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Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:54:15Z

Kausty: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Durgapur Purba
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Durgapur Purva.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Durgapur Purba Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Pradip Mazumdar]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| constituency_no = 276
| established = 1962
| electors = 201,250
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 276 Durgapur Purba assembly constituency covers ward nos. 1 – 10, 23 – 28 of Durgapur municipal corporation and Amlajora, Gopalpur and Molandighi gram panchayats of [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation Commission Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency is part of No. 39 [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name= delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Durgapur ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Dilip Kumar Mazumdar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Durgapur II ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Tarun Chatterjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Debabrata Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Apurba Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Biprendu Kumar Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|}

=== Durgapur Purba ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Dr. Nikhil Kumar Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Santosh Debray
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Pradip Mazumdar
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Durgapur Purba}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar Banerjee]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:108888}}
|percentage = 50.7%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradip Mazumdar
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:77954}}
|percentage = 36.3%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Simanta Chatterjee
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:18999}}
|percentage = 8.84%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debesh Chakraborty
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2883}}
|percentage = 1.34%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rubiya Begum
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:615}}
|percentage = 0.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kiranmoyee Mondal
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:606}}
|percentage = 0.28%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2594}}
|percentage = 1.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:214748}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Durgapur|Durgapur Purba]]<ref name="vidhansabha2021">{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/durgapur-purba-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Durgapur Purba Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Mazumdar]]|votes=79,303|percentage=41.16|change=+5.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Col. Diptansu Chaudhury|votes=75,557|percentage=39.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Abhash Ray Chaudhuri|votes=29,063|percentage= 15.08|change=-64.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above |votes=2,628|percentage=1.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Dipak Dhali|votes=1,884|percentage=0.98|change=}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,746
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,92,929|percentage=75.21|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Durgapur|Durgapur Purba]]<ref name="vidhansabha2016">{{cite web | url = https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/west-bengal/asansol/ | title = Durgapur Purba| work = Election Results| publisher = India.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Santosh Debray|votes=84,200|percentage= 44.21|change=-1.16#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Mazumdar]]|votes=75,069|percentage=39.42|change=-10.90#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Akhil Mondal|votes=23,302|percentage=12.23|change=+7.92#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate= Asit Baran Mondal |votes=1,676 |percentage= 0.88|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above |votes=3,680|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,131
|percentage = 4.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,90,525|percentage=81.42|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2011 taken together, as well as the CPI(M) vote for Durgapur Purba constituency.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Durgapur|Durgapur Purba]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25276.htm |title = Durgapur Purba |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054802/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25276.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=276| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223003/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=276| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Durgapur Purba| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Durgapur Purba |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nikhil Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 87,050
|percentage = 50.32
|change = +7.18#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Alpana Chowdhury
|votes = 78,484
|percentage = 45.37
|change = -4.46#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakshman Ghorui
|votes = 7,449
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,566
|percentage = 4.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,73,749
|percentage = 85.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +11.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together, as well as the CPI(M) vote for Durgapur II constituency.

===1977-2006===
In 2006 assembly elections, Biprendu Kumar Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Durgapur II seat defeating his nearest rival Apurba Mukherjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Apurba Mukherjee won the seat in 2001 defeating Debabrata Banerjee of CPI (M). In 1996, Debabrata Banerjee had won the seat defeating Malay Kanti Dutta of Congress. In 1991, Tarun Chatterjee of CPI (M) had won the seat defeating Asit Chattaraj of Congress. Tarun Chatterjee won it in 1987 defeating Narayan Hazara Chowdhury of Congress. In 1982, Tarun Chaterjee defeated Baren Roy of Congress. Tarun Chatterjee defeated Ajit Banerjee of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp265.htm | title = 265 - Durgapur II Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1962-1972===
[[Ananda Gopal Mukherjee]] of Congress won the Durgapur seat in 1972. Dilip Mazumdar of CPI (M) won the seat in 1971, 1969 and 1967. Ananda Gopal Mukherjee of INC won the seat in 1962.<ref name=archive>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp| title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections| access-date = 2010-11-01| work = General Election Results and Statistics| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp| archive-date = 2010-10-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Durgapur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Ajay-Atul discography

2026-05-04T09:42:34Z

Kausty: creating new stub

{{Short description|none}}

[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Ajay-Atul in 2012.]]
'''[[Ajay-Atul]]''', are the Indian music composer duo consisting of brothers '''Ajay Ashok Gogavale''' and '''Atul Ashok Gogavale''', have made contributions to the music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=अजय-अतुलचं आडनाव काय? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/web-stories/entertainment/music-composer-ajay-atul-know-the-brothers-surname-mhgm-/ |access-date= |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=mr}}</ref> Their work in the Marathi film ''[[Jogwa]]'' earned them the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction award]] at the [[56th National Film Awards]] in 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=56th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212537/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2018 }}</ref> In 2015, they entered the [[Forbes India]] Celebrity 100 List, debuting at the 82nd position, and climbed to 22nd place by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |title=मराठमोळी 'अजय-अतुल' नीय जोडी फोर्ब्सच्या यादीत ! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/india/forbes-top-100-celebrity-list-declared-ajay-atul-at-22nd-in-forbes-724891 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Over the years, they have created music for numerous successful Marathi and Hindi films.

Some of Ajay-Atul's acclaimed works include compositions for the films like ''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]'', ''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]'', ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', ''[[Dhadak]]'', ''[[Sairat]]''. In 2010, the duo crafted both the songs and the background score for the Marathi film ''[[Natarang|Naṭarang]]'', drawing inspiration from traditional Marathi folk genres such as [[Lavani]], Phaṭakā, and [[Tamasha|Tamāśā]]. Their expertise extends to Hindi cinema as well, having composed for films like ''[[Singham]]'' and ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'', both featuring [[Ajay Devgn]] and directed by [[Rohit Shetty]], as well as ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' and ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]'', produced by [[Karan Johar]] and directed by [[Karan Malhotra]]. Additionally, they contributed to the soundtrack of the [[Aamir Khan]]-led film ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''.

In 2016, Ajay-Atul collaborated with director [[Nagraj Manjule]] on the film ''[[Sairat]]'', which became the only Marathi film to surpass the 1 billion mark in box office collections. They also provided music for ''[[Manasu Mallige]]'', the Kannada adaptation of ''[[Sairat]]'', and its Hindi remake, ''[[Dhadak]]''. Beyond composing, they produced the Marathi film ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]'', directed by [[Girish Kulkarni]]. Their portfolio further includes scores for ''[[Tumbbad]]'', ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'', ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]'', and ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''. Notably, the track "Mere Naam Tu".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-13 |title=Abhay Jodhpurkar: I was nearly replaced by Arijit Singh in Shah Rukh Khan's Mere Naam Tu song but Ajay-Atul put their foot down - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhay-jodhpurkar-i-was-nearly-replaced-by-arijit-singh-in-shah-rukh-khans-mere-naam-tu-song-but-ajay-atul-put-their-foot-down-exclusive/articleshow/99445092.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Recognizing their significant impact, Ajay-Atul were honored with the '[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Composer of the Decade]]' award at the [[Mirchi Music Awards]] in 2021 for their work on ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]].''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2021 brings the best of the decade with 'Dus Saal Bemisaal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mirchi-music-awards-2021-brings-the-best-of-the-decade-with-dus-saal-bemisaal/articleshow/81512789.cms#:~:text=The%2013th%20edition%20of%20the,of%20the%20most%20scintillating%20performances |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Discography as composer==
=== Album soundtracks ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Album
! Language
! Contribution
|-
|1999 || ''College College''|| [[Hindi]] (audio movie) || Composers
|-
| 2001|| ''Vishwavinayak'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]|| Composers<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Atul Gogavale: The very first-time people got to know the name Ajay-Atul because of SP Balasubrahmanyam sir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-atul-gogavale-the-very-first-time-people-got-to-know-the-name-ajay-atul-because-of-sp-balasubrahmanyam-sir/articleshow/78315736.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2002|| ''Shri Ram Mantra (Rama)'' || Sanskrit|| Arrangers
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003 || ''Sang Sang Ho Tum'' || Hindi|| Composers
|-
| ''Bedhund'' || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| Composers
|-
| ''Meera Kahen'' || Hindi|| Composers
|-
| 2006|| ''Vishwatma'' || Sanskrit|| Composers
|-
|}

=== Film soundtracks ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Language
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Gayab]]''
|[[Prawaal Raman]]||[[Hindi]] || Songs
|-
|| ''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''
|[[Kedar Shinde]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=जाधव |first=अपूर्वा |title=सोनाली बेंद्रेच्या 'छमछम' गाण्याला कोणी चाल दिलीये? राज ठाकरेंच्या मुलाखतीत उलगडला किस्सा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/raj-thackeray-mns-leader-connection-with-sonali-bendre-famous-marathi-cham-cham-karta-hai-nashila-badan-song-1294511 |access-date= |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|rowspan="4"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|rowspan="3"|Songs and Background Score
|-
|rowspan="6"|2005 || ''Goad Gupit''
| Pramod Prabhulkar
|-
|| ''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]''
|Kedar Shinde<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2011-12-12 |title=Katrina's Chikni Chameli Is Taken From Marathi Song |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-039-s-chikni-chameli-is-taken-from-marathi-song-3366.html |access-date= |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|[[Rajiv Patil]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=saptrang@esakal.com |first=वैभव जोशी |date=2021-02-14 |title=वाऱ्यावरती गंध पसरला... |url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/vaibhav-joshi-writes-about-songs-409116 |access-date= |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>||Songs
|-
|| ''[[Viruddh... Family Comes First]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|rowspan="3"|Hindi || 1 Song and Background Score
|-
|| ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' || 1 Song
|-
|| ''Struggler''|| Songs
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]''<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA77 |access-date=4 May 2013 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=77–}}</ref>
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]]||Marathi || Background Score
|-
|| ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
|[[Harish Shankar]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Song
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|| ''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|[[Mahesh Kothare]]
|rowspan="14"|Marathi
|rowspan="2"|Songs
|-
|| ''Bandh Premache''
| [[Abhiram Bhadkamkar]]
|-
|| ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''
|[[Ankush Choudhary]] –
[[Sachit Patil]]
| Title Song
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
|[[Sanjay Jadhav]]|| Title Song
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008 || ''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kaay Have''
|[[Rajiv Patil]] || Song
|-
|| ''Uladhaal''
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]|| Songs and Background Score
|-
|| ''Mumbai Amchich''
| [[Sharad Bansode]]|| Background Score
|-
|rowspan="5"|2009 || ''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]''
|[[Satish Rajwade]]|| Title Song
|-
|| ''Bedhund''
| Dnyanesh Bhalekar
|rowspan="3"|Songs
|-
|| ''Oxygen: Jiv Gudmartoy''
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajiv Patil]]
|-
|| ''[[Jogwa]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=Music Composer Atul Gogavale's top songs that touched hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/birthday-special-music-composer-atul-gogavales-top-songs-that-touched-hearts/photostory/65768592.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Natarang]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-31 |title=Marathi movies score over Hindi counterparts at BO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/marathi-movies-score-over-hindi-counterparts-at-bo/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Ravi Jadhav]] || Song and Background Score
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Ringa Ringa]]''
|[[Sanjay Jadhav]]|| Songs
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011 || ''Atta Ga Baya''
|[[Sanjay Narvekar]] || 1 Song
|-
|| ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''
|Raaghav Dar|| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|rowspan=2|Songs
|-
|| ''[[Singham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-22 |title=Meet the musician duo behind Chikni Chameli - Rediff.com Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ajay-atul-agneepath/20120125.htm |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222004632/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ajay-atul-agneepath/20120125.htm |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref>
|[[Rohit Shetty]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-31 |title=Composer duo Ajay-Atul to do music for Karan Johar's Agneepath remake |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1265739/Composer-duo-Ajay-Atul-to-do-music-for-Karan-Johars-Agneepath-remake |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131215521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1265739/Composer-duo-Ajay-Atul-to-do-music-for-Karan-Johars-Agneepath-remake |archive-date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Karan Malhotra]]
|Songs and Background Score
|-
|| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-16 |title=BOL BACHCHAN LYRICS & VIDEOs (All Songs) |url=https://www.hindisongslyrics.in/2012/06/bol-bachchan-all-songs-lyrics-and.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185906/https://www.hindisongslyrics.in/2012/06/bol-bachchan-all-songs-lyrics-and.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 }}</ref>
|[[Rohit Shetty]]||1 Song
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013 || ''Bharatiya''
|[[Girish Mohite]]
|rowspan="4"|Marathi || Songs
|-
|| ''Dhating Dhingana''
| Mandar Devsthali|| 2 Songs
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Fandry]]''
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]|| Promotional Song
|-
|| ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|[[Nishikant Kamat]]|| Songs
|-
|| ''[[P.K. (film)|PK]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-11 |title=PK's first song 'Tharki chokro' to be launched in Delhi - The Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PKs-first-song-Tharki-chokro-to-be-launched-in-Delhi/articleshow/45078378.cms |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111010618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PKs-first-song-Tharki-chokro-to-be-launched-in-Delhi/articleshow/45078378.cms |archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref>
|[[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|rowspan="2"|Hindi ||1 Song
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
|[[Karan Malhotra]]||Songs & Background Score (1 song recreated from Jatra)
|-
|| ''[[Nilkanth Master]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|rowspan="3"|Marathi || Songs
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Sairat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-04-30 |title='Sairat' music composers Ajay-Atul are soaring higher and higher |url=https://scroll.in/reel/807318/sairat-music-composers-ajay-atul-are-soaring-higher-and-higher?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17330395266735&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://scroll.in/reel/807318/sairat-music-composers-ajay-atul-are-soaring-higher-and-higher |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]|| Song, Lyrics & Background Score
|-
|| ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]'' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Girish Kulkarni debuts as director with Ajay-Atul film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Girish-Kulkarni-debuts-as-director-with-Ajay-Atul-film/articleshow/45951021.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Girish Kulkarni]]
|Song & Background Score
|-
|2017
||''[[Manasu Mallige]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-19 |title=Sairat's Kannada Remake 'Manasu Mallige' Music Released {{!}} Lehren.com |url=http://www.lehren.com/news/kannada/gossip/sairats-kannada-remake-manasu-mallige-music-released-20170217 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219005108/http://www.lehren.com/news/kannada/gossip/sairats-kannada-remake-manasu-mallige-music-released-20170217 |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref>
|[[S. Narayan]]
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Remake]] of ''[[Sairat]]''. 4 songs reused.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2018
| ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|Marathi
| rowspan="3" |Songs
|-
||''[[Dhadak]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-28 |title=Why Dhadak's album could possibly revive the dying genre of Bollywood music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/dhadak-music-album-songs-bollywood-5236596/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shashank Khaitan]]
| rowspan="9"|Hindi
|-
||''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''
|[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
|-
||''[[Tumbbad]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-09 |title='Tumbbad': Makers unveil the title track of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tumbbad-makers-unveil-the-title-track-of-the-film/articleshow/66135941.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Rahi Anil Barve Adesh Prasad
| 1 song (Title Track)
|-
||''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Zero song Mere Naam Tu: Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma beautifully depict the colour of love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/zero-song-mera-naam-tu-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharma-beautifully-depict-the-colour-of-love-bollywood-news/316436 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Aanand L. Rai]]
| 4 Songs & Background Score
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
||''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
|[[Vikas Bahl]]
|rowspan=2|Songs & Background Score
|-
||''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]''
|[[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|2020
||''[[Tanhaji]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-04 |title=Music review - Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior/articleshow/73083565.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Om Raut]]
|1 Song
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|Songs
|-
|''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''
|[[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]]
|1 song
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Ajay-Atul's music is the only saving grace in Chandramukhi |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/film-reviews/Ajay-Atul%E2%80%99s-music-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-Chandramukhi/cid7287772.htm |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523161942/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/film-reviews/Ajay-Atul%E2%80%99s-music-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-Chandramukhi/cid7287772.htm |archive-date=23 May 2022 }}</ref>
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|rowspan=4|Marathi
|Songs
|-
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="2" |Songs
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|[[Mahesh Limaye]]
|-
|''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|[[Kedar Shinde]]
|Songs & Background
|-
|''[[Adipurush]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Ajay-Atul say success of Adipurush song Jai Shri Ram left them 'scared' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-atul-are-scared-with-success-of-adipurush-song-jai-shri-ram-had-goosebumps-8665297/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Om Raut]]
|Hindi Telugu
|4 songs
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Madgaon Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Madgaon Express': Nora Fatehi brings electrifying moves in teaser of first track 'Baby Bring It On' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/madgaon-express-nora-fatehi-brings-electrifying-moves-in-teaser-of-first-track-baby-bring-it-on20240307145958/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kunal Khemu]]
|Hindi
|1 song
|-
|film|''[[Yek Number (film)|Yek Number]]''
|[[Rajesh Mapuskar]]
|Marathi
|2 Songs
|-
|2026
|''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|Marathi Hindi
|Songs and background score
|-
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Ranabaali}}
|Rahul Sankrityan
|Hindi Telugu
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Khashaba}}
|Nagraj Manjule
|Marathi
|-
|2027
|{{Pending film|Eetha}}
|Laxman Utekar
|Hindi
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Bhadrakali}}
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|Marathi
|Songs and background score
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Mahatma Part 1: Kranti Surya}}
|[[Sameer Vidwans]]
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
| rowspan="6" |Songs & Background Score
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Mahatma Part 2: Kranti Jyoti}}
|[[Sameer Vidwans]]
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Jatra 2}}
|[[Kedar Shinde]]
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Shahenshah}}
|[[Karan Malhotra]]
|Hindi

|}

=== Television soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sr.No.
! Serial/Track
! Channel
! Notes/Awards
|-
| 1. || ''[[Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)|Raja Shivchhatrapati]]'' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-01 |title=Popular historical show 'Raja Shivchatrapati' to return on the audience's demand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-historical-show-raja-shivchatrapati-to-return-on-the-audiences-demand/articleshow/74935697.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| [[Star Pravah]] ||[[Maharashtra Times]] Sanman
|-
| 2. || ''[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Geet]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Marathi]] ||[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]]
|-
| 3. || ''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]'' ||
|-
| 4. || ''Lakh Lakh Chanderi'' || [[Zee Talkies]]||
|-
| 5. || ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]'' || rowspan="4" | Zee Marathi ||
|-
| 6. || ''[[Hapta Band]]'' ||
|-
| 7. || ''Hasyasamraat'' ||
|-
| 8. || ''Cricket Club'' ||
|-
| 9. || ''Bhavanjali'' || [[Mi Marathi]] ||
|-
| 10. || ''Kya Baat Hai'' || rowspan="3" | Zee Marathi||
|-
| 11. || ''Misha'' ||
|-
| 12. || ''Amchya Sarkhe Amhich'' ||
|-
| 13. || ''Bola Bola Tring Tring'' || [[DD Sahyadri]] ||
|-
| 14. || ''[[Shriyut Gangadhar Tipre]]'' || rowspan="2" | Zee Marathi || Background Score
|-
| 15. || ''[[Vadalvaat]]'' || Background Score
|-
| 16. || ''Bedhund Manachya Lahari'' || [[ETV Marathi]] || Background Score
|-
| 17. || ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' || [[Star Plus]] || Title Song
|-
| 18. || ''[[Sony Entertainment Television]]'' || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Channel]]
|| Sony Theme Track
|-
| 19. || ''Sony Marathi theme song'' || [[Sony Marathi (TV Channel)|Sony Marathi]] || Sony Marathi theme song
|-
| 20. || ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati|Kaun Banega Crorepati 11 theme]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title='केबीसी'च्या थीमसाँगला अजय-अतुल टच |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-gossips/kaun-banega-crorepati-11-ajay-atul-tweak-iconic-theme-tune-of-the-show/articleshow/70671247.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>|| Sony Channel ||
|-
| 21. || ''Sony Marathi Gaurav Geet'' || rowspan="2" | Sony Marathi ||
|-
| 22. || ''[[Indian Idol Marathi]]''||Judge season 1
|-
| 23. || ''Sunflower'' || [[Zee5]] Web Series||[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|}

=== Plays/drama soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sr.No.
! Play/Drama Name
! Notes/Awards
|-
| 1. || ''Sahi Re Sahi'' || [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Alpha Gaurav]] 2003 Award
|-
| 2. || ''Lochya Zala Re'' || Maharashtra Rajya Vyavsayik Natya Spardha Award
|-
| 3. || ''Mr. Na. Ma. Deo Mhane'' ||
|-
| 4. || ''Gopala Re Gopala'' ||
|-
| 5. || ''Kala Ya Laglya Jiva'' || 2007 Maharashtra Rajya Vyavsayik Natya Spardha Award
|-
| 6. || ''Jahale Chatrapati Shivray'' ||
|-
| 7. || ''Man Udhaan Varyache'' ||
|-
|8.
|''The Great Indian Musical- Civilisation to Nation''
|2023 Neeta Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre Opening Show
|}

==Ajay as a playback singer==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Co-artist
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
| rowspan="3" |''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''
|"Durge Durghat Bhari"<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="29" |[[Ajay-Atul]]
|Solo
|-
|"Malharwari"<ref name=":1" />
|[[Krishnarao Sable]]
|-
|"Prabhat Geet"<ref name=":1" />
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Amey Date, Yogita Godbole, Bela Sulakhe
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]''
|"Ye Go Ye Maina"<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|"Aai Bhavani Tujhya Krupene"
|-
|''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]''
|"Hanuman Chalisa"
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
| rowspan="3" |''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|"Zabardast Funda"
|Solo
|-
|"Aaicha Gho"<ref name=":2" />
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|-
|"Baby Bol Bol"
|Solo
|-
|''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
|"Checkmate"
|Earl D'Souza
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
| rowspan="2" |''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Ani Kay Hava!''
|"Jyotibacha Navana Changbhal"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|"Kali Dharti"
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Uladhaal''
|"Morya Morya"<ref name=":2" />
|-
|"Sab Dhoka Hain"
|-
|''Bandh Premache''
|"Hi Avkhal Dekhni"
|-
|2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|"Lallati Bhandar"<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
| rowspan="7" |''[[Natarang]]''
|"[[Apsara Aali]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Rendition Of Marathi Classic Apsara Aali Is Super Hit |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/this-rendition-of-marathi-classic-apsara-aali-is-super-hit-8602811.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bela Shende]]
|-
|"Khel Mandala"
|Solo
|-
|"Natarang Ubha"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|"Achuk Padli Thingi"
|Solo
|-
|"Mathurechya Bajari"
|[[Bela Shende]]
|-
|"Kagal Gavcha Guna"
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
|"Petla Gadi"
|-
|2011
|''[[Singham]]''
|"Saathiya"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|2012
|''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|"Deva Shree Ganesha"<ref name=":3" />
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|-
|2013
|''[[Fandry]]''
|"Tujhya Priticha Vinchu Mala"
|-
|2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|"Mauli Mauli"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nilkanth Master]]''
|"Kaunse Des Chala"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"Vande Mataram"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|"Man Suddha Tuza"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|[[Priyanka Barve]], Deepika Jog
|-
|''[[Deool Band]]''
|"Deva Vina"
|[[Narendra Bhide]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sairat]]''
|"[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]"<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sujan |title=Ajay-Atul's talent elevates the Sairat experience |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-ajay-atul-s-talent-elevates-the-sairat-experience-2216122 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="9" |[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
|"[[Yad Lagla]]"<ref name=":4" />
|Solo
|-
|"[[Zingaat]]"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''
|"[[Baby Bring It On]]"
|Solo
|-
|"Vaat Disu De"
|Yogita Godbole
|-
|"Gondhal"
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
| rowspan="3" |''[[Manasu Mallige]]''
|"Yaare Neenu Parivaala"
|-
|"Ayyayyappo"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|"Thangaliya Roopa"
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
|''[[Bhikari]]''
|"Maagu Kasa Mi"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|-
|''Ghuma''
|"Vanava Petala"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2018
| rowspan="3" |''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
|"Majhi Pandharichi Maay"
| rowspan="7" |[[Ajay-Atul]]
|-
|"Dhuvun Taak"
|-
|"Maagu Kuna Haat Ra"
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Dhadak]]''
|"Dhadak"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"[[Zingaat#Other versions|Zingaat]]"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|"Pehli Baar"
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|-
|"Vaara Re"
|-
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
|"Devak Kalji Re"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-19 |title=Nice thing to experience the line 'Devak Kalji Re'! {{!}} 'देवाक काळजी रे' या पंक्तीची अनुभूती देणारी छानशी गोष्ट! {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/bhakti/nice-thing-experience-line-devak-kalji-re-a679/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
|-
|''[[Figght]]''
|"Kalana Kahi"
|Swapnil Godbole
|-
|''[[Mantr (film)|Mantr]]''
|"Bolna Re Mana"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|"Tumbbad Title Track"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande]]''
|"Sundara"
|[[Narendra Bhide]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''
|"Phul Jhultaya Yelicha"
|Santosh Mulekar
|Dipali Sathe
|-
|''Maay Baap Vitthala''
|"Maay Baap Vitthala"
|Nitin Ugalmugale, Prasad Shinde
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
|''[[Soyrik]]''
|"Malvat"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=soyrik movie song sang by ajay gogavle avb 95 {{!}} 'सोयरीक' चित्रपटातील गाण्याला अजयचा स्वरसाज |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/soyrik-movie-song-sang-by-ajay-gogavle-avb-95-2626632/lite/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|"Kanha"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|-
|''Lagan''
|"Payee Fufata"
|[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
|-
|''Samrenu''
|"Samrenu"
|Suraj-Dhiraj
|-
|''Gulhar''
|"Aabhalana Pankh"
|Padmanabh Gaikwad
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|"[[Sukh Kalale]]"
| rowspan="9" |[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"Ved Lavlay"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|"Mana"
|Solo
|-
|"Bhavi Amdar"
|[[Atul Gogavale]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|"Baharla Ha Madhumas"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"[[Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha|Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza]]"
|[[Krishnarao Sable]]
|-
|"Gau Nako Kisna"
|Jayesh Khare, Mayur Sukale
|-
|"Ambabai Gondhalala Ye"
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|-
|"Paula Thakala Nahi"
|-
|''Umbrella''
|"Vangaal Vangaal"
|Santosh Mulekar
|-
|''[[Adipurush]]''
|"Shivoham"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|-
|''Jindgani''
|"Sutale Dhage"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
|-
|''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''
|"[[Kevadyacha Paan Tu]]"
|[[Aarya Ambekar]]
|-
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
|"Umgaya Baap"
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''Mitra''
|"Vanvya Madhye Garvya Sarkha"
|Nitin Ugalmugale
|Apurva Nishad
|-
|''[[Madgaon Express]]''
|"[[Baby Bring It On]]"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|"Udhalin Jeev"
|[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
|''Danka Hari Namacha''
|"Majha Vitthal"
|Abhinay Jagtap
|-
|''[[Yek Number (film)|Yek Number]]''
|"Jahir Zalay Jagala"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Ata Thambaycha Naay!]]''
|"Ata Thambaycha Naay - Title Track"
|Gulraj Singh
|[[Aanandi Joshi]]
|-
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavtar]]''
|"Rangpooja"
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
|''[[Peter (2026 film)|Peter]]''
|"Josh Jawani"
|Rithvik Muralidhar
|Trilok Trivikram
|}

== Ajay-Atul as lyricist ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Director
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016
|"[[Yad Lagla]]"
| rowspan="4" |''[[Sairat]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|-
|"[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]"
|-
|"[[Zingaat]]"
|-
|"Aatach Baya Ka Baavarla"
|-
|"[[Dolby Walya]]"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Girish Kulkarni]]
|-
|"[[Baby Bring It On]]"
|-
|"Gondhal"
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|"Aaya Ye Jhund Hai"
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|-
|"[[Sukh Kalale]]"
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|-
|"Ved Lavlay"
|-
|"Ved Tujha"
|-
|"My One And Only Prem"
|-
|"Besuri"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|"Mana"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahesh Limaye]]
|-
|"Bhavi Amdar"
|-
|2024
|"Yek Number Title Song"
|''[[Yek Number (film)|Yek Number]]''
|[[Rajesh Mapuskar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10072530}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay-Atul discography}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Khajan Dass

2026-05-04T07:44:53Z

Kausty: adding initial page w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Khajan Dass''' (born 16 June 1958)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khajan Das Uttarakhand, BJP MLA from Rajpur Road - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/khajan-das-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is currently serving as a state minister of Social Welfare, Minority Welfare, Student Welfare and Language in [[Government of Uttarakhand]] under the Chief Minister [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]].<ref>https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/CANDIDATEAFFIDAVIT.aspx?YEARID=March-2017%20(%20GEN%20)&AC_No=20&st_code=S28&constType=AC</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-21 |title=5 new ministers join Dhami cabinet ahead of 2027 polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/5-new-ministers-join-dhami-cabinet-ahead-of-2027-polls/amp_articleshow/129706230.cms |access-date= |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Rajpur Road Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Dehradun district]]. He won as an MLA in the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Know Your Candidates: Contestants from Rajpur Road Assembly Seat in Uttarakhand Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/know-your-candidates-contestants-from-rajpur-road-assembly-seat-in-uttarakhand-elections-2022-4756256.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dass is from [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand. He is the son of Santa Dass. He passed Class 8 and later dropped out from school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khajan Dass(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAJPUR ROAD (SC)(DEHRADUN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=246 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dass won from Rajpur Road Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 37,027 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rajkumar of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,163 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Uttarakhand Election Result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-polls-2022/story/uttarakhand-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-candidates-winners-bjp-congress-party-wise-1922747-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Rajkumar (politician)|Rajkumar]] of Indian National Congress, by a margin of votes.8,632 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He won in 2007 from [[Dhanaulti Assembly constituency]] as a member of the BJP.

== Controversy ==
In April 2026, Khajan Dass was criticised for making preparations for his son's pre-wedding ceremony inside the core area of [[Rajaji National Park|Rajaji Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Permission missing, Uttarakhand minister’s son weds inside Rajaji Tiger Reserve |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-minister-son-wedding-rajaji-tiger-reserve-row-10658497/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The preparations at the Sureshwari Devi Temple, were made inside the reserve forest area, which has restricted access to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Minister Sparks Controversy After Conducting Sons Wedding Inside Core Zone of Tiger Reserve |url=https://thewire.in/environment/uttarakhand-minister-sparks-controversy-after-conducting-sons-wedding-inside-core-zone-of-tiger-reserve |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> The [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]] denied giving any permission to organize any such event, and lodged a case against two officials of the Temple Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |title=Director of Forests Permitted Son's Wedding In Rajaji Tiger Reserve Core Zone: Uttarakhand Minister |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/director-of-forests-permitted-sons-wedding-in-rajaji-tiger-reserve-core-zone-uttarakhand-minister-enn26042603771 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Later, the wedding was moved out of the Rajaji park venue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bathla |first=Amit |date=2026-04-27 |title=Uttarakhand forest dept books temple officials over minister’s son’s wedding inside Rajaji Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-booked-over-wedding-plan-of-min-s-son-in-rajaji-reserve-101777229314672.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dass, Khajan}}

[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]

Birsa Institute of Technology, Sindri

2026-05-03T14:59:27Z

Kausty: Stub

{{Short description|Public Engineering Institution in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = BIT Sindri
| image = Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri logo.png
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| motto = {{lang|sa|Niyataṃ kuru karmatvam}} ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = Perform your duties daily, for action is superior to inaction.
| type = [[Public University|Public]] Technical institute
| established = 1949; 75 years ago
| director = Pankaj Rai
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| free_label =
| free =
| city = [[Sindri, Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.654656|N|86.473680|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| colors =
| campus = Suburban, Area = (450 Acres)
| accreditation = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| affiliations = [[Jharkhand University of Technology]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.bitsindri.ac.in/}}
}}
[[File:BITsindri.jpg|thumb|BIT Sindri main building]]

'''BIT Sindri''', is an affiliated engineering college in [[Sindri, Jharkhand]], India. Established in 1949, BIT Sindri is one of the oldest engineering and technological institute in India. BIT Sindri emerged as rank 1 in the East Zone and 9th in engineering colleges of the country in the Internshala Annual College Ranking 2023.

==History==
[[BIT Sindri]] was established in 1949 as College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sindri with temporary campus at [[Patna]] and affiliated to [[Patna University]]. It was shifted to its permanent campus at [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]] in [[Dhanbad]] District a year later, where it was renamed as Bihar Institute of Technology, Sindri. After reorganisation of [[Patna University]] and establishment of [[Ranchi University]] in 1960, it was affiliated to [[Ranchi University]]. [[BIT Sindri]] was later affiliated to [[Vinoba Bhave University]] after establishment of [[Vinoba Bhave University]] at [[Hazaribagh]] in September 1992. Currently, it is affiliated to [[Jharkhand University of Technology]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=College History|url=https://www.bitsindri.ac.in/bit-sindri-history/#expand-0cbdaa7|website=BIT Sindri|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

==Administration==
BIT Sindri owned and administered by the [[Government of Jharkhand]] and run by the [[Department of Higher and Technical Education (Jharkhand)|Department of Higher and Technical Education]] through '''Directorate of Technical Education'''.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Department of Higher and Technical Education
|url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/hte
|website=Government of Jharkhand
|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

At the institutional level, BIT Sindri is administrated by the '''Director''' of the institute, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the BIT Sindri. The Director is appointed by the Department of Higher and Technical Education Government of Jharkhand. The Director of the institute is the executive head of the Institution.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Director's Message
|url=https://www.bitsindri.ac.in/directors-message/
|website=Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri
|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

The Director is responsible for overall administration of the institute and executing the institute's activities and is supported by the Six [[Dean (education)|Deans]] as well as the heads of departments & centers and several Prof.In-Charge of their respective sections and cells.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Offices and Administration
|url=https://www.bitsindri.ac.in/offices-and-admistration/
|website=Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri
|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

==Academics==
The institute continued to be affiliated with [[Vinoba Bhave University]] until 2017. From 2018 onwards, the institute has been affiliated with the [[Jharkhand University of Technology]] (JUT), Ranchi, the foundations of which were laid down by the former Hon'ble president of India, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. All courses are approved by the [[All India Council of Technical Education]].<ref name=about/>
The institute currently conducts graduate and postgraduate courses in ten disciplines of engineering which are supported by three departments of natural sciences, one department each of earth sciences and humanities.

*Engineering Disciplines:
** [[Mechanical Engineering]]
** [[Electrical Engineering]]
** [[Production Engineering]]
** [[Civil Engineering]]
** [[Metallurgical Engineering]]
** [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
** [[Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security)]]
** [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
** [[Information Technology]]
** [[Chemical Engineering]]
** [[Mining Engineering]]
*Natural Sciences:
** [[Physics]]
** [[Chemistry]]
** [[Mathematics]]
*Earth Sciences
**[[Geology]] and [[Geoscience]]
*[[Humanities]]

Currently, postgraduate students are admitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering only.
Admission to undergraduate courses were earlier based on ranks in Jharkhand Engineering Entrance Competitive Exam(JEECE), conducted by Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Examination(JCECE) Board. The JCECEB announced in April 2019 that admissions to the institute shall be based on scores in [[JEE-Main]], a national level engineering entrance examination conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] or NTA.

BIT Sindri is particularly known for its core engineering departments viz. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and an appreciable number of students from these departments clear the coveted [[Indian Engineering Services]] exam, conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]].

==Campus==
[[File:BIT Administrative Building.jpg|thumb|BITS Administrative Building]]

The Institute campus spreads over an area of 450 acres of land, located near the eastern bank of [[Damodar River]].<ref name=about/>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2024=201-300|type=University}}The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked the college between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>[[File:BIT sindri campus taken through drone.jpg|thumb|BITS Aerial View]]

==Alumni==
Notable alumni include:


*[[Subodh Das]] - Material scientist, CEO of Phinix LLC, USA
*[[Bidhu Jha]] - Member of the [[Legislative Assembly]] of [[Manitoba]] for [[Radisson (electoral district)|Radisson]]
*[[Subodha Kumar]] - Paul R. Anderson Distinguished Chair Professor, [[Fox School of Business]], [[Temple University]], USA
*[[Inder Singh Namdhari]] - 1st Speaker of the Jharkhand Assembly and also a M.P from Chatra, Jharkhand
*[[B. S. Sahay]] - Director of the [[Indian Institute of Management Jammu]] and former Director of the [[Indian Institute of Management Raipur]]



==References==
{{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Vinoba Bhave University}}
{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Birsa Munda]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]

Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)

2026-04-27T00:50:37Z

Kausty:

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| abbreviation = NCP (AP)
| colorcode = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}
| leader = Sunetra Pawar (After Ajit Pawar)
| president = None
| chairperson = None
| loksabha_leader = [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Praful Patel]]
| ppchairman = [[Praful Patel]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2023|07|1}}
| spokesperson = [[Amol Mitkari]]
| split = {{nowrap|
[[Nationalist Congress Party]]}}
| |predecessor = {{nowrap|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]}}
| merged = Nationalist Congress Party
| headquarters = Opposite Mumbai Mantralaya
| eci = Unregistered
| alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance |National Democratic Alliance (National Level)]], [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|(Jharkhand)]]
*[[North-East Democratic Alliance |North-East Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance|MahaYuti (Maharashtra)]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex= {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}}
| dissolution = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2024|02|6}}
| website =
| symbol = [[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|70px]]
| party_name = Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar)
| logo = Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg
| flag = NCP-flag.svg
|ideology =centrism
secularism

social equality or egalitarianism
Indian Nationalism
|position=Centrism| colours = {{colorbox|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}} [[Pink]]
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{hidden|Indian states|headerstyle=background:#CCCCCC|style=text-align:center;|{{Composition bar|41|288|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}}([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/maharashtra-elections-2014|title=Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2014: Maharashtra State Election Dates, Results, News, Governors and Cabinet Ministers 2014|website=dna}}</ref>
{{Composition bar|7|60|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}} ([[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]])}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|6|78|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|2|31|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}}}
|State Spokesperson=[[Sana Malik Shaikh]]}}

The '''Ajit Pawar faction of the Nationalist Congress Party''' was a faction of the erstwhile united [[Nationalist Congress Party]] that was led primarily by [[Ajit Pawar]]. The faction had come into existence due to several disagreements with the then party president and Ajit's uncle [[Sharad Pawar]]. The faction got hold of the party name afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajit Pawar joins NDA govt, takes oath as deputy CM of Maharashtra|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-splits-ajit-pawar-to-join-nda-govt-take-oath-as-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra/articleshow/101431751.cms|website=The Economic Times|language=en|date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

==History==
In July 2023, a majority of the elected representatives of the party led by [[Ajit Pawar]] joined the [[National Democratic Alliance]] government. This caused a direct split between Ajit Pawar and the founder-president of the party [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-splits-ajit-pawar-to-join-nda-govt-take-oath-as-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra/articleshow/101431751.cms Ajit Pawar Maharashtra Deputy Cm: Ajit Pawar joins NDA govt, takes oath as deputy CM of Maharashtra - The Economic Times]</ref>
On 7 February 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] awarded the party name and symbol to the group headed by Ajit Pawar. The group led by [[Sharad Pawar]] will be known as [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2024]]

Maa Ka Sum

2026-04-26T13:23:04Z

Kausty: Created the entry from scratch

{{Infobox television
| image = Maa Ka Sum.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Ravinder Randhawa]]|[[Sumrit Shahi]]}}
| director = [[Nicholas Kharkongor]]
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mona Singh]]
* [[Mihir Ahuja]]
* [[Angira Dhar]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 8 
| list_episodes =
| producer = Babita Ashiwal Adi Sharmaa
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 28–38 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maa-ka-sum-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmte2mtm1 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=1 April 2026}}</ref>
| company = Eunoia Films
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|04|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Maa Ka Sum''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series written by [[Ravinder Randhawa]] and [[Sumrit Shahi]], directed by [[Nicholas Kharkongor]]. Produced under Eunoia Films, the series stars [[Mona Singh]], [[Mihir Ahuja]] and [[Angira Dhar]].<ref>{{cite web |title='I wait for the right script': Mona Singh on selecting roles that pose a challenge |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/i-wait-for-the-right-script-says-mona-singh-on-selecting-roles-that-pose-a-challenge/cid/2154502 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mona Singh]] as Vinita
* [[Mihir Ahuja]] as Agastya
* [[Angira Dhar]] as Ira
* [[Ranveer Brar]] as Vinta's love interest
* Celesti Bairagey as Annie, Agastya's ex-girlfriend
''Source''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title=‘Maa Ka Sum’ Series Review: A Show About A Math Genius Succumbs to the Algorithm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/maa-ka-sum-series-review-a-show-about-a-math-genius-succumbs-to-the-algorithm |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mona Singh and Mihir Ahuja to star in Prime Video's 'Maa Ka Sum'; first look, release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mona-singh-and-mihir-ahuja-to-star-in-prime-videos-maa-ka-sum-first-look-release-date-out/article70783180.ece |website=The Hindu |date=25 March 2026}}</ref> A special screening of the series was held at Mumbai on 4 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=ग्लैमर से सजी Mona Singh और Mihir Ahuja की सीरीज 'Maa Ka Sum' की शाम, सेलेब्स ने बिखेरा फैशन का जादू |url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/the-evening-of-mona-singh-and-mihir-ahujas-series-maa-ka-sum-was-adorned-with-glamour-celebs-spread-the-magic-of-fashion-11451848 |website=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]] |language=hi |date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maa Ka Sum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Aman Pant, Nayantara Bhatkal, Aditya N.
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2026|03|31}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum (Original Series Soundtrack) - Single by Aman Pant, Nayantara Bhatkal & Aditya N. on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/maa-ka-sum-original-series-soundtrack-single/1888493018 |website=[[Apple Music|Apple Music - Web Player]] |date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=8|s=}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|toRgep2dd_M|Maa Ka Sum {{!}} Jukebox {{!}} Mona Singh, Mihir Ahuja {{!}} Aman Pant, Nayantara Bhatkal; Aditya N.}}}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 8:00
| title1 = Batiyaan
| lyrics1 = Akhil Tiwari
| music1 = Aman Pant
| extra1 = Suvarna Tiwari
| length1 = 2:40
| title2 = Main Hoon Tere Liye
| lyrics2 = Suresh Bhatia
| music2 = Nayantara Bhatkal, Aditya N.
| extra2 = [[Hamsika Iyer]], Nakul Chugh
| length2 = 2:25
| title3 = Beparwah
| lyrics3 = Swati Marwal
| music3 = Nayantara Bhatkal, Aditya N.
| extra3 = Harjot Kaur
| length3 = 2:55
}}

== Release ==
The trailer of the series was released on 27 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum trailer: A math wizard sets out to find the perfect partner for his mom using algorithm |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Mar/27/maa-ka-sum-trailer-a-math-wizard-sets-out-to-find-the-perfect-partner-for-his-mom-using-algorithm |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=27 March 2026}}</ref> The series was made available to stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum Now Streaming: Where To Watch Mona Singh, Mihir Ahuja's New Series |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/maa-ka-sum-now-streaming-where-to-watch-mona-singh-mihir-ahujas-new-series-ws-kl-10015776.html |website=[[Network18 Group|News18]] |date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated the series two star out of five stars, writing, "Despite a promising premise, the eight-part series is overly enamoured with the protagonist's 'geekdom' and failing to deliver a believable mother-son slice-of-life story."<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum review: Mummy-1, Maths-0 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/maa-ka-sum-review/20260403.htm |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum review: Mona Singh shines in a warm but uneven family drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/maa-ka-sum-review-mona-singh-shines-in-a-warm-but-uneven-family-drama-10616582/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Riya Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' awarded the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Ka Sum review: Mona Singh, Mihir Ahuja shine in a flawed show that tries to solve love but gets lost in calculations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/maa-ka-sum-review-mona-singh-mihir-ahuja-shine-in-a-flawed-show-that-tries-to-solve-love-but-gets-lost-in-calculations-101775191923085.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Maa-Ka-Sum/0HFEPH9BLML9GX82P68S1SHUFN ''Maa Ka Sum''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020s drama television series]]

Sanjay V. Gangapurwala

2026-04-23T09:03:55Z

Kausty: starting initial post initial version

{{Short description|Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Vijaykumar Gangapurwala
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start = 28 May 2023
| term_end = 23 May 2024
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start1 = 12 December 2022
| term_end1 = 27 May 2023
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start2 = 13 March 2010
| term_end2 = 11 December 2022
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
}}
'''Sanjay Vijaykumar Gangapurwala''' (born 24 May 1962) is a retired Indian judge and a [[senior advocate]] practising at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-11-18 |title=Senior Advocates - Supreme Court of India |url=https://onelawstreet.com/senior-advocates-supreme-court-of-india/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]] and a former [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2022 |title=Justice S V Gangapurwala appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Bombay High Court |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/justice-s-v-gangapurwala-acting-chief-justice-bombay-high-court-8319889/lite/ |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref> He has also served as [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Order of appointment of Shri Justice Sanjay V. Gangapurwala, senior-most Judge of Bombay High Court as Acting Chief Justice of Bombay High Court. (11.12.2022) |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2022/12/2022121132.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of High Court of Bombay |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTQ0OSZwYWdlbm89MjM= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812114018/https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTQ0OSZwYWdlbm89MjM= |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 May 2023 he took charge as the 52nd [[Chief Justice]] of the prestigious [[Madras High Court]]. Tamilnadu Governor [[R. N. Ravi]] administered the oath of office to Justice SV Gangapurwala in the swearing-in ceremony at Raj Bhavan, Tamilnadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-23 |title=Madras High Court Bids farewell to its multi-talented 52nd Chief Justice, Justice Sanjay Vijaykumar Gangapurwala |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/05/23/know-thy-judge-justice-sv-gangapurwala-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangapurwala, Sanjay V.}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Murder of Naga Vaishnavi

2026-04-22T02:15:43Z

Kausty: Created new article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian murder victim (2000–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Naga Vaishnavi
|image=
|caption=
|birth_name = Palagani Naga Vaishnavi
|birth_date = 21 January 2000
|birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh, India]]
|death_date = 2 February 2010 (aged {{Age|2000|1|21|2010|2|2}})
|death_place = Andhra Pradesh, India
|known_for = Being kidnapped and murdered by her kidnappers
|father = Palagani Prabhakara Rao
|mother = Narmada Vaishnavi
}}

'''Palagani Naga Vaishnavi''' (21 January 2000 – 2 February 2010) was the daughter of Palagani Prabhakara Rao, a noted businessman from [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh, India]], and his second wife Narmada. In 2018, three relatives of Prabhakara Rao's first wife were convicted of the girl's kidnapping and murder, and sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />

==Disappearance and aftermath==
Vaishnavi was kidnapped on 30 January 2010,<ref>Krishna Rao: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308130835/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article176766.ece "Double tragedy: Vaishnavi’s father dies of shock"], ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', 3 February 2010, retrieved 3 April 2011</ref> and murdered by her kidnappers on 2 February. The crime was a tremendous shock for her father, resulting in his [[cardiac arrest]] and death.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100205142248/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/03/stories/2010020356360100.htm "Vaishnavi’s father dies in hospital"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 3 February 2010, retrieved 3 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-tycoon-dies-of-heart-attack-after-daughter-killed-by-kidnappers/articleshow/5529612.cms "Andhra tycoon dies of heart attack after daughter killed by kidnappers"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 February 2010, retrieved 3 April 2011</ref> She had previously been kidnapped in 2005. Her murder caused widespread outrage throughout Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Vaishnavi-was-murdered-on-way-to-Guntur/article16811894.ece|title=Vaishnavi was murdered on way to Guntur?|first=Ramesh|last=Susarla|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 February 2010|publisher=|accessdate=29 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Her older brother, Sai Tejesh, escaped from the truck when Vaishnavi was kidnapped. Her father had sought justice for his daughter's murder,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-years-after-murder-justice-eludes-Vaishnavi/articleshow/17864929.cms|title=3 years after murder, justice eludes Vaishnavi | date=3 January 2013 | first=M N | last=Samdani | newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2019 }}</ref> and soon died due to a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].

