] and Morthal estates in [[Budaun district]].<ref name=s/><ref>Descriptive and historical account of the Aligarh District by Edward Atkinson - 1875 The zamindars were idle and extravagant and deeply involved in debt, and by 1856 one-half of the villages had passed into the hands of the Musalman Badgujars of Pahasu, Pindrawal, and Chatari in the Bulandshahr District</ref>

==Philanthropist and educationist==
Baquar Ali Khan was one of the visionaries who understood the value of education for up-liftment of Muslim community. He co-operated with [[Syed Ahmed Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] in the foundation of the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] he was the founder vice president and also the board of trustee of the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] and he also donated a substantial amount of money to build [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] at [[Aligarh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Education & Politics from Sir Syed to the Present Day By Shan Muhammad|date=2002|page=30|isbn=9788176482752|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&q=Baquar+Ali+Khan&pg=PA30|last1=Muhammad|first1=Shan|publisher=APH }}</ref><ref name=ja/> He also donated Rs. 30,000 towards the construction of the [[Bulandshahr]] [[Town Hall, Bulandshahr|Town Hall]].<ref>An historical handbook of Muslim India, 1700-1947 by Venguard Khursheed Kamal Aziz - 1995 pp 589</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWIOAAAAQAAJ&q=pindrawal |title=Official Report of the Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883-84: Compiled Under the Orders of the Executive Committee |date=1885 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b">{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vFPAAAAMAAJ&q=pindrawal |title=An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565602-2 |language=en}}</ref>

He was also a fellow of the [[Society of Arts]], Great Britain.<ref>The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record by Oriental Institute 1902 pp 443</ref>

==Honors==
He was given title of [[Khan Bahadur]] and later created a [[Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]], on 1 January 1883 by the British government in recognition of his services.<ref name=ja/>

==Death==

Baquar Ali Khan died on 20 January 1902.<ref name=a/><ref name=ja>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Society of Arts, Volume 50|date=1902|publisher=Society of Arts|pages=668, 752|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLdJAAAAYAAJ&q=bakir+}}</ref>

==Family==
* Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan, died leaving two sons: Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Jafar Ali Khan and Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Asghar Ali Khan. He was succeeded by the elder
* Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Jafar Ali Khan II, who built a fort at Atrauli, Aligarh district in 1909 that stands to date.<ref name="gz" /> He was succeeded by his son.
**Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Asghar Ali Khan founded the Asgharabad Estate after the partition of Pindrawal Estate.<ref name="gz" />
* Raja Mir Syed Muhammad Akbar Ali Khan II, O.B.E. (1896-1958) who became a member of the UP Legislative council in 1937.<ref>Proceedings of the Joint Sitting of the Two Chambers of the United Provinces Legislature: Official Report by United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India). Legislature 1939 - Page iv</ref> He was accorded kalgi and khilat by the Governor of Punjab in a special durbar at Sirhind. He had also inherited the family estates at Teori and Morthal, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Aligarh by United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India), D.L. Drake-Brockman|date=1926|publisher=Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Akbar+Ali+khan+teori}}</ref> He built a hospital at Morni. Akbar Ali Khan also donated fund to start a scholarship at Aligarh Muslim University<ref>[http://amu.ac.in/pdf/dsw/scholar%20guide.pdf Raja Akbar Ali Khan of Pindrawal Scholarship.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/mq/pmqcmsg.htm|title = Meher Quder - Prince of Oudh - Condolence Messages, Telegrams, Resolutions}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
[http://www.hillsofmorni.com/history-of-morni/history-of-morni/ History of Morni tracts]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]
[[Category:Khan Bahadurs]]

Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:55Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding New Post!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{About|the constituency in Bhavnagar district|the constituency in Surat district|Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahuva
| mla = [[Shivabhai Gohil]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:243370}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 99
}}
'''Mahuva''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] district.

==Segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mahuva Taluka (Part) Villages - Goras, Kinkaria, Mota Asrana, Chaddika, Bambhaniya, Dudhala No.2, Sanganiya, Kumbhan,
Konjali, Tared, Ratol, Kantasar, Chokva, Moti Sodvadri, Nani Sodvadri, Khatsura, Otha, Lilvan, Nani Jagdhar, Raniwada,
Ranparda, Rohisa, Boda, Bhadrod, Talgajarada, Bhanavav, Rupavati, Lakhupara, Bhadra, Lusadi, Gundarani, Nana Jadra, Tavida, Taredi, Malvav, Katakda, Bhatakda, Uncha Nicha Kotda,
Dayal, Kalsar, Valavav, Sathara, Vaghnagar, Vadli, Umaniyavadar, Nesvad, Haripara, Visavadar, Dundas, Mota Pipalva, Kankot, Nana Pipalva, Bildi, Amrutvel, Bhanvad, Mota
Jadra, Maliya, Naip, Nikol, Devaliya, Dudhala No.1, Madhiya, Vangar, Padhiyarka, Doliya, Dudheri, Gujarda, Khared, Gadhada,
Mahuva (M), Katpar (CT)
# [[Rajula]] Taluka (Part) of Amreli District Village - Rampara No-1

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Kanubhai Kalsariya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Bhavna Makwana|Bhavanaben Makwana]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Raghavbhai Makwana]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Shivabhai Gohil]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shivabhai Gohil]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=86,464|percentage=55.92|change={{up}} 22.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Kanubhai V. Kalsaria|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,991|percentage=36.22|change={{up}} 13.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Mangalbhai Joliya|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=6,077|percentage=3.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,619|percentage=1.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=19.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 238847}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mahuva (Bhavnagar)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raghavbhai Makwana
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 44,411
|percentage = 32.99
|change = -14.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanubhai Kalsariya]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 39,401
|percentage = 29.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaybhai Baraiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,576
|percentage = 22.71
|change = -1.23
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,009
|percentage = 3.73
|change = -19.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,636
|percentage = 64.43
|change = -2.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |archive-date=26 November 2013|date= |author= |access-date= 1 June 2021 |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhavanaben Makwana|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=57,498|percentage=47.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharatkumar Thakar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=29,146|percentage=23.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,352|percentage=23.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=121,740|percentage=67.25|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.09|71.76|display=title}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Grace Tucker

2026-04-19T10:18:59Z

Kawoosahamad: New first info needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Grace Tucker
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Halasuru Assembly constituency|Halasuru]]
| order1 =
| office1 = Deputy Minister of Education
| 4blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 4namedata1 = [[S. Nijalingappa]]
| governor1 =
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
}}

'''Grace Tucker''' was an Indian politician and a former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in [[Mysore State]] who represented [[Halasuru Assembly constituency|Halasuru]] from 1957 to 1967.<ref name="Second Karnataka Legislative Assembly">{{cite web |title=Second Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/2assemblymemberslist.htm |publisher=Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly">{{cite web |title=Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm |publisher=Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> She was the first woman to get a cabinet post in Karnataka, serving as the Deputy Minister of Education during the [[First Nijalingappa ministry|Nijalingappa ministry]].<ref name="Kamble">{{cite journal |journal=Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities
|last1=Kamble |first1=Shivanand Annappa |title=Political Participation and Dalit Women's Leadership in Karnataka: Analysis of 1952–2023 Election Results |url=https://jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/3014 |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> As the Deputy Minister of Education, she was involved with the [[Kothari Commission]].<ref name="Kothari Commission Report">{{cite web |title=REPORT OF THE EDUCATION COMMISSION, 1964-66 |url=http://www.academics-india.com/Kothari%20Commission%20Report.pdf |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Grace Tucker was the second principal of [[Jyoti Nivas College]].<ref name="Jyoti Nivas College">{{cite web |title=Community of Jyoti Nivas |url=https://www.sjtbangalore.in/community-of-jyoti-nivas.html |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> She served on the Board of Management and as the former Headmistress of C.E.Z.M. English Primary School.<ref name="CEZM School">{{cite web |title=School History |url=https://www.cezmschool.edu.in/school-history |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> On 20 October 1963, she inaugurated the Wilcox Block at [[Clarence High School (India)|Clarence High School]].<ref name="Clarence High School">{{cite web |title=CLARENCE HIGH SCHOOL – A BRIEF HISTORY(1914 -1966) |url=https://chs65.in/wp-content/uploads/BRIEF-HISTORY-OF-CLARENCE.pdf |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/2assemblymemberslist.htm Second Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tucker, Grace}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Ludhiana North Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:00Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding A Stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Ludhiana North
|type= SLA
| map_image = 65-Ludhiana North.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Madan Lal Bagga]]
|party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|region =
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|constituency_no = 65
|established = 2008 
|electors = {{formatnum:201620}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2027|05}}
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Ludhiana North Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{{Pie chart|value1=66.66|value2=8.33|value3=8.33|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (8 Times)]]|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP '''(1 Time)]]|label3=[[ Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Ludhiana North Assembly Constituency |label4=[[Aam Aadmi Party |'''AAP''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|value4=8.33|label5=[[Indian National Congress (Indira) |'''INC (I)''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|value5=8.33}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sardari Lal kapoor <ref name="List of all MLA from Ludhiana North Assembly constituency">{{cite news |title=Ludhiana North all Mla's List from 1972|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ludhiananorth-punjab-assembly-constituency |work= Result University|language =en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Kapoor Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sardari Lal Kapoor
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sat Pal Prashar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| [[Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Rakesh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1997^
| rowspan=2|[[Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Harish Bedi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=2|[[Rakesh Pandey (politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Madan Lal Bagga]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2022===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Ludhiana North<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Madan Lal Bagga]]
|votes = {{formatnum:51104}}
|percentage = 40.59
|change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parveen Bansal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:35822}}
|percentage = 28.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:24326}}
|percentage = 19.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = RD Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:11454}}
|percentage = 9.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15282
|change = 12.14
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:205144}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Ludhiana North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:44864}}
|percentage = 36.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Parveen Bansal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:39732}}
|percentage = 31.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Randhir Singh Sivia
|party = Lok Insaaf Party
|votes = {{formatnum:20387}}
|percentage = 16.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madan Lal Bagga
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:12136}}
|percentage = 9.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1307}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5132}}
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:123250}}
|percentage = 68.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:181930}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Ludhiana North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rakesh Pandey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:48216}}
|percentage = 43.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parveen Bansal
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46048}}
|percentage = 41.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hansraj
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:10280}}
|percentage = 9.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:2168}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:111194}}
|percentage = 68.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:161310}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.94|75.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar

2026-04-12T14:50:15Z

Kawoosahamad: added a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar
| constituency = [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Audimulapu Suresh]]
| successor =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]]
}}
'''Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for the SC community in [[Prakasam district]]. He represents [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=YS Jagan changes several candidates; incharges for 3 MP seats, 24 MLA seats named, Ministers replaced |url=https://www.newstap.in/top-stories/ys-jagan-changes-several-candidates-incharges-for-3-mp-seats-24-mla-seats-named-ministers-replaced-1513131 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] despite a wave in favour of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and its allies [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Sekhar Tatiparthi, YSRCP Candidate from Yerragondapalem Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing – News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/chandra-sekhar-tatiparthi-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a102e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Except one seat, TDP sweeps Prakasam district in A.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/except-one-seat-tdp-sweeps-prakasam-district-in-ap/article68252346.ece |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chandrasekhar is from a farmer's family in [[Yerragondapalem]] <nowiki/>village. But he has taken up contractual work and is now a businessman. His father's name is Hussain. He married Bhagya. He completed his bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 2000 at [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Sekhar Tatiparthi(YSRCP):Constituency- YERRAGONDAPALEM (SC)(PRAKASAM) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=162 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chandrasekhar won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] despite a wave against the YSR Congress Party. He was nominated in place of sitting MLA [[Audimulapu Suresh|Adimulapu Suresh]] by [[YSR Congress Party]]. As early as January 2024, he was nominated as the coordinator of [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency]], considered a stronghold of the YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilyas |first=M. D. |date=2024-01-02 |title=YSRC President Jagan Selects New Coordinators for 27 Segments |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020124/ysrc-president-jagan-selects-new-coordinators-for-27-segments.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 91,741 votes and defeated Guduri Erixion Babu of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 5,200 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yerragondapalem Assembly Election Results 2024: Yerragondapalem Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share – IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/yerragondapalem-constituency-result-1102 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yerragondapalem (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Yerragondapalem (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/yerragondapalem |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is one among the 11 YSRCP MLAs who won the 2024 election. Chandrasekhar's brother Sudhakar and his wife and [[Singarayakonda]] sarpanch, Vanaja, campaigned for [[YSR Congress Party]] candidate Chandrasekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandam |first=Naresh |date=2024-04-28 |title=Yerragondapalem: YSRCP implemented 99% promises says Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/yerragondapalem-ysrcp-implemented-99-promises-says-tatiparthi-chandrasekhar-875236 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His wife, Bhagya, also campaigned for him in many villages.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuhB9pv9Mx8 |title=నా భర్తను గెలిపించండి {{!}} YSRCP MLA Candidate Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar Wife Bhagya Election Campaign |date=2024-04-29 |last=iNEWS |access-date=2024-06-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He urged people to vote for Jagan Mohan Reddy, who implemented 99 per cent of the promises, and to the YSRCP MP candidate, Chevireddy Bhaskar Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandam |first=Naresh |date=2024-04-28 |title=Yerragondapalem: YSRCP implemented 99% promises says Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/yerragondapalem-ysrcp-implemented-99-promises-says-tatiparthi-chandrasekhar-875236 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekhar, Tatiparthi}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Nazrul Geeti

2026-04-08T00:11:28Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Short description|Songs composed by Nazrul Islam}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Nazrul Sangeet
| etymology = Songs and music composed by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
| image = Nazrul teaching Nazrul Sangeet.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nazrul teaching Nazrul Sangeet
| stylistic_origins =
| cultural_origins = Early 20th century, [[Bengal]]
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes = [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] ([[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Assam]])
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
}}

'''Nazrul Geeti''' ({{langx|bn| নজরুল গীতি}}; {{literally|music of Nazrul}}) aka '''Nazrul Sangeet''' ({{langx|bn|নজরুল সঙ্গীত}}), refers to the songs written and composed by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], who is the national poet of Bangladesh. Nazrul Geeti incorporate revolutionary notions as well as spiritual, philosophical and romantic themes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nazrul: The ever-shining beacon |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/nazrul-the-ever-shining-beacon/ |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202419/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/nazrul-the-ever-shining-beacon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nazrul wrote and composed nearly 4,000 songs (including gramophone records),<ref>{{cite book |last=Hossain |first=Quazi Motahar |author-link=Qazi Motahar Hossain |editor=Mohammad Nurul Huda |editor-link=Mohammad Nurul Huda |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |year=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |location=[[Dhaka]] |isbn=984-555-167-X |page=55 |chapter=Nazrul Islam, the Singer and Writer of Songs}}</ref> which are widely popular in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. Some of the most notable Nazrul Sangeet include ''[[Notuner Gaan]]'', the national [[March (music)|marching song]] of Bangladesh and ''[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]],'' a Bengali [[Islamic music|Islamic song]] on the festival of the [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|Bengali celebration]] of [[Chand Raat]] and [[Eid-ul-Fitr]].

==Background==
Nazrul showed signs of keen poetic and musical talent at a young age and started writing songs when he was a member of a Leto group (folk musical group). Following Kazi Bazle Karim, his uncle and a leader of a Leto group, he became an expert in composing songs and setting them to tunes. Joining the Leto group enhanced his musical career and significantly impacted the shaping of his future musical life. At a very young age he was excelled in composing songs in different languages, apart from the Bengali language. He met Satish Kanjilal, a teacher of [[Searsol School]] who had an interest in classical music and some mastery over it. Observing Nazrul's irresistible inclination to music, Mr. Kanjilal imparted him some lessons on classical music. Later Nazrul widened his knowledge on music when he was serving as a Havilder in [[Karachi]] Barrack under [[Bengal Regiment]]. He learned a great deal of [[Persian language]], literature, and music with the help of a religious teacher from [[Punjab]] attached with the regiment.

==Nazrul Islam's musical style==
===Revolutionary mass music===
The mass music and poems of Kazi Nazrul Islam have been widely used during the Indian Independence Movement and Bangladesh Liberation War. The music is highly motivational and revolutionary in nature with strong and powerful words and captivating tunes. It talks about the extremities of everything. The lyrics of those songs are provoking, as they talk against conservatism and about life on a broader parameter of philosophy and spirituality. The beauty of Nazrul's mass music lies in the freedom of its expression, which also drew immense criticism. However, those who understood its philosophy praised the courage and straightforwardness.

[[File:Nazrul.jpg|Kazi Nazrul Islam playing flute in 1926, [[Chittagong]]|thumb]]

===Ghazal===
Nazrul's acquaintance with the tradition of Persian [[Ghazal]]s, a form of love songs, was very significant in the sense that it paved the base of his successful efforts in composing Bengali Ghazals which he undertook by 1927–28. Bengali Ghazal is, it can be mentioned outright, an innovation by Kazi Nazrul Islam alone. It served as the first mass-level introduction of Islam into the mainstream tradition of [[Bengali music]].

==Historical influence==
Nazrul used his music as a major way of disseminating his revolutionary notions, mainly by the use of strong words and powerful, but catchy, tunes. Among the revolutionary songs, ''Karar Oi Louho Kopat'' (Prison-doors of Steel) is best known and has been used in several movies, especially those made during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|pre-independence period of Bangladesh]].
[[File:Nazrul teaching Nazrul Sangeet.jpg|thumb|Nazrul teaching "Nazrul Geeti"]]
Nazrul Geeti has recently been translated and recorded in Oriya (an Indian language) in the form of a studio album.

==Notable songs==
{{Inc-musong|date=January 2021}}
* Dolan Chapa (name of a faintly fragrant monsoon flower), poems and songs, 1923
* Bisher Bashi (The Poison Flute), poems and songs, 1924
* Bhangar Gan (The Song of Destruction), songs and poems, 1924 proscribe in 1924
* Chhayanat (The Raga of Chhayanat), poems and songs, 1925
* Chittanama (On Chittaranjan), poems and songs, 1925
* Samyabadi (The Proclaimer of Equality), poems and songs, 1926
* Puber Hawa (The Eastern Wind), poems and songs, 1926
* Sarbahara (The Proletariat), poems and songs, 1926
* Sindhu Hindol (The Undulation of the Sea), poems and songs, 1927
* Jinjir (Chain), poems and songs, 1928
* Pralaya Shikha (Doomsday Flame), poems and songs, 1930 proscribed in 1930
* [[Gumaite Dao Sranto Rabire]] (Let the tired Sun(Rabindranath) sleep), poems and songs, 1941.
* Shesh Saogat (The Last Offerings), poems and songs, 1958
* [[Notuner Gaan]] (The Song of Youth), 1928, National March of [[Bangladesh]]
* [[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe|O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe Elo Khushir Eid]], composed for [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], 1932
* [[Tribhubaner Priya Muhammad]] (Muhammad the beloved of three dimensions), composed for Abbasuddin Ahmed, 1935

==Notable singers of ''Nazrul Sangeet''==
{{Dynamic list|date=January 2021}}
* [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]]
* Shusmita Anis
* [[Ferdous Ara]]
* [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza Begum]]
* [[Niaz Mohammad Chowdhury]]
* [[Alaka Das]]
* [[Chittaranjan Das]]
* Manas Kumar Das<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Saurav |date=4 September 2014 |title=The depth of Nazrul's lyrics attracts me... |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-depth-of-nazruls-lyrics-attracts-me-40066 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081938/http://www.thedailystar.net/the-depth-of-nazruls-lyrics-attracts-me-40066 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sudhin Das]]
* Tapas Kumar Das<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রবীন্দ্রনাথকে হৃদয়ে ধারণ ও নজরুল চেতনায় উজ্জীবিত হতে হবে - See more at: http://www.comillarkagoj.com/2016/05/29/23242.php#sthash.F79WClxv.dpuf |url=http://www.comillarkagoj.com/2016/05/29/23242.php |work=Comillar Kagoj |date=29 May 2016 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418164434/http://www.comillarkagoj.com/2016/05/29/23242.php |archive-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>
* [[Kamal Dasgupta]]
* [[Kanan Devi]]
* [[K C Dey]]
* [[Purabi Dutta]]
* [[Anup Ghoshal]]
* [[Anup Jalota]]
* [[Nashid Kamal]]
* [[Anup Barua]]
* Sabiha Mahboob<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sabiha Mahboob talks to VOA Bangla |url=https://www.voabangla.com/a/a-16-2008-06-28-voa3-94427349/1395649.html |work=VOA |date=28 June 2008 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095852/https://www.voabangla.com/a/a-16-2008-06-28-voa3-94427349/1395649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sadya Afreen Mallick]]
* [[Namrata Mohanty]]
* [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Manna Dey]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* [[Ferdausi Rahman]]
* [[Juthika Roy]]
* [[Madhuri Chattopadhyay]]
* Ila Basu
* [[Shaheen Samad]]
* [[Kumar Sanu]]
* [[Indrani Sen]]
* [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
* [[Nilufar Yasmin]]
* [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Sujit Mustafa]]
* Ila Ghosh
* Angur Bala devi
* Indu Bala
* Shanta Apte
* Jnanendra Prasad Goswami

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kazi Nazrul Islam}}
{{Notable singers of Nazrul Geeti}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazrul Geeti}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi literature]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Music of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Music of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

Nartanasala (1963 film)

2026-04-06T23:31:10Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding New Data

{{short description|1962 film by Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nartanasala
| image = Nartanasala 1963 poster.jpg
| alt = Black and white poster featuring the film's ensemble cast.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| producer = [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] C. Sridhar Rao
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = S. P. S. Veerappa
| based_on = [[Virata Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]]
| studio = Rajyam Pictures
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{film date|1963|10|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Nartanasala''''' ({{translation|The dance pavilion}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] and written by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] while [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]], [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] and [[Dandamudi Rajagopal]] play supporting roles among others. [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]] composed the film's soundtrack and background score. M. A. Rahman and S. P. S. Veerappa served as the cinematographer and editor respectively. T. V. S. Sarma was the film's art director. The film was produced by actress [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] and her husband C. Sridhar Rao under the Rajyam Pictures banner.

Based on the ''[[Virata Parva]]'' of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''Nartanasala'' focused on the trials of the [[Pandava]]s in the last year of their exile. The Pandavas assumed different identities and lived incognito in [[Virata]]{{'s}} [[Matsya Kingdom]]. The [[Kaurava]]s wished to reveal the Pandavas' real identities so that they would repeat another exile of 13 years in a cyclic fashion. The issues faced by the Pandavas and their wife [[Draupadi]] at Matsya due to various factors, notably Virata's brother-in-law [[Kichaka]] form the rest of the story.

The majority of ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} portions were filmed in the sets erected at [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini]] and [[Bharani Pictures|Bharani]] studios in Madras (now [[Chennai]]). Produced with a budget of {{INR}}4,00,000, ''Nartanasala'' was released on 11 October 1963 in 26 centers. The film was a commercial success, completing a 100-day run in 19 centers and a 200-day run in two centers. It was also dubbed into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] languages. ''Nartanasala'' won the [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu]]. At the third [[Afro-Asian Film Festival]] held at [[Jakarta]] in 1964, ''Nartanasala'' received two awards: Best Male Actor (Ranga Rao) and Best Art Director (T. V. S. Sarma). For the April 2013 centennial of Indian cinema, [[News18]] included ''Nartanasala'' in its list of "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".

== Plot ==
The [[Pandava]]s complete 12 years of forest life as a part of their 13-year exile stipulation of a rigged dice game they were defeated in by the [[Kaurava]]s.{{efn|The [[Pandava]]s are a group of five brothers named [[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. They are the protagonists in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2008 |title=Why Yudhishthira chose Nakul over the others |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Why-Yudhishthira-chose-Nakul-over-the-others/articleshow/3592529.cms |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109131433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Why-Yudhishthira-chose-Nakul-over-the-others/articleshow/3592529.cms |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The [[Kaurava]]s are a group of a hundred brothers, and are the Pandavas' cousins. They are the antagonists in the Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prathi |first=Radha |date=16 December 2014 |title=Bringing up children |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/447924/bringing-up-children.html |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063413/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/447924/bringing-up-children.html |archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref>}} As per the rule, in the 13th year, the Pandavas and their wife [[Draupadi]] have to assume different identities and live incognito until the upcoming [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]]. In case their real identity is unveiled, they have to repeat their 13-year exile. That would give a chance to the Kauravas to stop the Pandavas from attacking and gaining the reigns of the [[Kuru kingdom]] for a longer period, and possibly forever. The Pandavas choose the [[Matsya Kingdom]] ruled by [[Virata]], a kind-hearted but weak-spirited king. They hope to find employment in the king's palace.

[[Arjuna]], one of the Pandavas, recollects a curse that could help him stay incognito for one year. In the past, Arjuna was felicitated by [[Indra]], the king of deities for gaining the divine weapon, ''Pasupatastra'', from Lord [[Shiva|Siva]] through dedicated devotion. The celestial dancer [[Urvashi|Urvasi]] falls in love with Arjuna, but he rejects her advances as he considered her a motherly figure. Feeling insulted, Urvasi cursed him to lose his masculinity and turn into a eunuch. Indra arrived and asked Arjuna to treat this curse as a blessing in disguise as the 13th year is arriving. Taking this into account, Arjuna turns into a transgender dance teacher [[Brihannala]].

The remaining Pandavas assume different identities based on their strengths [[Yudhishthira|{{mdash}} Dharma Raju]] (Yudhishthira) as the advisor and dice player Kankubhattu, [[Bhima]] as the cook Valabha, [[Nakula]] as horse groomsman Damagranthi, [[Sahadeva]] as cowherd Tantripala. Draupadi meets Virata's wife [[Sudeshna]] at a temple. She introduces herself as Sairandhri, an ill-fated woman married to five [[Gandharva]]s, and requests a job in her palace. Sudeshna agrees and promises that Sairandhri would never be used to perform unethical tasks and jobs. The Pandavas too join Virata's palace in these disguised forms and perform various duties. The Kauravas are in search of the Pandavas and their cousin [[Krishna]] learns about this. Arjuna's son [[Abhimanyu]] wishes to convey the same to the Pandavas and Krishna reluctantly agrees. Before sending him to Matsya, Krishna warns Abhimanyu not to reveal his real identity. Abhimanyu falls in love with Virata's daughter [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] but does not reveal any details of his. Bruhannala, who teaches dance to Uttara, learns this and is happy. Uttara's brother [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara Kumara]] too, wishes to see their alliance turn into a reality and waits for the opportunity.

Sudeshna's brother and Matsya's chief army commander [[Kichaka]] returns victorious from a conquest. Kichaka sees Sairandhri and is mesmerized by her beauty. He warns Sudeshna of dire consequences if Sairandhri does not willingly submit herself for unison. As Kichaka is the supreme power of Matsya, Virata and Sudeshna do not dare to oppose him. Sairandhri warns and pleads to Kichaka several times, which bear no result. One night, Valala disguises himself as a woman and waits in the dance hall. Believing the woman to be Sairandhri, Kichaka enters the hall and is killed by Valala. Valala also kills Kichaka's hundred brothers who attempt to kill Sairandhri by making her perform [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] with Kichaka's corpse.

The Kauravas learn about Kichaka's death due to a woman married to five Gandharvas in mysterious circumstances. They suspect that the Pandavas are hidden in Matsya and launch an attack on the kingdom's cattle. With all the soldiers engaged in war with Kauravas' allies, Virata's palace is almost empty. When Kauravas attack the remaining cattle, Uttara Kumara swears to fight against them. However, after watching their military troops, Uttara Kumara loses his confidence. Bruhannala, who is his charioteer, volunteers to fight if Uttara Kumara handles the chariot, to which Uttara Kumara agrees.

Before the war, Bruhannala asks the chariot to be directed to a Shami tree (''[[prosopis cineraria]]'') where the Pandavas' divine weapons are hidden. The 13th year ends on that day and Bruhannala regains his form of Arjuna. On realizing who Bruhannala is, Uttara Kumara is happy to serve him. Arjuna then uses the ''Sammohanastra'' weapon, which puts the Kaurava army to sleep. The cattle are rescued and the Pandavas declare that their 13-year exile has been completed. Krishna visits Matsya and the marriage of Uttaraa with Abhimanyu is finalized.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Arjuna]] and [[Brihannala]] (dual role) <ref name="uiowa">{{Cite web |title=Narthanasala |url=https://uiowa.edu/indiancinema/narthanasala |publisher=[[University of Iowa]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502031550/https://uiowa.edu/indiancinema/narthanasala |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as [[Draupadi]] and Sairandhri<ref name="uiowa" />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Kichaka]]<ref name="uiowa" />
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara Kumara]]<ref name="Sakshi BFP">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2013 |title=రసవత్తరం... ఈ 'నర్తనశాల' |language=te |trans-title='Nartanasala' is interesting |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/narthanasala-movie-completes-50-years-72281 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502025037/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/narthanasala-movie-completes-50-years-72281 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Dandamudi Rajagopal]] as [[Bhima]] and Valala<ref name="TH BFP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 April 2017 |title=Nartanasala (1963) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-blast-nartanasala-1963/article17867482.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170421042822/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-blast-nartanasala-1963/article17867482.ece |archive-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Virata]]<ref name="TH BFP" />
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]] and Kankubhattu<ref name="TH BFP" />
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as [[Abhimanyu]]<ref name="uiowa" />
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Duryodhana]]<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Karna]]<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Dushasana|Dusaasana]]<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Vaalatulya<ref name="TH BFP" />
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Assistant Cook<ref name="credits" />
*Boddapati as Assistant Cook<ref name="credits" />
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Assistant Cook<ref name="credits" />
*Ramakoti as Assistant Cook<ref name="credits" />
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttaraa]]<ref name="uiowa" />
*Sandhya as [[Sudeshna]]<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />
*[[Padmini Priyadarshini]] as [[Urvasi]]<ref name="Padmini">{{Cite news |last=Sai |first=Veejay |date=6 February 2016 |title=From 'Ratnapuri Ilavarasi' to 'Life of Pi': The Last of the Classical Padminis |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratnapuri-ilavarasi-life-pi-last-classical-padminis-38622 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502040624/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratnapuri-ilavarasi-life-pi-last-classical-padminis-38622 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

;Cameo appearances<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-Ty_TqzLV0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/6-Ty_TqzLV0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Narthanasala |date=2017 |last=[[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|Kameswara Rao, Kamalakara]] (director) |language=te |publisher=[[ETV (India)|ETV Cinema]] |place=India |medium=motion picture}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[Kanchanamala]]<ref name="Kanchanamala">{{Cite news |last=Ramarao |first=Imandi |date=1 April 2017 |title=పంచ‌ర‌త్నా‌ల హారం 'మాల‌పిల్ల‌' |language=te |trans-title=The valuable 'Malapilla' |work=[[Prajasakti]] |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Sneha/1911250 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502040922/http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Sneha/1911250 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]<ref name="TH BFP" />
*[[Kanta Rao]] as [[Krishna]]<ref name="uiowa" />
*[[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] as [[Subhadra]]<ref name="TH BFP" />
*Nellore Kantharao as Jeemutha Mallu<ref name="TH BFP" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Nartanasala'' was produced by an actress [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam]] and her husband C. Sridhar Rao under the banner Rajyam Pictures. The film's story was based on ''[[Virata Parva]]'', one of the eighteen books of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Rajyam and Rao felt that barring ''[[Keechaka Vadham]]'' (1916{{mdash}}1918){{efn|While film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], film director [[R. K. Selvamani]] and professor [[Prem Chowdhry]] state the film release date as 1916, Suresh Chabria and [[Film News Anandan]] said the film was released in 1917.{{Sfnm|1a1=Chowdhry|1y=2000|1p=140|2a1=Chabria|2y=2005|2pp=451–452}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html |title=How old is Tamil Cinema? |work=[[Madras Musings]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=28 October 2015 |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028050046/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%2010/otherstories.html |archive-date=28 October 2015}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Director-Association-May-Screen-Classic-Films-for-Free/2015/11/26/article3146522.ece | title=Director' Association May Screen Classic Films for Free | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=14 May 2016 | last=K. R. | first=Manigandan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514024118/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Director-Association-May-Screen-Classic-Films-for-Free/2015/11/26/article3146522.ece | archive-date=14 May 2016}}
* {{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |last=[[Film News Anandan]] |date=26 February 1998 |publisher=Indolink |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028020625/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |archive-date=28 October 2015 |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> Film historians [[Randor Guy]], [[S. Muthiah]] and professor Knut A. Jacobsen asserted the film was released in 1918.{{Sfn|Jacobsen|2015|p=337}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 May 2002 |title=Remembering a pioneer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/09/stories/2002050900170300.htm |access-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918005729/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/09/stories/2002050900170300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 September 2015}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/the-pioneer-tamil-filmmaker/article15949.ece |title=The pioneer 'Tamil' film-maker |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=29 June 2011 |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918005505/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/the-pioneer-tamil-filmmaker/article15949.ece |archive-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>}} and ''Vijayadasami'' (1937), no other Indian film dared to explore ''Virata Parva'' and found it a unique premise.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Also, the belief that reading ''Virata Parva'' in Telugu-speaking lands would result in heavy rainfalls made the subject a culturally significant one.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Samudrala Raghavacharya, better known as [[Samudrala Sr.]], wrote ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} script and [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] was chosen to direct the film. ''Nartanasala'' was Kameswara Rao's first mythological film.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />

[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]] composed the film's music; M. A. Rahman and S. P. S. Veerappa served as the cinematographer and editor, respectively. T. V. S. Sarma was the film's art director.<ref name="credits" /> [[Raavi Kondala Rao]], one of the assistant directors, wrote the dialogue for the comedy portions on Kameswara Rao's insistence.<ref name="TH BFP" /> He also added the character of Vaalatulya (played by [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]), which was absent in the original script. Though Kameswara Rao offered to credit Kondala Rao as the first assistant director, the makers altogether left his name out later.<ref name="TH BFP" />

=== Casting ===
Rajyam and Rao approached [[N. T. Rama Rao]] to play [[Arjuna]]{{'s}} role in the film. Rama Rao was happy to play Arjuna, but was hesitant to take up [[Brihannala|Bruhannala]]{{'s}} part; he felt that even a slight misstep would result in rejection by the audience.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Rajyam assured that Sarma's sketches would help Rama Rao look authentic. Sarma designed the look based on eunuch statues in major temples and opted for Keralite hairstyles.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Bengali makeup artist Haripada Chandra was signed to work on Rama Rao's work.<ref name="TH BFP" /> After getting approval from his mentor [[K. V. Reddy]] on Bruhannala's look, Rama Rao agreed to be a part of the film's cast.<ref name="TH BFP" />

[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] was signed to play the other key roles of [[Draupadi]] and [[Kichaka]] respectively. [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]], [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]], [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] played supporting roles.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Wrestlers [[Dandamudi Rajagopal]] and Nellore Kantharao were signed to play [[Bhima]] and Jeemutha Mallu respectively.<ref name="TH BFP" /> [[Kanta Rao]] made a brief appearance as [[Krishna]] and Rajyam played his sister [[Subhadra]].<ref name="TH BFP" /> [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] were paired to play the couple [[Abhimanyu]] and [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttaraa]]. This was Sobhan Babu's first of two films where he portrayed the character of Abhimanyu, the other being ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]'' (1965).{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=216}} On Rajyam's insistence, actress [[Kanchanamala]] made a [[cameo appearance]].<ref name="Kanchanamala" /> She shared the screen with [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] in the film.<ref name="TH BFP" /> It was Kanchanamala's last on-screen appearance.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />

=== Filming ===
The majority of ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} portions were filmed in the sets erected at [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini]] and [[Bharani Pictures|Bharani]] studios in Madras (now [[Chennai]]).<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> All the musical instruments used in the film were borrowed from the Madras Sangeetha Vidyalaya.<ref name="credits" /> The war sequences in the climax portion were filmed at [[Gudur]], a town in [[Andhra Pradesh]]; two cameras were simultaneously used to film the scenes.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> For the ''Gograhana'' (retrieving the kidnapped cows) episode, five thousand animals were brought with the help of Gogineni Venkateswara Rao.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /><ref name="credits" /> ''Nartanasala'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}4,00,000 with a runtime of 174 minutes.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /><ref name="credits" />

When Raghavacharya fell ill, his son Samudrala Ramanujacharya (better known as [[Samudrala Jr.]]), wrote the monologue "Sandhaana Samayamidi Inkanu Sairandhri Raalede ..." (It is time for unison and Sairandhri hasn't turned up yet ...) for Ranga Rao.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Since Bruhannala was a dance teacher and Vijayalakshmi, who played Uttaraa, was a trained classical dancer, Rama Rao took two-hour long daily lessons from the film's choreographer Vempati Pedha Satyam for a month.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /><ref name="TH BFP" /> Satyam also held three-day rehearsals for Sobhan Babu with Vijayalakshmi to help him overcome his nervousness.<ref name="TH BFP" /> For the scene where Sairandhri was tied to a pole and dragged on a cart, Kameswara Rao employed a [[body double]]. When the intended artist did not turn up, another was employed and the scene was filmed. This made Kameswara Rao remark, "so now we have a dupe for a dupe {{sic}}".<ref name="TH BFP" />

== Music ==
Susarla Dakshinamurthi composed the film's soundtrack and background score. ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} soundtrack, marketed by [[Saregama]], consists of 21 tracks including songs, poems, and collection of selected dialogue from the film.<ref name="track list">{{Cite web |title=Narthanasala (1963) |url=http://gaana.com/album/narthanasala |date=December 1963 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170503161849/http://gaana.com/album/narthanasala |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Out of 21 songs produced, only nine are used in the film.<ref name="uiowa" /> Raghavacharya and [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] penned the lyrics for the songs. P. V. Koteswara Rao of Bharani Studios worked on the re-recording and songs. [[RCA Photophone|RCA]] and [[Western Electric]] sound systems were used for the same.<ref name="credits" />

The song "Salalitha Raaga Sudharasa" is based on the [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani raga]] of the [[carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2016 |title=Kalyani raga was M Balamuralikrishna's all-time favourite |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/231116/kalyani-raga-was-m-balamuralikrishnas-all-time-favourite.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502094119/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/231116/kalyani-raga-was-m-balamuralikrishnas-all-time-favourite.html |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> The makers were initially reluctant with the song's classic nature and insisted to change it. When Dakshinamurthi and Raghavacharya completed work on a new version, Kondala Rao and Satyam requested the makers to retain the previous version.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Dakshinamurthi chose musician [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] and [[Bangalore Latha]] to provide the vocals.<ref name="TH BFP" /> The song "Jaya Gana Nayaka" is a [[Glossary of Carnatic music#Rāgamālika|ragamalika]] composition and is based on three ragas{{mdash}}[[Gambhiranata]], [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], and Punnagavarali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dakshinamurthy |first=M. |date=15 June 2014 |title=Ragamalika: A Garland Of Ragas |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-06-15/Ragamalika-A-garland-of-Ragas/98561 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502095827/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-06-15/Ragamalika-A-garland-of-Ragas/98561 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

''Nartanasala'' is one of Dakshinamurthi's critically acclaimed works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandraraju |first=Anuja |date=16 February 2014 |title=Classicism on celluloid |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/classicism-on-celluloid/article5694003.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502100400/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/classicism-on-celluloid/article5694003.ece |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> M. L. Narasimham of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that Dakshinamurthi's "melodious" background score contributed largely to the film's success.<ref name="TH BFP" /> "Salalitha Raaga Sudharasa" gained the status of a chartbuster,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Velcheti |date=2 February 2012 |title=Master holds in hypnotic spell |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/master-holds-in-hypnotic-spell/article2853125.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502100549/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/master-holds-in-hypnotic-spell/article2853125.ece |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> while "Janani Siva Kamini" gained recognition as a prayer song.<ref name="Sakshi 9">{{Cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=9X3= 27 ఆణిముత్యాలు |language=te |trans-title=9x3= 27 classics |work=Sakshi |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sakshi-celebrates-9th-year-anniversary-326048 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502101902/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sakshi-celebrates-9th-year-anniversary-326048 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> Other successful songs of ''Nartanasala'' were "Dariki Raboku", "Sakhiya Vivarinchave", "Evarikosam Ee Mandahasam", and "Naravara O Kuruvara".<ref name="Sakshi BFP" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name="track list" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:26
| title1 = Jaya Gana Nayaka
| lyrics1 = [[Samudrala Sr.]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 05:15
| title2 = Dariki Raboku
| lyrics2 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 03:01
| title3 = Evarikosam Ee Mandahasam
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
| extra3 = Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 03:05
| title4 = Janani Siva Kaamini
| lyrics4 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 03.54
| title5 = Naravara O Kuruvara
| lyrics5 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| length5 = 04:13
| title6 = Salalitha Raaga Sudharasa
| lyrics6 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra6 = [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[Bangalore Latha]]
| length6 = 05:19
| title7 = Sakhiya Vivarinchave
| lyrics7 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra7 = P. Susheela
| length7 = 02:43
| title8 = Seelavati
| lyrics8 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra8 = [[Bangalore Latha]]
| length8 = 04:56
}}

== Release and reception ==
{{quote box
| quote = I can understand ''Nartanasala'' or ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Thimmarasu]]'' having classical dances because one was mythological and the other historical. But Telugu producers insisted that if I acted in a film, there had to be a dance. In ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', for example, a dance was included at the last minute at the producer's insistence.
| source = {{mdash}}Vijayalakshmi, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=5 February 2015 |title=From Natya to numbers |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-l-vijayalakshmi/article6860381.ece |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229092752/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-l-vijayalakshmi/article6860381.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
''Nartanasala'' was released on 11 October 1963 in 26 centres.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> Navayuga Films acquired the film's distribution rights.<ref name="credits" /> Katragadda Narsaiah of Navayuga worked on the film's posters and publicity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2017 |title=న‌వ‌యుగ ప్ర‌యోగ‌శీలి కాట్ర‌గ‌డ్డ న‌రస‌య్య‌ |language=te |trans-title=Katragadda Narsaiah, the creative genius of Navayuga |work=Prajasakti |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Jeevana/1917884 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502122420/http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Jeevana/1917884 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> The film was commercially successful, managing to have a theatrical run of 100 days in 19 centres and 200 days in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> According to ''The Hindu'', ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} complete theatrical run lasted for 25 weeks.<ref name="TH BFP" /> The film's [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] dubbed versions were commercially successful on par with the original.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /> ''Nartanasala'' was adjudged the [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|second best feature film]] at the [[11th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of State awards for films 1963 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |date=25 April 1964 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Hg6AQAAIAAJ&q=nartanasala+filmfare |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 85, Part 2 |publisher=The Times of India Press |year=1964 |page=59}}</ref> At the 3rd Afro-Asian Film Festival held at [[Jakarta]] in 1964, ''Nartanasala'' received two awards: best male actor (Ranga Rao) and best art director (Sarma).<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th International Film Festival of India |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |date=1 November 1976 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

In its 87th volume released in 1966, the now-defunct magazine ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' noted Kanchanamala's cameo appearance, stating, "her delivery was as flawless as in bygone days and the years had not robbed her of charm".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuIhmCTlqAgC&q=narthanasala |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 87 |publisher=The Times of India Press |year=1966 |page=76}}</ref> Reviewing ''Nartanasala'', the [[University of Iowa]] stated that the film "unfolds in a near-operatic style reminiscent of many genres of Indian folk theatre". Rama Rao's performance as Bruhannala was praised: "Rao manages the transition well, swishing about in glittery drag and affecting exaggeratedly feminine mannerisms". The reviewer also found Kanta Rao's portrayal of Krishna "suitably charming, with an enigmatic style".<ref name="uiowa" /> M. L. Narasimham of ''The Hindu'' noted that the film provided one of the most fulfilling performances for Savitri as Sairandhri.<ref name="TH BFP" /> On its 45th anniversary, Telugu newspaper ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' praised the performances of Rama Rao and Ranga Rao as Bruhannala and Keechaka respectively; the newspaper termed the former a "strange adventure" considering the actor's stardom.<ref name="Sakshi 9" />

== Legacy ==
''Nartanasala''{{'s}} success inspired filmmakers to explore the theme of a protagonist with a dark past living with a different identity in a place alien to him.<ref name="Sakshi BFP" /><ref name="Sakshi 9" /> The film's success also earned recognition to [[Padmini Priyadarshini]] (who played [[Urvashi]] in the film) as a dancer in South Indian cinema.<ref name="Padmini" /> In May 2012, Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] mentioned ''Nartanasala'' for the letter N in her list, "The A to Z of Telugu Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special: The A to Z of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=7 May 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227142244/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> In November 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed ''Nartanasala'' along with other unrelated films such as ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962), and ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006) in the list "Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali". The commentator for ''The Times'' praised the songs, the overall treatment and Ranga Rao's portrayal of Kichaka.{{efn|[[Diwali]], also known as Deepavali or the festival of lights, is an Indian [[Hindu festival]] celebrated in the autumn season. Diwali is celebrated using [[Fireworks]] and lamps. The legends behind this festival are the slaying of [[Narakasura]] by [[Satyabhama]], [[Rama]]{{'s}} return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] after exile, and an auspicious day to worship [[Lakshmi]] for wealth and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sastrigal |first=Sarma |date=30 October 2013 |title=The many legends of Deepavali |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-many-legends-of-Deepavali/2013/10/30/article1862950.ece |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314163614/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-many-legends-of-Deepavali/2013/10/30/article1862950.ece |archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2012 |title=Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-classics-to-watch-along-with-family-this-Deepavali/articleshow/17100912.cms |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-classics-to-watch-along-with-family-this-Deepavali/articleshow/17100912.cms |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> For the April 2013 centennial of Indian cinema, [[News18]] included ''Nartanasala'' in its list of "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |date=17 April 2013 |work=[[News18]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502132316/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> In the Telugu film ''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]'' (2015), the old theatre from where the villain (played by [[P. Sai Kumar]]) operates is named ''Nartanasala'' after this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2015 |title='Bhale Manchi Roju' – Excellent writing makes this a winner (IANS Telugu Movie Review, Rating - ****) |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhale-manchi-roju-excellent-writing-makes-this-a-winner-ians-telugu-movie-review-rating-115122600260_1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502133501/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhale-manchi-roju-excellent-writing-makes-this-a-winner-ians-telugu-movie-review-rating-115122600260_1.html |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

== Cancelled remake ==
Rama Rao's son and actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] announced ''Nartanasala''{{'s}} remake in 2004. Apart from directing the remake, Balakrishna played a [[dual role]] in the remake{{mdash}}those of Arjuna and Kichaka. [[Soundarya]] was signed to play [[Draupadi]] with [[Srihari]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Uday Kiran]] and [[Asin]] cast in supporting roles. The remake's [[principal photography]] commenced on 1 March 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2004 |title=Dream come true |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/08/stories/2004030801500203.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502140113/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/08/stories/2004030801500203.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> The remake was shelved later due to the death of Soundarya in an accident. In an interview with ''The Times of India'' in August 2014, Balakrishna said that he could not imagine anyone other than Soundarya for the character and after her death, he called off the film with no intention to revive it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2014 |title=I have no plans to revive Narthanasala now : Balakrishna |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-have-no-plans-to-revive-Narthanasala-now-Balakrishna/articleshow/41344569.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502140306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-have-no-plans-to-revive-Narthanasala-now-Balakrishna/articleshow/41344569.cms |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> The footage that was shot for the film was released as a 17 minute short film directly on the OTT platform Shreyas ET on 24 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/17-mins-balakrishna-and-soundaryas-shelved-2004-film-narthanasala-stream-online-135755|title=17 mins of Balakrishna and Soundarya's shelved 2004 film 'Narthanasala' to stream online|date=20 October 2020|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chabria |first=Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFxwX-dM008CkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23440-5 |editor-last=Abel |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=Richard Abel (cultural historian) |chapter=Mudaliar, R. Nataraja }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chowdhry |first=Prem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UNph7mAT2YC |title=Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7190-5792-2 |author-link=Prem Chowdhry}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--9WCgAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40358-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0263778}}
{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{National Film Award Second Best Feature Film}}
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:1960s historical musical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical musical films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mahit Sandhu

2026-03-30T14:03:42Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{short description|Indian sports shooter (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mahit Sandhu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|07|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhippanwali, [[Punjab, India]]
| country = {{IND}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Deaflympics]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Summer Deaflympics|2025 Tokyo]]|[[Shooting at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics|50 m rifle three positions]]}}
{{MedalGold|2025 Tokyo|Mixed 10 m air rifle}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Tokyo|10 m air rifle}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Tokyo|50 m prone rifle}}
}}

'''Mahit Sandhu''' (born 4 July 2004) is an Indian deaf sports shooter who competes in rifle events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahit Sandhu |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/mahit-sandhu |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Deaflympics}}</ref> She made her Deaflympic debut at the age of 21 representing [[India at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]], winning four medals.

== Career ==
In September 2024, Sandhu competed in four events at the World Deaf Shooting Championship. She won the silver medal in the women's 10m air rifle event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatribune.com/dhanush-sinks-world-records-as-india-make-clean-sweep-in-mens-air-rifle-at-deaf-world-cship|title=Dhanush sinks world records as India make clean sweep in men's Air Rifle at Deaf World C'ship|publisher=India Tribune|date=2 September 2024}}</ref> She won a gold medal in the 10m mixed air rifle event alongside [[Dhanush Srikanth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2024/Sep/03/indian-shooters-dominate-world-deaf-shooting-championship-claim-top-two-spots-in-mixed-team-event|title=Indian shooters dominate World Deaf Shooting Championship, claim top two spots in mixed team event|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=3 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/world-deaf-shooting-cships-indians-results-49480|title=Dhanush-Mahit beat Vania-Joshi to win gold at World Deaf C'ships|publisher=The Bridge|date=3 September 2024}}</ref> She also competed in the 50 m prone rifle and rifle three positions, where she also won the gold medal in both of these events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Sep/05/indias-mahit-sandhu-wins-gold-abhinav-deshwal-grabs-silver-at-world-deaf-shooting-championship|title=India's Mahit Sandhu wins gold, Abhinav Deshwal grabs silver at World Deaf Shooting Championship|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=5 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/feminas-fab-65-mahit-sandhu-gold-medallist-285331.html|title=Femina’s Fab 65: Mahit Sandhu, Gold Medallist|publisher=Femina|date=4 December 2024}}</ref>

Sandhu competed in four [[Shooting at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics|shooting events]] at the [[2025 Summer Deaflympics]]. She had won the gold medal in the mixed 10 m air rifle and 50 m prone rifle events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/deaflympics-2025-mahit-sandhu-clinches-fourth-medal/article70310872.ece |title=Mahit Sandhu clinches 50m Rifle 3 Positions gold, her fourth medal at Deaflympics 2025 |date=2025-11-22 |website=The Sportstar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Devsdiscourse|date=18 November 2025 |title=Indian Shooters Shine at Deaflympics with Double Podium Finish |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/3701804-indian-shooters-shine-at-deaflympics-with-double-podium-finish |access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref> She also competed in the 10 m air rifle and 50 m rifle three positions events, in which she won the silver medal in both events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/deaflympics-2025-india-medal-tally-winners|title=Deaflympics 2025 medal tally - Full Indian winners list|publisher=Olympics.com|date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/mahit-sandhu Mahit Sandhu] at [[Deaflympics]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Mahit}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Deaf sport shooters]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Deaflympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Deaflympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Deaflympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Idi Amin

2026-03-29T14:45:55Z

Kawoosahamad: small enhanced lead as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[President for Life]], [[Field marshal (Uganda)|Field Marshal]] [[Hajji|Al-Hadji]] [[Doctor of Laws|Doctor]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2012 |title=The rise of inflated job titles |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18855099 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004032736/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18855099 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| name = Idi Amin
| birth_name = Awon'go Idi Amin Dada
| image = Idi Amin at UN (United Nations, New York) gtfy.00132 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Amin in [[UNGA]], 1975
| order = 3rd
| office = President of Uganda
| term_start = 25 January 1971
| term_end = 11 April 1979
| vicepresident = [[Mustafa Adrisi]]
| predecessor = [[Milton Obote]]
| successor = [[Yusuf Lule]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|05|30|df=yes}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Leopold |first=Mark |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300260885/idi-amin/ |title=Idi Amin: The Story of Africa's Icon of Evil |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15439-9 |location=New Haven (Conn.) |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219093038/https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300260885/idi-amin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kampala]], [[Protectorate of Uganda|Uganda Protectorate]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2003|08|16|1928|05|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
| constituency =
| party =
| spouse = At least 6, including:
{{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Malyamu|1966|1974|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Kay Adroa|Kay]]|1966|1974|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Nora|1967|1974|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Madina Amin|Madina]]|1972}}
* {{marriage|[[Sarah Kyolaba]]|1975}}
}}
| children = 43 (claimed)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nakajubi |first=Gloria |date=15 July 2015 |title=Ugandan dictator Idi Amin's widow Sarah Kyolaba dies in the UK aged 59 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ugandan-dictator-idi-amins-widow-sarah-kyolaba-dies-in-the-uk-aged-59-10322083.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925164429/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ugandan-dictator-idi-amins-widow-sarah-kyolaba-dies-in-the-uk-aged-59-10322083.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
| relatives = {{Cslist| [[Mustafa Adrisi]] | [[Isaac Maliyamungu]] | [[Juma Butabika]] | [[Isaac Lumago]]}}
| signature = Idi_Amin_Signature.png
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{plainlist|
* [[British Empire]] (1946–1962)
* [[Uganda]] (1962–1979)
}}
| branch = {{plainlist|
* [[King's African Rifles]] (1946–1962)
* Uganda Army (1962–1979)
}}
| serviceyears = 1946–1979
| rank = {{plainlist|
* Lieutenant (British Empire)
* [[Field marshal (Uganda)]]
}}
| commands = Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda Army
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]]
* [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état]]
* [[1972 invasion of Uganda]]
* [[Uganda–Tanzania War]]
}}
| resting_place = Al Ruwais Cemetery, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
}}

{{Idi Amin sidebar}}
'''Idi Amin Dada Oumee'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|d|i|_|ɑː|ˈ|m|iː|n|,_|ˈ|ɪ|d|i|_|-|audio=En-us-Idi Amin from Uganda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|-|_|æ|ˈ|m|iː|n}}}} (30 May 1928<ref name=":3"/>{{snd}}16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third [[president of Uganda]] from 1971 until [[Uganda–Tanzania War|his overthrow]] in 1979. He rose through military ranks until he became commander of all Ugandan armed forces in 1970. In 1971, [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|he overthrew]] president [[Milton Obote]], subsequently ruling as a dictator. His administration carried out human rights abuses, including mass killings, and collapsed the Ugandan economy. He was ousted from power in 1979 after launching an unsuccessful war on Tanzania. He lived in exile for the rest of his life.

Amin was born to a [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]] father and [[Lugbara people|Lugbara]] mother. In 1946, he joined the [[King's African Rifles]], part of the [[British Colonial Army]], as a cook. He rose to the rank of [[lieutenant]], taking part in [[British Empire|British]] actions against Somali rebels and then the [[Mau Mau rebellion|Mau Mau Uprising]] in [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]. [[Uganda]] gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1962, and Amin remained in the [[Uganda Army (1962–1971)|army]], rising to the position of deputy army commander in 1964 and being appointed commander two years later. He became aware that Ugandan president Milton Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|overthrew Obote in 1971]] and declared himself president.

During his years in power, Amin shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya]]'s [[Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Zaire]]'s [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], the [[Soviet Union]], and [[East Germany]].<ref name="libya1">{{Cite journal |last=Roland Anthony Oliver, Anthony Atmore |date=1967 |title=Africa Since 1800 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=133 |issue=2 |page=272 |bibcode=1967GeogJ.133Q.230M |doi=10.2307/1793302 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1793302}}</ref><ref name="ussr1">{{Cite book |last=Dale C. Tatum |title=Who influenced whom? |page=177}}</ref><ref name="gdr1">Gareth M. Winrow. ''The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa'', p. 141.</ref> In 1972, Amin [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled Asians]], a majority of whom were [[Indians in Uganda|Indian-Ugandans]], leading India to sever diplomatic relations with his regime.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Archana |date=6 August 2015 |title=Asian expulsion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-about-how-idi-amins-vengeance-drives-the-asian-community-out-of-uganda/article7507451.ece |work=The Hindu |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428164017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-about-how-idi-amins-vengeance-drives-the-asian-community-out-of-uganda/article7507451.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1975, Amin assumed [[Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity|chairmanship]] of the [[Organisation of African Unity]], an [[International organization|intergovernmental organization]] designed to promote solidarity among African states<ref name="Byword">{{Cite news |date=21 July 2003 |title=Idi Amin: A Byword for Brutality |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1390595,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605070641/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1390595%2C00.html |archive-date=5 June 2008 |access-date=13 February 2012 |work=News24}}</ref> (an annually rotating role). Uganda was a member of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] from 1977 to 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gershowitz |first=Suzanne |date=20 March 2007 |title=The Last King of Scotland, Idi Amin, and the United Nations |url=http://www.ypfp.org/the_last_king_of_scotland_idi_amin_and_the_united_nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606025442/http://www.ypfp.org/the_last_king_of_scotland_idi_amin_and_the_united_nations |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and Amin declared that he had defeated the [[British Empire|British]] and added "[[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]" to his title, for "Conqueror of the British Empire".<ref name="Keatley">{{Cite web |last=Keatley |first=Patrick |date=18 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727231321/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest in Uganda, prompted on the one hand by his persecution of political dissidents and certain ethnic groups and on the other by the country's very poor international standing, a result of Amin's support for the 1976 [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]] that led to Israel's [[Operation Entebbe]]. He then attempted to annex [[Tanzania]]'s [[Kagera Region]] in 1978. Tanzanian president [[Julius Nyerere]] ordered his troops to [[Uganda–Tanzania War|invade Uganda]] in response. Tanzanian Army and rebel forces successfully [[Fall of Kampala|captured Kampala]] in 1979 and ousted Amin from power. Amin went into exile, first in Libya, then [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]], and finally in [[Saudi Arabia]], where he lived until his death in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2003 |title=Dictator Idi Amin dies |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3155925.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309152213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3155925.stm |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=10 May 2020 |via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Amin's rule was characterized by rampant [[human rights abuse]]s including [[political repression]] and [[extrajudicial killing]]s as well as [[nepotism]], corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and [[human rights]] groups estimate that between 100,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullman |first=Richard H. |date=April 1978 |title=Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/uganda/1978-04-01/human-rights-and-economic-power-united-states-versus-idi-amin |url-status=live |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=529–543 |doi=10.2307/20039917 |jstor=20039917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418220949/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/29141/richard-h-ullman/human-rights-and-economic-power-the-united-states-versus-idi-ami |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=24 October 2018 |quote=The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power.}}</ref> and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.<ref name="Keatley" /> His brutality and atrocities towards Ugandans has given him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin: 'Butcher of Uganda' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/08/16/amin.obituary/index.html |access-date=17 January 2026 |website=CNN |archive-date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229233353/https://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/08/16/amin.obituary/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Virtually all retellings of Amin's early life are contradictory, as he did not write an [[autobiography]] and never authorized a written account of his life.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="okadameri">{{Cite news |last=O'Kadameri |first=Billie |date=1 September 2003 |title=Separate fact from fiction in Amin stories |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg06472.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160505/http://www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg06472.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=8 May 2010 |work=[[Daily Monitor|The Monitor]]}}</ref> British governmental records put Amin's birth year in 1925; however, no records were kept for native Ugandans at the time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Keatley" /> In a 1972 interview with [[Judith Hare, Countess of Listowel|Judith Hare]], Amin gives his birthplace as the village of [[Koboko]] and his age as 46, which would put his birth year as 1926. In a book published in 1977 by [[Little, Brown and Company]] and written by a British advisor in [[Uganda]] using the [[pseudonym]] David Gwyn, Amin was born in [[Buganda]] with his age given as 48, placing his birth year in 1928. The most comprehensive biography of Amin comes from his family based on oral tradition, which has some authority but its details ultimately cannot be confirmed. Family tradition and Saudi authorities in Jeddah puts his birth date as 10 [[Dhu al-Hijja]] 1346 in the [[Islamic calendar]] (30 May 1928 in the Gregorian Calendar).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Chris |date=30 November 2014 |title=Idi Amin's son complains about the Guardian's obituary notice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/30/idi-amin-son-complaint-guardian-obituary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201001507/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/30/idi-amin-son-complaint-guardian-obituary |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Early childhood and family ===
[[File:NakaseroMarket.jpg|thumb|[[Nakasero|Nakasero Hill]] in [[Kampala]], the district where Amin was reportedly born according to his family|244x244px]]
According to Amin's family, Ugandan oral tradition, and his Saudi death certificate, Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born on 30 May 1928 around 4 a.m. in his father's workplace, the Shimoni Police Barracks in [[Nakasero|Nakasero Hill]], [[Kampala]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=de Montesquiou |first=Jean-Louis |url=https://doi.org/10.3917/perri.monte.2022.01 |title=Amin Dada |publisher=Perrin |year=2022 |isbn=9782262074739 |location=Paris |pages=27–35 |chapter=Amin avant Amin |doi=10.3917/perri.monte.2022.01 |chapter-url=https://www.cairn.info/amin-dada--9782262074739-page-27.htm}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=kywAJWW7ais |title=IDI AMIN: A Polarizing Legacy |date=9 April 2019 |last=Mutaizibwa |first=Emmanuel |type=Television production |publisher=[[NTV Uganda]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219093038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kywAJWW7ais |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="monitor_01012004" /> He was given the name Idi after his birth on the Muslim holiday of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at [[Makerere University]], Amin's birth name was Idi Awo-Ango Angoo.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> There is disagreement on the meaning of the name "Dada", with some arguing that it meant "sister" or "effeminate" in [[Swahili language|Kiswahili]], but most sources agree that "Dada" was a clan within the Kakwa tribe which was observed over thirteen generations.<ref name="okadameri" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Amin was the third son born to [[Muslim]] parents, Amin Dada Nyabira Tomuresu (1889–1976), an ethnic [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]], and his second wife, Aisha Chumaru Aate (1904–1970), an ethnic [[Lugbara people|Lugbara]].<ref name="monitor_01012004" /><ref name=":3" /> His father, born a [[Christian]], was [[Infant baptism|christened]] as a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and born with the name Andreas Nyabira Tomuresu. According to British journalist [[David Martin (journalist)|David Martin]], Nyabira spent most of his life in [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":3" /> Andreas converted to [[Islam]] in 1910 after being conscripted as a [[bugle]]r by the colonial British army under his uncle, the [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]] tribal leader, Sultan Ali Kenyi Dada, as a six-year-old [[Child soldiers in Uganda|child soldier]] and was given the name Amin Dada.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> He joined the [[Uganda National Police|Protectorate Police Force]] in Kampala's Nsambia Police Barracks in 1913.<ref name=":3" />

Nyabira was forcibly conscripted into the [[History of the British Army|British]] [[King's African Rifles]] in 1914. He fought in the [[World War I|First World War]] as part of the [[East African campaign (World War I)|East African campaign]] in [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]] before being honorably discharged in 1921 and given a plot of land in [[Arua|Arua District]]. The same year, he joined the Protectorate Police Force in the Nsambia Police Barracks. He was transferred to the Shimoni Police Barracks in 1928, where, according to his family, Amin was born. He was later transferred to the Kololo Police Barracks before retiring from the police force in 1931, whereafter he worked at the Office of the Resident District Commissioner in Arua District.<ref name=":3" />

His mother, Aisha Aate, was born to a Kakwa mother and Lugbara father. By all accounts, Aate was a traditional healer, herbalist, and a midwife.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> Ten years before Amin's birth, Aate joined the [[Allah Water]] (also known as Yakani) movement, which was an anti-colonial [[alternative medicine]] congregation centered on a "water of Yakan" that was infused with a psychedelic [[Narcissus (plant)|daffodil]] plant locally known as Kamiojo, described as the "LSD of Central Africa". The movement was repressed by British colonial authorities, who had judged it as rebellion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=John |date=1963 |title=The Yakan or Allah Water Cult Among the Lugbara |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844335 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=80–108 |doi=10.2307/2844335 |issn=0307-3114 |jstor=2844335 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219124403/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Holger Bernt |date=1991 |title=Pre-Colonial Immigrants and Colonial Servants. The Nubians in Uganda Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722844 |journal=African Affairs |volume=90 |issue=361 |pages=559–580 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098469 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=722844}}</ref> Despite being largely described as a cult, Amin's family claims that Aate was a priestess in the "Yakanye Order" which they explained as a "secret African society", of which Idi Amin was also a member, that used "sacred water and other mystical powers" for warfare.<ref name=":3" />

According to Amin's family, Aate had cured Irene Drusilla Namaganda, then Queen of Buganda and wife of [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda]], of her infertility. Aate's high-ranking role in the Allah Water movement allegedly gained the interest of the [[Buganda]]n royal family and her alleged connection to the family led to rumours of Amin's biological father being Daudi Chwa II.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> These rumours were reportedly spread by Nyabira's childless senior wife, who was spiteful of Aate bearing two children.<ref name=":3" />

According to Amin's family, Idi Amin was given the title Awon'go ({{Lit|noise}}), in reference to rumours about his alleged paternity. Idi was reportedly chosen to take a 'paternity test' as an infant by tribal elders, which involved abandoning him for four days in a forest near Mount Liru in [[Koboko]] where they returned to find Amin still alive. The elders attributed this apparent miracle to Nakan, a sacred seven-headed snake in Kakwa folk religion.<ref name=":3" /> His brother and sister died in 1932, when Idi was four years old.<ref name="monitor_01012004" />

Amin's parents divorced when he was four, and most accounts suggest that he moved in with his mother's family in 1944 in the rural farming town of Mawale Parish, [[Luweero District]], in north-western Uganda.{{sfn|Hansen|2013|p=85}}<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> The divorce of his parents was reportedly due to the lasting rumours regarding Idi's paternity, which angered his mother.<ref name=":5" /> Despite this, his family insists that he moved with his father per Muslim tradition in Tanganyika Parish, Arua District, while his mother continued to practice healing in Buganda.<ref name=":3" />

=== Boyhood and education ===
While living with his mother's relatives, Amin reportedly worked as a [[Goat farming|goat farmer]] from ages eight to ten.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> In 1938, he moved to the home of Sheikh Ahmed Hussein in the nearby town of [[Semuto]] and began [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorizing the Quran]] through recitation until he was 12.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> In 1940, Amin moved to [[Bombo, Uganda|Bombo]] and lived with his maternal uncle, Yusuf Tanaboo.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> He attempted to register for [[primary school]] but was rejected, this was reportedly due to Amin's paternal [[Nubians|Nubian]] heritage.<ref name="monitor_01012004" />

The same year, Amin was injured while participating in Nubian riots against discrimination at [[Makerere University]] in [[Wandegeya]].<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> He was enrolled in the Garaya [[madrasa]] in Bombo and continued memorizing the Quran under Mohammed Al Rajab until 1944, and reportedly won honours in recitation in 1943.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> Amin was conscripted by the colonial army alongside fifteen other students before being discharged for being underage.<ref name="monitor_01012004" />

In 1945, he moved to the Kiyindi Parish in [[Bwaise|Bwaise Parish]] and worked different odd jobs, including a stint as a doorman and concierge assistant at the [[Grand Imperial Hotel]] in Kampala.<ref name="monitor_01012004">{{Cite web |last=Guweddeko |first=Fred |date=12 June 2007 |title=Rejected then taken in by dad; a timeline |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612053237/http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/index.php |archive-date=12 June 2007 |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=[[Daily Monitor|The Monitor]]}}</ref>

== King's African Rifles ==
Amin joined the King's African Rifles in 1946 as an assistant cook, while at the same time receiving military training until 1947.<ref name=Keatley/><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Idi Amin |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007180 |access-date=8 August 2009 |date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314142415/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007180/Idi-Amin |archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> In later life he falsely claimed to have served in the [[Burma Campaign]] of [[World War II]].<ref name=Keatley/><ref name="portrait">{{Cite AV media |title=General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait |publisher=Le Figaro Films |year=1974 |ISBN=0-7800-2507-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bay |first=Austin |date=20 August 2003 |title=Why Didn't Amin Rot and Die in Jail? |url=http://www.strategypage.com/on_point/20030820.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233911/http://www.strategypage.com/on_point/20030820.aspx |archive-date=9 December 2010 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=Strategy Page}}</ref> He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the 21st King's African Rifles infantry battalion in [[Gilgil]], [[Kenya Colony]] until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to northern Kenya to fight against [[Shifta War#background|Somali rebels]].<ref name="monitor_01012004"/>

In 1951, while Amin was in a camp at [[Nanyuki]], his platoon commander [[Peter Garwood]] tasked him with ridding the camp of sex workers. Amin set out to do this with a pick-axe handle, using it to beat both soldiers and sex workers.<ref>Tom Garwood, [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/21/peter-garwood-obituary "Peter Garwood obituary"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 June 2020, accessed 15 March 2026</ref>

In 1952, Amin's brigade was deployed against the [[Mau Mau rebellion|Mau Mau rebels]] in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953.<ref name="monitor_01012004"/>

In 1959, Amin was made [[Effendi|Effendi Class 2]] (Warrant Officer),<ref name="gazette"/> the highest possible rank for a black soldier in the King's African Rifles. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and received a short-service commission as a lieutenant on 15 July 1961, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers.<ref name="gazette">{{London Gazette|issue=42461|supp=y |page=6682 |date=15 September 1961 }}</ref> He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's [[Karamojong people|Karamojong]] and Kenya's [[Turkana people|Turkana]] nomads.<ref name="monitor_01012004"/> According to researcher Holger Bernt Hansen, Amin's outlook, behavior and strategies of communication were strongly influenced by his experiences in the colonial military. This included his direct and hands-on leadership style which would eventually contribute to his popularity among certain parts of Ugandan society.{{sfn|Hansen|1977|p=94}}

== Rise in the Uganda Army ==
{{see also|Gold Scandal|Mengo Crisis}}
Following Uganda's independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1962, Amin was promoted to captain and then to major in 1963. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army.<ref name="monitor_01012004" /> In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces.<ref name="britishcouncil">{{Cite web |date=2 February 1971 |title=General Idi Amin overthrows Ugandan government |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-history-amin.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225004054/http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-history-amin.htm |archive-date=25 February 2007 |access-date=8 August 2009 |publisher=British Council}}</ref>

Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British and Uganda Army. At {{height|m=1.93}} tall and powerfully built, he was the [[Ugandan]] light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Amin was also a formidable rugby forward,<ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite news |last=Bridgland |first=Fred |date=16 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin |url=http://news.scotsman.com/idiamin/Idi-Amin.2453742.jp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918181953/http://news.scotsman.com/idiamin/Idi-Amin.2453742.jp |archive-date=18 September 2011 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=Scotsman |location=Edinburgh}}</ref><ref name="CainGrowden">Cain, Nick and Growden, Greg: "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in ''Rugby Union for Dummies'' (2nd Edition), p. 294 (pub: John Wiley and Sons, [[Chichester]], England) {{ISBN|978-0470035375}}</ref> although one officer said of him: "Idi Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter".<ref name="CainGrowden" /><ref name="Scotsman2">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Ian |date=17 August 2003 |title=Death of a despot, buffoon and killer |url=http://news.scotsman.com/idiamin/Death-of-a-despot-buffoon.2453405.jp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121064206/http://news.scotsman.com/idiamin/Death-of-a-despot-buffoon.2453405.jp |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=24 August 2009 |work=Scotsmanb |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC.<ref name="RugbyDis">Cotton, p. 111</ref> There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by the [[East Africa rugby union team]] for their [[1955 British Lions tour to South Africa|1955 tour]] match against the [[British and Irish Lions|British Lions]].<ref name="CainGrowden" /><ref name="RugbyDis" /> Amin, however, does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list.<ref>Campbell, M. and Cohen, E.J. (1960) ''Rugby Football in East Africa, 1909–1959''. Published by the Rugby Football Union of East Africa</ref>

[[File:Idi Amin - Levi Eshkol - Entebbe 1966-06-12.jpg|thumb|left|Amin (centre-left) as chief of staff during a visit of [[Israel]]i [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Levi Eshkol]] (centre) in 1966 ]]

In 1965, [[Prime Minister of Uganda|Prime Minister]] [[Milton Obote]] and Amin were implicated in a [[Gold Scandal|deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda]] from the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader [[Patrice Lumumba]], was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the [[Parliament of Uganda|Ugandan Parliament]] demanded an investigation. Instead, Amin –by then promoted to colonel–<ref name="country studies">{{Cite web |title=Country Studies: Uganda: Independence: The Early Years |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190740/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=United States Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name="bookrags">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Idi Amin Dada Biography |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=Thomson Gale |url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/idi-amin-dada |access-date=20 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519191543/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/idi-amin-dada/ |archive-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> was appointed Chief of Army and Air Force Staff by Obote.{{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=83}}

To end the political struggle with the opposition, Obote eventually imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by [[Kabaka of Buganda|Kabaka]] (King) [[Mutesa II of Buganda]] and declared himself executive president.<ref name="country studies" /> On Obote's orders, Amin led [[Mengo Crisis#Battle of Mengo Hill|an attack]] by the Uganda Army on the Kabaka's palace in May 1966. Over 1,000 people were reportedly killed in the ensuing crisis. According to witnesses of the violence, Amin personally brutalized one civilian during the attack on the Kabaka's palace.{{sfn|Peterson|2025|pp=4, 55}} He later delivered the Kabaka's presidential flag and military uniform as "trophies of the battle" to Obote's office.{{sfn|Peterson|2025|p=55}} Mutesa managed to escape into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969.<ref name="country studies" /><ref name="bookrags" /> Amin subsequently led efforts to suppress any remaining opposition to the government in Buganda and other areas of Uganda.{{sfn|Peterson|2025|p=4}} His readiness to aid Obote in crushing the Buganda royalists further boosted Amin's reputation with Obote, resulting in the soldier being promoted to [[brigadier general]] and commander of the Uganda Army in October 1966.{{sfn|Peterson|2025|p=55}}

Over the next years, Amin continued efforts to suppress Buganda activists, focusing on dismantling the militant "Secret Council" and "Buganda Liberation Army".{{sfn|Peterson|2025|p=55}} Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, [[South Sudanese]], and other ethnic groups from the [[West Nile sub-region|West Nile]] area bordering [[South Sudan]]. The South Sudanese had been residents in [[Uganda]] since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers.<ref name="Anyanya">{{Cite web |last=Nantulya |first=Paul |year=2001 |title=Exclusion, Identity and Armed Conflict: A Historical Survey of the Politics of Confrontation in Uganda with Specific Reference to the Independence Era |url=http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/PoliticsofIdentityandExclusion/nantulya.pdf#search=%22%22idi%20amin%22%20anyanya%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004231023/http://www.kas.org.za/Publications/SeminarReports/PoliticsofIdentityandExclusion/nantulya.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2006}}</ref>

== Seizure of power ==
{{further|1971 Ugandan coup d'état}}
[[File:Obote cropped.png|thumb|[[Milton Obote]], Uganda's second president, whom Amin overthrew in a [[coup d'état]] in 1971]]

Eventually a rift developed between Amin and Obote, exacerbated by the support Amin had built within the Uganda Army by recruiting from the [[West Nile sub-region|West Nile region]] (his region of origin), his involvement in operations to support the [[First Sudanese Civil War|rebellion in southern Sudan]] and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of the commander of the Uganda Army.<ref name="britishcouncil" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Idi Amin's Coup d'État, Uganda 1971 |url=https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/idi-amins-uganda-coup-1971?language_content_entity=en |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Origins |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121625/https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/idi-amins-uganda-coup-1971?language_content_entity=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|military coup]] with the assistance of [[Israel]]i government agents<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revealed: how Israel helped Amin to take power |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/revealed-how-israel-helped-amin-to-take-power-100683.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=The Independent |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117170421/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/revealed-how-israel-helped-amin-to-take-power-100683.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Why Israel and Britain were delighted at Amin's rise |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/why-israel-and-britain-were-delighted-at-amins-rise/Y2EVWPDJRA3FH64KE4XWVWAAKU/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123102610/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/why-israel-and-britain-were-delighted-at-amins-rise/Y2EVWPDJRA3FH64KE4XWVWAAKU/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=Clandestine – and creative – diplomacy |url=https://www.jpost.com/magazine/books/clandestine-and-creative-diplomacy-323185 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending that year's [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1971|Commonwealth summit]] meeting in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off [[Entebbe International Airport]] and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on [[Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Uganda]] accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the [[Lango sub-region|Lango region]]. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 1971 |title=On this day: 25 January 1971: Idi Amin ousts Ugandan president |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/25/newsid_2506000/2506423.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128040534/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/25/newsid_2506000/2506423.stm |archive-date=28 January 2011 |access-date=8 August 2009 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Amin, who presented himself a soldier, not a politician, declared that the [[military dictatorship|military government]] would remain only as a [[caretaker government|caretaker regime]] until new elections, which would be held when the situation was normalized. He promised to release all [[political prisoner]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fairhall |first=John |date=26 January 1971 |title=Curfew in Uganda after military coup topples Obote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1971/jan/26/fromthearchive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212164858/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1971/jan/26/fromthearchive |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

Amin held a state funeral in April 1971 for Edward Mutesa, former king (''kabaka'') of Buganda and president, who had died in exile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Sir Edward Mutesa II, a great man of our time |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=New Vision |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428104839/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Presidency ==
{{further|Second Republic of Uganda}}

=== Establishment of military rule ===
On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Armed Forces, Uganda Army [[Chief of Staff]], and Chief of Air Staff. He suspended certain provisions of the [[Constitution of Uganda|Ugandan constitution]], and soon instituted an Advisory Defense Council composed of military officers with himself as the chairman. Amin placed [[military tribunal]]s above the system of [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], appointed soldiers to top posts in government and [[government-owned corporation]]s, and informed the newly inducted civilian [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet ministers]] that they would be subject to [[military courtesy]].<ref name="britishcouncil" /><ref name="LOC_Rule_Under_Amin">{{Cite web |title=Country Studies: Uganda: Military Rule Under Amin |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190740/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=United States Library of Congress}}</ref> Amin [[Rule by decree|ruled by decree]]; over the course of his rule he issued approximately 30 decrees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Faustin |date=26 May 2019 |title=12 executed as Amin introduces trial of civilians in military |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/12-executed-as-Amin-introduces-trial-civilians-military-courts/689844-5131640-onaekdz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303230014/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/12-executed-as-Amin-introduces-trial-civilians-military-courts/689844-5131640-onaekdz/index.html |archive-date=3 March 2020 |access-date=3 March 2020 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Krcmaric |first=Daniel |title=The Justice Dilemma: International Criminal Accountability, Mass Atrocities, and Civil Conflict |access-date=3 June 2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Political Science, Graduate School of Duke University |place=Durham, United States |language=English |pages=121–129 |chapter=Chapter 6: Case Studies |chapter-url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9903/Krcmaric_duke_0066D_12863.pdf |via=DukeSpace (Duke University Libraries) |editor1-first=Alexander |editor1-last=Downes |editor2-first=Erik |editor2-last=Wibbels |editor3-first=Laia |editor3-last=Balcells |editor4-first=Peter |editor4-last=Feaver |year=2015 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604014031/https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9903/Krcmaric_duke_0066D_12863.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to "The Command Post". He disbanded the General Service Unit, an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the [[State Research Bureau (organisation)|State Research Bureau]]. The bureau headquarters in the Kampala suburb of [[Nakasero]] became the scene of [[torture]] and [[capital punishment]] over the next few years.<ref name="LOC_Security">{{Cite web |title=Country Studies: Uganda: Post-Independence Security Services |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190740/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html#ug0159 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=Federal Research Division |publisher=United States Library of Congress}}</ref> Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the [[military police]] and the Public Safety Unit.<ref name="LOC_Security" />

Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President [[Julius Nyerere]]. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised [[Coup d'état|coup]] attempt.<ref name="invasion">{{Cite magazine |date=13 November 1978 |title=An Idi-otic Invasion |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,946151,00.html |access-date=8 August 2009 |magazine=Time |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724230647/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,946151,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Persecution of ethnic and political groups ===
[[File:Amin Dadas Torture chambers.jpg|thumb|Many victims of Amin's regime perished in torture chambers during his reign. One such chamber is pictured.]]
Amin retaliated against the [[1972 invasion of Uganda|attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972]] by purging the [[Uganda Army (1971–1980)|Uganda Army]] of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the [[Acholi people|Acholi]] and [[Langi people|Lango]] ethnic groups.<ref name="TallJstor">{{Cite journal |last=Tall |first=Mamadou |date=Spring–Summer 1982 |title=Notes on the Civil and Political Strife in Uganda |journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion |volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=41–44 |doi=10.2307/1166537 |jstor=1166537}}</ref> In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers had been massacred in the [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] and [[Mbarara]] [[barracks]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Lautze |first=Sue |title=Research on Violent Institutions in Unstable Environments: The livelihoods systems of Ugandan army soldiers and their families in a war zone |url=http://www.livesandlivelihoods.com/files/25826548.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710071214/http://www.livesandlivelihoods.com/files/25826548.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 |location=Hertford College, Oxford University |url-status=usurped}}</ref> By early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared.<ref name="telegraph_obituary">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Charles |date=17 September 2003 |title=Obituary: Idi Amin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/08/18/db1801.xml&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F08%2F18%2Fdb1801.xml&page=1 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=31 July 2018 |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> The victims soon came to include members of other [[ethnic group]]s, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, [[Student movements in Uganda|students]] and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disappearances and Political Killings: Human Rights Crisis of the 1990s: A Manual for Action |url=http://web.amnesty.org/aidoc/aidoc_pdf.nsf/d45725da5fa95f1f80256a2b00642199/cde8ef35a67e99e3802569a70019299e/$FILE/a3307593.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072410/http://web.amnesty.org/aidoc/aidoc_pdf.nsf/d45725da5fa95f1f80256a2b00642199/cde8ef35a67e99e3802569a70019299e/%24FILE/a3307593.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight years in control.<ref name=telegraph_obituary/> The exact number of people killed is unknown. The [[International Commission of Jurists]] estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organizations with the help of [[Amnesty International]] puts the number killed at 500,000.<ref name=Keatley/>

In his 1997 book ''State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin'', [[Henry Kyemba]] (who was a Ugandan minister for three years in Amin's cabinet) states that "Amin's bizarre behavior derives partly from his tribal background. Like many other warrior societies, the [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]], Amin's tribe, are known to have practiced blood rituals on slain enemies. These involve cutting a piece of flesh from the body to subdue the dead man's spirit or tasting the victim's blood to render the spirit harmless. Such rituals still exist among the Kakwa. Amin's practices do not stop at tasting blood: on several occasions he has boasted to me and others that he has eaten human flesh." (Kyemba 109–110)<ref>{{Cite book |title=A state of blood: The inside story of Idi Amin |publisher=Fountain Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=9789970021321 |ol=3445268M}}</ref>

Among the most prominent people killed were [[Benedicto Kiwanuka]], a former prime minister and [[chief justice]]; [[Janani Luwum]], the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] [[archbishop]]; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of [[Bank of Uganda|the central bank of Uganda]]; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice-chancellor of [[Makerere University]]; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers, [[Erinayo Wilson Oryema]] and [[Charles Oboth Ofumbi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2007 |title=Special report: Who were Amin's victims? |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/amin6.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613161724/http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/amin6.php |archive-date=13 June 2007 |work=The Daily Monitor}}</ref>

Amin recruited his followers from his own ethnic group, the Kakwas, along with South Sudanese, and Nubians. By 1977, these three groups formed 60 per cent of the 22 top generals and 75 per cent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80 per cent and 87.5 per cent of these groups even though they were only 5 percent of the population. This helps explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups.<ref>Stefan Lindemann, The ethnic politics of coup avoidance, page 20</ref> The Uganda Army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's military was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 per cent Congolese, with only 24 per cent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]].<ref>Andrew Mambo and Julian Schofield, "Military Diversion in the 1978 Uganda-Tanzania War", page 12</ref>

{{blockquote|quote=We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny and, above all, to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history.|source=Idi Amin on the persecution of minorities<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jørgensen |first=Jan Jelmert |url=https://archive.org/details/ugandamodernhist00jrge/page/288 |title=Uganda: A Modern History |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-85664-643-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ugandamodernhist00jrge/page/288 288–290]}}</ref>}}
[[File:Aziaten die Oeganda uitgewezen zijn op Schiphol, groep Aziaten na aankomst, Bestanddeelnr 926-0503.jpg|thumb|Refugees of Uganda's Asian Community in the [[Netherlands]], November 1972]]
In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an "economic war", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the [[Indian subcontinent]] and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda in search of prosperity when India was still a British colony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2007 |title=Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Idi-Amin-had-targeted-Indians-in-70s/articleshow/1911455.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-15/india/27882308_1_devang-raval-museveni-indians |archive-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy.<ref name="Luganda">{{Cite news |last=Luganda |first=Patrick |date=29 July 2003 |title=Amin's Economic War Left Uganda on Crutches |work=New Vision |location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=7 August 1972 |title=On this day: 7 August 1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719150554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Flight of the Asians">{{Cite magazine |date=11 September 1972 |title=Flight of the Asians |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906327,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129090114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906327,00.html |archive-date=29 January 2011 |access-date=8 August 2009 |magazine=Time}}</ref> He referred to Asians as the "Brown Jews" because of their dominance in commerce and their perceived economic control.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oded |first=Arye |date=2006 |title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834697 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |pages=65–79 |jstor=25834697 |issn=0792-335X |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619153218/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834697 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree [[expulsion of Asians from Uganda|ordering the expulsion]] of the 50,000 Asians who were British passport holders. This was later amended to include all 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens. Amin claimed that he had a dream in which God told him he must expel all Asians for the welfare of Uganda. Furthermore, he believed that Asians were sabotaging the economy of Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Thomas |date=31 August 2022 |title=Ugandan Asians: 50 years since their expulsion from Uganda |url=https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/ugandan-asians-50-years-since-their-expulsion-from-uganda/ |journal=UK Parliament |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705200727/https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/ugandan-asians-50-years-since-their-expulsion-from-uganda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the reasons articulated by Amin suggest a racial basis for the expulsion.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Castellino |first1=Joshua |title=Asian States, International Human Rights Law, and Minority Rights |date=20 April 2006 |work=Minority Rights in Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296057.003.0002 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929605-7 |last2=Redondo |first2=Elvira Domínguez|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296057.003.0002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK. Others went to Commonwealth countries such as [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], and [[Fiji]], or to [[India]], [[Kenya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sweden]], [[Tanzania]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="Luganda" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="Flight of the Asians" /> Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and the Europeans and handed them over to his supporters. Without the experienced owners and proprietors, businesses were mismanaged and many industries collapsed from lack of operational expertise and maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining Ugandan economy.<ref name=LOC_Rule_Under_Amin/> At the time, Asians accounted for 90% of the country's tax revenue; with their removal, Amin's administration lost a large chunk of government revenue. The economy all but collapsed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=50 years on from the arrival of the Ugandan Asians |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2022/08/18/50-years-on-from-the-arrival-of-the-ugandan-asians |access-date=16 September 2022 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916044420/https://www.economist.com/britain/2022/08/18/50-years-on-from-the-arrival-of-the-ugandan-asians |url-status=live }}</ref>

Idi Amin murdered an estimated 500 [[Yemenis|Yemeni]] [[Hadharem|Hadrami]] Arab merchants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Frode F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzh6AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Around+five+hundred+Hadramis+were+killed+in+Uganda+at+that+time%22&pg=PA17 |title=Hadrami Arabs in Present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented Group with an Arab Signature |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134018529 |edition=illustrated |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vdoc.pub/documents/hadrami-arabs-in-present-day-indonesia-routledge-contemporary-southeast-asia-series-2fgmpjeslf00|title=Hadrami Arabs In Present-day Indonesia (routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series) [PDF] [2fgmpjeslf00]|website=vdoc.pub|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619081048/https://vdoc.pub/documents/hadrami-arabs-in-present-day-indonesia-routledge-contemporary-southeast-asia-series-2fgmpjeslf00|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1975, [[Emmanuel Bwayo Wakhweya]], Amin's finance minister and longest-serving cabinet member at the time, [[Defection|defected]] to [[London]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1976 |title=Uganda Minister Named |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/21/archives/uganda-minister-named.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203161913/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/21/archives/uganda-minister-named.html |archive-date=3 December 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> This prominent defection helped [[Henry Kyemba]], Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime, to defect in 1977 and resettle in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published ''[[A State of Blood]]'', the first insider exposé of Amin's rule.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/henry-kyemha/a-state-of-blood-the-inside-story-of-idi-amin/ |title=A State of Blood : The Inside Story of Idi Amin by Henry Kyemha {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |language=en-us |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064836/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/henry-kyemha/a-state-of-blood-the-inside-story-of-idi-amin/ |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 June 1976, the Defense Council declared Amin [[president for life]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2021 |title=Magembe book tells how Amin was declared 'Life President of Uganda' |url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/69226-magembe-book-tells-how-amin-was-declared-life-president-of-uganda |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=The Observer |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065425/https://observer.ug/lifestyle/69226-magembe-book-tells-how-amin-was-declared-life-president-of-uganda |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== International relations ===
{{See also|Foreign relations of Uganda}}

[[File:ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 08 - 081 - The inauguration of William Richard Tolbert, 20th President of Liberia. Tolbert and Idi Amin - Ashmun street, Monrovia, Liberia, 1976.tiff|thumb|Amin during the inauguration of [[William Tolbert]], 20th [[president of Liberia]], in 1976]]

Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as [[Israel]], [[West Germany]], and, in particular, the United Kingdom. During the late 1960s, Obote's [[move to the left]], which included his [[Common Man's Charter]] and the [[nationalisation]] of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the [[Soviet Union]]. Amin, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the [[Mau Mau uprising]] prior to Ugandan independence, was known by the British as "intensely loyal to Britain". This made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalization programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1979 |title=The Making of Idi Amin |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/502.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025120/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/502.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=New African}}</ref>

Throughout the first year of his presidency, Amin received key military and financial support from the United Kingdom and Israel. In July 1971 he visited both countries and asked for advanced military equipment, but the states refused to provide hardware unless the Ugandan government paid for it. Amin decided to seek foreign support elsewhere and in February 1972 he visited [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya]]. Amin denounced [[Zionism]], and in return Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] pledged Uganda an immediate $25 million loan to be followed by more lending from the Libyan–Ugandan Development Bank. Over the following months Amin successively removed Israeli military advisers from his government, expelled all other Israeli technicians, and broke diplomatic relations.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=10–11}} Gaddafi also mediated a resolution to long-standing Ugandan–Sudanese tensions, with Amin agreeing to stop backing [[Anyanya]] rebels in southern Sudan and instead recruit the former guerilla fighters into his army.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=11}}

In 1972, [[Israel–Uganda relations|Ugandan–Israeli relations]] dramatically worsened.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=22 April 1972 |title=Ugandan Expulsion Is a Setback for Israel (Published 1972) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/22/archives/ugandan-expulsion-is-a-setback-for-israel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209094228/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/22/archives/ugandan-expulsion-is-a-setback-for-israel.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> To ally Uganda with Libya, Amin expelled 500 Israelis from Uganda and severed diplomatic ties with Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Blake |date=20 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin and Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2003/08/20/lifestyle/idi-amin-and-israel |access-date=17 January 2026 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525011703/https://www.jta.org/2003/08/20/lifestyle/idi-amin-and-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> Uganda had also owed Israel between $13 million to $18 million that it could not pay.<ref name=":7" /> Later that year, Amin sent a telegram to UN Secretary-General [[Kurt Waldheim]], Israeli prime minister [[Golda Meir]], and Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] stating that "the Israelis are not people working in the interest of the people of the world".<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=17 September 1972 |title=The World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/17/archives/hitlers-friend-uganda.html |work=The New York Times |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505141455/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/17/archives/hitlers-friend-uganda.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He praised the [[Munich massacre]],<ref name=":8" /> expressed sympathy with [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Genocide justification#The Holocaust|approved of the Holocaust]], and envisioned the ethnic cleansing of Jews from the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1972 |title=Amin Praises Hitler for Killing of Jews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/13/archives/amin-praises-hitler-for-killing-of-jews.html |work=The New York Times |archive-date=11 November 2025 |access-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111032421/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/13/archives/amin-praises-hitler-for-killing-of-jews.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States responded by delaying a $3 million USD loan to Uganda.<ref name=":8" />

Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed [[diplomatic relations]] with Uganda. The same year, as part of his "economic war", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom and nationalized all British-owned businesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baltrop |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55NPpA6EvyMC&pg=PA1 |title=A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good |date=17 December 2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-38678-7 |location=online |pages=17 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418173908/https://books.google.com/books?id=55NPpA6EvyMC&pg=PA1 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom and Israel ceased all trade with Uganda, but this commercial gap was quickly filled by Libya, the United States, and the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=11}}

The Soviet Union under [[Leonid Brezhnev]] grew increasingly interested in Uganda as a strategic counterbalance to perceived [[China|Chinese]] influence in Tanzania and [[Western world|Western influence]] in Kenya. It dispatched a military mission to Uganda in November 1973. While it could not supply the financial level available from the Western powers, the Soviet Union opted to provide Amin with military hardware in exchange for his support.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=11–12}} The Soviet Union quickly became Amin's largest arms supplier, sending Uganda tanks, jets, artillery, missiles, and small arms. By 1975, it was estimated that the Soviets had provided Amin's government with $12 million in economic assistance and $48 million in arms. Amin also sent several thousand Ugandans to [[Eastern Bloc]] countries for military, intelligence, and technical training, especially [[Czechoslovakia]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=12}} [[East Germany]] was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies that were most notorious for terror. During the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies.<ref name="gdr1" />

In December 1973, Amin launched a sarcastic 'Save Britain Fund' during the [[1973–1975 recession]] to "save and assist our former colonial masters from economic catastrophe", while offering emergency food supplies and urging Ugandans to donate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=James |title=Foreign Exchange: The Complete Deal A Comprehensive Guide to the Theory and Practice of the Forex Market |date=2012 |publisher=Harriman House |page=17}}</ref>{{sfn|Leopold|2020|p=241}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Alwyn W. |title=Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s |date=2009 |publisher=Aurum}}</ref> In 1974, he offered to host and mediate negotiations to end the [[The Troubles|conflict in Northern Ireland]], believing that Uganda's position as a former British colony made it apt to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2005 |title=Cabinet Papers: Dictator Amin offered to broker Ulster deal |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/cabinet-papers-dictator-amin-offered-to-broker-ulster-deal/28229409.html |work=[[The Belfast Telegraph]] |archive-date=14 July 2024 |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714145136/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/cabinet-papers-dictator-amin-offered-to-broker-ulster-deal/28229409.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Idi Amin and Mobutu.jpeg|thumb|left|Amin visits the [[Zaire|Zairian]] dictator [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]] during the [[Shaba I]] conflict in 1977.]]

In June 1976, Amin allowed an [[Air France]] airliner that had been scheduled to fly from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[Paris]] but had been hijacked by two members of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations]] and two members of the German [[Revolutionary Cells (German group)|Revolutionäre Zellen]] to land at Entebbe Airport. The hijackers were joined there by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked jet), continued to be held hostage.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=7 July 1976 |title=On this day: 7 July 1976: British grandmother missing in Uganda |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7/newsid_2496000/2496095.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218065112/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7/newsid_2496000/2496095.stm |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as [[Operation Entebbe]]), on the night of 3–4 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos flew in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; seven hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and one Israeli soldier, [[Yoni Netanyahu]] (the commander of the unit), were killed. A fourth hostage, 75-year-old [[Murder of Dora Bloch|Dora Bloch]], an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to [[Mulago Hospital]] in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its [[High Commissioner|High Commission]] in Uganda.<ref name="auto1" /> In retaliation for Kenya's assistance in the raid, Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 1976 |title=On this day: 4 July 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2786000/2786967.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308093350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2786000/2786967.stm |archive-date=8 March 2020 |access-date=8 January 2017 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms ''en route'' to Uganda at the port of [[Mombasa]]. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within {{convert|32|km|mi}} of [[Nairobi]], were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The [[Politics of Kenya|Kenyan Government]] responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with "a single inch of territory". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and [[armoured personnel carrier]]s along the Kenya–Uganda border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2003 |title='Dada' always rubbed Kenya the wrong way |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/17082003/News/Amin_News170820039.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206065709/http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/17082003/News/Amin_News170820039.html |archive-date=6 February 2008 |work=Sunday Nation}}</ref> Amin's relations with [[Rwanda]] were tense, and during his tenure he repeatedly jeopardized its economy by denying its commercial vehicles transit to Mombasa and made multiple threats to bomb [[Kigali]].{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=58}}

=== War with Tanzania and deposition ===
{{further|Uganda–Tanzania War}}
In January 1977 Amin appointed General [[Mustafa Adrisi]] Vice President of Uganda.<ref name="bulletin">{{Cite news |date=January 1977 |title=Uganda : Vice-President Appointed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oncEAQAAIAAJ |work=Africa Research Bulletin |page=4284}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 1977 |title=Amin names No. 2 six years after coup |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/493270481/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216030016/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/493270481/ |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=The Vancouver Sun |page=18 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> That year, a split in the Uganda Army developed between supporters of Amin and soldiers loyal to Adrisi, who held significant power in the government and wanted to purge foreigners, particularly Sudanese, from the military.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=49}} The growing dissatisfaction in the Uganda Army was reflected by frequent coup attempts;{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=30}} Amin was even wounded during one of them, namely [[Operation Mafuta Mingi]] in June 1977.{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=190}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mann |first=Roger |date=24 June 1977 |title=Amin Alive |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/06/24/amin-alive/cccb2d12-ff6f-4b85-b02b-d4c9a990f55a/ |access-date=13 May 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> By 1978, the number of Amin's supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled into exile.<ref name="bishop">{{Cite news |last=Mubangizi |first=Michael |date=16 February 2006 |editor-last=Tumusiime |editor-first=James |title=Not even an archbishop was spared |url=http://www.ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2006arch/features/spec/feb/spec200602161.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012152659/http://ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2006arch/features/spec/feb/spec200602161.php |archive-date=12 October 2007 |work=The Weekly Observer |publisher=Observer Media Ltd |location=Kampala, Uganda |language=English |editor2-last=Katunzi |editor2-first=Pius Muteekani |editor3-last=Bulime |editor3-first=Bob}}</ref> In early 1978, Adrisi was severely injured in a car accident and flown to Cairo for treatment. While he was there, Amin stripped him of his positions as Minister of Defense and Minister of Home Affairs and denounced him for retiring senior prison officials without his knowledge. Amin then proceeded to purge several high-ranking officials from his government{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=49–50}} and took personal control of several ministerial portfolios. The shakeup caused political unrest and especially angered Adrisi's followers, who believed that the car accident was a failed assassination attempt.<ref name="crackdown">{{Cite news |date=1978 |title=Uganda : Idi Amin cracks down on ministers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH_hAAAAMAAJ |work=To the Point International |page=26 |volume=5}}</ref>

In November 1978, troops loyal to Adrisi mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border.<ref name="LOC_Rule_Under_Amin" /> Fighting consequently broke out along that border, and the Uganda Army [[Invasion of Kagera|invaded Tanzanian territory]] under unclear circumstances.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=156}} According to several experts and politicians, Amin directly ordered the invasion in an attempt to distract the Ugandan military and public from the crisis at home.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=52}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=30 May 2014 |title=Amin's former top soldier reveals why TPDF won |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/national/Why-Tanzania-defeated-Amin/1840392-2331220-olaa1lz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165401/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/national/Why-Tanzania-defeated-Amin/1840392-2331220-olaa1lz/index.html |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |website=The Citizen}}</ref> Other accounts suggest, however, that Amin had lost control of parts of the Uganda Army, so Amin's sanction for the invasion was a ''post-facto'' action to save face regarding troops who had acted without his orders.{{sfn|Mambo|Schofield|2007|pp=312–313}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Faustin |date=20 December 2015 |title=How bar fight sparked the 1979 Uganda – Tanzania war |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003072856/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> In any case, Amin accused Tanzanian President [[Julius Nyerere]] of initiating the war against Uganda after the hostilities had erupted, and proclaimed the [[annexation]] of a section of [[Kagera Region|Kagera]] when the Ugandan invasion initially proved to be successful.<ref name="LOC_Rule_Under_Amin" /><ref name="invasion" /> However, as Tanzania began to prepare a counter-offensive, Amin reportedly realized his precarious situation, and attempted to defuse the conflict without losing face.{{sfn|Hooper|1999|p=42}} The Ugandan President publicly suggested that he and Nyerere participate in a boxing match which, in lieu of military action, would determine the outcome of the conflict.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=67}}{{efn|Amin also proposed that [[Muhammad Ali]] could act as referee.{{sfn|Rice|2003|p=11}} Researcher Alicia C. Decker reasoned that the suggestion of a boxing match was supposed to "bolster [Amin's] masculinity" and thereby showcase that he remained a strong leader in the face of mounting opposition to his regime. Accordingly, the proposal was mostly directed toward a Ugandan audience, and part of Amin's "performative" ruling style.{{sfn|Decker|2014|pp=152–153}}}} Nyerere ignored the message.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=67}}

In January 1979, Nyerere mobilized the [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]] and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the [[Uganda National Liberation Army]]. Amin's army retreated steadily, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi<ref name="britannica" /> and the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=90}} The President reportedly made several trips abroad to other countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the war, attempting to enlist more [[Foreign support of Uganda in the Uganda–Tanzania War|foreign support]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darnton |first=John |date=7 March 1979 |title=Both Uganda and Tanzania Seek Arab Aid in Winning Their War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/07/archives/both-uganda-and-tanzania-seek-arab-aid-in-winning-their-war.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129172406/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/07/archives/both-uganda-and-tanzania-seek-arab-aid-in-winning-their-war.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=19 December 2019 |work=The New York Times |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brittain |first=Victoria |date=24 April 1979 |title=Amin Reported To Seek Arms From Baghdad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/24/amin-reported-to-seek-arms-from-baghdad/dc106b80-1b85-44b1-9e62-18d71efe87e6/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315152219/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/24/amin-reported-to-seek-arms-from-baghdad/dc106b80-1b85-44b1-9e62-18d71efe87e6/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He made few public appearances in the final months of his rule, but spoke frequently on radio and television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Amin's final public appearances |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-s-final-public-appearances-1647780 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419092121/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-s-final-public-appearances-1647780 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a major defeat in the March 1979 [[Battle of Lukaya]], parts of the Uganda Army command reportedly urged Amin to step down. He angrily refused and declared: "If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself." He consequently fired chief of staff [[Yusuf Gowon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=John Daimon |date=6 April 1979 |title=Libyan Troops Supporting Amin Said to Flee Kampala, Leaving It Defenseless |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/06/archives/libyan-troops-supporting-amin-said-to-flee-kampalaleaving-it.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221122851/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/06/archives/libyan-troops-supporting-amin-said-to-flee-kampalaleaving-it.html |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019 |work=The New York Times |page=9}}</ref>{{sfn|Rice|2003|p=12}} Amin personally oversaw the [[Operation Dada Idi|defense of Kampala's environs]], and reportedly came close to being killed by the Tanzanians.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=95}} However, Amin was forced to flee the Ugandan capital by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when [[Fall of Kampala|Kampala was captured]].<ref name="britannica" /> After a short-lived attempt to rally some remnants of the Uganda Army in eastern Uganda{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=37}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Faustin |date=8 May 2016 |title=How Amin escaped from Kampala |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Amin-escaped-Kampala/689844-3193498-6w8fhl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160027/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Amin-escaped-Kampala/689844-3193498-6w8fhl/index.html |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}</ref> which reportedly included Amin proclaiming the city of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] his country's new capital,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapo |first=Nelson Bwire |date=14 April 2019 |editor-last=Baguma |editor-first=Rogers |title=Amin escapes from Kampala on day of overthrow, 'captures' power again from Soroti |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/04/14/amin-escapes-from-kampala-on-day-of-overthrow-captures-power-again-from-soroti/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228202403/https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/04/14/amin-escapes-from-kampala-on-day-of-overthrow-captures-power-again-from-soroti/ |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Nile Post |publisher=Nile Post Uganda Ltd (Next Media Services) |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> he fled into exile.<ref name="britannica" /> By the time of his removal from power, Amin had become deeply unpopular in Uganda. The symbols of his rule, his pictures, and buildings associated with him were subject to vandalism during and after the war.{{sfn|Venter|1979|p=85}}

== Bounty ==
Upon Amin's fleeing into exile, the October 1979 issue of ''[[Soldier of Fortune (magazine)|Soldier of Fortune]]'' magazine offered a bounty of $10,000 in gold to anyone providing information that resulted in the live capture of Amin. Robert K. Brown, the magazine's publisher, was quoted as saying, "We take exception to the kind of individual Amin is. He should be brought to trial and, after being tried by a jury of his peers, punished." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/21/archives/notes-on-people-mrs-auchincloss-to-marry-for-the-third-time.html|title=Notes on People (Published 1979)|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 August 1979|access-date=8 June 2025|archive-date=8 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608212224/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/21/archives/notes-on-people-mrs-auchincloss-to-marry-for-the-third-time.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1050492-1,00.html|title=Press: Quiche Eaters, Read No Further|first=James|last=Kelly|magazine=Time|date=18 April 2005|via=content.time.com|access-date=9 June 2025|archive-date=12 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612133334/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1050492-1,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 1985 |title=QUICHE EATERS, READ NO FURTHER |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000403220014-9.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717071646/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000403220014-9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Exile ==
Amin first escaped to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in [[Saudi Arabia]], where the [[House of Saud|Saudi royal family]] allowed him [[sanctuary]] and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics.<ref name="britannica" /> Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the [[Novotel]] Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. [[Brian Barron]], who covered the Uganda–Tanzania War for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman [[Mohamed Amin]] (no relation) of Visnews in [[Nairobi]], located Amin on 4 June 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barron |first=Brian |date=16 August 2003 |title=The Idi Amin I knew |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3156011.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302161853/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3156011.stm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=16 September 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London, United Kingdom |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lhrPK-Mxtc |title=Idi Amin Interview (June 4, 1980) |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |via=YouTube}}</ref> While in exile, Amin funded remnants of his army that fought in the [[Ugandan Bush War]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=224}} Though he continued to be a controversial figure, some of Amin's former followers as well as several rebel groups continued to fight in his name for decades{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=39}} and occasionally advocated for his amnesty<ref>{{Cite news |last=United Press International |date=12 August 1985 |editor-last=Merida |editor-first=Kevin |title=Amin's Generals Seek Amnesty for Him |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-mn-3930-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217175256/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-mn-3930-story.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=7 January 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles, United States |issn=0458-3035 |oclc=3638237 |agency=United Press International (UPI) |editor2-first=Scott |editor2-last=Kraft |editor3-first=Kimi |editor3-last=Yoshino |editor4-first=Shelby |editor4-last=Grad |editor5-first=Shani O. |editor5-last=Hilton |editor6-first=Julia |editor6-last=Turner |editor7-first=Amy |editor7-last=King |editor8-first=John |editor8-last=Canalis |editor9-first=Angel |editor9-last=Jennings |editor10-first=Loree |editor10-last=Matsui |editor11-first=Sewell |editor11-last=Chan |editor12-first=Terry |editor12-last=Tang |editor13-first=Lora |editor13-last=Victorio |editor14-first=Henry |editor14-last=Chu |editor15-first=Dan |editor15-last=Watson |editor16-first=Jessica |editor16-last=Perez |editor17-first=Victor |editor17-last=Barajas |editor18-first=James |editor18-last=Angius |editor19-first=Patrick |editor19-last=Soong-Shiong}}</ref> and even his restoration to the Ugandan Presidency.{{sfn|Day|2011|p=452}} During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him and never expressed [[remorse]] for the brutal nature of his regime.<ref name="remorse">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin, ex-dictator of Uganda, dies |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-08-16-amin-obit_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707090834/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-08-16-amin-obit_x.htm |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=24 November 2014 |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In January 1989, Amin left his exile without authorization by the Saudi Arabian government and flew alongside one of his sons to [[Zaire]]. There, he intended to mobilize a rebel force to reconquer Uganda<ref name="Wiedemann">{{Cite news |last=Wiedemann |first=Erich |date=22 May 2007 |title=Aufbruch und Absturz. Ein Monster als Clown |trans-title=Rise and fall. A monster as a clown |url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecialgeschichte/d-51661384.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124110127/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecialgeschichte/d-51661384.html |archive-date=24 January 2010 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=Spiegel |language=de}}</ref><ref name="AP1">{{Cite web |date=20 January 1989 |editor-last=Wormser |editor-first=Andy |editor2-last=Doyle |editor2-first=Brian |editor3-last=Smith |editor3-first=Jason |editor4-last=Akhgar |editor4-first=Hamed |editor5-last=Disque |editor5-first=Eric |editor6-last=Higdon |editor6-first=Rob |editor7-last=Prangley |editor7-first=Anthony |editor8-last=Gonzalez-Conde |editor8-first=Jose Michael |editor9-last=Peters |editor9-first=Natalie |title=Idi Amin's Whereabouts Still Unknown |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/46159691096a890753f38beb23624e9d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412120753/https://apnews.com/article/46159691096a890753f38beb23624e9d |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] |place=Manama, Bahrain |language=English |agency=The Associated Press (AP) |editor10-first=Phil |editor10-last=Avner |editor11-first=Zach |editor11-last=Landis |editor12-first=Brian |editor12-last=Hopman |editor13-first=Gary |editor13-last=Pruitt |editor14-first=Steven R. |editor14-last=Swartz}}</ref> which was engulfed in [[War in Uganda (1986–1994)|another civil war]] at the time.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|pp=51–60}} The rest of his family stayed in Jeddah.<ref name="AP1" /> Despite using a false Zairean passport, Amin was easily recognized upon arriving via [[Air Zaïre]] at [[N'djili Airport]] and was promptly arrested by Zairean security forces. The Zairean government reacted unfavorably to Amin's arrival and attempted to expel him from the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 1989 |title=Former Dictator Idi Amin to be Expelled From Zaire |url=https://apnews.com/article/2096a48144457832986deddf537e4f9b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412124305/https://apnews.com/article/2096a48144457832986deddf537e4f9b |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=AP News}}</ref> At first, Saudi Arabia refused to allow him to return,<ref name="Wiedemann" /><ref name="AP1" /> as its government was deeply offended that he had "abused their hospitality" by leaving without permission, and doing so for political reasons.<ref name="AP2">{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Angus |date=19 January 1989 |editor-last=Wormser |editor-first=Andy |title=Out of Africa: Idi Amin Apparently Returning to Exile Home |url=https://www.apnews.com/article/b96282c58b9cd46acc57ab594259cf62 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604011124/https://apnews.com/article/b96282c58b9cd46acc57ab594259cf62 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=AP News |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |language=English |agency=[[Associated Press|The Associated Press (AP)]] |editor2-first=Brian |editor2-last=Doyle |editor3-first=Jason |editor3-last=Smith |editor4-first=Hamed |editor4-last=Akhgar |editor5-first=Eric |editor5-last=Disque |editor6-first=Rob |editor6-last=Higdon |editor7-first=Anthony |editor7-last=Prangley |editor8-first=Jose Michael |editor8-last=Gonzalez-Conde |editor9-first=Natalie |editor9-last=Peters |editor10-first=Phil |editor10-last=Avner |editor11-first=Zach |editor11-last=Landis |editor12-first=Brian |editor12-last=Hopman |editor13-first=Gary |editor13-last=Pruitt |editor14-first=Steven R. |editor14-last=Swartz}}</ref> The Zairean government wanted neither to extradite Amin to Uganda where the ex-president faced murder charges nor keep him in Zaire, thereby straining international relations. As a result, Amin was initially expelled to [[Senegal]] from where he was supposed to be sent to Saudi Arabia, but the Senegalese government sent him back to Zaire when Saudi Arabia continued to refuse Amin a visa.<ref name="AP1" /><ref name="AP2" /> Following appeals by Moroccan King [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]], the Saudi Arabian government finally relented and allowed Amin to return.<ref name="Wiedemann" /><ref name="AP2" /> In return, Amin had to promise to never again participate in any political or military activities, nor give interviews. He consequently spent the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Wiedemann" />

In the final years of his life, Amin reportedly ate a [[fruitarian]] diet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arad |first=Roy |date=15 April 2014 |editor-last=Benn |editor-first=Aluf |editor2-last=Schauberg |editor2-first=M. DuMont |editor3-last=Schocken |editor3-first=Amos |editor4-last=Solomon |editor4-first=Avi |editor5-last=Bronstein |editor5-first=Aviva |editor6-last=Nitzan |editor6-first=Yaniv |editor7-last=Vissan |editor7-first=Yossi |editor8-last=Guy |editor8-first=Guy |editor9-last=Guez |editor9-first=Rami |title=Beyond vegan: Israel's fruitarians like it raw |url=https://www.haaretz.com/food/.premium-beyond-vegan-israel-s-fruitarians-1.5245165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218005913/https://www.haaretz.com/food/.premium-beyond-vegan-israel-s-fruitarians-1.5245165 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[Haaretz]] |publisher=Haaretz Group (Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd.) |place=Tel Aviv, Israel |language=English}}</ref> His daily consumption of oranges earned him the nickname "Dr [[Jaffa orange|Jaffa]]" among Saudi Arabians.<ref name=":1">Goline, Adam Leith (2013). ''The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession''. New York: Scribner {{ISBN|9781476704999}}. "Idi Amin, the tyrannical Ugandan dictator, lived his final years in Saudi Arabia as a fruitarian (his affinity for oranges earned him the nickname 'Dr. Jaffa')."</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Joan |date=28 August 1999 |editor-last=Marley |editor-first=David |editor2-last=Hubbard |editor2-first=Chloe |editor3-last=McInerney |editor3-first=Lucie |editor4-last=Taylor |editor4-first=Linda |editor5-last=Owens |editor5-first=Michael |editor6-last=Best |editor6-first=Richard |editor7-last=Alabaster |editor7-first=Olivia |editor8-last=Fox |editor8-first=Gemma |editor9-last=Holdaway |editor9-first=Jo |title=How sex turned into torture |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/how-sex-turned-into-torture-1118224.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218005855/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/how-sex-turned-into-torture-1118224.html |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=The Independent |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Limited |place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |language=English |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |editor10-first=Sophie |editor10-last=Hanbury |editor11-first=Christian |editor11-last=Broughton |editor12-first=Zach |editor12-last=Leonard |editor13-first=Andrew |editor13-last=Morley}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
On 19 July 2003, Amin's fourth wife, Nalongo Madina, reported that he was in a [[coma]] and near death at the [[King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre]] in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, from [[Renal failure|kidney failure]]. She pleaded with the Ugandan president, [[Yoweri Museveni]], to allow him to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to "answer for his sins the moment he was brought back".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2003 |title=Idi Amin back in media spotlight |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3093613.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624145008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3093613.stm |archive-date=24 June 2011 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=BBC}}</ref> Amin's family eventually decided to disconnect [[life support]] and Amin consequently died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Al Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave, without any fanfare.<ref name="APobit_attendancequote">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin, ex-dictator of Uganda, dies |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-08-16-amin-obit_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220172410/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-08-16-amin-obit_x.htm |archive-date=20 February 2010 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=[[USA Today]] |quote=Amin was buried in Jiddah's Ruwais cemetery after sunset prayers Saturday, said a person close to the family in the Red Sea port city. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, was told that very few people attended the funeral.}}</ref>

After Amin's death, [[David Owen]] revealed that during his term as the British Foreign Secretary (1977 to 1979), he had proposed having Amin [[assassination|assassinated]]. He has defended this, arguing: "I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of [[Pol Pot]] as one of the worst of all African regimes".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wooldridge |first1=Mike |last2=Owen |first2=David |date=16 August 2003 |editor-last=Unsworth |editor-first=Fran |title=UK considered killing Idi Amin |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3157101.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117054747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3157101.stm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) |location=London, United Kingdom of Great Britain |language=English |editor2-first=Mary |editor2-last=Hockaday |editor3-first=Huw |editor3-last=Edwards |editor4-first=Nielsen |editor4-last=Naja |editor5-first=Sula |editor5-last=Jordan |editor6-first=Mary |editor6-last=Darcey |editor7-first=Ralph |editor7-last=Lee |editor8-first=Jonathan |editor8-last=Munro |editor9-first=Ellie |editor9-last=Runcie |editor10-first=Robin |url-status=live |editor10-last=Pembrooke}}</ref>

== Family and associates ==
[[File:Lake Viktoria 2009-08-26 14-29-23.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Remnants of Amin's palace near [[Lake Victoria]]]]

Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he [[divorce]]d. He married his first wife, Malyamu, in March 1962{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=16}} and his second wife, Kay, in May 1966.{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=17}} In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on [[Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Uganda]] that he had divorced Malyamu, Kay and Nora.<ref name="life_and_loves">{{Cite news |date=20 August 2003 |title=Reign of Terror: The life and loves of a tyrant |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/20082003/News/News122.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206070718/http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/20082003/News/News122.html |archive-date=6 February 2008 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=Daily Nation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavuma |first=Richard |date=18 June 2007 |title=Special Report: Big Daddy and his women |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/amin8.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618171054/http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/amin8.php |archive-date=18 June 2007 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=The Monitor}}</ref> Malyamu was arrested in [[Tororo]] on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya.<ref name="life_and_loves" /><ref name="Amin_is_dead">{{Cite news |last=Kibirige |first=David |date=17 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin is dead |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/news1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610010707/http://www.monitor.co.ug/specialincludes/ugprsd/amin/articles/news1.php |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=The Monitor}}</ref> In 1974, Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kay Amin |url=http://www.biography.com/people/kay-amin-21075729 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725032835/http://www.biography.com/people/kay-amin-21075729 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website=Biography (US) |publisher=A&E Networks}}</ref> Nora fled to [[Zaire]] in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown.<ref name="Amin_is_dead" />