A Vijayawada Women's Sessions Court in June 2018 sentenced the three accused perpetrators to life imprisonment.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/decade-after-10-yr-old-naga-vaishnavi-s-murder-ap-court-gives-life-term-3-83047|title=Decade after 10-yr-old Naga Vaishnavi's murder, AP court gives life term to 3|date=14 June 2018|publisher=thenewsminute.com|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref>

Both of Vaishnavi's parents died before the accused were sentenced.<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

==Kidnapping, arrests and convictions==
Morla Srinivas Rao, Jagadeesh, and Venkata Rao, three relatives of Prabhakar's first wife, planned to force Prabhakar to relinquish a significant portion of his property, writing it in the name of his first wife, as Prabhakar's first marriage was childless.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />

The three accused intercepted Vaishnavi's car on January 30, 2010. They fatally stabbed the driver, kidnapped Vaishnavi, and later suffocated her to death. They later disposed of her body in an industrial furnace owned by Srinivasa Rao.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />

The trial, eight years after Vaishnavi's death, relied on circumstantial evidence, including eyewitness accounts, call records, and a crucial piece of evidence—Vaishnavi's earrings found in the furnace. The accused have the option to appeal their life imprisonment verdict in the Hyderabad High Court.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />

==See also==
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[List of solved missing person cases (post-2000)]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100209012400/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/05/stories/2010020556460100.htm Breakthrough in Vaishnavi murder]
*[http://andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=40754 Greed love and grief]
*[http://www.adailynewspaper.com/vaishnavi-death-1281 Vaishnavi Death]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaishnavi, Naga}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:2010s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Indian children]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Indian people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:People murdered in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:2010 murders in India]]
[[Category:February 2010 in India]]
[[Category:February 2010 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Sanjeev Agarwal

2026-04-21T18:27:27Z

Kausty: starting a data initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjeev Agarwal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantonment]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rajesh Agarwal]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|59|2022|03|10}}<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Businessperson
| alma_mater = [[Bareilly College]], (M.Com, 1984)
| relations =
}}
'''Sanjeev Agarwal''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] representing [[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantonment]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Sanjeev Agarwal in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/sanjeev-agarwal-bareilly-cantt-candidate-s24a125c01/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and is also the State Co-treasurer of the party.<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="Zee"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh BJP released list of officials, see full list |url=https://www.indiannewslive.com/uttar-pradesh-bjp-released-list-of-officials-see-full-list.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |publisher=Indian News Live |date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sanjeev Agarwal was born to Krishna Autar Agarwal and hails from [[Bareilly Cantonment]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a postgraduate and did his [[Master of Commerce]] from [[Bareilly College]] in 1984. Agarwal is a businessman and a clearing and forwarding agent in [[HeidelbergCement]] India Ltd.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Sanjeev Agarwal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAREILLY CANTT.(BAREILLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=828 |website=myneta.info |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Agarwal represented [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as a candidate from [[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantonment constituency]] and went on to defeat [[Samajwadi Party]]'s [[Supriya Aron]] by 9389 votes, succeeding own party member [[Rajesh Agarwal]] in the process.<ref name="Zee">{{cite news |title=Bareilly Cantt Assembly Election results 2022 (Bareilly Cantt Vidhan Sabha Natija 2022): BJP's Sanjeev Agarwal defeats SP's Supriya Aron with 9389 votes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bareilly-cantt-assembly-election-results-2022-bareilly-cantt-vidhan-sabha-natija-2022-bjp-s-sanjeev-agarwal-vs-sp-s-supriya-aron-vs-bsp-s-anil-kumar-2442079.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Zee News |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh-Bareilly Cantonment |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24125.htm?ac=125 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Sanjeevl}}

[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sahidul Alam Choudhury

2026-04-21T03:01:28Z

Kausty: starting some info basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Sahidul Alam Chodhary
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Algapur
| death_date = 20 November 2012
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = [[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]]
| successor = [[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]]
| constituency = [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]]
| successor1 = [[Mandira Roy]]
| constituency1 = [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Sahidul Alam Chodhary''' (13 December 1946 – 20 November 2012) popularly known as '''Sahidul Minister''' was an Indian politician. He was the Minister of Municipal Administration Department and Public Health Engineering from 1985 to 1990. Then he became the Minister of Panchayat and Rural Development in 1996 in the [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]-led coalition government. Chodhary was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur constituency]] in the 1985, 1991, 1996, 2001 and [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. The former minister died on 20 November 2012 at Indraprastha Appolo Hospital, Delhi when he was 65. He is survived by his wife Mamduda Yasmin Laskar and daughter Mehnaz Sahid Chodhary<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ ECI 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]</ref><ref>[http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1985-91] (in Hindi)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4003-assam-1991/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1991-96.html|title=Assam assembly 1991-96|last=Assam|first=Assembly|date=|website=Assam assembly|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1991-96.html|title=Assam legislative assembly|last=Assam Assembly 1991-96|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4004-assam-1996/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=assamassembly>{{cite web |title=Members 2001-2006 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2001-06.html |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chodhary, Sahidul Alam }}

[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Awadhesh Pratap Mall

2026-04-20T06:58:57Z

Kausty: creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Awadhesh Pratap Mall
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Majhauli Raj]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress Party]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| death_place = [[Deoria district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| term_end1 = 1969
| term_start1 = 1967
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Shiv Bacchan
| constituency1 = [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]]
| term_end2 = 1974
| term_start2 = 1969
| predecessor2 = Ugra Sen
| successor2 = Surendra Prasad Mishra
| constituency2 = [[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]]
| term_end3 = 1989
| term_start3 = 1985
| predecessor3 = Durga Prasad Mishra
| successor3 = Suresh Yadav
| constituency3 = Salempur
}}

'''Awadhesh Pratap Mall''' was the ruler of [[Majhauli Raj]] in the [[Deoria district]] before the state merged with the former [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British provinces]] as [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1947 when [[India]] became [[Indian independence movement|independent]] from [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The Unification of India, 1947-1951|editor=Holden Furber|publisher=Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia Stable|year=1951|volume=24|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753451}}Accessed: 12-04-2025 04:48 UTC</ref> After independence, he was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party and won multiple elections to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Awadhesh Pratap Mall : Political Career |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/Awadhesh%20Pratap%20Mall}} retrieved 12 April 2025</ref>

== Early life ==
Awadhesh Pratap Mall was born in the early 1900s in [[Majhauli Raj]] as the descendant of Raja Dev Narain Mall who was a well known ruler of the aforementioned state in 1857.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंग्रेजों ने 1857 की क्रांति में यहां बनाई थी छावनी, सैकड़ों ... |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/british-built-chhavani-in-majhauli-raj-deoria-during-1857-revolution?pageId=3 |newspaper=Amar Ujala}} retrieved 12 April 2025</ref> Mall was 117th ruler of Majhauli.

==Political career==
Mall won a seat in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|in 1967]] from [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur constituency]] in [[Deoria district]].<ref name="our publication1">{{cite web|title=Salempur (Uttar Pradesh) Election Results 2022
|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/salempur.html
}} retrieved 12 April 2025</ref> He later won a seat in the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in the [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969 election]] from [[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Awadhesh Pratap Mall, Barhaj Assembly Election 1969 – ..|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1969/barhaj/awadhesh-pratap-mall/}} retrieved 12 April 2025</ref> He did not win elections after 1974, but regained the [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur seat]] by winning in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|election in 1985]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] party candidate.<ref name="our publication1" />

==Personal life and death==
Mall married Maharani Bhuvneshwari Devi. He died in early 2000s in Deoria district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kunwar Umesh Pratap Mall vs The State Of Bihar & Ors ...
|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/169602053/ }} retrieved 12 April 2025</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mall, Awadhesh Pratapj}}
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Lolab Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:36Z

Kausty: Created basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Lolab
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]]
|party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
|established = 1962
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Lolab Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Lolab Valley]] is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/lolab.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Lolab Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archive-date=2008-12-31 }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=561}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ghulam Nabi Wani]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Saif Ullah Bhat
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Mushtaq Ahmad Lone || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Abdul Haq Khan (advocate)|Abdul Haq Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,603 |percentage=33.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawood Bashir Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=11,732 |percentage=19.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waqar Ul Haq Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,508 |percentage=17.71% |change={{decrease}}23.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji Farooq Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=6,292 |percentage=10.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mudasir Akbar Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=4,095 |percentage=6.90% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneer Ahmad Mir |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=2,998 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,220 |percentage=2.06% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,871 |percentage=13.26% |change= {{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,344 |percentage=65.65% |change= {{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,392 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Haq Khan (advocate)|Abdul Haq Khan]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=29,408 |percentage=41.06% |change={{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,538 |percentage=37.06% |change={{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji Farooq Ahmad Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,629 |percentage=10.65% |change={{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=3,981 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Zargar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,092 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suriaya Bano |party=Republican Party of India |votes=765 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Sultan Magray |party=All J & K Kisan Majdoor Party |votes=458 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,222 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,870 |percentage=4.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,617 |percentage=71.58% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,045 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Haq Khan (advocate)|Abdul Haq Khan]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=23,337 |percentage=40.67% |change={{increase}}37.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,990 |percentage=31.35% |change={{decrease}}10.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,417 |percentage=7.70% |change={{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=4,087 |percentage=7.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Shah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,265 |percentage=5.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maha Wali Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,566 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkat Ali Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,195 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,347 |percentage=9.32% |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,382 |percentage=68.15% |change= {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,198 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qaysar Jamshaid Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,408 |percentage=42.26% |change={{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Haq Khan (advocate)|Abdul Haq Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,412 |percentage=36.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Wani |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,473 |percentage=4.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-U-Din Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,361 |percentage=3.99% |change={{decrease}}16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Din Plote |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,115 |percentage=3.27% |change={{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazir Mohammed Ganai |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,082 |percentage=3.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sarfaraz |party=Independent politician |votes=863 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,996 |percentage=5.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,093 |percentage=46.89% |change= {{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,715 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Lone |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,554 |percentage=37.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahim Wani |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,367 |percentage=28.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Jalah-Ud-Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,318 |percentage=20.74% |change={{decrease}}32.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=3,399 |percentage=13.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,187 |percentage=8.53% |change= {{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,638 |percentage=43.82% |change= {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,022 |ref = |change= {{increase}}116.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Saif Ullah Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,424 |percentage=53.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nabi Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=5,638 |percentage=31.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rasheed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,379 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousef |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=720 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhan Joowani |party=Independent politician |votes=528 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,786 |percentage=21.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,689 |percentage=65.38% |change= {{increase}}62.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,239 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Wani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,060 |percentage= |change= ''New''
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,060 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lolab<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Wani]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,790 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,790 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lolab Valley]]
* [[Kupwara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.50|74.38|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Khaleel Chishty

2026-04-14T10:54:51Z

Kausty: adding new details v1

{{short description|Pakistani citizen|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Dr Khaleel Chishty''' was a Pakistani citizen who was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2011 for killing a man after a fight in the Indian town of [[Ajmer]] in 1992. The trial lasted 18 years, during which he was kept under house arrest in his ancestral home in Ajmer.

In April 2012, during a meeting, Pakistan's President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] discussed Dr. Chishty's release with Indian Prime [[Manmohan Singh]]. In May 2012, the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted him bail on humanitarian grounds, allowing him to visit his home in [[Karachi]], Pakistan. He was required to return for his next court hearing on 20 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani doctor Khalil Chishti returns home from India|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18082882|accessdate=25 November 2012|newspaper=bbc.co.uk|date=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After securing permission from India SC, Dr Chishty due to return home by Wednesday|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/379012/after-securing-permission-from-india-sc-dr-chishty-due-to-return-home-by-wednesday/|accessdate=25 November 2012|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=15 May 2012}}</ref> Upon his return to India, the Indian Supreme Court freed him by dropping the murder charges against him.<ref>{{cite news | title = Khalil Chishti, Pakistani doctor, freed by India court | date = 12 December 2012 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20690682 | work = [[BBC News]] | accessdate = 1 May 2013}}</ref>

==Background==
Chishty was a Professor of virology in Karachi Medical College and also held a PhD from the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="toi_1">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/india/31668502_1_life-imprisonment-karachi-medical-college-karachi-home | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708001114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/india/31668502_1_life-imprisonment-karachi-medical-college-karachi-home | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Supreme Court allows Chishty to visit Pak till Nov 1 on surety of 5 lakh | date=11 May 2012}}</ref>

==Arrest and prosecution==
In 1992, Chishty visited Ajmer to see his ailing mother. He was involved in a family feud which resulted in a man being murdered in the same year. He was arrested and charged with the murder though he protested his innocence all along. During the lengthy trial he remained under house arrest at his ancestral home in Ajmer.

In January 2011 he was finally convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in Ajmer jail. The trial lasted an unusual 18 long years.

==Clemency appeals==
On 17 June 2011, Justice [[Markandey Katju]] made a personal appeal to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to release Chishty on humanitarian grounds. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], the main Indian opposition party expressed its dismay at a judge writing to the [[Indian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] for securing the release of a Pakistani prisoner in his individual capacity.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC judge urges PM to release 80-yr-old Pak murder convict, BJP finds it odd |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-judge-urges-PM-to-release-80-yr-old-Pak-murder-convict-BJP-finds-it-odd/articleshow/8891735.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105171336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/india/29669538_1_murder-convict-sc-judge-pakistani-prisoner |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

In April 2012, Pakistan President Zardari appealed to Indian Prime Minister Singh to release him on humanitarian grounds and allow him to return to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news | title = Zardari seeks PM's help for Chishty's repatriation | date = 13 April 2011 | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zardari-seeks-pms-help-for-chishtys-repatriation/248480-56.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130629120538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zardari-seeks-pms-help-for-chishtys-repatriation/248480-56.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 June 2013 | work = [[CNN-IBN]] | accessdate = 1 May 2013}}</ref>

===Reference to the Sarabjit Singh case===
{{Main|Sarabjit Singh}}
In November 2012 ex-justice [[Markandey Katju|Katju]] wrote to the [[President of Pakistan|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] of Pakistan requesting clemency for [[Sarabjit Singh]] on similar grounds. Sarabjit Singh is an Indian citizen who has also spent the last 22 years in Pakistani jail under conviction of terrorism. His family and supporters have maintained Sarabjit's innocence and claim that the arrest was on the grounds of mistaken identity.

==Release on bail==
At the intervention<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2120558.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Manmohan writes to Chidambaram on Pakistani prisoner | date=20 June 2011}}</ref> of the Indian Prime Minister Dr Singh, the Indian supreme court granted Chishty bail on humanitarian grounds in April 2012. He was subsequently also allowed to visit Pakistan until 1 November 2012 on a security deposit of 500,000 [[Indian Rupees]].<ref name="toi_1" />

==Release==
On his return from bail in Pakistan, Dr. Chishty was freed by the Indian Supreme Court in December 2012 and allowed to return to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news | title = Indian SC orders Dr Khalil Chishti's release | date = 12 December 2012 | url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/478783/indian-sc-orders-dr-khalil-chishtis-release/ | work = [[The Express Tribune]] | accessdate = 1 May 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{India-Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishty, Khaleel}}
[[Category:Pakistani scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jesus in Ahmadiyya

2026-04-13T18:05:22Z

Kausty: adding some stub and citations!

{{Short description|Jesus as seen in the Ahmadiyya traditions}}
[[File:Roza Bal Tomb in Srinagar Kashmir.jpg|thumb|The [[Roza Bal]] shrine in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir, India]], believed by Ahmadi Muslims to be the tomb of Jesus.<ref name="alislam.org">{{•}} {{cite web|author=|date=2020|title=Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-son-of-mary-islamic-beliefs/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}} {{•}} {{cite web|last=Goraya|first=Azhar Ahmad|date=2020|title=Jesus Christ died a Natural Death|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}} {{•}} {{cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Farhan|date=2020|title=30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/30-verses-of-holy-quran-which-prove-natural-death-of-jesus-christ/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}}</ref><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016">{{cite book|last1=Korbel|first1=Jonathan|title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-32511-1|editor1-last=Bentlage|editor1-first=Björn|series=Numen Book Series|volume=154|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=426–442|chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)|doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034|editor2-last=Eggert|editor2-first=Marion|editor3-last=Krämer|editor3-first=Hans-Martin|editor4-last=Reichmuth|editor4-first=Stefan|editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426}}</ref><ref name="Leirvik 2010">{{cite book|last=Leirvik|first=Oddbjørn|title=Images of Jesus Christ in Islam|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum International]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4411-7739-1|edition=2nd|location=[[London]]|pages=34–36, 129–132|chapter=Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth|doi=10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gzd_I2AFswwC&pg=PA34}}</ref>]]

{{Jesus}}
{{Ahmadiyya|Distinct views}}
[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi Muslims]] consider [[Jesus]] (''[[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]]'') as a mortal man, entirely human, and a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|prophet]] of [[God in Islam|God]] born to the [[Mary in Islam|Virgin Mary]] (''Maryam''). Jesus is understood [[Swoon hypothesis|to have survived]] [[Crucifixion of Jesus|the crucifixion]] based on the account of the [[canonical Gospels]], the [[Quran|Qurʾān]], [[Hadith|hadith literature]], and revelations (''[[waḥy]]'' and ''[[Kashf|kašf]]'') to [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]].<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Leirvik 2010"/><ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Upal |author-first=M. Afzal |author-link=Afzal Upal |year=2021 |chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=637–657}}</ref> Having delivered his message to the Israelites in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], Jesus is understood to have emigrated eastward to escape persecution from Judea and to have further spread his message to the [[Lost Tribes of Israel]].<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Ahmad 2012">{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Khwaja Nazir |date=2012 |title=Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar |url=https://aaiil.org/text/books/others/khwajanazirahmad/jesusinheavenonearth/jesusinheavenonearth.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072237/https://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/khwajanazirahmad/jesusinheavenonearth/jesusinheavenonearth.shtml |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=www.aaiil.org |publisher=Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Leirvik 2010"/> Ahmadi Muslims accept that Jesus died a [[natural death]] in [[Jesus in India|India]].<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Ahmad 2012"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Leirvik 2010"/> Jesus lived to old age and later died in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], and his tomb is presently located at the [[Roza Bal]] shrine.<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Ahmad 2012"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/>

Although sharing many similarities with the other [[Jesus in Islam|Islamic views of Jesus]], the Ahmadiyya teachings are distinct from the beliefs held by most mainstream Muslims, who [[Islamic views on Jesus' death|deny the crucifixion of Jesus]] and believe that he [[Ascension of Jesus|ascended bodily to heaven]], and will, according to [[Islamic holy books|Islamic literary sources]], return before the [[Islamic eschatology|end of time]].<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Bulliet 2015">{{cite book |editor1-last=Blidstein |editor1-first=Moshe |editor2-last=Silverstein |editor2-first=Adam J. |editor3-last=Stroumsa |editor3-first=Guy G. |editor3-link=Guy Stroumsa |year=2015 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions |last=Bulliet |first=Richard W. |author-link=Richard Bulliet |chapter=Islamo-Christian Civilization |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=111 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6 |isbn=978-0-19-969776-2 |lccn=2014960132 |s2cid=170430270}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds 2009">{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel S. |author-link=Gabriel Said Reynolds |date=May 2009 |title=The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive? |url=https://www3.nd.edu/~reynolds/index_files/jesus%20dead%20or%20alive.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X09000500 |jstor=40379003 |s2cid=27268737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617010816/https://www3.nd.edu/~reynolds/index_files/jesus%20dead%20or%20alive.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Khalidi 2001">{{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Tarif |author-link=Tarif Khalidi |year=2001 |title=The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA9 |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |pages=9–32 |isbn=9780674011151}}</ref>

Ahmadis believe the prophecies surrounding the [[Second Coming|second advent]] of the messiah Jesus were fulfilled in the ''likeness'' and personality of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|Mīrzā G̲h̲ulām Aḥmad]], who initiated the foundation of the Ahmadiyya movement.<ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Upal 2021"/>

==Overview==
According to [[Ahmadiyya]] beliefs, a literal interpretation of the miracles performed by [[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]] (Jesus) in the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] (such as creating birds and bringing back the dead to life) is inconsistent with the Quran and attributes a semi-divine status to Jesus. This understanding is replaced with a [[hermeneutic]] interpretation of the Qurʾānic verses on account of these miracles. For example, Jesus bringing the dead back to life is understood in the context of bringing back a 'spiritual life' to people who were spiritually dead.

Ahmadi scholars regard the contemporary Islamic interpretations relating to the [[Second Coming of Christ#Islam|Second Coming of Jesus]] (see [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|Ahmadi prophetology]]) are inaccurate. Ahmadis believe that the expected return of an [[Israelite]] prophet after the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] contravenes the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|finality of Muhammad's prophethood]]. Traditional Muslims, however, hold the view that in his second coming - Jesus son of Mary will come as "just ruler" rather than in a prophetic capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2476 - Oppressions - كتاب المظالم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2476 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref>

The ''ḥadīth'' prophecies of Jesus are understood in the Ahmadiyya view to be interchangeably linked with the prophecies of the coming of the [[Mahdi]]. Ahmadiyya believes that both the terms, ''Jesus Son of Mary'' and ''Mahdi'' (as used in Islamic hadith and eschatological literature), designate two titles for the same person.

==History==
[[Mirzā Ghulām Ahmad|Ahmad]], in his treatise [[Jesus in India (book)|Jesus in India]] (Urdu: ''Masih Hindustan Mein''), proposed that Jesus survived crucifixion and travelled to India ''after'' his apparent death in Jerusalem.

The views of Jesus having [[unknown years of Jesus|travelled to India]] had been put forth prior to Mirza Ghulam Ahmed's publication, most notably by [[Nicolas Notovitch]] in 1894.<ref name="Nicolas Notovitch">{{cite web|url=http://reluctant-messenger.com/issa.htm|title=The Lost Years of Jesus: The Life of Saint Issa - Notovitch|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=Wil84>''New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings'' by [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] and R. Mcl. Wilson (Dec 1, 1990) {{ISBN|066422721X}} page 84 "a particular book by Nicolas Notovich (Di Lucke im Leben Jesus 1894) ... shortly after the publication of the book, the reports of travel experiences are said to have been rejected.</ref> Mirza Ghulam Ahmad expressly rejected the theory of a pre-crucifixion visit that Notovitch had proposed, arguing instead that Jesus's travels to India took place after surviving crucifixion.<ref name="Faruqi_1983_98">{{harvnb|Faruqi|1983|p=98}}.</ref><ref name="SchaeferCohen">{{harvnb|Schäfer|Cohen|1998|p=306}}</ref>

The first response in English to Ahmad's writings came in a book by [[Howard Walter]], an Urdu-speaking American pastor in [[Lahore]], ''The Ahmadiyya Movement'' (1918). Walter, like later scholars, identified the Islamic version of the [[Barlaam and Josaphat]] story as the primary of Ahmad's evidence despite the fact that the four chapters of his book are arranged around evidence from the [[Gospels]], the Quran and hadith, medical literature and historical records–respectively.

In his writings Mirza Ghulam Ahmad elaborated that the [[Roza Bal]] tomb in [[Srinagar]], that is said by locals in the Srinagar region to contain the grave of a holy Jewish saint known as [[Yuz Asaf]], is the tomb of Jesus of Nazareth.<ref name="EI">{{harvnb|Houtsma|1913|p=260}}</ref>

The teaching was further researched by Ahmadi missionaries. [[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din|Kamal ud-Din]] and [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]] (1952), who added to Notovitch's theory of his first earlier visit.<ref>[[Per Beskow]] in The Blackwell Companion to Jesus Delbert Burkett - 2011 " Ahmad's primary source is a legend, known in the West as the tale of Barlaam and Josaphat. It was widely read all through the Middle Agesas an edifying ..."</ref><ref name="ShaeferCohen">{{Cite book|last1=Schäfer|first1=Peter|last2=Cohen|first2=Mark R.|title=Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco|year=1998|location=Leiden/Princeton|publisher=Brill/Princeton UP|isbn=978-90-04-11037-3|page=306}}</ref>

Although the material of Notovitch and Ahmad has been refuted by notable historians, such as the Indologist [[Günter Grönbold]] (1985)<ref>Günter Grönbold, Jesus In Indien, München: Kösel 1985, {{ISBN|3-466-20270-1}}.</ref> and [[Norbert Klatt]] (1988),<ref>Norbert Klatt, ''Lebte Jesus in Indien?'', Göttingen: Wallstein 1988.</ref> it has been supported by others such as the archaeologist [[Fida Hassnain]] and the writer [[Holger Kersten]].

=== Other publications ===
Ahmadi Muslims have published extensively on the topic of Jesus' natural death expanding upon Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's work in light of newer archeological discoveries and historical research. In 1978, [[Mirza Nasir Ahmad|Mirza Nasir]], the third [[Khalifatul Masih|Khalifa]] of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement, travelled to [[London]] where the international conference of Jesus' ''Deliverance from the cross'' was held at the Commonwealth Institute in [[Kensington]]. This was attended by a number of scholars and academics who had presented papers discussing the circumstances surrounding the crucifixion of Jesus, in which the Ahmadiyya viewpoint regarding the death of Jesus was presented. Nasir Ahmad's lecture discussed the subject of Jesus' survival from death upon the cross, his travel to the east, the Unity of God and the status of [[Muhammad]].

In 2003, the viewpoint of Roza Bal being Jesus' tomb was covered in a BBC documentary by [[Richard Denton (producer)|Richard Denton]], ''Did Jesus Die?''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uclu.org/whats-on/clubs-societies/jesus-in-india-bbc-documentary-film-screening|title=Jesus In India: BBC Documentary Film Screening|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061927/http://uclu.org/whats-on/clubs-societies/jesus-in-india-bbc-documentary-film-screening|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jesus' possible travels to India are also discussed in a 2008 documentary ''Jesus in India'' by [[Paul Davids]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-davids/jesus-lost-years-may-fina_b_179513.html|title=Jesus' Lost Years May Finally Have Been Found|first=Paul|last=Davids|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=26 April 2009|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesus-in-india-the-movie.com/html/themovie.html|title=Jesus in India - The Movie|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

==Death of Jesus==
{{main|Crucifixion of Jesus}}
The Ahmadiyya movement advocates the notion of the survival of the crucifixion by Jesus through a mixture of biblical and quranic analyses.

=== Biblical sources ===
# Jesus had prophesied that his fate would be like that of [[Jonah]] (the story of Jonah is one of survival).<ref>{{bibleverse|Matt|12:40}}</ref>
# Jesus was placed on the cross for only a few hours. Death by crucifixion usually takes several days. While he was on the cross his legs were left intact, and not broken as was the normal procedure. This would have prevented death by respiratory distress. As blood and water were reported to have '[[blood gush|gushed]]' from the spear wound, this was sign of a beating heart.
# Jesus prayed to be rescued from death on the cross.<ref>{{bibleverse|Matt|21:22}}</ref>
# Pilate, having sympathy for Jesus, secretly devised to save him by setting his Crucifixion shortly before [[Shabbat|Sabbath day]].
# The Gospel of John records that Nicodemus brought myrrh and aloes.<ref>{{bibleverse|John|19:39}}</ref> These healing plants, particularly aloe plants, are considered medicinal and applied to wounds. It would make little sense applying them to a dead body.
# According to the Bible "He that is hanged is accursed of God.";<ref>{{bibleverse|Deut|21:23}}</ref> something [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] imputed to Jesus.<ref>{{bibleverse|Gal|3:13}}</ref> However, since the word "curse" would signify a satanic connection, divine antipathy and displeasure, spiritual impurity, faithlessness and disobedience to God; Jesus' being from God and the beloved of God, does not allow for him to have become accursed at any moment and therefore for him to have died on a cross.
# After he had awoken from his swoon ("[[resurrection]]"), Jesus bared his wounds to Thomas,<ref>{{bibleverse|John|20:25-27}}</ref> showing he did not have a supernatural, resurrected body, but a wounded human body. He was also seen in the flesh by a large number of his followers, baring the same wounds that he had suffered from his ordeal on the Cross.<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|24:38-39}}</ref>
# After his wounds had sufficiently healed Jesus left the tomb and met some of his disciples and had his food with them and walked from Jerusalem to Galilee.<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|24:50}}</ref>
# In his post-crucifixion appearances, Jesus left the tomb in the darkness of night;<ref>{{bibleverse|John|20:1}}</ref> he appears to have been moving away from the source of danger;<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|24:28-29}}</ref> he showed himself only to his disciples, people whom he trusted and not the general public;<ref>{{bibleverse|John|14:22}}</ref> and met them under the cover of darkness at night.<ref>{{bibleverse|John|20:19}}</ref> This behaviour is uncharacteristic of one who had just miraculously succeeded in defying death at the hands of his enemies, having been given a new eternal life with an immortal physical body, and is more consistent with one who had just survived it and was avoiding their (that is both the government agencies and the public) notice lest he be recaptured.
# Jesus stated that he was sent only for the "lost sheep of the house of Israel"<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|15:24}}</ref> and prophesied that he would go to seek out the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel (residing beyond the Palestine region).<ref>{{bibleverse|John|10:16}}</ref> The Jews of Jesus's time believed that the [[Lost Tribes of Israel]] had become dispersed in different lands.<ref>{{bibleverse|John|7:34-35}}</ref>
# When Joseph requested Jesus' body from the cross,<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|15:43}}</ref> Pilate asked a centurion if Jesus was already dead.<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|15:44}}</ref> The centurion confirmed that Jesus was already dead.<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|15:45}}</ref> This centurion was a believer that Jesus was the son of God.<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|15:39}}</ref>
# There are no accounts in the gospel of Jesus ascending into the heavens, aside from accounts that were absent from the earliest written gospels.

=== Quranic sources ===
{{Main|Jesus in Islam|Islamic view of Jesus' death}}

Ahmadiyyas state that there are at least 30 verses of the Quran that suggest that Jesus did not ascend to Heaven but instead died a natural death on Earth. The verses in Chapter Al-Nisa (4:157-158) indicate that Jesus did not die on the Cross - but rather that God had "raised" Jesus unto God Himself (not into heaven).

{{quotation|
[4:157-158] And their saying, 'We did kill the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the
Messenger of Allah;' whereas they slew him not, nor crucified him, but he was
made to appear to them like one crucified; and those who differ therein are
certainly in a state of doubt about it; they have no definite
knowledge thereof, but only follow a conjecture; and they
did not convert this conjecture
into a certainty;

On the contrary, Allah raised him to Himself. And Allah is Mighty, Wise.
}}

As the Quran speaks of God being Omnipresent in the Earth and in the hearts of mankind, God's existence is not to be misconstrued as being confined to the Heavens alone, making any bodily movement ''towards'' God impossible. Ahmadis interpret the Arabic word raised in these verses to mean "exalted". In other words, Jesus' spiritual rank and status was raised to come closer to God as opposed to him dying the accursed death which his adversaries had wished for.

To further support the view of Jesus having died a mortal death, Ahmadis use the following verse in the Quran 5:76:
{{quotation|
[5:75] The Messiah, son of Mary, was only a Messenger; surely Messengers the like unto him had passed away before him. And his mother was a truthful woman. They both used to eat food. See how We explain the Signs for their good, and see how they are turned away.
}}

In the preceding verse, Jesus is compared to the previous Messengers – all of whom had died a natural death and none of whom had ascended bodily to Heaven.

From the following verse in Al-Imran and Al-Anbiya, the Quran clarifies that all messengers before Muhammad, including Jesus, had died:
{{quotation|
[3:145] And Muhammad is only a Messenger. Verily, all Messengers have passed away before him. If then he die or be slain, will you turn back on your heels?...

[21:8-9]
And We sent none as Messengers before thee (Muhammed) but men to whom We sent revelations. So ask the people of the Reminder, if you know not.

And We did not give them bodies that ate no food, nor were they to live for ever.

[21:34]
And We made no mortal before thee (Muhammed) to live on forever.
}}

===Hadith accounts===
To illustrate the death of [[Jesus]], [[Ahmadiyya]] scholars use references to various Islamic hadith. For example,
{{quotation|If Jesus and Moses had been alive, they would have had no choice but to follow me.
[Kathir vol II, p 245 and al yawaqit wal Jawahir, part 2, page 24]}}

{{quotation|Jesus son of Mary lived for 120 years, and I see myself as only entering upon the beginning of the sixties.
[Kanz al Ummal, part 6, p.120]}}

As [[Muhammad]] had lived and died after some 60 years, Jesus must also have died. In other words, as Muhammad had died, this states that there likewise was a death of Jesus.

During the [[Mi'raj]], Muhammad had also seen Jesus in the second heaven along with [[John the Baptist]]. Thus, because Islam believes the dead cannot dwell amongst the living, it can only indicate that Jesus must also be dead.

==Second Coming of Jesus==
{{Main|Second Coming}}

The Ahmadiyya movement interprets the prophecised Second Coming of Jesus as being of a person "similar to Jesus" (''mathīl-i ʿIsā''), rather than that of Jesus of Nazareth himself. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad professed that the prophecy in traditional religious texts were greatly misunderstood to interpret that Jesus of Nazareth himself would return.

Ahmadis consider that [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad|the founder of the movement]], in both his teachings and character as well as his situation and struggles, was likewise a circumstantial representation of the situation and struggles of Jesus.

==Universal prophethood==
Adherents of the Ahmadiyya movement assert that the expected arrival of a latter day [[Messiah]] is represented across all major faiths. The prophecy of the messiah historically diverged into several theories and distinct interpretations which filtered across through the world's religious movements. The original Messianic prophecy nonetheless, only referred to a single Messiah. As such, Ahmadis declare that the Messiah for all major world faiths and mankind has been unified by the advent of a single Promised Messiah ([[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]).

Ahmadi's believe that God will cause all world faiths to gradually fade away and gravitate towards the Ahmadiyya faith; that such a process will follow a correlative pattern of circumstances and take a similar amount of time as what it took for Christianity to rise to dominance (e.g. roughly 300 years – [[Seven Sleepers]]).<ref>The third century from today would not have elapsed when all who wait for 'Isaas [Jesus] to descend from heaven, whether Muslims or Christians, will give up this doctrine in hopeless despair and disgust. Then there will be only one religion and one leader. I have come to sow the seed and the seed has been sown by my hand. It will now grow and flourish and there is no one who can hinder it. [Tadhkiratush-Shahadatain, pp. 64–65, Ruhani Khaza'in, vol. 20, pp. 66–67; Review of Religions, vol. 2, no. 11, 12, November, December, 1903, p. 455, 456]</ref>

== Contention with mainstream Islamic beliefs ==
The ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'' states that the post-crucifixion journey of Jesus towards the East and his natural death as an aspect of Ahmadi belief is one of three primary tenets that distinguish Ahmadi teachings from general Islamic ones, and that it has provoked a ''[[fatwa]]'' against the movement.<ref name="EI"/>

=== Last of the Prophets / Seal of the Prophets ===
{{See|Khatam an-Nabiyyin}}
Contemporary Muslim scholars argue that no prophet can come after [[Muhammed]] based upon abstractions from the hadith and this is the principal reason for rejecting and advocating persecution against the movement.

Ahmadi scholars use hadith and the quranic sources that indicate these strictly rigid ideologies are a fallacy of misplaced concreteness. The following hadith for instance illustrates the context of when Muhammad had declared himself to be the "last of the prophets", with the same breath he had also declared his mosque as the "last" of the mosques.

{{quotation|
Ayesha narrated that the Prophet (Allah's prayer and salvation be upon him) said :
"I am the last of the Prophet and my mosque is the last of the mosques of the Prophets. The most rightful of the mosque that may be visited and for which the vigours of the journey may be borne are the Masjid Haram and my mosque; and a Salah in my mosque is more excellent than a salah in any other mosque by one thousand times, except the Masjid Haram."

(Reported by al-Bazzar and authenticated by Sheikh Albani in Sahih Targhib No. 1175)
}}

This hadith implicates the rhetoric of Muhammad being the "last" in the absolute sense. If for instance Muhammad declared his mosque as being "last" of the mosques by the same interpretation this would have invalidated all subsequent mosques that have ever been built after his advent.

The Ahmadiyya understanding of the term ''Khatam an-Nabiyyin'' (Seal of Prophets) with reference to Muhammad, establishes that a prophet cannot come after Muhammad from outside the [[Ummah|Islamic dispensation]]. In other words, one whose prophethood which is independent of Muhammad cannot develop a new faith.

Contemporary Muslims interpret from the hadith the notion of Jesus's actual physical return in person after the advent of Muhammad. According to the Quran, Jesus' revelation was addressed for the Israelites.<ref>{{qref|3|49|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|61|06|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|43|59|b=y}}</ref> Since Jesus had received his revelation independently of Muhammad, this would conversely violate the Seal of Prophethood of Muhammed altogether.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA134 | title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice| access-date=22 September 2015| isbn=9781850659167| year=2008| last1=Valentine| first1=Simon Ross| publisher=Hurst & Company}}</ref>

Thus Ahmadis regard that, as Ghulam Ahmad was only a follower and reviver of the original Islamic faith, his claim of being a subordinate prophet (in the likeness of Jesus being a subordinate prophet) does not in any way violate the Seal of Prophets (Muhammad).

=== Finality of prophethood ===
The claim that Mirza Ghulam was a prophet forms a point of contention with mainstream Islam, as it is considered a violation of the quranic and hadith teachings of Muhammad. In particular, contemporary Islamic scholars view the Ahmadiyya belief as a contradiction with the verse in the Quran, Chapter 33 (The Combined Forces), verse 40:
{{blockquote|
Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and Seal of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing.
}}

=== Farewell sermon ===
In his [[Farewell Sermon]], delivered just prior to his death, Muhammad warned his followers and all mankind with the following message:
{{blockquote|
O People! No Prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore O People! and understand words that I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the Qur'an and the Sunnah and if you follow these you will never go astray.
}}

The Ahmadiyya movement interpret the hadith context of "Last of the Prophets" to signify the "Very Best" and "Most Exalted Law Giver Prophet" among all the Prophets. The farewell sermon had indicated only that no prophet would come immediately after Muhammad had died.

The movement consider the literal interpretation of the term "finality" that is zealously constrained by the mainstream Islamic view, completely paradoxes their own views of the hadith concerning the second advent of Jesus. In the manner that the Islamic mainstream views that Jesus himself is expected to physically return in the latter days from Heaven, it becomes implausible to also presume that it is absolutely impossible for any prophet to come after Muhammad.

==Consensus of companions of Muhammad on Jesus' death==
Ahmadi scholars state that when Muhammad died, the [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahaba]] were grieved. [[Umar]], angered and upset, took out a sword, and said that he would kill anyone who said Muhammad is dead. At this instance [[Abu Bakar]] quoted:
{{Blockquote|[3:144] And Muhammad is but a messenger; the messengers passed away before him; if then he dies or is killed will you turn back upon your heels? And whoever turns back upon his heels, he will by no means do harm to Allah in the least and Allah will reward the grateful."}}

The Ahmadiyya movement believe that no companion ever stated [[Jesus]] is alive in heaven. Nor that he would come physically in the Second Coming. As such according to the quranic verses, Jesus could only have died a natural death (and not have died on the Cross).

==Fulfilment of messianic prophecies==
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad regarded the prophecies and concepts in hadith and Bible concerning his advent in an entirely metaphorical light. As an example, in his publication, Izala-e-Auham Mirza Ghulam Ahmad stated:
{{blockquote|
The second special aspect of the prophecy, which relates to the advent of the Promised Messiah, is that he will break the cross, slaughter the swine and kill the one-eyed Antichrist. Every disbeliever who is touched by his breath will die instantly. The spiritual interpretation of this special aspect is that the Promised Messiah will crush under his feet all the glory of the religion of the cross, that he will destroy with the weapon of conclusive arguments those who are afflicted with shamelessness like swine, and who devour filth like pigs, and that he will wipe out with the sword of clear proofs the opposition of those who possess only the eye of the world and are bereft of the eye of the faith in place of which they have only an unsightly taint. Not only such one-eyed ones, but also every disbeliever who views Islam with contempt will suffer spiritual extinction through the glorious breath of Messianic reasoning. In short all these signs are metaphoric, the significance of which has been fully revealed to me. Some may not appreciate it at this time but after waiting for sometime, and despairing altogether of the hopes that they now entertain, all of them will accept it." (Izala-e-Auham, Volume 3, Pages 141-143)
}}

=== Battle against Dajjal (Anti-Christ) ===
{{main|Al-Masih ad-Dajjal}}

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad elaborated on the depictions of [[Antichrist]] as prophecised in the Bible and the hadith concerning the emergence of the Dajjal. These are interpreted in [[Ahmadiyya]] teachings, in metaphorical terms - to denote a group of nations centred upon falsehood. The reference to the Dajjal is personified as a unified system - a chain of deceptive ideas indicating it's chains of unity as a class (instead of any single person).

The defeat of the Dajjal, was by force of reason and argument and by the warding off of its mischief through the ideologies and teachings of the Messiah, rather than by way of any physical warfare; with the Dajjal's power and influence gradually disintegrating and ultimately allowing for the recognition and worship of God along Islamic ideals to prevail throughout the world.

===Breaking of the cross===
The Islamic hadith describe that Jesus would, upon his second coming, "Break the Cross". Ahmadis interpret this to mean that he will "make plain the error of the creed of the cross". Ghulam Ahmad's teachings of Jesus, being a mortal man who survived crucifixion and died a natural death upon earth, is considered as a testimony of the prophecy being fulfilled.

Ahmadis believe the followers of Christianity will gradually come to accept the same teaching and this will repeal the central doctrines of the divinity of Jesus, [[Atonement in Christianity|Atonement]] and [[resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]. In turn, the traditional Christian reverence for the cross and doctrine of the immortality of Jesus will become untenable.

===Ending of wars===
{{main|Ahmadiyya view on Jihad}}

In 1894, Ghulam Ahmad had declared that the contemporary Islamists views of Jihad of the sword and Holy War was a fundamental misrepresentation of Islam, that was invented during the Dark Ages. He advocated for these false beliefs to be ended in their entirety.

The Ahmadiyya Movement believe that any military jihad in Islam is permitted only and exclusively for the defence of ''religious'' freedom and in very strictly defined circumstances (not exclusive only to Islam). Those circumstances did not exist at the present time of British rule in India. As a result, early Ahmadis had faced virulent opposition from extremist groups, some of whom protested a conspiracy that Ghulam Ahmad had been put in place as a pacifist by the British Government to appease Muslims. Ahmadis believe that in the modern era, the "Jihad of the pen" (peaceful intellectual reasoning) is the only potent way of espousing and spreading the Islamic teaching.

Accordingly, as per scriptural prophecies in the hadith relating to the Messiah ending of wars, the movement regard this declaration has deprecated "Jihad of the sword" and consider the prophecies in the hadith relating to ending of religious wars had been fulfilled by Ghulam Ahmad teachings.

==Journey from Judea to India==
{{main|Jesus in India (book)|Lost years of Jesus|Christianity in India|Thomas the Apostle|Mary Magdalene}}

According to Ghulam Ahmad, (and further developed by the next generation of Ahmadi writers such as [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]] in 1952), Jesus taught the message of [[Jewish messianism]] to his disciples and to the people living in Judea.
After surviving his ordeal on the cross, Jesus remained in Judea for a short time before leaving from there. Jesus was declared a criminal and therefore, decided to leave Judea with his mother [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], his wife [[Mary Magdalene]] and his apostle [[Thomas the Apostle]]. Thereafter, Jesus traveled toward Asia.

===From Judea to Iraq===
{{main|Iraqi Jews|Christianity in Iraq}}

With these three companions, he went first to [[Iraq]]. Here he met his disciple, [[Ananias of Damascus|Ananias]]. He met his rival [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] who later became a [[Christians|Christian]]. In [[Nusaybin]], he got another tension at the hands of a cruel king. He was arrested again. Prophet Jesus along with his mother performed some miracles and impressed the king. The king gave him permission to go to the kingdom of [[Parthia]]. There was a strong [[Jewish]] community living there.

===Iraq to Iran and Afghanistan===
{{main|Persian Jews||Yehud Medinata|Jews in Afghanistan|Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites|Christianity in Iran|Christianity in Afghanistan}}

From Iraq, he went to [[Iran]] where he was honourably received by the [[Persian Jews]]. Five centuries before [[Cyrus the Great]] had conquered [[Babylon]] and the [[Jews]] were freed. Many of the Jews went to live in [[Iran]] and were known as [[Persian Jews]]. Jesus preached here and went on to Bactria ([[Afghanistan]]). At that time, Persia was a great center of [[Judaism]]. He professed the advent of the coming of a great prophet named [[Muhammad]] to his fellowmen in these areas specially in the area of [[Afghanistan]]. He met with the first king of [[Parthia]] who honored him. The [[Pashtun people]] have a tradition in their royal and non-royal functions and consider themselves to be the sons of [[Israelites|Children of Israel]]. Many of these Persian [[Jews]] who had been receiving the teachings from [[Jesus]] proselytized to Muslims at the time of [[Muhammad]] and accepted his call. [[Qais Abdur Rashid]], his name is this and the original was [[Kish (Bible)|Kish]].

===Kashmir, Tibet and India===
{{Main|Christianity in India|Roza Bal|Jews in Kashmir|Jews in India|Saint Thomas Christians|Thomas the Apostle|Bene Israel|Tribes of Israel|Buddhism in Kashmir|Buddhism in Afghanistan}}

====Reasons for coming to India====
{{main|Tribes of Israel|Jews in India|Bene Israel|Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel}}

According to Ahmadiyya sources (Islam International Publications Ltd.) the [[Tribes of Israel]] who had migrated to eastern countries seeing the attraction in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] had themselves become [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]]. They subsequently became unaware of their religion. [[Jesus]] and [[Thomas the Apostle]] later arrived in India to restore the Abrahamic teachings to these tribes.

==== Jesus meets Shalivahana ====
According to a late section of the [[Hindu]] ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' (written after 1739<ref>[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics 2009 Page 276 "Thus 1739 could mark a terminus a quo for the text's history of the Mughals. If so, the same terminus would apply to its Genesis-Exodus sequence in its first khanda, its Jesus-Muhammad diptych in its third (the Krsnam&acaritd), and the history ..."</ref>), [[Jesus]] met a Hindu king, [[Shalivahana]].

The king along with his companions went to the peak of the [[Himalayas]] to meet a man who was a dignified person of fair complexion in white clothes sitting in the mountain. When the king asked who he was, the man replied "I am the Messiah, born of a virgin."

He told the king he had come from a far off place where he has suffered at the hands of his people. When the king asked what religion he adhered to, he said that his religion was of peace, love and purity of heart. The king was impressed, so he paid homage to him.

==Tomb of Jesus==
[[File:Roza_Bal_Tomb_in_Srinagar_Kashmir_Interior.jpg|thumb|Interior of [[Roza Bal]] shrine]]
During his initial research into Jesus' death, [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] postulated that Jesus may have been buried in either [[Galilee]] or [[Syria (region)|Syria]]. After investigating further he eventuality uncovered evidence to conclude that the tomb of Jesus was located at the [[Roza Bal]] shrine in Srinagar, Kashmir. Based upon this evidence, Ahmadis today believe the tomb of Jesus is located in the [[Srinagar]] region of Kashmir.

Ghulam Ahmad, and later Ahmadi writers have cited various evidences for identifying the grave as that of Jesus: The [[Bhavishya Purana]] Official Decree, The [[Glass Mirror]], [[Tarikh-i-Kashmir]], [[Barlaam and Josaphat|Qisa-shazada]], The Garden of Solomon (Bagh-i-Sulaiman) by [[Saadullah Shahabadi|Mir Saadullah Shahabadi]] (1780 A.D.), [[Nabi Khanyari|Wajeez-ut-Tawarikh]], [[Ibn Babawayh|Ikmal-ud-Din]] (962 AD), [[Essence of Life (book)|Ain-ul-Hayat]], The [[Acts of Thomas]], [[Shankaracharya Temple|Takhat Sulaiman]] (Throne of Solomon, a hill in Kashmir), [[Haji Mohi-ud-din Miskin|Tarikh-i-Kabir]], and [[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ|Rauzat-us-Safa]]. Ahmadis believe that these sources testify to the view that [[Yuz Asaf]] and Jesus are the same person.

[[Haji Mohi-ud-din Miskin]], writing in 1902, three years after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1899, is the first historian to mention that "some" connect the shrine of Yuz Asaf as the grave of Hazrat Isa Rooh-Allah (Jesus the Spirit of God).