In July 1975, Amin staged a £2{{spaces}}million wedding to 19-year-old [[Sarah Kyolaba]], a [[go-go dancing|go-go dancer]] with the ''Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band'', nicknamed "Suicide Sarah".<ref name="Sarah_Amin">{{Cite news |last=Kalyegira |first=Timothy |date=14 June 2015 |title=Sarah Amin, 1954–2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Sarah-Amin-1954---2015/-/689844/2750450/-/13xv1j3z/-/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814045045/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Sarah-Amin-1954---2015/-/689844/2750450/-/13xv1j3z/-/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |work=The Monitor (Uganda)}}</ref> The wedding was held during the [[Organisation of African Unity]] summit in Kampala, and the chairman of the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]], [[Yasser Arafat]], served as Amin's [[Groomsman#Best man|best man]].<ref name="Widow_dies">{{Cite news |last=Nakajubi |first=Gloria |date=15 June 2015 |title=Ugandan dictator Idi Amin's widow Sarah Kyolaba dies in the UK aged 59 The dictator's former "favourite" ran a hair salon in north London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ugandan-dictator-idi-amins-widow-sarah-kyolaba-dies-in-the-uk-aged-59-10322083.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718172639/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ugandan-dictator-idi-amins-widow-sarah-kyolaba-dies-in-the-uk-aged-59-10322083.html |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> Before she met Amin, Sarah was living with a boyfriend, Jesse Gitta; he vanished and it is not clear if he was [[decapitation|beheaded]], or detained after fleeing to [[Kenya]].<ref name=Sarah_Amin/> The couple had four children and enjoyed [[rallying|rally race driving]] Amin's [[Citroën SM]], with Sarah as navigator.<ref name=Sarah_Amin/> Sarah was a [[hairdresser]] in [[Tottenham]] when she died in 2015.<ref name=Widow_dies/>
[[File:The Late Idi Amin Dada's Presidential Car.png|thumb|Amin's Mercedes Benz that he owned between 1972 and 1979]]

By 1993, Amin was living with the last nine of his children and one wife, Mama a Chumaru, the mother of the youngest four of his children. His last known child, daughter Iman, was born in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foden |first=Giles |date=4 August 2007 |title=Not quite a chip off the old block |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/04/ukcrime.gilesfoden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510150831/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/04/ukcrime.gilesfoden |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=11 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> According to the ''[[Daily Monitor]]'', Amin married again a few months before his death in 2003.<ref name="Amin_is_dead" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2003 |title=The Idi Amin I knew |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3156011.stm |access-date=16 March 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425045036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3156011.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amin fathered as many as 60 children.{{efn|A report in the ''Daily Monitor'' says he was survived by 45 children,<ref name="Amin_is_dead" /> while another in the BBC gives the figure of 54.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2003 |title=Amins row over inheritance |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3179085.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420104409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3179085.stm |archive-date=20 April 2008 |access-date=9 August 2009 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Some members of his family estimated that he had near 60 children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Draku |first=Franklin |date=20 April 2019 |title=Amin: Showy man-about-town and father of 60 children |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-showy-man-about-town-and-father-of-60-children-1821034 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085245/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-showy-man-about-town-and-father-of-60-children-1821034 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Until 2003, Taban Amin (born 1955),<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2006 |title=Son of Idi Amin threatens to sue 'Last King Of Scotland' producers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 |work=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |page=35}}</ref> Amin's eldest son, was the leader of the [[West Nile Bank Front]], a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni. In 2005, he was offered [[amnesty]] by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the [[Internal Security Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mcconnell |first=Tristan |date=12 February 2006 |title=Return of Idi Amin's son casts a shadow over Ugandan election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/1510313/Return-of-Idi-Amins-son-casts-a-shadow-over-Ugandan-election.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305121022/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/uganda/1510313/Return-of-Idi-Amins-son-casts-a-shadow-over-Ugandan-election.html |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> Another of Amin's sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as chairman (i.e. mayor) of [[Njeru]] Town Council in 2002 but was not elected.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2002 |title=Amin's son runs for mayor |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1740272.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827015803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1740272.stm |archive-date=27 August 2011 |access-date=8 August 2009 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Sarah Kyolaba's third child, Faisal Wangita (born in 1983 in Uganda; according to himself born in 1981 in Saudi Arabia) was involved in a brutal gang murder in [[Camden Town|Camden]], North London, in 2006. In connection with this, he was sentenced to five years' detention in 2007, for conspiracy to wound, conspiracy to possess offensive weapons and violent disorder. He had been convicted for possession of offensive weapons, theft and fraud in the years before.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2007 |title=Idi Amin's son jailed for role in gang attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/03/ukcrime |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

In early 2007, the award-winning film ''[[The Last King of Scotland (film)|The Last King of Scotland]]'' prompted one of his sons, Jaffar Amin (born in 1967),<ref name="usatoday.com">{{Cite news |date=22 February 2007 |title=Idi Amin's son lashes out over 'Last King' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-02-22-amin-protest_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625145419/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-02-22-amin-protest_x.htm |archive-date=25 June 2012 |access-date=1 September 2017 |work=USA Today}}</ref> to speak out in his father's defence. Jaffar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2007 |title=Idi Amin's son lashes out over 'Last King' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-02-22-amin-protest_x.htm |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919002453/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-02-22-amin-protest_x.htm |archive-date=19 September 2009 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=USA Today |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Jaffar is the tenth of Amin's 40 official children by seven official wives.<ref name="usatoday.com" />

Among Amin's closest associates was the Briton [[Bob Astles]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Jane |date=19 August 2003 |title=Uganda's white rat |url=http://www.dailynews.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=502&fArticleId=210731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040125235821/http://www.dailynews.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=502&fArticleId=210731 |archive-date=25 January 2004 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=Daily News}}</ref> [[Isaac Maliyamungu]] was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army.<ref name="bishop" />

== Character ==
=== Nicknames ===
Over the course of his career, Amin gained numerous nicknames, many of them derogatory:

* "Big Daddy":<ref name="africa coup">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=When Uganda last played Africa Cup, Idi Amin ruled |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/when-uganda-last-played-africa-cup-idi-amin-ruled-1683198 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Daily Monitor |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130181550/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/when-uganda-last-played-africa-cup-idi-amin-ruled-1683198 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sospeter Okero |first1=Biching'a |last2=Nyandoro Obara |first2=George |last3=Kebaya |first3=Charles |date=22 September 2019 |editor-last=Mugubi |editor-first=John |editor2-last=Ojwang' |editor2-first=Amos O. |editor3-last=Saxena |editor3-first=Monisha |editor4-last=Wesonga |editor4-first=Robert |editor5-last=Kiptoo |editor5-first=Priscah-Tarus |editor6-last=Nyongesa |editor6-first=Andrew |editor7-last=Sehrawat |editor7-first=Deepa |editor8-last=Mwangi |editor8-first=Evan |editor9-last=[[Hope Eghagha]] |title=Representation of the Big Man Typology in The Rise and Fall of Idi Amin |url=https://www.royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/view/387 |journal=Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |publisher=Royallite Global (Royallite Publishers) |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=40–56 |issn=2520-4009 |editor10-first=Christopher |editor10-last=Odhiambo |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184018/https://www.royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/view/387 |url-status=live }}</ref> affectionate nickname{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=1}}
* ''kijambiya'' ("the [[machete]]"):{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=137}} attributed to Ugandan security forces often murdering their victims with machetes{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=73}}
* "Butcher of Uganda"<ref name="africa coup" />
* "Butcher of Africa"{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=171}}
* "Butcher of Kampala"<ref name="AP2" />
* "Black Hitler"<ref name="AP2" />
* "Dada": It is disputed whether this was part of Amin's family name or a nickname. Some observers have claimed that it originated as a nickname for Amin's "cowardly" behavior, as it can be translated as "sister", though this has been strongly disputed by others.{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=188}}{{sfn|Leopold|2020|pp=30–31}} Amin's family has stated that "Dada" was simply an alternative name for the [[Lugbara people]] which is occasionally used as a personal name. Researcher Mark Leopold judged this to be more likely than the nickname theory.{{sfn|Leopold|2020|p=31}}
* "Dr. Jaffa":<ref name=":1" /> he earned this nickname in exile in Saudi Arabia due to his daily consumption of oranges, especially after allegedly transitioning to [[fruitarianism]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Erratic behavior, self-bestowed titles and media portrayal ===
[[File:Idi Amin caricature2.jpg|right|thumb|A 1977 caricature of Amin in military and presidential attire by [[Edmund S. Valtman]]]]
As the years progressed, Amin's behavior became more erratic, unpredictable, and strident. After the United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared that he had defeated the British, and he conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: "His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Military Cross|MC]], CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular", in addition to his officially stated claim of being the [[pretender|uncrowned]] [[king of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |author-link1=Anthony Appiah |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |last2=Henry Louis Gates |author-link2=Henry Louis Gates |year=1999 |isbn=9780465000715 |url-access=registration}}</ref> He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a [[Juris Doctor|doctorate of law]] on himself from [[Makerere University]] as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British [[Victoria Cross]].<ref name="Byword" /><ref>Lloyd, Lorna (2007) p.239</ref>

Amin became the subject of rumours, including a widespread belief that he was a [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |date=21 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin's Exile Dream |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/21/opinion/idi-amin-s-exile-dream.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518032643/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/21/opinion/idi-amin-s-exile-dream.html |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Amin reportedly also boasted that he kept the severed heads of political enemies in his freezer, although he said that human flesh was generally "too salty" for his taste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2016 |title=Ghost Stories: Idi Amin's torture chambers – IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/reporting/ghost-stories-idi-amins-torture-chambers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716050341/https://www.iwmf.org/reporting/ghost-stories-idi-amins-torture-chambers/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=International Women's Media Foundation}}</ref>

During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric figure. [[Julius Harris]] emphasized Amin's allegedly clownish side in ''[[Victory at Entebbe]]'', while [[Yaphet Kotto]] drew more praise for projecting Amin's sinister nature in ''[[Raid on Entebbe (film)|Raid on Entebbe]]''. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article described him as a "killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting [[martinet]]".<ref name="time">{{Cite magazine |date=28 February 1977 |title=Amin: The Wild Man of Africa |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,918762,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309155500/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,918762,00.html |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=8 August 2009 |magazine=Time}}</ref> The comedy-variety series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' aired four Amin sketches between 1976 and 1979, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against [[venereal disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impressions – Idi Amin |url=http://snl.jt.org/imp.php?i=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214145150/http://snl.jt.org/imp.php?i=43 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |website=The SNL Archives}}</ref> In 1979, radio host [[Don Imus]] made multiple on-air telephone calls in an attempt to talk to Amin, and later hosted a phony interview with him that was deemed "very dirty".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbia Daily Spectator 1 October 1980 — Columbia Spectator |url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19801001-01.2.8& |website=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130181549/https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs19801001-01.2.8& |url-status=live }}</ref> In a ''[[Benny Hill Show]]'' episode transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading "ME TARZAN, U GANDA".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benny's Place • The Faces of Benny Hill – Page 5 (1977–1978) |url=http://runstop.de/faces05.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528232053/http://runstop.de/faces05.html |archive-date=28 May 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=runstop.de}}</ref>

The foreign media were often criticized by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasizing Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behavior.<ref name="Kibazo1">{{Cite news |last=Kibazo |first=Joel |date=13 January 2007 |title=A Brute, Not a Buffoon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/13/comment.uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831000037/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jan/13/comment.uganda |archive-date=31 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2009 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |quote=...{{spaces}}Amin was widely portrayed as a comic figure. Yes, he had expelled the Asians and murdered a few people, but isn't that what was expected of Africa, I used to hear.}}</ref> Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2003 |title=Idi Amin |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1439131/Idi-Amin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110005614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1439131/Idi-Amin.html |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |work=The Telegraph |location=London |quote=Throughout his disastrous reign, he encouraged the West to cultivate a dangerous ambivalence towards him. His genial grin, penchant for grandiose self-publicity, and ludicrous public statements on international affairs led to his adoption as a comic figure. He was easily parodied{{spaces}}... however, this fascination, verging on affection, for the grotesqueness of the individual occluded the singular plight of his nation.}}</ref> Ugandan soldier and rebel [[Patrick Kimumwe]] argued that Amin's "clowning conceal[ed] a ruthless extinction of human rights" in Uganda.{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=198}} Journalists [[Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey]] wrote, "facile explanations of Amin's regime, as either a one-man show or a lawless and ruthless band of killers, do not get at the heart of the power structure".{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=4}}

== Legacy ==
Gender historian Alicia Decker wrote that the "deeply embedded culture of [[militarism]] in [[Uganda]] is undoubtedly Amin's most enduring legacy".{{sfn|Decker|2014|loc=Conclusion: Gendered Legacies of Amin's Militarism}} In the immediate aftermath of his deposition, [[war correspondent]] [[Al J Venter]] stated that Ugandans still spoke about Amin "with a certain amount of awe, now laced with venom".{{sfn|Venter|1979|p=85}} His reputation in Uganda has been viewed over the decades following his rule in more complex ways than in the international community. Some Ugandans have praised him as a "patriot" and supported his decision to expel Asians from the country.{{sfn|Reid|2017|pp=69–70}} At the time of his death, he was particularly well-regarded in north-western Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2003 |title=Bloody tyrant, now a good sort; Amin's legacy in Uganda |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |page=46 |volume=368 |issue=8338}}</ref> One of Amin's sons, Jaffar Remo, criticized the negative public perception of his father and called for a commission to investigate the veracity of the abuses committed under his rule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=4 July 2016 |title=Idi Amin's son: 'My dream is to meet with Entebbe victims' families to apologize' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4824146,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812195333/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4824146,00.html |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=Ynetnews}}</ref>

The Ugandan academic [[Mahmood Mamdani]], himself a deportee of Idi Amin's expulsion of Ugandan Asians, asserted in 2025 that despite his brutality and extravagance, Amin was chiefly an anti-colonial moderniser who resisted the influence of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |title=Slow poison: Idi Amin, Yoweri Museveni, and the making of the Ugandan state |date=2025 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-29987-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> He contrasted Amin's project to create a Black African country with [[Yoweri Museveni]]'s appeals to tribalism and fragmentation of Uganda's national identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyairo |first=Joyce |date=2026-01-23 |title=Mamdani's Slow Poison - The Elephant |url=https://www.theelephant.info/analysis/2026/01/23/mamdanis-slow-poison/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mamdani's conclusions were criticised by Ugandan author [[Arthur Gakwandi]] who argued that Mamdani appeared to mainly uplift Amin to denigrate Yoweri Museveni, downplaying contemporary reports regarding Amin's policies and unpopularity despite the arguments of "leading Ugandan historians who have portrayed Amin's rule as a dark chapter in Uganda's history".<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/people/in-slow-poison-mamdani-settles-scores-with-mu-NV_227356_022026| title = In 'Slow Poison', Mamdani settles scores with Museveni | date = 2 February 2026 |author=Arthur Gakwandi | website = New Vision| access-date = 8 February 2026}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
During the 1970s, while Amin was at the height of his infamy, British comic actor [[John Bird (actor)|John Bird]] starred on the album ''[[The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin]]'', with lyrics based on [[Alan Coren]]'s anti-Amin ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' columns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=John Bird-The Collected Broadcasts Of Idi Amin |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PL38DeM8p3BJWvhm8mQqay9qrDhRzT69r2 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228210605/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PL38DeM8p3BJWvhm8mQqay9qrDhRzT69r2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-collected-broadcasts-of-idi-amin-mw0000333589 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=allmusic.com}}</ref> In 1975 the satirical single "Amazin' Man", from the album, was released on the [[Transatlantic Records|Transatlantic]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idi Amin (With The Assistance Of John Bird) |url=https://www.45cat.com/record/big527 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=45cat.com |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230175527/https://www.45cat.com/record/big527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=Amazin' Man |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVBV7e0ksXg |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=YouTube |ref={{sfnref|YouTube|2024}} |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004063423/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=NwFlwNfyIoN9gUed&v=cVBV7e0ksXg |url-status=live }}</ref> The record stayed for 12 weeks in the [[Australian Singles Chart]], peaking at number 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idi Amin (With The Assistance Of John Bird) |url=https://www.45cat.com/record/big527au |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=45cat.com |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230175529/https://www.45cat.com/record/big527au |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 1974 documentary film ''[[General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait]]'' by director [[Barbet Schroeder]] was made with the support and participation of Idi Amin. ''[[Rise and Fall of Idi Amin]]'' (1981) is a Kenyan film that details the history of Idi Amin's reign. This film popularized many rumours about Amin's brutality, such as his alleged mutilation of one of his wives. Amin is played by [[Joseph Olita]], who reprised this role in ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (1991), a film about romance between African and Asian-Americans following Amin's [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|1972 expulsion of Asians from Uganda]].

Amin is the subject of English journalist [[Giles Foden]]'s novel ''[[The Last King of Scotland]]'' (1998), which focuses on Idi Amin's Uganda through the eyes of a young Scottish physician. The book was adapted into a [[The Last King of Scotland (film)|2006 feature film]], starring [[Forest Whitaker]] as Amin. For his performance, Whitaker was named the Best Lead Actor at the [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Awards]], [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|BAFTA Awards]], [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role|Screen Actors Guild Awards]], [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama|Golden Globes]] and [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor|Critics Choice Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Film 'The Last King of Scotland': preview / interviews with director... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/film-the-last-king-of-scotland-preview-interviews-with-news-footage/671330738 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Getty Images |language=en-us |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817040823/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/film-the-last-king-of-scotland-preview-interviews-with-news-footage/671330738 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Fruitarianism#Notable adherents|Notable adherents of fruitarianism]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}


== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

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* {{Cite book |last=Gwyn |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/idiamindeathligh00gwyn |title=Idi Amin: Death-Light of Africa |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=1977 |isbn=0-316-33230-5 |location=[[Boston]]}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Kyemba |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Kyemba |title=A State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin |publisher=[[Ace Books]] |year=1977 |location=New York |isbn=978-0441785346}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leopold |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGkDEAAAQBAJ |title=Idi Amin: The Story of Africa's Icon of Evil |date=2020 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15439-9 |location=New Haven, Connecticut}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leopold |first=Mark |title=Inside West Nile. Violence, History & Representation on an African Frontier |date=2005 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=0-85255-941-0 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Lorna |title=Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15497-1 |location=University of Michigan}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mambo |first1=Andrew |last2=Schofield |first2=Julian |date=2007 |title=Military Diversion in the 1978 Uganda–Tanzania War |journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=299–321 |issn=0047-2697}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Melady |first1=Thomas P. |title=Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa |last2=Margaret B. Melady |publisher=Sheed Andrews and McMeel |year=1977 |isbn=0-8362-0783-1 |location=[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nugent |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LckcBQAAQBAJ |title=Africa since Independence |date=2012 |publisher=Red Globe Press |isbn=978-0-230-27288-0 |edition=2nd |location=London |access-date=16 March 2020 |orig-year=1st pub. 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718080419/https://books.google.com/books?id=LckcBQAAQBAJ |archive-date=18 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |url=https://archive.org/details/talkofdevilencou00oriz |title=Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators |publisher=Walker & Company |year=2004 |isbn=0-436-20999-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palmowski |first=Jan |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcont0000palm |title=Dictionary of Contemporary World History: From 1900 to the Present Day |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-860539-0 |edition=Second}}
* {{cite book| last = Peterson | first = Derek R. |author-link=Derek R. Peterson | title = A Popular History of Idi Amin's Uganda | publisher = Yale University Press| date = 2025| location = New Haven & London| isbn = 978-0300278385}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDQEDgAAQBAJ |title=A History of Modern Uganda |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06720-2 |location=Cambridge |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022045628/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDQEDgAAQBAJ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Andrew |date=20 August 2003 |title=The General |url=http://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/AR-12.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Institute of Current World Affairs Letters |volume=AR |issue=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923072922/http://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/AR-12.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=14 April 2021}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=George |title=Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53952-0 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=David M. |location=London |pages=154–171 |chapter=The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979 |editor-last2=Rolandsen |editor-first2=Øystein H. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |title=Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum |date=2010 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |isbn=978-9970-02-036-2 |editor-last=Seftel |editor-first=Adam |location=Kampala |orig-year=1st pub. 1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Madanjeet |author-link=Madanjeet Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YGkcrJZJsC |title=Culture of the Sepulchre: Idi Amin's Monster Regime |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08573-6 |location=New Delhi |access-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134531/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YGkcrJZJsC |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Venter |first=Al J. |author-link=Al J Venter |date=October 1979 |title=The War is over – What next? |url=https://archive.org/details/SoFjune1979Ocr_201807/SoF%201979-10-ocr/ |journal=[[Soldier of Fortune (magazine)|Soldier of Fortune]] |publisher=Soldier of Fortune |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=58–59, 77, 84–85}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q48231|c=Category:Idi Amin|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3156011.stm The Idi Amin I knew], Brian Barron, BBC, 16 August 2003. Includes a video of [https://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/cta/events03/world/africa/barron_1999_legacy.ram Brian Barron interviewing Idi Amin] in exile in 1980. The Atlantic – 1 April 2001 Memo and Quincy LS the series
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105901/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4169600956573058582 General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait] on [[Google Videos]] ([[Flash Video]])
* [http://www.idiamindada.com/ idiamindada.com], a website devoted to Idi Amin's legacy created by his son Jaffar Amin
* {{IMDb name|id=0024907|name=Idi Amin}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Milton Obote]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Uganda]]|years=1971–1979}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yusufu Lule]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{UgandaPresidents}}
{{African Union chairpersons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amin, Idi}}
[[Category:Idi Amin| ]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Ugandan criminals]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-Asian sentiment]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Anti-white racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Africa]]
[[Category:British colonial army soldiers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Mau Mau rebellion]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Uganda]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Exiled politicians]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Uganda]]
[[Category:Field marshals]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]
[[Category:King's African Rifles officers]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Light-heavyweight boxers]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Uganda–Tanzania War]]
[[Category:People from Kampala]]
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[[Category:People of the Cold War]]
[[Category:People of the Congo Crisis]]
[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
[[Category:Presidents for life]]
[[Category:Presidents of Uganda]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the Scottish throne]]
[[Category:Ugandan exiles]]
[[Category:Ugandan expatriates in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Ugandan generals]]
[[Category:Ugandan male boxers]]
[[Category:Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Ugandan pan-Africanists]]
[[Category:Ugandan rugby union players]]
[[Category:Ugandan sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:Former fugitives wanted on war crimes charges]]

Wine

2026-03-25T21:06:09Z

Kawoosahamad: expanded page per standard format for accuracy

{{Short description|Alcoholic drink made from grapes}}
{{about|the alcoholic drink made from grapes|drinks made from other fruits|Fruit wine||Wine (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Wine
| image = {{Multiple image
|perrow=1/2
|border=infobox
|image1=Red and white wine in glass.jpg
|caption1=Red and white wine
|width1=260
|image2=Rosé wine - July 2023 - Sarah Stierch 01-cropped.jpg
|caption2=Rosé wine
|width2=128
|image3=Glass of champagne.jpg
|caption3=Sparkling wine
|width3=128
}}
| type = [[Alcoholic beverage]]
| abv = Typically 12.5{{endash}}14.5%{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=10}}
| ingredients = Fermented [[grape juice]]
| variants = {{Flatlist|
* [[Red wine|Red]]
* [[White wine|White]]
* [[Rosé]]
* [[Skin-contact wine|Orange]]
* [[Sparkling wine|Sparkling]]
* [[Dessert wine|Dessert]]
* [[Fortified wine|Fortified]]
}}
| related =
| footnotes = Carcinogenicity: [[IARC group 1]]
}}

'''Wine''' is an [[alcoholic drink]] made from [[Fermentation in winemaking|fermented]] [[grape juice]].{{efn|The unqualified term "wine" typically refers to grape wine;{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=768}} wine can be made from a variety of fruit crops, collectively referred to as [[fruit wine]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=291}}}} It is [[List of wine-producing regions|produced]] and consumed in many regions around the world, in a wide variety of styles which are influenced by different varieties of grapes, [[terroir|growing environments]], [[viticulture]] methods, and [[winemaking|production techniques]].

Wine has been produced for thousands of years, the earliest evidence dating from {{circa|6000 BCE}} in present-day [[Georgian wine|Georgia]]. Its popularity spread around [[History of the Mediterranean region|the Mediterranean during Classical antiquity]], and was sustained in Western Europe by winemaking monks and a secular trade for general drinking. [[New World wine]] was established by [[Settler colonialism|settler colonies]] from the 16th century onwards, and the wine trade increased dramatically up to the latter half of the 19th century, when [[Great French Wine Blight|European vineyards were largely destroyed]] by the invasive pest [[phylloxera]]. After the [[Second World War]], the wine market improved dramatically as winemakers focused on quality and marketing to cater for a more discerning audience, and wine remains a popular drink in much of the world.

Wine has played an important role in religion since antiquity, and has featured prominently in the arts for centuries. It is drunk on its own and [[Wine and food pairing|paired with food]], often in social settings such as [[wine bar]]s and restaurants. It is often [[Wine tasting|tasted]] and assessed, with drinkers using a wide range of [[wine tasting descriptors|descriptors]] to communicate a wine's characteristics. Wine is also collected and [[Storage of wine|stored]], as an [[Investment wine|investment]] or to [[Aging of wine|improve with age]]. Its alcohol content makes wine [[Health effects of wine|generally unhealthy to consume]], although it may have [[cardioprotective]] benefits.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==
{{main|History of wine}}
{{see also|New World Wine}}

[[File:Areni-1 cave entrance.jpg|thumb|The [[Areni-1 winery|Areni-1 cave]] in [[Armenia]] is home to the world's oldest known winery.]]

The earliest known traces of wine were found near [[Tbilisi]], Georgia ({{circa|6000 BCE}}).<ref>{{cite news |title='World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=Patrick |last2=Jalabadze |first2=Mindia |last3=Batiuk |first3=Stephen |last4=Callahan |first4=Michael P. |last5=Smith |first5=Karen E. |last6=Hall |first6=Gretchen R. |last7=Kvavadze |first7=Eliso |last8=Maghradze |first8=David |last9=Rusishvili |first9=Nana |last10=Bouby |first10=Laurent |last11=Failla |first11=Osvaldo |last12=Cola |first12=Gabriele |last13=Mariani |first13=Luigi |last14=Boaretto |first14=Elisabetta |last15=Bacilieri |first15=Roberto |last16=This |first16=Patrice |last17=Wales |first17=Nathan |last18=Lordkipanidze |first18=David |title=Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=28 November 2017 |volume=114 |issue=48 |pages=E10309–E10318 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714728114|pmid=29133421 |pmc=5715782 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11410309M |display-authors=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest known winery, from {{circa|4100 BCE}}, is the [[Areni-1 winery]] in [[Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224072812/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> The subsequent spread of wine culture around the [[Mediterranean]] was probably due to the influence of the [[Phoenicians and wine|Phoenicians]] (from {{circa|1000 BCE}}) and Greeks (from {{circa|600 BCE}}).{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=10-11}} The Phoenicians exported the wines of [[Byblos]], which were known for their quality into Roman times.{{sfn|Johnson|1992|p=43}} Industrialized production of [[Ancient Greece and wine|wine in ancient Greece]] spread across the Italian peninsula and to southern [[Gaul]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=10-11}} The [[Ancient Rome and wine|ancient Romans]] further increased the scale of wine production and trade networks, especially in Gaul around the time of the [[Gallic Wars]].{{sfn|Johnson|1992|pp=86-87}}

In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], monks grew grapes and made wine for the [[Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Eucharist]].{{sfn|Phillips|2000|pp=62–63}} Monasteries expanded their land holdings over time and established vineyards in many of today's most successful wine regions. [[Bordeaux wine regions|Bordeaux]] was a notable exception, being a purely commercial enterprise serving the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] and by association Britain between the 12th and 15th centuries.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=10-11}}

{{Easy CSS image crop
|image=Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry septembre.jpg
|caption=Grape harvesting at [[Château de Saumur]], depicted in {{lang|fr|[[Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]]|italic=no}} ({{circa|1416}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Unwin |first=Tim |title=Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=147}}</ref>
|crop_top_perc=32
}}

European wine grape traditions were incorporated into [[New World wine]], with colonists planting vineyards in order to celebrate the Eucharist. Vineyards were established in Mexico by 1530, Peru by the 1550s and Chile shortly afterwards. The European settlement of [[South African wine|South Africa]] and subsequent trade involving the [[Dutch East India Company]] led to the planting of vines in 1655. [[Jesuit missions in North America|Jesuit Missionaries]] managed to grow vines in California in the 1670s, and plantings were later established in Los Angeles in the 1820s and [[Napa County, California|Napa]] and [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] in the 1850s. [[Arthur Phillip]] introduced vines to Australia in 1788, and viticulture was widely practised by the 1850s. The Australian missionary [[Samuel Marsden]] introduced vines to New Zealand in 1819.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=476}}

The [[Great French Wine Blight]] began in the latter half of the 19th century, caused by an infestation of the aphid [[phylloxera]] brought over from America, whose louse stage feeds on vine roots and eventually kills the plant. Almost every vine in Europe needed to be replaced, by necessity grafted onto American rootstock which is naturally resistant to the pest. This practise continues to this day, with the exception of a small number of phylloxera-free wine regions such as [[South Australian wine|South Australia]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=27}}

The subsequent decades saw further issues impact the wine trade, with the rise of [[prohibitionism]], political upheaval and two [[world war]]s, and economic depression and protectionism.{{sfn|Phillips|2000|pp=293-295,299,302-303,305-306}} The [[co-operative movement]] gained traction with winemakers during the interwar period, and the {{lang|fr|[[Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité]]}} was established in 1947 to oversee the administration of France's [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée|appellation]] laws, the first to create comprehensive restrictions on grape varieties, maximum yields, alcoholic strength and vinification techniques.{{sfn|Phillips|2000|pp=299-300}} After the [[Second World War]], the wine market improved; all major producing countries adopted appellation laws, which increased consumer confidence, and winemakers focused on quality and marketing as consumers became more discerning and wealthy.{{sfn|Phillips|2000|p=307–310}} New World wines, previously dominated by a few large producers, began to fill a niche in the market, with small producers meeting the demand for high quality small-batch artisanal wines.{{sfn|Phillips|2000|p=322}} A [[consumer culture]] has emerged, supporting wine-related publications, [[wine tourism]], paraphernalia such as preservation devices and storage solutions, and educational courses.{{sfn|Phillips|2000|pp=330-331}}

== Production ==
{{owidslider
|start = 2022
|list = Template:OWID/wine production#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:wine production, World, 2022 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Wine production]]
|startingView = World
}}

=== Styles ===
{{see also|Wine color}}
The term "wine" typically refers to a drink made from fermented grape juice;{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=768}} drinks from other fruits are generically called [[fruit wine]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=291}} It does not include drinks made from starches (e.g. [[beer]]), honey ([[mead]]), apples ([[cider]]), pears ([[perry]]), or a liquid which is subsequently distilled to make [[liquor]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=768}} Most fruits other than grapes lack sufficient fermentable sugars, are overly acidic, and do not have enough nutrients for yeast, necessitating winemaker intervention. They do not typically improve with age, and last less than a year after bottling. Fruit wines are particularly popular in North America and Scandinavia.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=291}}

The [[sweetness of wine]] is determined by the amount of residual sugar left after fermentation.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=567,671}} [[Dessert wine]]s have a high level of residual sugar remaining after fermentation. There are several ways of making sweet wines, such as the use of grapes affected by [[noble rot]] (e.g. [[Sauternes (wine)|Sauternes]]), exposed to freezing temperatures (e.g. [[Ice wine|icewine]]), or dried (e.g. [[Vin Santo]]).{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=671}}

[[Sparkling wine]]s are [[Effervescence|effervescent]], and can be any color, although they are usually white.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=656}} They generally undergo [[Secondary fermentation (wine)|secondary fermentation]] to create [[carbon dioxide]], which remains dissolved in the wine under pressure in a sealed container.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=657}} Two common methods of accomplishing this are the [[traditional method]], used for [[Cava (Spanish wine)|Cava]], [[Champagne]], and more expensive sparkling wines, and the [[Charmat method]], used for [[Prosecco]], [[Asti wine|Asti]], and less expensive wines. A hybrid "transfer method" is also used, yielding intermediate results, and simple addition of carbon dioxide is used in the cheapest of wines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culbert|first1=Julie|last2=Cozzolino|first2=Daniel|last3=Ristic|first3=Renata|last4=Wilkinson|first4=Kerry|date=2015-05-08|title=Classification of Sparkling Wine Style and Quality by MIR Spectroscopy|journal=Molecules|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=8341–8356|doi=10.3390/molecules20058341|pmid=26007169|pmc=6272211|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The type of grape used and the amount of [[Maceration (wine)|skin contact]] while the juice is being extracted determines the color of the wine.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=322}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Colors of wine
!
!Long [[Maceration (wine)|contact with grape skins]]
!Short contact with grape skins
|-
![[List of grape varieties|Red grapes]]
|[[Red wine]], made from dark-colored [[grape varieties|red grape varieties]],{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=322}} and the actual [[Wine color|color of the wine]] can range from dark pink to almost black.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=564}} The juice from red grapes is actually pale gray;{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=322}}{{efn|An exception to this is the family of ''[[teinturier]]'' varieties, which actually have red flesh.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=688-689}}}} the color of red wine and some of its flavor (notably [[Tannins (wine)|tannins]]) comes from [[Phenolic content in wine|phenolics]] in the skin, seeds and stem fragments of the grape, extracted by allowing the grapes to [[Maceration (wine)|soak in the juice]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=414}}
|[[Rosé|Rosé wine]], which gains [[wine color|color]] from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a [[red wine]]. The color can range from a very pale pink to pale red.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=593}}

There are two primary ways to produce rosé wine. The preferred technique is allowing a short period of maceration after crushing red grapes, which extracts a certain amount of color. The juice is then fermented like a white wine. An alternative is [[Blending (alcohol production)|blending]] a small amount of finished red wine into finished white wine.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=593}}{{efn|This practise is not allowed in most controlled wine regions, although [[Champagne wine region|Champagne]] is a notable exception.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=593}}}}
|-
!White grapes
|[[Orange wine]], sometimes called amber wine, is made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to macerate during and beyond fermentation, similar to red wine production. This results in their darker color compared to white wines, and produces a deliberately astringent result.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=33}}
|[[White wine]], typically made from [[Grape varieties|white grape varieties]] (those with yellow or green skins), and range from practically colorless to golden.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=765-766}} {{efn|Red grapes may be used to make a white wine if the winemaker separates the skins from the juice quickly after pressing to minimize skin contact, and white [[champagne]] commonly uses red grapes in this way.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=765-766}}}} When skin contact is used, to improve the flavor or to increase the body or aging potential, it is usually limited to between four and 24 hours; any longer leads to bitterness.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=632}}
|}

=== Viticulture ===
{{Main|Viticulture}}
{{See also|Terroir|List of grape varieties}}
[[File:Moldova_Competitiveness_Project,_USAID_Moldova_(48121804303).jpg|thumb|right|Vineyard in Moldova.]]

Wine is usually made from one or more [[Variety (biology)|varieties]] of the European species ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', such as [[Chardonnay]] and [[Cabernet Sauvignon]]. Most ''Vitis vinifera'' vines have been grafted onto North American species' rootstock, a common practice due to their resistance to [[phylloxera]], a root louse that eventually kills the vine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Jancis |title=Jancis Robinson's Wine Course: A Guide to the World of Wine |date=2003 |publisher=Abbeville Press |isbn=978-0-7892-0883-5 |pages=96–97 |edition=3rd |ol=8153962M}}</ref>

In the context of wine production, {{lang|fr|[[terroir]]}} is a concept that encompasses the growing environment of the vine, including elevation and slope of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, and climatic and seasonal conditions. The range of possible combinations of these factors can result in great differences in the characteristics and quality of the resultant wine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fraga|first1=Helder|last2=Malheiro|first2=Aureliano C.|last3=Moutinho-Pereira|first3=José|last4=Cardoso|first4=Rita M.|last5=Soares|first5=Pedro M. M.|last6=Cancela|first6=Javier J.|last7=Pinto|first7=Joaquim G.|last8=Santos|first8=João A.|last9=Álvarez|first9=Inés| display-authors = 8|title=Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions|journal=PLOS ONE|date=24 September 2014|volume=9|issue=9|article-number=e108078|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108078|pmid=25251495|pmc=4176712|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8078F|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Wine grapes grow mainly between 30 and 50 degrees latitude north and south of the equator, although the effects of [[climate change]] and advances in viticulture are increasing the area under vine elsewhere.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=48-49}} The world's southernmost vineyard is in [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], Argentina, near the [[46th parallel south]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Jancis |title=The world's most southerly vineyard? |url=https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/worlds-most-southerly-vineyard |website=jancisrobinson.com |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=13 July 2017}}</ref> The northernmost wine region is the [[Okanagan Valley]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada, which reaches up to the [[50th parallel north]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Joanna |title=Discovering a little-known gem: Okanagan Valley, the world's northernmost wine region |url=https://www.joannasimon.com/post/2018/07/26/discovering-a-little-known-gem-okanagan-valley-the-worlds-northernmost-wine-region |website=Joanna Simon |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Rachel |title=5 Underrated Wine Regions You Should Explore Now |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelking/2025/01/03/5-underrated-wine-regions-you-should-explore-now/ |website=Forbes |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Vinification ===
{{Main|Winemaking}}
{{See also|Sparkling wine production}}

[[File:Georgian Kvevri.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kvevri]]s, traditional Georgian wine-making vessels made of clay.]]

There are a number of different ways of making wine in a modern winery, each decision affecting the final outcome. The first step is harvesting the grapes, the timing of which depends on sugar and acid levels, any diseases affecting the crop, and the weather, among other factors. Grapes are harvested by hand or machine, sorted to select those of sufficient quality, typically destemmed, and then crushed to release the juice. The liquid may [[maceration (wine)|macerate]] for a few hours before being pressed and clarified.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=32-35}}

The liquid is then transferred to a container for [[Fermentation in winemaking|fermentation]], which is typically made of stainless steel, wood or concrete, and either open or closed. Yeast is naturally present on grape skins, but most producers choose to use a specific strain for their predictable behaviour, allowing them to control the flavors produced. The yeast consumes the sugars and converts them into alcohol, heat, and carbon dioxide. For red wines, winemakers may choose to encourage the extraction of tannins and flavor from the grape skins by agitating the mixture. If permitted by law, the winemaker may include additives such as sugar, to increase the alcohol content ([[chaptalization]]), or adjust the acid levels. Some wines undergo a secondary, [[malolactic fermentation]], in which the harsher [[malic acid]] is converted into [[lactic acid]] by bacteria. Finally the wine may be filtered to remove microbes and yeast, and [[sulfite]]s may be added as a [[Wine preservatives|preservative]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=32-35}}

=== Containers ===
{{See also|Wine bottle|Closure (bottle)|Screw cap (wine)}}
[[File:Korkbrand.jpg|thumb|Natural (top) and synthetic (bottom) [[wine cork]]s]]

Most wines are sold in [[wine bottle|glass bottles]], traditionally sealed with a [[Cork (plug)|cork stopper]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=37}} The standard volume of wine bottle is 75[[centiliters|cl]], although they can range from 18.7cl to 18 liters.{{sfn|WSET Global|2024}} The bottles used for sparkling wine must be thick to withstand the pressure of the gas behind the cork, which can be up to {{Convert|6|atm|psi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How much pressure is there in a champagne bottle?|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/how-much-pressure-is-there-in-a-champagne-bottle/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=BBC Science Focus Magazine|date=22 July 2009 |language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204135/https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/how-much-pressure-is-there-in-a-champagne-bottle/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most cork for wine bottles comes from [[Alentejo]], but a decline in quality in the late 20th century and an increase in demand spurred development of alternatives. An increasing number of wine producers use [[Alternative wine closure|alternative closures]] such as [[Screw cap (wine)|screwcaps]] and synthetic "corks".{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=37}} Although alternative closures reduce the risk of [[cork taint]],{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=37}} they have been blamed for causing excessive [[redox|reduction]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=563}}

Other containers include plastic bags within cardboard boxes ([[box wine|box]] or [[bag-in-box]] wines);{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=101}} [[canned wine|aluminium cans]];{{sfn|Weed|2019}} and [[stainless steel]] kegs ([[wine on tap]]).<ref>{{cite web|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/dining/08pour.html|title=On Tap? How About Chardonnay or Pinot Noir|author=Asimov, Eric|date=April 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416044849/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/dining/08pour.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref>

=== Producing countries ===
{{See also|List of wine-producing regions}}
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2left" style=text-align:right;
|+'''2023 wine production estimates'''
! Rank
! Country 
! Production (million hecolitres){{sfn|OIV|2024|p=11}}
! Production (% of world){{sfn|OIV|2024|p=11}}
! style="width:100px;"|Exports (million hecolitres)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading countries in wine export worldwide in 2023, based on volume |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/240649/top-wine-exporting-countries-since-2007/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>
! style="width:125px;"|Export market share (% of value in US$)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workman |first1=Daniel |title=Wine Exports by Country |url=https://www.worldstopexports.com/wine-exports-country/ |website=World's Top Exports |access-date=3 February 2025 |date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
!1
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[French wine|France]] || 48.0 || 20.2% || 12.7 || 33.3%
|-
!2
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italian wine|Italy]] || 38.3 || 16.1% || 21.4 || 21.6%
|-
!3
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || 28.3 || 11.9% || 20.8 || 8.2%
|-
!4
| {{flagicon|US}} [[American wine|United States]] || 24.3* || 10.2%* || 2.1 || 3.2%
|-
!5
| {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || 11.0 || 4.6% || 6.8 || 3.9%
|-
!6
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australian wine|Australia]] || 9.6 || 4.1% || 6.2 || 3.6%
|-
!7
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South African wine|South Africa]] || 9.3 || 3.9% || 3.5 || 1.6%
|-
!8
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentine wine|Argentina]] || 8.8 || 3.7% || 2.0 || 1.7%
|-
!9
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[German wine|Germany]] || 8.6 || 3.6% || 3.3 || 2.9%
|-
!10
| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Portuguese wine|Portugal]] || 7.5 || 3.2% || 3.2 || 2.6%
|-
|- style="background:whitesmoke;"
!colspan=2|World || {{right|'''237.3'''}} || || || style="font-weight: normal; text-align: right"|* Estimated
|}

== Classification ==
{{Main|Classification of wine|Wine law}}
{{See also|Wine label}}

Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. When one variety of grape is predominantly used,{{efn|Defined by law as 85% in the [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulation of wine labeling in the EU |url=https://www.casalonga.com/documentation/secteur-vitivinicole-et-agroalimentaire/reglementation-du-secteur-des-boissons-alcoolisees/?lang=en |website=Casalonga |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> South Africa,<ref>{{cite web |title=South African Wine Styles |url=https://www.wosa.co.za/The-Industry/Varieties-and-Styles/Wine-Styles/ |website=Wines of South Africa |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to meet grape wine labelling requirements |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/870/direct |website=Ministry for Primary Industries |access-date=15 April 2025 |date=June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501130334/https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/870/direct |archive-date=1 May 2025 }}</ref> and Australia;<ref>{{cite web |title=The blending rules |url=https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/further-information/the-blending-rules |website=Wine Australia |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> 75% in Chile<ref>{{cite web |title=Chile |url=https://www.ttb.gov/import-export/itd/international-trade-resources-for-chile |website=Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau |publisher=US Department of the Treasury |access-date=15 April 2025 |date=1 April 2024}}</ref> and the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grape Variety Designations on American Wine Labels |url=https://www.ttb.gov/regulated-commodities/beverage-alcohol/wine/grape-variety-designations-on-american-wine-labels |website=Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau |publisher=US Department of the Treasury |access-date=15 April 2025 |date=11 March 2025}}</ref>}} the wine may be marketed as a "[[varietal]]" as opposed to a "blended" wine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/dining/drinks/wine-school-california-grenache.html|title=Don't Judge a Wine by the Grape on Its Label|author-last=Asimov|author-first=Eric|date=2018-02-01|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-04-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409181539/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/dining/drinks/wine-school-california-grenache.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in order to state a vintage, a percentage of the grapes must have been harvested in the declared year.{{efn|85% in the EU,<ref>{{cite web |title=Labelling of wine and certain other wine sector products |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al21303 |website=EUR-Lex |publisher=European Union |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en |date=20 August 2007}}</ref> US,<ref>{{cite web |title=27 CFR § 4.27 - Vintage wine. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/4.27 |website=Legal Information Institute |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{cite web |title=The blending rules |url=https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/further-information/the-blending-rules |website=Wine Australia |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labelling requirements for wine and other alcoholic drinks |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/food-business/labelling-composition-food-drinks/specific-product-labelling/labelling-requirements-alcoholic-drinks-including-wine/ |website=Ministry for Primary Industries |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en-NZ |date=21 October 2024}}</ref>}}

=== European classifications ===
{{main|European Union wine regulations}}
[[File:"15 - ITALY - DOCG and DOC wine mark.jpg|thumb|right|Italian wine bottleneck markings showing [[Denominazione di origine controllata|DOCG and DOC]] status]]

European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g. [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]], [[Rioja (wine)|Rioja]] and [[Chianti]]), with concomitant restrictions on grape varieties, yields and vinification methods.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=40}}{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=27}}

Since 2009, wine from the European Union has been classified under the [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|geographical indicators]] "protected geographical indication" (PGI) and "[[protected designation of origin]]" (PDO),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibb |first1=Rebecca |title=New EU wine regulations in force |url=https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/new-eu-wine-regulations-in-force-66537/ |website=Decanter |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=3 August 2009}}</ref> which protect product names in order to promote the products of a specific area and the methods used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical indications and quality schemes explained - European Commission |url=https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes-explained_en |website=Agriculture and rural development |publisher=European Commission |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=24 October 2023}}</ref> National regulations correspond to these designations and subdivide them, such as in Germany's [[German wine classification#Geographic classification for Deutscher Wein (formerly Tafelwein) and Landwein|{{lang|de|Landwein|nocat=yes}} and {{lang|de|Qualitätswein|nocat=yes}}]], Italy's [[Denominazione di origine controllata|{{lang|it|Denominazione di origine controllata (e garantita)|nocat=yes}}]], and the French system of {{lang|fr|[[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karlsson |first1=Per |title=The European wine classification system, AOP, DOC, PGI, PDO etc {{!}} BKWine Magazine {{!}} |url=https://www.bkwine.com/features/more/european-wine-classification-system/ |website=BKWine Magazine |access-date=16 April 2025 |date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

The classification of [[Swiss wine]] was historically complex due to [[Switzerland as a federal state|its system of federalism]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=251}} It generally follows EU regulations to simplify exporting, although wine sold domestically does not need to.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss wine won't follow EU rules |url=https://www.worldradio.ch/news/bitesize-news/swiss-wine-wont-follow-eu-rules/ |website=WRS |access-date=9 August 2025 |language=en |date=15 November 2024}}</ref> [[English wine]] follows rules for PGI and PDO products similar to the EU.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENGLISH REGIONAL WINE - PROTECTED GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (PGI) |url=https://wsa.ukva.org.uk/docs/DEFRA-GUIDANCE-PGI-ENGLISH%20rev%202019-09.pdf |publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs |access-date=16 April 2025 |date=September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ENGLISH WINE - PROTECTED DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN (PDO |url=https://wsa.ukva.org.uk/docs/DEFRA-GUIDANCE-PDO-ENGLISH%20rev%202019-09.pdf |publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs |access-date=16 April 2025 |date=September 2019}}</ref>

=== Outside Europe ===
[[New World wine]] classifications are generally limited to indications of geographical areas, such as in the [[American Viticultural Area]] and Australian Wine Geographical Indications systems.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=40}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Wine Geographical Indications |url=https://www.wineaustralia.com/labelling/register-of-protected-gis-and-other-terms/australian-wine-geographical-indications |website=Wine Australia |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> Australia also relies on awarding individual wines at prominent [[wine competition]]s, as well as in the influential publication ''[[Langton's Classification of Australian Wine]]''.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=178}}
Some producers have created voluntary schemes to allow producers to indicate adherence to a stricter set of criteria than required by law, such as Appellation Marlborough Wine in New Zealand and [[Meritage]] in the USA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appellation Marlborough Wine: About |url=https://www.appellationmarlboroughwine.co.nz/#About |website=Appellation Marlborough Wine |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=437}} Overall, however, New World countries avoid rigid classification systems, allowing for more flexibility and experimentation.<ref>{{cite web |title=A(OC) to Z: A Guide to Wine Classification Systems |url=https://mag.sommtv.com/2023/09/wine-classification-systems/ |website=Somm TV Magazine |access-date=6 July 2025 |date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Vintages ===
{{Main|Vintage}}
[[File:Champagne millésimé 1995.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Vintage Champagne]]

Wine indicating a vintage contains the juice of grapes harvested that year, with the exception of {{lang|de|[[Eiswein]]}} picked in early January, which is dated the previous year. Most of a vintage's characteristics are a result of the weather experienced by the vines during their [[annual growth cycle of grapevines|growth cycle]]; the interaction between weather, grape varieties and {{lang|fr|terroir}} leads to different areas thriving under different conditions. In most of Europe, good vintages correlate with years of plenty of sunshine and average-to-warm temperatures, whereas bad vintages almost always occur in cold and/or wet years with little sunshine. In warmer climates, good vintages usually have average-to-cool temperatures. Even within a single area, however, aspects such as the soil type and depth can lead to different results, as can the variety of grape being grown, as different varieties tolerate different types of weather. Therefore vintages are rarely uniformly "good" or "bad" even within a small area.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=755}}

For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps winemakers maintain a consistent flavor profile. This is common for Champagne, Port, Sherry and Madeira.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why don't some wines have vintage dates on their labels? |url=https://www.winespectator.com/articles/non-vintage-date-wine-55091 |website=Wine Spectator |access-date=6 July 2025 |language=en |date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Forgery and manipulation ===
{{Main|Wine fraud}}
{{See also|1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal|List of food contamination incidents}}

Wine fraud can take several forms, such as mixing a wine with a cheaper one to increase profits, surreptitiously adulterating it with additives, or passing it off as a more expensive wine by relabeling it. Such instances of fraud have a history dating back to [[Ancient Greece and wine|Ancient Greece]], but wine fraud has become less common overall since the late 19th century as legal frameworks and appellation systems have become stricter and more widespread.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=4}} Nevertheless, the increase of the value of fine wines since the 1970s has led to a corresponding increase in relabeling fraud.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Château Lafake |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2011/06/16/chateau-lafake |access-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004234819/https://www.economist.com/business/2011/06/16/chateau-lafake/ |archive-date=2020-10-04 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Consumption ==
{{Redirect|Drink wine|the Adele song|I Drink Wine}}

=== Serving ===
[[Decanter|Decanting]] involves pouring the wine into an intermediate container before serving it in a glass, which allows the removal of undesirable sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles. Aeration in a decanter may benefit younger wines by "opening them up", releasing more flavor, but aerating older wines can oxidize them.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=45}}{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=72-73}}

{{quote box|align=right|width=50%|author=[[Émile Peynaud]]|source=cited in ''[[The Oxford Companion to Wine]]''{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=691}}|quote=Serve tannic red wines relatively warm, {{convert|15|-|18|C|F}} 
Serve complex dry white wines relatively warm, {{convert|12|-|16|C|F}} 
Serve soft, lighter red wines for refreshment at {{convert|10|-|12|C|F}} 
Cool sweet, sparkling, flabby white and rosé wines, and those with any off-odour, at {{convert|6|-|10|C|F}}
}}
As a standard rule, red wines are served at what would historically have been "room temperature" (now, with modern heating and insulation, this would be considered the temperature of a cool room), whites chilled, and sparkling and sweeter whites even cooler.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|p=77}} Volatile flavor compounds evaporate more easily at higher temperatures, so warmth increases the aromatic intensity. However, alcohol begins to evaporate noticeably over {{convert|20|C|F}}, and the carbon dioxide in sparkling wines is released too quickly at temperatures of about {{convert|18|C|F}}. The palate is more sensitive to sweetness at higher temperatures, so when the sweetness is not balanced by acidity a wine should be served cooler. Cooler temperatures suppress aroma, and therefore faults detectable on the nose, but increase sensitivity to tannins and bitterness.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=691}}

=== Tasting ===
{{Main|Wine tasting}}
{{See also|Wine tasting descriptors}}
[[File:Tempranillowine.jpg|thumb|Tilting the glass and judging a wine's color against a white background is often one of the first steps in tasting a wine.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=1-3}}]]

[[Wine tasting]] is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine, allowing the consumer to identify faults and appreciate the product. Tasting takes place in many different settings, from casual social engagements to blind tasting examinations.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=42}} Tasting a wine typically involves assessing its appearance, smell, and taste.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=43}}

When judging a wine's appearance, faults can be apparent due to cloudiness or unexpected effervescence.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=1,5}} The color of the wine may indicate its age, with red wines becoming paler and white wines becoming darker, although color is also influenced by the grapes used. "Legs" or "tears"{{snd}}lines formed on the glass after swirling{{snd}}indicate high alcohol content or sweetness.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=2-3}}

A wine's "nose" (aroma) may range from neutral to pungent, and informs most of the experience of tasting a wine. Tasters often use a wide range of [[Wine tasting descriptors|descriptors]] to compare wine aromas to other things, from fruits and vegetables such as pineapple and asparagus to non-consumables such as compost heaps and leather. The origin of these scents may be the grapes used, or the fermentation or maturation process.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=3,5-9}} When the nose includes an undesirable scent, this may indicate a fault.{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|pp=5,73}}

On the palate the taster experiences the [[mouthfeel]] of the wine, including its sweetness, acidity, bitterness, tannins, and alcohol, as well as saltiness in the case of [[sherry]].{{sfn|Godfrey|2003|p=9}} Once the wine is swallowed or spat out, the length of time the flavours remain detectable is an indicator of quality.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=42}}

=== Global popularity ===
{{see also|List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="275px">
Wine-consumption-per-person-global-2019.png|Wine consumption per person, 2019
Wine-as-share-alcohol-consumption-global-2016.png|Wine as a share of total alcohol consumption, 2016
</gallery>

The total global consumption of wine was in decline in the early 2010s, primarily because the French and Italians were drinking considerably less. {{as of|2019}}, however, this trend appears to be reversing due to an increase in popularity with younger Americans and the Chinese.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|p=48}} The 2024 global market was estimated at US$515.1 billion, with a projected [[compound annual growth rate]] of 7.1% between 2025 and 2030. Trends include a growing demand for [[organic wine]], and for higher-quality products which justify a higher price point.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wine Market Size, Share And Trends |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/wine-market |website=Grand View Research |access-date=11 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Culinary uses ===
{{Further|Wine and food pairing}}
Wine is important in cuisine; it can be used in preparation and tenderizing, as well as a flavor agent in marinades, stocks, stews (e.g. {{lang|fr|[[coq au vin]]}}, [[beef bourguignon]]),{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=195}} and sauces (e.g. in [[wine sauce]]s).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHp1GJk8IMcC&pg=PA15 | title=Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition | publisher=Simon and Schuster | author=[[Robert Parker (wine critic)|Parker, Robert M.]] | year=2008 | page=15 | isbn=978-1-4391-3997-4}}</ref> Many desserts also contain wine, such as [[zabaione]] and [[trifle]]. Ethanol evaporates at {{convert|78|C|F}}, so when wine is heated past this point it likely loses much of its alcohol content, and its acidity and sugars become more prominent. The necessary quality of cooking wine is a matter of debate, but faulty wine is not appropriate for culinary use, and the range of flavor compounds in a fine wine do not survive heating.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=195}}

=== Health effects ===

{{main|Health effects of wine}}
{{See also|Short-term effects of alcohol consumption|Long-term effects of alcohol consumption|Red wine headache}}
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Red table wine
| kJ = 355
| fat = 0.0 g
| protein = 0.1 g
| carbs = 2.6 g
| sugars = 0.6 g
| alcohol = 10.6 g
| source_usda = 1
| noRDA = 1
| note = 10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol. 100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.) Sugar and alcohol content can vary.
}}

Some studies have shown an association between moderate wine consumption and a decrease in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, alcohol consumption is also associated with an increased risk of a number of other health conditions, such as cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lindberg |first=Matthew L. |author2=Ezra A. Amsterdam |year=2008 |title=Alcohol, wine, and cardiovascular health |journal=Clinical Cardiology |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=347–51 |doi=10.1002/clc.20263 |pmc=6653665 |pmid=18727003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barbería-Latasa |first1=María |last2=Gea |first2=Alfredo |last3=Martínez-González |first3=Miguel A. |date=7 May 2022 |title=Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease |journal=Nutrients |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=1954 |doi=10.3390/nu14091954 |pmc=9100270 |pmid=35565924 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[stilbene]] [[resveratrol]] has shown [[Cardioprotection|cardioprotective]] attributes in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomé-Carneiro |first1=J |last2=Gonzálvez |first2=M |last3=Larrosa |first3=M |last4=Yáñez-Gascón |first4=MJ |last5=García-Almagro |first5=FJ |last6=Ruiz-Ros |first6=JA |last7=Tomás-Barberán |first7=FA |last8=García-Conesa |first8=MT |last9=Espín |first9=JC |date=July 2013 |title=Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective. |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1290 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |bibcode=2013NYASA1290...37T |doi=10.1111/nyas.12150 |pmid=23855464 |s2cid=206223647}}</ref> Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during fermentation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frémont |first=Lucie |date=January 2000 |title=Biological effects of resveratrol |journal=Life Sciences |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=663–673 |doi=10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5 |pmid=10680575}}</ref> Nevertheless, the potential harms of regular alcohol consumption are considered to outweigh any such benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Keefe |first1=JH |last2=Bhatti |first2=SK |last3=Bajwa |first3=A |last4=DiNicolantonio |first4=JJ |last5=Lavie |first5=CJ |date=March 2014 |title=Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy. |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=382–93 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005 |pmid=24582196 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Research by [[Pesticide Action Network]] found that European wines contain large amounts of [[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances|PFAS]] ("forever chemicals"), particularly [[Trifluoroacetic acid|TFA]], which have long-term negative health consequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-23 |title=Höga halter av miljögiftet PFAS i vin – "explosionsartad ökning" |url=https://www.dn.se/varlden/hoga-halter-av-miljogiftet-pfas-i-vin-explosionsartad-okning/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423083232/https://www.dn.se/varlden/hoga-halter-av-miljogiftet-pfas-i-vin-explosionsartad-okning/ |archive-date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |language=sv-se |quote=Vår undersökning visar på höga halter TFA i alla viner utom de allra äldsta. Före 1988 ser vi ingenting. Men efter 2020 hittar vi halter från 21 000 nanogram per liter ända upp till 320 000 nanogram. Det är skrämmande, säger Elin Engdahl. |trans-quote=Our research shows high levels of TFA in all but the oldest wines. Before 1988, we see nothing. But after 2020, we find levels ranging from 21,000 nanograms per liter up to 320,000 nanograms. This is scary, says Elin Engdahl.}}</ref>

=== Storage ===
{{Main|Storage of wine}}

Many wines improve with age; conversely, wines can reduce in quality over time by suboptimal storage conditions, such as being exposed to strong light and heat. Optimal conditions are provided by [[wine cellar]]s and [[wine cave]]s, as well as temperature-controlled cabinets.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=38-39}}

The ideal temperature for wine storage is {{convert|12|-|13|C|F}} with a humidity of 65–70%. Lower humidity levels and temperature fluctuations can dry out or stress a cork over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle, which reduces the wine's quality through oxidation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Riley-Smith |first1=Sebastian |title=What is the best humidity for storing wine? Ask Decanter |url=https://www.decanter.com/learn/advice/best-humidity-for-storing-wine-ask-decanter-458610/ |website=Decanter |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=en |date=23 June 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=38-39}} Wines with corks are typically stored horizontally to help keep the cork moist, but this is not necessary for screwcaps.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=38-39}}

== In society ==
=== Collecting ===
{{main|Investment wine|Aging of wine}}

Investment by buying bottles and cases of the most desirable wines became especially popular during the early 21st century, due to an increase in the global popularity of wine as well as low interest rates driving demand for alternatives which may yield higher returns. Bordeaux is especially popular for investment, due to its fame, high volume of output, longevity, and relatively simple naming system. Burgundy is also popular, with the 2016 [[Romanée-Conti]] fetching £3,250 per bottle, as well as Italian wines such as [[Barolo]], [[Barbaresco]], and those of [[Tuscan wine|Tuscany]].{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=46-47}}

Wines may also be bought and then aged for future consumption. Most wine is intended to be drunk within a year of bottling, but top-quality wines are usually sold long before they reach their optimal drinking window, with flavors developing in the bottle over many years. Estimating the optimal time to consume a wine is impossible to do accurately, partly because it is only clear that the ideal time has passed when the quality starts to decline, but also because [[bottle variation]] and differences in storage create differences even between wines of the same vintage and batch.{{sfn|Johnson|Robinson|2019|pp=38-39}}

=== Social consumption ===
{{see also|Drinking culture}}

People drink wine for a number of reasons, including to [[Social lubricant|aid socialization]], to [[Wine and food pairing|pair with food]], and simply as a sensory experience.{{sfn|Charters|2006|p=133}} Wine is increasingly viewed as a "lifestyle" product, with a concomitant interest in associated activities such as [[wine tourism]]. Producers have used an increased interest in the [[Mediterranean diet]], with wine as one of its constituent parts, to drive sales;{{sfn|Charters|2006|p=197-202}} in continental western Europe, wine is considered an everyday pleasure.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dumais |first1=Eliza |title=Wine in the US: A fraught evolution |url=https://www.decanter.com/wine/wine-in-the-us-a-fraught-evolution-527394/ |website=Decanter |access-date=16 August 2025 |language=en |date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

In London, [[wine bar]]s date from the 19th century,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCormack |first1=Ben |title='A local feel, without being a pub': Why wine bars are the toast of the high street |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/local-feel-wine-bars-la-cave-chactonbury-sage-wilder/ |website=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522034339/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/local-feel-wine-bars-la-cave-chactonbury-sage-wilder/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref> and they became popular in the 1970s in France,{{sfn|Demoissier|2010|loc=Introduction}} and the 1980s in London and New York City. They have experienced a resurgence in more recent years,{{sfn|Demoissier|2010|loc=Chapter 7}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asimov |first1=Eric |title=Wine Bars Grow Up and Squeeze In |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/dining/09winebars.html |website=New York Times |date=9 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217051028/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/dining/09winebars.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |archive-date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryder |first1=Bethan |title=The wine bar is back – without the snobbery or the shoulder pads |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/pubs-and-bars/return-wine-bar/ |website=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625020807/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/pubs-and-bars/return-wine-bar/ |archive-date=25 June 2024 |date=22 June 2017}}</ref> and in Britain are often based on European cafés.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morrissy-Swan |first1=Tomé |title='We're trying to make it more inclusive': the rise of Britain's new wine bars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2024/apr/20/were-trying-to-make-it-more-inclusive-the-rise-of-britains-new-wine-bars |website=The Guardian |access-date=16 August 2025 |date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

[[Sommelier]]s have become increasingly prominent in [[fine dining]] establishments as in-house experts, especially for [[wine and food pairing]], with their tastes influencing the wider market as well. As consumer knowledge has improved, and with the popularity of [[tasting menu]]s and experimental dishes which are difficult to pair, their public image may have become more important than their traditional role of recommending a wine to drink with a meal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steinberger |first1=Michael |title=The Wine Savant |date=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-24156-3 |edition=1st |chapter=5. Food and Wine, or Is It Food versus Wine?}}</ref>

=== In the arts ===

{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical
|image1=Hieronymus Bosch - Allegory of Gluttony and Lust - WGA02558.jpg
|caption1=''[[Allegory of Gluttony and Lust]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch]], {{circa|1495|1500}}
|image2=David Rijckaert (III) - The Temptation of Saint Anthony.jpeg
|caption2=''[[Temptation of Saint Anthony in visual arts|Temptation of St Anthony]]'' by [[David Ryckaert III]], 1649
|image3="Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère" by Édouard Manet (1882).jpg
|caption3=''[[A Bar at the Folies-Bergère]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]], 1882
}}

Wine connoisseurship began to flourish in the late [[Middle Ages]] and into the [[Renaissance]], and comparisons between wines were written in verse, with examples such as ''[[Battle of the Wines]]'' by [[Henri d'Andeli]] and {{lang|it|Nuova trattato della varietà, e qualità dei vini, che vengono in Roma}} by Giovanni Battista Scarlino.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=101-103}} Biblical scenes which feature wine, such as the [[Last Supper]], [[Wedding at Cana]], [[Noah#Noah's drunkenness|Noah's drunkenness]], and the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]], were popular with painters.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=104,130}} Later Renaissance poets and artists would also depict the figure of Bacchus, such as in ''Parthenopeus'' by [[Giovanni Pontano]] ({{circa|1450}}), which refers to him "the nurse of love".{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=113-114}} In northern Europe, wine served to represent folly or [[gluttony]], as in ''[[Allegory of Gluttony and Lust]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch]].{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=132-133}}

This moralizing perspective became common in 17th century verse, incorporated into a theme of {{lang|la|[[memento mori]]}} in which the vice of drinking leads imbibers to the grave.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=177-178}} Wine negatively affects several [[Shakespeare]] characters, such as [[Michael Cassio|Cassio]] in ''[[Othello]]'' and the Duke of Clarence in ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'',{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=179-180}} and the works of [[John Milton]] contain several negative references to wine.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=183-184}} [[Drinking song]]s, extant since antiquity, flourished in England during this period, with traveling balladeers using alcohol as inspiration as they composed and performed in the increasing number of alehouses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McShane |first1=Angela |title=Drink, song and politics in early modern England |journal=Popular Music |date=2016 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.1017/S0261143016000027 |jstor=24737078}}</ref> The depiction of the "Temptation of [[Anthony the Great|St Anthony]]" by [[David Ryckaert III]] shows the saint being tempted primarily by wine, with music also featuring as a prominent temptation.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=149-150}}

In the 19th century, avant-garde paintings inspired by everyday life naturally featured wine, often as the catalyst for overindulgence and drunkenness. An example of this is [[Édouard Manet|Manet]]'s 1882 painting ''[[A Bar at the Folies-Bergère]]'', which depicts a bar and crowd at a music hall, the bar replete with Champagne.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=196-197,200-203}} Classically inspired scenes such as the [[bacchanalia]] continued to feature in 20th century artworks by artists such as [[André Derain]] and [[Pablo Picasso]], tending to depict wine consumption in a more positive light.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=203-205}}

There are hundreds of examples of poetry from the 19th and 20th centuries featuring wine, notably ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]'' by [[Lord Byron]], which "recall[s] the classical ''carpe diem'' philosophy of [[Theognis]] and [[Horace]]".{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=210}} Byron in ''Don Juan'' and his contemporary [[John Keats]] in the 1817 poem "Give me women, wine and snuff" play with the centuries-old phrase "[[wine, women and song]]", which links wine to other hedonistic pleasures in a [[hendiatris]].{{sfn|Mieder|1989|pp=280,282}} The phrase in its original German was also used for the title of the waltz ''[[Wein, Weib und Gesang]]'' by [[Johann Strauss II]] in 1869.{{sfn|Mieder|1989|p=286}} Both "Villanelle of the Poet's Road" by [[Ernest Christopher Dowson]] (1899) and "A Drinking Song" by [[William Butler Yeats|Yeats]] (1910) combine this hedonistic attitude with a somber ''memento mori'' theme.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=210}}{{sfn|Mieder|1989|p=287}}

Wine features in many 21st century songs and films, and acts as the central topic of the 2004 film ''[[Sideways]]'', whose popularity had a measurable effect on wine sales in the US.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=216-217}} Research has demonstrated that music can enhance the experience of drinking wine, an example of [[Crossmodal|crossmodal perception]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eads |first1=Lauren |title=The power of music: How Brahms might make your wine taste better |url=https://www.decanter.com/learn/the-power-of-music-how-brahms-might-make-your-wine-taste-better-473504/ |website=Decanter |access-date=16 August 2025 |language=en |date=15 March 2022}}</ref> and Champagne producer [[Champagne Krug|Krug]] provides pairing suggestions for music and its wines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eyres |first1=Harry |title=The commonalities of wine and music |url=https://worldoffinewine.com/news-features/the-commonalities-of-wine-and-music |website=World Of Fine Wine |access-date=16 August 2025 |date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

=== In religion ===
{{Main|Religion and alcohol|Wine in religious communities of the Middle East}}

==== Ancient religions ====
{{main|Ancient Greece and wine|Ancient Rome and wine}}

[[Dionysus]], the Ancient Greek god of wine, is attested from around 1200{{nbsp}}BCE, with a distinct personality becoming apparent by the eighth century BCE. Festivals in his name took place in wine-producing regions across Greece and [[Asia Minor]] in autumn or early spring, respectively when grapes were harvested or wine was released. He was one of the most frequently represented figures in classical art and literature.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=23-25}}

[[Bacchus]] was the incarnation of Dionysus in the [[List of Roman deities|Roman pantheon]]. It is unclear when his cult gained popularity, but in 186{{nbsp}}BCE the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] forbade rites in his honor in the decree {{lang|la|[[Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus]]}}.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=58}} He features on many Roman sarcophagi, appearing to represent "an agent of deliverance from earthly concerns", in a similar way to how the Greeks viewed him.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=66}}

==== Modern religions ====
{{Main|Kosher wine|Alcohol in the Bible|Christian views on alcohol|Islam and alcohol}}
{{see also|Eucharist|Eucharistic theology}}
[[File:The Marriage at Cana - Decani.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Jesus]] making wine from water at the [[Marriage at Cana]]]]

Wine forms an integral part of [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[halakha|laws]] and [[Jewish culture|traditions]]. The [[Derekh Eretz Rabbah]] and the [[Tosefta]] detail strict rules on the drinking of wine, and excessive consumption is condemned by scripture.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=19-20}} Nevertheless, wine is approved as a medicine in the [[Talmud]].{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=21}} The ''[[Kiddush]]'' is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the [[Shabbat]], and during the [[Passover Seder]], it is a [[Rabbinic Judaism|Rabbinic]] obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm |title=Pesach: Passover |last=Rich |first=Tracey R |work=Judaism 101 |access-date=24 April 2006 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202135231/http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Wine was drunk at the [[Last Supper]], during which [[Jesus Christ]] used it as a metaphor for his blood{{spaced ndash}}this forms a key part of the [[Eucharist]] and informs theological ideas on the [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]], being a key symbol of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]].{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=74-75}} The centrality of wine in the Eucharist led to monks growing grapes to make wine, and monasteries became important agents in wine production during the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Phillips|2000|pp=62-63}}

Alcoholic drinks, including wine, are forbidden under most interpretations of [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Frances |last=Harrison |title=Alcohol fatwa sparks controversy |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7342425.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-date=12 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512181043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7342425.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Qur'an]], cited as the root of this prohibition, portrays wine in various lights, including as an "abomination" as well as a reward ("rivers of wine") in [[Jannah]].{{sfn|Varriano|2011|pp=221-223}} By contrast, the [[Hadith]] consistently condemns wine, although it is not explicitly prohibited.{{sfn|Varriano|2011|p=223}}

== See also ==

{{Portal|Wine}}

* [[Classification of wine]]
* [[Glossary of wine terms]]
* [[Health effects of wine]]
* [[List of grape varieties]]
* [[Maceration (wine)]]
* [[Outline of wine]]
* [[Storage of wine]]
* [[Viticulture]]
* [[Winemaking]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last1=Charters |first1=Steve |title=Wine and Society |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7506-6635-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Demoissier |first1=Marion |title=Wine Drinking Culture in France |date=2010 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-1-78316-122-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Godfrey |first1=Spence |title=Wine Tasting |date=2003 |publisher=Contemporary Books |location=Chicago |pages=1–3 |ol=18141471M }}
* {{cite book |first=Hugh |last=Johnson |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |pages=86–87 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=1992 |ol=7665276M}}
* {{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Hugh |last2=Robinson |first2=Jancis |author-link1=Hugh Johnson (wine writer) |author-link2=Jancis Robinson|title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=2019 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=London |isbn=978-1-78472-403-0 |edition=8th}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mieder |first1=Wolfgang |editor1-last=Oring |editor1-first=Elliott |title=Folk Groups and Folklore Genres: A Reader |date=1989 |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan |chapter="Wine, Women and Song": From Martin Luther to American T-Shirts |pages=279–290}}
* {{cite web |title=State of the World Vine and Wine Sector in 2023 |url=https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/2024-04/OIV_STATE_OF_THE_WORLD_VINE_AND_WINE_SECTOR_IN_2023.pdf |website=OIV |date=April 2024 |publisher=International Organisation of Vine and Wine |access-date=4 February 2025 |ref={{harvid|OIV|2024}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rod |title=A Short History of Wine |date=2000 |publisher=Ecco |location=New York |pages=62–63 |ol=3943121M }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Robinson | editor-first=Jancis | title=The Oxford Companion to Wine | edition=3rd | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-860990-2 | year=2006 | ol=7401546M }}
* {{cite book |last1=Varriano |first1=John |title=Wine: A Cultural History |date=2011 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |page=19 |ol=36780756M}}
* {{cite news |title=Canned Wine Comes of Age |website=Wine Spectator |date=22 May 2019 |author-last=Weed |author-first=Augustus |url=https://www.winespectator.com/articles/canned-wine-comes-of-age |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523013513/https://www.winespectator.com/articles/canned-wine-comes-of-age |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=The ultimate guide to wine bottle shapes and sizes |url=https://www.wsetglobal.com/knowledge-centre/blog/2024/july/08/the-ultimate-guide-to-wine-bottle-shapes-and-sizes/ |website=WSET Global |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=en |date=8 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|WSET Global|2024}}}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|language=fr|last=Carbonneau|first=Alain|author2 = Jean-Louis Escudier |title=De l'oenologie à la viticulture|year=2024|publisher=Quae edition|location=Versailles|isbn=978-2-7592-3840-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Colman|first=Tyler|title=Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink|url={{GBurl|id=vYMhU_vwl2oC |ref=none}}|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25521-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Dominé|first=André|title=Wine|year=2001|publisher=Könemann|location=Cologne|isbn=3-8290-4856-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Foulkes | first = Christopher | year = 2001 | title = Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine | publisher = Larousse | isbn = 978-2-03-585013-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion | author-link = Hugh Johnson (wine writer) | last = Johnson | first = Hugh | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | edition = 5th | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-84000-704-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = Wine for Dummies | last = McCarthy | first = Ed | author2 = Mary Ewing-Mulligan | author3 = Piero Antinori | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 978-0-470-04579-4 | year = 2006 | url = https://archive.org/details/winefordummiesfo00edmc |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = The Wine Bible | last = MacNeil | first = Karen | publisher = Workman | isbn = 978-1-56305-434-1 | year = 2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine | author-link = Mark Oldman | first = Mark| last = Oldman| publisher = Penguin | isbn = 978-0-14-200492-0 | year = 2004 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide | author-link = Robert M. Parker | first = Robert| last = Parker| publisher = Simon and Schuster | isbn = 978-0-7432-7198-1 | year = 2008 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | title = Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World | first = Stuart | last = Pigott | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | isbn = 978-1-84000-776-3 | year = 2004 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|author=Simpson, James |title=Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840–1914|url={{GBurl|id=vAqWNLQkkwUC |ref=none}} |year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3888-2 |ref=none}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402080332/http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914 online review]
* {{cite book | title = Windows on the World Complete Wine Course | last = Zraly |first = Kevin | publisher = Sterling | isbn = 978-1-4027-3928-6 | year = 2006 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

{{Wines}}
{{Wine by country}}
{{viticulture}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Ancient anaesthesia}}
{{Portal bar|Drink|Beer|Wine|Coffee}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wine| ]]
[[Category:Alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Fermented drinks]]
[[Category:Grape drinks]]
[[Category:Ceremonial food and drink]]
[[Category:Cooking]]

Aaptudu

2026-03-25T18:52:23Z

Kawoosahamad: created a post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Aaptudu poster.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Muthyala Subbaiah
| story = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' (1996)|Rajkumar Santoshi}}
| producer = [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajasekhar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
*[[Anjala Zhaveri]]
}}
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = S Ka Bhupati
| editing =
| studio = Andal Arts
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Aaptudu''''' ({{Translation|Bosom friend}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language action film directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] starring [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Anjala Zhaveri]]. The film is a remake of ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' (1996).<ref name="Idlebrain"/>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Bose
*[[Anjala Zhaveri]]
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Gangi Reddy
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Sivaramakrishnayya
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Lakshma Reddy
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Venkat
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as a resident
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as a resident
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as a resident
*[[Kondavalasa]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
*Omkar
*[[Abhinayashree]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Anant]]
*[[AVS (actor)|A. V. S.]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsing
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu
*[[Gautham Raju]] as Hospital receptionist
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] (guest appearance)
*[[Eeswari Rao]] (guest appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
This film marks the return of [[Anjala Zaveri]] to Telugu films following a brief hiatus.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/once-more/article28208868.ece|title=Once more|first=G. Manjula|last=Kumar|date=27 April 2004|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=2 July 2022}}</ref> Rajasekhar produced the film.<ref name="The Hindu"/> The film was shot in April 2004.<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-aptudu.html|title=Telugu Cinema pressmeet - Aptudu - rajasekhar, Anjala Jhaveri - Jeevitha|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Mukesh Rishi]] was cast in a negative role.<ref name="Idlebrain"/> [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Eeswari Rao]] were cast in guest roles.<ref name="Idlebrain"/> A colony set was built at Ramanaidu Cine Village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8359|date=11 June 2004|access-date=9 August 2025|website=Screen|title=Jeevitha's Aapthudu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627175935/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8359|archive-date=27 June 2004|last=Prakash|first=BVS}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Ramana Gogula]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-aptudu.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Aptudu - Raja Sekhar, Anjala Zhaveri - Ramana Gogula|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/apthudu|title=Apthudu Songs: Apthudu MP3 Telugu Songs by Udit Narayan Online Free on Gaana.com|via=gaana.com}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' gave a mixed review for the songs.<ref name="The Hindu 3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28350989.ece|title=Chords & Notes|date=25 October 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref> "Toofanai" based on Babooji Jara Dheere Chalo from ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' (2003).<ref name="The Hindu 3"/> "Pedala Paina" is based on a song from ''[[Hamraaz|Humraaz]]'' (1967).<ref name="The Hindu 3"/>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anadiga
| extra1 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title2 = Palle Palleku
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title3 = Pedala Paina
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Nanditha
| title4 = Manasulo
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
| title5 = Thufanai
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| title6 = Aakhari Narasimham
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 23 October 2004, coinciding with [[Vijayadashami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-aptudu1.html|title=Telugu cinema press meet - Aptudu - Raja Sekhar, Anjala Zhaveri|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "VETERAN DIRECTOR, Muthyala Subbaiah, turns out a reasonably good formula story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/to-the-formula/article28674924.ece|title=To the formula|date=24 October 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five and said that "The plus point of the film is hero Raja Sekhar. Minus points is inept handling by Muthyala Subbayya for an action film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aptudu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Aptudu - Rajasekhar, Anjala Zhaveri|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' criticized the film as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aapthudu/telugu/aapthudu-movie-reviews-545-2.html|title=Aapthudu review: Aapthudu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]

Cowaszee Nanabhoy Davar

2026-03-25T11:22:55Z

Kawoosahamad: New first data needs work

{{Short description|Indian businessman known for his pioneering efforts in the Indian cotton industry}}
'''Cowasjee Nanabhai Davar'''(1815–1873) is known for his pioneering efforts in laying the foundation of the [[cotton]] [[Textile manufacturing|industry]] in India. He established multiple [[cotton mill]]s in India. The first was [[Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company]], and another was the Bombay Throstle mill company in Bombay.

He is credited with laying the foundation work of cotton mill production in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chaloner|first=W. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=de1GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|title=Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays|date=2018-01-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-21416-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8311|title=The Indian Textile Journal 1854-1954.|date=1955|publisher=Indian Textile Journal, Bombay|pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPlV4v2xKKwC&q=bombay+throstle|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Greater Bombay (2 v.)|date=1960|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|pages=77|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rungta|first=Radhe Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ido8AAAAIAAJ&q=Cowasjee+Nanabhoy+Davar&pg=PA228|title=The Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851-1900|date=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=228|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Committee|first1=Great Britain Privy Council Judicial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNwqAQAAMAAJ&q=Cowasjee+Nanabhai+Davar&pg=PA327|title=Judgments of the Privy Council on Appeals from India, from 1831-1880|last2=Sutherland (Barrister-at-law)|first2=David|date=1880|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company|pages=327|language=en}}</ref>

== Banking ==
Cowasjee was from a [[Parsis|Parsi]] capitalist and a prestigious family, and He joined the family [[Broker|broking]] business when he was sixteen only. Cowasjee was compared with [[Tata Group|Tatas]] then. He contributed to the banking sector in 1853. He was associated with banks such as Commercial bank and Orient.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Māḍagã̄vakara|first=Govinda Nārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3roNzMmM9iEC&q=Cowasjee+Nanabhoy+Davar&pg=PA335|title=Govind Narayan's Mumbai: An Urban Biography from 1863|date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-277-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Bombay Spinning and weaving Company ==
{{Main|Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company}}
The first mill he established in 1854 at [[Tardeo]], a neighboring place near South Bombay. The [[project commissioning]] was started on 7 July 1854 and completed in January 1856. And the mill production with 17000 [[Spinning (textiles)|spindles]] was initiated just after a month of starting (February 1856). Mr. Edwin Heycock was his close associate in this.

Bombay Spinning and weaving company was [[India|India's]] second mill after James London's mill, which was the first in India taken over by Broach Cotton Mills company, started production in October 1855. This company was at Umzad Bhag [[Bharuch]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&q=Broach+Cotton+Mills&pg=PA192|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|date=1991|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-017-1|pages=192|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Bombay Throstle mill company ==
Bombay Throstle mill company was the second cotton mill he established in 1856 immediately after the first one. This mill was with higher capacity, i.e., 20000 spindles. Late in 1859, this company was named Alliance Spinning and Weaving Mill.<ref name=":1" />

During this time Cowaszee maintained a close relation with [[W & J Galloway & Sons|J Galloway .]]

[[Throstle frame|Throstle]] spinning is outdated now it was replaced by ring spinning which was introduced later.
{{Further|Ring spinning}}
* The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of [[Richard Arkwright junior|Arkwright]]'s water frame.

== See also ==

* [[Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company]]
* [[Bombay Presidency]]
* [[Throstle frame]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Spinning}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cotton Mill}}
[[Category:Cotton industry in India]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Bankers from British India]]
[[Category:Industrialists from British India]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]

Nizhalkuthu

2026-03-24T15:24:16Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{short description|2002 film by Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nizhalkuthu
| image = nizhalkuthu5.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| producer = Adoor Gopalakrishnan Joël Farges
| writer = Adoor Gopalakrishnan
| starring = [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] [[Sukumari]]
| music = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Mankada Ravi Varma]] [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| distributor = Adoor Gopalakrishnan Productions Artcam International Les Films du Paradoxe
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|9|7}} ([[Venice Film Festival|Venice]])
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''Nizhalkuthu''''' ({{langx|en|Shadow Kill}}) is a 2002 [[India]]n film in [[Malayalam]] directed, written and co-produced by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]. The film explores the recesses of the human [[consciousness]]. It stars [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] in the lead role with [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Sukumari]], Reeja, [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] and Tara Kalyan in supporting roles. It premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in the Orizzonti section and received critical acclaim. The film was awarded the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI]] Prize at the festival.

==Overview==
The title of the film ''Nizhalkuthu'' (''Shadow Kill'') refers to a popular play ''Nizhalkuthu Attakatha'', adapted from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', about the inherent unjustness of certain punishments. In the play, the [[Kaurava]]s force a [[witch]] hunter to kill the [[Pandava]]s by stabbing their shadows. However, the witch hunter's wife finds this out and is enraged. To punish her husband by making him feel what [[Kunti]], the mother of Pandavas must feel, she kills their child in the same way.

The film reflects that death penalty is probably in the same vein. We may---like the witch hunter's wife---be handing out punishments that are equally ridiculous under the false perception that we are doing justice, if not being directly criminal like the witch hunter.

Adoor's usual cinematographer [[Mankada Ravi Varma]] filmed half of the project. But he was later replaced by [[Sunny Joseph]], since the former fell ill and was later found to be suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203223207/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2007|title=Painting with light|date=7 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118027967?refCatId=13|title=Indian cinematographer Varma dies: He worked on Adoor Gopalakrishnan's films|date=24 November 2010|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot is set in the 1940s in a village of [[Travancore]], [[British India]]. Kaliyappan, the last hangman of [[Travancore]] is dragging his remaining life by consuming alcohol and worshipping the Mother Goddess. The reason for this self-destruction is the remorse born out of the feeling that the last man he hanged was innocent.

While pulling on his life by boozing, worshiping the Goddess and treating ailing people with the ash obtained by burning the hanging rope, one day the King's messenger once again arrives with the King's order of appointing him for executing a convict termed as 'a killer, proved beyond doubt'. He leaves for the jail with his Gandhian, freedom fighter son to assist him in his job.

As a tradition, the hangman has to spend the eve of the execution awake. When alcohol fails to keep Kaliyappan awake, the jailer starts telling a 'spicy tale' to keep him awake, the tale of a 13-year-old girl raped and killed by her own brother-in-law and an innocent musician boy convicted for this charge.

When Kaliyappan discovers that the condemned person he is about to hang is the musician boy, he breaks down. The job of executing the convict is passed on to his assistant, his son. The Gandhian, freedom fighter son completes the job. His motivations are not spelt out, but the choice of title hints that the son perhaps punishes the father by reminding him that any of his prior executions may have been a farce just like this.

Just like the witch hunter's wife in Mahabharata, the son's sense of punishment completely ignores the innocent victim who would be executed. We are reminded that what we think of something as just may not always be so.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Kaliyappan the executioner
*[[Sukumari]] as Marakatam, his wife
*[[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] (Reeja) as Mallika, the younger daughter
*[[Thara Kalyan]] as Madhavy, the older daughter
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Vasu, Madhavy's husband
*Siva Kumar as Mallika's lover
*[[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]]
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Muthu, Kaliyappan's son
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Jailer
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Jailer
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Maharajah's Officer
*[[Rachana Narayanankutty]]
*[[Indrans]] as Barber
*[[Vishnupriyan]]
*[[Cuckoo Parameswaran]] as Woman seeking treatment in Kaliyappan
}}

==Critical reception==
The film received critical praise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/aug2003/sff3-a07.shtml|title=Two perceptive Indian films|author=Richard Phillips|publisher=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|date=7 August 2003|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelingreviews.com/venice9-06-02.htm#shadowkill|title=Nizhalkkuthu ("Shadow Kill") (In competition, Upstream) India |author=Laura, Robin Clifford|publisher=Reeling Reviews|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021400970100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006001828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021400970100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2003|title=And thereby hangs a humane tale... |author=Gautaman Bhaskaran|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 February 2003|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/06nizha.htm|title=Nizhalkuthu is a masterwork|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 May 2003|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]

; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] - [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] - S. B. Satheesh
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - Ajithkumar
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Recordist]] - N. Harikumar
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography]] - Mankada Ravivarma, Sunny Joseph
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Processing Lab]] - Prasad Laboratory, Chennai

; Others
* [[Bombay International Film Festival]] - FIPRESCI Prize
* [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] - [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<ref>[http://ffsikeralam.in/awards.html "John Abraham Awards for Best Malayalam Cinema - Looking Back"]. [[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (Kerala). Retrieved 27 January 2023.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0329429|title=Nizhalkuthu}}
* [http://outnow.ch/Media/Img/2002/ServiteurDeKali/ Stills and pictures] at Outnow.ch

{{Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Meitei language

2026-03-23T10:53:50Z

Kawoosahamad: slightly cleaned up section

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman language of India}}
{{Redirect|Manipuri language|the Meitei-Bengali [[creole language]]|Bishnupriya Manipuri}}
{{About|the [[Languages with official status in India|sole official language]] of [[Manipur]]|other speech forms|languages of Manipur}}
{{Hatnote|Unless otherwise specified, Meitei in this article is written in [[Meitei Mayek]].}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Meitei
| nativename =  {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}} •  মৈতৈলোন •  {{transliteration|la|ISO|Meiteilon}}
| altname = Manipuri
| pronunciation =
| image = Meitei language written in Meitei script.svg
| imagescale =
| imagecaption = ''Meitei Lon'' written in Meitei script
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]]
| ethnicity = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|1.775000|2}} million
| date = 2003–2011
| ref = <ref>{{e28|mni}}</ref>
| ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
| script =
*[[Meetei Mayek]]
*[[Naoriya Phulo script|Naoriya Phulo]]
*[[Bengali-Assamese script]]
*[[Latin alphabet]] (unofficial)
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]] (scheduled official)
**[[Manipur]] (main official)
**[[Assam]] (additional official)
| minority = {{Bulleted list|[[Tripura|Tripura, India]]|[[Languages of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]|[[Languages of Myanmar|Myanmar]]}}
| agency = [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]], Manipur
| development_body =
* [[Ministry of Culture (India)]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]]
* [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]
| iso2 = mni
| lc1 = mni
| ld1 = Manipuri
| lc2 = omp
| ld2 = Old Manipuri
| glotto = mani1292
| glottoname = Manipuri
| glotto2 = meit1246
| glottoname2 = Meitei (standard dialect)
| glotto3 = pang1284
| glottoname3 = Pangal (Muslim dialect)
| notice = IPA
| notice2 =
| dialects =
*[[Thougallon]] (royal court register)
*[[Amailon]] ([[liturgical language|liturgical]])
*[[Khuman (linguistics)|Khuman]] (historical)
*[[Moirang (linguistics)|Moirang]] (historical)
*[[Chakpa language|Chakpa/Loi]]
*Meitei Pangal<ref name="ethnologue_mni">{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Meitei]]
| speakers2 =
| map = File:Meitei language distribution.png
| mapcaption =
{{legend|#014167|Regions where Meitei is official and educational language}}
{{legend|#076BA2|Regions where Meitei is recognised and educational language but not official}}
{{legend|#419ED5|Regions where Meitei is not recognised and not official but educational}}
{{legend|#79A9E3|Regions where Meitei is recognised but not official and educational}}
{{legend|#A6BBD5|Regions with significant Meitei speaking minorities}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Meitei''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|t|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Meithei |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> {{Meitei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ|ba=মৈতৈলোন্|label=no|xlit=yes|p=no}} {{IPA| mni|mejtejlon|pron}}), also known as '''Manipuri''' ({{Meitei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ|ba=মণিপুরী|label=no}} {{IPA|mni|mənipuɾi|pron}}), is a [[Tibeto-Burman language]] of [[northeast India]]. It is the official language and the [[lingua franca]] of [[Manipur]] and an additional official language in four districts of [[Assam]]. It is one of the [[scheduled languages of India|constitutionally scheduled official languages of the Indian Republic]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> Meitei is the most widely-spoken [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language]] of India and the third most widely spoken language of northeast India after [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
There are {{sigfig|1.761079|3}} million [[States of India by Meitei speakers|Meitei native speakers in India according to the 2011 census]], {{sigfig|1.522132|3}} million of whom are found in the state of Manipur, where they represent the majority of its population. There are smaller communities in neighbouring Indian states, such as [[#Assam|Assam]] ({{sigfig|168133|3}}), [[#Tripura|Tripura]] ({{sigfig|23779|2}}), [[#Nagaland|Nagaland]] ({{sigfig|9511|2}}), and elsewhere in the country ({{sigfig|37524|3}}). The language is also spoken by smaller groups in neighbouring [[#Myanmar|Myanmar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuris in Mandalay see ray of hope in Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Manipuris-in-Mandalay-see-ray-of-hope-in-Modi/articleshow/48059811.cms |last1=Sunil |first1=Oinam |date=14 July 2015 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and [[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{e28|mni}}</ref>

Meitei and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] jointly hold the third place among the fastest growing [[languages of India]], following [[Hindi]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Aishwaryaa |date=6 June 2019 |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

Meitei is not [[Language endangerment|endangered]]: its status has been assessed as safe by ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (where it is assigned to [[EGIDS]] level 2 "provincial language").<ref>{{e28|mni}}</ref> However, it is considered [[vulnerable language|vulnerable]] by UNESCO.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Moseley |editor-first1=C. |title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger (3rd ed) |date=2010 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |location=Paris |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026 |pages=44{{ndash}}45 and elsewhere}}</ref>

The Manipuri language is associated with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang]]s), the [[Khuman kingdom|Khuman dynasty]], the [[Ancient Moirang|Moirang]]s, the [[Angom]]s, the [[Luwang]]s, the [[Salai Leishangthem|Chengleis]] ([[Sarang-Leishangthem]]s), and the [[Khaba-Nganba]]s. Each had their respective distinct dialects and were politically independent from one another. Later, all of them fell under the dominion of the Ningthouja dynasty, changing their status of being independent "ethnicities" into those of "clans" of the collective [[Meitei community]]. The Ningthouja dialect was predominant,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=luwang+khuman+angom+language&pg=PA10 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |page=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miri |first=Mrinal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfSz3UOAxM4C&dq=luwang+khuman+angom+language&pg=PA77 |title=Linguistic Situation in North-East India |date=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-026-6 |page=77 |language=en}}</ref> and received heavy influences from the speech forms of the other groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chungkham Yashwanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCtkAAAAMAAJ |title=Manipuri Grammar |date=2000 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-33-0 |pages=2, 202 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=luwang+khuman+angom+language&pg=PA333 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |page=333 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspects of Manipuri language and its literary traditions By Ahanthem Homen |url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Aspects_of_Manipuri_language_and_its_literary_traditions_By_Ahanthem_Homen.html.. |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Meitei is one of the advanced literary languages recognised by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.

== Classification ==
Meitei belongs to the [[Tibeto-Burman]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=15 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 19th and 20th centuries, different linguists tried to assign Meitei to various sub-groups. Early classifier [[George Abraham Grierson]] (1903–1924) put it in [[Kuki-Chin]], Vegelin and Voegelin (1965) in Kuki-Chin-Naga, and Benedict (1972) in Kuki-Naga. [[Robbins Burling]] has suggested that Meitei belongs to none of those groups.<ref name="iias">{{Cite web |title=A History of Manipuri Language |url=http://iias.ac.in/events/a-history-of-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Current academic consensus agrees with [[James Matisoff]] in placing Manipuri in its own subdivision of the Kamarupan group—a geographic rather than a genetic grouping.<ref name="britannica.com"/> However, some still consider Meitei to be a member of the [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga branch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 – Manipuri |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mani1292 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Yumbanlol (Yumpanlol) - a 6th century Classical Meitei language copper manuscript text - in Meetei script - works on sensuality & relationship between husbands & wives and how to run a household in Ancient Kangleipak civilisation state.jpg|thumb|Yumbanlol (Yumpanlol), a group of 6th century Classical Meitei language [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]], written in [[Meitei script]].]]

The Meitei language has existed for at least 2000 years.<ref name="iias" />
According to linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]], the [[ancient Meitei literature]] dates back to 1500 to 2000 years [[before present]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |author-link=Suniti Kumar Chatterji |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096/page/n187/mode/2up |title=Kirata-jana-krti |date=1951 |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society]], [[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |location=Kolkata |publication-date=1951 |pages=157, 158 |language=en |quote=... The beginnings of this Old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now. ...}}</ref>

=== First Millennium CE ===
The earliest known Meitei language compositions is the ritual song ''[[Ougri]]'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯧꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ}}), which was used in religious and coronation ceremonies of [[Kangleipak]]. It may have existed before the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA329 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=326–329 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}}</ref> ''[[Numit Kappa]]'' {{Meitei|ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ|t=The Shooting of the Sun}}, a religious epic that tells the tale of how the night was divided from the day, was also composed in the first century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kshetrimayum |first1=Jogendro |editor-last1=Wouters |editor-first1=Jelle J. P. |editor-last2=Subba |editor-first2=Tanka B. |chapter=Violence |title=The Routledge Companion to Northeast India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&q=Numit+Kappa+1st&pg=PT473 |year=2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-367-72566-2 |page=483 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Poireiton Khunthok]]'' {{Meitei|ꯄꯣꯢꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛ|t=The Immigration of Poireiton}} is a 3rd-century narrative work describing the establishment of a colony in Kangleipak by a group of immigrants led by [[Poireiton]], the younger brother of the god of the underworld.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n121/mode/2up?view=theater |title=History of Old Manipuri Literature |location=Imphal |publisher=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra Singh |pages=121, 122 |language=en, mni |chapter=Poireiton Khunthokpa}}</ref>

The ''Yumbanlol'', a [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate manuscript]] was composed in the 6th century or 7th century CE for the royal family of Kangleipak. It is a rare work of [[dharmashastra]], covering sexuality, the relationships between husbands and wives, and instructions on how to run a household.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vijñānanidhi: Manuscript Treasures of India |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/34231921/manuscript-treasures-of-india-national-mission-for-manuscripts/88 |date=February 2007 |publisher=National Mission of Manuscripts |access-date=2024-04-29 |oclc=171288062 |pages=88, 89 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Khencho'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣ}}), an early Meitei work of poetry was composed by the beginning of the 7th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n97/mode/2up |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |location=Imphal |publisher=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra Singh |pages=97, 98 |language=mni |chapter=Khencho |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref> Although it is obscure and unintelligible to present-day Meiteis, it is still recited as part of the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |location=India |pages=14, 15 |language=en, mni |chapter=The Early Period (Ritual Songs)}}</ref>

One of the best-preserved early Meitei language epigraphic records is a copper plate inscription dating to the reign of King Khongtekcha ({{reign|c. 763|773|era=CE}}).<ref name="aponpath.com">{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA25 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |page=25 |publisher=LP |language=en}}</ref> During the same time period, Akoijam Tombi composed the ''[[Panthoibi Khonggul]]'' ({{lang|omp|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯀꯨꯜ}}|}}), an account of the romantic adventures of the [[deification|deified]] Meitei princess [[Panthoibi]].<ref name=":Glimpses_Panthoibi_Khongul">{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi+khongul&pg=PA119 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |page=119 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Second Millennium CE ===
[[File:The first page of Loyumba Silyen (Loiyumpa Silyel) - 11th-12th century Classical Meitei language Constitution of the then Kangleipak civilisation state - in traditional Meetei Mayek writing system (Manipur State Archives).jpg|thumb|The first page of Loyumba Shinyen, the 11th-12th century Meitei-language constitution of Kangleipak.]]

In 1100 CE, a written constitution, {{meitei|ꯂꯣꯏꯌꯨꯝꯄ ꯁꯤꯜꯌꯦꯜ|la=[[Loyumba Shinyen]]}}, was finalised by King [[Loiyumba]] ({{reign|c. 1074|1112|era=CE}}) of Kangleipak. It was a codification of the proto-constitution drafted by King [[Naophangba]] in 429 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=loyumba+shinyen+final+document&pg=PP2 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&dq=loyumba+shinyen+written+constitution&pg=PA304 |title=Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 |date=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-271-4 |page=304 |language=en}}</ref>

Before 1675 CE, the Meitei language experienced no significant influence from any other languages.<ref name="iias" /> Beginning in the late 17th century, Hindu influence on Meitei culture increased, and the Meitei language experienced some influences from other languages, on its [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)]], [[syntax]] and [[semantics]]. At the same time, the Hinduised King [[Pamheiba]] ordered that the [[Meitei script]] be replaced by the [[Bengali-Assamese script]].<ref name="iias" />

[[File:ANDRO INSCRIBED STONE.jpg|thumb|An 1822 CE stone recording a royal decree attributed to King [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Jai Singh]] ({{reign|1759|1762|1763|1798}}), erected at [[Andro, Imphal East]], Manipur]]

In 1725 CE, Pamheiba wrote [[Meitei translations and literary adaptations of the Mahabharata#History|Parikshit]], possibly the first piece of Meitei-language [[Hindu literature]], based on the story of the eponymous king [[Parikshit]] of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |location=India |page=135 |language=en}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
{{Further|States of India by Meitei speakers}}
The majority of Meitei speakers, about 1.5 million<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=15 February 2024 |year=2011}}</ref> live in the Indian state of Manupur. Meitei is the official language of the [[Government of Manipur]] as well as its [[lingua franca]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> [[File:Map of Barak Valley.jpg|thumb|Districts of Barak Valley – Meitei speaking population settlement areas of Assam]]
There are nearly 170,000 Meitei-speakers in Assam,<ref name="census"/> mainly in the [[Barak Valley]], where it is the third most commonly used language after Bengali and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Awadesh |date=1 January 1999 |title=The Manipuris in the Barak Valley: A Case Study of Language Maintenance' |url=https://www.academia.edu/1059019 |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area}}</ref> Manipuri is also spoken by about 9500 people in Nagaland, in communities such as [[Dimapur]], [[Kohima]], [[Peren, Nagaland|Peren]] and [[Phek]].<ref name="ethnologue_mni"/><ref name="census"/> Meitei is a [[second language]] for various [[Naga people|Naga]] and [[Kuki-Chin-Mizo people|Kuki-Chin]] ethnic groups.<ref name="ethnologue_mni"/>

[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Areas with significant numbers of Meitei speakers in Bangladesh]]
There are around 15,000 [[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Meitei speakers in Bangladesh]]{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} mainly are in the districts of [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]], [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]], [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]] and [[Habiganj District|Habiganj]] in the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh. In the past, there was a Meitei speaking population in [[Dhaka]], [[Mymensingh]] and [[Comilla]] also.<ref name=":Bangladesh">{{Cite web |title=Textile Bdesh Myanmar 3 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Textile_Bdesh_Myanmar_3 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Manipuri is used as a second language by the [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people]].<ref name="ethnologue_mni"/>

Myanmar has a significant Meitei speaking population in the states of [[Kachin state|Kachin]] and [[Shan state|Shan]] and the regions of [[Yangon Region|Yangon]], [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], and [[Ayeyarwady Region|Ayeyarwady]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri in Myanmar 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_1 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Name ==
According to the [[Ethnologue]], the alternative names of Meitei language are ''Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna''.<ref name="ethnologue_mni"/>

The name ''Meitei'' or its alternate spelling ''Meithei'' is preferred by many native speakers of Meitei over ''Manipuri.''<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2">Chelliah (1997: 2)</ref> The term is derived from the Meitei word for the language ''Meitheirón'' (''Meithei'' + ''-lon'' 'language', pronounced {{IPA|/mə́i.təi.lón/}}).<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |year=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary. Meitei |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> ''Meithei'' may be a compound from ''mí'' 'man' + ''they'' 'separate'.<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> This term is used by most Western linguistic scholarship.<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> Meitei scholars use the term ''Meit(h)ei'' when writing in English and the term ''Meitheirón'' when writing in Meitei.<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> Chelliah (2015: 89) notes that the ''Meitei'' spelling has replaced the earlier ''Meithei'' spelling.<ref>Chelliah (2015: 89)</ref>

The language (and people) is also referred to by the loconym ''Manipuri.''<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> The term is derived from the name of the state of [[Manipur]].<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> ''Manipuri'' is the official name of the language for the Indian government and is used by government institutions and non-Meitei authors.<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> The term ''Manipuri'' is also used to refer to the different [[languages of Manipur]] and to the people.<ref name="Chelliah 1997: 2"/> Additionally, ''Manipuri,'' being a loconym, can refer to anything pertaining to the Manipur state.

Speakers of Meitei language are known as ''"Kathe"'' by the [[Burmese people]], ''"Moglie"'' or ''"Mekhlee"'' by the people of [[Cachar]], Assam ([[Dimasa people|Dimasas]] and [[Assamese people|Assamese]]) and ''"Cassay"'' by the [[Shan people]] and the other peoples living in the east of the [[Ningthee River]] (or Khyendwen River). ''"Ponna"'' is the Burmese term used to refer to the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] living inside [[Burma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gangte |first=Priyadarshini M. |url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/1781 |title=Evolution of Meetei state- Emergence of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba |work=The People's Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119084314/http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/1781 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
The Meitei language exhibits a degree of regional variation; however, in recent years the broadening of communication, as well as intermarriage, has caused the [[dialect]]al differences to become relatively insignificant. The only exceptions to this occurrence are the speech differences of the dialects found in Tripura, Bangladesh and Myanmar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thoudam |first1=P. C. |title=Demographic and Ethnographic Information: Problems in the analysis of Manipuri language |date=2006 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Language}}</ref> The exact number of dialects of Meitei is unknown.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haokip |first1=P. |date=April 2011 |title=The Languages of Manipur: A Case Study of the Kuki-Chin Languages |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=86–118}}</ref>

The three main dialects of Meitei are: Meitei proper, Loi and Pangal. Differences between these dialects are primarily characterised by the extensions of new sounds and tonal shifts. Meitei proper is considered to be the [[standard language|standard variety]]—and is viewed as more dynamic than the other two dialects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref> The brief table below compares some words in these three dialects:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ningoma |first1=M. S. |title=Manipur Dialects |date=1996 |publisher=Sealang Projects}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard Meitei !! Loi !! Pangal !! English translation
|-
| chaaba || chaapa|| chaaba|| to eat
|-
| kappa|| kapma|| kappa|| to weep
|-
| saabiba|| saapipa|| saabiba|| to make
|-
| thamba|| thampa|| thamba|| to put
|-
| chuppiba|| chuppipa|| chuppiba|| to kiss
|}

Devi (2002)<ref name="Devi2002">Devi, L. Manimala. 2002. A comparative study of Imphal, Andro, Koutruk and Kakching dialects of Meiteiron. (Doctoral dissertation, Canchipur: Manipur University; 273pp.)</ref> compares the [[Imphal]], [[Andro, Imphal East|Andro]], Koutruk, and [[Kakching]] dialects of Meitei.

== Status ==
{{Further|Meitei classical language movement|Meitei associate official language movement}}

Meitei is the sole [[official language]] of the [[Government of Manipur]], and has been an official language of India since 1992.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |website=omniglot.com}}</ref>

Meitei language was the court language of the historic [[Manipur Kingdom]],<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 290">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |page=290 |language=en}}</ref> and before it merged into the Indian Republic.<ref name=":court_language_status">{{Cite book |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcxSM_ZO30C&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA282 |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919–1949 |date=2005 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-424-8 |page=282 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Meitei as one of the major advanced Indian literary languages in 1972, long before it became an official language in 1992.
In 1950, the [[Government of India]] did not include Meitei in its list of 14 official languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=5928 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> A [[Meitei language movement#Scheduled language movement|language movement]], spearheaded by organisations including the [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] and the All Manipur Students' Union demanded that Meitei be made an official language for more than 40 years, until Meitei was finally added to the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=C. Joshua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daMpNcQKkjMC |title=Constraints in Development of Manipur |last2=Gopalakrishnan |first2=Ramamoorthy |last3=Singh |first3=R. K. Ranjan |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications [for Policy Alternatives for the North-East and Conflict Elimination Awareness] |isbn=978-81-87498-30-8 |pages=54–55 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language in 8th Schedule By Jeet Akoijam |url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Manipuri_language_in_8th_Schedule_By_Jeet_Akoijam.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Meitei became an associate official language of [[Assam]] in 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> following several years of effort by the [[Meitei associate official language movement]] to protect the identity, history, culture and tradition of Manipuris in Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipuri as associate official language in Assam Sanajaoba approaches Sonowal |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/9/24/Manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-AssamSanajaoba-approaches-Sonowal-.html |website=The Sangai Express |date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |work=Imphal Free Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005543/https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |archive-date=2023-08-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindu27Sep2020">{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=27 September 2020 |title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece}}</ref>

The Meitei language is one of the 13 official languages of the India used to administer police, armed services, and civil service recruitment exams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh lauds SSC for deciding to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination 2022 in 13 regional languages in addition to Hindi and English for the first time |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1892439 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=[[Imphal Free Press]] |date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009002143/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |archive-date=2024-10-09 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Press Information Bureau]] of the Indian [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] publishes in 14 languages, including Meitei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |title=PIB website has news in regional languages now – KanglaOnline |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Meitei is a language of instruction in all in the educational institutions in Manipur. It is one of the 40 instructional languages offered by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), controlled and managed by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBSE {{!}} Academics Unit: Curriculum/Syllabus |url=https://cbseacademic.nic.in/curriculum.html |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|cbseacademic.nic.in]]}}</ref> Meitei is taught as a subject up to the post-graduate level in Indian universities, including [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Delhi University]], [[Gauhati University]], and the [[University of North Bengal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=S. |date=May 2013 |title=Is Manipuri an Endangered Language? |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2013/rebikameitheiendangeredfinal.pdf |journal=Language in India |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=520–533}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Manipuri+national+language&pg=PA80 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0 |page=80 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] teaches Meitei to undergraduates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur: Meitei language to be introduced in IGNOU syllabus, says union minister |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-meitei-language-to-be-introduced-in-ignou-syllabus-says-union-minister.html |website=Northeast Now |access-date=18 February 2024 |date=21 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Assam ===
Meitei language instruction has been offered in the lower primary schools of Assam since 1956.<ref name="hindu27Sep2020" /> The [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]] offers secondary education in Manipuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Assam HSLC Exam Routine 2023 Revised: SEBA To Conduct All Class 10 Language Papers Including English On April 1 |url=https://www.india.com/education/assam-hslc-exam-routine-2023-revised-seba-to-conduct-all-class-10-language-paper-including-english-on-april-1-after-assamese-paper-leak-himanta-biswa-sarma-5950004/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=India.com |language=en |quote=In addition to Assamese, the other MIL subjects are Bengali, Bodo, Hindi, Manipuri, Hmar, Nepali, Mizo, Khasi, Garo, Karbi and Urdu.}}</ref> The [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]] of Assam offers both Meitei-language schooling and instruction in Meitei as a second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AHSEC complete syllabus for HS 2nd year |url=https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/index.php/hs-2nd-year-syllabus/ |website=ahsec.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

Since 2020, the [[Assam Government]] has made an annual grant of {{INR Convert|5|l|year=2020}} to the [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] (Manipuri Language Council). It also invested {{INR Convert|6|c|year=2020}} in the creation of a corpus for the development of the Meitei language.<ref name="hindu27Sep2020" />

The [[Department of Manipuri, Assam University|Department of Manipuri]] of [[Assam University]] offers education up to the Ph.D. level in Meitei language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Department |url=http://www.aus.ac.in/manipuri-department/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=5 literary bodies bat for Manipuri language in Assam |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/8/3/5-literary-bodies-bat-for-Manipuri-language-in-Assam.amp.html |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=The Sangai Express |date=3 August 2020 |language=en |quote=Moreover, Manipuri in MA and PhD courses are offered at Assam University, Silchar.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AAMSU demands Associate Official Language status to Manipuri language |url=https://www.time8.in/aamsu-demands-associate-official-language-status-to-manipuri-language/ |work=Time8 |date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054218/https://www.time8.in/aamsu-demands-associate-official-language-status-to-manipuri-language/ |archive-date=2022-08-26 |quote=Several universities, notably Assam University and Silchar University, provide Manipuri language courses.}}</ref>

=== Tripura ===
Since 1998, the [[Government of Tripura]] has offered Meitei language as a "first language" subject at primary level in 24 schools throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANIPURI {{!}} DIRECTORATE OF KOKBOROK & OTHER MINORITY LANGUAGES |url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/manipuri#:~:text=The%20government%20of%20Tripura%20has,notified%20schools%20throughout%20the%20state. |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

In December 2021, [[Tripura University]] proposed to the Indian Ministry of Education and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Council (UGC)]], regarding the introduction of diploma courses in Meitei, along with international languages like Japanese, Korean and Nepali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Tripura University proposes introduction of diploma courses in Japanese, Korean, Nepali and Manipuri languages |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/tripura-university-proposes-introduction-diploma-courses-japanese-korean-nepali-and-manipuri-languages-411046-2021-12-23 |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
The exact classification of the Meitei language within [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] remains unclear. It has lexical resemblances to [[Kuki language|Kuki]] and [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Post |first1=Mark W. |last2=Burling |first2=Robbins |author2-link=Robbins Burling |year=2017 |orig-date=First published 2003 |chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India |editor1-last=Thurgood |editor1-first=Graham |editor1-link=Graham Thurgood |editor2-last=LaPolla |editor2-first=Randy J. |editor2-link=Randy LaPolla |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |pages=23, 232–233 |isbn=978-1-138-78332-4}}</ref>

=== Tone ===
The Meitei language is a [[tonal language]]. There is a controversy over whether there are two or three tones.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=LaPolla |first1=Randy J. |author-link=Randy LaPolla |year=2000 |title=Book review: A grammar of Meitei, by S. L. Chelliah |journal=Lingua |publisher=Elsevier |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=299–304 |doi=10.1016/s0024-3841(99)00037-6}}</ref>

=== Segments ===
Meitei distinguishes the following [[phonemes]]:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chelliah |first1=S. L. |title=Meitei Phonology |date=1997 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |pages=17–21}}</ref>

'''Consonants'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=3|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=3|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Plosive]]
!rowspan=2|{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]}}
!{{small|unaspirated}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!{{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
!{{small|unaspirated}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
!colspan=3|[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!colspan=3|[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=3|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=3|[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

'''Vowels'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ɐ}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

Note: the central vowel /ɐ/ is transcribed as <nowiki><ə></nowiki> in recent linguistic work on Meitei. However, phonetically it is never [ə], but more usually [ɐ]. It is assimilated to a following approximant: /ɐw/ = [ow], /ɐj/ = [ej].

=== Phonological processes ===
A velar deletion is noted to occur on the suffix -lək when following a syllable ending with a /k/ phoneme.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Meitei has a [[dissimilatory]] process similar to [[Grassmann's law]] found in Ancient Greek and [[Sanskrit]], though occurring on the second aspirate.<ref>Chelliah (1997)</ref> Here, an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including {{IPA|/h/, /s/}}) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|/tʰin-/ + /-kʰət/ → /tʰinɡət/
|pierce {} upward {} {pierce upwards}
|}}
{{interlinear|indent=3
|/səŋ/ + /kʰom/ → /səŋɡom/
|cow {} udder {} milk
|}}
{{interlinear|indent=3
|/hi-/ + /-tʰok/ → /hidok/
|trim {} outward {} {trim outwards}
|}}

== Writing systems ==

=== Meitei script ===
[[File:Depiction of the Puya Mei Thaba (Burning of the Meitei texts) ordered by Meitei King Pamheiba (AKA Garib Niwaj or Gopal Singh) under the influence of Bengali Hindu missionary Shantidas Gosai (AKA Shantidas Goswami or Shantidas Adhikari).jpg|thumb|300px|Depiction of the 18th century historic burning of texts written in Meitei script.]]

The [[Meitei script]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|Meitei mayek|label=none}})<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khuman |first1=Yanglem Loijing Khomba |last2=Devi |first2=Salam Dickeeta |last3=Singh |first3=Ch. Ponykumar |last4=Devi |first4=H. Mamata |last5=Singh |first5=N. Ajith |date=1 December 2022 |title=A benchmark dataset for printed Meitei/Meetei script character recognition |journal=Data in Brief |language=en |volume=45 |article-number=108585 |doi=10.1016/j.dib.2022.108585 |pmid=36426059 |pmc=9679442 |bibcode=2022DIB....4508585K |issn=2352-3409}}</ref> is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. Meitei mayek is also known as Kanglei script {{meitei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ|kanglei mayek|label=no}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&q=Kanglei+script+Meetei+Mayekuz8AhVlSWwGHeUtCqoQ6AF6BAgFEAM&pg=PA223 |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=223, 235, 237 |language=en}}</ref> or kok sam lai script {{meitei|ꯀꯣꯛ ꯁꯝ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ|la=kok sam lai mayeke|label=no}}, after its first three letters.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=mni:মণিপুরদা লোলয়ান চঙলকপা অমদি মীতৈ ইয়েক্না থোঙজিন্দা ৱারৌজনা লেপ্লরবদা ! |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17.02.2022-B5.pdf |website=Hueiyen Lanpao |language=mni}}</ref> Its earliest known appearance is on 6th century coins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Manipur%208th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20Manipur&pg=PA142 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=142 |language=en}}</ref> It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the [[Bengali script]], and then revived in again massively in the 20th.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=23 September 2017 |title=Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/banished-manipuri-script-stages-a-comeback/article19743482.ece |access-date=6 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021, the use of Meetei Mayek to write Manipuri was officially adopted by the [[government of Manipur]], alongside Bengali script, with the Bengali script remaining co-official for a period of ten years until 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref>

The Roman alphabet has been used in medium for teaching basic Meitei as a second language teaching by the Board of Secondary Education, Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=Manipur HSLC Date Sheet 2023: BSEM Class 10 time table released, exam begins March 16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/manipur-hslc-date-sheet-2023-bsem-class-10-time-table-released-exam-begins-march-16/articleshow/97300318.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=10 January 2019 |title=Manipur Board Class 12 (HSC) and Class 10 (HSLC) Timetable 2019 available online at manipureducation.gov.in {{!}} Check now |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/manipur-board-class-12-hsc-and-class-10-hslc-timetable-2019-available-online-at-manipureducation-gov-in-check-now-1502723456.html |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref> More recently, the Board has issued a directive that no more Manipuri textbooks using the Latin alphabet be published.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEELAL lauds BSEM order: 04th feb24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..040224.feb24 |website=e-pao.net |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref> Meitei language editions of the Bible in Roman script are very commonly used by the [[Christianity in Manipur|Christians]] in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Birth of Jesus Manipuri Roman Mayek CB |url=https://bibleforchildren.org/PDFs/manipuri_roman_mayek/36_The_Birth_of_Jesus_Manipuri_Roman_Mayek_CB.pdf |website=bibleforchildren.org}}</ref>

The [[Naoriya Phulo script]] is a [[constructed script]], invented by Laininghan Naoriya Phulo (1888–1941). It shares many similarities with [[Devanagari]] and Bengali script.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=mni:নাওরিয়া ফুলো: ঋষি অমা - এলাংম দীনমনী |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12.11.2019-B7.pdf |work=Hueiyen Lanpao |language=mni |publication-place=India}}</ref> It was championed by [[Apokpa Marup]], but was never widely adopted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276/page/n501/mode/2up?q=Naoriya+phullo |title=The History Of Manipur |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |location=India |page=501 |language=en}}</ref>

== Grammar ==
Sentences in the Meitei language use the [[subject–object–verb word order]] (SOV). For example, in the sentence ''Ei chak chai'' (ꯑꯩ ꯆꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯢ), which translates to ''I eat rice'', the gloss is "ei" (I), "chak" (rice), "chai" (eat).