The importance of the shrine has been preserved in the memory of the descendants of the ancient Israelites to this day. They call the shrine "The tomb of Hazrat Issa Sahib", "The Tomb of Prophet Jesus ''(Isa)''".

The building constructed is named "Roza Bal" or "Rauza Bal". "[[Rauza]]" is generally a term used to denote the tomb of a celebrated personality, i.e. noble, wealthy, or saintly. A local scholar and supporter of the theory, [[Fida Hassnain]], has claimed that the tomb is arranged with the feet pointing in the direction of Jerusalem, and claimed that this is in accordance with Jewish tradition.

Ahmadis give the Yuz Asaf enshrined in the tomb the epithet ''Shahzada Nabi'', "Prophet Prince". The majority [[Kashmiri Muslims|Srinagar Sunni Muslim]] community reject the Ahmadiyya claims that the tomb is that of Jesus and consider this viewpoint as [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemous]].

===Tomb of Mary===
Muslim and Persian documents — the Tafir-Ibn-I-Jarir, the Kanz-al-Ummal, and the Rauzat-us-Safa — have references that contribute to the theory of Jesus' escape. Some of these also mention that Jesus was accompanied by [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], and there is another burial place in Pakistan, along his theoretical route to Kashmir, known as [[Mai Mari da Ashtan]], or "resting place of Mother Mary."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.news.yahoo.com/b/rba_daily/rba_daily4337;_ylt=Aqwkw5JnBWPG5mKEouQ1tbuhO84F;_ylu=X3oDMTBhdTdkN3BoBHNlYwNibHRyaXA-|title=Mystery of the Martyr's Tomb: Part Two|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810005454/http://travel.news.yahoo.com/b/rba_daily/rba_daily4337;_ylt=Aqwkw5JnBWPG5mKEouQ1tbuhO84F;_ylu=X3oDMTBhdTdkN3BoBHNlYwNibHRyaXA-|archive-date=10 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/124-jesus-in-india-a-road-map-of-his-lost-years |title=124 - Jesus In India: A Road Map of His Lost Years {{!}} Strange Maps {{!}} Big Think |website=bigthink.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523235114/http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/124-jesus-in-india-a-road-map-of-his-lost-years |archive-date=2012-05-23}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter|Apocalypse of Peter]]''
* [[Basilideans]]
* ''[[Gospel of Barnabas]]''
* ''[[Gospel of Basilides]]''
* [[Islamic views on Jesus' death]]
* [[Holger Kersten]]
* [[Substitution hypothesis]]
* [[Swoon hypothesis]]
* [[Unknown years of Jesus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Faruqi |first=Nisar Ahmed |chapter=The Promised Messiah |title=Ahmadiyyat in the Service of Islam |year=1983 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat |location=Lahore |isbn=0-913321-00-1 |chapter-url=http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/naseerahmadfaruqui/ahmadiyyatserviceislam/promisedmessiah_pf.shtml |archive-date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928111718/http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/naseerahmadfaruqui/ahmadiyyatserviceislam/promisedmessiah_pf.shtml |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Houtsma |first=M. Th. |entry=Ahmedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=1 |editor-last=Houtsma |editor-first=M. Th. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-first=T. W. |editor3-last=Basset |editor3-first=R. |year=1913 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite book |last1=Korbel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Preckel |first2=Claudia |year=2016 |chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426 |editor1-last=Bentlage |editor1-first=Björn |editor2-last=Eggert |editor2-first=Marion |editor3-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Hans-Martin |editor4-last=Reichmuth |editor4-first=Stefan |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism |series=Numen Book Series |volume=154 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=426–442 |doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034 |isbn=978-90-04-32511-1 |access-date=25 October 2020}}
*{{cite book |last=Leirvik |first=Oddbjørn |year=2010 |title=Images of Jesus Christ in Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gzd_I2AFswwC&pg=PA129 |chapter=The Christology of the Ahmadiyya Movement |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum International]] |edition=2nd |pages=129–132 |isbn=978-1-4411-7739-1 |access-date=25 October 2020}}

==External links==
* [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]: ''Jesus in India'', Ahmadiyya Muslim Foreign Mission Department, 1978, {{ISBN|978-1-85372-723-8}}; Original ''Masih Hindustan Mein'', Oriental & Religious Publications Ltd., Rabwah ([http://www.alislam.org/library/books/jesus-in-india/index.html Online])
*{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Khwaja Nazir |date=2012 |title=Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar |url=https://aaiil.org/text/books/others/khwajanazirahmad/jesusinheavenonearth/jesusinheavenonearth.shtml |website=www.aaiil.org |publisher=[[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072237/https://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/khwajanazirahmad/jesusinheavenonearth/jesusinheavenonearth.shtml |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |last=Goraya |first=Azhar Ahmad |date=2020 |url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/ |title=Jesus Christ died a Natural Death |website=www.alislam.org |publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505132912/https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/ |archive-date=5 May 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2021}}
*{{cite journal |last=Lanier |first=Gregory R. |date=May 2016 |title="It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion |url=https://journal.rts.edu/article/it-was-made-to-appear-like-that-to-them-islams-denial-of-jesus-crucifixion-in-the-quran-and-dogmatic-tradition/ |journal=Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary |publisher=[[Reformed Theological Seminary]] |location=[[Orlando, Florida]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=[https://journal.rts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1.1-Final.pdf 39-55] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630042518/https://journal.rts.edu/article/it-was-made-to-appear-like-that-to-them-islams-denial-of-jesus-crucifixion-in-the-quran-and-dogmatic-tradition/ |archive-date=30 June 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |last1=Mordillat |first1=Gérard |last2=Prieur |first2=Jérôme |date=2015 |title=Jesus and Islam: The Crucifixion According to the Qur'an |url=https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/048641-003-A/the-crucifixion-according-to-the-qur-an/ |website=www.arte.tv |publisher=[[Arte]] |location=[[Strasbourg]] |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925044456/https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/048641-003-A/the-crucifixion-according-to-the-qur-an/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Ahmadiyya topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Jesus footer|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jesus In Ahmadiyya}}
[[Category:Jesus in Islam| ]]
[[Category:Ahmadiyya belief and doctrine]]
[[Category:Denial of the crucifixion of Jesus]]

Debattama Saha

2026-04-13T14:06:18Z

Kausty: Info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debattama Saha
| years_active = 2016–present
| birth_place = [[Silchar]], [[Assam]]
| birth_date = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| nationality =
| image =
| education = Don Bosco High School, Silchar
| alma_mater = [[Amity University, Kolkata]]
| caption = Saha at Iconic Gold Awards
| other_names =
}}

'''Debattama Saha''' is an Indian actress and singer who mainly works in Hindi and Bengali television. She is best known for her lead roles in [[Sony TV]]'s romantic comedy series, [[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]], and [[Star Plus]]'s romantic drama ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''. Born in [[Silchar]], Assam, She is one of the very few people from this part of the country who ventured into Bollywood as well as Indian Television, inspiring lots of young girls to pursue their dreams from this region.

She made her Bollywood film debut in 2023 with ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]'' and her Bengali film debut as a lead in ''[[Tobuo Bhalobashi (film)|Tobuo Bhalobashi]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Debattama Saha is originally from Silchar, Assam.<ref name="Trivedi 2021" /><ref name="TOI 2018 2">{{cite news |title=Actress Debattama Saha turns fashion photographer for co-actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-debattama-saha-turns-fashion-photographer-for-co-actor/articleshow/63983338.cms |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Times of India |date=1 May 2018}}</ref> She has said that as a child, her mother arranged for her to train as a singer and dancer secretly, due to the objection of her father.<ref name="Trivedi 2021" /> She completed her studies from Don Bosco High School, Silchar and graduated in English Honours from Amity University, Kolkata.<ref name=:"1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-never-thought-that-ill-become-an-actress-debattama-saha/articleshow/63341622.cms|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman |title=I never thought that I'll become an actress: Debattama Saha|website=The Times of India| date=17 March 2018|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saha started her career in 2016 with [[Colors Bangla]]'s ''E Amar Gurudakshina''. She played role of Shoi/Uma/Nayantara opposite Suman Dey and Biswarup Bandhopadhyay.<ref name="TOI 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actors-of-e-amar-gurudakshina-had-gala-time-on-the-sets/articleshow/63814381.cms|title=Actors of 'E Amar Gurudakshina' had gala time on the sets|website=The Times of India|date= 18 April 2018|access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> She has also applied her training as a dancer.<ref name="Kumar 2019">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aakash |date=2 July 2019 |title=Here's What 'Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein' Actors Mudit Nayar, Simran Pareenja & Debattama Saha Were Doing At 4:00am On Show's Sets! |work=ABP Live |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ishaaron-ishaaron-mein-what-mudit-nayar-simran-pareenja-and-debattama-saha-were-doing-at-400am-on-the-sets-of-sony-tv-show-1024291 |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, she made Hindi TV debut with [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]'' as a parallel lead role of Dr. Parineeti Ganguly opposite [[Mudit Nayar]] and [[Simran Pareenja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/debattama-saha-takes-tips-from-medical-students-to-play-on-screen-doctor/articleshow/70431627.cms|title=Debattama Saha takes tips from medical students to play on-screen doctor|website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2019|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> She both performed and helped choreograph the dance in the promotional video for the show.<ref name="Kumar 2019" />

From 2020 to 2021, she played the lead role of Anokhi Bhalla<ref name="Trivedi 2021">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Exclusive! Anokhi's life is the story of my real life, it will be very sad if our show Shaurya Aur Anokhi wraps up: Debattama Saha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anokhis-life-is-the-story-of-my-real-life-it-will-be-very-sad-if-our-show-shaurya-aur-anokhi-wraps-up-debattama-saha/articleshow/84087892.cms |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=3 July 2021}}</ref> in the [[StarPlus]] television series ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' opposite [[Karanvir Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/debattama-saha-thrilled-to-shoot-for-a-wedding-sequence-in-shaurya-aur-anokhi-ki-kahani-194949|title=Debattama Saha thrilled to shoot for a wedding sequence in Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Daily Soaps are Obsessed with Love Triangles and Here's Proof |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/indian-daily-soaps-are-obsessed-with-love-triangles-and-heres-proof-3608270.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=News18 |date=6 April 2021}}</ref> In 2021, after the end of ''Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani'', she also sang ''Jo Tera Howega'' video song in which she featured with Sharma, who also directed the video.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} She was also seen in the music video ''Aankhein Band Karke'' and ''Mubarak Ho'' with Sharma.

In 2022, she was seen as Mithai Gosain in the [[Zee TV]] television series ''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]'' opposite Aashish Bharadwaj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debattama Saha learns Braj language for her role in 'Mithai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/debattama-saha-learns-braj-language-for-her-role-in-mithai/articleshow/90623783.cms |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=Times of India |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Debattama Saha shoots at the famous Shrinathji temple for her show |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dream-come-true-389818 |access-date=27 April 2022 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=27 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, she was seen as Nisha Upadhyay in [[Rohit Dhawan]]'s directorial movie ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]].''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shehzada debutant Debattama Saha calls director Rohit Dhawan "amazing human being"; says co-star Paresh Rawal is "the king of improvisations" - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 February 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-shehzada-debutant-debattama-saha-calls-director-rohit-dhawan-amazing-human-says-co-star-paresh-rawal-king-improvisations/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 May 2023, she sang and featured in the video song ''Ranjhana''.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Since April 2024, she played Krishna Joshi in [[Colors TV]]'s [[Krishna Mohini]] opposite [[Fahmaan Khan]].<ref name="Saha 2024">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Debattama Saha On Bagging Krishna Mohini, Says, "This Time With A New Pen, Started Writing A New Chapter And Gave My Heart And Soul To It"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/debattama-saha-on-bagging-krishna-mohini-says-this-time-with-a-new-pen-started-writing-a-new-chapter-and-gave-my-heart-and-soul-to-it/articleshow/108873933.cms |access-date=9 April 2024|work=Times of India |date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

Saha made her Bengali film debut with [[Tobuo Bhalobashi]], a romantic drama directed by Rabindra Nambiar and produced by Ashok and Himanshu Dhanuka. The film co-starred Aryann Bhowmik and Saheb Bhattacharya and was released theatrically on 1 August 2025.<ref name="TOI-TBB">{{cite news |title=Shehzada actress Debattama Saha to make her Bengali film debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shehzada-actress-debattama-saha-to-make-her-bengali-film-debut/articleshow/103775890.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Saha starred in the YouTube series [[Parindey]], produced by The Little Cinema Company.<ref name="Parindey"/>

She also appeared in a vertical-format series titled [[QAID]], released on Rocket Reels. The project was designed for mobile-first short-form video platforms.<ref name="Parindey"/>

In 2026, Debattama Saha portrayed Saumya in the digital series ''Jab Zodiac Met'', directed by DKP. The series explored zodiac-based narratives and was released on online platforms, further expanding her work in digital and short-format content.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}</ref>

=== Film debut (2023–2025) ===
In 2023, Saha made her Hindi film debut with Rohit Dhawan's ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]'', where she portrayed Nisha Upadhyay alongside Kartik Aaryan and Kriti Sanon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-20 |title=Exclusive - Debattama Saha on Shehzada: Kartik Aaryan is very professional and likes to have fun while working |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-debattama-saha-on-shehzada-kartik-aaryan-is-very-professional-and-likes-to-have-fun-while-working/articleshow/98812879.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>

She made her Bengali film debut in 2025 with ''[[Tobuo Bhalobashi]]'', a romantic drama directed by Rabindra Nambiar and produced by Ashok and Himanshu Dhanuka. The film co-starred Aryann Bhowmik and Saheb Bhattacharya and was released theatrically on 1 August 2025.<ref name="TOI-TBB" />

=== Web and digital projects (2025) ===
In 2025, Saha appeared in the YouTube series ''Parindey'', produced by The Little Cinema Company.<ref name="Parindey">{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}</ref>

She also starred in a vertical-format series titled ''QAID'', released on Rocket Reels. The project was designed for mobile-first viewing on short-form video platforms.<ref name="Parindey"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Colors Bangla|E Amar Gurudakshina]]''
|Soi / Nayantara / Uma
|Bengali
|<ref name=":"1"" /><ref name="TOI 2018" />
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]''
|Dr. Parineeti "Pari" Ganguly
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|<ref name="Kumar 2019" />
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''
|Anokhi Bhalla
|<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2021 |title=Debattama Saha, who is currently seen in the show Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani, talks about her career |work=Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/debattama-saha-who-is-currently-seen-in-the-show-shaurya-aur-anokhi-ki-kahani-talks-about-her-career-205162 |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218202102/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/debattama-saha-who-is-currently-seen-in-the-show-shaurya-aur-anokhi-ki-kahani-talks-about-her-career-205162 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]''
| Mithai Gosain
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithai actress Debattama Saha says 'a girl should never give up on her dreams for marriage' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mithai-actress-debattama-saha-says-a-girl-should-never-give-up-on-her-dreams-for-marriage-1947592-2022-05-10 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=India Today |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Krishna Mohini]]''
| Krishna Joshi
|<ref name="Saha 2024" />
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|Nisha Upadhyay
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-20 |title=Exclusive - Debattama Saha on Shehzada: Kartik Aaryan is very professional and likes to have fun while working |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-debattama-saha-on-shehzada-kartik-aaryan-is-very-professional-and-likes-to-have-fun-while-working/articleshow/98812879.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Tobuo Bhalobashi''
|
|Bengali
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shehzada actress Debattama Saha to make her Bengali film debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shehzada-actress-debattama-saha-to-make-her-bengali-film-debut/articleshow/103775890.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Jo Tera Howega''
|Herself
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|''Aankhein Band Karke''
|Abhi Dutt
|Ekta
|-
|2022
|''Mubarak Ho''
|Soham Naik
|Naina
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Ref
|-
|2025
|''Parindey''
|rowspan="4"|Lead role
|YouTube (The Little Cinema Company)
|<ref name="Parindey"/>
|-
|2025
|''QAID''
|Rocket Reels
|<ref name="Parindey"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''[[Jabb Zodiacs Met]]''
|Youtube (DIRECTOR KUT PRODUCTIONS)
|<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
|''[[Heer Sharma Gayi]]''
|Youtube (DIRECTOR KUT PRODUCTIONS)
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The makers wanted me to portray Heer in a certain way and I connected with that vision: Debattama Saha on Heer Sharma Gayi|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/the-makers-wanted-me-to-portray-heer-in-a-certain-way-and-i-connected-with-that-vision-debattama-saha-on-heer-sharma-gayi/2026/04/13|website=IWMBuzz|publisher=IWMBuzz Media Network|date=13 April 2026|language=en|access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11123446}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Debattama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chira Bazar Thakurdwar Fanaswadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:32Z

Kausty: Starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chira Bazar Thakurdwar Fanaswadi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 55,825
| mla = Yagnik Bhanushankar Manchharam
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Chira Bazar Thakurdwar Fanaswadi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Yagnik Bhanushankar Manchharam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chira Bazar Thakurdwar Fanaswadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yagnik Bhanushankar Manchharam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,812 |percentage = 53.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Samant Yeshwant Atmaram |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,336 |percentage = 28.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talpade Manikram, Nanabhai |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,851 |percentage = 11.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talpade Shakuntala Keshav |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 6.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kapadia Purshottam Raghunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 247 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,476 |percentage = 25.45% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,308 |percentage = 59.67% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,825 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Munna Simon

2026-04-05T20:38:33Z

Kausty: Created initial info needs work

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Munna Simon
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor| Physiotherapist}}
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2003-present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Betty Mary|2010}}
}}

'''Munna Simon''' is an Indian actor, who has notably appeared in [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He has acted in ''[[Gaurisankaram]]'', ''[[Silandhi]]'', ''[[Kandein Kadhalai]]'' and ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hgallery=14694245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126115013/http://www.sify.com/movies/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hgallery=14694245 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-01-26 |title=Munna-Anu Engagement |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref>

==Career==

His initial films such as ''[[Pallavan]]'', ''[[Jananam]]'' and ''Unnai Enakku Pudichirukku'' were highly unsuccessful films as they failed to create any impact at the box office. He eventually gained attention with the 2008 low-budget thriller ''[[Silandhi]]'', following it up with the successful ''[[Kandein Kadhalai]]'', appearing alongside [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]. Subsequently, he was signed by Indian director [[Mani Ratnam]] to enact a supporting role in his magnum opus ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'', along with prominent film artists [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] and [[Priyamani]].

== Personal life ==
Munna is the nephew of Malayalam actress [[Jayabharathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/coming/gs_1203.html |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Coming Soon - Kavya and Munna in GAURISANKARAM |accessdate=2009-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214085029/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/coming/gs_1203.html |archivedate=14 December 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://filmydum.com/top_stories.php?Id=225] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001942/http://filmydum.com/top_stories.php?Id=225|date=11 July 2011}}</ref> He graduated from U.C College and further studied physiotherapy in the School of Medical education Angamaly. Munna's only brother Dominic Simon died of [[Pneumonia]] on 20 May 2013. Dominic was doing M.Sc. in visual communications in SRM College Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/Events/21315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311131723/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/events/21315.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2010 |title=Events - Munna Wedding Reception |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2010-03-08 |accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Pallavan]]'' || Manohar || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || credited as Shankar
|-
| ''[[Gaurisankaram]]'' || Sankaran || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jananam]]'' || Sasi || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Unnai Enakku Pudichirukku'' || Himself || Tamil ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || Vicky || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Silandhi]]'' || Mahesh || Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kandein Kadhalai]]'' || Gautham || Tamil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' || Sakkarai || Tamil ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' ||Ameer || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' ||Rahul || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]'' ||Babu || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' ||Himself || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Testpaper'' || || Malayalam||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Achaaram]]'' || Siva || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' || Anand Bhai || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Queen (web series)|Queen]]'' || Srikanth ||Tamil || Web Series
|-
| 2020 || ''Kannan Aayal'' || Kannan || Malayalam || Music album
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''Lockdown Diarie'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' || || Tamil || Unreleased
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' || Viswanath's henchman || Tamil ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1521220|name=Munna}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munna Simon}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

A. B. Masilamani

2026-04-05T13:16:52Z

Kausty: creating new info

{{Short description|Golden Jubilee Baptist pastor and evangelist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Priest]]
| name = A. B. Masilamani
| title = [[The Reverend]] [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Protestant]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
| elected = 1959<ref name="Plow"/>
| term = 1959
| quashed =
| predecessor = [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[J. I. Richardson]],<ref name="Richardson"/> [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]
| successor = [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[A. D. Matheson]],<ref name="Matheson"/> [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination =
| ordained_by = [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| cardinal =
| rank =[[Baptist]] [[Priest]]

| created_cardinal_by =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Pitapuram]], [[East Godavari]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|4|5|1914|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]] [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| buried = [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]], [[Hyderabad]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents = [[Smt.]] Saramma and [[Sri]] A. B Greshom Paul
| spouse = Vimala Masilamani (m. 1931)
| occupation = [[Pastor]], [[professor]] and [[ecclesiastical]] administrator
| profession = [[Priesthood]]
| alma_mater = [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]],<ref name="RR"/> [[Kakinada]], [[Serampore College]],<ref name="Babu"/> [[Serampore]], [[Emmanuel College, Toronto]] ([[Canada]]),<ref name="Emmanuel"/> [[Osmania University]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Hyderabad]]
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto =
| resting_place_coordinates = 17.4000° N, 78.0167° E
| education = [[L.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="RR"/> [[B.Div.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Babu"/> [[Master of Arts|M. A]] ([[University of Calcutta|Calcutta]]), [[Th.M.]] ([[Toronto University|Toronto]]),<ref name="Emmanuel"/> [[PhD]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|title=''Birth Centenary Souvenir of Rev. Dr. A.B Masilamani''|date=2014|publisher=Anupama Printers|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| other =
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| honorific-suffix = ''Ayyagaru''
| module =
}}
'''Acharya A. B. Masilamani''' or '''Abel Boanerges Masilamani'''<ref name="KRK">K. Ranjit Kumar, ''Bhakti as one of the leading factor for transformation in the lyrics of Acharya A. B. Masilamani in the Telugu Christian Hymnal'', Master's College Theological Journal, Volume 2, Number 1, April 2012, pp.83–97.</ref> (1914–1990<ref name="Waldeck">A. B. Masilamani, ''Nadipinchu Na Nava'', PDF version of song sheet at Evangelical Church of Kurhessen Waldeck, Germany. [http://www.kirchenkreis-eschwege.de/scripts/angebote/1244/233381?layout=4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705144726/http://www.kirchenkreis-eschwege.de/scripts/angebote/1244/233381?layout=4 |date=5 July 2015 }}</ref>) was a [[Golden Jubilee]]<ref>Masilamani's priesthood covered the period between 1934–1990 surpassing fifty years of ecclesiastical ministry.</ref> [[Baptist]] [[pastor]] and [[Evangelism|evangelist]]<ref name="Hanks"/> on whom parallels had been drawn comparing his [[ecclesiastical]] ministry with that of [[Saint Paul]].<ref name="Hanks">Billie Hanks, Billie Hanks Jr., ''Everyday Evangelism'', Word, England, 1986, p.36. [https://books.google.com/books?id=x7zoEMnY11UC&q=masilamani]</ref> The [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], one of the [[Saint Thomas Christian]] Churches founded by [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the first century<ref>[[George Nedungatt]], ''Quest for the Historical Thomas Apostle of India: A Re-Reading of the Evidence'', Theological Publications in India, Bangalore, 2008. [https://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/christindia.htm]</ref> which holds the annual [[Maramon Convention]]s used<ref name="ReferenceA"/> to have Masilamani preach at its conventions since the 1970s.<ref>T. J. Jacob, ''My memories about Maramon Convention'', Mar Thoma Sabha Doothan, 2014. [http://sabhadoothan.com/my-memories-about-maramon-convention-mr-t-j-jacob/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216023648/http://sabhadoothan.com/my-memories-about-maramon-convention-mr-t-j-jacob/ |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> During one such [[Maramon Convention]] held in 1983 at [[Maramon]], Masilamani was one of the main speaker who spoke on [[Christology]]<ref name="Messenger"/> in the presence of the two patriarchs<ref name="Messenger"/> of the [[Mar Thoma Church]], [[Alexander Mar Thoma]] and Thomas Mar Athanius.<ref name="Messenger">{{Cite web |url=https://www.marthomanae.org/website/downloads/Messenger_archive/1983_June.pdf |title=''Mar Thoma Messenger'', Volume II, Number 1, June 1983, pp.23–24 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215160151/https://www.marthomanae.org/website/downloads/Messenger_archive/1983_June.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Masilamani belonged to the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] and had ministered as a [[pastor]]<ref name="KRK"/> since 1934 and was a spiritual formator from 1955 through 1958 at the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], a major seminary in [[Kakinada]]. Masilamani got popular acclaim, especially as an original hymn writer,<ref>{{cite book|last1=George|first1=K.M|title=''Church of South India: Life in Union, 1947–1997''|date=1999|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|location=New Delhi}}</ref> in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and nine of his compositions can be found in the Christian Hymnal in Telugu<ref name="ACH">{{cite book|title=Andhra Christian hymnal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm9fkgAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Christian Literature Society}}</ref> used in the [[Protestant]] churches in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], which [[P. Solomon Raj]], the [[Lutheran]] pastor notes that it has been of high literary standard<ref name="Raj">{{cite book|author=P. Solomon Raj|title=The New Wine-skins: The Story of the Indigenous Missions in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bxdu1WT-_X8C&pg=PA97|year=2003|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-730-3|page=97}}</ref> consisting of hymns in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] set in music patterns of [[Carnatic music]] and [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name="Raj"/>

In 2000, [[Roger E. Hedlund]],<ref>[[Roger E. Hedlund]] taught at the [[Serampore College]] and is the Editor of the missiological journal, ''Dharma Deepika''. [http://www.dharmadeepika.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709212737/http://www.dharmadeepika.org/ |date=9 July 2015 }}</ref> the [[Missiologist]] wrote that, along with the [[Bible]], the Christian Hymnal in Telugu also formed the main bulwark of Christian spiritual life for the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] folk and of equal use to both the non-literates and the literates as well.<ref>[[Roger E. Hedlund]], ''Quest for Identity: India's Churches of Indigenous origin: The "Little" Tradition in Indian Christianity'', New Delhi, 2000, p.261. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3sGM-wp1msC&dq=andhra+christian+hymnal&pg=PA261]</ref> Nearly a decade and half after the articles by [[P. Solomon Raj]] and [[Roger E. Hedlund]] on the importance of the Christian Hymnal in Telugu, G. Babu Rao,<ref>G. Babu Rao taught at the [[Serampore College]] and worked on the revision of the Bible in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. See [[H. S. Wilson]], ''Introduction'' in ''The Church on the move: a quest to affirm the biblical faith; essays in honour of [[Victor Premasagar|Peddi Victor Premasagar]], [[Medak Diocese|Bishop in Medak]] and Moderator of the [[Church of South India|C.S.I.]], presented on the occasion of his Shastiabdapoorthi celebrations'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ]</ref> the [[Old Testament]] Scholar<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – [[Old Testament]]'' in ''Religion and Society'', Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 3 September 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref> recollects the [[homiletical]] significance of the preaching and singing of Masilamani in the context of his birth centenary celebrations held in 2014,

{{blockquote|We heard the messages of Masilamani in the Church Society gatherings of the Churches under [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] where Masilamani would preach on a theme with key verses split into three parts, each stuffed with [[exegetical]] and [[expository]]-[[wikt:devotion|devotion]]al and spiritually deep thoughts with exhortations through suitable and easily understood illustrations making an educated and illiterate member of Churches to go home feeling equally enthusiastic after having heard and listened to a wonderful sermon and songs. Sometimes the listeners would go home singing the theme song which Masilamani composed.<ref name="Babu">G. Babu Rao, in ''Souvenir of Birth Centenary Greetings of Rev. Dr. A. B. Masilamani'', New Life Associates, Hyderabad, 2014, p.19</ref>}}

While the use of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in Christian hymns was on an upward rise in the [[Protestant]] churches, it was not so among their [[Catholic]] counterparts who had to stick to [[Latin]]. It was not until the conclusion of the [[Second Vatican Council]] that [[vernacular]] languages began being used instead of [[Latin]]. Once the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican Council]] approved the use of [[vernacular]] languages in Church [[liturgy]], most of the songs in the Christian Hymnal in Telugu including Masilamani's songs readily found their way into the [[Catholic]] Hymn Books<ref name="Remella">{{Cite web |url=http://donboscoindia.com/english/CatalogueDetail.php?proId=207 |title=Fr. Remella Thomas (Compiled), ''Suswaralu'', Don Bosco Press, Guntur |access-date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124328/http://donboscoindia.com/english/CatalogueDetail.php?proId=207 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[The Reverend|Rev]]. [[Father (title)|Fr]]. [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]] who espoused the cause of [[India]]n ethos and advocated for inclusion of [[vernacular]] languages at the [[Second Vatican Council]] rechristened himself as ''[[Swamy Amalorananda]]'' at a later stage of his ecclesiastical career.

The growth of the Church in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] began taking shape with the advent<ref name="Martin">Martin Senftleben, ''Influences of Hinduism on Christianity in Andhra Pradesh'', Unpublished PhD thesis, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 1992. p.8. [http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131403/http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf |date=9 December 2008 }}</ref> of [[Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] Missions. One such [[Protestant]] Mission was the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]]<ref name="Martin"/> which propagated the Gospel along the northern circars along the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Masilamani was the outcome of the missions and believed in self-identity<ref name="Penner"/> of the [[India]]n Church. Masilamani struck original ground in his lyrics and a forerunner in developing the [[India]]n ethos way ahead of [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[Father (title)|Fr.]] [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]]. At a later stage of his [[ecclesiastical]] life, Masilamani also rechristened himself as ''[[Acharya A. B. Masilamani]]'' in the spiritual traditions of [[India]].

==Early life and family==
Masilamani is a third-generation Christian. Reverend Abel Bellary, the grandfather of Masilamani, was a [[Hindu]] from a priestly class.<ref name="Arathi">Arathi Walter, ''Priya Sishya: A Biography of A.B Masilamani'', Anupama Printers, Hyderabad, 2014</ref> Both the [[Catholic]] and the [[Protestant]] missions spearheaded<ref name="Martin"/> the missionary activity. It was the [[Protestant]] [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] and [[American Baptist Mission]] (now [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]]), through which Abel Bellary became a Christian taking the name 'Abel' as his Christian name, retaining 'Bellary' as his surname.<ref name="Arathi"/> Bellary was ordained and served as a Baptist pastor.<ref name="Arathi"/> Later, the family chose the surname 'Abel Boanerges' as the family name ('Abel' to recognise the first person to become a Christian (and 'Boanerges' means sons of thunder). One of Bellary's sons is A. B Greshmon Paul.<ref name="Arathi"/>

Masilamani was born to A. B Greshom Paul and A. B Saramma on 30 November 1914 in the princely state of [[Pitapuram]],<ref name="KRK"/> [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Arathi"/> Masilamani means 'A Spotless Gem'. Unlike the [[Catholic]] priestly traditions, marriage is optional in the [[Protestant]] priestly traditions and Masilamani heeded the advice of his parents and married Vimala Masilamani in 1945. They have four children – Sujatha Prasad, Arathi Walter, Gordon Sunath and Joseph Kishore.<ref name="Arathi"/> His son, Rev. Dr. A.B Joseph Kishore is the senior pastor of New Life Community Church and Trinity Cathedral, [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].<ref name="Arathi"/>

Masilamani has seven grandchildren and many great-grandchildren.<ref name="Arathi"/> His grandson Rev. Seidel Abel Boanerges<ref name="ReferenceA"/> also known as Rev. A.B Seidel Sumanth, is a [[Baptist minister]] ordained by the [[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]. Seidel is currently the Dean of Ministerial Formation and Development and also the Tutor in Ministerial and Practical Theology at [[Spurgeon's College|Spurgeon's College, London]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-09|title=Seidel Abel Boanerges|url=https://www.spurgeons.ac.uk/seidel-abel-boanerges/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Spurgeon's College|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==

===Scholastic and Ministerial Formation===
Masilamani schooled at the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] High School<ref name="KRK"/> in [[Samalkot]]<ref name="Babu"/> where he grew in Christian faith<ref name="Babu"/> and built up his foundation on strong Christian ethics<ref name="Babu"/> under notable Teachers including [[Chetti Bhanumurthy]].<ref name="RR"/>

After his scholastic studies, Masilamani discerned his avocation towards spirituality and joined the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]] for ministerial formation where his Spiritual Formators happened to be [[Mutyala Theophilus]] and [[Chetti Bhanumurthy]] who had by that time moved to the [[seminary]].<ref name="RR"/> The [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]] where Masilamani had his ministerial formation is a Major Seminary which was directly affiliated to India's first University,<ref>Sankar Ray, ''The William Carey Library in Serampore'', Business Line, The Hindu, Friday 11 April 2008. Internet, accessed 17 October 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and Masilamani was awarded an L.Th ([[Licentiate of Theology]]) at the end of his spirituality course.

====Graduate studies====
Masilamani continued his theological studies and was incidentally sent to the university itself in 1941,<ref name="Directory">[[S. J. Samartha]], [[M. P. John]] (Compiled), ''Directory of students 1910–1967'', Serampore College (Theology Department), Serampore, 1967, p.13.</ref> during the Principalship of G. H. C. Angus where he took a B.Div. ([[Bachelor of Divinity]]) majoring<ref name="Babu"/> in Biblical Interpretation, [[Greek language|Greek]], Christian Theology and other allied subjects from the only constituent college of the university, the [[Serampore College]] in 1945.<ref name="Directory"/> During his stay at the old Danish town in Serampore, Masilamani also happened to alternately pursue a postgraduate degree from the arts section of the [[Serampore College]] affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]] where he took an M.A ([[Master of Arts]]).

===Post Graduate and doctoral studies===
For long, Masilamani was assigned priestly duties at the Churches of the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] whose area of operation included six northern coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. As Masilamani had an academic leaning, the Council of the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]] at Kakinada sent him for postgraduate studies to the [[Emmanuel College, Toronto|Emmanuel College]], a constituent college of [[University of Toronto]] from where Masilamani took an Th.M. ([[Master of Theology]]) postgraduate degree in 1953<ref name="Emmanuel">A. B. Masilamani, ''Hindu Anticipations of the Christian Gospel'', Emmanuel College, Canada, 1953. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yqRNwAACAAJ]</ref> after submitting his dissertation entitled ''Hindu Anticipations of the Christian Gospel''. Masilamani was a contemporary of the Old Testament Scholar [[Wolfgang Roth (scholar)|Wolfgang Roth]] who also happened to study at the [[Emmanuel College, Toronto|Emmanuel College]] around the same time in 1952.<ref>''The Bulletin – Committee on Archives of the United Church of Canada'', Issues 5–13, United Church of Canada Committee on Archives, United Church Publishing House, 1952, p.52. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PTdKAAAAMAAJ]</ref> In later years, [[Wolfgang Roth (scholar)|Wolfgang Roth]] taught at the Leonard Theological College, [[Jabalpur]] from 1959 onwards, whereas Masilamani taught at the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]].

After a decade and half of ecclesiastical works, Masilamani did not stop and extol his educational pursuits and instead he registered as a doctoral candidate at the State-run University and obtained a PhD from [[Osmania University]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/> writing on 'Hindu and Christian Concept of Non-Violence'.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Osmania|first1=University|title=Online Catalogue of Theses|url=http://indcat.inflibnet.ac.in/thesisdetailview.jsp?infControlId=60024&field=Name_of_Researcher&term=masilamani&TotRec=3/9}}</ref>

==Ecclesiastical career==

===Spiritual Formator, Kakinada===
After completing his graduate studies in theology from the historical [[Serampore College]], Masilamani was ordained as a Pastor of the [[Protestant]] Baptist Society, the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]]/[[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Masilamani held several posts in the [[Protestant]] Church in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was Professor and Principal<ref name="RR"/> of [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], Kakinada (1955–1958<ref name="Penner"/>). Masilamani inspired many during his stint as Principal of the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], Kakinada. One of his students, K. David<ref>{{cite book|author=University of Edinburgh|title=University of Edinburgh Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=998XAQAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association}}</ref> went on to master the [[New Testament]] at [[Serampore College]], [[West Bengal]] and also pursued doctoral studies at the [[Edinburgh University]], Scotland. Masilamani also played the part of a vocation promoter<ref name="Souvenir">C. L. Johnson (Edited), ''Canadian Baptist Mission 125 years Jubilee Celebrations of Baptist Churches in Northern Circars'', Baptist Theological Seminary, Kakinada, 1999, p.45-47.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433990749]</ref> and guided [[S. E. Krupa Rao]] to don the mantle of Priest. In his later years', [[S. E. Krupa Rao]] became a notable contributor in matters of ecclesiastical, medical and technical contribution of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] as well as to the [[ecumenical]] movement through the [[Bible Society of India]]<ref name="KRK"/> and the Andhra Pradesh Christian Council.<ref name="KRK"/><ref name="Souvenir"/>

In ecclesiastical administration, Masilamani was elected President of [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] in 1959<ref name="Plow">W. G. Carder, ''Hand to the Indian Plow: Volume One'', Carder, Hyderabad, 1976, Appendix I, p.105. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7AcxNAEACAAJ]</ref> succeeding [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[J. I. Richardson]].<ref name="Richardson">''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 13, Church History Association of India, 1979, pp.77–78. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ]</ref> In the continuing year, Masilamani was replaced<ref name="Plow"/> by [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[A. D. Matheson]].<ref name="Matheson">''Year Book of the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec'', [[Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec|Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec]], 1962, p.106. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvkAAAAMAAJ]</ref>

===NCCI literature secretary, Secunderabad===
After Masilamani's tenure as principal of the Major Seminary in [[Kakinada]] that ended in 1959,<ref name="Richardson"/> he took up a role as promotional secretary<ref name="Richardson"/> of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]. The same year, on invitation from the [[National Council of Churches in India]] to loan the services of Masilamani, the Seminary Council of the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]] granted a leave-on-lien enabling him to take up the role of literature secretary<ref>P. J. Alexander, ''Problems of Indian democracy'', Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1962, p.i, vii. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw9MAAAAMAAJ]</ref><ref>''Baptist Yearbook'', [[Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec|Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec]], 1959, p.165.[https://books.google.com/books?id=gXvkAAAAMAAJ]</ref> with the [[Secunderabad]] unit of the [[National Council of Churches in India]], where Masilamani was able to make use of his literary talents and minister in an [[ecumenical]] setting with the churches of the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] and [[Protestant]] backgrounds.

===BSI auxiliary secretary, Secunderabad===
In 1963, when [[E. Prakasam]] retired as auxiliary secretary of the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]], Masilamani was appointed for the key position of auxiliary secretary<ref>''Annual Report of the American Bible Society'', American Bible Society, 1967, p. 187. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ebneAAAAMAAJ]</ref> and served in an [[ecumenical]] setting during the period 1963 to 1969. This period was eventful as the [[Bible Society of India]] headquartered in [[Bangalore]] was led by the rural [[Pastor]] [[A. E. Inbanathan]] who had an understanding of the Church in India and more so with fellow [[clergy]].

Orville E. Daniel, a Canadian Baptist missionary, as early as 1973 wrote that Rev. Masilamani's distinguished service with the Bible Society of India was followed by a widespread evangelistic ministry,<ref>Orville E. Daniel, ''Moving with the Times, The story of Baptist outreach from Canada into Asia, South America and Africa during one hundred years (1874–1974) since the Canadian Baptist Mission was founded in India'', Canadian Baptist Overseas Mission Board, Toronto, Canada, 1973, p.114.</ref> a fact reiterated by the [[Old Testament]] Scholar G. Babu Rao<ref name="Periodical">{{cite book|title=Guide to Indian Periodical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txUnAQAAIAAJ|volume=23|year=1989|publisher=Indian Documentation Service|page=57}}</ref> who points out that during Masilamani's tenure at the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]], he had set a trend and his work was regarded with great respect<ref name="Babu"/> among the [[Protestant]] Churches in undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]].

After a six-year tenure, Masilamani retired as auxiliary secretary of [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] in 1969 making the Bible Society of India Trust Association to huddle and appoint [[B. G. Prasada Rao]] of the [[Church of South India]].

===Overseas visiting professorship in [[Canada]]===
Masilamani was also a Visiting Professor for [[Acadia Divinity College]], Canada where he delivered the Hayward lectures in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acadiadiv.ca/s/ADC_Calendar_2014-15.pdf|title=Acadia Divinity College|date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705120304/http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5225c9f7e4b041e1c9e362a3/t/53bd6d54e4b095b6a42a612a/1404923220642/ADC_Calendar_2014-15.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>

===New Life Associates, Hyderabad===
In 1970 Masilamani founded New Life Associates, a [[Protestant]] religious and social service organisation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> As a [[Pastor]] of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]], Masilamani also continued to minister for the [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]].<ref>''Year Book of the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec'', [[Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec|Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec]], 1982, p.159. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Um_kAAAAMAAJ]</ref>

===Serampore College (Theology Department), Serampore===
During 1974–1975, Masilamani was a part-time Lecturer in [[Evangelism]] in the Theology Department of his [[alma mater]] during the Principalship of Saral Kumar Chatterjee.<ref>''Prospectus 1974–1975'', Serampore College (Theology Department), Serampore, 1974, p.6.</ref>

==Contribution==

=== Vision for theological education ===

====Efforts to form the Protestant Regional Theologiate====
In the [[postcolonialism]] scenario the [[Protestant]] Churches in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] wanted to form a unified<ref name="Penner"/> [[Protestant]] Seminary for the [[Anglicans]], [[Baptists]], [[Congregationalists]], [[Lutherans]], [[Methodists]], [[Wesleyans]] and the [[Pentecostals]], Masilamani and his companion [[Waldo Penner]] favoured a such unified seminary along with C. S. Sundaresan of the Andhra Union Theological Seminary in [[Dornakal]], [[Louis F. Knoll]] of the Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological Seminary in [[Ramayapatnam]] and [[W. D. Coleman]] of the Lutheran Theological College, [[Rajahmundry]]. Masilamani was known for his integrity and able administration and steered clear of controversies.<ref name="Penner"/> This remarkable feature of Masilamani inspired and guided many Theologians<ref>See K. David, PhD (Edinburgh) elsewhere in this article.</ref> in their administration, especially the Spiritual Formators<ref>See article on [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] where many of the successive academics have had theological grounding in Universities of [[Cape Town]], [[Cambridge]], [[Chicago]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Hamburg]], [[Serampore]], [[Wisconsin]] and the Spiritual Formators are said to take the example of Masilamani in steering clear of crises.</ref> at the [[Protestant]] Seminary in [[Secunderabad]]. The sustained efforts of the vision of Masilamani and others resulted in the formation of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in 1964<ref name="Milestones">{{Cite web |url=http://www.actchyd.com/milestones/ |title=ACTC web site. ''Milestones'' |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909221936/http://www.actchyd.com/milestones/ |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at [[Rajahmundry]] which eventually relocated to [[Secunderabad]] in 1973.<ref name="Milestones"/>

====Kretzmann Commission====
{{Main|Kretzmann Commission Report}}
Masilamani was a member of the [[Kretzmann Commission]] constituted by the Board of Governors of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]. The Commission report that was tabled in 1969 had major implications for the theological [[curricula]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Masilamani, as member of the [[Kretzmann Commission]] had visited the [[St. John's Regional Seminary|St. John's Regional Seminary (Theologiate)]], [[Ramanthapur]] as well as the [[Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College]], [[Shamshabad]].<ref name="Kretzmann">''Theological Education in Andhra Pradesh – The Kretzmann Commission Report'', Printed by A. Nageswara Rao at Saraswathi Power Press, Rajahmundry, 1970. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170127143230/http://115.115.194.213/W27/Result/w27AcptRslt.aspx?AID=80030&xF=T&xD=0&nS=2]</ref>

===Writings===
Masilamani was also the President of the Asia Baptist Youth Fellowship. He was the editor of popular Telugu Christian magazines like ''Ravi'' 1947–1960, ''Gruha Joythi'' 1961–1965 and ''[[Kapari (magazine)|Kapari]]'' 1970–1990 with articles contributed by notable Pastors and Bishops. In fact, M. Edwin Rao who compiled a centennial edition of the history of the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] writes that Bishop [[G. S. Luke]] used to contribute articles to the magazine ''[[Kapari (magazine)|Kapari]]'' edited by Masilamani.<ref name="Edwin">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''Prophet Azariah and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912–2012'', Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal, 2012, pp.85–87</ref>

[[Ravela Joseph]] and [[B. Suneel Bhanu]] who had been commissioned by the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]] to compile the original Christian writings in Telugu have also included the titles of Masilamani in the compilation ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu''<ref name="Compilation">[[Ravela Joseph]], [[Suneel Bhanu]] (Compiled), ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu'', published by the Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore, Bangalore, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPgAAAAMAAJ]</ref> which include:
* Original writings in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
** A Telugu Theological Glossary, 1965,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** Consequences, 1969,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** Awareness (కనువిప్పు), 1980,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** Worship with Flowers, 1981<ref name="Compilation"/>
** Sermon Waves (ప్రసంగ వాహిని), 1982,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** Stream of Sermons (ప్రసంగ తరంగాలు), 1982,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** The Awakening (మేలుకొలుపు), 1984,<ref name="Compilation"/>
** [[Zionism]], 1984<ref>A. B. Masilamani, ''Zionism'' in ''Melu Kolupu'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), Navajeevan publications, Vijayanagar Colony, Hyderabad, 1984, pp.121–126.</ref>

===Theological scholarship===
Masilamani was also a scholar theologian. In 1960 when the [[ecumenical]] Indian Christian Theological Conference<ref>''Proceedings of the Indian Christian Theological Conference'' in ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 10, Issue 3, July–September 1961, pp.116–122. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/articles_ijt_01.php]</ref> was held in [[Madras]], he participated in its proceedings where the notable Theologian [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] also happened to take part. Masilamani presented a paper on the theme ''Christian View of Man in Society'' which was later published in the ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'' under the title ''The Modern Conception of Man in the light of the Christian Faith''.<ref>A. B. Masilamani, ''The Modern Conception of Man in the light of the Christian Faith'', [[Indian Journal of Theology]], Volume 11, 1, January to March 1962, pp. 9–16. [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/11-1_009.pdf]</ref> The same year, Masilamani also attended a conference called for by the [[National Council of Churches in India]], [[Nagpur]] and the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, [[Bangalore]] in the presence of [[Paul David Devanandan]] with the theme, ''Christian participation in nation-building: the summing up of a corporate study on rapid social change''.<ref>Paul David Devanandan, ''Christian participation in nation-building: the summing up of a corporate study on rapid social change'', Jointly published by National Christian Council of India, Nagpur and the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1960, p.318. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OCURAQAAIAAJ]</ref>

In 1981, Masilamani addressed an inter-faith seminar conducted by the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust]] in [[Hyderabad]] and shared dais with a [[Hindu priest]] and a [[Mullah]].<ref>''Bhavan's Journal'', Volume 28, Issues 1–11, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1981, p. 172.[https://books.google.com/books?id=aOYDAAAAMAAJ]</ref>

===Lyricist===
The [[Wisconsin University]] Scholar, [[R. R. Sundara Rao]] included Masilamani's songs in his treatise ''Bhakti Theology in the Telugu Hymnal''.<ref name="RR">[[R. R. Sundara Rao]], ''Bhakti Theology in the Telugu Hymnal'', CISRS, Bangalore, 1993, pp.48, 56, 57. [https://books.google.com/books?id=h10qAAAAYAAJ]</ref> [[R. R. Sundara Rao]] who taught at the [[Protestant]] Seminary in [[Secunderabad]] writes that,

{{blockquote|Masilamani was greatly influenced by his Teacher [[Chetty Bhanumurthy]] who happened to tutor him both at the high school level as well as at the Seminary in Kakinada.}}

The name of Masilamani rings bells in the [[Catholic]]<ref name="Remella"/> and [[Protestant]] Churches where the hymns he had composed are sung melodiously to this day.<ref>Ch. Vasantha Rao, ''Sing to the Lord'' in T. I. James (Edited), ''Theopneustos: Given by Inspiration of God (Sermon Outlines 2013)'', CSI Synod Centre, Chennai, 2013. [http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/sermonoutlines/7_Sermon%20Outline%202013%20Full%20Year.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123912/http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/sermonoutlines/7_Sermon%20Outline%202013%20Full%20Year.pdf |date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

Masilamani is one of the proponents of Bhakti Theology<ref name="RR"/> in the line of the pioneers [[Chetty Bhanumurthy]],<ref name="RR"/> [[Puroshottam Choudhary]],<ref name="RR"/> Murari David<ref name="RR"/> and others. Incidentally, Masilamani was a pupil<ref name="RR"/><ref>Mary Stillwell Mclaurin in John Craig, Stillwell, Archibald, Baskerville (Edited), ''Telugu Trophies, The Jubilee story of some of the principal Telugu converts in the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission in India from 1874 to 1924'', The Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board, Toronto, p.67.[https://archive.org/stream/MN41713ucmf_9/MN41713ucmf_9_djvu.txt]</ref> of the lyricist [[Chetty Bhanumurthy]]<ref name="RR"/> at the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]] at [[Kakinada]] from where he is said to have imbibed the element of Bhakti<ref name="RR"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=John B. Carman|author2=Chilkuri Vasantha Rao|title=Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9bKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2014|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-7163-3|pages=68–71}}</ref> in his lyric compositions in the line of the [[Ramanujacharya]], the great Indian [[Vaishnava]] Saint on whose life many [[Christians|Christian]]<ref>[[Eric Lott]], ''God and the Universe in the Vedantic Theology of Ramanuja: a study in his use of the self-body analogy'', Ramanuja Research Society, Madras, 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-gkaAAAAMAAJ]</ref> parallels<ref>[[B. S. Devamani]], ''The Religion of Ramanuja: A Christian Appraisal'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4zAsAAAAIAAJ]</ref> can be found.