=== Nouns ===
Nouns and pronouns are marked for number in Meitei. The plural is indicated by the suffixes -khoi (for personal pronouns and human proper nouns) and -sing (for all other nouns). Verbs associated with the pluralised nouns are unaffected. Examples are demonstrated below:<ref name="Singh 2013">{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=S. Indrakumar |date=November 2013 |title=Agreements in Manipuri |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2013/indrakumaragreementsmanipurifinal.pdf |journal=Language in India |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=216–231}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun (Meitei) !! Noun (English) !! Example (Meitei) !! Example (English)
|-
| angaang || baby || angaang kappi|| Baby cries.
|-
| angaangsing || babies || angaangsing kappi || Babies cry.
|}

When adjectives are used to be more clear, Meitei utilises separate words and does not add a suffix to the noun. Examples are show in the chart below:<ref name="Singh 2013" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Adjective (Meitei) !! Adjective (English) !! Example (Meitei) !! Example (English)
|-
| ama || one || mi ama laak'i || A person comes.
|-
| khara || some || mi khara laak'i || Some persons come.
|-
| mayaam || many || mi mayaam laak'i || Many persons come.
|}

=== Compound verbs ===
Compound verbs are created by combining root verbs each ending with aspect markers. While the variety of suffixes is high, all compound verbs utilise one of two:<ref name="Devi 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=M. Bidyarani |date=May 2014 |title=Compound Verbs in Manipuri |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2014/bidyaranimanipuricompoundverbsfinal.pdf |journal=Language in India |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=66–70}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Suffix !! English translation
|-
| -thok|| out/ come out
|-
| -ning|| To wish/ want/ desire
|}

Aspect markers appear as suffixes that clarify verb tense and appear at the end of the compound verb. Overall, the formula to construct a compound verb becomes [root verb] + [suffix] + [aspect marker]:<ref name="Devi 2014" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language !! Root verb !! Suffix !! Aspect marker !! Combined form
|-
| Meitei || tum || -thok || -le || tumthokle
|-
| English || sleep || out/ come out || perfect aspect || has started sleeping
|-
| Meitei || tum || -ning || -le || tumningle
|-
| English || sleep || want || perfect aspect || has felt sleepy
|}

Compound verbs can also be formed utilising both compound suffixes as well, allowing utterances such as ''pithokningle'' meaning "want to give out".

== Number words ==
{{Further|Meitei numerals}}
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Numeral !! Word !!Etymology!!Meitei Script
|-
|1||a-ma ~ a-maa||1 ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯃꯥ}}
|-
|2||a-ni||Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ni||{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯅꯤ}}
|-
|3||a-húm||PTB *sum||{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯍꯨꯝ}}
|-
|4||ma-ri||PTB *li||{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯤ}}
|-
|5||ma-ngaa||PTB *ŋa||{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯉꯥ}}
|-
|6||ta-ruk||PTB *luk||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯨꯛ}}
|-
|7||ta-ret||PTB *let ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯦꯠ}}
|-
|8||ni-paan||2-less||{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ}}
|-
|9||maa-pan||1-less||{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯄꯟ}}
|-
|10||ta-raa||10||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|11||taraa-maa-thoi||ten + 1-more||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯊꯣꯏ}}
|-
|12||taraa-ni-thoi||ten + 2-more||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ}}
|-
|13||taraa-húm-doi||ten + 3-more||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯍꯨꯝꯗꯣꯏ}}
|-
|14||taraa-mari||ten +4||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯔꯤ}}
|-
|15||taraa-mangaa||ten +5||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯉꯥ}}
|-
|16||taraa-taruk||ten +6||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯨꯛ}}
|-
|17||taraa-taret||ten +7||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯦꯠ}}
|-
|18||taraa-nipaan||ten +8||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ}}
|-
|19||taraa-maapan||ten +9||{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ}}
|-
|20||kun ~ kul||score ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯟ ~ ꯀꯨꯜ}}
|-
|30||*kun-taraa > kun-thraa||score ten|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯟꯊ꯭ꯔꯥ}}
|-
|40||ni-phú||two score||{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯐꯨ}}
|-
|50||yaang-khéi||half hundred||{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯩ}}
|-
|60||hum-phú||three score|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨ}}
|-
|70||hum-phú-taraa||three score ten||{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|80||mari-phú||four score|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨ}}
|-
|90||mari-phú-taraa||four score ten|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|100||chaama||one hundred|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯃ}}
|-
|200||cha-ni||two hundreds|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯅꯤ}}
|-
|300||cha-hum||three hundreds|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯍꯨꯝ}}
|-
|400||cha-mri||four hundreds|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯃ꯭ꯔꯤ}}
|-
|500||cha-mangaa||five hundreds|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯃꯉꯥ}}
|-
|1,000||lisíng ama||one thousand|| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ}}
|-
|10,000||lisīng-taraa||ten thousands ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|1,00,000||licha||one hundred-thousand||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯆꯥ}}
|-
|10,00,000||licha-taraa||ten hundred-thousands ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯆꯥꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|1,00,00,000||leepun||one ten-million ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟ}}
|-
|10,00,00,000||leepun-taraa||ten ten-millions ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|1,00,00,00,000||leepot||one billion ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠ}}
|-
|10,00,00,00,000||leepot-taraa||ten billions ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|1,00,00,00,00,000||leekei||one hundred-billion ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯀꯩ}}
|-
|10,00,00,00,00,000||leekei-taraa||ten hundred-billions ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯀꯩꯇꯔꯥ}}
|-
|1,00,00,00,00,00,000||pu-ama||one ten-trillion ||{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ}}
|}

== Literature ==
{{Main|Ancient Meitei literature|Meitei literature}}
[[File:The classical Meitei epic of the "Numit Kappa", written in ancient Meitei language (in archaic Meitei script).jpg|thumb|The [[Numit Kappa]], a Classical Meitei 1st century epic based on Meitei mythology and religion.]]
The ''[[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]]'', a poem of 39,000 verses composed by Hijam Anganghal Singh and first published in 1940 ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ]]}}|Poem on [[Khamba Thoibi]]}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA29 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |location=India |page=29 |language=en}}</ref> is regarded as the [[national epic]] of the [[Manipuris]].<ref name="George 1992 258">{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA258 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |location=India |page=258 |language=en |quote=H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA1186 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |location=India |page=1186 |language=en}}</ref> It is a classical Meitei language [[epic poem]] based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] of [[Moirang]]. It is regarded as the greatest of all Meitei epic poems.<ref name="Datta 1988 1573">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA1573 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |location=India |page=1573 |language=en |quote=His best work, Khamba Thoibi sheireng, in 39,000 lines on the story of 'Khamba and Thoibi' was started in 1939 and the composition was completed in 1940.}}</ref><ref name=":Sisir">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA190 |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |page=190 |language=en |quote=His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sing |first=Damodar |title=The Epic of Manipur: Khamba Thoibi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Seireng&pg=PA1582 |magazine=Akashvani |volume=XL |issue=35 |date=31 August 1975 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR) |location=New Delhi |page=1582 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Meitei classical language movement]] seeks to gain recognition for Meitei as one of the [[Classical Languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government must take concrete step for recognition of Manipuri as classical language |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/government-must-take-concrete-step-for-recognition-of-manipuri-as-classical-language |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=20 August 2016 |title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Manipur Govt Begins Efforts for Inclusion of Manipuri Among 'Classical' Languages |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-govt-begins-efforts-inclusion-manipuri-among-classical-languages-397876-2019-08-21 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Annual events ==
Various annual events are organised to promote, protect and develop Meitei language, in the sovereign states of India and Bangladesh in particular as well as in other parts of the world in general.
* [[Manipuri language day]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ}}|Manipuri Lon-gi Numit}}) is observed annually on 20 August, commemorating the day in 1992 when Manipuri was made one of the [[official languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8cTROu4LcC&dq=meitei+language+day&pg=PA131 |title=Countering Displacements: The Creativity and Resilience of Indigenous and Refugee-ed Peoples |last2=Glanville |first2=Erin Goheen |last3=Hasan |first3=Wafaa |last4=Kramer-Hamstra |first4=Agnes |date=26 April 2012 |publisher=University of Alberta |isbn=978-0-88864-592-0 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manipuri poetry day]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ}}|Manipuri Sheirenggi Numit}}), is an annual literary event that promotes Meitei language poetry and the traditions of [[Meitei literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Joseph University, Nagaland observes Manipuri Poetry Day 2022 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/poetry/st-joseph-university-nagaland-observes-manipuri-poetry-day-2022 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |date=14 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Poetry Day 2021 celebrated: 22nd oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..221021.oct21 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Events are held in [[Manipur]] and in and by Meitei-speakers in [[Northeast India]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajit |first=Sh |title=Manipuri in Kolkata observes "Manipuri Poetry Day" |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/15818-manipuri-in-kolkata-observes-manipuri-poetry-day |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Imphal Times |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipuri Poetry Day 2021 celebrated |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/21/IMPHAL-Oct-21Department-of-English-St-Joseph-University-Nagaland-in-collaboration-with-Fiction.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Sangai Express |date=21 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Manipuri Language Festival]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ}}|Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei}}) is an annual cultural event that aims to protect and develop of the Meitei language, script and [[Meitei culture|culture]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=14 May 2022 |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=Daily Jalalabad |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311211732/https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |archive-date=2023-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=bangla-times.com |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311203440/https://bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |archive-date=2023-03-11 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Software ==
{{Further|Meitei input methods}}
In 2021, Rudali Huidrom, a Manipuri researcher of the EBMT/NLP laboratory, [[Waseda University]], Japan, created a [[text corpus]] named "EM Corpus" (shortened form of "Emalon Manipuri Corpus"). It is the first comparable [[text corpus|text to text corpus]] built for Meitei language (mni) and English language (eng) pair from sentences. The writing system used for Meitei language in this corpus is [[Bengali script]]. It was crawled and collected from ''thesangaiexpress.com'' – the news website of "[[The Sangai Express]]", a daily newspaper of [[Manipur]] from August 2020 to 2021. In version 1, she created the monolingual data, having 1,034,715 Meitei language sentences and 846,796 English language sentences. In version 2, she created the monolingual data, having 1,880,035 Meitei language sentences and 1,450,053 English language sentences.<ref name="RudaliHuidrom">{{Cite web |title=Machine translation of English-Manipuri made possible: 13th oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=35..131021.oct21 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name="catalog.elra.info">{{Cite web |title=Ema-lon Manipuri Corpus (including word embedding and language model) – ELRA Catalogue |url=http://catalog.elra.info/en-us/repository/browse/ELRA-W0316/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=catalog.elra.info}}</ref>

EM-ALBERT is the first ALBERT model available for Meitei language. EM-FT is also [[FastText]] word embedding available for Meitei language. These resources were created by Rudali Huidrom and are now available at free of cost at the European Language Resources Association catalogue (ELRA catalogue) under CC-BY-NC-4.0 licence.<ref name="RudaliHuidrom" /><ref name="catalog.elra.info" />

[[File:Google Translate - English to Meiteilon (Manipuri) - "What is your name?" - Screenshot.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A screen shot of [[Google Translate]] translating a sentence from English language into Meitei language]]

On 11 May 2022, [[Google Translate]] added Meitei-language (under the name '''''"Meiteilon (Manipuri)"''''') during its addition of 24 new languages to the translation tool. The writing system used for Meitei language in this tool is [[Meitei script]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Assamese, Meiteilon (Manipuri) and Mizo language has been added to Google translate, moment of pride for Northeastern India! – NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2022/05/12/assamese-meiteilon-manipuri-and-mizo-language-has-been-added-to-google-translate-moment-of-pride-for-northeastern-india/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Google Translate adds support for Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri languages – Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/google-translate-adds-support-for-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri-languages/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2022 |title=Google Translate gets support for 24 new languages including Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri |url=https://www.time8.in/google-translate-gets-support-for-24-new-languages-including-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |work=Time8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512140916/https://www.time8.in/google-translate-gets-support-for-24-new-languages-including-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri/ |archive-date=2022-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sample text ==
The following is a sample text in Modern Meitei of the Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (by the United Nations):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref>{{efn|The Meitei-language translation of the passage of the Article 1 has two foreign words present, "ꯏꯖꯖꯠ" ("iːdʒət") and "ꯍꯛ" ("hə́k"), meaning "dignity" and "rights" respectively, as given in the source website. The original Meitei-language terms for "dignity" and "rights" are "ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ" ("í.kai kʰum.nə.bə") and "ꯐꯪꯐꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ" ("pʰəŋ.pʰəm tʰok.pə") respectively.}}

{{blockquote|
{{lang|mni|{{script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯧꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫}}}} (in [[Meitei script]])

{{lang|mni|মিওইবা খুদিংমক পোকপা মতমদা নিংতম্মী, অমদি ইজ্জৎ অমসুং হক মান্ননা লৌজৈ । মখোই পুম্নমক ৱাখল লৌশিং শেঙই, অফ ফত্তা খঙই, অদুনা অমনা অমগা লোইনবদা মচীন মনাওগুম্না লোইনগদবনি ।}} (in [[Bengali script]])

{{lang|mni|Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mānnana leijei, makhoi pumnamak wākhal loushing shengi, apha phatta khangi, aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manāogumna loinagadabani.}} ([[Roman transliteration]])

{{lang|mni|{{IPA|míːójbə kʰud̯íŋmək pókpə mət̯ə̀md̯ə níːŋt̯ə̀mmi, əməd̯i iːdʒət əməʃùng hə́k màːnənə lɐ̀jdʒɐ̀j. məkʰój púmnəmək wakʰə̀l lə̀wʃiŋ ʃèŋi, əpʱə̀ pʱə́ːt̯ə kʰə́ŋi, əd̯unə əmənə əməgə lòjnəbəd̯ə mət͡ʃìn mənáwgùmnə lójnəgəd̯əbəni'}}}} ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transliteration).

{{langx|en|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}} }}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|Bangladesh|India|Languages|Linguistics|Myanmar}}
* [[Meitei language in India]]
** [[Meitei language in Assam]]
** [[Meitei language in Tripura]]
* [[Meitei language in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei language in Myanmar]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
* [[List of Indian poets#Manipuri|List of Meitei poets]]
* [[Meitei inscriptions]]
* [[Meitei literature]]
* [[Meitei Language Day]]
* [[List of epics in Meitei language]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Meitei]]
* [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[Vikaspedia]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* 1. ''A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-I'', by Chingtamlen, 2005
* 2. ''A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-II'', by Chingtamlen, 2007
* 3. ''A Short History of Kangleipak (Manipur) Part-III'', by Chingtamlen, 2008
* 4. ''The Meetei and the Bishnupriya'', by Chingtamlen, 2008

=== Culture ===
* Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi. (1998). ''Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East''. Delphi: [[Oxford University Press]].
* Budha, W. (1992). ''Indigenous games of the Meiteis''. Manipur: Wangkeimayum Publications.
* Kshetrimayum, Otojit. (2014). ''Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contexualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur''. Delhi: Ruby Press & Co.
* Singh, M. Kirti. (1988). ''Religion and culture of Manipur''. Delhi: Manas Publications.
* Singh, M. Kirti. (1993). ''Folk culture of Manipur''. Delhi: Manas Publications.
* Singh, Saikhom Gopal. (2014). ''The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography''. Delhi: Ruby Press & Co.

=== Language ===
* Bhat, D. N. S.; & Ningomba, S. (1997). ''Manipuri grammar''. Munich: Lincom Europa.
* [[Shobhana Chelliah|Chelliah, Shobhana L.]] (1990). Experiencer subjects in Manipuri. In V. M. Manindra & K. P. Mohanan (Eds.), ''Experiencer subjects in South Asian languages'' (pp. 195–211). Stanford: The Center for the Study of Language and Information.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Tone in Manipuri. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), ''Papers from the first annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1991'' (pp. 65–85). Tempe, AZ: [[Arizona State University]].
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Bracketing paradoxes in Manipuri. In M. Aronoff (Ed.), ''Morphology now'' (pp. 33–47). Albany: [[State University of New York Press]].
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1994). Morphological change and fast speech phenomena in the Manipuri verb. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), ''Papers from the second annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1992'' (pp. 121–134). Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). ''A grammar of Meitei''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|0-19-564331-3}}.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meitei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), ''Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000'' (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meitei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), ''Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000'' (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
* {{cite journal |last1=Chelliah |first1=Shobhana L. |date=January 2004 |title=Polysemy through metonymy: The case of Meitei ''pi'' 'grandmother' |journal=Studies in Language |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=363–386 |doi=10.1075/sl.28.2.04che}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chelliah |first1=Shobhana L. |s2cid=130962163 |year=2015 |title=Is Manipur a linguistic area? |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=87–109 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0004}}
* Singh, Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra. (1964). ''Manipuri to Manipuri & English dictionary''.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Meitei}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
{{InterWiki|code=mni|Meitei}}
{{Incubator|mni|Wikiquote}}
{{Incubator|mni|Wikivoyage}}
* {{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek |url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=tabish.freeshell.org}}
** {{Cite web |title=Manipuri/Meiteilon/Meithei |url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/mani_intro.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=tabish.freeshell.org}}
* {{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=omniglot.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=Learn to speak Manipuri |url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/manipuri/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=tabish.freeshell.org}}
* {{Cite web |title=Learn Manipuri |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Learn_Manipuri.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=www.e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek keys |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.meetei_mayek_keys.html.. |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=www.e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek Poems |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.meetei_mayek_Poems.html../ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=www.e-pao.net}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meitei Language}}
[[Category:Meitei language| ]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Languages written in Latin script]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Lingua francas]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Standard languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
[[Category:Unclassified Sino-Tibetan languages]]

2004 Durand Cup final

2026-03-21T18:34:32Z

Kawoosahamad: created basic entry from scratch

{{Short description|Football competition in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2004 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|2004 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 10 November 2004
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| city = [[Delhi]]
| man_of_the_match1a = Chandan Das
| attendance = 10,000 (approx.)
| weather =
| previous = 2003
| next = 2005
}}
The '''2004 Durand Cup final''' was the 117th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 10 November 2004 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in Delhi.<ref name=ifa2000>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india05.html|title=Durand Cup 2004 |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref><ref name=ifa2000a>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004durandcup.html|title=117th Durand Cup 2004|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

East Bengal won the final 2–1 to claim their 16th Durand Cup title. Captain Chandan Das scored a brace for East Bengal including a last minute winner as East Bengal won the title.<ref name=final>{{cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|date=11 November 2004|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/chandan-brace-seals-victory-over-bagan-durand-cup-east-bengal-claim-title-for-16th-time/cid/1042673|title=Chandan brace seals victory over Bagan - DURAND CUP - East Bengal claim title for 16th time|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|IFA Shield}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 4 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Army XI
| 3–1
|-
| 6 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Sporting Club de Goa]]
| 4–0
|-
| 8 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| 1–0
|}

East Bengal entered the 2004 Durand Cup as one of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] teams and the runner-up from the previous season. They were allocated into Group B alongside Army XI and [[Sporting Club de Goa]]. In the opening game East Bengal defeated Army XI 3–1. [[Paulo Zaltron|Paulo Roberto da Silva]] scored a brace and Chandan Das scored the other for East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=4 Nov 2004|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/nov/04dur.htm|title=East Bengal down Army XI|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref> In the second game, East Bengal defeated Sporting Club de Goa 4–0 as [[Ernest Jeremiah Chukwuma|Ernest Jeremiah]] scored a debut hattrick and Chandan Das scored the other as East Bengal topped the group and reached the last four.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=6 Nov 2004|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-romp-into-durand-cup-semifinal/260081|title=East Bengal romp into Durand Cup semifinal|work=Outlook India|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref> In the semi-final, East Bengal defeated [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] 1–0 with [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] scoring the solitary goal as East Bengal reached their third consecutive Durand Cup final.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=8 Nov 2004|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-to-clash-with-mohun-bagan-in-durand-cup-final/260385|title=East Bengal to clash with Mohun Bagan in Durand Cup final|work=Outlook India|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 3 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Assam Rifles
| 5–0
|-
| 5 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[State Bank of Travancore]]
| 3–1
|-
| 7 November 2004
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 0–0 (5–4 pen)
|}

Mohun Bagan entered the 2004 Durand Cup as one of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] teams and were allocated into Group C alongside [[State Bank of Travancore]] and Assam Rifles. In the opening game, Mohun Bagan defeated Assam Rifles 5–0 as [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored a brace while [[Mehtab Hossain]], [[Eduardo Chacon Coelho Lacerda|Eduardo]] and Dharamjit Singh scored the other three.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=4 Nov 2004|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/mohun-bagan-thrash-assam-rifles-5-0-durand-cup/cid/1042475|title=Mohun Bagan thrash Assam Rifles 5-0 - Durand Cup|work=The Telegraph India|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref> In the second match, Mohun Bagan defeated State Bank of Travancore 3–1. [[Noel Wilson]], Mehtab Hossain and Eduardo scored for Bagan as they topped the group and reached the last four.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=5 Nov 2004|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bagan-to-challenge-salgaocar-in-durand-cup-semifinal/259887|title=Bagan to challenge Salgaocar in Durand Cup semifinal|work=Outlook India|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref> In the semi-final, Mohun Bagan defeated the defending champions [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] 5–4 in penalty shootout after the game ended goalless after added extra time as Mohun Bagan reached the finals.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=7 Nov 2004|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mohun-bagan-in-durand-cup-final/260229|title=Mohun Bagan in Durand Cup final|work=Outlook India|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

==Match==
===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=10 November 2004
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/chandan-brace-seals-victory-over-bagan-durand-cup-east-bengal-claim-title-for-16th-time/cid/1042673 Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–1
|goals1=Madhab Das {{sent off|2|40|75}} Chandan Das {{goal|24|pen.|90+1}}
|goals2=[[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]] {{goal|76|o.g.}}
|location=[[Delhi]]
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=10,000 (est.)
|referee=P.K. Bose (Madhya Pradesh)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _EastBengal_02_03_Home
| pattern_la = _goldshoulders
| pattern_ra = _goldshoulders
| pattern_so = _goldtop
| leftarm = ED1C24
| rightarm = ED1C24
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FF0000
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _redhorizontal
| pattern_la = _greenborder
| pattern_ra = _greenborder
| pattern_sh = _green_stripes_adidas
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rajat Ghosh Dastidar
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Das]] || || {{suboff|85}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Ghosh]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Madhab Das || || {{sent off|2|40|75}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Selwyn Fernandes]] || || {{suboff|52}}
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Habibur Rehman Mondal]]
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Das ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ernest Jeremiah Chukwuma|Ernest Jeremiah]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Climax Lawrence]] || || {{subon|52}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijen Singh]] || || {{subon|85}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Paul]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manitombi Singh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dulal Biswas]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eduardo Chacon Coelho Lacerda|Eduardo Coelho]] || {{suboff|40}}
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Kapoor
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hussain]] || {{suboff|71}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Noel Wilson]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Basudeb Mondal
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dharamjit Singh || {{suboff|66}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} James Ugwo || {{suboff|40}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tomba Singh || {{subon|40}}
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Zirsanga]] || {{subon|66}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] || {{subon|40}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aloke Mukherjee]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' Chandan Das (East Bengal)

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india05.html Durand Cup 2004], rsssf.com
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004durandcup.html 117th Durand Cup 2004], indianfootball.de

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2004-05 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:2004–05 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

19th January (film)

2026-03-17T19:02:39Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 19th January
| image =
| alt = Theatrical poster
| caption =
| director = [[Sanjay Amar]]
| producer = Deepmala Tanwar Mumtaz Ahmad [[Sanjay Amar]]
| writer = [[Sanjay Amar]]
| starring = [[Deepti Naval]] [[K. K. Raina]] [[Madhuri Bhatia]] Prashantt Guptha Bidita Baig Mumtaz Ahmad Attique Multani
| music = Alif (Highway 61)
| cinematography = Neelabh Kaul
| editing = Mohit Garg
| studio = Blueberry Entertainment
| distributor = Amar Chand Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|01|03}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''19th January''''' is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Sanjay Amar]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2015/08/san-franciscos-in-love-with-sanjay-amars-19th-january/|title=San Francisco's in love with Sanjay Amar's 19th January!|first=Nila|last=Choudhury|date=17 August 2015|website=Urban Asian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-film-that-explores-the-human-tragedy/|title=The film that explores the human tragedy|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=22 March 2014|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K}}</ref> Produced by Deepmala Tanwar,Mumtaz Ahmad & Sanjay Amar, the film presents a fictional storyline centred around the 1990 [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] from Indian-administered [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/19th-january|title=19th January Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review | 19th January Movie budget and Collection | 19th January|website=www.indianfilmhistory.com}}</ref> It stars [[Deepti Naval]], [[K. K. Raina]], [[Madhuri Bhatia]], Prashantt Guptha, and Bidita Baig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darpanmagazine.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepti-naval-plays-kashmiri-muslim-in-19th-january/|title=Deepti Naval plays Kashmiri Muslim in '19th January'|website=www.darpanmagazine.com}}</ref>

==Premise==
''19th January'' depicts the exodus and the events leading up to the exodus followed the rise of violence in an [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] as a [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/19th-january-a-film-based-on-reality-of-kashmiri-pandits/01142007 | title=19th January – A film based on Reality of Kashmiri Pandits | date=14 January 2015 }}</ref> The film follows the journey of a child who grows up in strife-torn Kashmir to become a popular musician, and showcases events leading to an investigation about his identity, and his family's turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollywoodhelpline.com/news/news-gossips/bollywood/forwarded/20530|title=Sanjay Amar's '19th January', is about pains of Kashmiri Pandits|website=bollywoodhelpline.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Naseema
*[[K. K. Raina]] as Prof. Bashir Ahmed
*[[Madhuri Bhatia]] as Senior NIA cop
*Mumtaz Ahmad as Fanatic
*Bidita Bag as Masrat
*Attique Multani as NIA chief
*Prashantt Guptha as NIA cop
*Mukul Nag as Saint
*Mohd. Muneem Nazir as Owais Ahmad
*Ashraf Shawl as Prof. Krishan Mujoo
*Hridyanshu Slathia young Owais Ahmad

== Reception ==
The film was premiered at the Festival of Globe in Silicon Valley, [[San Francisco]], United States, where it received a standing ovation.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dumkhum.com/sanjay-amars-19th-january-strikes-a-chord-with-san-francisco-audience/|title=Sanjay Amar's '19th January' Strikes a Chord with San Francisco Audience – Dumkhum|date=17 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[The Kashmir Files]]'', Indian film set during the exodus
*''[[Shikara (2020 film)|Shikara]]'', Indian film set during the exodus
*''[[The Kerala Story]]'', Indian film based on the [[love jihad conspiracy theory]]
*''[[Inshallah, Kashmir]]'', Indian documentary film based on the exodus
*''[[The Kashmir Files: Unreported]]'', 2023 docuseries based on the film

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt3585456}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1989]]
[[Category:Films about genocide]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in 1990]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films about forced migration]]
[[Category:Films about internal migration]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:2014 controversies]]

Suyog Gorhe

2026-03-15T05:07:16Z

Kawoosahamad: added new post and citations

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suyog Gorhe
| image=
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Neha Shinde|2021}}
}}
'''Suyog Gorhe''' is an Indian actor predominantly works in [[Marathi film industry]]. He is known for his roles in ''[[Satarcha Salman]]'', ''Shentimental'', ''[[Krutant]]'' and ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]].''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-24 |title=Suyog Gorhe ties the knot with Neha Shinde |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/suyog-gorhe-ties-the-knot-with-neha-shinde/articleshow/88478260.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Suyog was born and brought up in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]. He has studied from HPT Arts and RYK Science College and graduated as [[Homeopathy|Homeopathy physician]] from Motiwala Homeopathy Medical College.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=डॉक्टर अभिनेता चढला बोहल्यावर,गर्लफ्रेंडशी बांधली लगीनगाठ |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-suyog-gorhe-tie-the-knot-with-girlfriend-neha-shinde-video-viral-sp-648234.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
*''All movies are in Marathi, unless mentioned.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Bus Stop (2017 film)|Bus Stop]]''
|Sumedh
|Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=FILM: BUS STOP |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-bus-stop/cid5088035.htm |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Pune Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Shentimental''
|Manoj Pandey
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='शेंटिमेंटल' होऊ नका! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/shentimental-marathi-movie-review/moviereview/59798600.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anaan]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Krutant]]''
|Samyak
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-03 |title='Krutant' trailer: Sandeep Kulkarni and Suyog Gorhe starrer will keep you at the edge of your seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/krutant-trailer-sandeep-kulkarni-and-suyog-gorhe-starrer-will-keep-you-at-the-edge-of-your-seat/articleshow/67362140.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Aamhi Befikar''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-03 |title='Aamhi Befikar': Suyog Gorhe, Mitali Mayekar to shares screen for the first time |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aamhi-befikar-suyog-gorhe-mitali-mayekar-to-shares-screen-for-the-first-time/articleshow/66917237.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Safe Journeys''
|Harman
|TV Mini series; 1 episode
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Safe Journeys (TV Mini Series 2019) |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt10940330/characters/nm9113372 |work=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|Sandy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=How to get a girlfriend and other stories |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/how-get-girlfriend-and-other-stories-38276 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Senior Citizen''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-15 |title='Senior Citizen' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/senior-citizen/articleshow/72069472.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Satarcha Salman': Here's why you shouldn't miss watching Suyog Gorhe and Shivani Surve starrer |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Satarcha Salman]]''
|Amit Kalbhor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Watch: Tinseltown dreams in 'Satarcha Salman' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1044428/watch-tinseltown-dreams-in-satarcha-salman |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phakaat]]''
|Raju
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=रसिका सुनीलसोबत किसींग सीनसाठी अभिनेता नव्हता तयार; शेवटी अभिनेत्रीलाच करावी लागली मनधरणी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/rasika-sunil-suyog-gorhe-kissing-scene-in-phakaat-movie/articleshow/100415378.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title='फकाट' चित्रपटाचा धमाकेदार टीझर रिलीज; हेमंत ढोमे आणि सुयोग गोऱ्हे प्रमुख भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/phakaat-teaser-release-hemant-dhome-and-suyog-gorhe-film-1165666 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Taath Kana''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-10-13 |title=अभिनेता उमेश कामतचा 'ताठ कणा' लवकरच मोठ्या पडद्यावर; साकारतोय 'ध्येयवेड्या डॉक्टरची भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/umesh-kamats-taath-kana-to-hit-the-big-screen-soon-portrays-the-role-of-a-p-s-ramani-psn14 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref(s)
|-
|2017–2020
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Kunal Kulkarni; Shanaya's husband
|
|}

== Personal life ==
He is married to his girlfriend Neha Shinde at hometown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-12-24 |title=Suyog Gorhe ties the knot with Neha Shinde |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/suyog-gorhe-ties-the-knot-with-neha-shinde/articleshow/88478260.cms |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=9113372}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorhe, Suyog}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Leslie Warner Yule Campbell

2026-03-08T13:12:10Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding New Article!

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Leslie Warner Yule Campbell
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG}}
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
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| birth_name =
| other_name =
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| birth_date = 24 August 1867
| birth_place = [[Lee, Kent|Lee]], UK
| disappeared_date =
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| death_date = 26 July 1946
| death_place = [[Kent]], UK
| death_cause =
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| allegiance ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]
| branch =
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| serviceyears =
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| rank = Brigadier general
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[89th Punjabis]]
| commands =
| known_for =
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Tirah campaign]]
* [[World War I]]
** [[Invasion of Cheikh Said]]
** [[Gallipoli campaign]]
** [[Raid on the Suez Canal]]
** [[Battle of Loos]]
** [[Siege of Kut]]
** [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)]]
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)]]
| memorials =
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| children =
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}}
Brigadier-General '''Leslie Warner Yule Campbell''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG}} (24 August 1867 – 26 July 1946) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer. He served as a press correspondent during the [[Tirah campaign]], and was commandant [[89th Punjabis]] in the [[First World War]], participating in the [[Invasion of Cheikh Said]], the [[Gallipoli campaign]], the [[raid on the Suez Canal]], [[Battle of Loos]], [[Siege of Kut]], [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|siege of Baghdad]], and action at [[Jabal Al Harim]]. He later saw action in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. In 1919 during [[martial law]] in [[Punjab]], he created the [[Salaaming Order]].

==Early life and education==
Leslie Campbell was born in [[Lee, Kent|Lee]], [[Kent]], on 24 August 1867, one of six children to [[Alexander Henry Edward Campbell]] and his wife Sarah Eliza (née Clarke).<ref name=Durie2022>{{cite book |last1=Durie |first1=Betty |last2=Campbell |first2=Angus |title=The Fairfield Campbells:Their Part in the Rise and Fall of Empire |date=2022 |publisher=CaroleMcT Books |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|chapter=15. Amritsar|pages=124-138|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Temple1925>{{cite book |last1=Temple |first1=Richard C. |title=Records of clan Campbell in the military service of the Honourable East India company, 1600-1858; compiled by Major Sir Duncan Campbell of Barcaldine ... with a foreword and index by Lt.-Col. Sir Richard C. Temple ... |date=1925 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London |pages=lxvi, 19 |url=https://archive.org/details/recordsofclancam00camp/page/n71/mode/2up}}</ref> Some of his childhood was spent in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], where he had his early schooling.<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name="Seaver1971">{{cite book |last1=Seaver |first1=Jesse Montgomery |title=Campbell Family History |date=1971 |publisher=American Genealogical Research Institute |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_UbAAAAYAAJ? |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Orders>{{cite book |title=Orders, Decorations, Medals and Militaria |date=2017 |publisher=Dix Noonan Webb |pages=12, 345 |url=https://archive.org/details/ordersdecorationsmedals2017dixn/page/n11/mode/2up}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885 he attended [[Cheltenham College]], before gaining a place at [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]], Sandhurst.<ref name=Cheltenham1890>{{cite book |title=Cheltenham College Register, 1841-1889 |date=1890 |publisher=Bell |location=London |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Chelt1946>"Death of O.C.", ''The Gloucestershire Echo'', Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. · Thursday 05 September 1946, p.4</ref>

==Military career==
In 1886, Campbell was commissioned as a [[lieutenant]] in the [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]], later transferring to the [[Sherwood Foresters]].<ref name=Temple1925/><ref name=Orders/> In 1888, he joined the [[Madras Army|Madras Staff Corps]] as a lieutenant, later attaining the rank of captain in the [[Indian Staff Corps]] in 1897.<ref name=Orders/> During a period of leave, he served as a press correspondent in the [[Tirah campaign]] between October 1897 and April 1898, under Generals [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|William Lockhart]] and [[Richard Westmacott (Indian Army officer)|Richard Westmacott]].<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Orders/> From October 1902 to May 1904, he was employed as [[Adjutant general|senior military administrator]] for [[musket|musketry]], and from 1 June 1904 until 1907, he held the position of [[Brigade Major]].<ref name=Orders/>

In the [[First World War]], Campbell served as Commandant of the [[89th Punjabis]], participating in the [[Invasion of Cheikh Said]], as well as the [[Gallipoli campaign]], the [[raid on the Suez Canal]], [[Battle of Loos]], [[Siege of Kut]], [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|siege of Baghdad]], and action at [[Jabal Al Harim]].<ref name=Temple1925/><ref name=Orders/> He later saw action in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name=Temple1925/><ref name=Orders/>

In 1918, Campbell was stationed in [[Sialkot]] as [[general officer commanding]] (GOC).<ref name=Durie2022/><ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Battalion 32nd Sikh Pioneers - Researching WW1 Soldiers |url=http://www.researchingww1.co.uk/3rd-battalion-32nd-pioneers |website=Researching the Lives and Service Records of First World War Soldiers |access-date=26 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826150245/https://www.researchingww1.co.uk/3rd-battalion-32nd-pioneers|archive-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> The following year he was in charge of [[martial law]] at [[Gujarat]], [[Gujranwala]], and [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], when he issued the [[Salaaming Order]], requiring Indians to salute British officers.<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Ilahi2020>{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |chapter=Punjab disturbances: Martial law and "fancy punishments"|pages=58-70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Echo1920>{{cite news |title=Echo of Amritsar, Government of India censures Officers|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000104/19200918/204/0009|access-date=26 August 2025 |work=Western Mail |date=18 September 1920 |page=9|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Gandhi1965>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mahatma |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Feb.-June 1920 |date=1965 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX2GAAAAIAAJ |language=en|pages=258-274}}</ref> The order was condemned by the Hunter Commission as humiliating, and Campbell was censured by the [[British Raj|British Government]].<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Hansard>{{cite web |title=Action Against Punjab Officials - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1920-10-27/debates/c7fbf425-c1ef-4724-84c8-668e48add692/ActionAgainstPunjabOfficials |website=hansard.parliament.uk |access-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826162319/https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1920-10-27/debates/c7fbf425-c1ef-4724-84c8-668e48add692/ActionAgainstPunjabOfficials|archive-date=26 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> In the official inquiry following the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] and other Punjab disturbances, he was not called as a witness before the Hunter Committee, though his colleagues including [[Aubrey J. O'Brien]] and [[Arnold Chadwick Doveton|A. C. Doveton]] defended his actions.<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Report1920>{{cite book |last1=Committee |first1=India Disorders Inquiry |title=Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOk2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref> He retired in December 1921 and moved back to England, where he bought Badshot House in [[Badshot Lea]].<ref name=Durie2022/>

==Personal and family==
In 1890 in [[Vellore]], Campbell married Marjorie Merial Wroughton, with whom he had six children, two who died young.<ref name=Durie2022/> Marjorie died from cancer in 1911, and 16 years later he married a widow known as Cilla.<ref name=Durie2022/>

==Honours and awards==
Campbell was [[mentioned in dispatches]] four times in total.<ref name=Temple1925/><ref name=Orders/> In 1916 he was awarded the [[Order of St Michael and St George]].<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Orders/> The following year he received the Serbian [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Order of the White Eagle]], third class (with swords).<ref name=Durie2022/><ref name=Orders/>

==Death==
Campbell died in Surrey, on 26 July 1946.<ref name=Orders/><ref name=Chelt1946/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc (Hunter Inquiry)|volume=I-III |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ|language=en|pages=21-25}}

[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:People from Lee, London]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]

Fortaleza da São Tomé

2026-03-04T11:53:49Z

Kawoosahamad: improve information based on references

{{Short description|Fort in Kottappuram, Kodungallur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Fortaleza da São Tomé
|partof =
|location = [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala]]
|image = Cranganorefort.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption =
|map_type=
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|type = Cultural
|coordinates =
|built = 1523
|builder =
|materials = Stone
|height =
|used =
|demolished = Mostly
|condition = Structure
|ownership = [[Government of Kerala]]
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = {{flagcountry|Portuguese Empire}} {{flagcountry|The Netherlands}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} {{flagcountry|India}}
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
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}}

[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellin|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]
[[File:Fortrelic.jpg|thumb|Battery]]

The '''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', also known as '''Cranganore Fort''' or '''Kottapuram Fort''', is situated in [[Kodungallur]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]]. The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php
|title=Kodungallur
|publisher=Kerala Tourism
|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565 and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] in 1663, who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref>

Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend against Tipu Sultan.

==History==
[[File:Historicrelic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]
[[File:Description at the site.jpg|thumb|Description at the site]]

Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amit|first=Chilka|title=Sea Forts of India|publisher=Osmora Inc.|year=2014|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> It was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.

[[File:Remains of the Wall of fort.jpg|thumb|Remains of the wall of the fort]]

In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.muzirisheritage.org|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920201229/https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.

Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On 15 January 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Archaeology}}</ref>

However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On 31 July 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|last2=Fernandes|first2=Praxy|date=August 1991|title=Men of Valour and Vision|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708|journal=Social Scientist|volume=19|issue=8/9|pages=109|doi=10.2307/3517708|issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>

English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>

Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book |last=ഏ. |first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ|title= കേരളചരിത്രം |year= 1997|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് |location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ|isbn= }}</ref>
The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on 7 May 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]].<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007"/> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].

==See also==
*[[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
*{{C|Portuguese forts in India}}
*{{Commons category-inline|position=left}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|10.197|76.212|display=title}}
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Kerala]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Dutch India]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1523]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1661 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]

Gujarati cinema

2026-03-04T03:06:27Z

Kawoosahamad: cleaned up lead to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|none}} 
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Gujarati cinema
| image = File:Indiafilm.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| screens = 731 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinayak |first=A. J. |date=28 September 2022 |title=Why films from the South set the box office on fire |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/why-screens-and-seats-count-in-creating-hit-south-indian-movies/article65945389.ece |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>
| screens_per_capita =
| distributors = {{br separated entries|[[CineMan Productions]]|[[Coconut Motion Pictures]]|Rupam Entertainment}}
| produced_year = 2019
| produced_ref =
| produced_total = 80
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref =
| admissions_total =
| admissions_per_capita =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year =
| box_office_ref =
| box_office_total =
| box_office_national =
}}

[[File:Narshinh Mehta 1932 the first Gujarati film poster.jpg|thumb|''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' (1932) was the first full-length Gujarati talkie.]]

'''Gujarati cinema''', also known as '''Dhollywood''', is the segment of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the [[Gujarati language]] widely spoken in the state of [[Gujarat]]. It is based in [[Ahmedabad]]. It is one of the major regional and vernacular film industries of the [[cinema of India]], having produced more than one thousand films since its inception.

During the silent film era, many individuals in the industry were [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]]. The language-associated industry dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati [[talkie]], ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'', was released. Until the [[independence of India]] in 1947, only twelve Gujarati films were produced. There was a spurt in film production in the 1940s focused on saint, sati{{efn-ua|The word "Sati" has a wide range of meanings. Here "Sati" is used for "a good woman, devoted to her husband" or "a woman who confines her all thoughts about men to her husband." (''Hindi sabdasagara'' dictionary)<ref name="Dasa1965">{{cite book|last=Dasa|first=Syamasundara|title=Hindi sabdasagara|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/dasa-hindi/|series=New Edition|date=1965–1975|publisher=Nagari Pracarini Sabha|location= Kasi|page=4927|language=hi}}</ref> The English dictionaries define it as the act of a woman who immolates herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. See [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]. This practise is now obsolete. Here it is used for a person, not for the practise.<ref name="Hawley1994">{{cite book|last=Hawley|first=John Stratton|title=Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_VbHItKQjYC|date=8 September 1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536022-6|pages=11–12}}</ref>}} or [[dacoit]] stories as well as [[Hindu mythological film|mythology]] and folktales. In the 1950s–1960s, the trend continued with the addition of films on literary works. In the 1970s, the [[Government of Gujarat]] announced a [[tax exemption]] and subsidies which resulted in an increase in the number of films, but the quality declined.

After flourishing through the 1960s–1980s, the industry saw a decline through 2000 when the number of new films dropped below twenty. The Gujarat state government announced a tax exemption again in 2005 which lasted until 2017. The industry has been partially revived in the 2010s due first to rural demand, and later to an influx of new technology and urban subjects in films. The state government announced a policy of incentives in 2016.

==Etymology==
''[[Bollywood]]'', the [[sobriquet]] for the Hindi language film industry based in [[Mumbai]] (then called Bombay), inspired the nickname ''Dhollywood'' for the Gujarati film industry due to its profuse use of the [[dhol]], a double-headed drum. It is also referred to as ''Gollywood'', a [[portmanteau]] derived from [[Gujarat]] and Bollywood.<ref name="Ro2013">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last1=Gangar |first1=Amrit |author-link1=Amrit Gangar |last2=Moti |last3=Dissanayake |first3=Wimal |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=88–99 |chapter=Gujarati Cinema: Stories of sant, sati, shethani and sparks so few |doi=10.4324/9780203556054 |first2=Gokulsing K. |url=http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz375710701inh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080734/https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="dnac2012">{{cite web | title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance | website=dna | date=16 December 2012 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960 | access-date=15 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717083857/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960 | archive-date=17 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/Change-the-name-Dhollywood/articleshow/53022117.cms|title=Gujarati film industry says no to Dhollywood|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720053152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/Change-the-name-Dhollywood/articleshow/53022117.cms|archive-date=20 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
===Silent film era (1913–1931)===
[[File:Bhakta Vidur 1921.png|thumb|Still from ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921), the first film banned by [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]]|left]]
[[File:Gujarati cinema show times.jpg|thumb|Cinema show times written in typical Gujarati style; (above) Screen-1 Show – 12{{1/2}}, 3{{1/2}}, 6{{1/2}}, 9{{1/2}} (below) 12{{1/4}}, 3{{1/4}}, 6{{1/4}}, 9{{1/4}}]]
Even before the advent of [[talkies]] there were several silent films closely related to the [[Gujarati people]] and their culture, and many directors, producers and actors who were Gujarati and [[Parsi]]. Between 1913 and 1931 there were twenty leading film company and studios owned by Gujaratis—mostly in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]])—and at least forty-four leading Gujarati directors.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

The silent film ''[[Bilwamangal]]'' (also called ''Bhagat Soordas'', 1919) was directed by Rustomji Dhotiwala, a Parsi Gujarati, based on a story by Gujarati writer Champshi Udeshi. This full-length (132 minutes, {{convert|12000|ft|metres}}) film was produced by [[Elphinstone Bioscope Company]] of Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]]), and is considered [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Suchet Singh established the Oriental Film Manufacturing Company of Bombay with the help of [[Hajimahamad Allarakha]], an editor of the popular Gujarati magazine ''Visami Sadi'', in 1919. The silent film ''Narsinh Mehta'' (1920), produced by Oriental, featured the Gujarati song ''"[[Vaishnav Jan To]]"'', which was sung by the audience and musicians in cinema halls with relevant scenes on screen.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

[[Dwarkadas Sampat]], an early Gujarati film producer, began his involvement with the film industry in [[Rajkot]]. He bought a projector and held film shows. He later established Patankar Friends & Company with [[S. N. Patankar]] for film productions. ''Raja Sriyal'' was the company's first film, but it was not released due to a defective print. ''Kach-Devyani'' (1920), directed by Patankar, featured [[Garba (dance)|garba]] dancing, marking the first appearance of Gujarati culture in films. Sampat later founded the [[Kohinoor Film Company]]. Kohinoor's first film, ''Sati Parvati'' (1920), which also depicted Gujarati culture, was directed by Vishnupant Divekar and featured Prabha, an actress from [[Rajkot]], in the lead role of [[Parvati]]. ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921), directed by [[Kanjibhai Rathod]], was implicitly political: The film featured Sampat in the lead role of [[Vidur]], who donned a [[Gandhi cap]], an allusion to the [[Indian independence movement]] led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The film had a Gujarati song sung by Vidur's wife, "{{transliteration|gu|Rudo Maro Rentiyo, Rentiyama Nikle Taar, Taare Taare Thay Bharatno Uddhar}}",{{efn-ua|{{langx|gu|રૂડો મારો રેંટિયો, રેંટિયામાં નીકળે તાર, તારે તારે થાય ભારતનો ઉદ્ધાર.}} ({{literal translation|So beautiful is my spinning wheel that spins fine threads, each of which will save India.}})}} referred to the spinning wheel (''[[Spinning wheel#Charkha|rentio]]'') on the flag of the [[Indian National Congress]] at that time. It was the first film banned in India by [[British India|British authorities]]. It was re-released in 1922 under the title ''Dharm Vijay''. ''Pavagadhnu Patan'' (The Fall of Pavagadh, 1928) was directed by Nagendra Majumdar and produced by [[Indulal Yagnik]]. Yagnik was an independence activist who later headed the [[Mahagujarat movement]] demanding a separate [[Gujarat]] state. Yagnik produced ten films under various banners.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

Kohinoor produced many films in the silent film era, including [[social problem film]]s in a period dominated by mythological films. ''Katorabhar Khoon'' (1920) was its first social film. ''Manorama'' (1924) was directed by [[Homi Master]] and was based on ''Hridaya Triputi'', an autobiographical poem by the Gujarati poet [[Kalapi]]. ''Gul-E-Bakavali'' (1924), written by [[Mohanlal G. Dave]] and directed by Rathod, ran successfully for fourteen weeks.<ref name="geb">{{cite journal | title=The Script of Gul-e-Bakavali (Kohinoor, 1924) | journal=BioScope | volume=3 | issue=2 | year=2012 | pages=175–207 | doi=10.1177/097492761200300206 | s2cid=220399946 }}</ref> [[Manilal Joshi]], an experimental Gujarati director, directed ''Veer'' ''Abhimanyu'' (1922), which was produced by the Star Film Company, and later ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1924 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' (1924) based on [[Prithivivallabh (novel)|the novel]] by Gujarati author [[K. M. Munshi]].<ref name="Ro2013"/>

The Krishna Film Company, established in 1924 and owned by Maneklal Patel, produced forty-four films between 1925 and 1931. The Sharda Film Company was established in 1925, financed by Mayashankar Bhatt and run by Bhogilal Dave and Nanubhai Desai. Bhatt also financed [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]'s Hindustan Cinema Film Company.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

===Early talkies (1932–1947)===
Before the 1931 release of the first full-length Indian sound film, ''[[Alam Ara]]'', a short Gujarati sound film, ''Chav Chavno Murabbo'', was released on 4 February 1931 in Bombay. It included the song ''Mane Mankad Karde'' ("A Bug Bites Me"), the first sound in any Indian film. The film was produced by Maneklal Patel, with lyrics and dialogue by Natwar Shyam. The title, literally "Chew Chew's Marmalade", refers to having to chew [[marmalade]] to swallow it and probably has no specific connection to the plot.<ref name="Ro2013"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|pp=522-523}}

Before the first full-length Gujarati sound film, ''Narsinh Mehta'' (1932), two short Gujarati sound films were released with Hindi talkies. The two-reel short ''Krishna–Sudama'', produced by the Imperial Film Company, was released with Hindi talkie ''Nek Abala''. Another two-reel short, ''Mumbai ni Shethani'' was premiered along with Madan's ''Shirin Farhad'' on 9 January 1932 at Wellington Cinema, Bombay. It was produced by Theatres of Calcutta and was based on the story written by Champshi Udeshi. The film starred Mohan, Miss Sharifa and Surajram and included the Gujarati song ''Fashion ni Fishiari, Juo, Mumbai ni Shethani''.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

The release of the first full-length Gujarati talkie, ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' on 9 April 1932 marks the true beginning of Gujarati cinema. It was directed by [[Nanubhai Vakil]], produced by Sagar Movietone, and starred Mohanlala, Marutirao, Master Manhar, and Miss [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]]. It was of the 'saint' genre and was on the life of the saint [[Narsinh Mehta]].<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref name="dnac2012"/><ref name="DwyerDwyer2006">{{cite book |first=Rachel |last=Dwyer |title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA50 |date=27 September 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-38070-1 |pages=50, 84–86, 172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA50 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692|title=NEWS: Limping at 75|date=4 May 2007|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/|title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat|date=22 April 2007|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref>

It was followed in 1932 by ''Sati Savitri'', based on the epic story of [[Savitri and Satyavan]], and in 1935 by the comedy ''Ghar Jamai'', directed by [[Homi Master]]. ''Ghar Jamai'' starred: Heera, Jamna, Baby Nurjehan, Amoo, Alimiya, Jamshedji, and Gulam Rasool. It featured a 'resident son-in-law' and his escapades as well as his problematic attitude towards the freedom of women.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |last=Trivedi |first=Hiren H. |date=April 2009 |title=Representation of women in selected Gujarati and English novels and Gujarti and Hindi popular Films |type=PhD |chapter=VI: Study of Representation of Women in Gujarati Films |publisher=[[Saurashtra University]] |chapter-url=http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/837/ |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111322/http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/837/ |archive-date=3 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

''Gunsundari'' was made three times from 1927 to 1948. The film was such a success in its [[Gunsundari (1927 film)|first appearance in 1927]], that director [[Chandulal Shah]] [[Gunsundari (1934 film)|remade it in Hindi in 1934]]. It was remade again in [[Gunsundari (1948 film)|Gujarati and Hindi in 1948]] by Ratibhai Punatar. ''Gunsundari'' is the story of a poor Indian woman who is disliked by her husband for her moral stand. The woman finally lands on the street where she meets a person who is just like her—a social outcast. The story ends there. However, the three versions include some changes to reflect their times.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref name="Ra14" />

There were twelve films released between 1932 and 1940. No Gujarati films were produced in 1933, 1937 or 1938. From 1941 to 1946 there was no production, due to the rationing of raw materials during [[World War II]].<ref name="Ro2013"/>

===Post-independence (1946–1970)===
[[File:Gadano Bel poster.jpg|thumb|Poster of ''[[Gadano Bel]]'' (1950), directed by Ratibhai Punatar, was based on the play by Prabhulal Dwivedi]]
After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, there was a surge in the production of Gujarati films. Twenty-six films were produced in 1948 alone. Between 1946 and 1952, seventy-four films were produced including twenty-seven films related to saint, sati or [[dacoit]] stories. These stories were designed to appeal to rural audiences familiar with such subjects. Several films produced during this period were associated with myths or folktales people were familiar with.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref name="ChattopadhyayaRay">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Chattopadhyaya|author2=Bharati Ray|title=Different Types of History: Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume XIV Part 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idr3fbf2oc0C&pg=PT585|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-8666-6|page=585|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518085433/https://books.google.com/books?id=Idr3fbf2oc0C&pg=PT585|archive-date=18 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Vishnukumar M. Vyas directed ''[[Ranakdevi (1946 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1946) based on the legend of [[Ranakadevi|Ranakdevi]].<ref name="Ra14">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA463|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1994–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091131/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA463|archive-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Nirupa Roy]] made her debut as an actress in the film and later succeeded in the Hindi film industry playing the role of a mother in various films. ''Meerabai'' (1946) was a remake of the Hindi film directed by Nanubhai Bhatt starring Nirupa Roy.<ref name="DwyerDwyer2006"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=527}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-10-14 |title=Nirupa Roy passes away |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nirupa-roy-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Punatar directed [[Gunsundari (1948 film)|''Gunsundari'' (1948)]] also starring Nirupa Roy. ''[[Kariyavar]]'' (1948), directed by [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]], introduced [[Dina Pathak]] to the film audience. Doshi also directed ''[[Vevishal]]'' (1949), an adaptation of the novel of the same name by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]].<ref name="Ra14"/> Punatar's ''[[Mangalfera]]'' (1949) was a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Shaadi (1941 film)|Shaadi]]'' (1941) produced by [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]. Other popular Gujarati films were ''[[Vadilona Vanke]]'' (1948) directed by Ramchandra Thakur; ''[[Gadano Bel]]'' (1950) directed by Ratibhai Punatar based on the play by Prabhulal Dwivedi; and ''[[Liludi Dharati (film)|Liludi Dharati]]'' (1968) directed by Vallabh Choksi based on [[Liludi Dharati|the novel of the same name]] by [[Chunilal Madia]].<ref name="Ro2013"/> ''Liludi Dharati'' was the Gujarati cinema's first colour film.<ref name="dnac2012"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=530}}

Between 1951 and 1970, there was a decline in film production with only fifty-five films produced during this period. ''Malela Jeev'' (1956) was directed by Manhar Raskapur based on [[Malela Jeev|the novel of same name]] by [[Pannalal Patel]] which was scripted by the novelist himself. Raskapur and producer-actor Champshibhai Nagda produced several films including: ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1948 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1948), ''Kahyagaro Kanth'' (1950), ''Kanyadan'' (1951), ''[[Mulu Manek]]'' (1955), ''Malela Jeev'' (1956), ''[[Kadu Makrani (film)|Kadu Makrani]]'' (1960), ''[[Mendi Rang Lagyo]]'' (1960), ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1962 film)|Jogidas Kuman]]'' (1962), ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' (1963) and ''[[Kalapi (film)|Kalapi]]'' (1966).<ref name="Ra14"/> ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' was the first Gujarati film financed by the Film Finance Corporation (now the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]) and starred [[Asha Parekh]] in the lead role.<ref name="Ro2013"/> ''[[Kanku]]'' (1969), directed by [[Kantilal Rathod]], was based on the short story by [[Pannalal Patel]] originally written in 1936 and later expanded into a novel in 1970. ''Kanku'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[17th National Film Awards]], and its actress Pallavi Mehta won an award at the [[Chicago International Film Festival]].<ref name="Ro2013"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|pp=529-530}}

[[Sanjeev Kumar]], a popular Hindi film actor, acted in: ''Ramat Ramade Ram'' (1964), ''Kalapi'' (1966) and ''Jigar ane Ami'' (1970).<ref name="Ro2013"/> ''Jigar ane Ami'' was adapted from the novel of same name by [[Chunilal Shah|Chunilal Vardhman Shah]].<ref name="Ro2013"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=530}} ''Vidhata'' (1956), ''Chundadi Chokha'' (1961), ''Ghar Deevdi'' (1961), ''[[Nandanvan]]'' (1961), ''Gharni Shobha'' (1963), ''Panetar'' (1965), ''Mare Jaavu Pele Paar'' (1968), ''Bahuroopi'' (1969) and ''Sansarleela'' (1969) were adapted from Gujarati literary works.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

===Rise and decline (1970–2000)===
[[File:Mallika Sarabhai in play AKABR directed by Arvind Gaur.jpg|thumb|[[Mallika Sarabhai]], Gujarati actress]]
[[File:Upendra Trivedi.JPG|thumb|[[Upendra Trivedi]], one of the most successful Gujarati actors and producers]]
[[File:Ketan Mehta (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ketan Mehta]] who directed ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'' which won two National Awards]]

Following the [[Mahagujarat movement]], the separate linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] were formed from the [[Bombay State]] on 1 May 1960. This had a great impact on the Gujarati film industry as Bombay, the centre of film production, fell in Maharashtra. There was a lack of major film production houses and studios in Gujarat resulting in a decline in the quality and number of films.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

In the 1970s, the [[Government of Gujarat]] announced subsidies and tax exemptions for Gujarati films resulting in a spurt in film production. A studio was established in [[Vadodara]] in 1972. The state policy which benefited producers cost the state {{INRConvert|8|c|year=1981}} in 1981–1982 for the thirty-nine films produced during that period. An entertainment tax exemption of {{INRConvert|3|l|year=1981}} was announced for producers who completed films. This policy resulted in an influx of people interested in monetary benefits who did not have any technical or artistic knowledge, thus the quality of films declined substantially. After 1973 a large number of films were produced focused on deities and [[dacoit]]s. In 1980, the tax exemption was reduced to 70% but the remaining 30% was given to producers for assistance in other ways.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eprints.cscsarchive.org:8080/jspui/handle/2015/8212|title=50 Years of banality|last=Bhatt|first=Tushar|date=1982|work=Business Standard|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111625/http://eprints.cscsarchive.org:8080/jspui/handle/2015/8212|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''Gunsundarino Gharsansar'' (1972), directed by Govind Saraiya, won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[20th National Film Awards]].<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=September 26, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was based on the novel ''[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]]'' and was considered important for its artistry and aesthetic.{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=530}} Feroze A. Sarkar directed ''Janamteep'' (1973) adapted from the novel of same name by [[Ishwar Petlikar]].<ref name="Ro2013"/> [[Kanti Madia]] adapted [[Vinodini Nilkanth]]'s short story ''Dariyav Dil'' for the film ''[[Kashino Dikro]]'' (1979).<ref name="Ro2013"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=531}} [[Babubhai Mistry]] directed a dozen films between 1969 and 1984. Dinesh Raval directed twenty six hit films including: ''[[Mena Gurjari]]'' (1975), ''Amar Devidas'' (1981) and ''Sant Rohidas'' (1982). Actor-director Krishna Kant, popularly known as KK, directed about a dozen Gujarati films including: ''Kulvadhu'' (1977), ''Gharsansar'' (1978), ''Visamo'' (1978) and ''Jog Sanjog'' (1980). These films were critically as well as popularly well received. KK had long and successful acting career in Hindi and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] too. [[Mehul Kumar]] directed several hits including: ''Janam Janam na Sathi'' (1977), ''Ma Vina Suno Sansar'' (1982), ''Dholamaru'' (1983) and ''[[Meru Malan]]'' (1985). ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971) directed by [[Ravindra Dave]] was one of the biggest hits of Gujarati cinema. He also directed over twenty-five films popular with audiences. [[Chandrakant Sangani]] directed the musical film ''Tanariri'' (1975), based on the Gujarati folk-lore of [[Tana and Riri]], which highlighted a little-known side of [[Akbar]] who is usually presented as a consistently benign ruler. He also directed ''Kariyavar'' (1977) based on the novel ''Vanzari Vaav'' by [[Harji Lavji Damani|Shayda]]. ''Sonbai ni Chundadi'' (1976), directed by Girish Manukant, was the first Gujarati [[cinemascope]] film. ''Mansai na Deeva'' (1984), directed by Govind Saraiya, was based on the novel of the same name by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]]. Subhash J. Shah directed several popular films: ''Lohi Bhini Chundadi'' (1986), ''Prem Bandhan'' (1991), ''Oonchi Medina Ooncha Mol'' (1996), ''Parbhavni Preet'' (1997), and ''Mahisagarna Moti'' (1998).<ref name="Ro2013"/>

From 1973 to 1987, [[Arun Bhatt]] produced several films matching the production values of Hindi films. He made several films with urban backgrounds such as ''Mota Gharni Vahu'', ''Lohini Sagaai'' (1980) based on the novel by Ishwar Petlikar, ''Paarki Thaapan'', ''Shetal Tara Oonda Paani'' (1986) which were commercially as well as critically successful. His movie ''Pooja na Phool,'' made in the early 1980s, won him an award for the Best Film from the Government of Gujarat and was also telecast on [[Doordarshan]] in the Sunday slot for regional award-winning films.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'' (1980), directed by [[Ketan Mehta]], was produced by [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]], the Sanchar Film Cooperative Society, and a district bank in [[Ahmedabad]]. Though the film was not a folk theatre form of [[Bhavai]], it incorporated several elements of it.<ref name="DwyerDwyer2006"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|pp=531-532}} It was praised for performances and camerawork, and won awards such as the [[National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]], the [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction]] for Meera Lakhia, and another award at the Nantes festival in France.{{sfn|Thaker|2007|pp=531-532}} The Parsi Gujarati film ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]'' (1989) directed by Pervez Merwanji won the National Award for the Best Feature Film in Gujarati at the [[37th National Film Awards]].<ref name="37thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|title=37th National Film Awards|access-date=January 29, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Hun Hunshi Hunshilal]]'' (1991), directed by Sanjiv Shah, was an [[allegory]] film inspired by the political environment of the time and was felt to be post-modern. In 1998, ''[[Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya]]'' directed by [[Govindbhai Patel]] became very successful and went on to become a super-hit. The film grossed {{INRConvert|22|c}}, the highest in the Gujarati cinema at that time, with 1.5 [[crore]] (15 million) people watching the film.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="dnac2012"/><ref name="DeshGujarat2015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Gujarati film maker Govindbhai Patel passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=15 April 2015 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/04/15/gujarati-film-maker-govindbhai-patel-passes-away/ | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035819/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/04/15/gujarati-film-maker-govindbhai-patel-passes-away/ | archive-date=14 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="India Today1998">{{cite web | title=Gujarati tearjerker Des Re Joya Dada becomes a big grosser : FILMS | website=India Today | date=22 June 1998 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980622-gujarati-tearjerker-des-re-joya-dada-becomes-a-big-grosser-825345-1998-06-21 | access-date=17 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721220535/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarati-tearjerker-des-re-joya-dada-becomes-a-big-grosser/1/262967.html | archive-date=21 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] produced and directed ''Dariya Chhoru'' in 1999 which was well received by the critics but failed commercially.<ref name="Ro2013"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=532}} Other hit films of 1990s were ''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]]'' (1993), ''Unchi Medi Na Uncha Mol'' (1997) and ''Pandadu Lilu Ne Rang Rato'' (1999).<ref name=":0" />

[[Upendra Trivedi]] was one of the most successful Gujarati actors and producers.<ref name="dnac2012"/><ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT163|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|first1=K. Moti|first2=Wimal|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|page=163|quote=Among the actors Upendra Trivedi (1960—) had the longest and most successful career as a major Gujarati star and producer, and is also known for his stage productions.|last1=Gokulsing|last2=Dissanayake|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502161008/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT163|archive-date=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He produced ''Jher To Pidhan Jaani Jaani'' (1972) based on the epic novel of the same name by [[Manubhai Pancholi]] 'Darshak'. He also produced, acted and directed in ''Manvi ni Bhavai'' (1993) based on the [[Manvini Bhavai|novel of the same name]] by [[Pannalal Patel]].{{sfn|Thaker|2007|pp=530-531}}<ref name="DG2015">{{cite news | author=DeshGujarat | title=Gujarati actor Upendra Trivedi passes away | publisher=DeshGujarat | date=Jan 4, 2015 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/04/gujarati-actor-upendra-trivedi-passes-away/ | access-date=Jan 4, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104153308/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/04/gujarati-actor-upendra-trivedi-passes-away/ | archive-date=4 January 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film was widely appreciated and went to win the National Award for the Best Feature Film in Gujarati at the [[41st National Film Awards]].<ref name="41staward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=3 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193800/http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Arvind Trivedi]], [[Mahesh Kanodia]], [[Naresh Kanodia]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-gujarat-elections-2017-bjp-s-star-punch-in-dalit-constituency-in-sabarkantha-2566654|title=Gujarat elections 2017: BJP's star punch in Dalit constituency in Sabarkantha|last=Mishra|first=Anand|date=2017-12-11|work=DNA|access-date=2017-12-26|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Asrani]], [[Kiran Kumar]], Rajiv, Arvind Kirad, [[Naresh Kanodia]], and [[Hiten Kumar]] had long and successful careers.<ref name="dnac2012"/>{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=531}} [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]] and [[P. Kharsani]] were popular for their comic roles. Popular Gujarati film actresses included: [[Mallika Sarabhai]], [[Rita Bhaduri]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Jayshree T.]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Asha Parekh]], and Snehlata.{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=531}}<ref name="Ro2013"/>

[[Avinash Vyas]] was one of the major composers of the Gujarati cinema who wrote music for 168 Gujarati films and 61 Hindi films.<ref name="dnac2012"/> His son Gaurang Vyas was also a composer who wrote the music for ''Bhavni Bhavai''. Mahesh-Naresh composed the music for several Gujarati films including ''Tanariri''.<ref name="Ro2013"/> Another notable music composer was [[Ajit Merchant]].<ref name="DG2011">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Veteran Gujarati Music Composer Ajit Merchant passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=2011-03-18 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2011/03/18/veteran-gujarati-music-director-ajit-merchant-passes-away/ | access-date=2015-06-19 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620022003/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/03/18/veteran-gujarati-music-director-ajit-merchant-passes-away/ | archive-date=20 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Some 368 Gujarati feature films and 3,562 Gujarati short films were produced by 1981.<ref name="Mahapatra1989">{{cite book|author=B. P. Mahapatra|title=Constitutional languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA126|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Presses Université Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1|page=126|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513151751/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA126|archive-date=13 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Gujarat Film Development Corporation (GFDC) established to promote Gujarati films was closed in 1998.<ref name="Roy 2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html|title=Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate|last=Roy|first=Mithun|date=3 May 2005|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025118/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html|archive-date=14 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The quality of the films declined due to the focus on recovering the financial investments and profits as well as not adapting to changing times, technology and demographics. Low budget films with compromised quality targeted rural audiences while urban audiences moved to television and Bollywood films with quality content as they had a fair understanding of the [[Hindi language]].<ref name="dnac2012" />

=== Revival (2000–2025) ===
[[File:Jashwant Gangani at office 2024.jpg|thumb|[[Jashwant Gangani]] directed ''[[Maiyar Ma Mandu Nathi Lagtu]]'', which won 11 of the Gujarat State Film Awards.]]

Fewer than twenty films a year were produced in the early 2000s.<ref name="Ro2013"/> In 2005, the government of Gujarat announced a 100% [[entertainment tax]] exemption for [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and guidelines|U and U/A certified]] films and 20% tax on A certified films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/gst-deals-blow-to-gujarati-films/articleshow/59495646.cms|title=GST deals blow to Gujarati films|last=Sonaiya|first=Janvi|date=2017-07-08|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> The government also announced {{INRConvert|5|l}} subsidy for Gujarati films.<ref name="Roy 2005"/><ref name="dna 2010">{{cite web | title=Gujarati films are now making money | website=dna | date=2010-11-08 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gujarati-films-are-now-making-money-1463660 | access-date=2015-07-14 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714172553/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gujarati-films-are-now-making-money-1463660 | archive-date=14 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="mid-day 2014">{{cite web | title=How a Bollywood film becomes eligible for tax concession | website=mid-day | date=5 October 2014 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-a-bollywood-film-becomes-eligible-for-tax-concession/15657157 | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055415/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-a-bollywood-film-becomes-eligible-for-tax-concession/15657157 | archive-date=14 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=As studios pack up, govt offers sops, tax exemption for Gujarati films |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=127343 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 May 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123044402/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=127343 |archive-date=23 November 2011 |df=dmy-all |access-date=26 March 2010 }}</ref> There was an increase in the number of films produced after 2005 due to the tax exemption and the rise in demand for films in rural [[north Gujarat]], especially [[Banaskantha district]]. The demand was fueled by the working class population demanding local musical and linguistic styled films which were mostly released in single screen cinemas. The number of films produced per year was over sixty in 2009 and 2010. In 2012, the Gujarati cinema produced a record number of seventy-two films.<ref name="dnac2012"/> ''[[Maiyar Ma Mandu Nathi Lagtu]]'' (2001) directed by [[Jashwant Gangani]], starring [[Hiten Kumar]], was well received. The film's sequel was released in 2008.<ref name="Indian Expressv">{{cite web | title=Surat filmmaker bags Dada Saheb Phalke Academy Award | website=Indian Express | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/surat-filmmaker-bags-dada-saheb-phalke-academy-award/784103/ | access-date=16 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529170736/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/surat-filmmaker-bags-dada-saheb-phalke-academy-award/784103 | archive-date=29 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''Gam Ma Piyariyu Ne Gam Ma Sasariyu'' (2005) and ''Muthi Uchero Manas'' (2006) were also well received by audiences.<ref name=":0" /> ''Dholi Taro Dhol Vage'' (2008) directed by [[Govindbhai Patel]], was produced by [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance BIG Pictures]].<ref name="dnab2008">{{cite web | title=Now Big Pictures forays into Gujarati films | website=dna | date=30 September 2008 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-now-big-pictures-forays-into-gujarati-films-1194409 | access-date=17 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727162757/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-now-big-pictures-forays-into-gujarati-films-1194409 | archive-date=27 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Vikram Thakor]] starred in several films including ''[[Ek Var Piyu Ne Malva Aavje]]'' (2006). His six films for rural audiences earned {{INRConvert|3|c|year=2006}}. He was called the superstar of Gujarati cinema by various media.<ref name="Thou2011">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms|title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark|date=2011-07-29|website=The Times of India|access-date=2015-07-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms|archive-date=18 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="dnac2012"/> [[Hiten Kumar]], Chandan Rathod,<ref name="Ro2013"/> [[Hitu Kanodia]], Mamta Soni, Roma Manek and [[Mona Thiba]] are popular among rural audiences.<ref name="Malini 2014">{{cite web | last=Malini | first=Navya | title=What makes the Vikram Thakor and Mamta Soni a happening onscreen pair? | website=The Times of India | date=2014-07-01 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Vikram-Thakor-and-Mamta-Soni-make-a-hit-pair-of-Dhollywood/articleshow/37576877.cms | access-date=2015-07-14 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917121743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Vikram-Thakor-and-Mamta-Soni-make-a-hit-pair-of-Dhollywood/articleshow/37576877.cms | archive-date=17 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Malinio2014">{{cite web | last=Malini | first=Navya | title=Jeet Upendra lands six films after Suhaag | website=The Times of India | date=8 June 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Jeet-Upendra-is-doing-Aatank-Dharmatma-and-four-other-Gujarati-films/articleshow/36251290.cms | access-date=11 January 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917130556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Jeet-Upendra-is-doing-Aatank-Dharmatma-and-four-other-Gujarati-films/articleshow/36251290.cms | archive-date=17 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Picture perfect behind the scene moments of Gollywood | website=The Times of India | date=5 June 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/picture-perfect-behind-the-scene-moments-of-gollywood/photostory/36109875.cms | access-date=11 January 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917125023/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/picture-perfect-behind-the-scene-moments-of-gollywood/photostory/36109875.cms | archive-date=17 September 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

''[[Love Is Blind (2005 film)|Love Is Blind]]'' (2005) was the first Gujarati film released in the [[multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarati films: Cheaper is not better |website=The Times of India |date=2018-03-04 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-films-cheaper-is-not-better/articleshow/63152530.cms |access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref> The ''Better Half'' (2008) directed by [[Ashish Kakkad]] failed commercially but drew the attention of critics and an urban audience. It was the first Gujarati film on [[16 mm film#Super 16 mm|super 16 mm format]].<ref name="Ro2013" /> ''[[Little Zizou]]'', a 2009 film in Hindi, Gujarati, and English, written and directed by [[Sooni Taraporevala]], won the Silver Lotus Award in the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]] category at the [[56th National Film Awards]]. ''Muratiyo No. 1'' (2005) and ''Vanechandno Varghodo'' (2007), both starring [[Devang Patel]], were big budget films but had moderate collections.<ref name="Thou2011" /> In August 2011, the Gujarati film industry reached a milestone, having produced over a thousand films since the beginning of the talkies.<ref name="Vashi 2011">{{cite web | last=Vashi | first=Ashish | title=Bad economics has stunted Gujarati cinema: Study | website=The Times of India | date=22 August 2011 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Bad-economics-has-stunted-Gujarati-cinema-Study/articleshow/9689514.cms | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921122516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Bad-economics-has-stunted-Gujarati-cinema-Study/articleshow/9689514.cms | archive-date=21 September 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Veer Hamirji – Somnath ni Sakhate|Veer Hamirji]]'' (2012) was an historical film which was shortlisted for Indian representation at the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].<ref name="The Times of Indian2012">{{cite web | title=Gujarati film shortlisted for Oscar nomination | website=The Times of India | date=22 September 2012 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-film-shortlisted-for-Oscar-nomination/articleshow/16498971.cms | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921161924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-film-shortlisted-for-Oscar-nomination/articleshow/16498971.cms | archive-date=21 September 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[The Good Road]]'' (2013), directed by Gyan Correa, won the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]] and later became the first Gujarati film ever selected to represent India at the Oscars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati-film-the-good-road-is-indias-entry-for-oscar-102581.html|title=Gujarati Film 'The Good Road' is India's Entry for Oscar | Entertainment|author=IndiaTimes|date=2013-09-21|publisher=www.indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922004924/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati-film-the-good-road-is-indias-entry-for-oscar-102581.html|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live|access-date=2013-09-21|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611113348/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film won the Best Feature Film Jury Award at the Indian Film Festival, Houston in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/The-Good-Road-wins-Houston-IFFH-Award/articleshow/23986304.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016071109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-11/cinema/42940036_1_indian-film-festival-festival-director-ritu-sarin|url-status=live|archive-date=16 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title='The Good Road' wins Houston (IFFH) Award!|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pathak 2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3jWCRU1meqvviSVV9dq0SI/The-Good-Road-Footloose-in-Kutch.html|title=The Good Road: Footloose in Kutch|last=Pathak|first=Maulik|date=2013-07-20|website=Live Mint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725185318/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3jWCRU1meqvviSVV9dq0SI/The-Good-Road-Footloose-in-Kutch.html|archive-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2015-07-15|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]'' (2012) and ''[[Bey Yaar]] ''(2014), both directed by [[Abhishek Jain]]; became commercially and critically successful drawing an urban audience.<ref name="DNA2013">{{cite web | title="Kevi Rite Jaish" showed the way! | website=DNA | date=12 March 2013 | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=21846&boxid=27736&ed_date=2013-03-12&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=1 | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714051758/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=21846&boxid=27736&ed_date=2013-03-12&ed_code=1310009&ed_page=1 | archive-date=14 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The success of these films drew new actors, directors and producers to the Gujarati film industry which resulted in a spurt in film productions.<ref name="Vashi 2011"/><ref name="Dkrj">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Is good time for Gujarati films back?The next big is 'Kevi Rite Jaish' | website=DeshGujarat | date=29 May 2012 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2012/05/29/is-good-time-for-gujarati-films-back-the-next-big-thing-is-kevi-rite-jaish/ | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205015557/http://deshgujarat.com/2012/05/29/is-good-time-for-gujarati-films-back-the-next-big-thing-is-kevi-rite-jaish/ | archive-date=5 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="NDTV2016">{{cite web | title=After Recent Hits At The Box Office, 'Gollywood' Rises in Gujarat | website=NDTV.com | date=12 January 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/after-recent-hits-at-the-box-office-gollywood-rises-in-gujarat-1265062 | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205000529/http://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/after-recent-hits-at-the-box-office-gollywood-rises-in-gujarat-1265062 | archive-date=5 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Gujjubhai the Great]]'' and ''[[Chhello Divas]]'' were declared hit films of 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-films-cheaper-is-not-better/articleshow/63152530.cms|title=Gujarati films: Cheaper is not better|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> The box office collection of Gujarati films increased from {{INRConvert|7|c}} in 2014 to {{INRConvert|55|c}} in 2015.<ref name="NDTVx2016">{{cite web | title=After Recent Hits At The Box Office, 'Gollywood' Rises in Gujarat | website=NDTV.com | date=12 January 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/after-recent-hits-at-the-box-office-gollywood-rises-in-gujarat-1265062 | access-date=24 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605112912/http://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/after-recent-hits-at-the-box-office-gollywood-rises-in-gujarat-1265062 | archive-date=5 June 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Mishra 2016">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Piyush | title=It's renaissance for Gujarati cinema | website=The Times of India | date=16 May 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Its-renaissance-for-Gujarati-cinema/articleshow/52287121.cms | access-date=11 January 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222120146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Its-renaissance-for-Gujarati-cinema/articleshow/52287121.cms | archive-date=22 December 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Total 65 and 68 films were released in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Total number of screens playing Gujarati films rose from 20 to 25 in 2011 to about 150–160 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gujarati-films-on-an-upswing/articleshow/52852821.cms|title=Gujarati Films to hit a century this year|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622222831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gujarati-films-on-an-upswing/articleshow/52852821.cms|archive-date=22 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The {{INRConvert|5|l}} [[subsidy]] by the Government of Gujarat was discontinued in August 2013. Three years later, in February 2016, a new incentive policy was announced which was focused on the quality of films. Films are graded in four categories, A to D, based on technical aspects, production quality, film components, and box office performance. The producers are provided with assistance of {{INRConvert|50|l}} for A grade, {{INRConvert|25|l}} for B grade, {{INRConvert|10|l}} for C grade and {{INRConvert|5|l}} for D grade films or 75% of production costs whichever is lower. A film can also receive additional incentives for its performance at film festivals and awards nominations/wins. The multiplexes are also directed to have at least forty-nine screenings of Gujarati films per year.<ref name="polic2016">{{cite web|url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/|title=Gujarat govt announces new policy for incentives to Gujarati films|date=2 February 2016|website=DeshGujarat|access-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204040324/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/|archive-date=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Pandit 2016">{{cite web | last=Pandit | first=Virendra | title=Gujarat unveils film promotion policy | website=The Hindu Business Line | date=2 February 2016 | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gujarat-unveils-film-promotion-policy/article8184337.ece | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222120144/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gujarat-unveils-film-promotion-policy/article8184337.ece | archive-date=22 December 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Mirror 2016">{{cite web | last=Mirror | first=Ahmedabad | title=Good days for Gujarati films as state launches new policy | website=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=3 February 2016 | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Good-days-for-Gujarati-films-as-state-launches-new-policy/articleshow/50826760.cms | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205073224/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Good-days-for-Gujarati-films-as-state-launches-new-policy/articleshow/50826760.cms | archive-date=5 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="policyx2016">{{cite web | title=Gujarat govt announces new policy to promote 'quality' Gujarati films | website=The Indian Express | date=3 February 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-to-promote-quality-gujarati-films/ | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051048/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-to-promote-quality-gujarati-films/ | archive-date=4 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The entertainment tax exemption for Gujarati films released in Gujarat ended with an introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in July 2017.<ref name=":1" />

The industry continued to grow due to improvement in production quality, increased use of technology, increased film marketing and new subjects targeted at youth.<ref name="digmed2015">{{cite web | title=Gujarati movies thrive on digital push | website=The Times of India | date=11 December 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-movies-thrive-on-digital-push/articleshow/50131372.cms | access-date=4 February 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214090532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-movies-thrive-on-digital-push/articleshow/50131372.cms | archive-date=14 December 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2017/04/FICCI-Frames-2017.pdf|title=Media for the Masses: The Promise Unfolds (Indian Media and Entertainment Industry Report, 2017)|publisher=KPMG India - FICCI|date=March 2017|pages=125}}</ref> About 50 to 70 films are released each year between 2016 and 2018.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://ficci.in/spdocument/22949/FICCI-study1-frames-2018.pdf|title=Re-imagining India's M&E sector|publisher=Ernst & Young LLP - FICCI|date=March 2018|pages=79}}</ref> The International Gujarati Film Festival made its debut in [[New Jersey]], US in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhollywood-gears-up-for-international-gujarati-film-festival/articleshow/65186524.cms|title=Dhollywood gears up for International Gujarati Film Festival|last=Chhatwani|first=Deepali|date=2018-07-29|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref> ''[[Wrong Side Raju]]'' (2016), ''[[Dhh]]'' (2017), ''[[Reva (film)|Reva]]'' (2018) won the Best Feature Film in Gujarati awards at the [[64th National Film Awards|64th]], [[65th National Film Awards|65th]] and [[66th National Film Awards]] respectively.<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="65thaward">{{cite press release|title=Manish Saini's Dhh wins National Award for Best Gujarati film|date=13 April 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/manish-sainis-dhh-wins-national-award-for-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/63746278.cms}}</ref><ref name=":0321">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hellaro-1st-gujarati-film-to-win-top-national-award/articleshow/70612338.cms|title='Hellaro' 1st Gujarati film to win top national award|date=2019-08-10|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> ''[[Hellaro]]'' (2019) became the first Gujarati film to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the 66th National Film Awards.<ref name=":0"/> ''[[Chaal Jeevi Laiye!]]'' (2019) became the highest-grossing film of Gujarati cinema, grossing over {{estimation|{{INRConvert|52.14|c}}}}, until it was surpassed in 2025.<ref name="BH">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-sholay-gujarati-cinema-chaal-jeevi-laiye-complete-50-weeks-january-17-re-release-january-31/|title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Sholay Of Gujarati Cinema' Chaal Jeevi Laiye to complete 50 WEEKS on January 17; re-release all over on January 31!|access-date=17 January 2020|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], all cinema halls in Gujarat were ordered to be closed from March to October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gujarat-shuts-schools-malls-till-march-31/article31074621.ece|title=Gujarat shuts schools, malls till March 31|date=2020-03-15|website=The Hindu BusinessLine|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-14|title=Show must go on: How cinema halls are preparing to welcome back visitors|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/show-must-go-on-how-cinema-halls-are-preparing-to-welcome-back-visitors-6723470/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> They were closed again in March–April 2021 due to resurgence of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Gujarat COVID Restrictions: From malls to restaurants to cinema halls, know what's open and what's not in all 29 cities|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/gujarat-coronavirus-restrictions-night-curfew-weekend-lockdown-cinema-halls-malls-public-gardens-salon-shopping-complexes-religious-places-whats-open-whats-not-latest-updates-10026128|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Jagran English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amid rising COVID-19 cases, multiplexes in Gujarat opt for self-imposed lockdown|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/amid-rising-covid-19-cases-multiplexes-in-gujarat-opt-for-self-imposed-lockdown/articleshow/82212830.cms|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Chhello Show]]'' (2021), directed by [[Pan Nalin]], was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]].<ref name="AA1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Gujarati movie Chhello Show is India's entry for 2023 Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhello-show-is-india-entry-for-oscars-2023-95-academy-awards-8161851/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> According to film producer Bhavesh Upadhyay and publicist Chetan Chauhan, the annual business of Gujarati cinema had reached about {{INRconvert|200|c}} by 2022. {{as of|2022}}, the average film production cost ranges between {{INRconvert|2|c}} and {{INRconvert|2.5|c}} and around 60 Gujarati films were released in each of the recent years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vora |first=Rutam V. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Chhello Show turns spotlight on Gujarati cinema |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chhello-show-turns-spotlight-on-gujarati-cinema/article65927977.ece |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> ''[[Gandhi & Co.]]'' (2022) directed by [[Manish Saini]] won the Golden Lotus Awards as the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] at [[69th National Film Awards]].<ref name="IX">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Gandhi and Company wins Swarna Kamal award at National Film Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gandhi-and-company-wins-swarna-kamal-award-at-national-film-awards-8911123/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' (2023) directed by [[Viral Shah (director)|Viral Shah]] won three awards at [[70th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-18 |title=Getting three National Awards is a big win for Gujarati cinema: Viral Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/getting-three-national-awards-is-a-big-win-for-gujarati-cinema-viral-shah/articleshow/112603669.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Gujarati cinema continues to struggle with originality, marketing, and a lack of consistent audience support compared to other Indian regional film industries.<ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=2022-10-14 |title=Understanding the Complicated Rise of Gujarati Cinema |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gujarati-cinema-films-india-oscars-chhello-show/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the Ormax Box Office Report, Gujarati-language films experienced a 66% growth in box office collections in 2024 compared to the previous year, exceeding ₹80 crore and second only to Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-ormax-box-office-2024-report.html|title=The Ormax Box Office 2024 Report|date=11 January 2025}}</ref> The horror film ''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]'' (2023) by [[Krishnadev Yagnik]] won the Best Feature Film in Gujarati awards at the [[71st National Film Awards]] with lead actress [[Janki Bodiwala]] winning the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards: 'Vash' triumphs; sweeps Best Gujarati Film and Best Supporting Role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/71st-national-film-awards-vash-triumphs-sweeps-best-gujarati-film-and-best-supporting-role/articleshow/123045982.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to the Ormax Box Office report of 2025, the Gujarati films collectively surpassed {{INRConvert|100|c}} as well as {{INRConvert|200|c}} gross box office for the first time.<ref name="ormax gujarati">{{cite web |date=8 October 2025 |title=The ₹100 Cr moment for Gujarati cinema |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-INR100-cr-moment-for-gujarati-cinema.html}}</ref><ref name="ormax 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-ormax-box-office-report-2025.html|title=The Ormax Box Office Report: 2025|date=15 January 2026}}</ref> The same year, the devotional drama film ''[[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]]'' was declared the [[sleeper hit]] and became [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|the highest-grossing Gujarati film of all-time]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarati film with Rs 50 lakh budget makes 176x profit, earns Rs 1 cr for first time on Day 24 of release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gujarati-film-rs-50-lakh-budget-176x-profit-earns-rs-1-cr-for-first-time-day-24-of-release-10387258/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref> as well as the first Gujarati film to gross over {{INRConvert|100|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-11-30 |title=Historic Milestone: 'Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate' Becomes First Gujarati Film to Cross ₹100 Crore |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/11/30/historic-milestone-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-becomes-first-gujarati-film-to-cross-%E2%82%B9100-crore/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate set to become first Gujarati movie to cross Rs 100 crore at the box office|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-set-to-become-first-gujarati-movie-to-cross-rs-100-crore-at-the-box-office-4054310/|website=The Financial Express|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Laalo Krishna Sada Sahaayate Box Office: Becomes First Ever Gujarati Film to Gross 100 Crore Worldwide|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/laalo-krishna-sada-sahaayate-box-office-becomes-first-ever-gujarati-film-to-gross-100-crore-worldwide-1398770|website=PINKVILLA|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

==Subjects==
The scripts and stories of the Gujarati films include relationship and family oriented subjects, as well as human aspirations and Gujarati family culture. There were a large number of films based on mythological narratives and folklore produced in the early years of Gujarati cinema.<ref name=":3" /> The lives of popular saints and ''sati''s of Gujarat, like [[Narsinh Mehta]] and [[Gangasati]], were made into films. They were targeted at rural audiences familiar with the subjects. The early filmmakers also included subjects dealing with social reforms. There were social films associated with family life and marriage such as ''Gunsundari'' and ''Kariyavar''. The historical, social and religious subjects dominated through 1940s and 1950s. Several Gujarati films were adapted from Gujarati novels and stories such as ''Kashino Dikro''. There was a spurt again in the 1970s for saint/sati films. In 1980s and 90s, the films were influenced by the Hindi cinema and several action and romance films were produced. In the early 2000s, films were targeted chiefly at rural audiences demanding local narratives with local linguistic style. Following 2005, the introduction of urban subjects led to a revival of the Gujarati cinema.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref name="Globcast2016">{{cite web | title=Gujarati films going for global cast, expertise | website=The Times of India | date=3 November 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-films-going-for-global-cast-expertise/articleshow/55216327.cms | access-date=10 January 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106215755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-films-going-for-global-cast-expertise/articleshow/55216327.cms | archive-date=6 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Jhala 1998 pp. 373–385">{{cite journal | last=Jhala | first=Jayasinhji | title=The shaping of Gujarati Cinema: Recognizing the new in traditional cultures | journal=Visual Anthropology | volume=11 | issue=4 | year=1998 | pages=373–385 | doi=10.1080/08949468.1998.9966761 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/new-age-gujarati-cinema-sets-industry-on-revival-course/story-FuVgZnvAjE5Bz5cPEtmWiL.html|title=New age Gujarati cinema sets industry on revival course|date=2018-02-11|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Complicated Rise of Gujarati Cinema |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gujarati-cinema-films-india-oscars-chhello-show/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gujarati films, like Chhello Show, focus on innovative themes |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/10/08/gujarati-films-like-chhello-show-focus-on-innovative-themes.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> In 2010s, the films which are more relevant to audiences were produced.<ref name="Jambhekarvv2016">{{cite web | last=Jambhekar | first=Shruti | title=Gujarati films turn socially relevant | website=The Times of India | date=6 July 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Gujarati-films-go-socially-relevant/articleshow/53063663.cms | access-date=21 October 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007084721/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Gujarati-films-go-socially-relevant/articleshow/53063663.cms | archive-date=7 October 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jhala|first=Jayasinhji|date=1998-01-01|title=The shaping of Gujarati Cinema: Recognizing the new in traditional cultures|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=373–385|doi=10.1080/08949468.1998.9966761|issn=0894-9468}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Though the comedies continue to succeed at the box office, the films were produced exploring other genres and new themes as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/d-town-experiments-with-genres/articleshow/64813778.cms|title=D-Town experiments with genres|last=Jambhekar|first=Shruti|date=2018-07-01|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The films dealing with social issues were also made frequently.<ref name="Khan"/> The films focused on large [[Gujarati diaspora]] are also produced.<ref name=":3" />

==Archives==
About one thousand and thirty Gujarati films were made between 1932 and 2011 but very few are archived. At the [[National Film Archive of India]] (NFAI), only twenty Gujarati films including two Parsi-Gujarati films, ''Pestoneei'' (1987) directed by Vijaya Mehta and ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]'' (1989) directed by Pervez Merwanji, are archived. No silent films or talkies of 1930s and 1940s survived.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
** [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]]
** [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|title=Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat|publisher=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra, Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2007|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=512–532|ref={{sfnref|Thaker|2007}}|editor-last2=Desai|editor-first2=Kumarpal|editor-link2=Kumarpal Desai|series=Prakashan: 2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/language/gu Gujarati cinema] at [[IMDb]]

{{Cinema of India}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{Gujarati language}}

[[Category:Gujarati cinema| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian film industries]]

Sattam Oru Vilaiyattu

2026-03-03T05:13:15Z

Kawoosahamad: adjusted lead based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sattam Oru Vilaiyattu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| story = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| producer = Shoba Chandrasekhar
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = VV Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1987|10|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sattam Oru Vilaiyattu''''' ({{Translation|The Law is a Game}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]], directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] and produced by [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]. It revolves around a man seeking to avenge the murder of his mother and younger brother. The film was released on 21 October 1987.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
As a boy, Raja saw his mother and younger brother murdered. He saw too that his police inspector father DCP Needhi Manikkam was powerless to get the murderer convicted as there was no evidence.

As a young man under the name of Vijay, he gets even with the criminal Mathappu Sundaram killing each one of his three sons. One under water, the second from a mountain peak, the third murder is made to look as if it were an accident with the car carrying the victim hurtling off the peak.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Raja /Joseph Vijay
**[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as young Raja
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Veni
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as DCP Needhi Manikkam
*[[Srividya]] as Amudha
*[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] as Peter Fernadez
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Mathappu Sundaram
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Vairavelu
*[[Senthil]] as Lingesan
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Nair's wife
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sattam Oru Vilayaattu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/sattam-oru-vilayaattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603113246/https://macsendisk.com/product/sattam-oru-vilayaattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sattam Oru Vilayattu (1987) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0003233.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062521/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0003233.html |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=2014-08-04 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Nee Pirantha Podhu" || Vidya || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:14
|-
| "Oru Brindavanam" – Small || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]], [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba Sekar]] and Sheela || rowspan=4|[[Pulamaipithan]] || 1:01
|-
| "Oru Brindavanam" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jayaram, Shoba Sekar and Sheela || 4:47
|-
| "Sugam Tharum Nila" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:14
|-
| "Oru Kulla Nari" || [[Yesudas]], [[S. N. Surendar]] and Shoba Sekar || 4:32
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sattam Oru Vilaiyattu'' was released on 21 October 1987,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1987 |title=Sattam Oru Vilaiyattu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> alongside another Vijayakanth film ''[[Uzhavan Magan]]'' on [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 October 1987 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ் திரைப்படங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1987-10-18/kalki1987-10-18.pdf |access-date=19 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=1–5 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> However, both films went on to become super hits at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2017 |title=Friday Fury – Captain Vijayakanth's double blockbuster release on single day |url=https://top10cinema.com//article/45250/friday-fury-captain-vijayakanths-double-blockbuster-release-on-single-day |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108002234/https://top10cinema.com//article/45250/friday-fury-captain-vijayakanths-double-blockbuster-release-on-single-day |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=23 December 2017 |website=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The screenplay is utterly contrived and there is nothing new either in M. Karunanidhi's dialogues [..] or S. A. Chandrasekhar's treatment which is as hackneyed as ever".<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 1987 |title=Vendetta |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19871106&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' questioned why Karunanidhi would associate his name for this kind of third rated films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=22 November 1987 |title=சட்டம் ஒரு விளையாட்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-11-22/page/n5/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230921160446/https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-11-22/page/n5/mode/2up? |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=5 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1980s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1987 action films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Marthoma Residential School, Tiruvalla

2026-02-22T17:14:07Z

Kawoosahamad: enhance article further and cleaned formatting

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=January 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=February 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Marthoma Residential School
| motto = Truth, Love, Service
| established = 1974
| type = Private
| grades = LKG to 12
| houses = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|yellow}}{{color box|red}}{{color box|green}} Blue, yellow, red, and green
| address = Thiruvalla - Mallappally Road
| city = [[Tiruvalla]]
| state = [[Kerala (state)|Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.3972264|76.5759522|display=inline}}
}}

'''Mar Thoma Residential School''' ('''MTRS''') is a [[co-educational]] institution located at [[Kuttappuzha|Kuttapuzha]], in the town of [[Thiruvalla|Tiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], 1 km from the town centre. It is affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and follows the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]] syllabus. Enrolment is approximately 1600 students with a staff of 70 teachers. The medium of teaching is English. The school has a teachers training institute.

The school was started in 1974 by the Mar Thoma Educational Agency, Tiruvalla, which is a charitable body registered under the Travancore - Cochin Literary Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII of 1955. The school is situated in 5.5 acres.

The school has classes starting from kindergarten to 12th Standard. It houses separate hostel accommodations for boys and girls, a football ground, a basketball ground and a volleyball ground. Indoor games like table tennis and badminton are supported in an internal auditorium. MTRS has received the overall championship for All Kerala Inter school cultural and sports meets continuously for many years. The school was the venue for the All Kerala Cultural Fest called "Tarang".

The school has inter-school teams for football, cricket, volleyball, culture and quizzing.

The school provides transportation facility for the students. MTRS has an alumni association for alumni across the globe. The Malayalam film actress [[Meera Jasmine]] (Jasmine Mary Joseph) was a student of the school. Famous people related to the Malayalam film industry, like [[Nayanthara]], [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], and [[Kunchacko Boban]] have also visited the school on various occasions.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.ovguide.com/marthoma-residential-school-9202a8c04000641f8000000012e80ac0
*http://mtrschool.org/mtrs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Amarthoma-residential-school&catid=34%3Anews&Itemid=1

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Harshal Patel

2026-02-15T17:17:12Z

Kawoosahamad: refine information per sources for consistency

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Harshal Patel
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Harshal Vikram Patel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sanand]], [[Gujarat]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true

| T20Idebutdate = 19 November
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = New Zealand
| T20Icap = 94
| T20Ishirt = 36
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| lastT20Idate = 3 January
| lastT20Iyear = 2023

| club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2009–2011}}
| club2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year2 = 2011–
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2012–2017}}
| club4 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|2018–2020}}
| clubnumber4 = 13
| club5 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2021–2023}}
| clubnumber5 = 9
|club6 =[[Punjab Kings]]
|year6 ={{nowrap|2024}}
|club7 =[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|year7 ={{nowrap|2025–present}}

| columns = 4
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 74
| runs2 = 1,524
| bat avg2 = 16.04
| 100s/50s2 = 0/6
| top score2 = 83
| deliveries2 = 11.454
| wickets2 = 246
| bowl avg2 = 24.02
| fivefor2 = 12
| tenfor2 = 4
| best bowling2 = 8/34
| catches/stumpings2 = 29/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 72
| runs3 = 680
| bat avg3 = 16.58
| 100s/50s3 = 0/4
| top score3 = 69[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 3,075
| wickets3 = 105
| bowl avg3 = 26.39
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 5/21
| catches/stumpings3 = 17/–

| column1 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 25
| runs1 = 77
| bat avg1 = 12.83
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 18
| deliveries1 = 503
| wickets1 = 29
| bowl avg1 = 26.55
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = 4/25
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–

| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 201
| runs4 = 1,280
| bat avg4 = 16.00
| 100s/50s4 = 0/4
| top score4 = 82
| deliveries4 = 4,097
| wickets4 = 247
| bowl avg4 = 23.11
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = 5/12
| catches/stumpings4 = 45/–

| date = 27 March
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Harshal Patel''' (born 23 November 1990) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who has played for the [[India national cricket team|country's national team]] in [[Twenty20 international]]s (T20I). A right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium pace bowler]] who bats right-handed, Patel made his T20I debut against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] on 19 November 2021. Patel has played for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] and [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] in domestic competitions. Currently, he is playing for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He has also played for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Punjab Kings]] and [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].

==Early life==
A right-arm seamer with an effective slow ball, Patel took 23 wickets at an impressive average of in the 2008-09 Under-19 [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]. He later made his one-day debut for Gujarat in 2009–10. Harshal's family had planned to move to USA, but his brother Tapan Patel saw to it that he stayed on in India for the sake of his cricket. His elder sister died in covid 19 era at age 33. For her last rites, Harshal took break from the IPL in 2021. Harshal was named in the squad for the [[2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2010 U-19 World Cup]] in [[New Zealand]]. He was among three players from that squad to bag an IPL contract, with [[Mumbai Indians]]. Ignored by the Gujarat selectors for the first-class team, Harshal moved to Haryana and made an immediate impact in his debut Ranji Trophy season in [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12]], running through Karnataka and Rajasthan with consecutive eight-fors in the quarter-final and semi-final. He was given a contract by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]].<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html ESPNcricinfo Profile] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref>

==Career==
Patel debuted immediately against Delhi and then finally rose to fame when he took a five-for in a flat batting track in [[Bangalore]]. He backed up an incisive opening spell and wrapped up the tail by taking 3/9 in this last 4.5 overs.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-elite-2011/content/story/547745.html Karnataka's tormentor Harshal Patel keen to improve] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref>

Patel followed up that performance by taking eight wickets for just 34 runs in the next game against defending champions Rajasthan. The opponents were bowled out for 89 and the day finished even with Haryana at 84/8.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/548849.html Game even after day of 18 wickets] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref> He became the first Haryana player since 1991 to catch the selectorial eyes with his performances.

In the [[2012 IPL auction]], Patel was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshal Patel profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/harshal-patel-390481|access-date=2021-04-09|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> In January 2018, Patel was bought by the [[Delhi Daredevils]] (now [[Delhi Capitals]]) in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In January 2021, Patel was traded by the [[Delhi Capitals]] to the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] prior to the fourteenth season of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: Delhi Capitals Trade Harshal Patel, Daniel Sams To Royal Challengers Bangalore. Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-2021-delhi-capitals-trade-daniel-sams-harshal-patel-to-royal-challengers-bangalore-2355546|access-date=2021-01-22|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 9 April 2021, in the first match of [[IPL 2021]] while playing for the Royal Challengers Bangalore, Patel took 5 wicket-haul (5-27) against the [[Mumbai Indians]]. Harshal Patel is first bowler to claim a 5-wicket haul against Mumbai Indians in IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Rajarshi |last1=Gupta |date=9 April 2021 |title=IPL 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2021/story/ipl-2021-rcb-pacer-harshal-patel-creates-history-1st-bowler-to-take-5-wicket-haul-vs-mumbai-indians-1789245-2021-04-09|access-date=2021-08-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This is his best bowling figures in the IPL and he also became the first ever player to take a 5 wicket-haul against the Mumbai Indians in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Twitter flooded with memes after Harshal Patel's 3 wickets in last over, maiden five-for in MI vs RCB IPL 2021 match|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harshal-patel-sets-twitter-on-fire-with-3-wickets-in-last-over-maiden-five-for-in-mi-vs-rcb-ipl-2021-match-101617987005176.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> His 5 wicket-haul also became the third best bowling figures by an uncapped Indian player in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: RCB pacer Harshal Patel creates history, 1st bowler to take 5-wicket haul vs Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2021/story/ipl-2021-rcb-pacer-harshal-patel-creates-history-1st-bowler-to-take-5-wicket-haul-vs-mumbai-indians-1789245-2021-04-09|access-date=2021-04-09|website=India Today|date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 April 2021, in the same IPL season, Patel bowled the joint most expensive over in history of IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2021|title=Ravindra Jadeja smashes Harshal Patel for record-equalling 37 runs in an over|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ravindra-jadeja-37-runs-record-ipl-over-harshal-patel-7288617/|url-status=|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> While playing against CSK, Patel gave away 37 runs in the 20th over while bowling to [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (6, 6, N6, 6, 2, 6, 4).<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2021: Sir Jadeja breathtaking Allround performance breaks RCB's winning streak |url=https://criketon.in/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-sir-jadeja-breathtaking-allround/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |agency=CriketON |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425184131/https://criketon.in/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-sir-jadeja-breathtaking-allround/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 26 September 2021, playing against [[Mumbai Indians]], Patel became the third bowler to take a [[hat-trick]], after [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] and [[Samuel Badree]] for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], taking the wickets of [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Kieron Pollard]] and [[Rahul Chahar]], finishing with the figures of 4/17 in 3.1 overs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-highlights-harshal-patel-takes-hat-trick-as-virat-kohlis-rcb-crush-rohit-sharmas-mi-by-54-runs/articleshow/86537469.cms|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Mumbai Indians Highlights: Harshal Patel takes hat-trick as Virat Kohli's RCB crush Rohit Sharma's MI by 54 runs|work=The Times of India|date=26 September 2021 |access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-rcb-vs-mi-outstanding-use-of-variation-twitter-applauds-harshal-patel-after-hat-trick-vs-mumbai-indians-2555315|title="Outstanding Use of Variation": Twitter Applauds Harshal Patel After Hat-Trick vs Mumbai Indians|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> On 13 October 2021,Harshal was selected among 8 net bowlers for [[India national cricket team]] for [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 world cup.]]

By the end of [[2021 Indian Premier League|IPL 2021]], Patel ended with 32 wickets, making him the highest Indian wicket taker in a single season and joint-most with [[Dwayne Bravo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/most-wickets|access-date=2021-10-22|website=iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2021, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22|against New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rohit-sharma-to-captain-india-in-t20is-against-new-zealand-1288508 |title=Rohit Sharma to captain India in T20Is against New Zealand |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 19 November 2021, for India against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278672.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Ranchi, Nov 19 2021, New Zealand tour of India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> He took two wickets and was named as the player of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-t20i-1278672/match-report |title=Harshal, openers sparkle as India pocket T20I series |date=19 November 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> He also followed with another fruitful two wicket haul to end the series with four scalps in two appearances.

In the [[2022 IPL Auction|2022 IPL auction]], Patel was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for ₹10.75 crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/ipl-auction-2022-live-updates-day-1/article38413730.ece |access-date=12 February 2022 |title= PL Auction 2022 live updates|date=12 February 2022 }}</ref> He briefly left the bio-bubble following the death of his sister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: Harshal Patel's sister dies, RCB pacer leaves for home after win against Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-harshal-patel-s-sister-dies-rcb-pacer-leaves-for-home-after-win-against-mumbai-indians-1935690-2022-04-10 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=India Today |date=10 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, he was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up |date=15 June 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

In the [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025 IPL auction]], Patel was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for ₹8.0 crores.<ref name="IPL 2025 auction: Harshal Patel goes big once again to Sunrisers Hyderabad">{{cite news |title=IPL 2025 auction: Harshal Patel goes big once again to Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2025-auction-harshal-patel-goes-big-once-again-to-sunrisers-hyderabad/articleshow/115628508.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324035538/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2025-auction-harshal-patel-goes-big-once-again-to-sunrisers-hyderabad/articleshow/115628508.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{IPL Player of the Series}}
{{Sunrisers Hyderabad squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Harshal}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarati sportspeople]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]

Kalabhra dynasty

2026-02-15T08:39:52Z

Kawoosahamad: expand details additionally and added references

{{Short description|Ancient dynasty in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Kalabhra Kingdom
| common_name = Kalabhra Kingdom
| year_start = 3rd century CE
| year_end = 6th century CE
| p1 = Three Crowned Kings
| p2 = Ancient Tamil country
| s1 = Pallava dynasty
| s2 = Pandyan dynasty
| today = [[India]]
| image_map = Ancient tamilakam ports.png
| image_map_caption = Kalabhra ruled parts or all of ancient [[Tamilakam]]
| capital = [[Kaveripumpattinam]], [[Madurai]]
| common_languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{sfn|Archaeological Society South India|1955|p=96}}{{sfn|Rā. Ya Dhāravāḍakara |1968|p=96|}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiltebeitel · |first1=Alf |title=Freud's Mahabharata |date=6 August 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190878344 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hhnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mahadevan+2008+kalabhras&pg=PA86 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1992|p=93}} [[Prakrit]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Pali]]{{sfn|Indira Peterson|1998|pp=166-167}}
| religion = [[Jainism]] (major) [[Buddhism]] [[Ājīvika|Ajivikism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
}}
The '''Kalabhra dynasty''' (also called '''Kaḷabrar''', '''Kaḷappirar''', '''Kallupura''' or '''Kalvar''')<ref name="Bhandarkar1927">{{cite book|author=Sir Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar|title=Early History of the Deccan and Miscellaneous Historical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGNxvgAACAAJ|year=1927|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|page=206}}</ref> were rulers of all or parts of [[Tamilagam|Tamil region]] sometime between the 3rd century and 6th century CE, after the ancient dynasties of the [[early Cholas]], the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandya]]s and [[Chera Dynasty#Sangam Cheras|Chera]]. Information about the origin and reign of the Kalabhras is uncertain and scarce.<ref name="Singh2008p4852">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Calabrians from Rome, might have lived, invaded or were part of Choke peoples (Seljuks).Century |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |pages=485, 557–558}}</ref> It is believed that they were once the feudatories of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].<ref name="Chakrabarty 2010 p. 842">{{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=D.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |publisher=OUP India |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 |page=84 |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> Prof. M. S. Ramaswami Aiyangar, in his 1922 book "Studies in South Indian Jainism" asserted that the Kalabhra period was 'The [[Augustan literature (ancient Rome)|Augustan age]] of Tamil literature". He also noted that many Pallava and Pandya records describe how the Kalabhras defeated the Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras and established their rule.<ref>Aiyangar, M. S. Ramaswami; Rao, B. Seshagiri (1922). ''Studies in South Indian Jainism''. Madras: University of Madras. pp. 72–74.</ref> The Kalabhra era is sometimes referred to as the "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|dark period]]" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title= Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference|year=1981| publisher= South Indian History Congress|url = https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII|pages=[https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII/page/n28 32]–34}}</ref>

Historian [[Upinder Singh]] states that Shivaskandavarman rise in the 4th century, as evidenced by inscriptions, show Kalabhras were not in power at that time near rivers [[Penna River|Penner]] and [[Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar]] (close to [[Kaveri]]). The Kalabhras dynasty had ended for certain by the last quarter of 6th century when Pallava [[Simhavishnu]] consolidated his rule up to the Kaveri river, south of which the [[Pandyas]] led by [[Kadunkon]] consolidated their power.<ref name="Singh 2008 557–558">{{cite book|first=Upinder|last=Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=557–558}}</ref> Cholas became subordinates of Pallavas and they were already ruling Telugu region of [[Rayalaseema]].

Some early scholars, including M. S. Venkatasamy and S. K. Aiyangar, suggested that the [[Mutharaiyar dynasty|Mutharaiyars]] might have had links to the Kalabhra period, but this view remains speculative and is not supported by inscriptional or archaeological evidence.<ref>Mayilai Seeni Venkatasamy, Kalappirar Aatchiyil Thamizhagam, Naam Tamilar Publications, 2006.</ref> Later studies of Pudukkottai inscriptions recording clearly Tamil personal names such as Maran, Meenavan and Tennavan - indicate that the Mutharaiyars were a Tamil-origin group, and therefore the Kalabhra-Mutharaiyar ancestral connection is not considered an established historical conclusion.<ref>J. Rajamugam, Pudukkottai District History, 1992.</ref><ref>N. Kasinathan, Mutharaiyar, 1976.</ref>

== Identification ==
The origin and identity of the Kalabhras is uncertain. Information about the origin and reign of the Kalabhras is uncertain and scarce.<ref name="Singh2008p4852"/>

Their proposed roots vary from southeast region of modern [[Karnataka]], Kalappalars of [[Kaarkaathaar]] community, to [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] chieftains.<ref name="Singh2008p4852"/><ref name="Chakrabarty 2010 p. 842"/><ref name="Cre-A">{{cite book |author1=Iravatham Mahadevan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ&q=Tribal+jain |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=9780674012271 |location=Chennai, India |page=136 |quote=During most of this period, the Tamil country was under the rule of the Kalabhras, said to be tribal invaders from Karnataka following the Jaina faith.}}</ref><ref name="History of the Kannada Language">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C|title=History of the Kannada Language|last=R|first=Narasimhacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1942|isbn=978-81-206-0559-6|pages=48}}</ref>

One theory states that they were probably [[Hill people|hill tribes]] that rose out of obscurity to become a power in [[South India]].<ref name="thapar">{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|author-link1=Romila Thapar|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780141937427|page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqmyEbLScZ4C|access-date=7 September 2016|language=en}}</ref> Historical documents of the [[Vettuva Gounder]] community interpreted by the [[Kongu Vellalar|Kongu]] historian Pon Dheepankar show that the [[Kaarkaathaar|Karkathars]], [[Vanniyar|Vanniars]] and [[Maravars]] (other than the Kondayankottai caste), [[Kallars]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. Velsamy Kavirayar |url=http://archive.org/details/tva-bok-0012553-1 |title=குருகுல வரலாறு |date=1934}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=F. J. |url=http://archive.org/details/p1salemrich01richuoft |title=Salem |date=1918–1932 |publisher=Madras : s.n. |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |trans-title=These Brahmans ruled for some four centuries, towards the end of which period the kingdom suffered severely from the depredations of certain raiders called Ottiars and Salliars, who represented, it is said, the Kallars and Maravars of to-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pondheepankar |first=முத்துக்கவுண்டர் |title=கொங்கு குலகுருக்கள் - 54. பட்டயகாளிபாளையம் மடம் |url=http://kongukulagurus.blogspot.com/2009/09/52_1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en}}</ref> who were a formerly a [[Denotified Tribes|denotified tribe]] of Tamil Nadu were the Kalabhras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Superintendent Government Press |first=Madras |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177470 |title=Madras District Gazetteers Salem Vol I Part I |date=1918}}</ref> Other theories state that they were [[Karnatas]] probably from north of Tamil-speaking region (modern southeast Karnataka),<ref name="History of the Kannada Language"/><ref name="Cre-A"/> or on etymological grounds may have been the Kalappalars of [[Karkarthar]] community or the [[Kallar (caste)|Kalavar]] chieftains.<ref name="Singh2008p4852"/> Kalabhra or Kalamba is to be equated with Kalava ( = Kallar ) or Kadamba .<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHaVqNy-V6UC&dq=kalabhra+kallar&pg=PA47 |title=IOrigin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Land |year=2000 |page=47 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0144-4 }}</ref>

According to Kulke and Rothermund, "nothing is known about the origins or tribal affiliations" of the Kalabhras, and their rule is called the "Kalabhra Interregnum".<ref name="kulke"/> They are reviled in texts written centuries later, particularly by [[Tamil Hindus|Tamil Hindu]] scholars.<ref name="thapar"/> This has led some scholars to infer that the Kalabhra rulers may have discontinued grants to Hindu temples, possibly because they were originally [[Jains]] and strong adherents of Jainism, while also extending support to other Śramaṇic traditions like Buddhism and Ajivika during their rule. Other scholars suggest that much of their literary and cultural contribution may have been lost or destroyed during the later Bhakti movement.<ref name="thapar"/><ref name="kulke">{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann |author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2= Rothermund|first2= Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher= Routledge|location= London| isbn=9780415329200|page=105 |edition=4th|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> However, the textual support for these conjectures is unclear. In support of their possible Jaina patronage, is the 10th-century Jain text on grammar which quotes a poem that some scholars attribute to Acchuta Vikkanta, a Kalabhra king.<ref name="kulke"/> A non-Tamil language Buddhist text ''Vinayaviniccaya'' by [[Buddhadatta]] was composed in the 5th-century Tamil region. According to Shu Hikosaka, Buddhadatta in this Pali language text mentions "Putamarikalam in the Chola country".<ref name="Hikosaka1989p24">{{cite book|first=Shu|last=Hikosaka|title=Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XmQEAAAAYAAJ|year=1989 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|page=24}}</ref> According to [[Karl Harrington Potter|Karl Potter]] in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 360 to 650 AD'', multiple scholars place the 5th-century Buddhadatta in the Chola kingdom near Kaveri river.<ref>{{cite book|first=Karl H.|last=Potter|title=Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LajWAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-208-1968-9|pages=216–217}}</ref> According to Arunachalam, the Pali manuscripts of this text includes the name Acutavikkante Kalambakulanandane and therefore he states Acutavikkante must have been a Kalabhra king.{{sfn|Arunachalam|1979|pp=52-55}} However, the oldest surviving ''Vinayaviniccaya'' manuscript in Pali does not have that name, it has Kalabbha. This could be Kalabhra.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oskar von Hinüber|title=A Handbook of Pali Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3ldDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081498-9|page=156}}</ref>

{{ Annotated image
| image=Map of the Gupta Empire.png
| width=290
| image-width = 290 
| image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|South-Asia 400-450 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|KALABHRAS|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|195|[[Western Ganga dynasty|WESTERN GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|43|65|[[Hind (Sasanian province)|SASANIAN HIND]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|85|152|[[Traikutaka dynasty|TRAITAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|160|[[Vakatakas|VAKATAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|185|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|210|130|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|253|90|[[Varman dynasty|VARMANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|45|20|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHON HUNS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|5|[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|45|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Location of the Kalabhras and neighbouring polities circa 400-450 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (j) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
}}
Buddhadatta in his manuals (in the ''Nigamanagātha'' of ''Vinayavinicchaya'', verse 3179) identifies his patron as follows:<ref>{{cite book|title=THE COLAS, SECOND EDITION|author=K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI|publisher=G. S. Press, Madras|year=1955|page=108}}</ref>
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
Accut' Accutavikkante Kalambakulanandane 
mahin samanusāsante āraddho ca samāpito. 
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
In the time of the immortal Accutavikkante, the pride of the Kalamba family 
this work was accomplished.
{{col-end}}

and once again the tika (colophon) adds:<ref>{{cite book|title=GEOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS RELATING TO ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA|author=BIMALA CHURN LAW |publisher=BHARATIYA PUBLISHING HOUSE|year=1976|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International encyclopaedia of Buddhism. 51. Nepal|editor=Nagendra Kr Singh|publisher=Anmol Publications|page=4514|year=1997}}</ref>
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
Kalambhakulavamsa jāte Accutavikkamanāme Colarājini 
Colarattham samanusāsante 
ayam vinicchayo mayā āraddho ceva samāpito cāti 
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
This work Vinicchaya was accomplished, 
when the king of Cholas, Accutavikkaman, 
born in the lineage of the Kalamba family was ruling the earth.
{{col-end}}

Amritasagara, a [[Jain]] poet of the 10th century CE and the author of the works Yapparungalam and Yapparungalakkarikai, has also written a few verses about Achyuta Vikranta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Chōla Art: Origin and Emergence of Style|first=Rama|last=Sivaram|publisher=Navrang|page=-25|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient India|author=Vidya Dhar Mahajan|publisher=S. Chand|page=571|year=1962}}</ref>

A few verses of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Navalar Caritai, a later work, is sometimes identified as glorifying Accuta Vikranta. It describes the three kings [[Chera]], [[Chola]] and [[Pandya]] paying obeisance to king Accuta when they were taken captive.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D|author=D. Devakunjari|publisher=Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Drama in Ancient Tamil Society|first=Kārttikēcu|last=Civattampi|publisher=New Century Book House|year=1981|page=158}}</ref>

According to Burton Stein, the Kalabhra interregnum may represent a strong bid by non-peasant (Tribal) warriors for power over the fertile plains of Tamil region with support from the heterodox Indian religious tradition (Jainism and Buddhism).<ref name="Stein1994p76"/> This may have led to persecution of the peasants and urban elites of the Brahmanical religious traditions (Hinduism), who then worked to remove the Kalabhras and retaliated against their persecutors after returning to power.<ref name="Stein1994p76">{{cite book|first=Burton|last=Stein|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ|year= 1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=76–84|isbn=9780195635072}}</ref> In contrast, R.S. Sharma states the opposite theory and considers "Kalabhras as an example for peasant revolt to the state" - with tribal elements, albeit around the 6th century.<ref name="Ray2019">{{cite book|first=Rebecca|last=Darley|editor=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgXgCgAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34130-7|page=68}}; {{cite book|first=Rebecca|last=Darley|editor=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-022793-2|pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=R.S. Sharma| title=Problems of Peasant Protest in Early Medieval India| journal= Social Scientist| year=1988| volume=16|issue=19| pages=3–16| doi=10.2307/3517169| jstor=3517169}}</ref> All these theories are hampered by the fact that there is a "profound lack of evidence for the events or nature of Kalabhra rule", states Rebecca Darley.<ref name="Ray2019"/> A few consider the Kalabhras to be a militant branch of the [[Jainas]] who were opposed to the [[Historical Vedic religion]] and this resulted in their vilification in later times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Religion and Change|editor-first=Madhu|editor-last=Sen|publisher=Books & Books|year=1983|page=146}}</ref>

===In epigraphs===

====Pulankurichi inscription====
The earliest Kalabhra inscription available is the Pulankurichi (Tamil Nadu) epigraph of king Chēndan Kurran (Kootran) dated to 270 CE. It is also one of the earliest inscriptions in Tamil and extends to over 15 metres in length. It refers to the administrative divisions of the kingdom and also to Vedic sacrifices and temples. Scholar [[Kamil Zvelebil]] indicates that the language of the inscription is almost identical to classical Tamil similar to the one used in the [[Tolkappiyam]] and [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] texts.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1992|p=93}}

====8th-century Velvikudi grant inscription====
A much-cited and discussed epigraphical evidence for the existence of Kalabhras is the 155-lines-long 8th-century [[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikudi grant copper]] plate inscription of Nedunjadaiyan.<ref name="sastri306"/> It was created at least 200 years after the end of the Kalabhras. It opens with an invocation to [[Shiva]] and many lines in Sanskrit written in [[Grantha script]], followed by Tamil written in [[Vatteluttu script]]. Loaded with myth and exaggerated legends, the inscription has the following few lines about a Kalabhra king and his relatively quick end by Pandya king [[Kadungon]] (lines 39–40, translated by H. Krishna Sastri):<ref name="sastri306">{{cite book|author=Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume XVII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VwmsGA7ZuoC|year=1923|publisher=Archaeological Society of India|pages=293–294, 306, 308; context: 291–309}}</ref>

[[File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|8th Century Velvikudi grant that mentions Kalabhras.]]
{{Blockquote|
L 39: Then a Kali king named Kalabhran took possession of the extensive earth driving away numberless great kings (adhiraja) and resumed the (village mentioned Velvikudi) above. 
L 40: After that, like the sun rising from the expansive ocean, the Pandyadhiraja named Kadungon, the lord of the South of sharp javelin who wore (the cloak of) dignity and was the leader of an army, sprang forth, occupied (the throne), spreading around him the brilliant splendour of (his) expanding rays (prowess), destroyed the kings of the extensive earth surrounded by the sea together with (their) strongholds and (their) fame, wielded the sceptre of justice and removed by his strength the evil destiny of the goddess of the earth whose splendour deserved to be under the shade of (his) white umbrella, by terminating by his strength the possession of her under others and establishing her in his own possession in the approved manner and destroyed the shining cities of kings who would not submit to him.
|[[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikudi grant inscription]]<ref name="sastri306"/>}}

The inscription then recites the generations of Pandya and Chola kings who followed the victorious Kadungon, and finally to king Nedunjadaiyan who ruled in the year of the inscription (c. 770 CE). The copper plate records that a Brahmin complainant said that the land grant which was given to his ancestors before Kalabhras "ignobly seized it" has not been returned so far after numerous generations (lines 103-118).<ref name="sastri306"/> The king sought evidence of past ownership, which he was provided, and thereafter the king restored the grant to the complainant.<ref name="sastri306"/> The inscription ends in Sanskrit with verses from Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism, followed by the engraver's colophon.<ref name="sastri306"/> This inscription has been assumed to be an accurate historical record by some scholars, interpreted to affirm that Kalabhras existed for some period, they conquered some or all parts of the Pandyan kingdom, they seized lands belonging to Brahmin(s) and were defeated by the Pandyas (Pāṇṭiya).<ref name=sharma53>{{cite book|first=Arvind|last=Sharma|title=The World's Religions After September 11|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XOM5D-pj7kIC&pg=PA53|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-99621-5|page=53}}</ref> Some scholars dismiss the Kalabhra interregnum as for all practical purposes "a myth".<ref name=sharma53/>

The passing mention of Kalabhras in some records have led to a number of theories for the identity of the Kalabhras. T. A. Gopinath Rao equates them with the [[Muthuraja|Mutharaiyar]]s and an inscription in the Vaikunta Perumal temple at [[Kanchi]] mentions a Mutharaiyar named as ''Kalavara-Kalvan''. M. Raghava Iyengar, on the other hand, identifies the Kalabhras with the Vellala Kalappalars.<ref name="gupta" /> Based on the Velvikudi plates inscription above, R. Narasimhacharya and [[V. Venkayya]] believe them to have been ''[[Karnatas]]''.<ref name="narasimhacharya">{{cite book|last1=Narasimhacharya|first1=R.|title=History of Kannada language: readership lectures|date=1990|orig-year=1934|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788120605596|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C|access-date=8 September 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica vol.17|last=Sastri|first=Rao Bahadur H. Krishna|publisher=Government of India|year=1924|pages=295}}</ref> K. R. Venkatarama Iyer suggests that the Kalabhras might have emerged from the [[Bangalore]]-[[Chittoor]] region early in the 5th century.<ref name="gupta" />

===Numismatics===
A study of unearthed coins of that era show on the two sides of each coin, a range of Brahmi inscriptions in Prakrit language and images. Typically the coins show tiger, elephant, horse and fish icons. In "rare specimens", states Gupta, one finds an image of a seated Jain muni (monk) or a short sword or the [[Swastika]] symbol. Other coins of this era have images of Hindu gods and goddesses with inscriptions in Tamil or Prakrit. According to Gupta, these use of [[Prakrit]] language on the coins may reflect the non-Tamil origins of Kalabhra.<ref name="gupta">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Parmanand|title=Geography from ancient Indian coins & seals|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170222484|pages=23–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> Other scholars are skeptical of the coin's dating and interpretation, the origins of the coins and the impact of trade, and the rareness of Jain and Buddhist iconography.<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. V. Narsimhamurthy|first2=PN |last2=Singh |display-authors=etal|title=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Volume 58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X05mAAAAMAAJ|year=1996 |publisher=Numismatic Society of India|pages=10–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=N. Subrahmanian|title=Original sources for the history of Tamilnad: from the beginning to c. A.D. 600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOBHAAAAMAAJ| year=1994|publisher=Ennes |pages=329–331}}</ref>

According to Timothy Power - a scholar of Middle East and Mediterranean archaeology and history, coins and texts attest to an on-going trade between the Mediterranean, Middle East and South Indian ports such as [[Muziris]] until the 5th century, but then suddenly there is no mention of Indian ports in the Mediterranean texts around mid-6th century.<ref name="Power2012p179"/> This "dark age" may be related to the conquest of Kalabhras over Tamilakam in the 6th century. This period of violence and the closure of trading ports probably lasted about 75 years, around the first half of the 6th century.<ref name="Power2012p179">{{cite book|first=Timothy|last=Power|title=The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500-1000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Md2OBAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-1-61797-350-5|pages=179–181}}</ref>

== Religion and literature ==
{{TNhistory}}
The religious affiliation of Kalabhras is unknown. According to Peterson theory, the Kalabhras patronised the ''Sramana'' religions ([[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Ājīvika|Ajivikas]]). And Peterson more particularly states that the Kalabhras were followers of the Digambara sect of [[Jainism]]. {{sfn|Indira Peterson|1998|pp=166-167}}

Buddhism and Ajivikas also flourished as is evident from the writings of [[Buddhadatta]] (5th century) who wrote some of his manuals like ''Vinayavinicchaya'' and [[Abhidhammāvatāra]] among others on banks of the [[Kaveri river]]. The Kalabhras encouraged the building of Buddhist monasteries in places like Bhoothamangala and [[Kaveripattinam]], the early [[Chola]] capital.<ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India|author=K. Krishna Murthy|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 1987|pages=93–94}}</ref> In the ''Nigamanagātha'' of Vinayavinicchaya, Buddhatta describes how he wrote the work while staying at the monastery built by one ''Venhudassa'' (Vishnudasa) on the banks of the Kaveri in a town called Bhootamangalam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kalabhras in the Pandiya Country and Their Impact on the Life and Letters There|first=Mu|last=Aruṇācalam|publisher=University of Madras, 1979|page=53}}</ref> He describes his patron as ''The Immortal AccutaVikkante, the pride of the Kalamba family'' (''Accut' Accutavikkante Kalambakulanandane'') in [[Pali]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indological Studies, Vol 3|author=Bimala Churn Law|publisher=Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, 1954|page=225}}</ref>

Buddhadatta vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] as follows:<ref>{{cite book|title=The March of India, Vol 8|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956|page=52}}</ref>

In the lovely Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families
endowed with all the requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,
filled with all kinds of precious stones,
possessed of many kinds of bazaars,
beautified by many gardens,
in a beautiful and pleasant vihara built by Kanhadasa,
adorned with a mansion as high as the Kailasa,
and having different kinds of beautiful entrance-towers on the outer wall,
I lived in an old mansion there and wrote this work..