The Christian Hymnal in Telugu has the following nine<ref name="ACH"/> compositions by Masilamani,
.
* Original songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
** – అందాల తార – Andala Tara,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGae0qy3Bvg Andala Tara in Youtube]</ref>
** Hymn 96 – 'దేవుని నీతి ప్రతాపం – Devuni Neethi Pratapam',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 135 – 'రండి సువార్త సునాదముతొ – Randi Suvartha Sunaadamu',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 278 – 'జీవాహారము రమ్ము- Jeevaharamu Rammu',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 307 – 'హే ప్రభుయేసు – He Prabhu Yesu',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 349 – 'సంతొషింపరె ప్రియులార – Santoshimpare Priyulara',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 367 – 'దేవా! వెంబడించితి నీ నామమున్ – Deva vembadinchithi née naamamun',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 378 – 'కఱుణాపీఠము జేరరె – Karuna peetamu jerare',<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 661 – 'నడిపించు నా నావ – Nadipinchu Naa Naava',.<ref name="ACH"/> This is a well known song among Telugu Christians. [[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]], a popular Telugu Daily Newspaper in India, noted that it is highly unlikely you will find a Telugu Christian or a Telugu Christian Church who has never sung this song.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Newspaper|first1=Sakshi|title=''Nadipinchu Naa Naava''|url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/sweet-song-as-we-know-it-lead-my-ship-198062|website=Sakshi Newspaper|date=24 December 2014 |access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[English language|English]] Hymns translated into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
** Hymn 65 – The Love of God (original writer unknown),<ref name="ACH"/>
** Hymn 606 – Blest be the tie that binds ([[John Fawcett (theologian)|John Fawcett]]).<ref name="ACH"/>

==Scholarly appraisal on Masilamani==
* C. L. Johnson,<ref>The Rev. C. L. Johnson had his spiritual formation at the Leonard Theological College, [[Jabalpur]] and provides leadership at the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]].</ref> [[CBCNC]], Principal of the [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]],

{{blockquote|There are many hymns written by Masilamani but the evergreen hymn for [[Communion service]]
''Jeevaharamu'' is the most popular among all the [[Protestant]] Churches.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

* Dass Babu,<ref>The Rev. P. Dass Babu schooled at the Bishop's College, [[Kolkata]] and a prolific author including the recent one on [[Mother Teresa]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].</ref> [[Church of South India|CSI]], Former communications secretary of the [[Church of South India Synod]],

{{blockquote|Masilamani was a man of the masses, standing tall with a handsome personality and a majestic demeanour coupled with remarkable oratorial skills, he made his presence on stage compelling.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

* Sam Chaise,<ref>Sam Chaise was the former general secretary of the [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]].</ref> CBM, executive director, [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]],

{{blockquote|We at the [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]] always believed that the job of the missionaries is to disciple and train local leaders for the Church and to empower them to lead while the missionary takes a less public role. Masilamani was a significant example of the calibre of leadership that emerged in our work in India.}}

* Taranath S. Sagar,<ref>The Rev. Taranath S. Sagar undertook his postgraduate studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], [[Bangalore]].</ref> MCI, Bishop in Bangalore Episcopal Area of the [[Methodist Church in India]],

{{blockquote|Masilamani's ministry of teaching and preaching strengthened millions of people in India across all denominations. Even in [[Maramon Convention]], he was remembered and many people shared his ministry.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

* Thathapudi Mathews Emmanuel,<ref>The Rev. Thathapudi Mathews Emmanuel spent a decade undergoing scholastic studies in theology and was a former pupil of the Old Testament Scholar [[K. V. Mathew]].</ref> [[CBCNC]], [[Old Testament]] teacher and was Principal of the [[Protestant]] Regional Seminary in [[Secunderabad]],

{{blockquote|Masilamani taught sound biblical doctrine to the Churches both by preaching and writing songs. He presented the gospel in a very simple manner which can reach even the rural masses. The whole Telugu Church benefited by his contribution which is long lasting.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

* Talathoti Punnaiah,<ref>The Rev. Talathoti Punnaiah was an [[Aspirant]] who underwent a 1-year spirituality course at the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary under [[Louis F. Knoll]] to discern his avocation towards priesthood and continued to study further courses at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], both at [[Rajahmundry]] and at [[Secunderabad]]. Punnaiah was Pastoring the Madras Centenary Telugu Baptist Church, [[Vepery]], when A. B. Masilamani came visiting in 1982 and spent nearly eight days.</ref> [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]], [[Pastor]], Craig Emmanuel Baptist Church, [[Kakinada]],

{{blockquote|Masilamani spent eight days in 1982 at the revival meetings arranged at The Madras Centenary Telugu Baptist Church, [[Vepery]] and everyone appreciated the messages of Masilamani.<ref>Talathoti Punnaiah, ''My Memoir, Ministry and Message: (60 years Life Experiences 1950–2010)'', Self-published by the Author, Kakinada, 2010, p.42</ref>}}

==Honours and recognition==
For his contributions to worldwide Christian ministry many took note of Masilamani and was known by several nicknames, including 'Billy Graham of the East', 'Man of the Age', 'Spotless Gem' and 'King of Preachers'.<ref name="Arathi"/> The [[Indian Railways]] have referred to Masilamani as a renowned Evangelist.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Railways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EhUAAAAMAAJ|year=1986}}</ref>

===1974: Honorary doctorate degree===
In 1974, the [[McMaster University]], Canada awarded him with a [[Doctor of Divinity]] degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=McMaster University: Honorary Degree Recipients (Chronological)|url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf|access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>

===2006 & 2012: Critical research on the works of Masilamani===
* In 2006,<ref name="Andhra">Statement showing particulars of PhD degrees awarded for the year 2006 (Arts and Commerce), Andhra University, 2006 Arts.[http://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/phd/2006%20ARTS%20Ph.D..pdf]</ref> a doctorate degree was awarded by the State-run [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]] to one of its doctoral candidates, Anita Margaret then student at the Department of Telugu who undertook a research study on Masilamani's writings<ref name="Andhra"/> entitled ''A Critical Analysis of Dr. A. B. Masilamani's Writings'' under the supervision of [[Prof.]] G. Yohan Babu.<ref name="Andhra"/>
* In 2012, K. Ranjit Kumar, then Faculty Member at the [[Master's College of Theology]], [[Visakhapatnam]] wrote an article entitled ''Bhakti as one of the leading factor for transformation in the lyrics of Acharya A. B. Masilamani in the Telugu Christian Hymnal'' which appeared in the ''Master's College Theological Journal''.<ref name="KRK"/>

===2014: Special TV documentary===
In 2014, Aradhana TV, a Telugu Christian devotional TV channel, aired a one-hour special documentary on the life of Dr Masilamani as a tribute for his birth centenary celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aradhana TV|title=Special Documentary on Life of A B Masilamani Garu|url=http://www.aradanatv.com/vod.html|website=Aradhana TV|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>

===2021: Philatelic cover===
On 30 November 2021, [[Ministry of Communications (India)]], [[Department of Posts]] released a [[Philatelic cover]] through Office of [[Postmaster General]] [[Visakhapatnam]] region. This was released by Dr. M. Venkateswarlu, Postmaster General and N. Somasekhara Rao, Senior Superintendent of Post Offices, Visakhapatnam Division in the presence of Bishop M. A. Daniel, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]] and Dr. A. B. Joseph Kishore.

==Gallery==

{{S-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Chetty Bhanumurthy]],<ref name="RR"/> [[CBCNC]] 1952–1955| title=Principal [[Baptist Theological Seminary (India)|Baptist Theological Seminary]], [[Kakinada]]| after=[[Waldo Penner]], [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]] 1958–1964<ref name="Penner"/>| years=1955–1958<ref name="Penner">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian Church History Review|work=google.co.in|year=1979}}</ref>}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box| before=[[J. I. Richardson]], [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]<ref name="Richardson"/> 1958<ref name="Plow"/> | title=President, [[CBCNC]], [[Kakinada]]<ref name="Plow"/>| after=[[A. D. Matheson]], [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]<ref name="Matheson"/> 1960<ref name="Plow"/>| years=1959<ref name="Plow"/>}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box| before=[[E. Prakasam]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]] 1953–1963<ref>Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 147, 1963, American Bible Society, p.140. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MyPPAAAAMAAJ]</ref>| title=Auxiliary Secretary [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]], [[Secunderabad]] ''(relocated to [[Guntur]] in 2016)''<ref>The Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary has been relocated from [[Secunderabad]] to [[Guntur]] in February 2016. See ''BSI auxiliary office opened in Guntur'' in ''The Hindu'', Guntur, 3 February 2016. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bsi-auxiliary-office-opened-in-guntur/article8185760.ece]</ref>| after=[[B. G. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1969–1976| years=1963–1969}}
{{S-edu}}
{{Succession box| before=John Bright 1975<ref name="Hayward">{{cite web|publisher=Acadia Divinity College|title=''List of Visiting Professors''|url=http://www.acadiadiv.ca/s/ADC_Calendar_2014-15.pdf|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705120304/http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5225c9f7e4b041e1c9e362a3/t/53bd6d54e4b095b6a42a612a/1404923220642/ADC_Calendar_2014-15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | title=Hayward Lectures Visiting Professor [[Acadia Divinity College]], [[Canada]] 1976<ref name="Hayward"/>| after=David S. Russell 1977<ref name="Hayward"/>}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box| before=''Post created''| title=President, New Life Associates, [[Hyderabad]]
| after=A. B. Joseph Kishore 1990–| years=1970–1990<ref name="Arathi"/>}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{Protestant missions to India |state=expanded}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation
| author=Orville E. Daniel
| title=''Moving with the Times, The story of Baptist outreach from Canada into Asia, South America and Africa during one hundred years (1874–1974) since the Canadian Baptist Mission was founded in India''
|date=1973
}}
* {{cite book
| author=World Vision
| title=''World Vision''
|date=1973
| volume=17
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YaElAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Church History Association of India
| title=''Indian Church History Review''
|date=1979
| volume=13
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| author=R. R. Sundara Rao
| title=''Bhakti Theology in the Telugu Hymnal''
|date=1983
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h10qAAAAYAAJ
| author-link=R. R. Sundara Rao
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Ulrich M. Dehn
| title=''Indische Christen in der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung: eine theologische und religionssoziologische Untersuchung zu politischer Theologie im gegenwärtigen Indien''
|date=1985
| publisher=P. Lang
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NGrYAAAAMAAJ
| isbn=9783820484762
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Billie Hanks
| title=''Everyday Evangelism''
|date=1986
| url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0850090970
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Frederick Keith
| title=''The First Few Wars are the Worst: His Grace Has No Measure''
|date=1998
| publisher=Canadian Baptist Ministries
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bfHmAAAAMAAJ
| isbn=9781894031097
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Keith
| title=''Wars Are Never Enough: The Joao Matwawana Story''
|date=2005
| publisher=BayRidge Books
| isbn=9781897213049
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tFcxAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=K. Ranjit Kumar
| title=''Bhakti as one of the leading factor for transformation in the lyrics of Acharya A. B. Masilamani in the Telugu Christian Hymnal''
| journal = Master's College Theological Journal
|date=2012
| volume=2
| issue=1
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masilamani, A. B.}}
[[Category:Indian Baptists]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Telugu]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
[[Category:Founders of academic institutions]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Canadian Baptist Ministries]]
[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:Leonard Theological College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century biblical scholars]]

2025 Assam local elections

2026-03-28T23:29:18Z

Kausty: Made first details w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian election}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Assam Panchayat Election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2018 Assam Panchayat Election
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 2 and 7 May 2025
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = 397 ZPM and 2188 APM posts{{efn|''ZPM - Zilla Parishad Members {{pipe}} APM - Anchalik Panchayat Members''}}
| turnout = 74.71<ref>{{cite news |title=NDA sweeps Assam panchayat polls, Cong trails behind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/nda-sweeps-assam-panchayat-polls-cong-trails-behind/articleshow/121169701.cms |accessdate=17 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 May 2025 |language=en |author=Mukut Das}}</ref> ({{decrease}} 3.49 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]{{efn|name="equivalent"|''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]''}}
| image1 = Himanta Biswa Sarma in 2025.jpg
| leader1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| leader_since1 = 2021
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 =
| leader2 = [[Bhupen Kumar Borah|Bhupen Borah]]
| leader_since2 = 2021
| party3 = All India United Democratic Front
| image3 = M-badruddin-ajmal.JPG
| leader3 = [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| leader_since3 = 2005
| party4 = Raijor Dal
| image4 = Akhil Gogoi in Selenghat, Jorhat 2024.jpg
| leader4 = [[Akhil Gogoi]]
| leader_since4 = 2020
| party5 = All India Trinamool Congress
| image5 = Romen Chandra Borthakur.jpg
| leader5 = Romen Chandra Borthakur
| leader_since5 = 2024
| party6 = Assam Jatiya Parishad
| image6 =
| leader6 = Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| leader_since6 = 2020
| party7 = Aam Aadmi Party
| image7 =
| leader7 = Bhaben Choudhury
| leader_since7 = 2025
| 1blank = Last election (ZPM)
| 4blank = Last election (APM)
| 2blank = Seats won (ZPM)
| 5blank = Seats won (APM)
| 3blank = Seat change (ZPM)
| 6blank = Seat change (APM)
| 1data1 = 212
| 2data1 = '''301'''{{efn|name="ZG"|''BJP - 274 {{pipe}} AGP - 27''}}
| 3data1 = {{increase}} 89
| 4data1 = 1025
| 5data1 = '''1445'''{{efn|name="ZG1"|''BJP - 1261 {{pipe}} AGP - 184''}}
| 6data1 = {{increase}} 420
| 1data2 = 147
| 2data2 = '''72'''
| 3data2 = {{decrease}} 75
| 4data2 = 771
| 5data2 = '''481'''
| 6data2 = {{decrease}} 290
| 1data3 = 26
| 2data3 = '''8'''
| 3data3 = {{decrease}} 18
| 4data3 = 139
| 5data3 = '''64'''
| 6data3 = {{decrease}} 75
| 1data4 = ''Didn't exist''
| 2data4 = '''3'''
| 3data4 = ''New''
| 4data4 = ''Didn't exist''
| 5data4 = '''17'''
| 6data4 = ''New''
| 1data5 = ''Didn't contest''
| 2data5 = '''0'''
| 3data5 = —
| 4data5 = ''Didn't contest''
| 5data5 = '''4'''
| 6data5 = —
| 1data6 = ''Didn't exist''
| 2data6 = '''0'''
| 3data6 = ''New''
| 4data6 = ''Didn't exist''
| 5data6 = '''3'''
| 6data6 = ''New''
| 1data7 = ''Didn't contest''
| 2data7 = '''0'''
| 3data7 = —
| 4data7 = ''Didn't contest''
| 5data7 = '''1'''
| 6data7 = —
}}

The '''2025 Assam Panchayat Election''' were held in May 2025. Polling took place in two phases, on 2 and 7 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam panchayat elections to be held in 2 phases on May 2 and 7; votes to be counted on May 11 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-2-phases-on-may-2-and-7-votes-to-be-counted-on-may-11-101743612879760.html |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Biswa Kalyan Purkayastha |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The counting of votes started on 11 May and results were declared on 14 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP secures landslide victory in Assam panchayat polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/bjp-secures-landslide-victory-in-assam-panchayat-polls-3538672 |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=13 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> More than 18 million people were eligible to vote and the voter turnout was over 74 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP, ally lead in Assam panchayat election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/counting-results-assam-panchayat-polls-updates-may-11/article69563449.ece |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[National Democratic Alliance]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Asom Gana Parishad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Assam panchayat polls: BJP eyes easy win in absence of Oppn alliance|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/assam-panchayat-polls-bjp-eyes-easy-win-in-absence-of-oppn-alliance-3501994|accessdate=11 February 2026|work=Deccan Herald|date=20 April 2025|author=Sumir Karmakar}}</ref>, who also formed the state government, won absolute majorities in both ZPM and APM respectively. Both the parties together won 301 seats in Zilla Parishad (ZPM) and 1,445 seats in Anchalik Parishad (APM). Meanwhile, [[Indian National Congress]] suffered a crushing defeat and only manages to won 72 seats and 481 seats in ZPM and APM respectively. On the other hand, [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]] despite being the prime option in minority predominant areas, also suffered a major setback in these areas and only manages to won 8 seats and 64 seats in ZPM and APM respectively. While [[Akhil Gogoi]] lead [[Raijor Dal]] in their first ever Panchayat election, won 3 seats and 17 seats in ZPM and APM respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=How BJP clinched a massive victory in Assam's panchayat election |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-bjp-clinched-a-massive-victory-in-assams-panchayat-election-10004410/ |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=14 May 2025 |language=en |author=Juri Baruah}}</ref>

==Background==
Assam Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 made provisions for establishing a three-tier Panchayati Raj system in the State at the village, intermediate and district level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/pdf/act-rules/Assam-Panchayat-Act-1994.pdf |accessdate=18 May 2025 |work=[[Assam State Election Commission]]}}</ref>

The Assam Panchayat (Amendment) Act, 2023 made provisions for introduction of political symbols in ZPM and APM, while no party symbols for candidates contesting in Gaon Panchayat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam government proposes major reform in the Panchayati Raj System |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-government-proposes-major-reform-in-panchayati-raj-system/articleshow/103525642.cms |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 September 2023 |language=en |author=Bikash Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Assam Panchayat (Amendment) Act, 2023 |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/pdf/act-rules/The-Assam-Panchayat(Amendment)-Act-2023.pdf |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=Govt. of Assam |date=19 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Election was supposed to take place in 2023, but after a long delay of two years, it finally took place in May 2025. The delay was basically due to a High Court's verdict regarding delimitation exercise in [[Karimganj district|Sribhumi district]] and Assam Higher Secondary exams taking place in February/March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma Indicates February Panchayat Polls Possible If Court Judgement Received by Midnight |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/if-gauhati-high-court-judgement-received-panchayat-polls-february-011-4039271.html |author=Krishna Kripa |date=10 January 2025 |accessdate=18 May 2025 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

''' Total Number of Electors'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Gender
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Voters
|- style="height: 45px;"

| 1.
| Male
| 90,60,640
|- style="height: 45px;"
| 2.
| Female
| 89,53,865
|- style="height: 45px;"
| 3.
| Others
| 408
|- style="height: 45px;"
|
| Total electors
| 1,80,14,913<ref>{{cite news |title=Final Electoral Role |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in//uploads/press-release/SECAssam-Press-Release-2024-12-29-13-44-48.pdf |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=Assam State Election Commission |date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

'''Total Number of Elected Representatives in the State'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Panchayat
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Representatives
|- style="height: 45px;"

| 1.
| Zilla Parishad (ZPM)
| 397<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Final electoral rolls for Panchayat polls published, 1.8 cr eligible voters |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/assam-final-electoral-rolls-for-panchayat-polls-published-18-cr-eligible-voters-3335481 |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="height: 45px;"
| 2.
| Anchalik Panchayats (APM)
| 2,188
|- style="height: 45px;"
| 3.
| Gaon Panchayats
| 21,920
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

==Election schedule==
The Assam State Election Commission announced that the Polls would hold in two Phases. The polling for
the first phase was held on 2 May 2025, while that for the second phase took place on 7 May 2025. The final counting of votes to start from 11 May 2025 in the 27 districts across the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam to have two-phase panchayat polls in May |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assam-to-have-two-phase-panchayat-polls-in-may/article69404780.ece |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In first phase, polls were held in Cachar, Hailakandi, Sribhumi, Biswanath, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Charaideo, Sivasagar, Majuli, Jorhat, Golaghat, Dhemaji, Lakhimpur and Sonitpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam to hold two-phase panchayat elections on May 2 and 7 after delimitation |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-to-hold-two-phase-panchayat-elections-on-may-2-and-7-after-delimitation/articleshow/119912553.cms |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 April 2025 |language=en |author=Bikash Singh}}</ref>

In the second phase, the election were held in Dhubri, South Salmara Mankachar, Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Bajali, Nalbari, Kamrup, Kamrup (Metro), Hojai, Nagaon, Morigaon and Darrang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notification - regarding schedule of Panchayat Election, 2025 |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/uploads/notification/SECAssam-Notification-2025-04-02-18-46-06.pdf |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work=Assam State Election Commission |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances==

{{election table|sortable=yes}}
! colspan="5" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|
!rowspan=2 align=left|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|BJP
|[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|31x31px]]
|[[Dilip Saikia]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}};color:black"|
|'''[[Asom Gana Parishad]]'''
|AGP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|31x31px]]
|[[Atul Bora]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|INC
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|34x34px]]
|[[Bhupen Kumar Borah|Bhupen Borah]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|AIUDF
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lock And Key.svg|32x32px]]
|[[Badruddin Ajmal]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Raijor Dal}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Raijor Dal]]
|RD
|[[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|32x32px]]
|[[Akhil Gogoi]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]
|AITC
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|32x32px]]
|Romen Chandra Borthakur
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]
|AJP
|
|Lurinjyoti Gogoi
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|AAP
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|32x32px]]
|Bhaben Choudhury
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|CPI(M)
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|32x32px]]
|[[Suprakash Talukdar]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[United People's Party, Liberal]]
|UPPL
|[[File:UPPL Election Symbol.png|38x38px]]
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|BPF
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Nangol.svg|32x32px]]
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:black"|
! colspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|SP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|32x32px]]
|Brojen Kumar Handique
|}

== Campaign ==

[[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]] of Assam, [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] during his election campaign requested for a triple-engine govt. He also vowed to reduce lpg prices, slash electric bill, granting land rights to [[Tea-garden community|tea tribes]], etc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarma calls for triple-engine govt. during panchayat poll campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/sarma-calls-for-triple-engine-govt-during-panchayat-poll-campaign/articleshow/120493847.cms |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2025 |language=en |author=Mukut Das}}</ref> The president of [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[Atul Bora]], whose party is in coalition with the BJP, expressed complete confidence of a comfortable victory and also claimed that the opposition Congress has no existence in this election.<ref>{{cite news |title="Congress has no existence in Assam": Atul Bora confident of NDA victory in Panchayat polls |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/congress-has-no-existence-in-assam-atul-bora-confident-of-nda-victory-in-panchayat-polls-1198579-2025-04-14 |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work=[[India Today|India Today NE]] |date=14 April 2025 |language=en |author=Avantika}}</ref> The president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam|Assam unit of BJP]], [[Dilip Saikia]] claimed that current BJP govt launched various schemes in a corruption-free manner unlike previous Congress-led govt. being marked by various corruption and [[nepotism]]. Meanwhile [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Gaurav Gogoi]] vowed to give priority to Underpriviledged and marginalised sections of the society along with youth and women empowerment. Gogoi also alleged that the current govt. decision to open [[liquor]] shops in rural areas is creating an unhealthy environment in those areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dilip Saikia, Gaurav Gogoi lead rival rallies in Jorhat before May 2 polls |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/dilip-saikia-gaurav-gogoi-lead-rival-rallies-in-jorhat-before-may-2-polls-1575662 |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=29 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The president of the [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|Assam unit of Congress]], [[Bhupen Kumar Borah|Bhupen Borah]] alleged that their candidates were being threatened by the current [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA-govt.]] to withdraw from the polls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allegations about threats, money- power charge up atmosphere ahead of panchayat polls in Assam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/allegations-about-threats-money-power-charge-up-atmosphere-ahead-of-panchayat-polls-in-assam-3498938 |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 April 2025 |language=en |author=Sumir Karmakar}}</ref>

==Party wise results==

===Zilla Parishad===
The election results for 397 Zilla Parishad Members (ZPM) are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" | No.
! colspan="2" | Political Party
! scope="col" | Seats won
! scope="col" | Seat share (in %)
! scope="col" | Seat change
|-

| ! style="text-align:center; | '''1.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]{{efn|name="equivalent"}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchayat Election results (ZPM) |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/pdf/panchayat-election/result/ZPM/ZPM-Final.pdf |accessdate=16 May 2025 |work=Assam State Election Commission |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
| 301{{efn|name="ZG"}}
| 75.82
| {{increase}}89
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''2.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| 72
| 18.14
| {{decrease}}75
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''3.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 8
| 2.01
| {{decrease}}18
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''4.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Raijor Dal}}|
| [[Raijor Dal]]
| 3
| 0.76
| ''New''
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''5.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
| Independent
| 13
| 3.27
| —
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

=== Anchalik Panchayat ===
The election results for 2,188 Anchalik Panchayat Members (APM) are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" | No.
! colspan="2" | Political Party
! scope="col" | Seats won
! scope="col" | Seat share (in %)
! scope="col" | Seat change
|-

| ! style="text-align:center; | '''1.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]{{efn|name="equivalent"}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchayat Election results (APM) |url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/pdf/panchayat-election/result/APM/APM-Final.pdf |accessdate=16 May 2025 |work=Assam State Election Commission |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
| 1,445{{efn|name="ZG1"}}
| 66.04
| {{increase}}420
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''2.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| 481
| 21.98
| {{decrease}}290
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''3.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 64
| 2.92
| {{decrease}}75
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''4.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Raijor Dal}}|
| [[Raijor Dal]]
| 17
| 0.78
| ''New''
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''5.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}|
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| 4
| 0.18
| —
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''6.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}|
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]
| 3
| 0.14
| ''New''
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''7.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| 1
| 0.05
| —
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; | '''8.'''
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
| Independent
| 173
| 7.91
| —
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

== District wise results ==

=== Zilla Parishad (ZPM) ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width:600px; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"
! scope="col" |S.No.
! scope="col" |District
! scope="col" |Total
! scope="col" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! scope="col" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! scope="col" |[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
! scope="col" |[[Raijor Dal|RD]]
! scope="col" |IND
|-
!scope="row" |1
!scope="row" |[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| 27
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|14
| 13
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |2
!scope="row" |[[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| 25
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|16
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
!scope="row" |3
!scope="row" |[[Kamrup district|Kamrup Rural]]
| 24
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|19
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |4
!scope="row" |[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| 22
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|22
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |5
!scope="row" |[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| 22
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|22
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |6
!scope="row" |[[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| 20
| 5
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|10
| 3
| 1
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |7
!scope="row" |[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| 20
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |8
!scope="row" |[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| 20
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |9
!scope="row" |[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| 19
| 7
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|9
| 2
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |10
!scope="row" |[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| 19
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|17
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |11
!scope="row" |[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| 16
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|10
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |12
!scope="row" |[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| 16
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|16
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |13
!scope="row" |[[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]
| 16
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|11
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |14
!scope="row" |[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |15
!scope="row" |[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}|8
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 3
|-
!scope="row" |16
!scope="row" |[[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|7
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |17
!scope="row" |[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |18
!scope="row" |[[Hojai district|Hojai]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|7
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |19
!scope="row" |[[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|8
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |20
!scope="row" |[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|11
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |21
!scope="row" |[[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]
| 12
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |22
!scope="row" |[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| 8
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |23
!scope="row" |[[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| 8
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
!scope="row" |24
!scope="row" |[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| 6
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |25
!scope="row" |[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| 5
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |26
!scope="row" |[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| 4
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |27
!scope="row" |[[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara Mankachar]]
| 4
| 0
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|3
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="2" | Total
! scope="col" | 397
! scope="col" | 301
! scope="col" | 72
! scope="col" | 8
! scope="col" | 3
! scope="col" | 13
|}

=== Anchalik Panchayat (APM) ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width:600px; clear:right; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 1em;"
! scope="col" |S.No.
! scope="col" |District
! scope="col" |Total
! scope="col" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! scope="col" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! scope="col" |[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
! scope="col" |[[Raijor Dal|RD]]
! scope="col" |Others
! scope="col" |IND
|-
!scope="row" |1
!scope="row" |[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| 164
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|88
| 65
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 6
|-
!scope="row" |2
!scope="row" |[[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| 162
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|111
| 36
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 14
|-
!scope="row" |3
!scope="row" |[[Kamrup district|Kamrup Rural]]
| 139
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|90
| 29
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 18
|-
!scope="row" |4
!scope="row" |[[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| 128
| 26
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62
| 19
| 2
| 0
| 19
|-
!scope="row" |5
!scope="row" |[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| 108
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|98
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 4
|-
!scope="row" |6
!scope="row" |[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| 102
| 23
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46
| 21
| 2
| 1
| 9
|-
!scope="row" |7
!scope="row" |[[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]
| 95
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54
| 33
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 7
|-
!scope="row" |8
!scope="row" |[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| 93
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|87
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 4
|-
!scope="row" |9
!scope="row" |[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| 88
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|79
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
|-
!scope="row" |10
!scope="row" |[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| 86
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|83
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |11
!scope="row" |[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| 86
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|82
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |12
!scope="row" |[[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| 84
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50
| 24
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 7
|-
!scope="row" |13
!scope="row" |[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| 83
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|64
| 12
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 6
|-
!scope="row" |14
!scope="row" |[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| 81
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|33
| 19
| 8
| 3
| 0
| 18
|-
!scope="row" |15
!scope="row" |[[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]
| 81
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|77
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |16
!scope="row" |[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| 73
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|68
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
!scope="row" |17
!scope="row" |[[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| 73
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|33
| 30
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 8
|-
!scope="row" |18
!scope="row" |[[Hojai district|Hojai]]
| 68
| 28
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 4
|-
!scope="row" |19
!scope="row" |[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| 65
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}|35
| 14
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 9
|-
!scope="row" |20
!scope="row" |[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| 65
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
!scope="row" |21
!scope="row" |[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| 64
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|59
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |22
!scope="row" |[[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| 62
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|26
| 15
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 18
|-
!scope="row" |23
!scope="row" |[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| 36
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
!scope="row" |24
!scope="row" |[[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara Mankachar]]
| 35
| 8
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
!scope="row" |25
!scope="row" |[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| 27
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|21
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 4
|-
!scope="row" |26
!scope="row" |[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| 20
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|18
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
!scope="row" |27
!scope="row" |[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| 20
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|18
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="2" | Total
! scope="col" | 2,188
! scope="col" | 1,445
! scope="col" | 481
! scope="col" | 64
! scope="col" | 17
! scope="col" | 8
! scope="col" | 173
|}

==See also==
* [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sec.assam.gov.in/ Assam State Election Commission]
* [http://ceoassam.nic.in/ Chief Electoral Officer, Assam]

{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Assam]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]
[[Category:2025 elections in India|Assam]]
[[Category:Local elections in Assam]]

Kabilan (lyricist)

2026-03-28T16:26:55Z

Kausty: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian lyricist, poet and actor}}
{{about|the poet Kabilan|other lyricist with same name|Kabilan Vairamuthu}}
{{notability|Bio|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kabilan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], India
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Lyricist]], [[poet]]
| years_active = 2001-present
| known_for =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]] (2003) and [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
}}

'''Kabilan''' (born 16 May 1977) is an Indian lyricist, poet and actor who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]]. Born in the Indian coastal city of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], he started writing lyrics for films and television in the early 2000s and gradually moved to acting as well. He won the [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] for the song "Aaathangara Orathil" from ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' (2014), Composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. He had mostly collaborated with Composer [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] followed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. He had penned super hit songs for [[Ilayaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]]. Kabilan is known for his mass introduction songs, among which maximum hits are for [[Vijay (Actor)|Vijay]].

==Filmography==

===As a Lyricist===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Music composer !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2001 || ''[[Dhill]]'' || "Un Samayal Aaraiyil" || [[Vidyasagar (Composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-03 |title=நான் தமிழ்த் தண்டல்காரன்! - பாடலாசிரியர் கபிலன் நேர்காணல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/164122-.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || "Innoru Desiya Geetham", "Lala Nandalala" || [[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' || "Chenna Pattanam" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Thavasi]]'' || "Ethanai Ethanai" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
|rowspan="9"| 2002 || ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || "Sakalakala Vallavane" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || "Eeccha Eechambazham" || Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || 'Vaarthai Thavari Ponathanaley" || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' || "Udhadugal" || Bharani
|
|-
| ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' || "Aal Thotta Boopathy" || Mani Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || "Mele Toppula" || [[Ilayaraaja]]
|
|-
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || "Pillai Thamarai"|| [[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jaya (film)|Jaya]]'' || "Berla Berla" || Bharani
|
|-
| ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || "Vannathi Poochi"|| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
|rowspan="23"| 2003 || ''[[Dhool]]'' || "Aasai Aasai" || Vidyasagar
|-
| ''[[Student Number 1]]'' || "Engeyo Thondri", "Kadhal Thozhi"|| [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pavalakkodi (2003 film)|Pavalakkodi]]'' || "Kannaal Paarthathum" || [[Sirpi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' || "Kannamma Kannamma" || Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || "Aalaana Dhegam Engum", "Kattha Kattha", "Malligai Malligai" || Mani Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || "Rooba Noottil" || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
| ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || "Aalanguyil Koovum Rayyil" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' || "Kadhal Vettukili" & "Muppadhu Nimidam" || Songs by [[A. R. Rahman]] and Background score by [[Pravin Mani]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ice (2003 film)|Ice]]'' || "En Vanathin" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || "Kirukka Kadhal Kirukka" || [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || "Kannu Rendum" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' || "Kadhal Arimugama" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Eera Nilam]]'' || "Hey Sembaruthi" || [[Sirpi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || "Ale Ale" || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || "Kanna Un" || Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || "Alai Adikkuthu" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' || "Belpoori Naan" || [[S.A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || "Ovvoru Naalum", "Agap Porula", "Paavadai Panjavarnam" || Mani Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || "Vaadiyamma Jakkamma" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || "Yengaavathu" || [[Dhina]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || "Poove Mudhal Poove" || Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Joot]]'' || "Azhagiya Koonthal" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]'' || "Kudukuduppai" || Deva
|
|-
|rowspan="11"| 2004 ||''[[Gambeeram]]'' || "Naanaga Naan", "Oru Chinna Vennila" || Mani Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Ghilli]]'' || "Arjunar Villu" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Aethirree]]'' || "Thamizhnaatu Pennai" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Perazhagan]]'' || "Kadhalukku" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || "Oru Vanamai" || Dhina ||
|-
| ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' || "Un Uthattukku" || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Sullan]]'' || "Yaaro Nee" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Madhurey]]'' || "Machhan Peru Madhurey" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' || "Gaja Varanda" || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' || "Yaaru Yaaru Ivano" || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]'' || "Aha Tamizhamma" & "Azhakiya Cindrella" || A.R. Rahman
|-
|rowspan="16"| 2005 || ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' || "Vamba Velaikku" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Sukran]]'' || "Vaanamthan" || Songs by [[Vijay Antony]] and Score by [[Pravin Mani]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ulla Kadathal]]'' || "Pattaam Pattaam Poochigal" || Bharadwaj ||
|-
| ''[[Maayavi]]'' || "Tamizh Naatil" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || "Annanoda Paattu" || Vidyasagar
|
|-
| ''[[Sachein]]'' || "Gundu Manga Thoppukulle" || Devi Sri Prasad
|
|-
| ''[[Jithan]]'' || "Kadhaliye", "Ah Mudhal Akku Thaanada" || Srikanth Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' || "Kannum Kannum" || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || "Aanvaasamum Pennvaasamum" || Bharani
|-
| ''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' || "Anantha Avasthai" || Bharadwaj ||
|-
| ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' || "Yaari Singari" || Harris Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' || "Romba Azhagu", "Tharuviya Tharamatiya" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || "X Machi" || Harris Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu]]'' || "Anjukkum Pathukkum" || Dhina ||
|-
| ''[[Majaa]]'' || "Solli Tharava" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || All Songs || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
|rowspan="10"| 2006 || ''[[Saravana]]'' || "Kadhal Sutthudhe" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' || "Idam Poral Parthu", "Pattam Poochi" || [[Sundar C Babu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' || "Yelo Yelo Kadhal" || Dhina ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' || "Unn Paarvaiyil" || Devi Sri Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]'' || "Kannanai" || Dhina ||
|-
| ''[[Em Magan]]'' || "Varaaru Vaararu" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Jambhavan]]'' || "Pen Alaiye", "Velan Vetrivelan" || Bharadwaj ||
|-
| ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'' || "Antha Vannam Pola" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' || "Iyakkunare" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''Boys and Girls'' || All Songs
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2007 || ''[[Aalwar]]'' || "Anbulla Kadhali" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || "Aadungada Yennai Suththi" || Mani Sharma ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' || "Thoduven Thoduven" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]'' || "Osama Osama" || Mani Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]'' || "Pondicherry" || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' || "Nee Thaanadi" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithaley]]'' || "Ilaiyaraaja A. R. Rahman" || Vijay Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || All Songs || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]'' || "Pesa Paraasa", "Sollamaley" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' || "Paduchu Pathen" || Dhina while three other songs composed by [[G.V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10"|2008 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || "Medhuva Medhuva" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Anjathe]]'' || "Kaththazha Kannalaa", "Kannadasan Karaikudi" || Sundar C Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Thotta]]'' || "Saami Aduda" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || "Kanchi Paanai", "Thaiyare Thaiya" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Arasangam]]'' || "Jil Jill", "Pookal Ethanai", "Ko Kuruvi" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || "Aavaram Poovukkum" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || "Dandaana Darna" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'' || "Paal Pappali" || Harris Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' || "Adhai Koodava" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' || "Mazhai Nindra" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| rowspan="12"|2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || "Hey Rama Rama", "Vaada Maappilley" || Devi Sri Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]'' || All Songs || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' || "Kadhal Kannadiyil", "Kadhal Kolagalam" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Thoranai]]'' || "Pattucha" || Mani Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Naadodigal]]'' || "Aadungada" || Sundar C Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Aarumaname]]'' || "Chithiram Pesuthadi", "Yaaro Yaaro" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Kannukulle]]'' || "Patchai Meni" || Ilayaraaja ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]'' || All songs || Bharani ||
|-
| ''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' || All songs except "Theeka Theeka" || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhavan]]'' || "Vaarayo Vaarayo" || Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' || "Naan Adicha", "Karigalan Kala", "Puli Urumudhu" || Vijay Antony
|
|-
| ''[[Kandhakottai]]'' || "Unnai Kadhali Yendru" || Dhina ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010 || ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || "Naan Nadanthal Athiradi", "Vanga Kadal Ellai", "Thamizhan Veera Thamizhan" || Mani Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' || "Aandava Andava", "Kathara Kathara", "Aataiyai Podu", "Subaiya Subaiya" || Dhina ||
|-
| ''[[Veluthu Kattu]]'' || "Singampatti" || Bharani ||
|-
| ''[[Nandalala]]'' || "Oru Vandu Koottame" || Ilayaraaja ||
|-
| rowspan="9"|2011 || ''[[Kaavalan]]'' || "Pattamboochi" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
| ''[[Ayyan (film)|Ayyan]]'' || "Manasoram" || Ilayaraaja ||
|-
| ''[[Avargalum Ivargalum]]'' || "Idhu Oru Kadhal" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || "Gala Gala" || Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' || "Pappara Pappara" || D. Imman
|
|-
| ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || "Kadhalikka" || Vijay Antony
|
|-
| ''[[Raa Raa (2011 film)|Raa Raa]]'' || "Aambalaina Dhillu" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' || "Yamma Yamma" || Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Poraali]]'' || "Vedi Podu" || Sundar C Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|2012 || ''[[Vilayada Vaa]]'' || "Lali Lali Kadhali", "Vanthenda Vettriku Veeranai" || Srimurali
|
|-
| ''[[Kondaan Koduthaan]]'' || "Thillana Pattukari", "Pavadai Pattampuchiye", & "Paatha Pakkure" || Deva
|
|-
| ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]'' || "Kokkalanga Kuruvi" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' || "Kanna Nee", "Karuppayee" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' || "Salakku Salakku" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Attakathi]]'' || "Aasai Oru Pulveli", "Aadi Pona Aavani" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || "Mogathirai" || Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013 || ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' || "Vellai Mayil" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' || "Ammadi Athadi" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' || "Innum Konjam Naeram" || A.R. Rahman || Co written by [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || "Othayilae" || Harris Jayaraj
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Kadhali]]'' || "En Uyire", "Yaaro Yaaro", "Yetho Yetho" || Deva and Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2014 || ''[[Thegidi]]'' || "Yaar Ezhuthiyatho", "Vinmeen Vithaiyil", "Kangalai Oru", "Neethaane" || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || "Kadhal Nergayil", "Rajadhi Raja" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' || "Kadhal Assai" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || "Aagayam Theepidicha", "Chennai Vada Chennai" || Santhosh Narayanan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title=மீண்டும் வருகிறார் கபிலன்! | Lyricist Kabilan Returns |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/19713/cinema/Kollywood/Lyricist-Kabilan-Returns.htm}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' || "Aathangara Orathil", "Nenje Nenje" || Harris Jayaraj || Won [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] for Aathangara Orathil
|-
| ''Nadodi Vamsam'' || "Dora Dora", "Kuthavarava", "Poove Unthan"
|
|
|-
| ''Vaarayo Vennilave'' || "Ambani Ponnu", "En Kadhal"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || "Mersalaayiten", "Ennodu Nee Irundhaal" || A.R.Rahman ||<ref>{{cite web |author=Surendhar MK |date=June 24, 2014 |title=Three songs penned by Kablian in 'Ai' |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/kabilan-songs-ai-shankar-vikram/ |website=onlykollywood.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || "Yennachu Yedhachu" || [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' || "Athana Azhagayum", "Thaedi Odunaen" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016 || ''[[Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga]]'' || "En Oruthiye" || [[C. Sathya]] ||
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || "Pudikkum" || [[S. Thaman]] ||
|-
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || "Chella Kutti", "Raangu" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-29 |title=What's the title of Illayathalapathy Vijay's next song in Vijay 59? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/whats-the-title-of-illayathalapathy-vijays-next-song-in-vijay-59-618146/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kabali]]'' || "Ulagam Oruvanukka", "Vaanam Paarthen" || Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || "Kannodu Kannodu" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Bongu (film)|Bongu]]'' || "Ambu Villada", "Vella Kuthira" || Srikanth Deva ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || "Vaanam Thoorammalae" || S. Thaman ||
|-
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala: Karikaalan]]'' || "Katravai Patravai" || Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Ranguski]]'' || "Pattukutty Neethan" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019
|''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' || "Engade Nee Pone" || Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
|''Mariyappan'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' || "Thandalkaaran" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Kaappaan]]'' || "Kurilae Kurilae" || Harris Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Zhagaram]]'' || "Idhuvarai Naan" || [[Dharan Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' || "Veerane Vana" || [[Arrol Corelli]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]] '' || "Unna Nenachu", "Neenga Mudiyuma" || Ilayaraaja ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psycho Single Unna Nenachu From Monday! |url=https://nettv4u.com/latest-tamil-celebrity-news/psycho-single-unna-nenachu-from-monday |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]''
|"Kathodu kathanen" || G.V. Prakash Kumar ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Jail first song teaser out: Dhanush and Aditi Rao's single Kaathodu Kaathanen to release on June 15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jail-first-song-teaser-out-dhanush-and-aditi-rao-s-single-kaathodu-kaathanen-to-release-on-june-15-1688565-2020-06-13 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]] '' || "Vambula Thumbula" || Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
|''[[Atrangi Re|Gallata Kalayanam]] '' || ‘’Ithudan En Kadhai’’ and ‘’Kadhal Solla’’ || A.R. Rahman
|-
|''Pisasu 2''
|"Uchanthala Regayile" || Karthik Raja ||
|-
|2022
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2022 film)|Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''|| "Ratchasa Maamaney" || A.R. Rahman ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponniyin Selvan: Part 1 {{!}} Tamil Song - Ratchasa Maamaney He the legend Lonnie knnji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-part-1-tamil-song-ratchasa-maamaney/videoshow/95012616.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2023
|''[[Bommai Nayagi]]'' || "Adiye Raasaathi", "Vaanam Thaiyaga" || Sundaramurthy K S ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2023-01-05 |title=Bommai Nayagi first single update is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/05/bommai-nayagi-first-single-update-is-out-38440.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' || "Scene Ah Scene Ah" || Bharath Sankar ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-17 |title='Maaveeran' first single 'Scene Ah Scene': Song crooned by Anirudh Ravichander is a treat to fans on Sivakarthikeyan's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/maaveeran-first-single-scene-ah-scene-song-crooned-by-anirudh-ravichander-is-a-treat-to-fans-on-sivakarthikeyans-birthday/articleshow/98005041.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || "Ae Pulla" || A.R. Rahman ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-01-15 |title='Ae Pulla' song from Lal Salaam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/15/ae-pulla-song-from-lal-salaam-out-51225.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
|''[[Star (2024 film)|Star]]'' || "Vintage Love" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-04 |title=Vintage Love song from Kavin's Star is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/Apr/04/vintage-love-song-from-kavins-star-is-here |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Gajaana''
|"Kagidha Megam"
|Vikram Varman
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-16 |title='Kagidha Megam' from Vedhika's Gajaana out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/16/kagidha-megam-from-vedhikas-gajaana-out |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===As an actor===
*''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008) – Assistant to Vincent Poovaragavan.

===Television===
* 2003 ''Sorgam''
* 2004 ''Kanavarukkaga''
* 2005 ''Nimmathi''
* 2006 ''Kasthuri''
* 2007 ''Akka Thangai''
* 2007 ''Manjal Magimai''
* 2009 ''Mahalakshmi''

==Awards==

* [[Kalaimamani]] award by the '''state of [[Tamilnadu]]''' in '''2007'''.
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]] (2003) - For the Film [[Parthiban Kanavu]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist]] for the song '''"Aathangara Orathil"''' from the Film '''[[Yaan]]'''.
* [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]'''Lyricist of the Year 2015''' for the song '''"Ennodu Nee Irunthaal'''' from the Film '''[[I (2015 film)]]'''.
* [[Behindwoods Gold Medal]]s for the song '''Vinmeen Vithaiyil''' from the Film [[Thegidi]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1942134}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabilan}}
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Puducherry]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Hester Biosciences

2026-03-27T17:16:32Z

Kausty: adding some details needs work!