The Kalabhras appear to have also supported Shaivites. Their inscriptions and temple patronage indicate devotion to Shiva. King Achyuta is recorded as patronising Shiva, and references to Murugan are also found in their inscriptions.<ref>Veermani Pd. Upadhyaya Felicitation Volume by Veermani Prasad Upadhyaya</ref><ref>''Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: collected papers'' By G. John Samuel, Ār. Es Śivagaṇēśamūrti, M. S. Nagarajan, Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India)</ref>

According to the ''Gandhipadavannanā'' of Buddhadatta's manual ''Vinayavinicchaya'', the word ''Accuta'' of the patron king was used in the same context as the epithet of [[Narayana]] (''Accutassa Nārāyanassa viya vikkantām ettassāti Accutavikkanto'').<ref>{{cite book|title=International encyclopaedia of Buddhism. 51. Nepal|author=Nagendra Kr Singh|publisher=Anmol Publications, 1997|page=4514}}</ref>

The early twin [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epics [[Silappatikaram]] (Jaina) and [[Manimekalai]] (Buddhist) were written under the patronage of the Kalabhras.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang, 1991|page=233}}</ref> During their patronage, states Peterson, Jain scholars formed an academy in [[Madurai]] and wrote texts in Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and Tamil. These include classics such as the ''[[Tirukkuṟaḷ|Tirukkural]]'' that condemns meat-eating (one of the cornerstones of [[Jainism]] as opposed to [[Hinduism]] as [[Brahmin]] poets like [[Kapilar]] are described to be meat-eaters in the [[Sangam literature]]),<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture as Revealed in Tirukkural|author=Iḷacai Cuppiramaṇiyapiḷḷai Muttucāmi|publisher=Makkal Ilakkia Publications|page=137|year=1994}}</ref> the Tamil epics, long and short devotional poems.{{sfn|Indira Peterson|1998|pp=166-167}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Philosophy of Tirukkural|first=Subramania|last=Gopalan|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|page=53|year=1979}}</ref> Some of these texts "paint a picture of dialogue and mutual tolerance" between the various Indian religions in the Tamil country, according to Peterson.{{sfn|Indira Peterson|1998|pp=166-167}} Other scholars disagree that these are Jain texts, or that the authors of these texts that praise the Vedas, the Brahmins, Hindu gods and goddesses were Jains.{{sfn|Stuart Blackburn|2000|pp=464-465}}{{sfn|P. R. Natarajan|2008|pp=1–6}}{{sfn|Norman Cutler|1992|pp=555-558}}

== End of the dynasty ==
It is unknown as to how the Kalabhras rule ended. However, a multitude of evidence affirms that [[Simhavishnu]] - the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] [[Kadungon]] had united the Tamil regions, removed Kalabhras and others. Simhavishnu consolidated his kingdom from south of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river and up to the Kaveri river by c. 575 CE. To the south of Kaveri, the Pandyas came to power. Cholas became subordinates of Pallavas and they were already ruling Telugu region of [[Rayalaseema]]. The Kalabhra rule which had dominated the political scene of the Tamil country for few centuries was defeated and ended by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].<ref name="Singh2008p4852"/> This is attested by the numerous inscriptions dated from the 6th century and thereafter, as well as the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] language memoirs of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] who visited the Tamil region about 640 CE along with other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA97|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-122-5|page=97}}</ref> Xuanzang describes a peaceful cosmopolitan region where some 100 monasteries with 10,000 monks were studying [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, [[Kanchipuram]] was hosting learned debates with hundreds of heretic Deva (Hindu) temples but no Buddhist institutions. Xuangzang makes no mention of the Kalabhras.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Hermann|last1=Kulke|first2=Dietmar|last2=Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15482-6|pages=114–115}}</ref><ref name="SchalkVeluppillai2002">{{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Schalk|first2=A.|last2=Veluppillai|first3=Irāmaccantiran̲|last3=Nākacāmi|title=Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|isbn=978-91-554-5357-2|pages=287–290, 400–403}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kutruva Nayanar]]
*[[Karanthai]]
*[[Meykandar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Hiltebeitel · |first1=Alf |title=Freud's Mahabharata |date=6 August 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190878344 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hhnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mahadevan+2008+kalabhras&pg=PA86}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Archaeological Society South India|1955}} |first=South India|last=Archaeological Society|title=Transactions Volumes 1-5|publisher=Archaeological Society of South India|year=1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtIZAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Rā. Ya Dhāravāḍakara|1968}} |first=Dhāravāḍakara|last= Rā. Ya|title=Approach to the study of Kannada language: philology|publisher=Samāja Pustakālaya|year=1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7IRAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Arunachalam|first=M.|title=The Kalabhras in the Pandiya Country and Their Impact on the Life and Letters There|publisher=University of Madras|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvq1AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Stuart Blackburn|2000}} |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |title =Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue =2 |pages=449–482 |year=2000 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00003632 |s2cid=144101632 }}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Norman Cutler|1992}} | title= Interpreting Tirukkuṟaḷ: The Role of Commentary in the Creation of a Text| first= Norman| last= Cutler| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume=112| pages= 549–566| number= 4| year= 1992|jstor=604470| doi= 10.2307/604470}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|P. R. Natarajan|2008}} |first=P. R. |last=Natarajan |title=Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal |edition=First |publisher = Uma Padhippagam |location=Chennai |year=2008 |language=ta }}
* {{citation |ref={{harvid|Indira Peterson|1998}} |first=Indira|last=Peterson| editor-last=Cort |editor-first=John E. |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|author=Kamil Zvelebil|publisher=Brill|year=1992}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 3rd century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century]]
[[Category:600 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain empires and kingdoms]]
[[Category:Jain dynasties]]

Shammi Narang

2026-02-14T09:38:50Z

Kawoosahamad: added first entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|News anchor and entrepreneur}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shammi Narang
| image = Shammi Narang's Profile Image.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|11|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
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| known_for = News Presenter and Voice of [[Delhi Metro]]
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'''Shammi Narang''' is an Indian media personality, [[Voice acting|voice-over artist]], [[News presenter|ex news anchor]] and entrepreneur based in [[Delhi]].<ref name=Harmony>{{cite news |url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=15535 |title=The news, according to... |date=April 2011 |last=Nair |first=Dhanya Sankar |work=harmonyindia.org}}</ref> Graduating with an engineering degree,<ref name=Mike>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/08/stories/2009080852590600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103437/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/08/stories/2009080852590600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2011 |title=Hello! Mike testing 1,2,3,4 |last=Zaman |first=Rana Siddique |date=8 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Narang first got into the voice-over profession by working in the [[Hindi]] division of [[Voice of America]].<ref name=Always>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Shammi-Narang-Always-in-the-news/articleshow/34698028.cms |title=Shammi Narang: Always in the news |date=17 January 2003 |last=Singh |first=Harneet |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later he was selected from among 10,000 candidates into [[Doordarshan]], which was then the only channel in India,<ref name=Always/> and became the 'face of Doordarshan news reading' and Indian Television in general during the 1970s – 80s.<ref name=Mike/> His rendering of ''Sarab Sanjhi Gurbani'' has become the voice of [[Sikh]]s globally as well.<ref name=Harmony/>

After the advent of [[satellite television]], Narang left the channel and instead started training upcoming and budding news anchors, journalists, voice-over artists and emcees.<ref name=Mike/>

All [[Hindi]] in-train and in-station voice messages and announcements of the [[Delhi Metro]], [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]], [[Mumbai Metro]], [[Bangalore Metro]], [[Jaipur Metro]] and the [[Hyderabad Metro Rail]] are recorded in Narang's voice.<ref name=Mike/> Narang is also the director of Delhi-based Pindrop Media Group.<ref name=Mike/>

==Early life and education==
Narang's grandfather was a Sikh belonging to the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and originally of [[Lahnda]] origin.<ref name=Mike/> His father served the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=Mike/> Narang graduated with an engineering degree from YMCA, Faridabad and was motivated by his father to indulge in hobbies such as [[Motorcycle stunt riding|stunt riding]].<ref name=Mike/> He worked as a stunt rider for ''Escorts''.<ref name=Mike/> Narang is also a 'semi-trained' singer.<ref name=Mike/>

==Personal life==
Narang is married to Dolly Narang, who hails from [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=Food>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/01/stories/2009100150500400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110043107/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/01/stories/2009100150500400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Cooking stories and food! |last=Zaman |first=Rana Siddique |date=1 October 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Dolly is a disciple of music composer [[Jaidev]] and gives [[Ghazal]] performances.<ref name=Events>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2132927.ece |title=Ghazal concert |date=25 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The couple have a son and live in [[South Delhi]].<ref name=Mike/>

==Pre Doordarshan days==
Narang made his foray into the [[voice-over]] industry with [[Voice of America]]. Flanager, a [[technical director]] of the [[United States Information Agency|United States Information Service]] (Delhi), spotted Narang in the then-newly built [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT, Delhi]] campus auditorium and asked Narang to assist him in his sound testing. Flanager saw the potential in Narang's voice, and promptly referred Narang to Shastri, a Hindi scholar,<ref name=Mike/> who groomed Narang to take over the Hindi division of Voice of America.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080623/cth2.htm |title=Narang talks on voice modulation |date=22 June 2008 |author=Tribune News Service |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> After his post graduation, he joined [[Larsen & Toubro]] as a marketing professional and was working there for a while.<ref name=Mike/> Later, his love for adventure made him join ''Escorts'' as a stunt rider, inspired by [[Rishi Kapoor]], a character from the film ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''. While at it, he had an accident in the late 1980s which is the reason behind his misshapen nose.<ref name=Mike/>

==With Doordarshan==
In 1982, Narang attended the auditions for selection into Doordarshan in a T-shirt and tattered jeans, where he had to compete with around 10,000 aspirants. [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010830/nation.htm Devki Nandan Pandey], a veteran news broadcaster, praised his performance.<ref name=Mike/> Then started his 20-year association with the channel. Narang developed a style for himself, with his baritone of a voice.<ref name=Always/> With the newscasts of those days having significantly fewer visuals and more of impersonal, restrained vocal illustrations,<ref name=Divas/> Narang became 'the face of Doordarshan news reading'<ref name=Mike/> with his correctness in pronunciation and diction.<ref name=Always/> People even regarded news readers to be powerful enough to influence the Government for them.<ref name=Divas/> Narang recalled once, in an interview, an incident after he had read out a new pension scheme for ex-servicemen, wherein an elderly [[havaldar]] had turned up at his door two days later, pleading him to update his pension scheme.<ref name=Harmony/> Referring to the allegations on the then newscasters of reading out lies in favour of the Government, Narang said that they don't read lies, but just hid the truth.<ref name=Divas>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/The-Doordarshan-Divas/articleshow/2677780.cms |title=The Doordarshan Divas |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=6 January 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Doordarshan lost its acclaimed spot after cable and satellite television entered India as it just couldn't stand the competition, with its refusal to adapt to the age of live telecasts.<ref name=Pioneer>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/206678/SMALLSCREEN/SMALLSCREEN.html |title=Does life begin or end at 50? |last=Mitra |first=Chandan |date=22 June 2011 |work=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]}}</ref> The crews in the competing channels were also comparatively younger, as against the predominantly middle aged Doordarshan crowd.<ref name=Pioneer/> Initially regarded as an expensive novelty, cable television gradually picked up, eventually pushing Doordarshan to become a 'dull-as-ditchwater propaganda machine' of the Government, despite initiatives taken by its professional Directors General.<ref name=Pioneer/> With the trend then demanding the old [[news presenter|newsreaders]] to switch to the roles of [[News presenter|news anchors]], not many were able to adapt and instead changed their pursuits. Referring to this, Narang said that he would have been a misfit in the current era.<ref name=Divas/> On the current scene, Narang observed that it has become 'trivialised' and added that 'the young reporters, fresh out of college, in vogue now would be good in interviewing filmstars but wouldn't be an appropriate choice before Dr Karan Singh or Manmohan Singh.'<ref name=Divas/>

==After Doordarshan==
Narang switched to doing voice-overs and compering shows post Doordarshan. He has done theatre with artists like [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227222818/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022360890300.htm Sheila Bhatia].<ref name=Mike/> Narang has been compering the [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards|Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards ceremony]] since its inception in 1997.<ref name=Voiceover>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/voice-over/609178/ |title=Voice Over |last=Mathur |first=Siddhartha |date=12 April 2010 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> In 1998, Narang founded Studio Pindrop, Delhi's first digital recording studio, which is popular among voice over artists and musicians.<ref name=Mike/> He is also a visiting faculty at MADarts,<ref name=Tribune/> [[Jaspal Bhatti]]'s film school, and has done voice-overs for its award-winning two-minute animation film, ''Nanhi Chidiya''.<ref name=Chidiya>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/heres-to-you-girl/433094/ |title=Here's to you girl! |last=Bhatia |first=Sheveta |date=10 March 2009 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He has lent his voice to the audio guides on heritage monuments in [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner]] and [[Mysore]].<ref name=Mike/> He also compered the [[Guinness Book of World Records|Guinness record breaking]] tea party in [[Indore]].<ref name=Tea>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indore-stages-largest-tea-party-enters-guinness_1152798 |title=Indore stages largest tea party enters Guinness |last=Jha |first=Paras K |date=25 February 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] }}</ref> Narang was in one of the four two-member teams that undertook a journey from [[Delhi]] to [[Haridwar]] as part of the TV show, ''Be Positive'', that was on air on Pragya TV, a spiritual lifestyle channel.<ref name=BP>{{cite news |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/be-positive-the-mantra-of-success-on-pragya/130107.shtml |title=Be Positive : the mantra of success on Pragya |last=Ghausia |first=Afroz |date=11 February 2008 |website=www.merinews.com }}</ref> The Jai Ha! campaign of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] during the 2009 elections used [[Kaka Hathrasi| Kaka Hathrasi's]] satirical jingles sung by Narang.<ref name=Jai>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jai-ha-campaign-bjp-turns-to-kaka-hathrasis-satire/435883/2 |title=Jai Ha! campaign : BJP turns to Kaka Hathrasi's satire |last=Jha |first=Shobhana K/ Suman K |date=18 March 2009 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On the potential of the voice-over industry, Narang spoke in an interview that 'voice is the biggest asset of communication'<ref name=Tribune/> and it can get one a very decent pay even at the starting level.<ref name=HT>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/More-on-voice-artists/Article1-373256.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118004740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/More-on-voice-artists/Article1-373256.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2011 |title=More on voice artists |last=Purkayastha |first=Damini |date=31 January 2009 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He noted the importance of a good and clear voice. He believes that everyone is capable of voice modulation, though one realises it only in front of a camera or microphone.<ref name=Tribune/> He recommends a 3-minute recitation session of 'Om' everyday, steaming the throat without gargling, yoga, meditation and avoiding abusive language for a deep and young voice.<ref name=Mike/> He is the male voice with a deep baritone that guides the passengers on the do's and don'ts and the Hindi version of the courteous ''[[Mind the gap|'Please mind the gap!']]'' announcements<ref name=Mind>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/85550/ |title=Mind the negativism, please |last=Kapoor |first=Coomi|author-link=Coomi Kapoor |date=9 January 2006 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> inside the [[Delhi Metro]] trains everyday and night.<ref name=Metre>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/020210-Metro-Rail-Technical-glitch-Rajiv-Chowk.htm |title=This train won't stop at Rajiv Chowk. Please mind the gap |last=Salman |first=Mohd. |date=2 February 2010 |work=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref> He has composed music for a number of ad films, like [[Tata Tea| Tata Tea's]] ''Na jaane kya rishta''.<ref name=Always/> He was also seen in a couple of films.<ref name=Mike/>

In an interview with NDTV on the occasion of Hindi day in 2016, Mr Narang expressed that Hindi learning should not become a burden for the young generation. He suggested that the difficult and rare words that are not in use in our day-to-day life should be replaced by common, simple words.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/hindi-diwas-exclusive-interview-with-shammi-narang-1458510 |title=Hindi Diwas: Exclusive interview with Shammi Narang |work=NDTV |year=2016 |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>

In 2021, he appeared in an episode of ''TV Newsance'' by [[Newslaundry]] titled "''History of TV News | 75th #IndependenceDay Special TV Newsance Episode 143''".<ref>{{Citation|title=History of TV News {{!}} 75th #IndependenceDay Special TV Newsance Episode 143|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ec1ERZDSwY|language=en|access-date=2021-08-15}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
*[[List of Indian Dubbing Artists]]

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Role
|-
| 1986 || ''Uttejna'' || Hindi || Lead role<ref name=Film>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100350200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110043225/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100350200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Bollywood sojourn of Shammi |last=K |first=Kannan |date=21 February 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Maqbool]]'' || Hindi || Mr.Vikas Bhosle<ref name=Film/><ref>{{IMDb name|1797087}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''Sahibzade: A Saga of Valour and Sacrifice'' (2D animation film) || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || Voice over<ref name=Sahib>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051106/spectrum/main2.htm |title=They had a dream...and they realised it |last=Nayar |first=Aruti |date=6 November 2005 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''Nanhi Chidiya'' (animated short film) || Hindi || Voice over<ref name=Chidiya/>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' || Hindi/English || Justice Jain
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'' || Hindi/English || Guest appearance (as himself)
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' || Hindi || Wrestling Commentator
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1797087}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narang, Shammi}}
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]
[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Golam Ali Chowdhury

2026-02-09T00:20:30Z

Kawoosahamad: New a bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Bengali Muslim zamindar and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Zamindar]] [[Moulvi]] [[Mian (title)|Mia]]
| name = Golam Ali Chowdhury
| honorific_suffix = [[Sahib]]
| native_name = গোলাম আলী চৌধুরী
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = 1827
| birth_place = [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1888|1|7|1827|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| occupation = Landlord, philanthropist
| children = 13
| father = [[Muhammad Ashuq]]
}}{{Zamindars of Bengal}}
'''Mia Golam Ali Chowdhury Sahib''' ({{langx|bn|মিঞা গোলাম আলী চৌধুরী সাহেব}}; 1824 – 7 January 1888),<ref>{{citation|title=The Calcutta Gazette, July-September 1875|chapter=July 14, 1875|page=860|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68655/page/n139/mode/2up}}</ref> also known as '''Chowdhuri Golam Ali''' ({{langx|bn|চৌধুরী গোলাম আলী}}), was a 19th-century [[Bengali Muslim]] [[zamindar]] and philanthropist from [[Padma Division|Faridpur]] in eastern Bengal.<ref name=z>{{cite book|title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, &c|url=https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryin00unkngoog|accessdate=3 April 2022|year=1881|publisher=J.N. Ghose|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryin00unkngoog/page/298/mode/2up 298]}}</ref>

==Life==
Chowdhury was born in 1824 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] ''[[zamindar]]'' family of [[Muslim]] [[Mridha]]-[[Chowdhury|Chowdhuries]] in [[Gosairhat Upazila|Haturia]], then part of the [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. He was the feudal landlord of [[Gosairhat Upazila|Haturia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shariatpur.police.gov.bd/index.php?r=content/view&id=21|title=জেলার দর্শনীয় স্থানসমূহ|date=1 Aug 2018|website=Superintendent of police, Shariatpur|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820111359/http://www.shariatpur.police.gov.bd/index.php?r=content/view&id=21|archive-date=20 Aug 2019|access-date=20 Aug 2019}}</ref> now under the [[Shariatpur District]] of [[Bangladesh]]. He inherited from his father, [[Muhammad Ashuq Mridha]] of [[Idilpur Union|Idilpur]], who was a ''[[shaykh]]'' that was influenced by the teachings of the [[Hanafite]] ''[[imam]]'' [[Abu Yusuf]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Agrarian System in Eastern Bengal, C. 1870-1910|author=Nakazato, Nariaki|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company|year=1994|isbn=9788170741459}}</ref>

Chowdhury's ''[[zamindari]]'' was spread across the districts of [[Padma Division|Faridpur]] and [[Backergunge District|Bakerganj]]. He was well known for his wealth and was a great patron of education and public welfare, and used to donate generously for this purpose. Chowdhury aided the government in constructing a public bridge and ''[[ghat]]'' in [[Madaripur District|Madaripur]] and other roads in the district. He also entirely funded the building for Madaripur's first pharmacy, and largely contributed to the construction of Barisal Government Entrance School. Chowdhury donated ten thousand [[rupee]]s to the [[Dacca College]] Extension Fund.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dacca: A Study in Urban History and Development|isbn=9781351186735|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|author=Ahmed, Sharif Uddin|year=2018|chapter=3. A centre of education}}</ref><ref>BEC, 874, April 1877, 39-13, 157</ref>

The ''Kheya Ghater Majhi'' poem mentions the might of Chowdhury Golam Ali.<ref name=z/><ref>{{cite book|chapter=ব্যাক্তি ও ব্যাক্তিত্ত্ব|title=উনিশ শতকে বাঙালী মুসলমানের চিন্তাচেতনার ধারা|volume=1|page=101|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265181/page/n107/mode/2up|author=[[Wakil Ahmed|Ahmed, Wakil]]|year=1983|publisher=[[Bangla Academy]]|language=bn|trans-title=The trend of Bengali Muslim thought in the 19th century}}</ref> He also constructed a [[mosque]] in his village, Ghatakhan-Haturia, which has now been demolished and rebuilt.<ref name=arch>{{cite book|page=108|title=Archaeological Survey Report of Greater Faridpur District|author1=Ahmed, Nazimuddin|author2=Miah, Muhammad Abul Hashem|year=2000|isbn=9789847730004|publisher=[[Department of Archaeology (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

==Death and descendants==
Chowdhury died on 7 January 1888.<ref name=case/> He was buried in his village in Ghatakhan (Haturia), and his brick grave is still preserved. The western wall of the grave has a Bengali inscription consisting of eight lines.<ref name=arch/>

He had three wives, with whom he had three sons and eight daughters.<ref name=z/> His first wife, Aizunnesa Khatun, was the mother of Ali Ahmad Chowdhury and two daughters. After the death of his younger brother, Chowdhury married his widowed sister-in-law Izzatunnesa Khatun, who was his first wife's half-sister. Together they had two sons, Amjad Ali Chowdhury and Tajammul Ali Chowdhury, and six daughters with the eldest being Karimunnesa. Chowdhury had two daughters with his third wife, Jawaidunnesa, and he died before the birth of the younger daughter, Majidunnesa.<ref name=case>{{citation|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b49619607dba348f016a4c|date=5 December 1994|quote=Karimunnessa Khatun and others v. Mahomed Fazlul Karim and others|title=Privy Council Appeal No. 90 of 1922, from Bengal Appeal No. 27 of 1919|work=Case Mine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=All India Reporter|page=587|volume=6|year=1929|publisher=D.V. Chitaley|title=Jamilennessa v. Ijjatennesa|author=Ghose, J. B. B.|location=[[Calcutta]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bengal Nobility}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}
{{Shariatpur District}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Golam Ali}}
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Shariatpur District]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]

Bodiwala Kharak Singh

2026-02-04T15:44:01Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bodiwala Kharak Singh
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.28363654229227|74.38786941832525|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3401
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151210
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Malout
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}'''Bodiwala Kharak Singh''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਬੋਦੀਵਾਲਾ ਖੜਕ ਸਿੰਘ) is a village located in Malout tehsil of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Mukatsar Sahib district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodiwala Kharak Singh · Punjab 151210, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bodiwala+Kharak+Singh,+Punjab+151210/@30.2819887,74.3595759,13.17z/data=!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x39170d0d34d7f0f9:0x7f7922a895e7ad97!2sBodiwala+Kharak+Singh,+Punjab+151210!3b1!8m2!3d30.276244!4d74.3880699!16s/g/1tf6f0c0!3m5!1s0x39170d0d34d7f0f9:0x7f7922a895e7ad97!8m2!3d30.276244!4d74.3880699!16s/g/1tf6f0c0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDEwNy4wIKXMDSoKLDEwMDc5MjA2N0gBUAM= |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Bodiwala Kharak Singh · Punjab 151210, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village-panchayates of Muktsar District |url=https://muktsar.nic.in/village-panchayates/}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 3401 of which 1795 are males while 1606 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sri Muktsar Sahib |first=District Census Handbook |url=https://punjab.census.gov.in/PDF/DCHB/DH_2011_0310_PART_B_DCHB_MUKTSAR.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=78 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodiwala Kharak Singh Village Population - Malout - Muktsar, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35254-bodiwala-kharak-singh-punjab.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 1586 hectares or 15.86 km².<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodiwala Kharak Singh {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Bodiwala-Kharak-Singh/Village |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151210.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: BODI WALA, MUKTSAR, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/MUKTSAR/B/BODI_WALA |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Transport in Visakhapatnam

2026-02-01T12:28:52Z

Kawoosahamad: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Transport system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Transport in Visakhapatnam''' is the network of roads, railways, rapid transit system in the largest city of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The city of [[Visakhapatnam]] also serves as the central hub of transport and logistics on the East coast of [[India]] and hence it is called as [[Visakhapatnam|City Of Destiny]].

There are various modes of transportation available in [[Visakhapatnam]]. It includes auto rickshaws, bicycles to mass transit systems such as buses and trains. Visakhapatnam is also home for a Seaport and an International Airport.

== Roadways ==
[[File:Chinnamushidiwada junction aerial view.jpg|alt=The Visakhapatnam Bus Rapid Transit System near Chinnamushidiwada.|thumb|The [[Visakhapatnam Bus Rapid Transit System]] near [[Chinnamushidiwada]].]]
[[Visakhapatnam]] is integrated into the National Highway Network of India through NH 16, NH 516C, NH 516D, NH 516E, while two State Highways SH38, SH39 originate/terminate in Vizag. Visakhapatnam has a vehicle population of nearly 12 lakhs and is the highest in the state.

The city has a total road length of {{Convert|2007.10|km|abbr=on}}, covering {{Convert|1865|km|mi|abbr=on}} of municipal roads, {{Convert|70.10|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Roads & Buildings department roads and {{Convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[National Highway (India)|National highways]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=GVMC|url=http://www.gvmc.gov.in|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220446/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/|archivedate=14 January 2013|access-date=|website=Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation}}</ref> There are several [[arterial roads]] and ten junctions in the city,<ref>{{cite web|title=GVMC e-newsletter|url=https://gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/images/June2015.pdf|website=Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|accessdate=27 April 2017|page=5|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416072320/http://www.gvmc.gov.in/gvmc/images/June2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> where [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam|Beach Road]], [[Daba Gardens|Dabagardens]] Road, [[Dwaraka Nagar|Dwarakanagar]] road, Sampath Vinayak Temple Road (also known as VIP road),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/City-roads-chock-a-block-ahead-of-Sankranti/article17024815.ece|title=City roads chock-a-block ahead of Sankranti|last=Ganguly|first=Nivedita|date=2017-01-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Scindia Road,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-01-28|title=Upgradation of NH16|language=en-IN|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/six-laning-of-bypass-highway-likely-by-2021/articleshow/73674991.cms|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> [[Jagadamba Centre|Chitralaya Road]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Shops-exchanging-torn-currency-notes-make-it-big/articleshow/55517066.cms|title=Shops exchanging torn currency notes make it big |date=November 20, 2016|first=V. Kamalakara |last=Rao |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> and [[Waltair Uplands|waltair Main road]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/AECOM-to-prepare-DPR-for-smart-streets/article17125531.ece|title=AECOM to prepare DPR for smart streets|date=2017-02-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> are some of them. [[Jagadamba Centre]], [[Maddilapalem|Maddilapalem Junction]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/apr/04/land-issues-delay-revamp-of--maddilapalem-rtc-bus-station-1589658.html|title=Land issues delay revamp of Maddilapalem RTC bus station|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 April 2017 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-03-29/Dangerous-decibels/289640|title=Dangerous decibels|last=Patnaik|first=K. M. P.|date=2017-03-29|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> [[Siripuram, Visakhapatnam|Siripuram Junction]], [[Madhurawada|Madhurawada Junction]], [[Gajuwaka|Gajuwaka Junction]], [[Gopalapatnam|Gopalapatnam Junction]] and [[NAD X Road]], Kurnmannapalem Junction are major junctions in the city.

There are plans to upgrade National highway [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] that is presently passing through city and shift it to newly constructing [[Anakapalle]] - [[Anandapuram]] Highway, so that unnecessary traffic passing through city can be regulated.<ref name=":1" />

== Public transport ==

[[File:Visakhapatnam Metroluxury.jpg|thumb|APSRTC Metro Luxury (A.C.) on Vizag roads]]
[[File:Newly painted APSRTC City Bus.jpg|thumb|A City Ordinary bus]]

=== Bus ===
Bus Transit is the major mode of passenger transport in the city. Within the municipal limits of the city, [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] plies nearly 600 City bus services in the region which serve lakhs of commuters in city daily from [[Dwaraka bus station|Dwaraka Central Bus Station Complex]], [[Maddilapalem bus station]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopal|first=B. Madhu|date=2016-06-20|title=Integrated bus terminal soon in city|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Integrated-bus-terminal-soon-in-city/article14433769.ece|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[MVP Colony bus station]], [[Gajuwaka Bus station]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-12-16|title=RTC special buses for beach walkers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/RTC-special-buses-for-beach-walkers/article16842162.ece|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Simhachalam bus station]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 4, 2016|first1=V. Kamalakara |last1=Rao |title=APSRTC launches 50 city buses on seven new routes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/APSRTC-launches-50-city-buses-on-seven-new-routes/articleshow/54001894.cms|access-date=2019-06-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Kurmannapalem]] bus station<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-23|title=RTC has to wait for new buses in Visakhapatnam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141123/nation-current-affairs/article/rtc-has-wait-new-buses-visakhapatnam|access-date=2019-06-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> and [[Madhurawada]] bus station.

The City has one of the best Bus Transit system in India, with many Bus lines. Some of the popular lines are Bus no. 55,111 etc.. . These Bus lines connect the City's outskirts and different Commercial and Economic Centres like [[Pendurthi]], [[Gajuwaka]], [[Anakapalli]], [[Madhurawada]], [[Anandapuram]], [[Bheemunipatnam]], [[Kothavalasa]] and many more Villages and towns.

Also [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] plies various interstate and distant buses from [[Dwaraka bus station|Dwaraka Central Bus Station Complex or APSRTC Bus Complex]], [[Kurmannapalem|Kurmannapalem Bus station]], [[Maddilapalem bus station]], [[Simhachalam bus station]] and [[Madhurawada|Madhurawada Bus Station]] to major parts of the State and neighboring states like [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Odisha]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. There are kinds of buses that ply in city namely:

* Metro Express Low Floor (non air-conditioned)
* Metro Express
* Metro Luxury (air-conditioned)
* City Ordinary

[[Visakhapatnam Bus Rapid Transit System]] was completely operational.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-14|title=BRTS to be fully operational from Oct. 2|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/BRTS-to-be-fully-operational-from-Oct.-2/article14637766.ece|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Cabs ===
[[Vehicle for hire]] companies serving localities daily are [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] and [[Uber]], While [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]] gives rides for one person only. Private tour operators serve for commuting in major lines. Also there are [[Minivan|Mini Vans]] that commute people from short and long distances ranging from 10 km to 100 km.

=== Others ===
[[File:Auto rickshaws at APSRTC Complex in Vizag.jpg|alt=Auto rickshaws at Telugu Thalli flyover|thumb|Auto rickshaws at Telugu Thalli flyover in Vizag]]
[[Cycle rickshaw]]s are only confined to a very small area of the city and are almost disappeared, which were one of the major means of transport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-13|title=Traditional rickshaws struggle to survive|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-13/Traditional-rickshaws-struggle-to-survive/299662|access-date=2019-06-02|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> Cycling paths are under construction in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]. By 2017, Vizag will be AP's first city to get such bike stations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2017|first=Sulogna |last=Mehta |title=Visakhapatnam to get Andhra Pradesh's first public bicycle sharing station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/city-to-get-aps-first-public-bicycle-sharing-station/articleshow/56975324.cms|access-date=2019-06-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> All India Bicycling Federation is planning to build 20-25 bicycle stations in the city, each hosting 25 bicycles. This project costs around {{INRConvert|200|c|abbr=on}}. GVMC plans to introduce a community cycling initiative over 10.5 km2 of roads in downtown Visakhapatnam, under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]. In the central parts of the city, cycling tracks will be earmarked on 100-feet roads to a width of about 8 feet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarma|first=G. V. Prasada|date=2012-02-24|title=Vizag set to become cycle-proud|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-set-to-become-cycleproud/article2925295.ece|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Railways ==

Train Transit is the major mode of transportation in the city, as the city is a hub for Major Industrial buildings, Employees and Goods are transported through trains. Visakhapatnam is the headquarters of [[South Coast Railway zone]] of Indian Railways. [[Visakhapatnam Junction railway station]] is an A1 station with the highest gross revenue in the [[Waltair railway division]]. There are plans to modernize this railway stations under station modernization launched by union government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visakhapatnam One Among 20 Railway Stations To Be Developed By Malaysia |url=https://www.yovizag.com/malaysia-visakhapatnam-railway-station/}}</ref> Because present railway station is a terminal building and several constrains, Division has identified [[Marripalem]] as an option and is planning to make it an alternative for present station, that can bring trains ignoring city's main station. Other important railway stations in the city are:

[[File:Visakhapatnam Junction Railway station.png|thumb|Visakhapatnam Railway Station]]
* [[Pendurthi railway station]]
* Simhachalam North railway station
* [[Simhachalam railway station]]
* [[Marripalem]] Halt railway station
* Gopalapatnam
* [[Duvvada railway station]]
* [[Anakapalle railway station]]
[[File:Brand New saffron Vande Bharat express for VISAKHAPATNAM.jpg|thumb|Vande Bharat at Visakhapatnam]]

=== Metro ===
{{main|Thiruvananthapuram Metro}}
Vizag Metro is approved mass transit project soon to be constructed. [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|GVMC]] has identified four corridors for mass rapid transit (MRT) covering a total distance of 75.3 km at an estimated cost of ₹15,933 crore. The first phase, extending over 46.40 km, is expected to be completed by 2025. They are Steel Plant to Kommadi junction covering a distance of 34.23 km, [[Gurdwara|Gurudwara]] to Old Post Office covering 5.26 km, [[Thatichetlapalem|Tatichetlapalem]] to China Waltair covering 6.91 km and Kommadi to [[Bhogapuram]] Airport, covering a distance of 28.91 km.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vizag Metro Rail project to be completed by 2028 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vizag-metro-rail-project-to-be-completed-by-2028/article32945187.ece|date=2020-10-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-10-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|15933|c|abbr=on}} for the construction of these corridors.

The Metro will have Asia's longest double decker flyover. There will be a flyover for which above there will be another layer for the metro.

The Metro is aimed to be constructed by 2028. It is a key project for APMRC which is the main corporation which had proposed and planned the project. After it is completed this project will transform Visakhapatnam's Transport sector.

=== Tram ===
Govt of [[Andhra Pradesh]] has planned to build trackless [[tram]] services in Visakhapatnam for a length of 60.2 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 June 2020|title=Trackless tram in Vizag.|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/urban-mass-transit-company-to-make-dpr-for-the-tram-system/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=|language=en}}</ref> This tram would be included in four corridors namely [[NAD X Road]]s - [[Pendurthi]], [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant|Steel Plant]] - [[Anakapalle]], Old post office - [[Rushikonda]] and [[Rushikonda]] - [[Bheemunipatnam]].

== Airways ==

[[File:Vizag airport terminal full view.jpg|thumb|A view of Visakhapatnam Airport]]

=== Visakhapatnam International Airport ===
[[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam International Airport]], situated to the North-East of Andhra Pradesh, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2017–18, the airport handled more than 2.8 million passengers. [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Vijayawada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trujet.com/ebooking/Trip/FlightTimeTable|title=Flight Schedule Search|work=trujet.com|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref> [[Tirupati]], [[Dubai]], [[Singapore]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] are the major Airway destinations from city airport. Annually, 7.47 lakh passengers travelled on the Visakhapatnam-Hyderabad route, followed by 4.90 lakh passengers on the Visakhapatnam-Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizagites-often-fly-to-hyd-bengaluru-delhi-chennai/articleshow/58035554.cms|title=hyd bengaluru delhi: Vizagites often fly to Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Delhi & Chennai |date=April 6, 2017|first=Manish |last=M. |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>

=== Bhogapuram International Airport ===
Construction of Greenfield Airport near [[Bhogapuram]] in 2,703acres is on its way that could probably meet needs of [[Visakhapatnam]] city now. State government has handed over the construction process to [[GMR Group|GMR Airports Limited]] .<ref name=":0" />

This Airport will act as a Trade hub in the Heart of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram]] and [[Srikakulam]]. It will be one of the largest Airport in Andhra Pradesh and stand as an important Trade Hub in India in its coming future.

==Awards and recognition==
*[[Visakhapatnam]] Airport was awarded Best Airport in Tier-2 Airport Category(Rest of India) in National Tourism Awards 2011–2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Awards 2011-2012|url=http://www.aptourism.gov.in/index.php/more/news/139-national-tourism-awards.html|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>

== Seaways ==

=== Visakhapatnam Port ===
[[File:Cargo Ship and breakwaters.jpg|thumb|Visakhapatnam Sea Port]]
[[Visakhapatnam Port]] is one of 13 major [[ports in India]] and the only major port of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is India's second largest port by volume of cargo handled in the nation.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite news|title=Competition shakes up Visakhapatnam port|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/OYQz599FwkTSSkCdSBVBKI/Competition-shakes-up-Visakhapatnam-port.html|accessdate=22 November 2012|newspaper=HT Mint|date=11 February 2010}}</ref> It is located on the east coast of [[India]] and is located midway between the [[Chennai Port|Chennai]] and [[Kolkata Port]]s.<ref name="vizagcustoms">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=15 March 2015|title=Vizag Kakinada cruises soon|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/cruise-service-between-city-kakinada-planned/article6994764.ece|accessdate=15 March 2015|website=|last1=Patnaik|first1=Santosh}}</ref> Visakhapatnam Port has three [[harbor]]s - the outer harbor, inner harbor and the [[Fishing Harbour Visakhapatnam|fishing harbor]]. The outer harbor has 6 berths capable of handling vessels with a draft up to 17 meters while the smaller inner harbor has 18 berths that are [[Panamax]] compatible. Vizag Seaport owns two berths in the inner harbor; berth EQ-8 is fully mechanized and berth EQ-9 berth is not. Iron ore, manganese ore, steel products, general cargo, coal and crude oil are the main commodities handled at this port.

[[Visakhapatnam Port]] is undergoing a modernization and expansion program aimed at increasing its capacity to 130 million tonnes by 2016–17, entailing an investment of ₹13,000 crores. This will also solve the problem of air pollution caused by the open handling of coal that had earlier led to citywide protests.

The [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Port Trust]] plans to develop a satellite port at [[Bheemunipatnam]] to decongest traffic at Visakhapatnam. The project is expected to cost {{INRConvert|2000|c|abbr=on}} and is to be undertaken through a [[Public Private Partnership|Public- Private Partnership]] (PPP)venture. Also govt plans to have a new port at [[Nakkapalle|Nakkapalli]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh|date=2012-08-28|title=VPT to finalise consultantfor satellite port at Bhimili|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vpt-to-finalise-consultantfor-satellite-port-at-bhimili/article3831258.ece|access-date=2019-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="vizagcustoms" />

=== Gangavaram Port ===
Another major port in Visakhapatnam is [[Gangavaram Port|Gangavaram]] port which is considered as deep port. It can handle vessels up to 2,00,000 DWT. The [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited]] (RINL) which runs the [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant|Vizag Steel Plant]] had shifted base to this port, taking with it a large chunk of the coal and iron ore traffic.

=== Passenger ===
Cruise Shipping is operational between [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cruise Shipping|url=http://www.vizagport.com/OtherFacilities/CruiseShipping.aspx}}</ref> There are plans to launch cruises to [[Kakinada]].<ref name="vizagcustoms" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Andhra Pradesh by city]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]

A. D. Patel

2025-12-27T20:40:59Z

Kawoosahamad: created initial entry initial version.

{{Short description|Fijian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Politician (general)
| name= Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel
| image=Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel.png

| title1=Member for Social Services
| term1=1964–1966
| predecessor1=
| successor1=[[Vijay R. Singh]]

| title2=[[Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| term2=1966–1969
| predecessor2=
| successor2=[[Sidiq Koya]]

| title3= Member of the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]]
| term3= 1944–1950
| constituency3 = Northern and Western (Indian)
| predecessor3= [[B. D. Lakshman]]
| successor3= [[Tulsi Ram Sharma]]
| title4= Member of the Legislative Council
| term4= 1963–1966
| constituency4 = Western (Indian)
| predecessor4= ''Seat created''
| successor4= ''Seat abolished''

| title5 = Member of the Legislative Council
| constituency5 = South-West Viti Levu
| term5 = 1966–1969

| birth_date = 13 March 1905
| birth_place = [[Kheda]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1 October 1969
| death_place =
| relatives = [[R. D. Patel]] (brother)
}}

'''Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel,''' better known as '''A.D. Patel''' (13 March 1905 – 1 October 1969), was a Fijian politician, farmers' leader and founder and leader of the [[National Federation Party]]. Patel was uncompromisingly committed to a vision of an independent [[Fiji]], with full racial integration. He was one of the first to advocate a [[republic]], an ideal not realized in his lifetime. He also advocated a common voters' roll and opposed the communal franchise that characterized Fijian politics.

== Early life ==

Patel was born in the [[Kheda]] district of [[Gujarat]], India, on 13 March 1905. He had three brothers and a sister. Ambalal and his younger brother, [[R. D. Patel]], became barristers in Fiji (hence they were known as A.D. and R.D.). Ambalal received his primary and secondary education in [[Nadiad]], which was the site used by [[Gandhi]] when he began his non-violent protest in India. He developed a habit of reading very early in his school days and excelled in secondary school. He then entered the prestigious Gujarat College in [[Ahmedabad]] and studied economics, politics and history. He graduated with [[Bachelor of Arts]] with honours in 1925 at the age of 20.

Following his early academic success, he was sent to prepare to sit for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) examination. He enrolled in the [[London School of Economics]] to improve his chances of success in the exam by gaining direct experience of the English intellectual, social and political scene. In London he rubbed shoulders with other intellectuals from the sub-continent and became aware of the plight of Indians living in the other colonies. He changed his original plan for an ICS career without conferring with his parents joined the [[Middle Temple]] to qualify as a [[barrister]], graduating in 1928 at the age of 23.

== First marriage ==

Patel's father tried to persuade him to return and practice law in India and to help with the education of his younger siblings, but in the end helped pay his son's fare from [[London]] to Fiji, where he arrived on 11 October 1928. A reason for Patel to not want to return to India was his relationship with an English divorcee, Patricia Catherall Seymour, who had a son from her previous marriage. This was unacceptable for the [[Patel]] clan in India, especially since he had been betrothed to a girl from his community before leaving for London. Patricia Seymour arrived in [[Suva]] with her young son in 1933, and she and Patel were formally married on 25 January 1934. Their inter-racial marriage was strained by racially defined social hierarchy in Fiji. Patricia was ostracised by the local [[European ethnic groups|European]]s and she was unable to communicate with the local Indians. The couple separated in 1939 and divorced in 1943 and Patricia left for [[New Zealand]].

== Early involvement in politics ==

Patel was involved in the 1929 Legislative Council election campaign, together with [[S. B. Patel]] and [[Vishnu Deo]], but was ineligible to stand as he did not meet the two-year residency requirement for candidates. He was involved in discussions with the Governor, [[Sir Murchison Fletcher]], to resolve the political crisis brought about by the walkout of Fiji Indian members of the Legislative Council when their demand for common roll was rejected.

By 1930 Patel had taken up leadership positions in a number of organisations. These included president of the [[Fiji Indian Congress]], formed from the merger of two rival organisations, president of the Indian association of Fiji, president of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Patron of the ''Gujarat Mandal''.

In 1935, when there was a proposal to have members of the Legislative Council nominated, instead of elected, Patel, together with Vishnu Deo, led the anti-nomination campaign from outside parliament as President and Secretary of the [[Indian Association of Fiji]].

== First election ==

Patel stood in the [[1937 Fijian general election|1937 Legislative Council election]] for the North Western Indian Division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiji Elections Archive: Elections for the Legislative Council, North Western Division 1929 - 1959 |url=http://au.geocities.com/girmitya/FijiElections/1929/NorthWestDiv.htm |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070725222711/http://au.geocities.com/girmitya/FijiElections/1929/NorthWestDiv.htm |archivedate=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His opponent was [[Chattur Singh]], a law clerk. Chattur Singh polled 671 votes to Patel's 651. Patel's loss was a surprise, especially since he was supported by the Indian Leadership in Fiji, which included Vishnu Deo. His defeat was due to a number of factors. Chattur Singh was a well known [[Ba (town)|Ba]] resident, he was the President of the Ba branch of the Indian Association and his elder brother, [[Parmanand Singh]], was one of the 3 Indians elected to the Legislative Council in 1929, Patel had angered the [[Muslim]] community because of his strong public stance against nomination (The Muslims had asked for their own representative to be nominated), Patel was a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] whom the farmers saw as exploiters because of the high interest rate charged by the Gujarati merchants. The deciding factor was that Chattur Singh had turned the election to one between Fiji-born and India–born and Patel did not make the situation better when he labelled Singh as having been born in a cane field.

== General Manager of Sangam ==

In 1930 when the [[Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam|Sangam]] set up its first school, Patel became its manager. A. D. worked closely with [[Sadhu Kuppuswami]], the founder of the Sangam, and Swami Avinashananda, sent by the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] on a fact finding mission to find out ways of promoting [[South Indian]] languages. On 31 October 1937 the Sangam was registered as a limited liability company, with Patel as general manager. Patel managed to persuade the government to exempt the Sangam from laws limiting ownership of land so that the Sangam could own up to one thousand acres (4 km2). Furthermore, Patel sought Sangam representation on the Board of Education, appealed for help in getting teachers from India to teach [[Dravidian languages|South Indian languages]], and sought building grants from the Government. His persistence paid off when the Government paid the cost to bring two [[South Indians in Fiji|South Indian]] teachers from India to teach in Sangam schools. Patel's involvement in the Sangam deepened with the arrival of [[Swami Rudrananda]] in 1939.

== Establishment of the Maha Sangh ==

Although, in 1938, he had rejected overtures by the [[Kisan Sangh]] to take over its leadership, in June 1941, Patel formed the Maha Sangh with the support of Swami Rudrananda. In 1943, he led the sugar cane farmers on a prolonged strike after his demands for an increase in the price of sugar cane in line with inflation was rejected by the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]]. When the majority of farmers refused to harvest their cane, the Government invoked the Defence Regulation and restricted Patel and Swami Rudrananda to a radius of five miles (8 km) from their homes in [[Nadi]] and required them to inform the police in person of their movements. Both Patel and Rudrananda decided to disobey the order and it landed both of them in court. This stirred up the farmers and a large number gathered in Nadi, holding prayer meetings. Shops were closed throughout the [[Western Division, Fiji|Western division]]. Both were fined £50 each or one month's prison in default. Both refused to pay, but before the five days allowed was over, an anonymous well-wisher paid the fine but Patel later won the case on appeal. The strike in the middle of a world war and his call for Indians to not join the army until they were given the same pay and conditions as Europeans, created a rift between Indians and Fijians which is remembered to this day.

== Election wins and losses ==

The 1943 strike propelled Patel to the forefront of the political arena in Fiji and he easily won the 1944 Legislative Council election, defeating the sitting member for North West Viti Levu, by 1841 votes to 554. He retained the seat in the 1947 election, defeating Chattur Singh by 1972 votes to 1106. In 1948, with the support of three of the five ethnic Indians in the Legislative Council, he was appointed to the [[Executive Council of Fiji|Executive Council]], outmaneuvering his one-time ally Vishnu Deo. In the [[Elections in Fiji|legislative council]] elections in 1950, however, he was defeated by Tulsi Ram Sharma of the rival Kisan Sangh. In the 1953 election, he was defeated by his old rival, [[Ayodhya Prasad]] of the Kisan Sangh, by 2718 votes to 1919 votes. During his days in the political wilderness, Patel concentrated on his law practice and continued to support the Sangam and the Ramakrishna Mission.

== Family life ==

In 1947, while in India, Patel married Leela Ben, 20-year-old daughter of an old acquaintance of his. Patel then was 42 years old. They had five children and the break from politics between 1950 and 1963 allowed Patel to devote more time to his family and to his law practice.

== 1960 sugar cane dispute ==

With the 1950 contract due to expire in 1960, the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]] (CSR), in January 1959, drafted a new contract which rolled back most of the gains made by the farmers in the last 20 years. The growers were suspicious of the Company and in May 1959 decided to work together by forming the [[Federation of Cane Growers]]. Patel was a leading member of the Federation. A number of meetings were held between the Growers Federation, the Company and the Government. The Company refused to back down as it had a lot of sugar in stock and the talks soon broke down. The Governor suggested a commission of inquiry but this was rejected by Patel, who instead proposed a court of arbitration.

On 24 July 1960, [[Ayodhya Prasad]] of [[Kisan Sangh]] and [[Vijay R. Singh]] of [[Labasa Kisan Sangh]], broke away and signed an agreement with CSR for the purchase of the 1960 crop. Tensions rose as Patel's opponents, [[B. D. Lakshman]] and [[Vijay R. Singh]], accused him of again dividing the Indians and leading them further into debt and some Fijians, including Ratu Sir [[Kamisese Mara]], made calls to have Patel deported. The government appointed a commission of inquiry, headed by [[Malcolm Eve|Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve]], into the sugar industry. The Federation Committee was represented by Patel, assisted by [[Sidiq Koya|S.M. Koya]]. Patel wanted legislation compelling CSR to keep it book of accounts in Fiji so that the Company could not cheat farmers from the proceeds of molasses, establishment of growers co-operative mills to break the monopoly of the CSR, setting up of an independent Sugar Board to oversee smooth functioning of the industry and the abolition of the Sugar Price Stabilisation Fund.

The finding of the commission was mostly against the demands of Patel. The idea of cooperative mill was rejected because the commission believed that the farmers could not manage it when could not even manage farms on their own. The commission supported CSR's idea of setting up wholly owned subsidiary for managing its activities in Fiji and the [[South Pacific Sugar Mills Limited]] was born. Future levies to the Sugar price Stabilisation Fund were abolished, although the fund remained in existence. Instead of a Sugar Board the commission recommended an Advisory Sugar Council. The commission agreed that the CSR had profited from molasses but did not recommend price increases demanded by growers. The commission supported the Company's submission of production control by weight instead of area. On the question of sharing the proceeds from the sale of sugar, the growers ended up worse off, getting a basic share of 57.75%, much less than what had been obtained under the 1950-1959 contract (62.6%). Eve also criticised Patel for adopting policies that harmed the growers and not showing a greater sense of responsibility to the country of his adoption.