{{Short description|Indian Pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hester Biosciences Limited
| logo = Hester Logo.jpg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|HESTERBIO}}|{{BSE|524669}} }}
| industry = [[Veterinary medicine|Animal healthcare]]
| fate =
| founded = 1983
| founder = Rajiv Gandhi
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = Ahmedabad
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products = Poultry & Large Animal Vaccines
| num_employees = 300
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = [http://www.hester.in/ www.hester.in]
}}

'''Hester Biosciences Limited''' (HBL) is a publicly traded Indian [[Animal vaccination|animal and poultry vaccines]] manufacturing company, headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hester-biosciences-q2-net-up-48/article9951376.ece|title=Hester Biosciences Q2 net up 48%|date=9 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> Hester has plants situated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Nepal]]. Hester has a 30% share of the poultry [[vaccine]]s market in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hester Company Profile|url=http://www.hester.in/company-profile/|website=Hester.in|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118042655/http://www.hester.in/company-profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref> making it the country's second largest poultry vaccine manufacturer. Hester is also the first commercial manufacturer of [[Orf (disease)|goat pox]] vaccine in India and manufactures [[PPR virus|PPR]] vaccines from both, Nigerian and Sungri strains.

== Finances ==
Hester equity shares are listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) as HESTERBIO and on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] (Security Code: 524669).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=HESTERBIO|title=NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.|website=nseindia.com}}</ref> They are also the owners of subsidiaries including Hester Biosciences Africa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/hester-biosciences-gets-board-nod-to-set-up-3-million-animal-vaccine-plant-in-africa-2300427.html|title=Hester Biosciences gets board nod to set up $3 million animal vaccine plant in Africa|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> and have acquired other company's like Gujarat Agrofarm (which they purchased in 2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/ahmedabad-based-hester-biosciences-acquires-gujarat-agrofarm/|title=Ahmedabad-based Hester Biosciences acquires Gujarat Agrofarm|date=21 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref> As on 31 March 2019, market capitalisation of the company stood at Rs. 13.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/pharmaceuticals/hesterbiosciences/HB01|title=Hester Biosciences Share Price Live, Hester Biosciences Stock Price Today|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> The CEO and founder of the company is Rajiv Gandhi.<ref name=Pilla>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hester-biosciences-plans-to-raise-fresh-funds-for-its-proposed-african-animal-vaccine-plant-2467463.html|title=Hester Biosciences plans to raise fresh funds for its proposed African animal vaccine plant|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
For the Q1FY20 ended June 2019, Hester Biosciences registers 11% sales growth in Q1FY20; Nepal unit registers 64% revenue growth, construction of Africa unit underway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2019/07/31/gujarat-headquartered-hester-biosciences-registers-11-sales-growth-in-q1fy20-nepal-unit-registers-64-revenue-growth-construction-of-africa-unit-underway|title=Hester Biosciences registers 11% sales growth in Q1FY20|date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Hester creates products including vaccines, drugs, feed supplements and disinfectants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/HEST.BO|title=${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile - Reuters.com|first=Reuters|last=Editorial|website=U.S.}}</ref> They have a line of 45 poultry vaccines (live and inactivated), 4 large animal vaccines (live and inactivated), health products and diagnostics.<ref name=Bhatnagar>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/how-hester-biosciences-became-second-largest-poultry-vaccine-manufacture-ceo-and-md-rajiv-gandhi-explains/742073/|title=How Hester Biosciences became second largest poultry vaccine manufacture: CEO and MD Rajiv Gandhi explains|date=30 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref> Hester also provides seromonitoring for poultry farms and mastitis prevention programmers for cattle farms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=HESTERBIOOL:NSI|title=Hester Biosciences Ltd, HESTERBIOOL:NSI profile - FT.com|website=markets.ft.com}}</ref> The company owns and operates Asia's largest single-location animal biological manufacturing facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/rajiv-gandhi-ceo-md-hester-biosciences-ltd-115041300221_1.html|title=Rajiv Gandhi, CEO & MD, Hester Biosciences Ltd|last=indiainfoline.com|publisher=}}</ref> Hester Biosciences also has an R&D unit at Kadi,<ref name=Bhatnagar /> and develops new animal vaccines,<ref name=Pilla /> an example of which is the Goat Pox vaccine Live-Uttarkashi strain used in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/hester-biosciences-surges-10-on-launching-ppr-and-goat-pox-vaccine-115031900166_1.html|title=Hester Biosciences surges 10% on launching PPR and goat pox vaccine|first=S. I.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=19 March 2015|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> They have also partnered with Galvmed on vaccines for Newcastle disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2017/12/09/gujarat-based-hester-finds-mention-in-bill-gates-speech/|title=Gujarat based Hester finds mention in Bill Gates speech|date=9 December 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

The company is planning to increase its exports to the African region following good market potential and the need for animal vaccines in that region. Hester expects export revenues from Africa to increase to about 70 percent in the coming years from 40 to 45 percent currently. In the first nine months of the current fiscal, Hester's overall exports stood at Rs 12 crore, with Africa's share at 40-45 percent. Hester targets African market for poultry, animal healthcare products<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hester-targets-african-market-for-poultry-animal-healthcare-products/article26128149.ece|title=Hester targets African market for poultry, animal healthcare products|date=30 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2010 Hester Biosciences received "The Best Animal Vaccine Company" honor from ''The New Economy'' in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=India biosciences ready to fly|url=http://www.theneweconomy.com/technology/indias-biosciences-ready-to-fly|website=The New Economy, UK}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Brucellosis vaccine|Brucellosis Vaccine]]
* [[Orf (disease)|Goat Pox Vaccine]]
* [[Poultry disease]]
* [[FAO]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biotechnology in India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Shivdas Karn

2026-03-25T15:31:22Z

Kausty: starting new post needs work...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Shivdas Karn
|title = [[Raja]]
|image =
|caption =
|succession =
|reign = 14th century
|predecessor = Go Karn
|successor =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|Coronation =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse =
|issue =
|dynasty = [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]]
|father =
|mother =
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regent =
|reg-type =
}}
'''Shivdas Karn''' was [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king in 14th century. He succeeded Go Karn.

He established Vishnu idol in the Hapamuni temple in [[Gumla district]] in Vikram Samvat 1458 (1401 CE) according to an inscription in Sanskrit. The temple was earlier constructed by Gajghat Rai in Vikram samvat 965 (908 CE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gumla.nic.in/tourist-place/hapamuni/|title=Hapamuni|website=gumla.nic.in|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> The inscription mention the name of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rastrakuta]] Brahmin Shianath Dev.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYXy1XXNCKoC&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&pg=PA33|title=Jharkhand Encyclopedia Hulgulanon Ki Partidhwaniyan-1|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002}}</ref>

During the 16th century, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya]] visited the temple when he was returning from his journey from Puri to Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radha.name/news/india/the-supreme-personality-of-godhead-at-hapamuni|title=The Supreme Personality of Godhead at Hapamuni|website=Radha.name|date=2 September 2019|access-date=}}</ref> During [[Kol uprising|kol rebellion]] (1931–1933), the rebels destroyed the original temples. They killed the wife and children of the caretaker of the temple, Barju Ram. He has described the incident in his Nagpuri poem.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsncr.com/national/1100-years-old-maa-mahamaya-temple-is-located-in-gumla-district-know-what-is-the-story-behind-its-establishment/|title=1100 years old Maa Mahamaya Temple is located in Gumla district, know what is the story behind its establishment|website=newsncr|date=8 October 2021|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karn, Shivdas}}
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

Identity politics

2026-03-21T14:42:13Z

Kausty: update structure per standard format based on references

{{Short description|Politics based on one's identity}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Redirect|Sexual politics|the book|Sexual Politics{{!}}''Sexual Politics''}}
{{Redirect|Identity Politics|the 1989 book|Identity Politics (book){{!}}''Identity Politics'' (book)}}

'''Identity politics''' is politics based on a particular identity, such as [[ethnicity]], [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[nationality]], [[religion]], [[Religious denomination|denomination]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], [[Socioeconomic status|social background]], [[political affiliation]], [[caste]], [[Ageing|age]], [[education]], [[disability]], [[opinion]], [[intelligence]], and [[social class]]. The term encompasses various often-[[populist]] political phenomena and rhetoric, such as governmental migration policies that regulate mobility and opportunity based on identities, left-wing agendas involving [[intersectional politics]] or [[class reductionism]], and right-wing nationalist agendas of exclusion of national or ethnic "others".

The term ''identity politics'' dates to the late twentieth century, although it had precursors in the writings of individuals such as [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] and [[Frantz Fanon]].<ref name="Heyes">{{cite web |last1=Heyes |first1=Cressida |title=Identity Politics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/Entries/identity-politics/ |language=en |date=16 July 2002}}</ref> Many contemporary advocates of identity politics take an [[Intersectionality theory|intersectional perspective]], which they argue accounts for a range of interacting systems of oppression that may affect a person's life and originate from their various identities. To these advocates, identity politics helps center the experiences of those they view as facing systemic oppression so that society can better understand the interplay of different forms of demographic-based oppression and ensure that no one group is disproportionately affected by political actions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Systemic Oppression and Trauma |url=https://drexel.edu/hunger-free-center/research/briefs-and-reports/systemic-oppression-and-trauma/ |website=Center for Hunger Free Communities |publisher=Drexel University |access-date=12 August 2024 |location=Philadelphia, PA 19104 |date=June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Garza|first=Alicia|title=Identity Politics: Friend of Foe?|url=https://belonging.berkeley.edu/identity-politics-friend-or-foe|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Barbara|title=It's Really Up To Us: Barbara Smith on Combahee, Coalitions and Dismantling White Supremacy|url=https://millennialsarekillingcapitalism.libsyn.com/its-really-up-to-us-barbara-smith-on-combahee-coalitions-and-dismantling-white-supremacy|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2019/01/01/a-black-feminist-statement/|title=A Black Feminist Statement|date=January 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Contemporary identity [[Label (sociology)|labels]]—such as people of specific race, ethnicity, sex, [[gender identity]], [[sexual orientation]], age—are not mutually exclusive but are, in many cases, compounded into one when describing hyper-specific groups. An example is that of [[African-American]] [[homosexual]] [[women]], who can constitute a particular hyper-specific identity class.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295030903015062|doi=10.1080/15295030903015062|title="Queer Nation is Dead/Long Live Queer Nation": The Politics and Poetics of Social Movement and Media Representation|year=2009|last1=Gray|first1=Mary L.|journal=Critical Studies in Media Communication|volume=26|issue=3|pages=212–236|s2cid=143122754|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Criticism of identity politics often comes from either the [[Centre-right politics|center-right]] or the [[Far-left politics|far-left]] on the political spectrum. Many [[Socialism|socialists]], [[post-left anarchism|anarchists]] and [[Marxism|Marxists]] have criticized identity politics for its divisive nature, claiming that it forms identities that can undermine their goals of [[proletariat]] unity and [[Class conflict|class struggle]].<ref name="KišičekŽagar2013">{{Cite book |title=What Do We Know About the World?: Rhetorical and Argumentative Perspectives |last=Runjić-Stoilova |first=Anita |publisher=[[University of Windsor]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-920233-70-2 |location=Ontario |pages=471 |url=https://doi.org/10.22329/wsia.01.2013 |last2=Galić |first2=Josip |editor-last=Kišiček |editor-first=Gabrijela |series=Windsor Studies in Argumentation |chapter=The Representation and Reception of Paraphrase in Newspaper Headlines |doi=10.22329/wsia.01.2013 |s2cid=153740492 |quote=One of the most famous rallying cries of communism ''Workers of the world, unite!'' |access-date=2025-12-26 |editor-last2=Žagar |editor-first2=Igor Ž. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Niezen2008">{{cite book|author=Ronald Niezen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W6xPPdYLcC&pg=PA129|title=A World Beyond Difference: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3710-2}}</ref><ref name="Parenti">{{citation|last=Parenti|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Parenti|title=Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism|year=1997|publisher=[[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0872863293|page=[https://archive.org/details/michael-parenti-blackshirts-and-reds/page/151 151]|url=https://archive.org/details/michael-parenti-blackshirts-and-reds|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=2025-12-26|quote= Identity groups tend to emphasize their distinctiveness and their separateness from each other, thus fractionalizing the protest movement.}}</ref> On the other hand, many conservative [[think tank]]s and [[news media|media]] outlets have criticized identity politics for other reasons, such as that it is inherently [[Collectivism|collectivist]] and prejudicial. Center-right critics of identity politics have seen it as [[Political particularism|particularist]], in contrast to the [[universalism]] espoused by many [[Liberalism|liberal]] politics, or argue that it detracts attention from non-identity based structures of oppression and exploitation.

A leftist critique of identity politics, such as that of [[Nancy Fraser]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser|first=Nancy|title=From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Post-Socialist' Age|chapter=From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a "Postsocialist" Age |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/8569335|date=2014 |pages=21–50 |doi=10.4324/9781315822174-8 |isbn=978-1-315-82217-4 }}</ref> argues that political mobilization based on identitarian affirmation leads to surface redistribution—that is, a redistribution within existing structures and relations of [[means of production|production]] that does not challenge the status quo. Instead, Fraser argued, identitarian deconstruction, rather than affirmation, is more conducive to leftist goals of economic redistribution. Marxist academics such as Kurzwelly, Pérez, and Spiegel, writing for ''[[Dialectical Anthropology]]'', argue that because the term ''identity politics'' is defined differently based on a given author's or activist's ideological position, it is analytically imprecise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kurzwelly |first1=Jonatan |last2=Pérez |first2=Moira |last3=Spiegel |first3=Andrew D. |date=2023 |title=Identity politics and social justice |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages= 5–18|doi=10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9 |s2cid=256894138 |issn=0304-4092|doi-access=free }}</ref> The same authors argue in another article that identity politics often leads to reproduction and [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]] of [[Essentialism|essentialist]] notions of identity, which they view as inherently erroneous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kurzwelly|first1=Jonatan|last2=Rapport|first2=Nigel|last3=Spiegel|first3=Andrew|date=2020|title=Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343029871|journal=[[Anthropology Southern Africa]]|volume=43|issue=2 |pages=65–81|doi=10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141 |hdl=10023/24669 |s2cid=221063562 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' traces the phrase "identity politics" to 1973.<ref>
{{oed | identity politics}}, quoted from [[Todd Gitlin]] writing in ''1984 Revisited: Prospects for American Politics'', edited by Robert Paul Wolff (Knopf, 1973), page 27.
</ref>

[[Mark Mazower]] writes of the late 20th century: "In general, political activism increasingly revolved ... around issues of [[Identity (social science)|'identity.']] At some point in the 1970s this term was borrowed from [[social psychology]] and applied with abandon to societies, nations and groups."<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Mazower
|first1 = Mark
|author-link1 = Mark Mazower
|year = 1998
|title = Dark Continent: Europe's twentieth century
|publication-place = New York
|chapter = The Social Contract in Crisis
|publisher = Vintage Books
|isbn = 978-0-307-55550-2
}}
</ref>

During the late 1970s, increasing numbers of women—namely Jewish women, women of color, and lesbians—criticized the assumption of a common "woman's experience" irrespective of unique differences in race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and culture.<ref name="Ackelsberg 1996 87–100">{{Cite journal|last= Ackelsberg|first= Martha A.|date= 1996|title= Identity Politics, Political Identities: Thoughts toward a Multicultural Politics|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346926 |journal= Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume= 16|issue= 1|pages= 87–100|doi= 10.2307/3346926|jstor= 3346926 |issn= 0160-9009|url-access= subscription}}</ref> The term ''identity politics'' was (re-)coined by the [[Combahee River Collective]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher= [[Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press]]|year= 1983|isbn= 0-913175-02-1|editor-last= Smith|editor-first= Barbara|location= New York, NY|pages= xxxi-xxxii}}</ref> The collective group of women saw identity politics as an analysis that introduced opportunity for Black women to be actively involved in politics, while simultaneously acting as a tool to authenticate Black women's personal experiences.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Keeanga-Yamahtta |year= 2017|isbn= 978-1-60846-855-3|publisher=[[Haymarket Books]]|location= Chicago|oclc= 975027867|title-link=How We Get Free|editor-link=Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor}}</ref> In the ensuing decades, the term has been employed in myriad cases with different connotations dependent on context.<ref name="Wiarda-2016" /><ref name="Heyes" /> It subsequently gained currency with the emergence of [[social activism]],{{Clarify|reason=Social activism has long preceded the 80's, what does "emergence" mean exactly?|date= July 2020}} manifesting in various dialogues within the [[feminist movement|feminist]], American [[civil rights movement|civil-rights]], and [[LGBT]] movements, as well as within multiple [[nationalist]] and [[postcolonial]] organizations.<ref name=OB/><ref>{{Cite web|last= Gray|first= John|title= Divided we stand: identity politics and the threat to democracy|url= https://www.newstatesman.com/john-gray-identity-politics-contemporary-francis-fukuyama-lies-bind-kwame-anthony-appiah-review |access-date= 2020-06-11|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=26 September 2018|language= en}}</ref>

In academic usage, the term ''identity politics'' refers to a wide range of political activities and theoretical analyses rooted in experiences of injustice shared by different, often excluded social groups. In this context, identity politics aims to reclaim greater [[self-determination]] and political freedom for marginalized peoples through understanding particular [[paradigm]]s and lifestyle factors, and challenging externally-imposed characterizations and limitations, instead of organizing solely around ''[[status quo]]'' belief-systems or traditional party-affiliations.<ref name="Heyes" /> ''Identity'' is used "as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining [[Power (social and political)|power]] and recognition."<ref name="OB">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies |author= Vasiliki Neofotistos|title= Identity Politics|url= http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2013|access-date= 18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214156/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>

== History ==
The term ''identity politics'' may have been used in political discourse since at least the 1970s.<ref name="Wiarda-2016">{{cite book |last=Wiarda |first=Howard J. |title=Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-317-07885-2 |oclc=982044314 |orig-date=1st pub. [[Ashgate Publishing]]:2014 |access-date=21 February 2018 |quote=There are disputes regarding the origins of the term 'identity politics' .... Almost all authors, even while disagreeing over who was the first to use the term, agree that its original usage goes back to the 1970s and even the 1960s. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819161909/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first known written appearance of the term is found in the April 1977 statement of the [[Black feminist]] [[Socialism|socialist]] group, [[Combahee River Collective]], which was originally printed in 1979's ''Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism'',<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4SqXDwAAQBAJ Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism]'', ed. Zillah R. Eisenstein (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979)</ref> later in ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology,'' edited by [[Barbara Smith]], a founding member of the Collective,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher=[[Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press]]|year=1983|isbn=0-913175-02-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Barbara|location=New York, NY|pages=275}}</ref> who have been credited with coining the term.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collier-Thomas|first1=Bettye|last2=Franklin|first2=V.P.|title=Sisters in the struggle African American women in the civil rights-black power movement|date=2001|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1603-8|page=39|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165603/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Duchess |chapter=From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective: Black Feminist Organizing, 1960–1980 |title=Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=0-8147-1603-2 |page=300}}</ref> In their terminal statement, they said:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher=[[Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press]]|year=1983|isbn=0-913175-02-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Barbara|edition=1st|location=New York, NY|pages=275}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| quote = [A]s children we realized that we were different from boys and that we were treated different—for example, when we were told in the same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people. In the process of consciousness-raising, actually life-sharing, we began to recognize the commonality of our experiences and, from the sharing and growing consciousness, to build a politics that will change our lives and inevitably end our oppression....We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a healthy love for ourselves, our sisters and our community which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression.
| author = Combahee River Collective
| title = "The Combahee River Collective Statement"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html|title=The Combahee River Collective Statement|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224021117/http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html|archive-date=24 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|source=|book=
}}
Identity politics, as a mode of categorizing, are closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed (such as women, [[ethnic minorities]], and [[sexual minorities]]); that is, the idea that individuals belonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as [[cultural imperialism]], [[violence]], [[exploitation of labour]], [[marginalization]], or subjugation.<ref name="Heyes" /> Therefore, these lines of social difference can be seen as ways to gain empowerment or avenues through which to work towards a more equal society.<ref name="Crenshaw-1991"/> In the United States, identity politics is usually ascribed to these oppressed minority groups who are fighting discrimination. In Canada and Spain, identity politics has been used to describe [[Separatism|separatist]] movements; in Africa, Asia, and eastern Europe, it has described violent nationalist and ethnic conflicts. Overall, in Europe, identity politics are exclusionary and based on the idea that the [[silent majority]] needs to be protected from [[globalization]] and [[immigration]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542|doi-access=free|title=Identity Politics and Populism in Europe|year=2020|last1=Noury|first1=Abdul|last2=Roland|first2=Gerard|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=421–439}}</ref>

During the 1980s, the politics of identity became very prominent and it was also linked to a new wave of social movement activism.<ref name="Calhoun">{{cite book |last1=Calhoun |first1=Craig |author-link1=Craig Calhoun |title=Social Theory and the Politics of Identity|editor=Craig Calhoun|publisher=Blackwell |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-55786-473-4}}{{page needed|date=September 2017}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=February 2023}} [[Social movement]]s have a significant influence on the law through statutory and constitutional evolution according to [[William Eskridge]].<ref>Eskridge, William N. "Channeling: Identity-Based Social Movements and Public Law." ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'', vol. 150, no. 1, 2001, pp. 419–525. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3312920. Accessed 6 Nov. 2023.</ref>

== By race or ethnicity ==
{{See also|Color consciousness|Race-conscious policy}}

=== In the United States ===
[[History of ethnocultural politics in the United States|Racial identity politics dominated American politics]] in the 19th century, during the [[Second Party System]] (1830s–1850s)<ref>Daniel Walker Howe, "[https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/77/4/1216/850758 The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System]," ''Journal of American History'' (1991) 77#4 pp: 1216–1239.</ref> as well as the [[Third Party System]] (1850s–1890s).<ref>Jon Gjerde, ''The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917'' (1999).</ref> Racial identity has been the central theme in [[Politics of the Southern United States|Southern politics]] since [[End of slavery in the United States of America|slavery was abolished]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Woodman |first=Harold D. |date=February 1997 |title=Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Postbellum South |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211941 |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.2307/2211941 |jstor=2211941 |access-date=May 6, 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Similar patterns which have appeared in the 21st century are commonly referenced in popular culture,<ref>{{Cite news |author=John O'Connell |date=31 October 2019 |title=The Literary Influences of Superstar Musician David Bowie |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/11/15/literary-influences-superstar-musician-david-bowie-1468145.html |work=[[Newsweek]] |quote=As the husband of a Muslim woman from Somalia, [[David Bowie|Bowie]] couldn't help but be highly attuned to racial identity politics.}}</ref> and are increasingly analyzed in media and social commentary as an interconnected part of politics and society.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Tessa Berenson |date=6 November 2018 |title=How President Trump Put Race at the Center of the Midterms |url=https://time.com/5444761/donald-trump-midterms-race-candidates/ |magazine=[[TIME]] |quote=Some Republicans worry that Trump's focus on racial identity politics so close to the election is undercutting their message to swing voters on subjects like the economy and health care.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=James Kirchick |author-link=James Kirchick |date=19 August 2019 |title=Opponents on the left pouring gasoline on Donald Trump's fires |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/opponents-on-the-left-pouring-gasoline-on-donald-trump-s-fires-20190818-p52i92.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |quote=Trump's game isn't difficult to discern. He is practicing the same resentment-based, racial-identity politics that has fuelled his political rise since the earlier part of this decade, when he began expressing doubts that the first black American president was actually born in the United States.}}</ref> Both a majority and minority group phenomenon, racial identity politics can develop as a reaction to the historical legacy of race-based oppression of a people<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tamar Mayor |title=Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415162555 |page=331 |quote=For example, where a legacy of oppression based on race exists, an identity politics of race can be formed in opposition to that form of oppression, and it can help to provide an occasion for racial pride and resistance to that oppression.}}</ref> as well as a general group identity issue, as "racial identity politics utilizes racial consciousness or the group's [[collective memory]] and experiences as the essential framework for interpreting the actions and interests of all other social groups."<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Jennings |title=Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in Urban America: Status and Prospects for Politics and Activism |date=1994 |publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]] |isbn=978-0275949341 |page=35 |chapter=Building Coalitions}}</ref> This dynamic escalated as a significant segment of white Americans began to perceive social programs and wealth redistribution not as universal public goods, but as zero-sum transfers to Black Americans at their own expense. By reframing economic policy as a racialized grievance rather than a shared class interest, this perception undermined the potential for broad-based labor movements and redirected political energy toward identity-based conflict.<ref>”Decoding the American Paradox: Historical Perspectives on its Immunity to Left-Wing Politics”,|website=https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4695355</ref>

[[Carol M. Swain]] has argued that non-white ethnic pride and an "emphasis on racial identity politics" is fomenting the rise of [[white nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carol M. Swain |author-link1=Carol M. Swain |title=The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521545587 |page=xvi |chapter=Preface |quote=The continued emphasis on racial identity politics and the fostering of an ethnic group pride on the part of nonwhite minority groups.}}</ref> Anthropologist [[Michael Messner]] has suggested that the [[Million Man March]] was an example of racial identity politics in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael A. Messner |author-link1=Michael Messner |title=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements |date=1997 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0803955776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79 79-80] |chapter=Racial and sexual identity politics |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79}}</ref>

=== Arab identity politics ===
{{See also|Arab identity|Arab nationalism|Pan-Arabism}}

Arab identity politics concerns the form of identity-based politics which is derived from the racial or ethnocultural consciousness of the [[Arabs]]. In the [[Regionalism (international relations)|regionalism]] of the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]], it has a particular meaning in relation to the national and cultural identities of the citizens of non-Arab countries, such as [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arshin Adib-Moghaddam |title=Middle East Review (IDE-JETRO) |date=2010 |publisher=[[Institute of Developing Economies]] |isbn=978-0980415810 |edition=Volume 7 |location=[[Japan External Trade Organization]] |chapter=The myth of "National Identity": Psycho-nationalism in Iran and the Arab world |quote=Iranian and Arab identity politics thwarted, perverted, and dismembered communitarian thinking for long periods in the twentieth century and the same applies to other forms of psycho-nationalism in Turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Elizabeth Monier |title=[[Contemporary Politics (journal)|''Contemporary Politics'']] |date=2014 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |edition=Volume 20, No. 4 |pages=421–434 |chapter=The Arabness of Middle East regionalism: the Arab Spring and competition for discursive hegemony between Egypt, Iran and Turkey |quote=To explore the role played by Arab identity politics in regionalism with regard to the status of non-Arab states, this article presents a study of the competing hegemonic regional discourses employed by Turkey, Iran and Egypt}}</ref> In their 2010 ''Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition'', academics [[Christopher Wise]] and [[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]] challenged the view that, in the post-[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]] invasion era, Arab identity-driven politics were ending. Refuting the view that had "drawn many analysts to conclude that the era of Arab identity politics has passed", Wise and James examined its development as a viable alternative to [[Islamic fundamentalism]] in the Arab world.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Wise |author-link1=Christopher Wise |title=Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition |author2=Paul James |author-link2=Paul James (academic) |date=2010 |publisher=[[Arena (Australian publishing co-operative)|Arena Publications]] |isbn=978-0980415810}}</ref>

According to [[Marc Lynch]], the post-[[Arab Spring]] era has seen increasing Arab identity politics, which is "marked by state-state rivalries as well as state-society conflicts". Lynch believes this is creating a new [[Arab Cold War]], no longer characterized by Sunni-Shia sectarian divides but by a reemergent [[Arab identity]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Mark |author-link=Marc Lynch |title=The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East |date=2019 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0231158855 |page=119}}</ref> [[Najla Said]] has explored her lifelong experience with Arab identity politics in her book ''Looking for Palestine''.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2013 |title=Najla Said: "My Arab-American story is not typical in any way" |url=https://www.salon.com/2013/07/28/najla_said_my_arab_american_story_is_not_typical_in_any_way/ |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}</ref>

=== Asian-American identity politics ===
{{See also|Pan-Asianism|Asian American activism|Asian American movement|Asian Americans}}

In the political realm of the United States, according to Jane Junn and Natalie Masuoka, the possibilities which exist for an Asian American vote are built upon the assumption that those Americans who are broadly categorized as Asians share a sense of racial identity, and this [[Group consciousness (political science)|group consciousness]] has political consequences. However, the belief in the existence of a monolithic Asian American bloc has been challenged because populations are diverse in terms of national origin and language—no one group is predominant—and scholars suggest that these many diverse groups favor groups which share their distinctive national origin over any belief in the existence of a [[Pan-Asianism|pan-ethnic racial identity]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Junn |first1=Jane |last2=Masuoka |first2=Natalie |date=2008 |title=Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status and Political Context |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20446825 |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=729–740 |doi=10.1017/S1537592708081887 |issn=1537-5927 |jstor=20446825 |s2cid=144081361|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to the 2000 Census, more than six national origin groups are classified collectively as Asian American, and these include: Chinese (23%), Filipino (18%), Asian Indian (17%), Vietnamese (11%), Korean (11%), and Japanese (8%), along with an "other Asian" category (12%). In addition, the definitions which are applied to racial categories in the United States are uniquely American constructs that Asian American immigrants may not adhere to upon entry to the United States.

Junn and Masuoka find that in comparison to blacks, the Asian American identity is more latent, and racial group consciousness is more susceptible to the surrounding context.

=== Black and Black feminist identity politics ===
{{See also|Black nationalism|Black power|Black feminism|Combahee River Collective|Black women in American politics}}

Black feminist identity politics are the identity-based politics derived from the lived experiences of struggles and oppression faced by Black women.

In 1977, the [[Combahee River Collective]] (CRC) argued that Black women struggled with facing their oppression due to the sexism present within the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] and the racism present within [[second-wave feminism]]. The CRC coined the term "identity politics", and in their opinion, naming the unique struggle and oppression Black women faced, aided Black women in the U.S. within radical movements and at large. The term "identity politics", in the opinion of those within the CRC, gave Black women a tool, from which they could use to confront the oppression they were facing. The CRC also claimed to expand upon the prior feminist adage that "the personal is political", pointing to their own consciousness-raising sessions, centering of Black speech, and communal sharing of experiences of oppression as practices that expanded the phrase's scope. As mentioned earlier K. Crenshaw, claimed that the oppression of Black women is illustrated in two different directions: race and sex.

In 1988, Deborah K. King coined the term [[multiple jeopardy]], theory that expands on how factors of oppression are all interconnected. King suggested that the identities of gender, class, and race each have an individual prejudicial connotation, which has an incremental effect on the inequity of which one experiences.

In 1991, Nancie Caraway explained from a white feminist perspective that the politics of Black women had to be comprehended by broader feminist movements in the understanding that the different forms of oppression that Black women face (via race and gender) are interconnected, presenting a compound of oppression ([[Intersectionality]]).
[[File:Black lives matter in charlotte.jpg|thumb|A "Black Lives Matter" mural being painted in Charlotte]]
A contemporary example of Black identity politics is #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]] which began with a hashtag. In 2013, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi created the hashtag in response to the acquittal of [[George Zimmerman trial|George Zimmerman]], the man who killed [[Trayvon Martin]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter first appears, sparking a movement {{!}} July 13, 2013 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/blacklivesmatter-hashtag-first-appears-facebook-sparking-a-movement |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=HISTORY |date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Killing of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] and [[Killing of Eric Garner|Eric Garner]] were killed by police in 2014, which propelled the #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]] movement forward, first nationally, and then globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Carmel |title=A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States |url=https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/BLM |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=library.law.howard.edu |language=en}}</ref> The intention of #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]] was to create more widespread awareness of the way law enforcement engages with the black community and individuals, including claims of excessive force and issues with accountability within law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarly Articles on Black Lives Matter: History & More |url=https://www.gale.com/open-access/black-lives-matter |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.gale.com |language=en}}</ref> The hashtag and proceeding movement garnered a lot of attention from all sides of the political sphere. A counter movement formed the hashtag, #[[All Lives Matter|AllLivesMatter]], in response to #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives Matter (BLM) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0016241/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

=== White identity politics ===
{{See also|White identity|White nationalism|White supremacy|White defensiveness|White backlash|Identitarian movement}}

In 1998, political scientists [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] and Leonard Weinberg predicted that, by the late 20th-century, a "Euro-American radical right" would promote a trans-national [[White people|white]] identity politics, which would invoke populist grievance narratives and encourage hostility against non-white peoples and [[multiculturalism]]. In the United States, mainstream news has identified [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency as a signal of increasing and widespread utilization of white identity politics within the Republican Party and political landscape. Journalists [[Michael Scherer (journalist)|Michael Scherer]] and [[David Smith (journalist)|David Smith]] have reported on its development since the mid-2010s.

[[Ron Brownstein]] believed that President Trump uses "White Identity Politics" to bolster his base and that this would ultimately limit his ability to reach out to non-[[White American]] voters for the [[2020 United States presidential election]]. A four-year [[Reuters]] and [[Ipsos]] analysis concurred that "Trump's brand of white identity politics may be less effective in the 2020 election campaign." Alternatively, examining the same poll, David Smith has written that "Trump's embrace of white identity politics may work to his advantage" in 2020. During the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]], presidential candidate [[Pete Buttigieg]] publicly warned that the president and his administration were using white identity politics, which he said was the most divisive form of identity politics. Columnist [[Reihan Salam]] writes that he is not convinced that Trump uses "white identity politics" given the fact that he still has significant support from liberal and moderate Republicans—who are more favorable toward immigration and the legalization of undocumented immigrants—but believes that it could become a bigger issue as whites become a minority and assert their rights like other minority groups. Salam also states that an increase in "white identity" politics is far from certain given the very high rates of [[Interracial marriage in the United States|intermarriage]] and the historical example of the once Anglo-Protestant cultural majority embracing a more inclusive white cultural majority which included Jews, Italians, Poles, Arabs, and Irish.[''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|undue weight?]] – [[Talk:Identity politics#undue|discuss]]'']
[[File:George Floyd protests in Columbus, 2020-07-18 (9466).jpg|thumb|Proud Boys]]
A contemporary example of "White identity politics" is the right-wing group [[Proud Boys]]. [[Proud Boys]] was formed by [[Gavin McInnes]] in 2016. Members are males who identify as right-wing conservatives. They take part in political protests with the most infamous being [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021]], at the U.S. Capitol, which became violent and led to the arrest of their leader, [[Enrique Tarrio|Henry "Enrique" Tarrio]] and many others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Office of Public Affairs {{!}} Proud Boys Leader Sentenced to 22 Years in Prison for Seditious Conspiracy and Other Charges Related to U.S. Capitol Breach {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/proud-boys-leader-sentenced-22-years-prison-seditious-conspiracy-and-other-charges-related |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Proud Boys]] identify as supporters of [[Donald Trump]] for President and are outspoken supporters of Americans having unfettered access to firearms by way of the 2nd amendment of the US constitution, having expressed the belief that gun law reform is a "sinister authoritarian plot" to disarm law abiding citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Than Brawlers: The Proud Boys and Armed Extremism |url=https://everytownresearch.org/report/more-than-brawlers-the-proud-boys-and-armed-extremism/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Everytown Research & Policy |language=en-us}}</ref> According to an article published by Southern Poverty Law Group, [[Proud Boys]] members are regularly affiliated with white nationalist extremists and are known for sharing white nationalist content across social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proud Boys |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:All Lives Matter (22780876528).jpg|thumb|#AllLivesMatter]]
Another contemporary example is the hashtag movement #[[All Lives Matter|AllLivesMatter]]. #[[All Lives Matter|AllLivesMatter]] began as a counter narrative to #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]]. People who identify with this countermovement use this hashtag to represent what they call "anti-identity" identity politics, which is supposed to symbolize a movement against racial identities, but they've been criticized as being a white nationalist movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Joshua |date=2019-08-18 |title='Not Black and White, but Black and Red': Anti-identity identity politics and #AllLivesMatter |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796818791661 |journal=Ethnicities |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1177/1468796818791661 |issn=1468-7968}}</ref> Created, adopted and circulated beginning in 2016, #[[White Lives Matter|WhiteLivesMatter]] exalted themselves as an anti-racist movement, while identifying #[[Black Lives Matter|BlackLivesMatter]] as the opposite.<ref name=":0" />

Columnist [[Ross Douthat]] has argued that white identity politics have been important to American politics since the [[Richard Nixon]]-era of the Republican Party. Historian [[Nell Irvin Painter]] has analyzed [[Eric Kaufmann]]'s thesis that the phenomenon of white identity politics is caused by immigration-derived [[racial diversity]], which reduces the white majority, and an "anti-majority adversary culture". Writing in ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'', political commentator [[Ezra Klein]] believes that demographic change has fueled the emergence of white identity politics.

[[Viet Thanh Nguyen]] says that "to have no identity at all is the privilege of whiteness, which is the identity that pretends not to have an identity, that denies how it is tied to capitalism, to race, and to war".

=== Hispanic/Latino identity politics ===
{{See also|Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics}}

According to [[Leonie Huddy]], [[Lilliana Mason]], and [[S. Nechama Horwitz]], the majority of Latinos in the United States identity with the Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huddy |first1=Leonie |last2=Mason |first2=Lilliana |last3=Horwitz |first3=S. Nechama |date=2016 |title=Political Identity Convergence: On Being Latino, Becoming a Democrat, and Getting Active |journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=205–228 |doi=10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11 |issn=2377-8253 |jstor=10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11 |s2cid=59026229 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Latinos' Democratic proclivities can be explained by: ideological policy preferences and an expressive identity based on the defense of Latino identity and status, with a strong support for the latter explanation hinged on an analysis of the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study and American National Election Study focused on Latino immigrants and citizens respectively. When perceiving pervasive discrimination against Latinos and animosity from the Republican party, a strong partisanship preference further intensified, and in return, increased Latino political campaign engagement.

=== Indian politics ===

In India, caste, religion, tribe, ethnicity play a role in electoral politics, government jobs and [[affirmative actions]], development projects.<ref>India's New Economic Policy: A Critical Analysis, p. 41, Waquar Ahmed, Amitabh Kundu, Richard Peet, Routledge</ref>

=== Māori identity politics ===
{{See also|Māori identity|Māori nationalism}}

Due to somewhat competing tribe-based versus pan-Māori concepts, there is both an internal and external utilization of Māori identity politics in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Roger Maaka |title=The Politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand |author2=Augie Fleras |date=2005 |publisher=[[Otago University Press]] |isbn=978-1877276538 |page=67 |quote=The tensions created by the intersection of tribe as identity, versus tribe as organisation, are central to Maori identity politics.}}</ref> Projected outwards, Māori identity politics has been a disrupting force in the [[politics of New Zealand]] and post-colonial conceptions of nationhood.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tatiana Tökölyová |title=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |edition=Volume 11, Edition 1 |location=[[University of International and Public Relations Prague]] |page=67 |chapter=Transnationalism in the Pacific Region as a Concept of State Identity |quote=Maori identity politics have disrupted the colonially-inspired constructions of the New Zealand nation and state from a base of indigeneity.}}</ref> Its development has also been explored as causing parallel ethnic identity developments in non-Māori populations.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hal B. Levine |title=Constructing collective identity: a comparative analysis of New Zealand Jews, Maori, and urban Papua New Guineans |date=1997 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-3631319444 |page=11 |quote=The material on biculturalism particularly shows how ethnicity interdigitates with identity politics for Maori and stimulates parallel developments among non-Maori New Zealanders.}}</ref> Academic [[Alison Jones]], in her co-written ''Tuai: A Traveller in Two Worlds'', suggests that a form of Māori identity politics, directly oppositional to [[Pākehā]] (white New Zealanders), has helped provide a "basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength".<ref>{{cite book |title=Critical Conversations in Kaupapa Maori |date=2005 |publisher=[[Huia Publishers]] |isbn=978-1775503286 |editor1=Te Kawehau Hoskins |quote=As Jones and Jenkins (2008) point out, an oppositional Māori identity politics has been the 'basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength' (p.475). |editor2=Alison Jones}}</ref>

A 2009, [[Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)|Ministry of Social Development]] journal identified Māori identity politics, and societal reactions to it, as the most prominent factor behind significant changes in self-identification from the 2006 New Zealand census.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kukutai |first1=Tahu |author-link=Tahu Kukutai |last2=Didham |first2=Robert |date=2009 |title=In Search of Ethnic New Zealanders: National Naming in the 2006 Census |url=https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj36/36-in-search-of-ethnic-new-zealanders.html |journal=Social Policy Journal of New Zealand |publisher=[[Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)]] |access-date=May 6, 2021 |quote=Māori identity politics and Treaty settlements, as well as their reactions – the latter included challenges to historical settlements and so-called "race-based" funding.}}</ref>

==By religion==
=== Muslim identity politics ===
{{See also|The Muslim Vote}}
Since the 1970s, the interaction of religion and politics has been associated with the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East. Salwa Ismail posits that the Muslim identity is related to social dimensions such as gender, class, and lifestyles ([[Intersectionality]]), thus, different Muslims occupy different social positions in relation to the processes of globalization. Not all uniformly engage in the construction of Muslim identity, and they do not all apply to a monolithic Muslim identity.

The construction of British Muslim identity politics is marked with [[Islamophobia]]; Jonathan Brit suggests that political hostility toward the Muslim "other" and the reification of an overarching identity that obscures and denies cross-cutting collective identities or existential individuality are charges made against an assertive Muslim identity politics in Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Peter |title=Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2009 |pages=210–211 |language=English}}</ref> In addition, because Muslim identity politics is seen as internally/externally divisive and therefore counterproductive, as well as the result of manipulation by religious conservatives and local/national politicians, the progressive policies of the anti-racist left have been outflanked. Brit sees the segmentation that divided British Muslims amongst themselves and with the anti-racist alliance in Britain as a consequence of patriarchal, conservative mosque-centered leadership.

A ''[[Le Monde]]''/[[IFOP]] poll in January 2011 conducted in France and Germany found that a majority felt Muslims are "scattered improperly"; an analyst for ''IFOP'' said the results indicated something "beyond linking immigration with security or immigration with unemployment, to linking Islam with a threat to identity".<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2011 |title=European Poll: An Islamic Threat? |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014114808/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Christian identity politics ===
{{Further|Christian democracy}}

== By gender ==
{{Further|Gender essentialism}}
Gender identity politics is an approach that views politics, both in practice and as an academic discipline, as having a gendered nature and that gender is an identity that influences how people think.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199751457-e-34 | doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.013.0034 | chapter=Introduction: Gender and Politics: A Gendered World, a Gendered Discipline | title=The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics | date=2013 | last1=Celis | first1=Karen | last2=Kantola | first2=Johanna | last3=Waylen | first3=Georgina | last4=Weldon | first4=S. Laurel | pages=1–26 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-975145-7 }}</ref> Politics has become increasingly gender political as formal structures and informal 'rules of the game' have become gendered. How institutions affect men and women differently are starting to be analysed in more depth as gender will affect institutional innovation.<ref>[Mona L. Krook, Fiona Mckay] [https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uea/reader.action?docID=665680] [''Gender, Politics and Institutions''], 2011, Palgrave Macmillan</ref>

=== Women's identity politics ===
{{Further|Women in government}}
A key element of studying electoral behavior in all democracies is [[Partisanship|political partisanship]]. In 1996, Eric Plutzer and John F. Zipp examined the election of 1992 election, also commonly referred to as "[[Year of the Woman]]", where a then-record- breaking fourteen women ran for governor or U.S. senator, four of whom were successfully elected into office. In analyzing the possibility that male and female voters react differently to the opportunity to cast a vote for a woman, the study provided lent support to the idea that women tend to vote for women and men tend to vote against them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plutzer |first1=Eric |last2=Zipp |first2=John F. |date=1996 |title=Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297738 |journal=Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1086/297738 |issn=0033-362X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, among Republican voters in California, [[Barbara Boxer]] ran 10 points behind [[Bill Clinton]] among men and about even among women, while [[Dianne Feinstein]] ran about 6 points among men but 11 points ahead among women. This gender effect was further amplified for Democratic female candidates who were rated as feminist. These results demonstrate that gender identity has and can function as a cue for voting behavior.

Scholars of social movements and democratic theorists disagree on whether identity politics weaken women's social movements and undermine their influence on public policy or have reverse effects. S. Laurel Weldon argues that when marginalized groups organize around an intersectional social location, knowledge about the social group is generated, feelings of affiliation between group members are strengthened, and the movement's agenda becomes more representative. Specifically for the United States, Weldon suggests that organizing women by race strengthens these movements and improves government responsiveness to both violence against women of color and women in general.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weldon |first=S. Laurel |date=2006 |title=Women's Movements, Identity Politics, and Policy Impacts: A Study of Policies on Violence against Women in the 50 United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148079 |journal=Political Research Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=111–122 |doi=10.1177/106591290605900110 |issn=1065-9129 |jstor=4148079 |s2cid=154528767|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Masculinism ===
{{Further|Masculinism}}

==By sexual orientation==
=== LGBT ===
{{See also|LGBT social movements|Anti-LGBT rhetoric|Violence against LGBT people|Queer nationalism|Political lesbianism|Bisexual politics}}
[[File:Frank_Kameny_(3649609801).jpg|alt=A man in a blue shirt wearing glasses and a flower garland waves to a crowd.|thumb|[[Frank Kameny]]]]
By the early-1960s, [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], and [[transgender]] people in the United States were forming more visible communities, and this was reflected in the political strategies of American [[homophile]] groups. [[Frank Kameny]], an American [[astronomer]] and [[gay rights]] activist, had co-founded the [[Mattachine Society of Washington]] in 1961. While the society did not take much political activism to the streets at first, Kameny and several members attended the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], where having seen the methods used by Black [[Civil and political rights|civil rights activists]], they then applied them to the [[homophile movement]]. Kameny had also been inspired by the black power movements slogan "[[Black is beautiful|Black is Beautiful]]", coining his own term "Gay is Good".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yurcaba |first1=Jo |date=28 February 2021 |title=Different fight, 'same goal': How the Black freedom movement inspired early gay activists |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/different-fight-same-goal-how-black-freedom-movement-inspired-early-n1259072 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

The [[gay liberation]] movement of the late-1960s urged lesbians and gay men to engage in radical [[direct action]], and to counter societal shame with [[gay pride]].<ref name="HoffmanIntro">{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Amy |title=An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1558496217 |pages=xi–xiii}}</ref> In the [[feminism|feminist]] spirit of the personal being political, the most basic form of activism was an emphasis on [[coming out]] to family, friends and colleagues, and living life as an openly lesbian or gay person.<ref name="HoffmanIntro" />

By the mid-1970s, an "ethnic model of identity" had surpassed the popularity of both the homophile movement and gay liberation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Seidman |first=Steven |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511557910/type/book |title=Difference Troubles: Queering Social Theory and Sexual Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-59043-3 |edition= |chapter=From gay ethnicity to queer politics: the renewal of gay radicalism in the United States |pages=185–197 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511557910.011}}</ref> Proponents operated through a [[sexual minority]] framework and advocated either [[reformism]] or [[separatism]] (notably [[lesbian separatism]]).<ref name=":02" />

While the 1970s were the peak of "gay liberation" in New York City and other urban areas in the United States, "gay liberation" was the term still used instead of "gay pride" in more oppressive areas into the mid-1980s, with some organizations opting for the more inclusive "lesbian and gay liberation".<ref name="HoffmanIntro" /><ref name="Hoffman2007">{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Amy |title=An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1558496217}}</ref> Women and transgender activists had lobbied for more inclusive names from the beginning of the movement, but the [[initialism]] [[LGBT]], or "[[queer]]" as a counterculture shorthand for LGBT, did not gain much acceptance as an umbrella term until much later in the 1980s, and in some areas not until the '90s or even '00s.<ref name="HoffmanIntro" /><ref name="Hoffman2007" /><ref name="Hollibaugh">{{cite web |author1=phoenix |date=29 June 2012 |title=Gay Rights Are Not Queer Liberation |url=http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122449/http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=1 March 2015 |website=autostraddle.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> During this period in the United States, identity politics were largely seen in these communities in the definitions espoused by writers such as self-identified, "black, dyke, feminist, poet, mother" [[Audre Lorde]]'s [[Audre Lorde#Personal identity|view]], that [[lived experience]] matters, defines us, and is the only thing that grants authority to speak on these topics; that, "If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive."<ref name="Zami">{{Cite book |last=Lorde |first=Audre |title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name |title-link=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name |publisher=Crossing Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-89594-123-7 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Kemp">Kemp, Yakini B. (2004). "Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde's writing". ''Studies in the Literary Imagination''. '''37''': 22–36.</ref><ref name="Leonard">Leonard, Keith D. (28 September 2012). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572 ""Which Me Will Survive": Rethinking Identity, Reclaiming Audre Lorde"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052903/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572|date=20 December 2016}}. ''Callaloo''. '''35''' (3): 758–77. {{doi|10.1353/cal.2012.0100}}. {{ISSN|1080-6512}}.</ref>

=== Straight ===
{{Further|Straight pride}}

==Debates and criticism==
The term ''identity politics'' has been applied retroactively to varying movements that long predate its coinage. Historian [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] discussed identity politics extensively in his 1991 book ''[[The Disuniting of America]]''. Schlesinger, a strong supporter of liberal conceptions of [[civil rights]], argues that a [[liberal democracy]] requires a common basis for culture and society to function. Rather than seeing civil society as already fractured along lines of power and powerlessness (according to race, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.), Schlesinger suggests that basing politics on group marginalization is itself what fractures the civil polity, and that identity politics therefore works against creating real opportunities for ending marginalization. Schlesinger believes that "movements for civil rights should aim toward full acceptance and integration of marginalized groups into the mainstream culture, rather than … perpetuating that marginalization through affirmations of difference."<ref>M.A. Chaudhary & Gautam Chaudhary, Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, New Delhi, 2009, {{ISBN|978-81-8220-233-7}}, p. 112</ref>

Similarly in the United Kingdom, author [[Owen Jones (writer)|Owen Jones]] argues that identity politics often marginalize the [[working class]], saying:
{{blockquote|In the 1950s and 1960s, left-wing intellectuals who were both inspired and informed by a powerful labour movement wrote hundreds of books and articles on working-class issues. Such work would help shape the views of politicians at the very top of the Labour Party. Today, progressive intellectuals are far more interested in issues of identity. ... Of course, the struggles for the emancipation of women, gays, and ethnic minorities are exceptionally important causes. New Labour has co-opted them, passing genuinely progressive legislation on gay equality and women's rights, for example. But it is an agenda that has happily co-existed with the sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing New Labour to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with Thatcherite policies.|Owen Jones|''[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]]''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class|url=https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371|url-access=limited|date=2012|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=978-1-84467-864-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371/page/n142 255]|edition=updated}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|Why is Jones noteworthy?|date=November 2021}}}}
Some supporters of identity politics take stances based on [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]'s work (namely, "Can the Subaltern Speak?") and have described some forms of identity politics as [[strategic essentialism]], a form which has sought to work with [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] discourses to reform the understanding of "universal" goals.<ref name="Spivak">{{Cite book |last=Spivak |first=Gayatri Chakrovotry |title=Other Asias |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1405102070 |location=Malden, M.A. |page=[https://archive.org/details/otherasias0000spiv/page/260/mode/2up?q=%22the+idea+of+strategic+essentialism%22 260] |url=https://archive.org/details/otherasias0000spiv|access-date=2025-12-26|url-access=limited|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="Abraham">{{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Susan |year=2009 |title=Strategic Essentialism in Nationalist Discourses: Sketching a Feminist Agenda in the Study of Religion |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=156–161 |doi=10.2979/fsr.2009.25.1.156 |s2cid=143105193 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190808/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017 |via=Project Muse |df=dmy-all|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Ritze">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=essentialism and constructionism |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/the-concise-encyclopedia-of-sociology/page/192/mode/2up |access-date=2025-12-26 |last=Plummer |first=Ken |author-link=Ken Plummer (sociologist) |editor-last=Ritzer |editor-first=George |editor-link=George Ritzer |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2 = J. Michael |publication-place=Malden, MA |page=193 |isbn=978-1-4051-8352-9}}</ref> Others point out the erroneous logic and the ultimate dangers of reproducing strong identitarian divisions inherent in essentialism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kurzwelly |first=J. |author2=Rapport, N. |author3=Spiegel, A. D. |year=2020 |title=Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism |journal=Anthropology Southern Africa |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=65–81 |doi=10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141 |s2cid=221063562 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10023/24669}}</ref> For queer theorist [[Paul B. Preciado]], "movements for the emancipation of subaltern minorities (racial, gender and sexual, etc.) ended up crystallizing into identity politics. Without having dismantled the regimes of racial, sexual or gender oppression, identity politics have ended up renaturalizing and even intensifying the differences."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Preciado |first=Paul B. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1354329097 |title=Dysphoria mundi: el sonido del mundo derrumbándose |date=2022 |publisher=Editorial Anagrama |isbn=978-84-339-9948-1 |edition= |series= |location=Barcelona |language=en |chapter=Dysphoria mundi |oclc=1354329097}}</ref>

[[Anies Baswedan]], who has been doing identity politics in [[Indonesia]] since 2017, referred to it as unavoidable because every candidate competing in a political contest will always have an identity as their nature.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indonesia |first=C. N. N. |title=Anies Baswedan Beber Alasan Politik Identitas Tak Terhindarkan |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230319071111-617-926841/anies-baswedan-beber-alasan-politik-identitas-tak-terhindarkan |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=nasional |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anies' identity politics will cost Prabowo his third presidential bid |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/04/29/anies-identity-politics-will-cost-prabowo-his-third-presidential-bid.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> During his 2024 Presidential Candidate, he added that identity politics is a form of support and conveying the aspirations of society that should not be met with concern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelfira |first=Winda |date=2023-11-24 |title=Anies Baswedan Tak Khawatir Dilabeli Politik Identitas |url=https://www.liputan6.com/pemilu/read/5464018/anies-baswedan-tak-khawatir-dilabeli-politik-identitas |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref>

=== "Divide and rule" critique ===
Critics argue that groups based on a particular shared identity (e.g. race, or gender identity) can divert energy and attention from more fundamental issues, similar to the history of [[divide and rule]] strategies.

In response to the formulations of the [[Combahee River Collective]] that necessitated the organization of women around intersectional identities to bring about broader social change, socialist and radical feminists insisted that, instead, activism would require support for addressing more "basic" forms of oppression.<ref name="Ackelsberg 1996 87–100" /> Other feminists also mirrored this sentiment, implying that a politics of issues should supersede a politics of identity. Tarrow also asserts that identity politics can produce insular, sectarian, and divisive movements incapable of expanding membership, broadening appeals, and negotiating with prospective allies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarrow|first=Sidney|title=Power in Movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=119|language=English}}</ref> In other words, separate organization undermines movement identity, distracts activists from important issues, and prevents the creation of a common agenda.

=== Classical liberal critique ===
According to [[Jonathan Haidt]], those who criticize identity politics from the right see it as inherently [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] and [[Prejudice|prejudicial]], in contradiction to the ideals of [[classical liberalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1= Haidt|first1=Jonathan | authorlink1= Jonathan Haidt |date=2017-12-17 |title=The Age of Outrage |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/age-outrage-15608.html |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=[[City Journal]] |publisher=[[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[Jordan Peterson]] has criticized identity politics and argues that it is practiced on both sides of the political divide: "[t]he [[Left-wing politics|left]] plays them on behalf of the [[Oppression|oppressed]], let's say, and the [[Right-wing politics|right]] tends to play them on behalf of [[nationalism]] and [[Pride#Ethnic|ethnic pride]]". He considers both equally dangerous, saying that what should be emphasized, instead, is individual focus and personal responsibility.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Luscombe |first=Belinda |author-link=Belinda Luscombe |date=7 March 2018 |title=Jordan Peterson talks gun control, angry men and why so few women lead companies |url=https://time.com/5175974/jordan-peterson-12-rules-book-interview/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519182714/http://time.com/5175974/jordan-peterson-12-rules-book-interview/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Socialist critique ===
Those who criticize identity politics from the left, such as [[Marxism|Marxists]] and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninists]], see identity politics as a version of [[bourgeois nationalism]], i.e. as a [[Divide and rule|divide and conquer]] [[strategy]] by the [[ruling class]]es to divide people by [[nationality]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[ethnicity]], [[religion]], etc. so as to [[Distraction|distract]] the [[working class]] from uniting for the purpose of [[Class conflict|class struggle]] and [[proletarian revolution]].<ref name="Hobsbawm-1996" /><ref name="KišičekŽagar2013"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Niezen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W6xPPdYLcC&pg=PA129|title=A World Beyond Difference: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3710-2|page=129|quote=The famous rallying cry from The Communist Manifesto, "workers of the world unite!" was meant only to hasten the [...]}}</ref><ref name="Parenti1" />

Sociologist [[Charles Derber]] asserts that the American left is "largely an identity-politics party" and that it "offers no broad critique of the political economy of capitalism. It focuses on reforms for blacks and women and so forth. But it doesn't offer a contextual analysis within capitalism." Both he and [[David North (socialist)|David North]] of the [[Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Socialist Equality Party]] posit that these fragmented and isolated identity movements which permeate the left have allowed for a far-right resurgence.<ref name="HedgesTD2">{{cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Hedges |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Bankruptcy of the American Left |work=Truthdig |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/ |url-status=dead |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209135923/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/ |archive-date=9 February 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Cornel West]] asserted that discourse on racial, gender and sexual orientation identity was "crucial" and "indispensable", but emphasized that it "must be connected to a moral integrity and deep political solidarity that hones in on a financialized form of predatory capitalism. A capitalism that is killing the planet, poor people, working people here and abroad."<ref>{{cite news |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Cornel West: "Bernie Was Crushed by Neoliberalism" |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/cornel-west-interview-bernie-black-lives-matter |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref> Historian [[Gary Gerstle]] writes that identity politics and multiculturalism thrived in the [[neoliberal]] era precisely because these movements did not threaten [[capital accumulation]], and over the same period "pressure on capitalist elites and their supporters to compromise with the working class was vanishing." The ideological space to oppose capitalism shrank with the [[fall of communism]], forcing the left to "redefine their radicalism in alternative terms".<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerstle|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Gerstle|date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=149|isbn=978-0197519646}}</ref>

Critiques of identity politics have also been expressed by writers such as [[Eric Hobsbawm]],<ref name="Hobsbawm-1996">{{cite web |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |date=2 May 1996 |url=http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm |title=Identity Politics and the Left |website=Institute of Education |access-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013136/http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> [[Todd Gitlin]],<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html PBS.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215455/http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html |date=4 August 2017 }}, Thinktank transcript 235</ref> [[Adolph Reed]],<ref>Ben Norton, June 29, 2015 "Adolph Reed: Identity Politics Is Neoliberalism" https://bennorton.com/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018052043/https://bennorton.com/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism/ |date=18 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>Hope Reese, JStor Daily, "Adolph Reed Jr.: The Perils of Race Reductionism" https://daily.jstor.org/adolph-reed-jr-the-perils-of-race-reductionism/</ref> [[Michael Tomasky]], [[Richard Rorty]], [[Michael Parenti]],<ref name="Parenti1">{{citation|last=Parenti|first=Michael|title=Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism|year=1997|publisher=[[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0872863293|page=151|author-link=Michael Parenti|quote="Seizing upon anything but class, U.S. leftists today have developed an array of identity groups centering around ethnic, gender, cultural, and life-style issues. These groups treat their respective grievances as something apart from class struggle, and have almost nothing to say about the increasingly harsh politico-economic ''class'' injustices perpetrated against us all."}}</ref> [[Jodi Dean]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dean|first=Jodi|author-link=Jodi Dean|date=2012|title=The Communist Horizon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBghOq42S3YC&pg=PA53|publisher=Verso|page=53|isbn=978-1844679546}}</ref> [[Sean Wilentz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130524/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |last=Sleeper |first=Jim |title=In Defense of Civic Culture |date=1 January 1993|publisher=[[Progressive Policy Institute]]. ppionline.org |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> [[Gabriel Rockhill]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monthlyreview.org/2023/12/01/imperialist-propaganda-and-the-ideology-of-the-western-left-intelligentsia/|title=Imperialist Propaganda and the Ideology of the Western Left Intelligentsia: From Anticommunism and Identity Politics to Democratic Illusions and Fascism|last=Rockhill|first=Gabriel |date=December 1, 2023 |website=[[Monthly Review]] |publisher= |access-date=December 5, 2023 |quote=Identity politics, like the multiculturalism affiliated with it, is a contemporary manifestation of the culturalism and essentialism that have long characterized bourgeois ideology. The latter seeks to naturalize social and economic relations that are the consequence of the material history of capitalism.}}</ref> and philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Slavoj|last=Žižek|author-link=Slavoj Žižek|title=Ein Plädoyer für die Intoleranz|year=2015|isbn=9783709201886|publisher= Passagen Verlag Ges.M.B.H |language=German}}</ref> Hobsbawm, as a Marxist, criticized nationalisms and the principle of national self-determination adopted in many countries after 1919, since in his view national governments are often merely an expression of a ruling class or power, and their proliferation was a source of the wars of the 20th century. Hence, Hobsbawm argues that identity politics, such as [[queer nationalism]], [[Islamism]], [[Cornish nationalism]] or [[Ulster loyalism]] are just other versions of [[bourgeois nationalism]]. The view that identity politics (rooted in challenging racism, sexism, and the like) obscures class inequality is widespread in the United States and other Western nations. This framing ignores how class-based politics are identity politics themselves, according to [[Jeff Sparrow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit|title=Class and identity politics are not mutually exclusive. The left should use this to its benefit {{!}} Jeff Sparrow|last=Sparrow|first=Jeff|date=17 November 2016|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030629/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Marc James Léger has noted that the cross-class alliances that are proposed by identity movements have ideological affinity with not only nationalism but the political right and that moreover, the micro-political emphasis on difference and lifestyle associates identity politics with the petty-bourgeois concerns of the [[professional-managerial class]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Léger|first=Marc James|date=2022 |title=Bernie Bros Gone Woke: Class Identity, Neoliberalism |url=https://brill.com/display/title/61660?language=en|location= |publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004507128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Léger|first=Marc James|date=2022 |title=Too Black to Fail: The Obama Portraits and the Politics of Post-Representation |url=https://www.redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/too-black-to-fail-the-obama-portraits-and-the-politics-of-post-representation|location= |publisher=Red Quill Books|isbn=9781926958361}}</ref>

Considering the effectiveness of identity politics for achieving social justice, Kurzwelly raised four main points of critique:<blockquote>[..] an argument for identity politics and strategic essentialism [could be], [f]or example, claims that because racism is real, and that people keep perceiving social race as real (despite scientific rejection of biological races), may justify using racial and other racialising categories to correct social injustices based upon them. Yet, there are several arguments against such a stance: (1) Social essentialism is inherently erroneous so seeking to address social injustices using essentialist thinking perpetuates that error and risks [[unforeseen consequence]]s (even if motivated by good intentions [...]). (2) Addressing injustices through using essentialist identity categories assumes that people are necessarily underprivileged primarily because of their identity. Even if, in specific contexts, experiences of oppression and exploitation statistically correlate with identity, using identity categories is an imprecise and indirect strategy for addressing their exploitation and oppression. Rather than using fixed identity categories as variables for social justice, one could take account of contextual relative positionality, or use processual variables, both of which would be more precise in assessing relative privilege and capability to seek justice and access rights. (3) Seeking to address injustices on the basis of identities sometimes forces people to adopt and perform an unwanted identity, and to comply with normative expectations about its contents. For example, [...] gender-specific legislation in Argentina forced gender-non-conforming persons to choose between seeking justice and expressing their identity. Similarly, a shift from justice based on fixed categories to justice based on processes might offer a solution. (4) Overall, using essentialist identities in struggles for justice and political change—the strategy of identity politics—stands in an uneasy tension with a politics that prioritises redistribution of means of production and seeks sustained change in economic relations [...].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurzwelly |first=Jonatan |date=2022-10-25 |title=Bones and injustices: provenance research, restitutions and identity politics |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=47 |pages=45–56 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10624-022-09670-9 |s2cid=253144587 |issn=0304-4092|doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Intersectional critique ===
In her journal article ''Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color,'' [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] treats identity politics as a process that brings people together based on a shared aspect of their identity. Crenshaw applauds identity politics for bringing African Americans (and other non-white people), gays and lesbians, and other oppressed groups together in community and progress.<ref name="Crenshaw-1991">{{Cite journal|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|author-link=Kimberlé Crenshaw|date=1 January 1991|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color|jstor=1229039|journal=Stanford Law Review|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1241–99|doi=10.2307/1229039|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.5934|s2cid=24661090 }}</ref> But she critiques it because "it frequently conflates or ignores intragroup differences."<ref name="Crenshaw-1991" /> Crenshaw argues that for Black women, at least two aspects of their identity are the subject of oppression: their race and their sex.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|publisher=University of Chicago Legal Forum|year=1989|pages=139–68|url=https://philpapers.org/archive/CREDTI.pdf?source=post_page---------------------------}}</ref> Thus, although identity politics are useful, we must be aware of the role of [[intersectionality]]. Nira Yuval-Davis supports Crenshaw's critiques in ''Intersectionality and Feminist Politics'' and explains that "Identities are individual and collective narratives that answer the question 'who am/are I/we?" <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yuval-Davis|first=Nira|date=1 August 2006|title=Intersectionality and Feminist Politics|url=http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=193–209|doi=10.1177/1350506806065752|s2cid=145319810|issn=1350-5068|access-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103075104/http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|hdl=2262/52005|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In ''Mapping the Margins'', Crenshaw illustrates her point using the [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]]/[[Anita Hill]] controversy. Anita Hill [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination#Anita Hill testimony|accused]] US Supreme Court Justice nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment; Thomas would be the second African American judge on the Supreme Court. Crenshaw argues that Hill was then deemed anti-Black in the movement against racism, and although she came forward on the feminist issue of sexual harassment, she was excluded because when considering feminism, it is the narrative of white middle-class women that prevails.<ref name="Crenshaw-1991" /> Crenshaw concludes that acknowledging intersecting categories when groups unite on the basis of identity politics is better than ignoring categories altogether.<ref name="Crenshaw-1991"/>

=== Queer critique ===
In [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodernist]] analyses, [[Label (sociology)|labels]] are a form of regulation, and any activism based on them increases their regulatory power over subordinate groups.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Mary |date=2005 |title=Identity Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29737711 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=31 |pages=47–74 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100054 |jstor=29737711 |issn=0360-0572|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Consequently, "identity politics appears to be narrow, political, state-centered activism that fails to adequately address the cultural bases of power."<ref name=":12" /> This view responds to the emergence of queer politics in the late 1980s, exemplified by the group [[Queer Nation]]. Scholars have identified queer politics as the opposite of identity politics, aiming to unite diverse marginalized groups and transcend traditional categories.<ref name=":12" />

{{Blockquote|text=The [[foundationalist]] reasoning of identity politics tends to assume that an identity must first be in place in order for political interests to be elaborated and, subsequently, political action to be taken. My argument is that there need not be a "doer behind the deed," but that the "doer" is variably constructed in and through the deed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |title=Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9780415389556 |pages=194–195}}</ref>|author=[[Judith Butler]]|title=''[[Gender Trouble]]''}}

Writers in the field of [[queer theory]] have at times argued that ''queer'', despite generations of specific use to describe a "non-heterosexual" sexual orientation,<ref name="oed2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=queer |encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> no longer needs to refer to any specific sexual orientation at all; that it is now only about "disrupting the mainstream", with author [[David M. Halperin]] arguing that straight people may now also self-identify as "queer".<ref name="Halperin2">{{cite book |author=Halperin, David M. |title=One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love |title-link=One Hundred Years of Homosexuality |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-415-90097-3 |location=New York}}</ref> However, many LGBT people believe this concept of "[[queer heterosexuality]]" is an oxymoron and offensive form of [[cultural appropriation]] which not only robs gays and lesbians of their identities, but makes invisible and irrelevant the actual, lived experience of oppression that causes them to be marginalized in the first place.<ref name="appropriation2">{{cite news |last=Mortimer |first=Dora |date=9 February 2016 |title=Can Straight People Be Queer? – An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/can-straight-people-be-queer-435/ |website=[[Vice Media]]}}</ref><ref name="4-encylopedia2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Queer Theory and the Social Construction of Sexuality |encyclopedia=Homosexuality |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209062102/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex |archive-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> "It desexualizes identity, when the issue is precisely about a sexual identity."<ref name="Jagose2">[[Annamarie Jagose|Jagose, Annamarie]], 1996. ''Queer Theory: An Introduction''. New York: New York University Press.</ref>

Criticism of identity politics also appears in contemporary queer activism. The insurrectionary anarchist network [[Bash Back!]], for example, understood identity politics as being fundamentally reformist and based on a [[fallacy]] of coherent communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eanelli |first=Tegan |title=Queer Ultraviolence: BASH BACK! Anthology |publisher=Ardent Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781620490426 |editor-last=Baroque |editor-first=Fray |chapter=Conclusion |editor-last2=Eanelli |editor-first2=Tegan}}</ref>

== Representation in modern democracies ==
{{see also|Political representation}}

One of the major challenges in providing quality representation within all modern democracies comes from the many different ways in conceptualizing representation. [[Hanna Fenichel Pitkin]], in her seminal study ''The Concept of Representation'',<ref name="Fenichel Pitkin-1967">{{Cite book |last=Fenichel Pitkin |first=Hanna |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503 |title=The Concept of Representation |date=1967-12-31 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34050-3 |doi=10.1525/9780520340503}}</ref> identifies four forms: descriptive, substantive, formalistic, and symbolic representation.

=== Formalistic representation ===
Formalistic representation focuses on the formal procedures of institutions and has two dimensions: authorization and accountability.<ref name="Fenichel Pitkin-1967" /> Authorization looks at the means by which a representative obtains their position in office. Accountability centers around the ability of constituents to ''punish'' representatives for failing to act according to their wishes or the ''responsiveness'' of the representative to the constituents.

=== Symbolic representation ===
Symbolic representation involves constituents' perception of their representatives, including the represented's feelings of being fairly and effectively represented.<ref name="Fenichel Pitkin-1967" /> Work on symbolic representation by scholars of race and ethnic politics indicate that marginalized group's presence cues the legitimacy of both outcomes and procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Theobald |first1=N. A. |last2=Haider-Markel |first2=D. P. |date=2008-02-25 |title=Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions between Citizens and Police |journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=409–426 |doi=10.1093/jopart/mun006 |issn=1053-1858 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A study by Nancy Scherer and Brett Curry was concerned with the question if racial diversity on the federal bench impact citizens' views of the U.S. courts. They found that African-Americans had more trust in the legitimacy of the federal courts as the proportion of African-American judges rose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scherer |first1=Nancy |last2=Curry |first2=Brett |date=2007 |title=Descriptive Race Representation and Public Support for the U.S. Courts |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.986356 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another study by Matthew Hayes and Matthew V. Hibbing evaluated that when the level of black representation was below proportional levels, perceptions of fairness and satisfaction decreased (e.g. symbolic representation).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Matthew |last2=Hibbing |first2=Matthew V. |date=2016-05-13 |title=The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9 |journal=Political Behavior |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9 |issn=0190-9320 |s2cid=254934399|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Descriptive representation ===
''Descriptive representation'' refers to whether officeholders resemble those being represented. It is concerned only with who a representative is, such as their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc.<ref name="Fenichel Pitkin-1967" />

=== Substantive representation ===
Substantive representation is defined as having one's policy views expressed by an elected representative, independent of whether the representatives resemble their constituents and their social and [[Demography|demographic]] identities.<ref name="Fenichel Pitkin-1967" /> There have been studies that examined the substantive benefits of minority groups's representation. In a series of experiments by Amanda Clayton, Diana Z. O'Brien, and Jennifer M. Piscopo, these researchers controlled both the makeup of the decision-making body and the outcome reached.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Amanda |last2=O'Brien |first2=Diana Z. |last3=Piscopo |first3=Jennifer M. |date=2018-09-25 |title=All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=113–129 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12391 |issn=0092-5853 |s2cid=158870325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Across all decision outcomes and issue topics, women's equal presence legitimized the decision-making process for respondents. Moreover, gender balance helped improve perceptions of substantive legitimacy when the decision-making body reached an anti-feminist decision. This effect was more pronounced among men, who tend to hold less certain views on women's rights

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=* [[Anti-gender movement]]
* [[Chauvinism]]
* [[Consciousness raising]]
* [[Culture war]]
* [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion]]
* [[Diversity (politics)]]
* [[Global majority]]
* [[Grievance studies affair]]
* [[Kyriarchy]]
* [[Legitimating ideology]]
* [[Machismo]]
* [[Nationalism and sports]]
* [[Other (philosophy)|Othering]]
* [[Political consciousness]]
* [[Politics of resentment]]
* [[Recognition justice]]
* [[Single-issue politics]]
* [[Votebank]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |first=Francis |last=Fukuyama |title=Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment |publisher= Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2018 |isbn=978-0374129293}}
* Mike Gonzales. 2018. "{{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190203190145/https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/it-time-debate-and-end-identity-politics It Is Time to Debate—and End—Identity Politics]}}". The Heritage Foundation.
* {{cite book |last1= Reed Jr|first1=Adolph|last2= Michaels|first2=Walter Benn|date=2023 |title=No Politics but Class Politics|publisher=Eris|isbn=978-1912475575}}
* Christopher T. Stout. 2020. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PGnaDwAAQBAJ The Case for Identity Politics: Polarization, Demographic Change, and Racial Appeals]''. University of Virginia Press.
* {{cite book |last=Táíwò|first=Olúfẹ́mi O. |author-link=Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò|date=2022 |title=Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (and Everything Else) |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]]|isbn=978-1642596885 |url=https://archive.org/details/elite-capture |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161206100016/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/project/57/religion_in_international_affairs.html Initiative on Religion in International Affairs] at Harvard
*Joan Mandel. [https://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/identity_pol.html "How Political Is the Personal?: Identity Politics, Feminism and Social Change"], [[University of Maryland, Baltimore County]]
*[https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/a-marxist-critiques-identity-politics/ "A Marxist Critiques Identity Politics"]. ''[[Seattle Weekly]]''. 25 April 2017.
*[https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/08/identity-politics-gay-rights-neoliberalism-stonewall-feminism-race "Identity Politics Can Only Get Us So Far"]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. 3 August 2017.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/identity-politics-right-left-trump-racism "Why identity politics benefits the right more than the left"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 14 July 2018.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Identity politics}}
[[Category:Identity politics| ]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Intersectionality]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Ramesh Bidhuri

2026-03-17T09:14:27Z

Kausty:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Ramesh Bidhuri.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
| successor = [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
| constituency = [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
| office1 = Member of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Ch Shish Pal
| successor1 = [[Sahi Ram]]
| constituency1 = [[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1961|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kamla Bidhuri|1987}}
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| father = Ramrikh
| mother = Charto Devi
| education = [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]], [[Delhi University]] ([[B.Com]]) [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University ]] ([[LLB]])
| profession = Politician, lawyer, businessperson
}}
'''Ramesh Bidhuri''' (born 18 July 1961)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Who is Ramesh Bidhuri? A stalwart in Delhi's political arena leading against Delhi CM Atishi and Congress's Alka Lamba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/who-is-ramesh-bidhuri-a-stalwart-in-delhis-political-arena-leading-against-delhi-cm-atishi-and-congresss-alka-lamba/articleshow/118051199.cms |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian politician, [[lawyer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Ramesh Bidhuri: The BJP MP Who Abused BSP's Danish Ali is A Lawyer, Farmer & Habitual Rabble-rouser |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/ramesh-bidhuri-the-bjp-mp-who-abused-bsps-danish-ali-in-lok-sabha-is-a-lawyer-farmer-habitual-rabble-rouser-8587822.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Kumar2013">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Changing Electoral Politics in Delhi: From Caste to Class|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d39AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|accessdate=4 October 2014|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132116448|page=152}}</ref> Bidhuri and his family have been active members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] from their early childhood. He started his political career as an elected central councillor of [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]] and to the executive council of [[Delhi University]]. He served as a Member of parliament for the South Delhi constituency twice, and as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) thrice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramesh Bidhuri|url=http://rameshbidhuri.co.in/|website=rameshbidhuri.co.in|accessdate=2 October 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramesh Bidhuri was born on 18 July 1961 in Delhi to Ramrikh and Charto Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Shri Ramesh Bidhuri {{!}} Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |url=https://delhi.gov.in/profile/shri-ramesh-bidhuri |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624191635/https://delhi.gov.in/profile/shri-ramesh-bidhuri |archive-date=24 June 2024 }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bidhuri completed his graduation with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from Shaheed Bhagat Singh College (M), Delhi University, and completed his degree in law ([[LLB]]) from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], Meerut.<ref name=":0" />

Since 1993, Bidhuri has worked actively in politics, occupying posts in several religious and political organizations. In 1996, he worked as the District General Secretary, Mehrauli district, and served as the Pradesh Secretary of Dharm Yatra of Mahasangh.

He also served the party as District President [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1997–2003) and as the Vice President BJP Delhi Pradesh (2003–2008). Since 2008, he has occupied the position of General Secretary, BJP Delhi Pradesh. He joined BJP and has thrice been the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]].

In the [[2014 Indian general election]], Bidhuri was declared as the candidate from [[South Delhi]] constituency by the BJP, and later won the election.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |first= |title=Members: Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4854 |website=Parliament of India |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>.

In 2019, he defeated [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s [[Raghav Chadha]] and [[Indian National Congress]]'s [[Vijender Singh]] in elections in [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] by gaining more than 54% votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/147-candidates-including-boxer-vijender-singh-three-aap-nominees-lose-deposit-in-delhi-ls-polls-2158599.html|title = 147 Candidates Including Boxer Vijender Singh, Three AAP Nominees Lose Deposit in Delhi LS Polls|date = 24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/vijender-singh-congress-vs-bjp-ramesh-bidhuri-vs-aap-raghav-chadha-in-south-delhi-lok-sabha-election-result-2019/articleshow/69458116.cms|title=Ramesh Bidhuri vote share towers over Vijender Singh and Raghav Chadha}}</ref>

In [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], he contested from [[Kalkaji Assembly constituency]] and was defeated by [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s candidate and Chief Minister [[Atishi]] by 3500 votes.

== Controversy ==

During a discussion in Parliament on 21 September 2023, Bidhuri directed derogatory and communal remarks at [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] MP [[Kunwar Danish Ali]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Outrage over BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri's abuse of BSP's Danish Ali in Lok Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/outrage-over-bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuris-abuse-of-bsps-danish-ali-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/103875382.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2023-09-23|access-date=2025-11-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri Controversy: BSP MP Danish Ali seeks inquiry; Here's why|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/bsp-mp-danish-ali-seeks-privileges-panel-inquiry-after-bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-calls-him-terrorist-pimp-in-lok-sabha-11695377348949.html|website=mint|date=2023-09-22|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref> The comments, which were later expunged from the parliamentary record, were widely condemned by parliamentarians and political leaders across party lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faisal |first=Meer |title=Muslim MP called 'terrorist, pimp' by BJP member inside India's parliament |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/22/muslim-mp-called-terrorist-pimp-by-bjp-member-inside-indian-parliament |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=Will consider leaving Parliament: BSP MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/will-consider-leaving-parliament-as-bsp-mp-danish-ali-on-bidhuris-remark-101695389948583.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] issued a show-cause notice to him over the incident. However, the Speaker, [[Om Birla]], did not announce any disciplinary action.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri's remarks must be probed by Privileges Committee: Opposition |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bidhuri-ali-exchange-must-be-investigated-by-privileges-committee-opposition-writes-to-speaker/article67334817.ece |access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref> Bidhuri later expressed regret for his remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri regrets his remarks against BSP's Danish Ali |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-regrets-his-remarks-against-bsps-danish-ali-4642807 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Women MPs complain against BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri's sexist, abusive language in Lok Sabha|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-mps-complain-against-bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuris-sexist-abusive-language-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/48339463.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=2015-08-04|access-date=2025-11-30|issn=0013-0389|first=Anubhuti|last=Vishnoi}}</ref>

In 2015, five women Opposition MPs submitted a complaint to the then Speaker, [[Sumitra Mahajan]], accusing Bidhuri of "abusive behaviour" and using "abusive and derogatory" language in the House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Bidhuri, no stranger to row: Tughlakabad strongman known for letting loose tongue, aggression |date=23 September 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ramesh-bidhuri-profile-8951988/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=23 May 2022 |title=South Delhi MP Ramesh Bidhuri sends defamation notice to AAP MLA Bharadwaj |url=https://theprint.in/india/south-delhi-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-sends-defamation-notice-to-aap-mla-bharadwaj/968307/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri, AAP MP Sushil Gupta welcome arrest of man who brandished gun during Delhi violence |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-aap-mp-sushil-gupta-welcome-arrest-of-man-who-brandished-gun-during-delhi-violence20200303192238/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=ANI News}}</ref>

In January 2025, Bidhuri made a widely criticised remark about Congress leader and MP [[Priyanka Gandhi]], saying, "I assure you that just as we made the roads in Okhla and Sangam Vihar, we will make all the roads in Kalkaji like Priyanka Gandhi's cheeks." The comment drew sharp reactions from opposition parties and civil society groups, though Bidhuri later defended his statement.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Samiran |last=Mishra |title=BJP Leader Ramesh Bidhuri's Sexist Remark On Priyanka Gandhi Sparks Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-leader-ramesh-bidhuris-sexist-remark-on-priyanka-gandhi-sparks-row-7404847 |date=2025-01-06 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

=== Political posts ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|2003
|2008
|Member, [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
|-
|2008
|2013
|Member, [[4th Delhi Assembly|Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
|-
|2013
|2014
|Member, [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth Lok Sabha]]
|-
|2019
|2024
|Member, [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth Lok Sabha]]
|}

=== Legislative posts ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1998
|1999
|OSD to Chairperson, Committee on Subordinate Legislation
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, Standing Committee on Urban Development
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, Standing Committee on Welfare of [[Other Backward Class]]es
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, National Social Security Board
|-
|2017
|2019
|Member, Committee on Estimates
|-
|2019
|2024
|Member, Committee on Welfare of Other Backward Classes
|-
|2019
|2024
|Chairperson, Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas
|-
|2019
|2024
|Member, General Purposes Committee, Lok Sabha
|-
|2019
|2024
|Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://rameshbidhuri.co.in/}}

{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=expanded}}{{17th Lok Sabha members from Union territories|state=National Capital Territory of Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidhuri, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2013–2015]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from South Delhi district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

Gir National Park

2026-03-16T12:28:17Z

Kausty: updated page

{{Short description|National park and wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Gir National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = Gir lion-Gir forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg
| image_caption = Family of [[Asiatic lion]]s at Gir National Park
| image_map = Map Guj Nat Parks Sanctuary.png
| map_caption = Location map
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Junagadh District|Junagadh]], [[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]] and [[Amreli District|Amreli]] Districts, Gujarat, India
| nearest_city = [[Talala (Gir)]], [[Veraval]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|08|08|N|70|47|48|E|region:IN-GJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1965
| visitation_num = 60,148
| visitation_year = 2004
| governing_body = Forests & Environment Department
| area_km2 = 1,410.30
}}

'''Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary''', also known as '''Sasan Gir''', is a [[national park]] and [[wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Gujarat]], India. It was established in 1965 in the erstwhile [[Nawab of Junagarh]]'s private hunting area, with a total area of {{cvt|1410.30|km2}}, of which {{cvt|258.71|km2}} is fully protected as a national park and {{cvt|1151.59|km2}} as wildlife sanctuary.<ref name=gog>{{cite web |title=Gir National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary |work=Forests and Environment Department, [[Government of Gujarat]] |url=http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/national-park/wildlife-gir-nat-park.htm |access-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122025644/http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/national-park/wildlife-gir-nat-park.htm |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> It is part of the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref name="WWF, SA: NI">{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="jhala2008">{{cite book |title=Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India |editor1=[[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Jhala]], Y. V. |editor2=Gopal, R. |editor3=Qureshi, Q. |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun |year=2008 |series=TR 08/001 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124630/http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref>

The 14th Asiatic Lion Census 2015 conducted in May 2015 noted the population as 523 (up 27% compared to the previous census in 2010). The population was 411 in 2010 and 359 in 2005. The lion population in [[Junagadh]] District was 268 individuals, 44 in Gir Somnath District, 174 in Amreli District, and 37 in [[Bhavnagar district]]. There are 109 males, 201 females and 213 cubs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/05/10/asiatic-lion-population-up-from-411-to-523-in-five-years/ |title=Asiatic Lion population up from 411 to 523 in five years |date=10 May 2015 |work=Deshgujarat |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

Gir National Park is closed from 16 June to 15 October each year during the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gaikwad |first=R.|date=2014 |title=Gir forest to be shut down till October 15 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Gir-forest-to-be-shut-down-till-October-15/article11637690.ece |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
In the 19th century, the rulers of [[Indian princely states]] used to invite the [[British Empire|British]] colonists for hunting expeditions. At the end of the 19th century, only about a dozen [[Asiatic lion]]s were left in India, all of them in the Gir Forest, which was part of the [[Nawab of Junagarh]]'s private hunting grounds. British viceroys brought the drastic decline of the lion population in Gir to the attention of the Nawab of Junagadh, who established the sanctuary. Today, it is the only area in [[Asia]] where Asiatic lions occur and is considered one of the most important [[protected area]]s in Asia because of its biodiversity. The Gir [[ecosystem]] with its diverse [[flora]] and [[fauna]] is protected as a result of the efforts of the government forest department, wildlife activists and NGOs.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Geography ==
[[File:Map Guj Gir NatPark Sanctuary.png|thumb|Gir National Park and Gir Wildlife Sanctuary]]

=== Water reserves ===
[[File:kamleshwar reservoir.jpg|thumb|Panorama of the reservoir]]
The seven major [[Perennial stream|perennial]] rivers of the Gir region are [[Hiran River|Hiran]], [[Shetrunji River|Shetrunji]], Dhatarvadi, Shingoda, [[Machchundri River|Machhundri]], Ambajal and [[Raval River]]s. The four reservoirs of the area are at four dams, one each on Hiran, Machhundri, Raval and Shingoda rivers, including the biggest reservoir in the area, the ''[[Kamleshwar Dam]]'', dubbed 'the lifeline of Gir'.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Flora ==
{{multiple image |align=right | direction=vertical|image1=Teak trees in Gir Forest National Park.jpg |caption1=Teak trees}}
More than 400 plant species were recorded in the survey of Gir forest by ''Samtapau & Raizada'' in 1955. The [[botany]] department of [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M.S. University of Baroda]] has revised the count to 507 during their survey. According to the 1964 forest type classification by ''Champion & Sheth'', the Gir forest falls under "5A/C-1a—very dry teak forest" classification. [[Teak]] occurs mixed with dry [[deciduous]] species. The degradation stages (DS) sub-types are thus derived as:
# 5/DS1-Dry deciduous [[scrubland|scrub]] forest and
# 5/DS1-Dry [[savanna]]h forests (Locally known as "vidis"). It is the largest [[dry deciduous forest]] in western India.<ref name=gog/>

Teak bearing areas are mainly in the eastern portion of the forest, which constitutes nearly half of the total area. Several species of [[acacia]] trees are found. Also found here are ber, jamun (''[[Syzygium cumini]]''), babul (acacia), flame of the forest, [[zizyphus]], [[Tendu leaf|tendu]] and dhak. Also plants like karanj, umlo, amli, sirus, kalam, charal and an occasional Vad ([[banyan tree]]) are found. These [[broadleaf trees]] provide cool shade and moisture content to the region. As part of the [[afforestation]] programme, [[casuarina]] and [[prosopis]] have been planted along the borders of the Gir forest.

The forest is an important [[Biology|biological]] research area with considerable [[scientific]], educational, [[aesthetic]] and [[recreational]] values. It provides nearly 5 million kilograms of green [[grass]] by annual [[harvest]]ing, which is valued approximately at {{INR}} 500 million (US$7.12 million). The forest provides nearly 123,000 [[metric ton]]s worth of [[fuel wood]] annually.

== Wildlife ==
{{multiple image |align=right | direction=vertical
|image1=Mugger crocodile in Gir Forest National Park.jpg |caption1=Mugger crocodile
|image2=Leopard in Gir 10 Feb 2015 AJT Johnsingh IMG 4861.jpg |caption2=Indian leopard
|image3=Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena).jpg |caption3=Striped hyena}}
The count of 2,375 distinct [[fauna]] species of Gir includes about 38 species of [[mammal]]s, around 300 species of birds, 37 species of [[reptiles]] and more than 2,000 species of [[insects]].<ref name="gog" />

The [[carnivores]] group mainly comprises the [[Asiatic lion]], [[Indian leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[striped hyena]], [[golden jackal]], [[Bengal fox]],<ref name="Alametal.2015">{{cite journal |author=Alam, M.S., Khan, J.A., Njoroge, C.H., Kumar, S. and Meena, R.L. |year=2015 |title=Food preferences of the Golden Jackal ''Canis aureus'' in the Gir National Park and Sanctuary, Gujarat, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=6927–6933 |doi=10.11609/jott.o3954.6927-33 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Indian gray mongoose]], [[ruddy mongoose]], and [[honey badger]]. [[Asiatic wildcat]] and [[rusty-spotted cat]] occur, but are rarely seen.<ref name="gog" />

The main [[herbivores]] of Gir are [[chital]], [[nilgai]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[chinkara]] and [[wild boar]]. [[Blackbuck]]s from the surrounding area are sometimes seen in the sanctuary.<ref name="gog" />

The [[reptiles]] are represented by the [[mugger crocodile]],<ref name="Da Silva and Lenin, 2010">Da Silva, A. and Lenin, J. (2010). [http://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/17_C-f8ad64af.pdf "Mugger Crocodile ''Crocodylus palustris''], pp. 94–98 in S.C. Manolis and C. Stevenson (eds.) ''Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan''. 3rd edition, Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.</ref> [[Indian cobra]], [[Indian star tortoise|tortoise]] and [[Bengal monitor|monitor lizard]] which inhabit the sanctuary's bodies of water. Snakes are found in the bush and forest. [[Pythonidae|Pythons]] are sighted at times along the stream banks. Gir has been used by the Gujarat State Forest Department which formed the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project in 1977 and released close to 1,000 [[mugger crocodile]] into Lake Kamaleshwar and other small bodies of water in and around Gir.{{cn|date=March 2025}}
[[Bird]]s comprise more than 300 species, most of which are resident. The [[scavenger]] group of birds has six recorded species of [[vulture]]s. Some of the typical species of Gir include [[crested serpent eagle]], [[Bonelli's eagle]], [[changeable hawk-eagle]], [[brown fish owl]], [[Indian eagle-owl]], [[rock bush-quail]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], [[black-headed oriole]], [[crested treeswift]] and [[Indian pitta]]..<ref name="gog" />

=== Asiatic lion ===
[[File:Adult Asiatic Lion.jpg|alt=Indian Lion Gir|thumb|An Asiatic lion]]
The [[Asiatic lion]]'s habitat is dry scrub land and open [[deciduous]] forest. The lion population increased from 411 individuals in 2010 to 674 in 2020, and all of them live in or around Gir National Park.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2023 |title=Centre to re-examine lion relocation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/centre-to-re-examine-lion-relocation/articleshow/99074562.cms |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

In 1900 it was estimated that the population was as low as 100, and the Asiatic lion was declared a protected species. A census in 1936 recorded 289 animals. The first modern-day count of lions was done by [[Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth]], the principal of [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]] and [[R.S. Dharmakumarsinhji]] sometime between 1948 and 1963;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=Gir Forest National Park – Gujarat Updates |url=https://www.gujaratupdates.com/gir-forest-national-park/ |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

Even though the Gir Forest is well protected, there are instances of Asiatic lions being [[Poaching|poached]]. They have also been poisoned in retaliation for attacking livestock. Some of the other threats include floods, fires and the possibility of [[epidemics]] and natural calamities. Gir nonetheless remains the most promising long-term preserve for them.<ref name=":0" />

During a prolonged [[drought]] from 1899 to 1901, lions attacked livestock and people beyond the Gir Forest. After 1904, the rulers of Junagadh compensated livestock losses. Today, the lions in Gir National Park rarely attack people.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2013 |title=Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India |journal=History and Theory |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1111/hith.10690 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Lion conservation ===
{| class="floatright" style="width:200px; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;"
|-
| '''Year''' || '''Count''' || '''Male:Female:Cubs'''
|-
| 1968 || 177 || -
|-
| 1974 || 180 || -
|-
| 1979 || 261 || 76:100:100
|-
| 1984 || 252 || 88:100:64
|-
| 1990 || 249 || 82:100:67
|-
| 1995 || 265 || 94:100:71
|-
| 2000 || 327 || 99:115:76
|-
| 2005 || 359 || -
|-
| 2010 || 411 || 97:162:152
|-
| 2015 || 523 || 109:201:213
|-
| 2020 || 674 || 277:260:137
|}
The Lion Breeding Programme creates and maintains breeding centres. It also carries out studies of the behaviour of the Asiatic lions and also practices [[artificial insemination]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Gir National Park turns 57; 'WildLense' shares clip documenting a pride of young lions in the sanctuary – WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/gir-national-park-turns-57-wildlense-shares-clip-documenting-a-pride-of-young-lions-in-the-sanctuary-watch-article-94297871 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> One such centre has been established in the [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden|Sakkarbaug Zoo]] at the district headquarters of [[Junagadh]], which has successfully bred about 180 lions. A total of 126 pure Asiatic lions have been given to zoos in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Know Your City: In Junagadh, 160-year-old Sakkarbaug Zoo remains a favourite |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/know-your-city-junagadh-160-year-old-sakkarbaug-zoo-remains-favourite-8923406/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
The [[census]] of lions takes place every five years. Previously indirect methods like using [[pugmark]]s of the lion were adopted for the count. However, during the census of April 2005 (which originally was scheduled for 2006, but was advanced following the reports and controversy over vanishing tigers in India), "Block-Direct-Total Count" method was employed with the help of around 1,000 forest officials, experts and volunteers.<ref name=":0" /> It means that only those lions were counted that were "spotted" visually. Use of "live [[bait (luring substance)|bait]]" (a prey that is alive and used as a bait) for the exercise, though thought to be a traditional practice, was not used this time. The reason believed to be behind this is the [[Gujarat High Court]] ruling of 2000 against such a use of animals.

During the 2010 census 'The Cat Women of Gir Forest' counted more than 411 lions in the park, and 523 in 2015. The women who do the counting are from traditional tribes in neighbouring villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20130429-cat-women-gir-forest-narendra-modi-women-guards-asiatic-lion-763242-2013-04-18 |title=The Cat Women of Gir Forest: Modi's pride of women guards is working wonders in the Asiatic lion's last abode |date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Ecological problems ===
Gir National Park and Sanctuary faces a number of threats to its ecosystem. Natural threats include recurrent drought, cyclones, and forest fires.<ref name="WII-1">{{Cite web |title=Gir National Park and Sanctuary: Environmental Review of Activities |date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/casestudies/ecodevelopment_projects_gir_national_park_and_sanctuary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515204855/https://wii.gov.in/eia/casestudies/ecodevelopment_projects_gir_national_park_and_sanctuary |archive-date=15 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Anthropogenic threats include over-grazing,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berwick |first=M. |year=1990 |chapter=The Ecology of the Maldhari Graziers in the Gir Forest, India |editor-last1=Daniel |editor-first1=J. C. |editor-link1=J. C. Daniel (naturalist) |editor-last2=Serrao |editor-first2=J. S. |title=Proceeding of the Centenary Seminar of Bombay Natural History Society |location=Bombay |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=82–95 |isbn=978-0-19-562652-0}}</ref> encroachment, excessive traffic and resultant weed infestation.<ref name="WII-1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berwick |first=S. H. |year=1976 |title=The Gir Forest: An Endangered Ecosystem: Complementary studies of the major elements of an area—people, domestic and wild animals, and plants—suggest ways to preserve its ecological integrity |journal=[[American Scientist]] |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=28–40 |jstor=27847039}}</ref> Tourism contributes to this [[environmental degradation]], as does the mining carried out in the periphery. Pollution results from the railway lines that run through the peripheral zone.<ref name="WII-1" /> The narrow [[Population genetics|genetic base]] in the large mammals is also an issue of growing concern.<ref name="WII-1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bay |first1=R. A. |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=U. |last3=Hadly |first3=E. A. |year=2014 |title=A call for tiger management using "reserves" of genetic diversity |journal=[[Journal of Heredity]] |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=295–302 |pmid=24336928 |doi=10.1093/jhered/est086 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]
* ''[[The Lion Queens of India]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |author=BirdLife International |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/18133 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary}}

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:National parks in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1965]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Gujarat]]

Rock candy

2026-03-11T19:01:43Z

Kausty: rework section based on references

{{redirect|Rock sugar|the mash up rock group|Rock Sugar (band)}}
{{about|crystalised product|the cylindrical British boiled candy|Rock (confectionery)|other uses|}}
{{Short description|Confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Rock candy
| image = [[File:Rock-Candy-Sticks.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Colored and flavored rock candy commonly sold in the United States
| alternate_name = Rock sugar
| country = [[India]] and [[Iran]]
| region =
| course =
| type = Confectionery
| served =
| main_ingredient = Sugar, water
| variations = About 10
| calories = 223–400
}}

[[File:Brauner Kandiszucker.jpg|thumb|Traditional brown rock sugar]]
[[File:Kandiszucker weiß.jpg|thumb|White rock sugar]]

'''Rock candy''' or '''sugar candy''',<ref>{{cite book |editor=Judy Pearsal |editor2=Bill Truble |title=The Oxford English Reference Dictionary |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-860050-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishref0002unse/page/213 213] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishref0002unse/page/213}}</ref> also called '''rock sugar''' or '''crystal sugar''', is a type of [[confection]] composed of relatively large [[sugar]] [[crystal]]s. In some parts of the world, local variations are called '''misri''', [[Nabat (candy)|nabat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Nabat? Understanding the Differences Between Regular Sugar and Persian Sugar Cubes |url=https://www.sadaf.com/blogs/guides/what-is-nabat-understanding-the-differences-between-regular-sugar-and-persian-sugar-cubes |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Sadaf.com |date=24 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> or '''navat'''.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Hirshon Uzbek Spiced Rock Candy Sugar – Navat - ✮ The Food Dictator ✮ | date=4 March 2018 | url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-uzbek-spiced-rock-candy-sugar-navat/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304213902/https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-uzbek-spiced-rock-candy-sugar-navat/ | access-date=2025-02-25 | archive-date=2018-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Oriental Sweets: Navat. How Navat is Made in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.centralasia-travel.com/en/video/navat |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.centralasia-travel.com}}</ref>

This candy is formed by allowing a [[Supersaturation|supersaturated]] solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal [[nucleation]], such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after six to seven days. [[Food coloring]] may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.