== Formation of Federation Party ==

The Federation Committee contested the 1963 Legislative Council election under the banner of [[Citizens Federation]]. It was not a properly constituted political party but sought to promote economic, cultural and political progress and stability in a united Fiji. All three Citizen's Federation candidates were elected to the Legislative Council. Patel defeated Deo Sharma, president of the Kisan Sangh by 6244 votes to 3346.

The success of the Citizens Federation in the 1963 elections, and the impending constitutional convention, prompted Patel to transform the Citizens Federation into a fully fledged political party. The [[Federation Party]] came into existence on 21 June 1964, with Patel as president and S.M. Koya as vice-president.

== Member for Social Services ==

The Membership System was introduced on 1 July 1964, and Patel was appointed as the Member for Social Services taking over responsibility for cultural activities, education, health, prisons, social welfare and charitable societies. During his two years, as Member for Social Services, he carried out a number of significant changes. These included the establishment of the Western Regional Library in [[Lautoka]] with branches in Ba, Nadi and [[Sigatoka]], the establishment of the Fiji National Provident Fund, reform to the prisons systems to laying greater emphasis on the reformative side of prisons. Patel promoted non-racial schools and authorised the closure of schools to reduce fragmentation, duplication of effort, unnecessary competition and communal segregation. He attempted to remove race form the names of schools but was unsuccessful due to strong opposition from Fijians. He also urged the [[Fiji Teachers Union]] and the [[Fijian Teachers Association]] to unite. He also spoke out about the need for a University in Fiji.

== Events leading to independence ==

A constitutional conference in London in 1965 had made minor concessions to Indo-Fijians, abolishing educational and property qualifications for the franchise while confirming the sectarian basis of the electoral system. The September, [[1966 Fijian general election|1966 elections]] were fought on the issue of the new constitution with the newly formed [[Alliance Party (Fiji)|Alliance Party]] applauding it and the Federation Party denouncing it. The Federation Party won all the nine Indian communal seats, obtaining 65.25 percent of the votes cast for these seats. Patel defeated his old rival, Ayodhya Prasad by 7601 votes to 4025. Ratu Mara was elected the Chief Minister and Patel became the Leader of the Opposition.

Ethnic tensions escalated following the adoption of [[responsible government]] in 1967, when Patel's arch-rival, the [[Lau Islands|Lauan]] chief [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Kamisese Mara]] was appointed [[Chief Minister of Fiji|Chief Minister]] on 20 September. Mara's Alliance Party was a coalition of indigenous and European factions, with minimal Indo-Fijian participation. Patel and the NFP were consigned to the opposition benches. In protest at the new government's refusal to call a second constitutional conference, Patel led the nine NFP legislators in a mass walkout in September 1967. Missing two consecutive sections of the Legislative Council resulted in the forfeit of their seats, forcing [[by-election]]s.

The ensuing by-elections were marked by inter-ethnic violence. Patel's inflammatory language - he called Ratu Mara ''"a crow among swans,"'' declared that ''Mara'' was a swear-word in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and characterized Chinese people as ''"eaters of cats, rats, and bats"'' - dissipated much of the remaining goodwill that Fijian and British leaders had towards him, and when all nine NFP legislators were returned with increased majorities (In the 1968 election, the NFP won 78.55% of the votes cast. Patel won by 7903 votes to 2772 for [[Manikam Pillai]].), relations between the Indo-Fijian and indigenous communities appeared to be at a new low.

== The Denning Award ==

Patel again took up the case on behalf of the farmers when arbitration proceedings were begun on 19 August 1969 for the new cane contract. He rejected the Eve contract, blaming it for leading the farmers deeper into debt. He spoke about the monopoly position of CSR, its secret accounting procedures, and concealed profits. He asked for a fairer price based on the price of sugar and its by-products. The Denning contract awarded the growers, 65% and the millers 35% of the proceeds of all sale, including molasses. It further guaranteed the growers a minimum price of $7.75 per ton of cane paid in two instalments. Denning commended Patel for having mastery of all the facts and problems of the sugar industry and presenting them with skill and understanding.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Death ==

Patel died suddenly on 1 October 1969,<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-330617646/view?partId=nla.obj-330622144#page/n29/mode/1up Death in Fiji of Mr. A. D. Patel] ''Pacific Islands Monthly'', October 1969, p28</ref> in the midst of negotiations leading to Fijian independence which was granted barely a year afterwards. Despite his republicanism and his strident opposition to institutionalizing ethnic and sectarian rights, which ethnic Fijians believed best protected their interests, at the time of his death he was beginning to show signs of willingness to meet indigenous leaders half-way. His successor as leader of the NFP, [[Sidiq Koya]], did in fact agree to such a compromise with Mara at a London conference in April 1970. Mara was of the opinion, however, that had Patel lived, an agreement with him would have commanded much greater respect in the Indo-Fijian community, such was his stature among them.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

Most Fijian leaders today take a kinder view of Patel. In 2005, then-[[Vice-President of Fiji|Vice-President]] [[Joni Madraiwiwi|Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi]] concluded after a study of Patel's private correspondence that in reality he was not unsympathetic to indigenous interests, but was misunderstood.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p151821/pdf/book.pdf|first=B. V.|last=Lal|publisher=ANU E Press|title=A Vision For Change: AD Patel and the Politics of Fiji|year=2011|isbn=9781921666599}}

{{Wikiquotepar|A.D. Patel}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, A.D.}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:Fijian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:National Federation Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian members of the Legislative Council of Fiji]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Sugar industry in Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Fiji)]]
[[Category:Fijian politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Fijian independence activists]]

Shehar Lakhot

2025-09-28T16:45:38Z

Kawoosahamad: added new details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shehar Lakhot.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story = Devika Bhagat Navdeep Singh
| director = [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]]
* [[Shruthy Menon]]
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
* [[Kubbra Sait]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| open_theme =
| composer = Shivansh Jindal
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Khalil Bachooali Navdeep Singh
| location =
| cinematography = Vishal Vittal
| editor = Nayan Bhadra Suvir Nath
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 50 minutes
| company = Offroad Films
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|11|30}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Shehar Lakhot''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series written and directed by [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/fictional-city-that-borders-on-reality-567924|title=Fictional city that borders on reality : The Tribune India}}</ref> It was produced under the banner of Offroad Films, and stars [[Priyanshu Painyuli]], [[Shruthy Menon]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] and [[Kubbra Sait]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shehar-lakhot-all-you-need-to-know-about-priyanshu-painyuli-chandan-roy-sanyals-noir-crime-drama/4c0e02921e546 | title=Shehar Lakhot - All you need to know about Priyanshu Painyuli, Chandan Roy Sanyal's noir crime drama }}</ref> The series premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on November 30, 2023,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/11/24/ent5-series-shehar-lakhot-premiere.html | title=Prime Video sets November 30 release for noir series 'Shehar Lakhot' | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref> and has received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1059780/shehar-lakhot-review-a-compelling-cast-trumps-the-convoluted-plot | title='Shehar Lakhot' review: A compelling cast trumps the convoluted plot | date=30 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=4 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204185804/https://scroll.in/reel/1059780/shehar-lakhot-review-a-compelling-cast-trumps-the-convoluted-plot | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shehar-lakhot-review-fusion-of-crime-politics-police-work-family-dynamics-make-it-watchable-3-stars-4620585 | title=Shehar Lakhot Review: Fusion of Crime, Politics, Police Work, Family Dynamics Makes It Watchable | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=6 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206043800/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shehar-lakhot-review-fusion-of-crime-politics-police-work-family-dynamics-make-it-watchable-3-stars-4620585 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Devendra "Dev" Singh Tomar, Jay's younger brother and Vidushi's brother-in-law
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Sandhya "Sandy", Dev's ex-girlfriend and love interest
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Kairav
* [[Kubbra Sait]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Pallavi Raj
* [[Manu Rishi|Manu Rishi Chadha]] as [[Station house officer|SHO]] Rajbir Singh Rangot
* [[Manjiri Pupala]] as Bhi Bhenno
* [[Sanjay Shiv Narayan]] as Bho Bhenno
* [[Chandan Roy]] as Vikas Kachdaar
* Shruti Jolly as Vidushi Tomar
* [[Abhilash Thapliyal]] as Antariksh Tyagi
* Vikas Bhakri as RP Singh
* Rishi Mehta as Ranga Singh
* Navdeep Singh Tomar as Sanju Yadav
* Lavina Sadhwani as Pinky
* Syed Mudassar Ali as Jamal Khan
* Kashyap Harsha Shangari as Jayendra "Jay" Singh Tomar, Dev's elder brother

==Production==
The series was announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/amazon-prime-video-india-40-strong-tv-film-originals-mega-slate-tvod-movie-rental-service-1235011872/ | title=Amazon Prime Video India Plots 40-Strong TV and Film Originals Mega-Slate; Unveils TVoD Movie Rental Service | date=28 April 2022 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=5 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205070603/https://deadline.com/2022/04/amazon-prime-video-india-40-strong-tv-film-originals-mega-slate-tvod-movie-rental-service-1235011872/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amazon-prime-video-mirzapur-shahid-kapoor-vijay-sethupathi-srk-pathaan-7891599/ | title=Amazon Prime Video announces 29 new titles with Shahid Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Vijay Sethupathi and others | date=28 April 2022 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=21 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021102652/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amazon-prime-video-mirzapur-shahid-kapoor-vijay-sethupathi-srk-pathaan-7891599/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film started in mid-May 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/abhilash-thapliyal-lauds-shehar-lakhot-co-creator-navdeep-singhs-working-style/articleshow/91598429.cms | title=Abhilash Thapliyal lauds 'Shehar Lakhot' co-creator Navdeep Singh's working style | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 May 2022 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=14 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714041327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/abhilash-thapliyal-lauds-shehar-lakhot-co-creator-navdeep-singhs-working-style/articleshow/91598429.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Filming took place in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], before wrapping up in November 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/chandan-roy-sanyal-wraps-filming-of-web-series-shehar-lakhot-499073 | title=Chandan Roy Sanyal wraps filming of web series 'Shehar Lakhot' | date=14 November 2022 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=14 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114151535/http://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/chandan-roy-sanyal-wraps-filming-of-web-series-shehar-lakhot-499073 | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 13 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shehar-lakhot-trailer-priyanshu-painyulli-chandan-roy-sanyal-kubbra-sait-crime-noir-2467075-2023-11-24 | title='Shehar Lakhot' trailer: Priyanshu Painyulli promises an intriguing noir drama | date=24 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=4 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204134948/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shehar-lakhot-trailer-priyanshu-painyulli-chandan-roy-sanyal-kubbra-sait-crime-noir-2467075-2023-11-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> The series consisting of eight episodes premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 30 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/noir-series-shehar-lakhot-gets-a-streaming-date-trailer-out/article67569351.ece | title=Noir series 'Shehar Lakhot' gets a streaming date; trailer out | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=4 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204172226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/noir-series-shehar-lakhot-gets-a-streaming-date-trailer-out/article67569351.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Abhimanyu Mathur gave the series a two-star rating out of five in his review for [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shehar-lakhot-review-priyanshu-painyuli-kubbra-sait-try-to-salvage-this-convoluted-mess-prime-video-3070157 | title=Shehar Lakhot review: Priyanshu Painyuli, Kubbra Sait try and fail to salvage this tired, convoluted mess of a thriller | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=4 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204040848/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shehar-lakhot-review-priyanshu-painyuli-kubbra-sait-try-to-salvage-this-convoluted-mess-prime-video-3070157 | url-status=live }}</ref> In her review for [[Rediff.com]], [[Deepa Gahlot]] rated the series a 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shehar-lakhot-review/20231130.htm | title=Shehar Lakhot Review: Boring! | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=3 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203214744/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shehar-lakhot-review/20231130.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Subhash K. Jha gave the series a three-star rating out of five in his review for [[Times Now]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/shehar-lakhot-review-revisiting-the-crimefest-of-an-intriguing-town-review-105597756 | title=Shehar Lakhot Review: Revisiting the Crimefest of an Intriguing Town | date=30 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=1 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201004818/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/shehar-lakhot-review-revisiting-the-crimefest-of-an-intriguing-town-review-105597756 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The series was reviewed by various other media publications, such as [[Firstpost]], [[Moneycontrol]] and [[WION]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/priyanshu-painyuli-and-kubbra-saits-shehar-lakhot-web-series-review-amazon-prime-video-in-13447152.html | title=Priyanshu Painyuli and Kubbra Sait's 'Shehar Lakhot' web series review | Amazon Prime Video IN | date=30 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205145412/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/priyanshu-painyuli-and-kubbra-saits-shehar-lakhot-web-series-review-amazon-prime-video-in-13447152.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/amazon-prime-video-series-shehar-lakhot-review-11844211.html | title=Amazon Prime's Shehar Lakhot review: Navdeep Singh's small-town noir is lifted by great performances | date=2 December 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=7 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207094549/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/amazon-prime-video-series-shehar-lakhot-review-11844211.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-shehar-lakhot-review-priyanshu-painyuli-stars-in-a-drab-crime-thriller-664805 | title=Shehar Lakhot Review: Priyanshu Painyuli stars in a drab crime thriller | date=30 November 2023 | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=30 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130192148/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-shehar-lakhot-review-priyanshu-painyuli-stars-in-a-drab-crime-thriller-664805 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Amazon India originals]]
* [[List of Amazon Prime Video original programming#Hindi|List of Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt19868722}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0S4RBPEVW6OY8GAREAHHBOLB7I/ ''Shehar Lakhot''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Amazon Prime Video original series|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

Silver Bells School (Middle School)

2025-09-19T11:31:46Z

Kawoosahamad: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nahan#Education facilities]]

Pathans of Madhya Pradesh

2025-09-18T20:42:08Z

Kawoosahamad: update article also and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group= Pathans of Madhya Pradesh
|image= [[File:Aziz Qureshi.jpg|175px]]
|caption= Former erstwhile [[Governor of Uttarakhand]] from 2012 to 2015, Dr. [[Aziz Qureshi]], who previously served as one of the state cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]
|poptime =
|popplace = India ([[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]])
|langs = [[Urdu]] • [[Indian English|English]] • [[Hindi]] ([[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Powari language|Powari]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]])
|rels= [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
|related= [[Pashtun people]]
}}

The '''Pathans of Madhya Pradesh''' are an [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] community settled in the present-day [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well as a small minority of internal migrants and their descendants in neighbouring [[Chhattisgarh]] state, which was [[Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava|partitioned in 2000]].

==History and origin==
The early Pathan settlers in what became the [[princely state]] of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] were known as ''Barru-kat'', because they initially used reeds for roofing their houses, which became an aspect of their local architecture.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq-g5YF1QzEC&pg=PA11 |title=The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal |first=Shaharyar M. |last=Khan |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86064-528-0 |page=11}}</ref>

Bhopal became a hub for Pathan settlement, with others arriving to be soldiers in the army of the [[Begum of Bhopal]]. Immigration continued until the [[Partition of India|creation of Pakistan]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415051437/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India |first=Safia |last=Haleem |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=2015-04-20}}</ref>

The [[Jaora State|state of Jaora]] was settled by [[Rohilla|Indian Rohillas]] from neighbouring [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well as other Indian Muslim freebooters of Uttar Pradesh, such as the [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Indian Sayyids]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vUtmAAAAMAAJ&q=Jaora+State+rohilla |page=XXXI |quote=Most of the population of Jaora State(founded in 1818 AD) came from the United Province and Jodhpur. |title=The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography Volumes 17-18|year=2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sirismm.si.edu/sackler/Volume_7/PoI7.368a.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111135/http://sirismm.si.edu/sackler/Volume_7/PoI7.368a.jpg |archive-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pathans of Gujarat]]
* [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pashtun Diaspora}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in India|Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Vithaldas Thackersey

2025-08-23T18:41:45Z

Kawoosahamad: further update references

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Sir Vithaldas Damodar Thackersey''' (30 November 1873 – 12 August 1922) was an Indian businessman from [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] and was a member of [[Council of India|Imperial Council of India]] during the 1900s.<ref name="life">{{cite book |last1=Kaji |first1=Hiralal Lallubhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-5WAAAAMAAJ |title=Life and Speeches of Sir Vithaldas Thackersey |date=1934 |publisher=D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co. |lccn=44038760 |oclc=16659105 |accessdate=4 May 2019}}</ref>

He chaired the Industrial Conference, a subsidiary conference of Indian National Congress, in Kolkata in 1903 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelkar |first=N.C. |title=नरसिंह िचंतामण केळकर – लोकमान्य टिळक यांचे चरित्र – उत्तरार्ध – खंड २ – भाग ४ – िवभाग २० |publisher=Radha Publication |year=2001 |isbn=978-8174872388 |volume=2 |pages=Part 4, Section 20 |trans-title=Life And Times Of Lokmanya Tilak |author-link=Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar}}</ref>

The vision of [[Maharashi Karve]] and the foresight of Sir Vithaldas Thackersey led to the establishment of the first women’s university in India. Recognizing the pioneering work of Karve, Thackersey made a generous contribution of Rs. 15 lakh to commemorate the memory of his mother, Nathibai. In 1920 the university was named [[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University|Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women’s University]] [[SNDT Women's University]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=History of SNDT |url=http://sndt.ac.in/abtus/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185252/https://sndt.ac.in/abtus/history.htm |archive-date=25 October 2017 |website=Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University |access-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was knighted by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] in 1908.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28162|page=5530|date=28 July 1908}}</ref>

After her husband died, Premkunver, Lady Thakersey ([[Premlila Thakersey]]) continued his work in the fields of education and philanthropy. She was dedicated to women's education specifically and ultimately became the first vice-chancellor of SNDT Women’s University in Mumbai. Lady Premlila Thakersey also continued her husband's work by generously donating to establish the degree college in Home Science. This donation is what started Sir Vithaldas Thakersey College of Home Science in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://svt.edu.in/our_founder/|title=Our Founders {{!}} Sir Vithaldas Thackersey College of Home Science, SNDT women's university, Mumbai|website=svt.edu.in|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vithaldas}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

Janata Party (Secular)

2025-08-18T12:36:48Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Janata Party (Secular)
|colorcode = {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|abbreviation = JP(S)
|foundation = July 1979
|founder = [[Raj Narain]]
|split = [[Janata Party]]
|merged = [[Lokdal]] (1980) [[Janata Dal]] (1988)
|ideology = [[Social democracy]]
|position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
}}
The '''Janata Party (Secular)''' was an [[List of political parties in India|Indian political party]] founded by [[Raj Narain]] in July 1979.

On 16 July 1979, [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]] assumed its leadership and became the [[Prime Minister of India]] on 28 July 1979 with the support of the [[Indian National Congress (I)]] but resigned on 20 August 1979 after their withdrawal of support. The Janata Party led by Charan Singh was later renamed as [[Lok Dal]] before the [[1980 Indian general election]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of The Low Castes in North Indian Politics |publisher=Orient Longman|location=Delhi|year=2003|pages=327|isbn=81-7824-080-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC&q=Lok+Dal+%2B+1980&pg=PA327}}</ref> but officially contested the elections under its previous name. In the elections for the [[7th Lok Sabha]] in 1980, the party won 41 seats and received 9.39% of the total votes polled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1980 to the 7th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=83 |access-date=12 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

In 1980 the party was merged into the Lok Dal, that would form, along with other parties, the [[Janata Dal]] in 1988.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Janata Party]]
* [[Lokdal]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular)]]

Harchandpur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:04:41Z

Kawoosahamad: starting new info w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harchandpur
| constituency_no = 179
| map_image = 179-Harchandpur.svg
| mla = [[Rahul Rajpoot]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Harchandpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Harchandpur in the [[Rae Bareli district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Harchandpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency of Rae Bareli]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 179 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Surendra Vikram Singh<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Rakesh Singh<ref name="election2017"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rahul Rajpoot]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''[[Rahul Rajpoot]]''' won in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[BJP]] candidate '''Rakesh Singh''' by a margin of 14,489 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Harchandpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rahul Rajpoot]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92498}}
|percentage = 45.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:78009}}
|percentage = 38.69
|change = +5.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Vikram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:16230}}
|percentage = 8.05
|change = -27.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sher Bahadur
|votes = {{formatnum:7335}}
|percentage = 3.64
|change = -20.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2411}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14489}}
|percentage = 7.18
|change = +5.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201651}}
|percentage = 63.09
|change = +2.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Indian National Congress]] candidate '''Rakesh Singh''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[BJP]] candidate '''Kanchan Lodhi''' by a margin of 3,652 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Harchandpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rakesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:65104}}
|percentage = 35.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanchan Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:61452}}
|percentage = 33.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manish Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:45057}}
|percentage = 24.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh
|votes = {{formatnum:2277}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2376}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3652}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185489}}
|percentage = 61.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

West Indian cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1966–67

2025-07-16T12:06:01Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1966–67
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 13 December 1966
| to_date = 18 January 1967
| team1_captain = [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|MAK Pataudi]]
| team2_captain = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Chandu Borde|CG Borde]] (345)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]] (342)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar|BS Chandrasekhar]] (18)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Lance Gibbs|LR Gibbs]] (18)
}}
The [[West Indian cricket team]] toured India and [[Ceylon]] in December 1966 and January 1967 to play a three-match [[Test cricket|Test series]] against the [[Indian national cricket team]]. West Indies won the Test series 2–0. India were captained by [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] and West Indies by [[Garfield Sobers]].<ref name="CATI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/2/West_Indies_in_India_and_Ceylon_1966-67.html |publisher=CricketArchive |title=West Indies in India and Ceylon 1966–67 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> In January, the West Indians played a [[first-class cricket|first-class rated]] international against the [[Sri Lankan national cricket team|Ceylon national cricket team]] at the [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]]. The match was drawn. Ceylon were captained by [[Michael Tissera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/28/28597.html |publisher=CricketArchive |title=Ceylon v West Indies 1967 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

==Test series summary==

===First Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 13–18 December 1966 (5-day match)
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 296 (109.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chandu Borde|CG Borde]] 121
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]] 3/46 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 421 (161.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Conrad Hunte|CC Hunte]] 101
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar|BS Chandrasekhar]] 7/157 (61.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 316 (111.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Budhi Kunderan|BK Kunderan]] 79
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lance Gibbs|LR Gibbs]] 4/67 (24.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 192/4 (64.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Clive Lloyd|CH Lloyd]] 78[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar|BS Chandrasekhar]] 4/78 (31 overs)

| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-india-1966-67-61937/india-vs-west-indies-1st-test-62996/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| umpires = [[Ahmed Mamsa|AM Mamsa]] and [[B. Satyaji Rao|B Satyaji Rao]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = 16 December was taken as a rest day.
| notes = [[Ajit Wadekar|AL Wadekar]] (IND) and [[Clive Lloyd|CH Lloyd]] (WIN) made their Test debuts.
}}

===Second Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 31 December 1966 – 5 January 1967 (5-day match)
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 390 (138 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohan Kanhai|RB Kanhai]] 90
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar|BS Chandrasekhar]] 3/107 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 167 (85.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Budhi Kunderan|BK Kunderan]] 39
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Lance Gibbs|LR Gibbs]] 5/51 (37 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 178 ([[Follow-on|f/o]]) (77.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hanumant Singh]] 37
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]] 4/56 (20 overs)

| result = West Indies won by an innings and 45 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-india-1966-67-61937/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-62997/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[I. Gopalakrishnan|I Gopalakrishnan]] and [[Sambhu Pan|SP Pan]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = 2 January was taken as a rest day.
*''There was no play on the second day due to riots in the stadium.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149061.html |title=Mayhem in Queenstown |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>
| notes = [[Bishan Singh Bedi|BS Bedi]] (IND) made his Test debut.
}}

===Third Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 13–18 January 1967 (5-day match)
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 404 (143.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chandu Borde|CG Borde]] 125
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lance Gibbs|LR Gibbs]] 3/87 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 406 (132 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]] 95
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar|BS Chandrasekhar]] 4/130 (46 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 323 (105.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ajit Wadekar|AL Wadekar]] 67
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Charlie Griffith|CC Griffith]] 4/61 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 270/7 (93 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Garfield Sobers|GS Sobers]] 74[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bishan Singh Bedi|BS Bedi]] 4/81 (28 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-india-1966-67-61937/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-test-62998/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground]], [[Madras]]
| umpires = [[S. K. Raghunatha Rao|SK Raghunatha Rao]] and [[Samar Roy|S Roy]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = 16 January was taken as a rest day.
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1662083.html West Indies to India 1966-67] at Test Cricket Tours
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/2/West_Indies_in_India_and_Ceylon_1966-67.html West Indies in India and Ceylon 1966-67] at CricketArchive

==Further reading==
* [[Dicky Rutnagur]], "West Indies triumph but cracks begin to show", ''[[The Cricketer]]'', Spring Annual, 1967, pp. 65–68
* [[Dicky Rutnagur]], "West Indies in India, 1966-67", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1968, pp. 855–70

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1966-67}}
[[Category:1966 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1966 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1967 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1967 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1967 in Ceylon]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1960–61 to 1970]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 1880–81 to 1971–72]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of India|1966-67]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka|1967]]

{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}
{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

2019 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-04-11T17:58:47Z

Kawoosahamad: created new article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Kings XI Punjab
| season = [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
| coach = [[Mike Hesson]]
| captain = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
| ground = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2019 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| most runs = [[K. L. Rahul]] (593)
| most wickets = [[Mohammed Shami]] (19)
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2018|2018]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2020|2020]]
}}

The 2019 season was the 12th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Kings XI Punjab]]. They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2019 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by Ravichandran Ashwin. KXIP finished 6th in the IPL and did not qualify for the playoffs.

==Background==
{{Main|List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
In October 2018 [[Marcus Stoinis]] was traded to [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for [[Mandeep Singh]].<ref name="RCBKXIP trade">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104798/kxip-trade-marcus-stoinis-for-mandeep-singh-with-rcb-t20-cricket-ipl-2019|work=Cricbuzz|title=KXIP trade Stoinis for Mandeep with RCB|date=28 October 2018|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, Kings XI announced their list of retained players for the 2019 season. The list included [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Chris Gayle]], [[Andrew Tye]], [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Ankit Rajpoot]], [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]], [[Karun Nair]], [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019: Full list of retained players and purse remaining for each team|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2019-full-list-players-retained-released-purse-remaining-1389979-2018-11-16|website=India today|author= |date=16 November 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction 2019: Who's retained, who's released? Here's list for all teams|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/sports/ipl-auction-2019-who-is-retained-and-released-here-s-list-for-all-teams-118121800166_1.html|website=Business Standard|author= |date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

On 18 December 2018, the IPL player auction was held in which the Kings XI signed up 13 more players: [[Varun Chakravarthy]], [[Sam Curran]], [[Mohammed Shami]], [[Prabhsimran Singh]], [[Nicholas Pooran]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Hardus Viljoen]], [[Darshan Nalkande]], [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]], [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]], [[Agnivesh Ayachi]], [[Harpreet Brar]] and [[Murugan Ashwin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Varun Chakravarathy 'over the moon' after bagging million-dollar deal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/varun-chakaravarthy-ipl-2019-auction-indian-premier-league-kings-xi-punjab-1412473-2018-12-18 |website=India today|author= |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|1|| '''[[K. L. Rahul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1992|4|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Occasional Wicket-Keeper; Vice Captain
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} || Overseas
|-
|14|| '''[[Mayank Agarwal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|2|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c}} ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Mandeep Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| ||
|-
|69|| '''[[Karun Nair]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.6|c}} ||
|-
|97|| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1997|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|25|l}} ||
|-
|333|| '''[[Chris Gayle]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1979|9|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|21|| '''[[Moises Henriques]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1987|02|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.1|c}} || Overseas
|-
|58|| '''[[Sam Curran]]''' || {{cr|England}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1998|6|03|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|95|| [[Harpreet Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1995|9|16|df=y}} || Left-handed|| [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Darshan Nalkande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1998|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Agnivesh Ayachi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1995|6|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|29|| '''[[Nicholas Pooran]]''' || {{cr|Trinidad}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1995|10|02|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|84|| [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|2000|04|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|2|| [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1999|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|3|| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1993|12|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
|7|| '''[[Hardus Viljoen]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1989|3|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas
|-
|11|| '''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1990|9|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} ||
|-
|68|| '''[[Andrew Tye]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1986|12|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.2|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|88|| '''[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|2001|3|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} || Overseas
|-
|89|| [[Murugan Ashwin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|91|| [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.4|c}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2019|03|23|1986|9|17|df=y}} ||Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.6|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|}

==Coaching and support staff==

* Head coach - [[Mike Hesson]]
* Batting coach - [[Sridharan Sriram]]
* Bowling coach - [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]]
* Fielding coach - [[Craig McMillan]]
* Strength and conditioning coach - Nishant Thakur

Ref<ref>{{cite web |title=Squad |url=https://www.kxip.in/players |publisher=kxip.in |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>

==Season==
===League table===
{{2019 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KXIP}}

===Fixtures===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match4}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match6}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match9}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match13}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match24}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match28}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match32}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match37}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match42}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match52}}
----
{{#section:2019 Indian Premier League|match55}}

==Statistics==

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
|1|| [[KL Rahul]] || 14 || 14 || 3 || 593 || 100* || 53.90 || 438 || 135.38 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 49 || 25
|-
|2|| [[Chris Gayle]] || 13|| 13 || 1 || 490 || 99* || 40.83 || 319 || 153.60 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 45 || 34
|-
|3|| [[Mayank Agarwal]] || 13 || 13 || 1 || 332 || 58 || 25.53 || 234 || 141.88 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 26 || 14
|-
|4|| [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] || 10 || 10 || 2 || 213 || 59* || 26.62 || 164 || 129.87 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 7
|-
| 5||[[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || 8 || 5 || 1 || 180 || 67 || 45.00 || 143 || 125.87 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 4
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' IPL <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-runs|publisher=IPL |title=Players Stats and Records | IPLT20 }}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
|1|| [[Mohammed Shami]] || 14 || 14 || 54.0 || 0 || 469 || 19 || 3/21 || 24.68 || 8.68 || 17.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|2|| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 14 || 14 || 55.0 || 0 || 400 || 15 || 3/23 || 26.66 || 7.27 || 22.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|3|| [[Sam Curran]] || 9 || 9 || 33.0 || 0 || 323 || 10 || 4/11 || 32.30 || 9.78 || 19.8 || 1 || 0
|-
|4|| [[Hardus Viljoen]] || 6 || 6 || 23.0 || 0 || 222 || 7 || 2/39 || 31.71 || 9.65 || 19.7 || 0 || 0
|-
|5|| [[Murugan Ashwin]] || 10 || 10 || 34.0 || 0 || 255 || 5 || 2/25 || 51.00 || 7.50 || 40.8 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12741;team=4342;type=tournament|title=KXIP Most Wickets in IPL 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Player of the match awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
|1
|25 March 2019
|[[Chris Gayle]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Won by 14 runs
|79 runs in 47 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175359/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-4th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|title=Kings XI Punjab beat Rajasthan Royals by 14 runs - Rajasthan Royals vs Kings XI Punjab, Indian Premier League, 4th Match Match Summary, Report |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|2
|30 March 2019
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|Won by 8 wickets
|43 runs in 21 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175364|title=Kings XI top-order aces chase after M Ashwin's 2 for 25|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|3
|1 April 2019
|[[Sam Curran]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|Won by 14 runs
|4/11 (2.2 overs) & 20 runs in 10 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1175368|title=Kings XI Punjab complete heist as Delhi Capitals lose 7 for 8|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|4
|8 April 2019
|[[KL Rahul]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|Won by 6 wickets
|71* runs in 53 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178397|title=KL Rahul the hero as Kings XI Punjab remain unbeaten at home|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref>
|-
|5
|16 April 2019
|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Won by 12 runs
|2/24 (4 overs) & 17 runs in 4 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1178407|title=R Ashwin delivers the thrill as Kings XI return to winning ways|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref>
|-
|6
|5 May 2019
|[[KL Rahul]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Won by 6 wickets
|71 runs in 36 balls
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1178430/kings-xi-punjab-vs-chennai-super-kings-55th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|title=KL Rahul the hero as Kings XI Punjab won the last match of the season |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2019 Indian Premier League}}
{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:2019 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Nature Forever Society

2025-03-29T19:37:09Z

Kawoosahamad: Adding New Stub!

{{Short description|Nonprofit organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
The '''Nature Forever Society''' ('''NFS''') is a [[nonprofit organization]] that has works for the conservation of [[house sparrow]]s and other common [[Organism|flora and fauna]] since 2006. It was founded by President [[Mohammed Dilawar]] and registered in 2008.

== Programs ==

=== Common Bird Monitoring of India (CBMI) ===
The [[Common Bird Monitoring of India]] program was launched in Mumbai, India. On the occasion of [[World Sparrow Day]] on 20 March 2012, with the goal of monitoring common birds found in India.

=== World Sparrow Day (WSD) ===
[[World Sparrow Day]] is an initiative celebrated on 20 March every year as World Sparrow Day. World Sparrow Day was first celebrated in 2010.

=== Project Save Our Sparrow (SOS) ===
Nature Forever Society, in association with the Burhani Foundation, implemented project SOS where 52,000 bird feeders were distributed across the world. The project was recognized by the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'' for having the highest distribution of bird feeders in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Save Our Sparrow (SOS) |url=https://www.natureforever.org/wildlife-conservation/save-our-sparrow.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=natureforever.org}}</ref>

==State bird of Delhi==

The Nature Forever Society proposed to the Delhi government that the house sparrow be declared the state bird of Delhi. At a campaign Rise for the Sparrows, Delhi Chief Minister [[Sheila Dikshit]] declared the sparrow the "state bird" of Delhi on 14 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Puskar |date=2012-08-16 |title=State Bird of Delhi- House sparrow |url=https://greencleanguide.com/state-bird-of-delhi-house-sparrow/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Green Clean Guide |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.natureforever.org }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190316082022/http://www.cbmi.in/ www.cbmi.in]
*[http://www.worldsparrowday.org www.worldsparrowday.org]

[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]

India women's cricket team in England in 1999

2024-12-30T15:52:09Z

Kawoosahamad: starting a stub nd citations.

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian women's cricket team in England in 1999
| team1_image = Flag_of_England.svg
| team1_name = England
| team2_image = Flag_of_India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 21 June
| to_date = 15 July 1999
| team1_captain = [[Clare Connor]]
| team2_captain = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]]
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Charlotte Edwards]] (123)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] (114)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Clare Taylor]] (4)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Purnima Rau]] (7)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Karen Smithies]] (154)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Anjum Chopra]] (177)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Clare Connor]] (8)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Rupanjali Shastri]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}
The [[India women's national cricket team]] toured [[England]] in June and July 1999. They played three [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]] and one [[Women's Test cricket|Test match]] against [[England women's cricket team|England]], winning the ODI series 2–1 and drawing the Test match. They also played against [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]] in an ODI, which they won by 161 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973 |title=India Women tour of England 1999 |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/India_Women_in_England_1999.html |title=India Women in England 1999 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|ENG}}<ref name="ENG-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=973;team=1026;type=series |title=Records/India Women in England Women's ODI Series, 1999 - England Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling.html?class=13;id=1714;type=tour |title=Records/India Women tour of England, Jun-Jul 1999/All Matches/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Karen Smithies]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sarah Collyer]]
* [[Clare Connor]]
* [[Charlotte Edwards]]
* [[Kathryn Leng]]
* [[Laura Newton]]
* [[Lucy Pearson (cricketer)|Lucy Pearson]]
* [[Sue Redfern]]
* [[Melissa Reynard]]
* [[Jane Smit]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Claire Taylor]]
* [[Clare Taylor]]
|
* [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Anjum Chopra]]
* [[Neetu David]]
* [[Kalyani Dhokarikar]]
* [[Reshma Gandhi]]
* [[Anju Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hemlata Kala]]
* [[Deepa Marathe]]
* [[Renu Margrate]]
* [[Mithali Raj]]
* [[Purnima Rau]]
* [[Rupanjali Shastri]]
* [[Arati Vaidya]]
|}

==Tour Matches==
===3-day match: England Under-21s v India===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 21 – 23 June 1999
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG|name=England Under 21s}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 150 (81.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 53 (183)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Deepa Marathe]] 3/27 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 267/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (110 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Purnima Rau]] 61 (–)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 3/28 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 226/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (100 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 69 (156)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Purnima Rau]] 4/71 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 18/2 (12 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Arati Vaidya]] 9[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 1/0 (6 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/157/157202.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Campbell Park Cricket Ground|Campbell Park]], [[Milton Keynes]]
| umpires = Lorraine Elgar (Eng) and [[Bob White (cricketer)|Bob White]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = England Under-21s Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===50-over match: England A v India===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 June 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG|name=England A}}
| score1 = 233/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] 73 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Katharine Winks]] 2/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 120 (47.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jackie Hawker]] 56[[not out|*]] (71)
| wickets2 = [[Neetu David]] 2/16 (7.3 overs)
| result = India Women won by 113 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/157/157203.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Campbell Park Cricket Ground|Campbell Park]], [[Milton Keynes]]
| umpires = David Bryant (Eng) and Annette Owen (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===50-over match: North of England v India===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 July 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = North of England
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 130/8 (35 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ella Donnison]] 50 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Deepa Marathe]] 3/22 (7 overs)
| score2 = 131/2 (32 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anju Jain]] 59[[not out|*]] (95)
| wickets2 = [[Laura Spragg]] 1/27 (7 overs)
| result = India Women won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/157/157201.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Clifton Park Ground]], [[York]]
| umpires = John Hayes (Eng) and Janet Rogers (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = North of England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Match reduced to 35 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==Only ODI: Ireland v India==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 June 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|IRE}}
| score1 = 258/0 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 114[[not out|*]] (139)
| wickets1 =
| score2 = 97/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Clare Shillington]] 21 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Purnima Rau]] 4/33 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 161 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973/india-women-vs-ireland-women-only-odi-67162/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Campbell Park Cricket Ground|Campbell Park]], [[Milton Keynes]]
| umpires = David Bryant (Eng) and Lorraine Elgar (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Reshma Gandhi]], [[Hemlata Kala]], [[Mithali Raj]], [[Rupanjali Shastri]] (Ind), [[Isobel Joyce]] and [[Lara Molins]] (Ire) all made their WODI debuts.
}}

==WODI Series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 July 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 128/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Clare Connor]] 16 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Rupanjali Shastri]] 2/22 (8 overs)
| score2 = 132/9 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 52 (110)
| wickets2 = [[Clare Taylor]] 3/12 (9.3 overs)
| result = India Women won by 1 wicket
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973/england-women-vs-india-women-1st-odi-67229/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires = Ann Roberts (Eng) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 July 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 213/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 100 (128)
| wickets1 = [[Clare Connor]] 5/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 127 (43.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kathryn Leng]] 35 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Deepa Marathe]] 2/11 (5.5 overs)
| result = India Women won by 86 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973/england-women-vs-india-women-2nd-odi-67231/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Ground, Northampton|County Ground]], [[Northampton]]
| umpires = Kathy Taylor (Eng) and [[Vanburn Holder]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Clare Connor]] took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 July 1999
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 220/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] 58 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Clare Connor]] 3/43 (10 overs)
| score2 = 221/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karen Smithies]] 100[[not out|*]] (146)
| wickets2 = [[Purnima Rau]] 2/32 (5 overs)
| result = England Women won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973/england-women-vs-india-women-3rd-odi-66899/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires = John Hayes (Eng) and [[Vanburn Holder]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Only Test==
{{Test match
|date = 15 – 18 July 1999
|team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
|team2 = {{crw|IND}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 329 (147.2 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 108 (249)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rupanjali Shastri]] 3/54 (34 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 201 (84.4 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] 48 (118)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Clare Taylor]] 4/47 (21 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 123/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (78 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karen Smithies]] 51 (172)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Purnima Rau]] 5/24 (20 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 223/8 (83 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chanderkanta Kaul]] 66 (138)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Melissa Reynard]] 2/39 (11 overs)

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Denis Compton Oval]], [[Shenley]]
|umpires = John Steele (Eng) and John West (Eng)
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973/england-women-vs-india-women-only-test-67509/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Claire Taylor]], [[Laura Newton]] (Eng), [[Kalyani Dhokarikar]], [[Hemlata Kala]], [[Deepa Marathe]] and [[Rupanjali Shastri]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-england-1999-61973 India Women tour of England 1999] from ESPNcricinfo

{{England women's cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{International women's cricket tours of England}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women's cricket team in England in 1999}}
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours]]
[[Category:Women's cricket tours of England]]
[[Category:1999 in women's cricket]]

2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A

2024-12-27T21:41:42Z

Kawoosahamad: created the entry w/ infobox.

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 12 November
| todate = 2 December 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2021–22
| previous_tournament = 2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The '''[[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]''' is the twenty first season of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A cricket]] tournament that is being played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with eight teams in Group A.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2022 |title=BCCI Announces India’s Domestic Season for 2022-23, Ranji Trophy to Start in December |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-announces-indias-domestic-season-for-2022-23-ranji-trophy-to-start-in-december-5711695.html |website=News18 India}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the BCCI on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date= 8 August 2022 |title=BCCI announces India’s domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score1 = 215/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 47 (17)
| wickets1 = [[Prerak Mankad]] 2/17 (8 overs)
| score2 = 216/3 (44.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harvik Desai]] 68 (97)
| wickets2 = Rohit Dhanda 1/31 (7 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333056.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Rohit Dhanda and Akshit Rana (Chandigarh) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 242 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 82 (94)
| wickets1 = [[Rana Dutta]] 4/51 (9 overs)
| score2 = 159 (40.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 51 (60)
| wickets2 = Prince Yadav 3/18 (5 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 83 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333057.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Prince Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) and Deepak Khatri (Tripura) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 360/3 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 156 (144)
| wickets1 = [[Vaibhav Arora]] 2/72 (10 overs)
| score2 = 335/9 (48 overs)
| runs2 = [[Amit Kumar (Himachal Pradesh cricketer)|Amit Kumar]] 103 (98)
| wickets2 = Elligaram Sanketh 3/54 (7 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 17 runs ([[VJD method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333058.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Himachal Pradesh were set a revised target of 353 runs from 48 overs due to rain.
| notes = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]], [[B Punnaiah]], Elligaram Sanketh and [[Bhavesh Seth]] (Hyderabad) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 337/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 136 (136)
| wickets1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 3/59 (9 overs)
| score2 = 185/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 45 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Siddharth Desai]] 3/20 (10 overs)
| result = Gujarat won by 152 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333060.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Bikash Singh and Pheiroijam Singh (Manipur) both made their List A debuts.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 November 2022
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 397/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Samarth Vyas]] 200 (131)
| wickets1 = Pheiroijam Singh 1/48 (5 overs)
| score2 = 115 (41.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 55 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 7/10 (10 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 282 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333075.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Samarth Vyas]] (Saurashtra) scored his maiden double century in List A cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 November 2022 |title=Samarth Vyas becomes fifth batter to hit double-century in Vijay Hazare Trophy|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2022-23-manipur-vs-saurashtra-samarth-vyas-becomes-fifth-batter-to-hit-double-century-1344726 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 November 2022
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 139 (41.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] 35 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 4/12 (6.3 overs)
| score2 = 140/5 (36 overs)
| runs2 = [[Raghav Dhawan]] 61[[not out|*]] (117)
| wickets2 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 2/23 (8 overs)
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333076.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and Vinod Seshan
| motm =
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 November 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 190 (46.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 72 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] 3/27 (7 overs)
| score2 = 191/3 (35 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bishal Ghosh]] 102[[not out|*]] (111)
| wickets2 = Elligaram Sanketh 2/41 (7 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333078.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rishith Reddy]] (Hyderabad) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 November 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 281/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 100 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 3/64 (10 overs)
| score2 = 284/4 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manan Vohra]] 116 (132)
| wickets2 = [[Siddharth Desai]] 2/51 (10 overs)
| result = Chandigarh won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333077.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Shen Patel (Gujarat) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 195/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhargav Merai]] 61 (99)
| wickets1 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 4/30 (10 overs)
| score2 = 197/4 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 68[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 1/28 (9 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333094.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2022
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 255/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Bhambri]] 59 (92)
| wickets1 = Chiranjit Paul 2/31 (6 overs)
| score2 = 251/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 101 (106)
| wickets2 = Rohit Dhanda 5/68 (10 overs)
| result = Chandigarh won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333096.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and Mohit Krishnadas
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2022
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 362/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Shubham Arora 133 (127)
| wickets1 = Bikash Singh 3/75 (10 overs)
| score2 = 163/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 36 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Akash Vasisht]] 2/24 (10 overs)
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 199 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333095.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Amom Singh (Manipur) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2022
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 312/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harvik Desai]] 102 (120)
| wickets1 = Elligaram Sanketh 4/62 (8 overs)
| score2 = 314/5 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 124 (119)
| wickets2 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333093.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Vinod Seshan
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 256/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mickil Jaiswal]] 73 (59)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| score2 = 262/3 (48.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aryan Juyal]] 100[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets2 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 3/29 (8 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333112.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Aaradhya Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) made his List A debut.
* Player Replacement: [[Aryan Juyal]] for Aaradhya Yadav (Uttar Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 261/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 69[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Digvijay Rangi]] 2/44 (8 overs)
| score2 = 222 (46.2 overs)
| runs2 = Shubham Arora 62 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Subham Ghosh]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 39 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333113.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 138 (44 overs)
| runs1 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 38 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 5/18 (10 overs)
| score2 = 140/4 (25.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ankit Kaushik]] 45[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 2/14 (5 overs)
| result = Chandigarh won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333114.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2022
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| score1 = 285/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arpit Vasavada]] 100[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 3/51 (10 overs)
| score2 = 178 (41.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhargav Merai]] 34 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Parth Bhut]] 4/57 (10 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 107 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333111.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Priyesh Patel]] (Gujarat) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| score1 = 228 (49.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 81 (89)
| wickets1 = [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] 5/40 (9.2 overs)
| score2 = 230/3 (45 overs)
| runs2 = [[Het Patel]] 74[[not out|*]] (80)
| wickets2 = Deepak Khatri 1/32 (6 overs)
| result = Gujarat won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333131.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 191/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Bikash Singh 44[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = Mehrdtra Shashank 3/16 (10 overs)
| score2 = 192/3 (28.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 126[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 2/33 (7 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333132.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Sanatombaroy Laiphangbam (Manipur), Dheeraj Goud, [[Bhagath Varma]], Mehrdtra Shashank, Tholkanti Goudmade (Hyderabad) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2022
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 309/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Madhav Kaushik]] 134 (138)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/66 (10 overs)
| score2 = 310/5 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] 141[[not out|*]] (144)
| wickets2 = [[Aaqib Khan]] 2/51 (9 overs)
| result = Chandigarh won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333130.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and Vinod Seshan
| motm =
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2022
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score1 = 130 (36.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sumeet Verma]] 82 (99)
| wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 5/23 (9 overs)
| score2 = 134/2 (27.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sheldon Jackson]] 56[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets2 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 1/21 (7 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333129.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm =
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 6===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 November 2022
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 302/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ekant Sen]] 116 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 3/64 (10 overs)
| score2 = 303/5 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] 107 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Mayank Yadav]] 2/61 (10 overs)
| result = Chandigarh won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 November 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 248/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kathan Patel]] 109 (136)
| wickets1 = Elligaram Sanketh 3/39 (7 overs)
| score2 = 251/6 (49 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 109 (125)
| wickets2 = [[Kathan Patel]] 2/43 (7 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and Mohit Krishnadas
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 November 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score1 = 133 (42.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Dey]] 25 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 3/21 (9.1 overs)
| score2 = 134/6 (36.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arpit Vasavada]] 51[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets2 = [[Rana Dutta]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333147.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Vinod Seshan
| motm =
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 November 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 132 (32.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 44 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 3/23 (6.3 overs)
| score2 = 133/2 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Madhav Kaushik]] 75[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets2 = Pheiroijam Singh 2/48 (7 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333148.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Jasmer Dhankhar (Uttar Pradesh) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 7===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 November 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 306/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhavesh Seth]] 71 (60)
| wickets1 = [[Arpit Pannu]] 2/53 (10 overs)
| score2 = 196 (46.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 59 (81)
| wickets2 = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] 3/21 (8.3 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 110 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333167.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 November 2022
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 218/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Samarth Vyas]] 42 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 2/17 (8 overs)
| score2 = 219/8 (47.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Akshdeep Nath]] 89[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets2 = [[Parth Bhut]] 3/64 (10 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333165.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 November 2022
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| score1 = 265 (49.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mayank Dagar]] 92 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 5/42 (10 overs)
| score2 = 270/2 (47.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kathan Patel]] 80 (94)
| wickets2 = [[Akash Vasisht]] 2/52 (10 overs)
| result = Gujarat won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333166.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm =
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 November 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 346/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 123 (134)
| wickets1 = Bikash Singh 4/56 (7 overs)
| score2 = 106 (28 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karnajit Yumnam]] 25 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 5/22 (10 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 240 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333168.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2022–23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2022-23 Group A}}
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]

Dharmarth Trust

2024-11-12T05:35:41Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Short description|Religious trust in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Dharmarth Trust J&K
| formation = 1846
| founder = [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]]
| founding_location = [[Jammu]]
| type = Private trust
| origins = [[Dogra dynasty]]
| leader_title = Chairperson trustee
| leader_name = [[Karan Singh]]
| key_people =
| remarks = Active
}}

'''Dharmarth Trust''' (also spelt Dharmartha) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was founded by [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]] in 1846 as an [[Financial endowment|endowment]] for religious charity, and to manage and support [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC&dq=Dharmarth+Trust&pg=PA57|title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess|date=2001|publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5|pages=57, 67|language=en|chapter=1}}</ref> In 1884, and under Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]], the ''Ain-i-Dharmath'' (in [[Persian language|Persian]]) or 'The Regulations for the Dharmarth Trust' were formulated and a government department for religious affairs was created.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=114}} The trust helped the [[Dogra dynasty]] to consolidate and validate its control over its territory and over the functioning of [[Hinduism]] in the region.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=119}}

[[Karan Singh]] has been the sole chairperson trustee since 1959.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Badhwar|first=Inderjit|author-link=Inderjit Badhwar|date=31 March 1987|title=Take-over of Vaishno Devi shrine by independent board erupts into legal controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870331-take-over-of-vaishno-devi-shrine-by-independent-board-erupts-into-legal-controversy-798696-1987-03-31|access-date=2022-01-28|website=India Today}}</ref> In 2009 the trust had about 100 temples under its ambit, mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, but also in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home page, introduction|url=http://jkdharmarthtrust.org/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924170605/http://jkdharmarthtrust.org/index.html|archive-date=24 September 2010|website=Dharmarth Trust, Jammu/Srinagar, official website}}</ref> The Trust continues to be the guardians of major temples such as [[Shankaracharya Temple]] in Srinagar, [[Kheer Bhawani]] in [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]] and the [[Raghunath Temple|Raghunath temple]] and [[Bahu Fort|Bawe Wali Mata shrine]] in Jammu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 June 2020|title=Dharmarth Trust awaits govt instructions to open shrines|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/dharmarth-trust-awaits-govt-instructions-to-open-shrines-97375|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Tribune India|language=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615180345/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/dharmarth-trust-awaits-govt-instructions-to-open-shrines-97375 |archive-date=15 June 2020 }}</ref>

== History ==
In 1826 [[Gulab Singh]], a Dogra Hindu Rajput who had become the Raja of [[Jammu]] four years before,{{Sfn|Singh|1974|p=9, 197, 198}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Bawa Satinder|date=1971|title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311654|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=36|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00002845|jstor=311654|s2cid=145500298|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> put aside funds which would be utilised towards religious charity.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=116}} The practice of utilizing that money remained a private practice for two decades.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=116}} In 1846 Gulab Singh donated five lakh rupee to [[Raghunath Temple]].{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=116}}

Gulab Singh's son, Ranbir Singh, adapted the practice inherited from his father and placed it under a larger arrangement including the state machinery.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=116}} Precedents for such a dharmarth department, a religious affairs department, included the darmarth under the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi sultans]], [[Mughal emperors]] and the Maharajas of the [[Sikh Empire]].{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=115-116}} The council of the trust was asked to oversee its functioning, including the running of institutions, prayer and meditation ceremonies, schools, and land and business associated with the trust.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=117}} Any foreign religious person coming to the state was to be brought before the Maharaja, welcomed accordingly, and given parting gifts according to their status.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=117}} Separate rules were prepared for all the different Gods and circulated accordingly.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=118}} The trust would go on to include temples in Kashmir.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=118}} Priests, including those on the furthest reaches of the Maharaja's territory, were to report occurrences to the state.{{Sfn|Rai|2004|p=118}} The ''Ain-i-Dharmath'' (in [[Persian language|Persian]]) was signed in 1884 by the issues of Ranbir Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC&dq=Dharmarth+Trust&pg=PA48|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|date=2004|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-700-2|pages=48, 49|language=en}}</ref> As the trust passed into the hands of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], he opened the doors of all temples and shrines to a untouchables in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chauhan|first=Abha|url=|title=Holy Places & Pilgrimages: Essays on India|date=2011|publisher=Shubhi Publications|isbn=978-81-8290-228-2|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Rana P. B.|location=New Delhi|pages=105–126|chapter=4. Sacred Landscape and Pilgrimage: a study of Mata Vaishno Devi}}</ref> Hari Singh passed on the trust to Karan Singh in January 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1992-04-01|title=Temples of Dharmarth Trust|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-1992/1992-04-temples-of-dharmarth-trust/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Hinduism Today}}</ref>

Until 1987, [[Vaishno Devi Temple]] was under the care of the Dharmarth Trust. In 1987, during the governorship of [[Jagmohan]], the temple was taken over by the state.<ref name=":0"/> The Trust continues to be guardians of major temples in the region{{En dash}} [[Shankaracharya Temple]], [[Kheer Bhawani]], [[Raghunath Temple|Raghunath temple]], [[Bahu Fort|Bawe Wali Mata shrine]] in Jammu.<ref name=":1"/> As part of the [[Smart Cities Mission]] in Jammu and Kashmir temples under the trust are being upgraded for devotees, pilgrims, and tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=29 October 2021|title=Temples under Dharmarth Trust will get face-lift under Smart City project: Mayor|url=https://web.statetimes.in/temples-under-dharmarth-trust-will-get-face-lift-under-smart-city-project-mayor/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=[[State Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|last=Rai|first=Mridu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMx5mPJckkC|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|date=2004|publisher=Hurst. [[Permanent Black]]|isbn=978-1-85065-701-9|location=London. Delhi.|language=en|author-link=Mridu Rai}}
* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Bawa Satinder|title=The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir, 1792–1857|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=1974|isbn=0809306522|location=Carbondale and Edwardsville|orig-date=1966}}

== Further reading ==
;Books
* {{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnxtCwAAQBAJ&dq=Dharmarth+Trust&pg=PA253|title=Pledge for an Integrated India. Dr Mookerjee in Throes of Jammu and Kashmir 1951 to 1953|date=2015|publisher=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]], New Delhi and [[Prabhat Prakashan]]|isbn=978-93-5186-537-7|editor-last=Khandelwal|editor-first=Devesh|language=en}}

;Journals
* {{Cite journal|last=Wani|first=Zahoor Ahmad|date=2017|title=Role of Dharmarth Trust (1846-1947A.D.) in the Shaping of Economic Policies of Dogra State|journal=International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research|volume=15|issue=21.2|pages=569–577|issn=0972-7302}}

;Government
* {{Citation|title=Information regarding present status of Kashmiri Hindu Shrines and religious places|date=2020|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/notice/updated-information-regarding-present-status-of-kashmiri-hindu-shrines-and-religious-places/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106225653/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3f4b9ec30ad9f68f89b29639786cb62ef/uploads/2020/11/2020112359.pdf|publisher=District Srinagar, Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir|archive-date=6 January 2022}}

;News articles
* {{Cite web|date=9 March 2021|title=PM releases Manuscript with commentaries by 21 scholars on shlokas of Srimad Bhagavadgita|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1703587|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}
* {{Cite web|date=23 May 2016|agency=PTI|title=Passage of Temple Bill precondition to KPs return to Valley|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/passage-of-temple-bill-precondition-to-kps-return-to-valley-613585-2016-05-23|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Navneet|date=2013-09-20|title=Passage of Kashmiri shrine bill hits rough weather|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/passage-of-kashmiri-shrine-bill-hits-rough-weather/story-6IhhYf70v4XDpJMqNbI7gI.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|date=2019-09-24|agency=PTI|title='Apt time to bring temple bill in J&K, rebuild Martand Sun temple,' demand Pandits|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240919/apt-time-to-bring-temple-bill-in-jk-rebuildmartand-sun-temple-dem.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Deccan Chronicle}}
* {{Cite web|last=Naikoo|first=Javaid|date=5 February 2015|title=KPs demand handover of 13 temples from Dharmarth Trust|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=148581|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Early Times}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Religion in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Ichchadhari naag

2024-09-28T06:38:22Z

Kawoosahamad: minor cleanup references and added references

#REDIRECT [[Nāga]]

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Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav

2024-06-11T04:07:23Z

Kawoosahamad: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Prataprao Jadhav]]

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Mowa State

2023-08-13T14:09:52Z

Kawoosahamad: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Mowa, Gujarat#History]]

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[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

Lakshmipuram, Mysore

2022-12-15T08:28:29Z

Kawoosahamad:

{{Short description|Suburb of Mysore city in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Lakshmipura''' is a [[suburb]] of [[Mysore]] city in [[Karnataka]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=No power supply today |url=https://starofmysore.com/no-power-supply-today-2/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Unclaimed vehicles at Police Station |url=https://starofmysore.com/unclaimed-vehicles-at-police-station/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 4, 2022 |title=Reinduct Sacked Varsity Staff: Ex-mayor {{!}} Mysuru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/reinduct-sacked-varsity-staff-ex-mayor/articleshow/89979955.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Located between [[Devaraja Mohalla]], [[Nanju Malige]], [[Chamundipuram]], [[Krishnamurthypuram]] is one of the settlements in Mysore City. [[Ballal Circle]], [[Karnataka State Dr. Gangubhai Hangal Music and Performing Arts University]] are some prominent landmarks in the locality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katyayini BJ honoured with Kala Ratna Award – Mysuru Today |url=https://citytoday.news/katyayini-bj-honoured-with-kala-ratna-award/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Karnataka |date=2021-12-01 |title=Vice Chancellors appointed to RGUHS, Bengaluru North University |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/vice-chancellors-appointed-to-rguhs-bengaluru-north-university/article37781322.ece |access-date=2022-03-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=Karnataka State Dr. Gangubai Hangal Music and Performing Arts University |url=https://starofmysore.com/karnataka-state-dr-gangubai-hangal-music-and-performing-arts-university-5/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indresh |first=Coovercolly |date=2021-10-04 |title=Is Dr Gangubai Hangal music varsity on verge of closure? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/is-dr-gangubai-hangal-music-varsity-on-verge-of-closure-709442 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 2, 2022 |title=Msu Performing Arts Faculty To Get 9,000 Units Of Rare Music {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/msu-performing-arts-faculty-to-get-9000-units-of-rare-music/articleshow/89933845.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.296730885593218|76.64468901515448|display=title}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore South]]