==Nomenclature==
Etymologically, "sugar candy" derives from late 13th century English (in reference to "crystallised sugar"), from Old French ''çucre candi'' (meaning "sugar candy"), and ultimately from Arabic ''qandi'', from Persian ''qand'' ("cane sugar"), probably from [[Sanskrit]] ''khanda'' ("piece of sugar)". The sense gradually broadened (especially in the United States) to mean by the late 19th century "any [[confection]] having sugar as its basis". In the United Kingdom, these are sweets, and "candy" tends to be restricted to sweets made only from boiled sugar and striped in bright colors.<ref>{{cite web|website=etymonline.com|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/candy|title=Candy|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222090228/https://www.etymonline.com/word/candy|url-status=live}}</ref>

The modern American term "rock candy" (referring to brittle large natural sugar crystals) should not be confused with the British term [[Rock (confectionery)|rock]] (referring to an amorphous and opaque boiled sugar product, initially hard but then chewy at mouth temperature).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author= Richardson, Tim|date= 2002|title= Sweets: A History of Candy|publisher= Bloomsbury|isbn= 978-1-58234-229-0|page= [https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/90 90]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/sweets00timr/page/90}}</ref>

==Origins==
Islamic writers in the first half of the 9th century described the production of candy sugar, where crystals were grown through cooling supersaturated sugar solutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sugar-cultivation|title=SUGAR|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164227/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sugar-cultivation|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the famed makers of rock candy in the Muslim east is [[Hafiz Mustafa 1864]] in Istanbul, founded during the reign of [[Sultan Abdulaziz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/hafiz-mustafa-istanbul-confectionery-now-exporting/2197930|title=Hafiz Mustafa: Istanbul confectionery now exporting|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214185924/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/hafiz-mustafa-istanbul-confectionery-now-exporting/2197930|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the production process, rock sugar is divided into two types: [[monocrystalline]] rock sugar and [[polycrystalline]] rock sugar.

==Cuisine==
Rock candy is often dissolved in tea. It is an important part of the [[tea culture]] of [[East Frisia]], where a lump of rock sugar (locally called "Kandis") is placed at the bottom of the cup. Rock candy consumed with tea is also the most common and popular way of drinking tea in Iran, where it is called [[Nabat (candy)|nabat]]; the most popular nabat flavor is [[saffron]].<ref>{{cite web|website=My Persion Corner|url=http://www.mypersiancorner.com/2013/04/sweet-tea-persian-style.html|title=Sweet Tea Persion Style|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228104137/http://www.mypersiancorner.com/2013/04/sweet-tea-persian-style.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{clarify|date=April 2023}} Rock candy is also prepared in [[Central Asia]] under the name of ''[[novvot]]''.

It is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking. In China, it is used to sweeten [[chrysanthemum tea]], as well as [[tong sui|Cantonese dessert soups]] and the liquor ''[[baijiu]]''. Many households have rock candy available to marinate meats, add to stir fry, and to prepare food such as yao shan.{{Clarification needed|date=April 2025}} In less modern times, rock sugar was a luxury only for the wealthy. Rock candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties, and in some Chinese provinces, it is used as a part of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].{{citation needed|date = June 2012}}

In Mexico, it is used during the [[Day of the Dead]] to make sugar skulls, often highly decorated. Sugar skulls are given to children so they will not fear death; they are also offered to the dead. In the [[Friesland]] province of the Netherlands, bits of rock candy are baked in the luxury white bread ''[[Suikerbrood|sûkerbôle]]''. Rock candy is a common ingredient in [[Tamil cuisine]], particularly in the Sri Lankan city of [[Jaffna]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} In the US, rock candy comes in many colors and flavors, and is slightly hard to find, due to it being considered old-fashioned.<ref name=":0" />

==Mishri==
{{Infobox food
| name = Misri
| image = [[File:Misri.JPG|250px]]
| caption = Misri crystals
| country = [[India]] and [[Iran]]
| type = Rock candy or [[sweetener]]
}}

'''Mishri''' (or ''misri'') refers to crystallized sugar lumps, and a type of confectionery mineral, which has its origins in India and Iran, also known as rock sugar elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-misri-1150i |title= Glossary: Misri |website= [[Tarla Dalal]] |access-date= 12 June 2016 |archive-date= 24 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624194855/http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-misri-1150i |url-status= live }}</ref> It is used in India as a type of candy, or used to sweeten milk or tea.<ref name="Dar1996">{{cite book|author=Dar, Bashir Ahmad |title=Studies in Muslim philosophy and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-zjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 August 2011|date=January 1996|publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|page=168|isbn=978-969-416-054-2}}</ref><ref name="Baden-Powell1868">{{cite book|author= Baden-Powell, Henry|title=Hand-book of the economic products of the Punjab: with a combined index and glossary of technical vernacular words|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookeconomi00powgoog|access-date=9 August 2011|year=1868|publisher= Thomason Civil Engineering College Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookeconomi00powgoog/page/n548 307]–}}</ref>

Two Indian dessert dishes made from ''mishri'' and ''[[khoya]]'' (thickened milk) are ''mishri-[[khoa|mawa]]'' (''[[kalakand]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chezshuchi.com/Kalakand.html|title=Kalakand|website=chezshuchi.com|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623204908/http://www.chezshuchi.com/Kalakand.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''mishri-peda'', which are more commonly eaten in northern and western regions of India, including [[Uttar Pradesh]], Delhi, Rajasthan, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Gujarat]]; as well as [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] and northern coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]].

The [[Ghantewala]] Halwai, a sweet shop in Delhi, which began by selling ''mishri mawa'' in 1790,<ref>{{cite book|title=Hardy's Encyclopaedic Guide to Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, and Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug9DAAAAYAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Hardy & Ally |location=India}}</ref> is famous for ''mishri'' ''[[khoa|mawa]]'' and sells 40 varieties of sweets made from ''mishri''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==Beverages==
[[Rock and rye]] is a term used both for alcoholic liqueurs and cocktails using rye whiskey and rock candy, as well as for non-alcoholic beverages made in imitation thereof, such as the "Rock & Rye" flavor of soda pop made by [[Faygo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2015 |url=http://www.liquor.com/articles/rock-and-rye/#gs.cLsUYZA |title=This is How to Bring Rock and Rye Back from the Dead |website=Liquor.com |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416051325/http://www.liquor.com/articles/rock-and-rye/#gs.cLsUYZA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rouch2003">{{cite book|author=Rouch, Lawrence L. |title=The Vernor's Story: From Gnomes to Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yv2HI_5ZhcC&pg=PA34|year=2003|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-06697-8|pages=34–}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hard candy]]
*[[Konpeitō]]
*[[Jaggery]], an early form of sugar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Hadi, Saiyid Muhammad |title=The sugar industry of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMU_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96|access-date=9 August 2011|year=1902|publisher=Printed by F. Luker at the Government Press}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/recipe-rockcandy.html |website=Exploratorium.edu |title=Recipe for rock candy |access-date=17 September 2007 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331124523/https://exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/recipe-rockcandy.html |url-status=dead }} – an educational exercise in crystal and candy making (it may vary on however you want to make it).

{{Sugar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock Candy}}
[[Category:Candy]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Types of sugar]]
[[Category:Food for children]]

Aluabari Road Junction railway station

2026-03-10T22:48:41Z

Kausty:

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}{{Infobox station
| name = Aluabari Road
| native_name = আলুয়াবাড়ী রোড
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Passenger train]], [[Express train]] station
| image = Aluabari Road (Islampur) Railway Station Nameplate.JPG
| caption =
| address = [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]], [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.269681|N|88.18561|E|format=dms}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| line = [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]], [[Katihar-Siliguri line]], [[Barauni–Guwahati line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AUB
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Dhulabari|right=Gunjaria|type=[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]
|line2=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left2=|right2=Pothia|type2=Aluabari–Siliguri branch line
}}
}}
{{Katihar–Siliguri line|collapse=y}}
'''Aluabari Road Junction railway station''' is a junction railway station on [[Katihar–Siliguri line|Katihar–Siliguri branch]] of [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] in the [[Katihar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 27 (India)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Islampur,_Uttar_Dinajpur|title=NH31 changed to NH27}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}} at [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. This railway station connects the Alubari–[[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri]] branch line and New Farakka–New Jalpaiguri line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/aluabari-road-junction-aub/2200|title=Aluabari Road Railway Station Map/Atlas NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=roy|first=Joydeep|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> Total 35 express and passenger trains stop at Aluabari Road Junction railway station in a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/aluabari-road-aub-station|title=Aluabari Road Railway Station (AUB) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>

==Trains==
Following trains are available from this station:
*[[Kamakhya–Howrah Vande Bharat Sleeper Express]]
* [[MGR Chennai Central – New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express]]
* [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]
*[[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Charlapalli–Kamakhya Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]
* [[Avadh Assam Express|Dibrugarh-Lalgarh Avadh Assam Express]]
* [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjungha Express]]
* [[Mahananda Express|Delhi-Alipurduar Mahananda Express]]
* [[Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express]]
* [[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express|Siliguri Town - Jogbani Intercity Express]]
*[[Siliguri - Radhikapur Express]]
* [[Katihar–Siliguri Intercity Express]]
* [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjungha Express]]
* [[Kamrup Express|Dibrugarh-Howrah Kamrup Express]]
* [[Teesta Torsha Express|Sealdah-New Alipurdiar Teesta Torsha Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh - Deogarh Express]]
* [[Uttar Banga Express|Sealdah-Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Firebrand (2019 film)

2026-03-10T16:23:24Z

Kausty: Done

{{Short description|2019 film by Aruna Raje}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Firebrand
| image = Firebrand (2019 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Aruna Raje]]
| producer =
| writer = Aruna Raje
| starring = [[Usha Jadhav]] [[Sachin Khedekar]] [[Girish Kulkarni]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Purple Pebble Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|2|22}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Firebrand''''' is a 2019 [[India]]n [[Marathi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Aruna Raje]]. The film features [[Usha Jadhav]], [[Sachin Khedekar]] and [[Girish Kulkarni]] in the lead roles.

The film was released on 22 February 2019 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/priyanka-chopra-and-madhu-chopras-marathi-production-firebrand-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-22-february|title=Priyanka Chopra and Madhu Chopra's Marathi production Firebrand to premiere on Netflix on 22 February|website=Netflix Media Center}}</ref><ref name="india2018">{{cite web|url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-announces-eight-new-original-films-and-one-new-original-series-from-india|website=Netflix Media Center|title=Netflix Announces Eight New Original Films And One New Original Series From India|date=November 9, 2018|access-date=2018-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153426/https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-announces-eight-new-original-films-and-one-new-original-series-from-india|archive-date=2018-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/912190/priyanka-chopras-marathi-production-firebrand-to-be-released-on-netflix|title=Priyanka Chopra's Marathi production 'Firebrand' to be released on Netflix|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref> Firebrand is a contemporary story of self-discovery and catharsis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/913810/a-lawyer-fights-to-protect-women-and-save-herself-in-arunarajes-netflix-film-firebrand|title=A lawyer fights to protect women and save herself in Arunaraje's Netflix film 'Firebrand'|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|website=Scroll.in|date=22 February 2019 }}</ref> This was Aruna Raje's comeback movie after a 15-year absence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-firebrand-a-story-of-a-rape-survivor-2722729|title=Firebrand: A story of a rape survivor|first=Yogesh|last=Pawar|date=22 February 2019|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sunanda Raut is a feminist divorce lawyer, fending off injustice in Indian courtrooms for women such as rape, domestic abuse, mental illness, the complexities of marriage, sex and love. On top of this, she has to deal with her own real-life trauma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://decider.com/2019/03/07/firebrand-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Firebrand' on Netflix, a Priyanka Chopra-Produced Indian Drama Tackling Rape, Abuse and More|website=Decider|date=7 March 2019 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Usha Jadhav]] as Sunanda Raut
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Madhav Patkar
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Anand Pradhan
* [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as Divya Patel Pradhan
* Puja Agarwal as Natasha
* Amol Deshmukh as Dr. Nadkarni
* Sanjeev Dhuri as Judge Pandurang Thipse
* Ganesh Jamble as Ramesh Bodke
* Mrunal Oak as Anuya Pradhan
* Vaibhavi Pardeshi as Renukabai (maid)
* Pooja Raibagi as Smita Waghmare
* Laxman Singh Rajput as Dileep
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Advocate - Freddie Mehta
* Ranjeet Randive as Shankar Bhau
* Ankita Raval as Radhika

==Release==
It was released on 22 February 2019 on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/firebrand-movie-review-this-priyanka-chopra-production-5596058/|title=Firebrand movie review: This Priyanka Chopra production has no fire, only ashes|date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Film}}
* {{cite AV media|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81026327|title=Firebrand|publisher=Netflix}}
* {{IMDb title|8852536|Firebrand}}

[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2019 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aruna Raje]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-drama-film-stub}}

K. N. Vijayakumar

2026-03-04T09:13:18Z

Kausty:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. N. Vijayakumar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart = 16 May 2016
| constituency = [[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur North]]
| predecessor = [[M. S. M. Anandan]]
| successor =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|07|10}}
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Politician
| father = Karuppasami Gounder
| birth_name = Vijayakumar
}}

'''K. N. Vijayakumar''' is a politician from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was elected from the [[Tiruppur North|Tiruppur (North) constituency]] to the [[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fifteenth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] political party in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816220832/http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseS2219.htm |archivedate=16 August 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly Trends and Results 2016: Tamil Nadu : Constituency-wise Trends |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS22.htm?st=S22 |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayakumar, K. N.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Brahma Puthrudu

2026-03-03T19:04:46Z

Kausty: further update lead per standard format further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Brahma Putrudu
| image = Brahma Puthrudu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Michael Raj]]''
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao (dialogues)
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao
| story = [[V. C. Guhanathan]]
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] [[Mohan Babu]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = K. A. Martand
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988|07|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Brahma Putrudu''''' is a 1988 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://telugusongs.allindiansite.com/brahma_putrudu.html|title= Brahma Putrudu|publisher= telugusongs.allindiansite.com|accessdate= 17 February 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130225103512/http://telugusongs.allindiansite.com/brahma_putrudu.html|archive-date= 25 February 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref> The film was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Michael Raj]]''. The film was a super hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html|title= Success and centers list - Venkatesh|publisher= [[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate= 30 October 2014|archive-date= 1 June 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150601025040/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Venkatesh won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu]].

==Plot==
Sreedevi ([[Shalini Kumar|Shalini]]) is a daughter of Kiranmayi ([[Jayasudha]]), a mad woman. Everyone makes fun of Sreedevi for not knowing who her father is, and the doctor says that her mother can become normal only when she sees the person who is responsible for her pregnancy. In the process of searching for her father, Sreedevi meets Shakthi ([[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]), a kind-hearted gentleman who always thinks of helping others. After listening to her story, he decides to help her at any cost. Shakthi falls in the same category as Sreedevi: when Shakthi was a child, his mother was imprisoned because of trickery played by his deceitful father and he has lost her whereabouts. Ammadu ([[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]) and Shakthi both love each other. Will Shakthi succeed in finding Sreedevi's father? Will he be able to meet his mother?

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Shakthi
* [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] as Ammadu
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Ranjeeth Kumar
* [[Jayasudha]] as Kiranmayi
* [[Nutan Prasad]] as Guru Murthy
* [[Srividya]] as Janaki
* [[Shalini Kumar|Baby Shalini]] as Sridevi
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiyah]] as Tatarao
* [[Suthivelu]] as S. I. Simham
* [[Nagesh]] as Constable Engeenayalu
* Mada as Tailor
* Ramana Reddy as Shakthi's assistant
* [[Potti Veeraiah]] as Shakthi's assistant
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Constable
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as S.P.
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Rekha
* Radhakumari as Rekha's Mother
* [[Jayamalini]] as Constable Geeta
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Sundari
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] as Dr. Naidu
* [[Arja Janardhana Rao]] as Stall Owner
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Brahma Puthrudu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 18:51
| label = Annapurna Music
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Raktha Tilakam]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = [[Manchi Donga]]
| next_year = 1988
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|1oG1AUsFVyU|Brahma Puthrudu – Jukebox}}}}
}}
Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahma Putrudu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/brahma-putrudu/N09dWprYxQ8_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=1 July 1988}}</ref> Lyrics written by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. Music released on Annapurna Music Company.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nee Yabba
| length1 = 3:36
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Ayyababoi
| length2 = 3:30
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title3 = Sannajaji Chettu Kindha
| length3 = 3:58
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| title4 = Ammayi Mukku
| length4 = 3:57
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title5 = Amma Thodu
| length5 = 3:50
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| total_length = 18:51
}}

==Awards==
*[[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]] won the [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress]] (1988)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Neerparavai

2026-03-03T03:25:28Z

Kausty: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neerparavai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Seenu Ramasamy [[B. Jeyamohan]]
| screenplay = Seenu Ramasamy
| story = Seenu Ramasamy
| producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnu Vishal]]
*[[Sunaina]]
*[[Nandita Das]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Balasubramaniem]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| distributor = Red Giant Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|30}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Neerparavai''''' ({{translation|Seabird}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=17 January 2015 |title=Going wild over titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412163731/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Seenu Ramasamy]], and produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]. It stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Sunaina]], while [[Nandita Das]] plays the older version of the latter's character. [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Varsha Ashwathi]], and [[Anupama Kumar]] play supporting roles. The music is composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] with cinematography by [[Balasubramaniem]] and editing by [[Kasi Viswanathan]]. The film was released on 30 November 2012. Saranya won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] for her performance

== Plot ==
The film is introduced when an old lady's son and daughter-in-law come to stay in her house in a coastal village, where she lives by herself. The son asks his mother to sell off the house, so that he can build a house in the city with help from his father in law, but the old lady refuses to sell the house. The son and daughter-in-law notice that the lady often goes to the beach, and prays in the garden every night. When they ask her why she goes to the beach, she says that she is waiting for her husband to come. The son gets angry and reminds her that she has been waiting for 25 years, and he is not going to come. Whilst the mother goes to the beach, the couple digs the spot in the garden where she prays and find a skeleton. They report this to the police, and the case is handled by Inspector Agnes, who begins interrogating the old lady. The old lady tells her past.

Arulappasamy is a young man who is an alcoholic and wastrel and also a constant embarrassment to his hardworking adopted parents. Esther is an orphan girl who is adopted by a nun named Sister Benita, and she stays in the church. Arulappan slowly gets attracted to Esther, and his love for her changes him. He gives up drinking and wants to work so that he can marry Esther. However, the local fishermen do not allow him to go into the sea. The young man, due to his determination, buys a boat, marries his love, and life is all rosy until fate intervenes.

The married couple has a son. One day, Arulappan goes to fish, but after several days, he does not return. Esther is really worried about him. They find his body in a boat shot and bring him home. Esther says to keep him in the house, and it was all her fault because she is the one who sent him to work.
Now at present in the court when the judge asks her why she accepted the blame of killing her husband for which Esther says she was the one who urged him to go for work, leading to his death. The son later asks for forgiveness and tells that he will not ask for that house, for which Esther says she doesn't want the house as her husband isn't there any more. The police releases the old lady and the inspector asks why she waits for her husband to come if she knows that he is dead. She says that only his body returned to shore, but his soul is still in the sea and believes that it will come to see her one day, after saying so she rushes to the beach. The movie ends with her waiting at the beach day and night for her husband's soul.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Arulappasamy (credited as Vishnu)
* [[Sunaina]] as Esther
** [[Nandita Das]] as older Esther
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Mary
* [[P. Samuthirakani]] as Attha Uduman Gani
* [[Varsha Ashwathi]] as Inspector Agnes
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Sister Benita: Esther's adoptive mother
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Church Father
* [[Poo Ram]] as Lourdhusamy
* Yogi Devaraj as Abraham
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Ebenezer
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Joseph Bharathi
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Annachi
* [[Manochitra]] as Annachi's sister
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Anthony
* [[Aruldoss]] as Fisherman
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Radhakrishnan
* [[Theepetti Ganesan]]
* [[Seenu Ramasamy]] as doctor (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
[[Seenu Ramasamy]] chose [[B. Jeyamohan]] to pen the dialogues for his film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2011 |title=Seenuramasamy ropes in Jeyamohan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/news-interviews/30297308_1_film-mani-ratnam-thenmerku-paruvakkaatru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714092405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/news-interviews/30297308_1_film-mani-ratnam-thenmerku-paruvakkaatru |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=19 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The lead male role was initially supposed to be enacted by [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Vimal and Seenu Ramasamy teams up |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vimal-and-seenu-ramasamy-teams-up-news-tamil-lktmJtebfib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021114740/http://www.sify.com/movies/vimal-and-seenu-ramasamy-teams-up-news-tamil-lktmJtebfib.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=19 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Later, [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]] took over as Vimal was unable to allot dates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitra |date=31 July 2021 |title=நீர்ப்பறவை படத்தில் முதலில் நடிக்க இருந்த பிரபல நடிகர்.. மிகப்பெரிய வாய்ப்பை தவற விட்டதால் புலம்பல் |trans-title=The famous actor who was originally supposed to star in the film ''Neerparavai''... is mourning the loss of a big opportunity |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/vishnu-vishal-neerparavai-movie-1st-choice-vimal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201075810/https://www.cinemapettai.com/vishnu-vishal-neerparavai-movie-1st-choice-vimal/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref> It was produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under the [[Red Giant Movies]] banner.<ref name="Warrier">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=27 November 2012 |title='Neer Paravi is about the struggles of fishermen' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-neer-paravi-is-about-the-struggles-of-fishermen/20121127.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201070520/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-neer-paravi-is-about-the-struggles-of-fishermen/20121127.htm |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Bindu Madhavi]] was signed up to portray the lead female role in January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2012 |title=Bindu Madhavi in Neer Paravai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bindu-madhavi-in-neer-paravai/articleshow/11336840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830054904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bindu-Madhavi-in-Neer-Paravai/articleshow/11336840.cms |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, she was subsequently replaced by [[Sunaina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2012 |title=Sunaina in Neerparavai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunaina-in-neerparavai/articleshow/12424946.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201071442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunaina-in-neerparavai/articleshow/12424946.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Nandita Das]], who previously appeared in critically acclaimed Tamil films including ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' and ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', was announced to be joining the team in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2012 |title=Nandita Das back in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-das-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/12731361.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240327090300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nandita-das-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/12731361.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Saranya Ponvannan]], who previously worked with the director in ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' which fetched her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|National Film Award for Best Actress]], was signed for a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=19 May 2012 |title=Award-winning mom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3436334.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727013155/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3436334.ece? |archive-date=27 July 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Major portions of the film were shot in [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Manapad]].<ref name="Warrier" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=6 November 2011 |title=Seenu Ramasamy is in Kanyakumari! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366474_1_new-film-kanyakumari-seenu-ramasamy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701183425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366474_1_new-film-kanyakumari-seenu-ramasamy |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=6 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Production was briefly delayed after Vishnu injured his arm while playing in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Director hits out at cricket league! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-hits-out-at-cricket-league/articleshow/11923854.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201075510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-hits-out-at-cricket-league/articleshow/11923854.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2012 |title=Vishnu keen to wrap up Neerparavai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/vishnu-keen-to-wrap-up-neerparavai-365749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201064618/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/May/07/vishnu-keen-to-wrap-up-neerparavai-365749.html |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[N. R. Raghunanthan]] composed the soundtrack. The lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neerparavai Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/neerparavai-tamil-film-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218024845/https://mossymart.com/shop/neerparavai-tamil-film-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> Raghunathan revealed that the song would have [[Classical music|western classical]], [[Latin music|Latin]], [[Music of France|French]] [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] and [[Carnatic music]] influences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 July 2012 |title=Raghunanthan's hands are full now |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news-interviews/32765473_1_sasikumar-second-film-national-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101172023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news-interviews/32765473_1_sasikumar-second-film-national-award |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio was launched at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] on 10 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title='Neer Paravai' audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neer-paravai-audio-launched-news-tamil-mklj3bedidb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011635/http://www.sify.com/movies/neer-paravai-audio-launched-news-tamil-mklj3bedidb.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A few lines in "Para Para" created controversy among [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Christians]], which led them to protest against the song; thus, the objected lyrics were changed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Vairamuthu changes the lyrics after protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vairamuthu-changes-the-lyrics-after-protests/articleshow/16863960.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201080045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vairamuthu-changes-the-lyrics-after-protests/articleshow/16863960.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2022 |title=Tamil songs with the most controversial lyrics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928184632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:34
| title1 = Meenuku
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length1 = 05:19
| title2 = Para Para
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length2 = 05:19
| title3 = Devan Magale
| extra3 = V. V. Prasanna, [[Saindhavi]]
| length3 = 04:44
| title4 = Raththa Kanneer
| extra4 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length4 = 04:06
| title5 = Para Para
| note5 = Sad
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| length5 = 05:19
| title6 = Yaar Vettu
| extra6 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| length6 = 03:28
| title7 = Para Para
| note7 = New
| extra7 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 05:19
}}

== Release ==
''Neerparavai'' was initially scheduled to release on 23 November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2012 |title='Neerparavai' on November 23 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-on-november-23-news-tamil-mk5oj4idjac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920153334/http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-on-november-23-news-tamil-mk5oj4idjac.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=31 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but was pushed by a week to 30 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2013 |title=Neerparavai from 30th Nov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-from-30th-nov/articleshow/17399390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201072105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-from-30th-nov/articleshow/17399390.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ahead of release, the film was denied entertainment tax exemption despite meeting the eligibility requirements, prompting the director to go on fast and he even approached the commissioner of Chennai Police for help.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2012 |title=Neerparavai director to go on fast! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-director-to-go-on-fast/articleshow/17140581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327110957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/neerparavai-director-to-go-on-fast/articleshow/17140581.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After Udhayanidhi approached the [[Madras High Court]], tax exemption was granted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2012 |title=Tax respite for Neerparavai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tax-respite-for-neerparavai/articleshow/17156517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327111536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tax-respite-for-neerparavai/articleshow/17156517.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Sify]]'' gave 4 stars with a "good" verdict and said the film was "a moving drama that will undoubtedly leave you with a lump in your throat. And films like this are hard to find."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neerparavai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-review-tamil-15014166.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322013107/http://www.sify.com/movies/neerparavai-review-tamil-15014166.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film as "soaring high" and said, "If meaningful cinema matters to you, go for it," by adding, "as a producer, Udhayanidhi Stalin can be proud of having backed a purposeful film, and as a creator, Seenu Ramasamy makes the water bird preen, and soar with confidence."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 December 2012 |title=Neerparavai: Soaring high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/neerparavai-soaring-high/article4153629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054627/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Neerparavai-Soaring-high/article12373974.ece |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 out of 5 with a "go watch" tag and said "[It] is a beautiful record of the lives of a community, their hopes and dreams, and the harsh reality of their lives."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=30 November 2012 |title=Review: Go watch ''Neer Paravai''! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-neer-paravai/20121130.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203033054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-neer-paravai/20121130.htm |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote, "Although the film is backed by deft screenplay, one would still find it hard to sit through the first half because the film meanders at snail's pace" but concluded that the film "is a fitting and beautiful saga of sea-folks, whose lives most often get sabotaged by reality".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title='Neerparavai' - for the sea-folks (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Dec/02/neerparavai---for-the-sea-folks-tamil-430164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218030719/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Dec/02/neerparavai---for-the-sea-folks-tamil-430164.html |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "There is a lot to like in ''Neerparavai'' which seeks to highlight the issue of fishermen killings in the [[Palk Strait]]. But where the movie actually scores is not in the message it conveys, but in its handling of human relationships within an under-represented (on film and otherwise) community".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=30 November 2012 |title=Neerparavai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neerparavai/movie-review/17427272.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203143754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neerparavai/movie-review/17427272.cms |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Category
! Recipient
! Verdict
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620221418/http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Balasubramaniem]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|Poo Ramu
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|[[Nandita Das]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Vairamuthu]] (for "Para Para")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] for "Para Para"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Male Character Artist
| Poo Ramu
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140123/https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Neerparavai''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615085439/https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615085637/https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Sunaina]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| Nandita Das
| {{nom}}
|-
|Saranya Ponvannan
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Seenu Ramasamy}}

[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films directed by Seenu Ramasamy]]
[[Category:Films produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Iraivan

2026-03-03T02:32:35Z

Kausty: small changes

{{Short description|2023 Tamil-language film by I. Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Iraivan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[I. Ahmed]]
| writer = I. Ahmed
| producer = Sudhan Sundaram Jayaram
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Ravi Mohan]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]|[[Vinoth Kishan]]|[[Rahul Bose]]}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Hari K. Vedantam
| editing = J. V. Manikanda Balaji
| studio = Passion Studios
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]] Think Studios S Picture
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|09|28}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraivan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/iraivan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2mju2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930024902/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/iraivan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2mju2 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Iraivan''''' ({{translation|God}}) is a 2023 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[I. Ahmed]] and produced by Sudhan Sundaram and G. Jayaram under Passion Studios. The film stars [[Ravi Mohan]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Vinoth Kishan]] and [[Rahul Bose]] in the lead roles, while [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Charle]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Azhagam Perumal]] and [[Bagavathi Perumal]] in supporting roles.

The film was announced in March 2022 without a title, which was revealed only that September. Principal photography commenced in March 2022 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by that November. The music is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing are handled by Hari K. Vedantam and J. V. Manikanda Balaji.

''Iraivan'' was released on 28 September 2023, where it received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name="reviews" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-25 |title=Ravi Mohan's 'Iraivan' to have an OTT release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohans-iraivan-to-have-an-ott-release-on-this-date/articleshow/104690894.cms |access-date=2023-10-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arjun is an [[Assistant commissioner of police|DCP]] known for his unorthodox approach to apprehending suspects through lethal encounters rather than adhering to standard arrest protocols. He harbors affection for Priya, the sister of his colleague and friend, Andrew. However, he hesitates to commit to marriage due to the enemies he has amassed during his aggressive law enforcement career, anticipating retaliation from those he has crossed.

Meanwhile, the city is gripped by fear as a psychopathic serial killer, nicknamed the "Smile-Killer" for leaving distinctive smiley face notes near the crime scenes, abducts and gruesomely murders young girls. Arjun and Andrew are assigned to this harrowing case. Tragically, Andrew loses his life while confronting the killer, who is later identified as Brahma. Haunted by the trauma of this investigation, Arjun resigns from the police force. Together with Priya, he embarks on a new path by opening a cafe, seeking a tranquil existence.

A year later, panic resurfaces when reports suggest that Brahma has escaped from prison. Subsequently, Shanmugam, the doctor responsible for Brahma's care while incarcerated, is found dead. Shanmugam's daughter Swetha too falls victim to the same gruesome fate as Brahma's prior victims, bearing the killer's signature. Arjun is sent a death threat letter, seemingly from Brahma. The Smile-Killer's spree intensifies, with increasingly brutal acts and the disturbing practice of sending video footage of the victims' torment and murder to their families and the media. The grim videos drive some family members of the victims to commit suicide.

The disappearance of Shalu, the only survivor of a previous encounter with Brahma, draws the attention of the police and Arjun. There is a belief that Brahma has abducted her once again to complete his unfinished task. Investigations reveal that Brahma may not intend to kill Shallu because he sees her as a willing participant, given her nymphomaniac tendencies. In a previous abduction, Shalu's response to Brahma's torture was arousal rather than fear, which diverged from Brahma's typical satisfaction derived from his victims' screams of panic. Arjun eventually locates the site where Shalu is held captive, the same place where Brahma was previously apprehended. A confrontation ensues, during which Arjun questions Brahma's role and discovers that someone else has been using Brahma's name for the most recent murders, but Brahma refuses to reveal the other person's identity. The police arrives and fatally shoots Brahma.

The Smile-Killer's reign of terror continues, raising suspicions that another individual is impersonating Brahma. After a thorough investigation, Arjun believes that Babu, an assistant to Church Father Sebastian and a previous suspect, is the copycat killer. However, evidence implicates Arjun when it is revealed that the video of Shalu's captivity was sent from his location. In an attempt to apprehend Babu, Arjun uses his characteristic aggressive methods. The police intervenes to save Babu, and in the heated exchange, Arjun confesses to kidnapping Shalu and sending the video to a TV channel. He insists that it was a play to trap Brahma as he knew that Brahma considered Shalu a partner rather than a victim. Meanwhile, Babu goes to the media regarding his mistreatment at the hands of Arjun and the police force, leading to the public sentiment leaning in his favor.

Later that evening, Arjun uncovers compelling evidence at Babu's store that links him to the crimes. En route to Babu's arrest, he receives a phone call from Andrew's widow Jasmine who reveals that Babu has abducted her daughter Sophie. Babu promises to disclose Sophie's location only if Arjun complies with his demands. Arjun agrees and embarks on a journey to meet Babu, but a tragic turn of events occurs when Jasmine attempts to take her own life, seemingly as part of Babu's demands. Ultimately, a hostage exchange takes place with Priya joining the scene, per Babu's request for her in exchange for Sophie. In the process, Arjun intervenes, incapacitating Babu and saving both Priya and Sophie.

The police force fakes Babu’s death due to the public sentiment regarding his innocence and holds him captive in secret. The movie ends with them leaving the room so that Babu can be dealt with by Arjun.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Arjun [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Nayanthara]] as Priya, Andrew's sister and Arjun's love interest
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Andrew [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Jasmine's husband and Priya's brother
* [[Rahul Bose]] as "Smiley Killer" Brahma
* [[Vinoth Kishan]] as "Copycat Killer" Babu
* [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]] as Jasmine Andrews, Andrew's wife and Priya's sister-in-law
* [[Charle]] as Dr. Yoganand
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Police commissioner|Commissioner]] Hari Vedanth [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Mani [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Franck [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Ashwin Kkumar]] as Ganesh, Shalu's boyfriend
* Aishwarya Suresh (Lachu) as Shalu, Ganesh's [[nymphomaniac]] girlfriend
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Church Father Sebastian
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Journalist and TV Anchor
* Kumar Natarajan as Dr. Shanmugam
* George Vijay Nelson as [[Inspector]] Marudhu
* Sanjana Tiwari as Divya, Yoganand's daughter
* Porkodi as Yoganand's wife
* Sujatha Babu as Mani's wife
* Baby Aazhiya as Sophie Andrew, Andrew's and Jasmine's daughter
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In May 2021, actor [[Ravi Mohan]] and director [[I. Ahmed]] were reported to do a movie together, doing so after ''Jana Gana Mana'', which had it shooting on hold due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and was not resumed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2021 |title=Ravi Mohan to team up once again with 'Jana Gana Mana' director Ahmed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohan-to-team-up-once-again-with-jana-gana-mana-director-ahmed/articleshow/82766082.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohan-to-team-up-once-again-with-jana-gana-mana-director-ahmed/articleshow/82766082.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]] was reported to play the lead female role alongside Ravi after ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015),<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=7 March 2022 |title=Ravi Mohan-Nayanthara reunite for a psychological thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohan-nayanthara-reunite-for-a-psychological-thriller/articleshow/90034722.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohan-nayanthara-reunite-for-a-psychological-thriller/articleshow/90034722.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with her also receiving a remuneration of {{INR}}10 crore for 20-days call sheet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2022 |title=Buzz: Nayanthara to receive a whopping remuneration for her next with Ravi Mohan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-nayanthara-to-receive-a-whopping-remuneration-for-her-next-with-ravi-mohan/articleshow/90776191.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-nayanthara-to-receive-a-whopping-remuneration-for-her-next-with-ravi-mohan/articleshow/90776191.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Harris Jayaraj]] was reported to compose the soundtrack for the film, collaborating with Ahmed after ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' (2013)'','' until they finalised [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] as the composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=Harris Jayaraj reunites with Ahmed for Ravi Mohan-Nayanthara film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harris-jayaraj-reunites-with-ahmed-for-ravi-mohan-nayanthara-film/articleshow/92794162.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806155700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harris-jayaraj-reunites-with-ahmed-for-ravi-mohan-nayanthara-film/articleshow/92794162.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 30 March 2022, coinciding with Ahmed's birthday, Ravi and Ahmed, via Twitter, confirmed doing a film together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=It's official: Ravi Mohan and Ahmed to team up for the second time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-ravi-mohan-and-ahmed-to-team-up-for-the-second-time/articleshow/90586523.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806155659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-ravi-mohan-and-ahmed-to-team-up-for-the-second-time/articleshow/90586523.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The title ''Iraivan'' was revealed on Ravi's birthday (10 September).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=Ravi Mohan's second film with director Ahmed titled 'Iraivan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohans-second-film-with-director-ahmed-titled-iraivan/articleshow/94145982.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohans-second-film-with-director-ahmed-titled-iraivan/articleshow/94145982.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in March 2022 with the first schedule in [[Chennai]].<ref name="The Times of India" /> Nayanthara finished shooting her portions by 14 August,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=Nayanthara wraps shooting for her film 'Iraivan' with Ravi Mohan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-wraps-shooting-for-her-film-iraivan-with-ravi-mohan/articleshow/93553818.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-wraps-shooting-for-her-film-iraivan-with-ravi-mohan/articleshow/93553818.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while the whole shooting [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 1 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2022 |title=Ravi Mohan's 'Iraivan' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohans-iraivan-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/95235518.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ravi-mohans-iraivan-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/95235518.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Iraivan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = 25 August 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:58
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Paramporul (film)|Paramporul]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Conjuring Kannappan]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
The film's music and background score is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in his second collaboration with Ahmed after ''[[Vaamanan]]'' (2009) and fifth with Ravi after ''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' (2005), ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' (2007), ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' (2010), and ''[[Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Ravi Mohan & Nayanthara's 'Iraivan' to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-nayantharas-iraivan-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/100829396.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806163246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-nayantharas-iraivan-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/100829396.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Times Music]] purchased the music rights for the film. The first single "Azhagai" was released on 9 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Azhagai single from Iraivan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/azhagai-single-from-iraivan-out-47478.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923170654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/azhagai-single-from-iraivan-out-47478.html |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

All tracks are written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Azhagai
| length1 = 3:41
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Kharesma Ravichandran]]
| title2 = Idhu Pola
| length2 = 4:04
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title3 = Shades of Love
| length3 = 3:49
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]], Shivani Paneerselvam
| title4 = Nanbha
| length4 = 4:34
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| title5 = Fear Beat
| length5 = 3:38
| extra5 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], ADK
| total_length = 18:58
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Iraivan'' was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 25 August 2023, but was postponed due to unfinished post-production work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2023 |title=Ravi Mohan's 'Iraivan' trailer will be unveiled on Sep 3; to be attached with Shah Rukh Khan's 'Jawan' in theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-iraivan-trailer-to-be-attached-with-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-in-theatres/articleshow/103286301.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-iraivan-trailer-to-be-attached-with-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-in-theatres/articleshow/103286301.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was later released on 28 September 2023, clashing with the [[Raghava Lawrence]]-starrer ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' and the [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]-starrer ''[[Chithha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Salaar's Postponement Benefits Mid-Budget Tamil Movies; These Films To Release On September 28 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/prabhas-salaar-postponement-benefits-mid-tamil-telugu-movies-these-films-to-release-on-september-28-iraivan-parking-rules-ranjan-skanda-10099228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919143116/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/prabhas-salaar-postponement-benefits-mid-tamil-telugu-movies-these-films-to-release-on-september-28-iraivan-parking-rules-ranjan-skanda-10099228 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=English Jagran}}</ref> The film received an [[A certificate]] for its violent content, becoming Ravi's first film since ''Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan'' to receive this rating.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=Ravi Mohan's Iraivan censored 'A' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-iraivan-censored-a/articleshow/103860279.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922160921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-iraivan-censored-a/articleshow/103860279.cms |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were acquired by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], T. Kishore and G. Srinivasan under the banner of [[Red Giant Movies]], Think Studios and S Picture.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

=== Home media ===
The streaming platform, [[Netflix]], acquired the digital rights for the film, while the satellite rights were sold to [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2023 |title=Here's the first look poster of Ravi Mohan and Nayanthara's 'Iraivan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-the-first-look-poster-of-jayam-ravi-and-nayantharas-iraivan/articleshow/97023916.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-the-first-look-poster-of-jayam-ravi-and-nayantharas-iraivan/articleshow/97023916.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Iraivan'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics with praise for Ravi's performance, the background score, and the action sequences, but criticism for the screenwriting, soundtrack, excessive violence, and romantic scenes.<ref name="reviews">{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Check out these 5 tweets if you are planning to watch Ravi Mohan's 'Iraivan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/check-out-these-5-tweets-if-you-are-planning-to-watch-jayam-ravis-iraivan/articleshow/104011389.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929020012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/check-out-these-5-tweets-if-you-are-planning-to-watch-jayam-ravis-iraivan/articleshow/104011389.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title='Iraivan' box office collection day 1: 'Chandramukhi 2' overshadows Ravi Mohan's 'A' rated psychotic thriller, the Rahul Bose starrer expects to do well over the weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iraivan-box-office-collection-day-1-chandramukhi-2-overshadows-jayam-ravis-a-rated-psychotic-thriller-the-rahul-bose-starrer-expects-to-do-well-over-the-weekend/articleshow/104036690.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930024902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iraivan-box-office-collection-day-1-chandramukhi-2-overshadows-jayam-ravis-a-rated-psychotic-thriller-the-rahul-bose-starrer-expects-to-do-well-over-the-weekend/articleshow/104036690.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film, after its release in theatres on September 28, received a lot of positive reviews and was billed as one of the best psychotic thriller films in Tamil.}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Iraivan is the latest addition to the never-ending list of brainless psychological action thrillers our film industries keep churning out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=Iraivan movie review: Ravi Mohan, Nayanthara-starrer is a tiresome mishmash of serial killer films |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/iraivan-movie-review-jayam-ravi-nayanthara-starrer-is-a-tiresome-mishmash-of-all-serial-killer-films-8960745/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173358/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/iraivan-movie-review-jayam-ravi-nayanthara-starrer-is-a-tiresome-mishmash-of-all-serial-killer-films-8960745/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote the "director's decision to make all the losses personal to the protagonist doesn't work much and only turns it into a common narrative".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=28 September 2023 |title=Iraivan Movie Review : A psycho-thriller that could have been better |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/iraivan/movie-review/104012422.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/iraivan/movie-review/104012422.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> P Sangeetha of ''[[OTT Play|OTTPlay]]'' rated the film with 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Ahmed's ''Iraivan'' is full of heavy-duty violence and gore that gets tiring after a point. The thriller is let down by a weak screenplay that leaves many loose ends".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=28 September 2023 |title=Iraivan Review: Ravi Mohan's film is let down by an illogical screenplay |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/iraivan-review-jayam-ravi-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-this-thriller-let-down-by-an-illogical-screenplay/54edf4b433847 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928103055/https://www.ottplay.com/review/iraivan-review-jayam-ravi-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-this-thriller-let-down-by-an-illogical-screenplay/54edf4b433847 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote "However, it feels rather odd that a film titled after God is devoid of any backstories. After all, isn't God built on interesting origin tales?".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=Iraivan film review: A BLOODY thriller with solid performances |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/29/iraivan-film-reviewa-bloody-thriller-with-solid-performances-2619362.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003043217/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/29/iraivan-film-reviewa-bloody-thriller-with-solid-performances-2619362.html |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s serial killer films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. Ahmed]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

The Miranda Brothers

2026-03-02T04:57:46Z

Kausty: starting new pg added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Miranda Brothers
| image = The Miranda Brothers film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| writer = Sanjay Gupta Sameer Hafiz [[Milap Zaveri]]
| producer = Anuradha Gupta Sanjay Gupta
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]]
* [[Meezaan Jafri]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shikhar Bhatnagar
| editing = Manish More
| music =
| studio = White Feather Films
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|25}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''The Miranda Brothers''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[sports drama]] film directed and written by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Miranda Brothers director Sanjay Gupta on filmmaking | website=Mid-day | date=23 October 2024 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-miranda-brothers-director-sanjay-gupta-you-cannot-have-fearless-storytelling-anymore-23415975}}</ref> Produced under the banner of White Feather Films, the film stars [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Meezaan Jafri]].<ref>{{cite web | title='The Miranda Brothers' poster ft Harshvardhan Rane, Meezaan Jafri OUT | website=The Statesman | date=15 October 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/the-miranda-brothers-poster-ft-harshvardhan-rane-meezaan-jafri-out-1503353707.html}}</ref> It was released on [[JioCinema]] on 25 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week | website=Telegraph India | date=22 October 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Julio Miranda
* [[Meezaan Jafri]] as Regalo Miranda
* [[Manasi Joshi Roy]] as Susan Miranda
* [[Jeniffer Piccinato]] as Isabella
* [[Sahher Bambba]] as Sol
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Morocho
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as coach Carter
* Naved Jaffrey<ref>{{cite web | last=Sangeetha | first=P | title=Naved Jafri after his acting debut with 'The Miranda Brothers': 'I am open to playing any role' | website=Indulgexpress | date=29 October 2024 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Oct/29/naved-jafri-after-his-acting-debut-with-the-miranda-brothers-i-am-open-to-playing-any-role}}</ref> as coach Guerrera

== Production ==
The film was announced in February 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dalvi | first=Nikita | title=Exclusive: Did Sanjay Gupta drop Mouni Roy from his next sports film 'Miranda Boys'? | website=PINKVILLA | date=25 February 2022 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-did-sanjay-gupta-drop-mouni-roy-his-next-sports-film-miranda-boys-1032189}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced the following month.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dalvi | first=Nikita | title=Exclusive: Harshvardhan Rane & Meezaan Jaaferi kickstart shooting for 'Miranda Boys' in Goa | website=PINKVILLA | date=7 March 2022 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-harshvardhan-rane-meezaan-jaaferi-kickstart-shooting-miranda-boys-goa-1040487}}</ref> The film was mainly shot in [[Goa]] before [[wrap (filming)|wrapping up]] in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dogra | first=Kanishka | title=Miranda Boys: Harshvardhan Rane, Meezaan wrap majority of sports drama's shoot | website=OTTPlay | date=15 April 2022 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/miranda-boys-harshvardhan-rane-meezaan-wrap-majority-of-sports-dramas-shoot/b6a169d79d578}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Miranda Brothers
| year =
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| released = 25 October 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=The Miranda Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single by Amaal Mallik, Tanishk Bagchi, Kumaar & Zain Desai on Apple Music | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=25 October 2024 | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/the-miranda-brothers-original-motion-picture/1776103525}}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 09:05
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|TIZZ4V-R3E4|The Miranda Brothers (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

The song "Pyaar Bhi Jhootha," from the 1981 film ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'', sung by [[R. D. Burman]] is recreated for the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honey Singh के नए गाने ने यूट्यूब पर मचाया भौकाल, 1 करोड़ व्यूज पार |url=https://e24bollywood.com/entertainment/honey-singh-new-song-pyaar-bhi-jhootha-is-trending-on-youtube-crosses-10-million-views/454672/ |website=E24 Bollywood |language=hi}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 9:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Be My Mehbooba
| extra1 = [[Darshan Raval]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Pyaar Bhi Jhootha
| extra2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[B Praak]]
| lyrics2 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| music2 = Tanishk Bagchi, [[R. D. Burman]]
| length2 = 2:51
| title3 = Sun Mere Bhai
| extra3 = [[Yasser Desai]]
| lyrics3 = Yasser Desai
| music3 = Zain Desai
| length3 = 3:01
}}

== Release ==
In June 2024, it was announced that the film was heading for a [[Streaming media|streaming]] release on the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]] [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=EXCLUSIVE: Fardeen Khan-Riteish Deshmukh starrer Visfot and Harshvardhan Rane-starrer The Miranda Brothers to release directly on JioCinema : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=14 June 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-fardeen-khan-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-visfot-harshvardhan-rane-starrer-miranda-brothers-release-directly-jio-cinema/}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gahlot | first=Deepa | title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib | website=Rediff | date=25 October 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ribeiro | first=Troy | title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Harshvardhan Rane's Film Is A Formulaic Bollywood Drama | website=Free Press Journal | date=24 October 2024 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-miranda-brothers-review-harshvardhan-ranes-film-is-a-formulaic-bollywood-drama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33246678}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/the-miranda-brothers/4043354 ''The Miranda Brothers''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miranda Brothers}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Government Medical College, Kollam

2026-02-26T06:03:19Z

Kausty: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Government Medical College, Kollam
| org_group = [[Government of Kerala]] 
{{Small|([[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]])}}
| image = Entrance of Parippally ESIC Medical College.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Entrance of Government Medical College, Kollam
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.811|76.749|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| location = [[Parippally]]
| region = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = 
| funding = [[Government of Kerala]] (in 2016, state government acquired the hospital from [[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]])
| type = [[Medical College]]
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
| patron = Dr. Abdul Rasheed M. H. ''Principal''
| former_names = ESIC Medical College Hospital, Parippally
| network = 
| beds = 500
| founded = 21 December 2013
| closed = 
| website = [http://www.gmckollam.edu.in/ GMC Kollam]
| other_links = 
}}
'''Government Medical College, Kollam''', formerly '''ESIC Medical College, Parippally''', is the first Government medical college in [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is situated {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Kollam city and {{convert|9.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cee-kerala.org/docs/keam2019/result/noty_2_phase_eng.pdf|title=Phase-2 Medical Allotment - Kerala|access-date=20 December 2019|publisher=Government of Kerala|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220101444/http://www.cee-kerala.org/docs/keam2019/result/noty_2_phase_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The College was initially established by the [[Employees State Insurance Corporation]], a Government of India establishment, and later acquired by the [[Government of Kerala]].
[[File:Building in Government Medical College, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|Building in GMC Kollam]]

==History==
Initially it was named ESIC medical College and was constructed by the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESI Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esic.nic.in/Recruitment/rec_kerala-31.3.14.pdf|title=ESI Medical College, Parippally - Walk-in Interview Notification|publisher=ESI Corporation|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esic.nic.in/Recruitment/rec-paripally-20.01.14.pdf|title=Result of AYUSH Scheme in ESI Medical College, Parippally|publisher=ESI Corporation|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> It was the second medical college project from ESI Corporation of India in the country and the first of its kind in Kerala state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Parippally-medical-college-to-open-next-year/articleshow/18769157.cms|title=Parippally medical college to open next year|work=The Times of India|date=2 March 2013 |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Rs. 480 crores worth ESIC Medical College was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] in [[Parippally]] on 21 December 2013, and was the largest Medical College in Kerala the terms of buildings (33 blocks).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifecarehll.com/tender/view/reference/4b86abe48d358ecf194c56c69108433ehn-JfA|title=HLL Lifecare - Construction of Medical College and Hospital for ESIC at Parippally, Kollam|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> With the inauguration of the ESI Medical College in Parippally, the demand of the people of Kollam district to have a medical college of their own in the government sector has been fulfilled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ESIC-Medical-College-Inaugurated/2013/12/22/article1959032.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107082754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ESIC-Medical-College-Inaugurated/2013/12/22/article1959032.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2014|title=ESIC Medical College Inaugurated|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Parippally ESIC Medical College is a 500 bedded medical college with a total built-up area of 12,029 [[Square metre|sqmtr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esicmchparippally.ac.in/|title=ESIC Medical College Parippally - Home - Multi Speciality Hospital & College|access-date=20 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145149/http://www.esicmchparippally.ac.in/|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esic.nic.in/rec_kerala.php|title=Recruitment - Kerala - Employee's State Insurance Corporation|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esic.nic.in/ten_kerala.php|title=Tender - Kerala - Employee's State Insurance Corporation|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

The medical college was initially a project of [[Employees' State Insurance|ESI Corporation]]. [[Kodikunnil Suresh]], the then [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Central Deputy Minister of Labour and Employment]], announced the ESIC medical college project at [[Parippally]] in [[Kollam]] during 2012–2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Future-of-ESI-Medical-Colleges-in-State-at-Stake/2014/10/18/article2482910.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018121131/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Future-of-ESI-Medical-Colleges-in-State-at-Stake/2014/10/18/article2482910.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2014|title=Future of ESI Medical Colleges in State at Stake|publisher=TNIE|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> The works for hospital has been completed and commissioned in December 2013. But in 2014, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] lead central ministry decided not to go ahead with ESIC Medical college projects based on a report of the sub-committee that, the projects would probably exhaust the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESI]] corporation fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/%E2%80%98Save-ESIC-Medical-College%E2%80%99/2014/12/13/article2568955.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114121000/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/%E2%80%98Save-ESIC-Medical-College%E2%80%99/2014/12/13/article2568955.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2015|title=Save ESIC Medical College|publisher=TNIE|date=13 December 2014|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> Later in 2016, the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] lead [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] had decided to take over the institution. But the government failed to appoint needed faculties and other employees for the institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/uncertainty-over-esi-medical-college-hospital/article7745757.ece|title=Uncertainty over ESI medical college hospital|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 October 2015|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

Later, in the months of July–August, the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] lead new government in Kerala had taken the necessary actions for staff appointments to get the first batch of MBBS at Kollam Government Medical College in 2016-17-year itself. They have created 108 additional posts at the medical college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Government-all-for-starting-MBBS-classes-at-Parippally/2016/07/21/article3539439.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722122418/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Government-all-for-starting-MBBS-classes-at-Parippally/2016/07/21/article3539439.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2016|title=Government all for starting MBBS classes at Parippally|publisher=TNIE|date=21 July 2016|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

On 14 August 2016, [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] inaugurated Kollam Government Medical College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pinarayi-to-open-paripally-medical-college/article8983644.ece|title=Pinarayi to open Paripally medical college|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 August 2016|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> A modern mortuary complex, capable to conduct two autopsies at a time, would start functioning in the medical college from 1 August 2019. A forensic medicine department led by a team including a police surgeon, a deputy police surgeon and two assistant police surgeons will also start functioning in the medical college hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/autopsies-to-be-conducted-in-new-mortuary-from-tomorrow/article28759606.ece|title=Autopsies to be conducted in new mortuary from tomorrow|work=The Hindu|date=30 July 2019|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
The Medical College Hospital is located at [[Parippally]], one of the southern border towns of Kollam District.

* Nearest railway station: [[Paravur railway station]] ({{convert|9.7|km|mi|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}})
* Nearest major rail head: [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]] ({{convert|24.2|km|mi|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}})
* Nearest airport: [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] ({{convert|45.2|km|mi|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}})
* Nearest city: [[Kollam]] ({{convert|26|km|mi|disp=sqbr|abbr=on}})

==Dimensions==
[[File:A corridor in Govt. Medical College Hospital, Kollam May 2023.jpg|right|thumb|A corridor inside the hospital]]
[[File:ESI Medical College's official notice at Paravur railway station.jpg|right|thumb|ESIC Medical College's official stoppage notification on the wall of [[Paravur railway station]]. The station is about 8 km away from the hospital]]
* Total plot area - 33 [[acre]]
* Total area of hospital buildings - 14,31,600 [[Square foot|sqft]](1,33,000 [[Square metre|sqmt]])
* Total number of buildings - 28<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i61.tinypic.com/ejijyv.jpg |title=ESI Medical College is getting ready at Kollam |publisher=Malayala Manorama- Malayalam Daily |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227105050/http://i61.tinypic.com/ejijyv.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Courses==
The medical college conducts MBBS course, post-graduate medical degree and a diploma in medical laboratory technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmckollam.edu.in/aboutus|title=ABOUT GMC|work=GOVT.MEDICAL COLLEGE KOLLAM|date=|access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!Course
!No.of seats
|-
|[[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]
|110
|-
|MD Community medicine
|2
|-
|MD Forensic Medicine
|2
|-
|MD Microbiology
|2
|-
|MD Pathology
|2
|-
|BSc Nursing
|60
|-
|Diploma course in Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT)
| --
|}

==Facilities==

{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Facilities at Kollam Govt.Medical College Hospital
|-
|10 Modular [[Operating theater|Operation theaters]]
|[[Physiotherapy]]
|-
|[[Occupational Therapy]]
|Mortuary Complex
|-
|Medical & Non-medical Store
|OP Pharmacy
|-
|Medical Record Section
|Medical Counseling
|-
|Medical Library
|[[Laundry]]
|-
|[[Central sterile services department|CSSD]]
|Kitchen Services
|-
|[[Sewage Treatment Plant]]
|Civil & Electrical Maintenance
|-
|Quarters for Doctors & other staffs
|Hostel facility for students
|-
|Security Services<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esicmchparippally.ac.in/index.php/facilities|title=ESIC Medical College Parippally - Facilities - MCH Parippally|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213735/http://www.esicmchparippally.ac.in/index.php/facilities|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|}

==First batch of students==
The classes for the first batch of medical students at Kollam Government medical college was started on 23 August 2017. Health Minister of Kerala, [[K. K. Shailaja]] inaugurated the function in the presence of Chathannoor MLA, [[G. S. Jayalal]], and [[Member of parliament|MP]] of [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam Lok Sabha Constituency]], [[N.K. Premachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/total-trauma-care-coveragefor-state-soon-says-shylaja/article19546563.ece|title=Total trauma care coverage for State soon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 August 2017|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kollam]]
* [[List of hospitals in Kollam]]
* [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Government Medical College, Kollam}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Kollam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kollam]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2013]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2013]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kollam]]

Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021

2026-02-18T15:21:35Z

Kausty: typo fix

{{Short description|Bill to provide anti-trafficking legislation in India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021
| imagesize = 100
| long_title =
| citation = {{plainlist|
[https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/DRAFT%20TRAFFICKING%20IN%20PERSONS%20%28PREVENTION%2C%20CARE%20AND%20REHABILITATION%29%20BILL%202021%20%281%29.pdf TIP Bill 2021]
*[http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/PassedLokSabha/89-C_2018_LS_Eng.pdf TIP Bill 2018]
*[https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Draft%20Trafficking%20of%20persons%20Bill%202016.pdf TIP Bill 2016]
}}
| bill = {{plainlist|
*Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill 2018
*Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2016}}
| introduced_by = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| keywords = trafficking in persons, care, protection, rehabilitation, supportive environment, prosecution, commercial carrier, debt bondage, exploitation
| status = Pending
}}

'''Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021''' or '''TIP Bill''' {{speculation inline|text=will provide for a comprehensive and dedicated anti-trafficking legislation in India.|date=August 2021}}

== History ==
Trafficking in India has been dealt with under a number of laws such as [[Indian Penal Code of 1860]], Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986, Bonded Labour Regulation Act, 1986 and Child Labour Regulation Act, 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-trafficking-of-persons-prevention-protection-and-rehabilitation-bill-2018|access-date=2021-07-30|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref> The 2021 bill aims to provide a dedicated legislation. Earlier forms of the proposed legislation included the ''Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill 2016'' and the ''Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018.'' The 2018 bill was tabled in the [[Lok Sabha]] and passed in July 2018. However the bill never made it to the [[Rajya Sabha]] following public disapproval. Following the completion of the first term of the [[Narendra Modi Government|Narendra Modi government]] in 2019, the bill lapsed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Ambika|date=16 March 2020|title=Reporting of crime a must in new anti-trafficking bill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reporting-of-crime-a-must-in-new-anti-trafficking-bill/articleshow/74644233.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Bills ==

=== TIP Bill 2016 ===
The Bill was questioned for not covering all forms of human trafficking, for not clearly covering cross-border trafficking, and for not clearly explaining how the law is supposed to interact with other legislation such as [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|Protection of Children from Sexual Offence Act]]. The role of consent in whether the trafficked person wants to be rescued and rehabilitated is not sufficiently covered.<ref>[https://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2_submission_on_trafficking_of_persons_bill_anti_slavery_international.pdf Written submission to Ministry of Women and Child Development: Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2016]. ''[[Anti-Slavery International]]''. 30 June 2016. Retrieved on 30 July 2021.</ref>

=== TIP Bill 2018 ===
The 2018 bill was again criticized for not doing what it set out to do, that of being "clear and comprehensive".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tandon|first=Tripti|date=2015-06-05|title=India's Trafficking Bill 2018 is Neither Clear Nor Comprehensive|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/trafficking-of-persons-prevention-protection-and-rehabilitation-bill-2018-is-neither-clear-nor-comprehensive|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref> It was criticized for being too criminal-centric and not victim-centric enough.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|date=2018-07-25|title=Anti-trafficking Bill could harm victims, warn experts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anti-trafficking-bill-could-harm-victims-warn-experts/article24506762.ece|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The aspect of how the bill would fit into the current legislative framework was again raised.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahara|first=Priti|date=1 August 2018|title=Anti-trafficking bill: Proposed law must be victim-centric and take a child rights approach|url=https://scroll.in/article/888702/anti-trafficking-bill-proposed-law-must-be-victim-centric-and-take-a-child-rights-approach|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== TIP Bill 2021 ===
The 2021 bill makes the [[National Investigation Agency]] the lead investigating agency on such matters. However it was pointed out that the bill did not elucidate rescue protocols.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Esha|date=2021-07-05|title=Draft anti-trafficking Bill widens scope of offences, includes stringent penalties|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-invites-suggestions-draft-anti-trafficking-bill-widens-scope-of-offences-includes-stringent-penalties-7389122/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2021-07-18|title=Concerns remain over anti-trafficking bill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/concerns-remain-over-anti-trafficking-bill/article35388874.ece|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Proposed laws of India]]

Sharath (actor)

2026-02-11T07:19:29Z

Kausty: starting some entry basic info...

{{short description|Indian film Actor, TV anchor and Dancer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharath
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|5|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Banashankari]], [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
| other_names =
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =[[Bangalore University]], [[Bangalore]]
| occupation = actor, [[Dancer]], [[TV anchor]]
| years_active = 2013 – present
}}

'''Sharath''' ({{langx|kn|ಶರತ್}}) is an Indian actor, [[TV anchor]] and [[Dancer]] who works in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F560144%2Fi-have-long-way-go.html |title='I have a long way to go' – Deccan Herald |website=M.deccanherald.com |date=2016-07-26 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref> In 2014, he won the reality show ''Life Super Guru''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techuloid.com/winners-life-super-guru-grand-finale-zee-kannada/ |title=Winners of Life Super Guru Grand finale on Zee Kannada |website=Techuloid.com |date=2015-02-15 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sharath was born on 4 May 1989 in [[Banashankari]], [[Bangalore]] as the youngest child of Suresh and H V Ramamani. He has an elder brother Bharath Kumar S. He did his schooling in Mother Teresa English high school [[Bangalore]]. He completed his [[Pre-university course]] from BNM PU College and RV PU college Bangalore. Sharath graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com.]] from [[PES University]] Bangalore.

== Career ==
Sharath started his career as a dance instructor with famous [[Choreography|choreographer]] turned [[Film director|director]] [[Imran Sardhariya]]. He has performed live in more than 20 stage shows. Sharath soon put his first step into the glam world training the [[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]] stars like [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Nenapirali Prem]], [[Soundarya]], [[Jayamala]] and many other big names in the industry.

His career turnaround came when in 2014, he won ''Life Super Guru'' a reality show that was screened on popular Kannada channel [[Zee Kannada]]. This took a wonderful turn in his career as he was chosen to be a lead anchor in a popular show ''Nam Deshad Kathe''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-kannadas-new-travel-show-nam-deshad-kathe-meaning-the-story-of-our-country-goes-on-air-from-25th-april-this-saturday.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128134525/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-kannadas-new-travel-show-nam-deshad-kathe-meaning-the-story-of-our-country-goes-on-air-from-25th-april-this-saturday.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 November 2016 |title=Esselnewsletter |website=Esselnewsletter.com |date=2015-04-23 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref> on Zee Kannada. This show is an attempt to discover many unknown places and untold stories of this vast sub-continent and also gave him an opportunity to travel across India. He was anchored many shows in [[Zee Kannada]] including [[Zee Kannada|Zee Kutumba Awards]].

Sharath is making his debut as an actor with the film ''Uppu Huli Khaara'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/latest-kannada-celebrity-news/uppu-khara-hulli-launched-by-sudha-murthy |title=Uppu Khara Hulli Launched By Sudha Murthy! |website=Nettv4u.com |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref> directed by [[Imran Sardhariya]]. The shoot started on 18 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Imran-Is-Happy-to-Have-3-Shrees-For-Uppu-Huli-Kara/2016/04/18/article3385425.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418204503/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Imran-Is-Happy-to-Have-3-Shrees-For-Uppu-Huli-Kara/2016/04/18/article3385425.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2016 |title=Imran Is Happy to Have 3 'Shrees' For Uppu Huli Kara |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2016-04-18 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1 || 2016 || ''Uppu Huli Khaara'' || Lead role || [[Kannada]] || [[Imran Sardhariya]] || Filming
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
| '''2014'''
| '''Life Super Guru'''
| '''Zee Kannada''' ''Reality Show''
| {{won}}
|}

==Television career==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Channel!!Notes
|-
|2015||''Nam Deshad Kathe''||[[Zee Kannada]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Watch-Nam-Deshad-Kathe-from-April-25/articleshow/47000956.cms?from=mdr |title=Watch Nam Deshad Kathe from April 25 |website=The Times of India |date=2015-04-21 |accessdate=2016-11-27}}</ref>
|-
|2015||''Range Gowdru Maneyalli'' Ugadi Special Programme||[[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
|2015||''Killing Verrappan'' Independence Day Special Program ||[[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
|2015||''Zee Kutumba Awards'' ||[[Zee Kannada]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]

Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao

2026-02-07T19:32:15Z

Kausty: quick update

{{short description|Indian materials engineer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|11|9}}
| birth_place = [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Finite element method]] | [[Structural analysis]] | [[Smart materials]] }}
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = {{ublist|1989 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao''' (born 9 November 1944 in [[Krishna District]]) is an Indian materials engineer, known for his studies in the field of [[Structural mechanics]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=159 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize }}</ref> Focusing his researches on [[Finite element method]], [[Structural analysis]] and [[Smart materials]], he and his colleagues developed ''FEAST'', a medium-sized program for laboratory research and industrial applications including design and analysis of rocket systems.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=21 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> An alumnus of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] from where he secured a PhD, his researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles and his work has been cited by several scientists.<ref name="Whiteman2014">{{cite book|author=J. R. Whiteman|title=The Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications: Proceedings of the Brunel University Conference of the Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications Held in April 1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|date=10 May 2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-6884-2|pages=386–}}</ref><ref name="Sathyamoorthy1997">{{cite book|author=Muthukrishnan Sathyamoorthy|title=Nonlinear Analysis of Structures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XAaH5fLcAgC&pg=PA531|date=28 October 1997|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-9652-6|pages=531–}}</ref><ref name="NayfehMook2008">{{cite book|author1=Ali H. Nayfeh|author2=Dean T. Mook|title=Nonlinear Oscillations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj3ebg7jRaoC&pg=PA644|date=26 September 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-61759-3|pages=644–}}</ref> [[Google Scholar]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed a number of his articles.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=G.Venkateswara+Rao |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 2003.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Venkateswara_Rao,_Dr_Gundabathula |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1989.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Gajbir Singh, G. Venkateswara Rao |title=Nonlinear oscillations of laminated plates using an accurate four-node rectangular shear flexible material finite element |journal=Sādhanā |publication-date=August 2000 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=367–380}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ramgopal Varma Ramaraju and Venkateswara Rao Gundabathula |title=Reinvestigation of Intuitive Approach for Thermal Postbuckling of Circular Plates |journal=AIAA Journal |year=2009 |publication-date=2009 |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=2493–2495 |doi=10.2514/1.43034|bibcode=2009AIAAJ..47.2493R }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jagadish Babu Gunda, G. Venkateswara Rao |title=Post-buckling analysis of composite beams: A simple intuitive formulation |journal=Sādhanā |publication-date=June 2013 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=447–459}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Gundabathula Venkateswara}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pimpri Pathar

2026-01-22T16:44:11Z

Kausty: fixed issues

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pimpri Pathar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 414304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02488
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-16,17, 12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Parner]]
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pimpri Pathar''' is a village in [[Parner taluka]] in [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4099 Villages in Parner taluka-Glorious India]</ref>

==Religion==
[[Hinduism]] is the dominant religion in the region.

==Economy==
The agriculture industry employs the most people.

==See also==
* [[Parner taluka]]
* [[Villages in Parner taluka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

Trivandrum Shipyard Poovar

2026-01-17T15:30:35Z

Kausty: starting some info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Trivandrum Shipyard, a deep-water shipyard project in Trivandrum, Kerala, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox
| title = Trivandrum Shipyard Poovar
| headerstyle = background:#ccf;
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| header3 = General information
| label4 = Location
| data4 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| label5 = Status
| data5 = Proposed by Government of Kerala
| label6 = Coordinates
| data6 = {{coord|8.3219997|77.0591177}}
| header23 = Products
| label24 = Shipyard Products
| data24 = {{bulleted_list|Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCS)|Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC)|Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC)|Mega Cruise Ships|Offshore platforms}}
| header21 = Services
| label22 = Shipyard Services
| data22 = {{bulleted_list|Ship design|Shipbuilding|Ship repair}}
}}

The '''Trivandrum Shipyard Poovar'''
({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|v|ə|n|d|r|əm|...|ˈ|p|uː|v|ɑːr}}) is a proposed deep-water shipbuilding and repair facility for ultra-large vessels at Poovar in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]. The site is located {{convert|10|nmi|lk=in}} away from the Suez to Singapore far east international shipping route, in very close proximity to key global maritime traffic. The site was identified as a potential location for a shipyard in 2008 when the central government evaluated coastal regions for shipbuilding infrastructure.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/560090?view_type=search{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Poovar met all the necessary conditions, including proximity to major transport hubs, and was ranked second in the assessment. The available depth in Poovar eliminates the need for dredging <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anchorqea.com/news/developing-proactive-approaches-to-facility-management-and-permitting-strategies-for-shipyards/ | title=Developing Proactive Approaches to Permitting Strategies for Shipyards | date=18 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://motherportnews.in/premier-motherport-location-offers-a-unique-shipbuilding-solution/?ref=motherport-news-newsletter | title=Premier motherport location offers a unique shipbuilding solution! | date=12 February 2025 }}</ref>

In 2013, [[Cochin Shipyard]] Limited identified Poovar as a suitable location for shipbuilding and ship repair due to its strategic position and favorable conditions, conducting a feasibility study to assess its potential. In 2024, the central government initiated efforts to develop shipbuilding yards across the country including kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Swati |date=2024-09-25 |title=Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal Announces Ship-Building Clusters in Five Indian States |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/news/ship-building-clusters-in-five-states-india-011-1378735.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website= |language=en}}</ref> In response, the Kerala government proposed establishing a shipyard at Poovar in 2025.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Yaseen |date=2025-02-08 |title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} പൂവാറിൽ കപ്പല്‍ നിര്‍മ്മാണശാലയെന്ന സ്വപ്നം യാഥാര്‍ത്ഥ്യമാക്കാനൊരുങ്ങി ഇടത് സർക്കാർ |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/kerala-government-is-set-to-make-dream-of-a-shipyard-in-poovar-a-reality-ys1?fbclid=IwY2xjawIUXJdleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHWlkrN2cDs6-IH6eIYzSEa_QRoPJfD5ImHhVxxO15XGaxGDhAQPUzr3LBw_aem_RRFLE6h6xo5TU-yo5fNqeA |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live |language=ml}}</ref>

The proposed shipyard is for large-scale shipbuilding and repair, with deep-water access that allows for the construction and maintenance of vessels, including Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCS), Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC), Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC), Mega Cruise Ships and offshore platforms. The project is strategically located near [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]], {{convert|18|km|sp=us}} from [[Trivandrum International Airport]], {{cvt|5|km}} from NH-66, {{cvt|12|km}} from the nearest railway station and {{convert|10|nmi|lk=in}} from an international shipping route. With its advantageous position, the facility could support India's growing maritime industry by reducing dependence on foreign shipyards and creating employment opportunities. The development is expected to be structured under a public-private partnership model, drawing both domestic and international investment to establish.

In the Kerala Budget 2025–26, Finance Minister K.N. Balagopal announced plans to establish a new shipyard in Poovar, along with the central government for its development.<ref name="auto"/>

==Depth requirements for shipyard ==

Poovar has a depth more than {{convert|20|m|sp=us}}, which eliminates the need for extensive dredging and makes the site suitable for developing a shipyard capable of handling ultra-large vessels. The existing depth is sufficient to accommodate ULCVs, ULCCs, VLCCs, and mega cruise ships.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Depth requirements will increase as the size of vessels increases year by year.
! Vessel type !! Light ship draft (m) !! Fully loaded draft (m) !! Dry dock depth (m) !! Dry dock channel depth (m)
|-
| ULCV || 8–12 || 14–16 || 15–18 || 16–18
|-
| ULCC || 10–15 || 20–25 || 15–22 || 25–30
|-
| VLCC || 9–12 || 18–22 || 14–20 || 22–25
|-
| Mega cruise ship || 8–10 || 9–11 || 14–18 || 10–12
|}
ULCVs, with a light ship draft of {{cvt|8|–|12|m}}, require a dry dock depth of {{cvt|15|–|18|m}} and a port channel depth of {{cvt|16|–|18|m}}, both of which are supported by the site's natural depth. ULCCs, with a light ship draft of {{cvt|10|–|15|m}}, require a dry dock depth of {{cvt|15|–|22|m}} and a port channel depth of {{cvt|25|–|30|m}}, aligning with the location's natural advantages. The deep-water access also supports VLCCs and mega cruise ships, which require significant depths for dry docking and channel navigation. Additionally, the natural depth facilitates ballasting operations, essential for stabilizing vessels after launching. By leveraging these inherent features, such as natural depth exceeding 20 meters, is planned to be developed as a facility capable of accommodating the increasing dimensions and drafts of modern ultra-large vessels.<ref>{{Cite web | title=403: Forbidden | url=https://azbuki.bg/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Pedagogy_6S_21_Vedran-Slapncar.pdf | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=azbuki.bg}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==

===Road connectivity===
The Trivandrum Shipyard site is conveniently located with National Highway NH 66 is 5 km away, providing easy access to nearby regions. The upcoming Trivandrum Outer Ring Road is situated {{cvt|10|km}} from the site, enhancing connectivity to other parts of the city and surrounding areas.

===Rail connectivity===
The [[Neyyattinkara railway station|Neyyattinkara Railway Station]] is approximately {{cvt|11|km}} from the Trivandrum Shipyard, ensuring convenient rail access. Additionally, the upcoming Trivandrum Port tunnel railway is located 10 km away, further improving rail connectivity in the area.

===Airport connectivity===
The Trivandrum International Airport is situated about {{cvt|23|km}} from the Trivandrum Shipyard, providing excellent connectivity for both passenger and cargo transportation.

===Metro connectivity ===
The proposed Trivandrum metro is located 10 km from the Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram Port lane and 10 km from the Neyyattinkara metro lane, with the possibility of extending the metro line to Trivandrum Shipyard, further improving urban transit options for the area.

===Waterway connectivity===
The waterway connectivity for the proposed Trivandrum Shipyard is provided by [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]], located approximately 10 km from Poovar. Trivandrum Port, with its position along the Kerala coast, offers access to international shipping routes, enabling the transportation of materials, equipment, and vessels to and from global markets.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kerala]]

Star Bharat

2025-12-03T11:41:52Z

Kausty: correct information as per guidelines and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Bharat
| logo = Star_Bharat_Logo.png
| logo_size = 170px
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2017|8|28}}
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| type = [[Television Channel]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| area = Worldwide (except UK)
| affiliates =
| headquarters = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| former_names = {{ubl|[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] (2004–2011)|Life OK (2011–2017)}}
| replaced = [[Life OK]]
| replaced_by = [[Utsav Bharat]] (Europe)
| website = {{URL|https://www.hotstar.com/in/channels/star-bharatbharat|Star Bharat}} on [[JioHotstar]]
| online_serv_1 = [[JioHotstar]]
| online_chan_1 = India
| sister_channels = [[StarPlus]]
}}

'''Star Bharat''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[general entertainment]] [[pay television]] channel owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. It was launched on 28 August 2017, rebranded from [[Life OK]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2017 |title=Star India rebrands Life Ok as Star Bharat, scheduled to launch on I-Day – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/star-india-rebrands-life-ok-as-star-bharatscheduled-to-launch-on-i-day-69777.html |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> The channel broadcasts a mix of original programming, including [[Myth|mythological dramas]], [[Crime fiction|crime thrillers]], [[Drama (film and television)|family dramas]], and comedy shows, targeting a broad Hindi-speaking audience in India. Notable shows that have aired on the channel include [[RadhaKrishn]], [[Savdhaan India]], [[Nimki Mukhiya]], [[Kya Haal, Mr. Paanchal?]] and [[Jiji Maa]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Star Bharat Launches New Season of Savdhaan India with a New Theme Apni Khakhi |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/savdhaan-india-apni-khakhi-on-star-bharat-mon-to-sat-new-show-ankit-batla-tanvi-malhara-rajveer-chauhan-1669574/amp |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=ABP Live}}</ref>

Star One was rebranded as [[Life OK]] in India on 18 December 2011. It was then rebranded again on 28 August 2017 as Star Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/life-ok-rebranded-as-star-bharat-may-start-from-15-aug-170721|title=Life Ok rebranded as Star Bharat, may start from 15 August|date=21 July 2017|website=Indian Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813130645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/life-ok-rebranded-as-star-bharat-may-start-from-15-aug-170721|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Star Bharat rebranded with a new logo and graphics package on 25 July 2022, during the finale of the scripted reality show ''[[Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti]]''. The new slogan was ''Dil Deke Dekho Zara'' (Give Your Heart Away and See).<ref name=TagLineProgram>{{cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/star-bharat-unveils-new-brand-identity-dil-deke-dekho-zara-120750.html|title=Star Bharat unveils new brand identity- 'Dil Deke Dekho Zara'|date=26 July 2022|access-date=2 August 2022|work=Adgully|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802162011/https://www.adgully.com/star-bharat-unveils-new-brand-identity-dil-deke-dekho-zara-120750.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}
{{STAR}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2017]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Damaji

2025-11-13T18:35:58Z

Kausty: Stub

{{Short description|Marathi saint from 15th-century India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
'''Damaji''', also known as '''Damaji Pant''' ('''Damajipant''' - ''[[Pant (surname)|Pant]]'' indicates ministership or high scholarship), '''Sant Damaji''' and '''Bhakta Damaji''', was a 15th-century [[Marathi people|Marathi]] saint (''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]'') or ''[[bhakta]]'' ("devotee"), venerated by the [[Varkari]] sect of [[Hinduism]]. He was the ''Kamavisdar'' (main revenue official) of [[Mangalvedha]] under the [[Bahamani]] king of [[Bidar]].<ref name="Kosambi2000"/> He is described as a devotee of the god [[Vithoba]] - the patron deity of the Varkari sect. He distributed grain from the royal granaries to the people in famine. Vithoba is said to have come as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain and rescue Damaji. The famine of 1460 is known as Damaji Pant's famine in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region in honour of Damaji's generosity in the famine.

==Life==
[[File:Syayambhuvithoba.jpg|thumb|upright|Vithoba, the patron god of Damaji]]
Damaji's chief hagiographical account is found in the ''[[Bhaktavijaya]]'' by [[Mahipati]] (1715 - 1790). Damaji was the revenue official of the Muslim king ([[sultan]]/ [[Padishah|badshah]]) of [[Bidar]] (see [[Bahmani Sultanate]]). He is described as "generous, wise and brave". He lived in [[Mangalvedhe]], near [[Pandharpur]] – where the chief temple of Vithoba stands. He was in charge of the revenue of the district and the keeper of the royal grain storehouses.

A great famine struck the region, with many households starving. A [[Brahmin]] (the priest caste) from Pandharpur came begging for food at Damaji's house, whereupon Damaji Pant Deshpande invited him home and served him dinner. The Brahmin breaks down in tears seeing the food and talks about the suffering of his starving family, which he left behind at Pandharpur. Damaji promises to send food for the family too, and sends servants with grain to Pandharpur.<ref name="Mahīpati1933"/>

Damaji's servants bring two loads of grain to the Brahmin's family in Pandharpur, but as they approached, the people of the famine-hit town attacked in desperation, looting the servants and stealing away the grain. A delegation of other Brahmins from Pandharpur approached Damaji and beseeched him to solve their problem of hunger, knowing of his wealth and generosity.

Damaji realised that by opening up the royal granaries, numerous people could be saved; entire towns, in fact. However, if the Sultan found what he had done, he would most certainly be executed.

But putting the well-being of the impoverished peasants before his own life, Damaji opened up the warehouses of grain to the public, and distributed all the grain, giving equally regardless of [[caste]] and class, seeing only hungry, starving fellows.<ref name="Mahīpati1933">{{cite book|author1=Abbott, Justin Edwards |author2=Godbole, Narhar R. |title=Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya|year=1933|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0469-2|pages=85–99|volume=2|chapter=XI: Damajipant of Mangalvedhe}}</ref>

An evil Brahmin ''muzumdar'' (deputy revenue collector) shot off a letter to the sultan in Bidar informing him of the plunder of the royal grain. The sultan was enraged as to how Damaji had distributed away the grain without prior notice or permission. He sent soldiers to recover money for the grain from Damaji or bring Damaji to Bidar for decapitation if he failed to pay.

Receiving the royal summons, Damaji left for Bidar to visit the sultan, only requesting the soldiers for a halt in Pandharpur. He visited Vithoba's temple and worships the god. He admits to Vithoba that he had done the sultan wrong in distributing his grain, but that he felt to remorse for the good deed. He also mentioned that his life had already been completed anyhow, by worshipping
Vitthala, and that he was now ready to face the consequences of his actions, even if shameful the consequences may be.<ref name="Mahīpati1933"/>

Vithoba disguised himself as a [[Mahar]] (outcaste) and reached the sultan's court in Bidar. Vithoba introduced himself as a child who was brought up in Damaji's house and claims to work as his servant back home. He presented the minister a letter in Damaji's handwriting, with the letter reading how Damaji had sold the grain for high prices when food was scarce, therefore increasing the earnings of the sultan; after all, food would grow every year, but such an opportunity was rare. Vithoba presented the king a small bag of gold, but when the bag was opened, "countless coins flowed out of it". The Sultan was pleased and calmed, and permitted Vithoba to leave with many gifts.<ref name="Mahīpati1933"/>

The next day, Damaji arrived at the royal court. The sultan embraced him warmly, and told about his Mahar messenger.

Damaji, at first astonished, realised that it was none but Vithoba who had taken the form of a Mahar to save the hopeless Pant, who had had no other help. He then sings a panegyric in honour of the god. The sultan is astonished and praises Damaji, due to whom, the sultan had met God himself.

Damaji asks permission to leave the sultan's service, the sultan consents saying that God was now Damaji's debtor. Damaji settles in Pandharpur with his family and serves the god and sings [[kirtan]]s in his honour.<ref name="Mahīpati1933"/>

==Dating and historicity==
While some scholars had dismissed Damaji as a legendary figure earlier, a discovery of an undated ''mahajar'' (testimonial of right) document is interpreted by historian [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V.K. Rajwade]] to be historical evidence for Damaji. The first part of the document states which kind of animal should be ridden by a bridegroom of a particular [[caste]] in his marriage procession. The second part deals with what a Mahar should get from different castes. The document mentions: "By order of the [[Padishah|Badshah]] (king of Bidar) and his seal and in the handwriting of Damaji Pant".<ref name="Kosambi2000">{{cite book|author=Meera Kosambi|title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1878-0|page=138}}</ref>

The famine of 1460 is called "Damaji Pant's famine" in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, as it is believed to the famine when Damaji distributed the grain. The famine was a result of failure of the [[monsoon]] and widespread across Western India.<ref name="(India)Dept1977">{{cite book|author1=Maharashtra (India)|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sholapur|page=315|year=1977|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State}}</ref> Others relate Damaji to the Durga Devi famine (1396–1408)<ref>{{cite book|author=Sumit Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA91|date=2 November 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7|page=91}}</ref> or the famine from 1468 to 1475.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Administrative Sciences|year=1979|publisher=Institute of Public Administration, Patna University|page=87|volume=24–25}}</ref>

==Remembrance==
Apart from being formally included in the list of [[Sant (religion)|Sants]] (saints) in the ''Bhaktavijaya'', the ''[[abhanga]]''s of [[Eknath]] and [[Tukaram]] accord him sainthood and mention him with other saints. Eknath's abhanga praises Vithoba who came a Mahar to rescue Damaji.<ref name="Mokashi1987">{{cite book|author=D. B. Mokashi|title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1341-9|pages=43, 52}}</ref>

Besides naming the 1460 famine on him, his contributions were also alluded to in the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]]. Mr. Grant, the collector of [[Solapur]], was called Damaji Pant for his efforts to remedy the famine.<ref name="Digby1878">{{cite book|author=William Digby|title=The Famine Campaign in Southern India: Madras and Bombay Presidencies and Province of Mysore, 1876–1878|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39031|year=1878|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39031/page/n297 269]}}</ref>

A temple in his honour stands in his home town at Mangalvedha.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/rmangalwedha.pdf | title=SANT DAMAJI OF MANGALWEDHA | publisher=Official site of [[Solapur district]] | accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]

Aliyah (2018 film)

2025-11-06T01:51:38Z

Kausty:

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Aliyah
|image = File:Aliyah_Poster,_A_2018_Manipuri_Movie.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = Yoimayai Mongsaba
|producer = Reshi Thokchom
|writer = [[Binoranjan Oinam]]
|starring = [[Gurumayum Bonny]] Artina Thoudam
|music = Tony Aheibam Jeetenkumar Naorem
|cinematography = Mohon Kangla '''Song Videography:''' Ibomcha Irom
|editing = Yoimayai Mongsaba
|studio = Evening Star Films
|distributor = D.I.S. Construction Material Pvt. Limited
|released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|08|19}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
}}

'''''Aliyah''''' ({{langx|mni|ꯑꯂꯤꯌꯥꯍ}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] directed by Yoimayai Mongsaba, written by [[Binoranjan Oinam]] and produced by Reshi Thokchom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_Aliyah_2019_1.html|title=Scenes from Aliyah - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|website=e-pao.org|accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_Aliyah_2019_2.html|title=Aliyah :: Behind the Scenes - Part 2|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> The film features Artina Thoudam in the title role and [[Gurumayum Bonny]] in the lead roles.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..120219.feb19|title=SSS Manipuri Film Award : Meitan Araba takes away top prizes|work=The Sangai Express|via=E-Pao|date=11 February 2019|accessdate=28 June 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 19 August 2018 at MSFDS (Manipur State Film Development Society), Palace Compound, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/aliyahfilm/|title=Aliyah - a Manipuri feature film|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
It is a romantic film about a Hindu guy ''Leishabi'' and a Muslim lady ''Aliyah'', where religion happens to be the main reason for their relationship to fall apart.

==Cast==
* Artina Thoudam as Aliyah
* [[Gurumayum Bonny]] as Leishabi
* Idhou as Hanif's Father
* Surjit Saikhom as Hanif
* Tayenjam Mema as Leishabi's Mother
* Sagolsem Dhanamanjuri as Aliyah's Mother
* Billa Ngathem as Nafisa, Aliyah's friend
* Sanatomba Sharma as Aliyah's Uncle-in-law
* Ningthouja Jayvidya as Moneylender
* Laishram Lalitabi

==Accolades==
''Aliyah'' won Best Actor in a Leading Role - Female and Best Story awards at the 8th Sahitya Seva Samiti Awards (SSS MANIFA) 2019, with several nominations in different categories. It won the Best Editor Award at the 12th Manipur State Film Awards 2019.<ref name="auto"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Winner's name
!Result
|-
|rowspan="6"|8th SSS MANIFA 2019
| Best Actor in a Leading Role - Female
| Artina Thoudam
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Story
| Binoranjan Oinam
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Female
| Sagolsem Dhanamanjuri
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Best Costume
| Galif Pa
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Best Make-Up
| Sanathoi Waheng
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Binoranjan Oinam
| {{nominated}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|12th Manipur State Film Awards 2019
| Best Editor
| Yoimayai Mongsaba
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Costume
| Galif Pa
| {{won}}
|-
| Special Jury Mention
| Chakpram Rameshchandra (Idhou)
| {{won}}
|}

==Soundtrack==
Tony Aheibam and Jeetenkumar Naorem composed the soundtrack for the film and Binoranjan Oinam wrote the lyrics. The songs are titled ''Marou Leibi'' and ''Leihoure''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlpHvJWewe0|title=Marou Leibi || Bonny & Artina || ALIYAH Movie Official Song Release 2018|accessdate=3 November 2019|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lf1tEq63GGs|title=Leihoure || Bonny & Artina || Arbin Soibam || Aliyah Movie Song Official Release 2018|accessdate=3 November 2019|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The song ''Marou Leibi'' was initially composed by Tony Aheibam, but was re-composed by Jeetenkumar Naorem due to the ban by Film Forum Manipur with the claim that the tune is similar to classical song tunes of other language.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =10:48
| title1 = Marou Leibi
| extra1 = Rahul Sharma, [[Pushparani Huidrom]], Dipu Khunung
| music1 = Jeetenkumar Naorem
| lyrics1 = Binoranjan Oinam
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Leihoure
| extra2 = Arbin Soibam
| music2 = Tony Aheibam
| lyrics2 = Binoranjan Oinam
| length2 = 5:47
}}

== See also ==
* [[Akangba Nachom]]
* [[List of Meitei-language films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8930638}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2010s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Meitei Pangals]]

Happy Anniversary (upcoming film)

2025-11-02T11:02:48Z

Kausty: improved page further and added references after review

#REDIRECT [[Happy Anniversary (unreleased Hindi film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Jauna Murmu

2025-10-21T08:50:10Z

Kausty: quick updated details for clarity additionally and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Indian sprinter and hurdler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Jauna Murmu
| image = Jauna Murmu Indian Athlete In Action.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Jauna Murmu
| nicknames =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Sprint (running)|Sprinter]], [[Hurdler]]
| event = [[400 metres]], [[400 metre hurdles]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1990|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| residence =
| retired=
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| medaltemplates=
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2010 Tehran]]|[[2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results|4 x 100 m relay]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2010 Tehran]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|400 m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|400 m hurdles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 South Asian Games|200 m]]}}
}}

'''Jauna Murmu''' (born 16 August 1990) is an Indian [[sprint runner]] and [[hurdler]] from Odisha who specializes in [[400 metres]] and [[400 metres hurdles]]. She belongs to [[Mayurbhanj District]] of [[Odisha]]. She has received coaching from Arun Kumar Das and Subash Chandra Dasmohapatra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=Mjk0 |title=Orisports.com |website=orisports.com |accessdate=Mar 2, 2019}}</ref>
She is presently employed by with ONGC

==Achievements==
She has multiple International and national achievements.

===International===
*Finished 4th in [[400m hurdles]] in [[2010 Asian Games]] held in [[Guangzhou]], China.
*Won one gold medal in women's [[400 metre hurdles]] event, clocking 57.39 seconds and claimed one bronze in [[400 metres]] sprint with a timing of 53.17 seconds in the [[3rd Asian All Star Athletics Meet]], which concluded at New Delhi on July 30, 2010.
*Two gold medals in the [[2016 South Asian Games]]: in the 400m hurdles and the 4 × 400 m relay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johartimes.com/single-post/56c08b4b0cf28731e9623df3 |title=Jauna Murmu Adivasi Sprinter from Odisha bagged Two Gold Medal in 12th South Asian Games-2016 |website=Johar Times |date=14 February 2016 |accessdate=24 February 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054203/http://www.johartimes.com/single-post/56c08b4b0cf28731e9623df3 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===National===
*Won the silver medal in women's 400m event of the [[National Inter-State Senior Athletics Championship]], clocking 52.78 seconds at Patiala, Punjab on August 6, 2010.

==Doping==
Murmu tested positive for the anabolic steroid [[Methandienone]] in an out of competition test 25 May 2011 and was subsequently handed a two-year doping ban.<ref name=IAAF135>[http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=98c36484-9337-40e3-85b3-4d294f37a1ca.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20135%20-%20July%2FAugust%202012 IAAF Newsletter No.135 (Jul/Aug)]. IAAF (28 August 2012). Retrieved 2012-09-02.</ref><ref name=IAAF2012112>{{Cite news |url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=b844cdf7-b52b-4fdc-abd4-4727202b92a3.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules |publisher=[[IAAF]] |title=List of athletes currently serving a period of ineligibility as a result of an anti-doping rule violation under IAAF Rules |date=2012-11-02 |accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref><ref>K.P. Mohan: [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/quartermilers-mandeep-kaur-jauna-murmu-provisionally-suspended/article2145340.ece Quarter-milers Mandeep Kaur, Jauna Murmu provisionally suspended], The Hindu, 30 June 2011</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Jauna}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Odisha]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Doping cases in the sport of athletics]]
[[Category:Indian sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Surajit Sengupta

2025-10-06T03:14:45Z

Kausty: starting first pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1951–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = সুরজিৎ সেনগুপ্ত
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1951|08|30}}
| birth_place = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|2|17|1951|8|30}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| height =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1971
| clubs1 = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1972–1974
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1974–1980
| clubs3 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 1980–1981
| clubs4 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 1981–1983
| clubs5 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| nationalyears1 = 1973–1979
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| medaltemplates =
}}

He played for the [[India national football team|India national team]], representing the country in the [[1974 Asian Games]] in [[Tehran]] and the [[1978 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]]. In a domestic career spanning twelve years between 1971 and 1983, he had represented all three of Calcutta's football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan FC]], [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal FC]], and [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting FC]], and was considered one of the finest forwards of his time. Sengupta won the [[IFA Shield]] and the [[Calcutta Football League]] six times each and the [[Durand Cup]] thrice while representing East Bengal FC.

He appeared with East Bengal from 1974 to 1980 and captained the team in 1978–79.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm|website=kolkatafootball.com|title=Kolkatafootball.com :East Bengal League History: Indian Football Capital's News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011211/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/|title=East Bengal FC » Historical squads|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011647/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213722/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html}}</ref> He received the lifetime achievement award from East Bengal in 2018.

== Early life ==
Sengupta was born on 30 August 1951, in Chakbazar in the [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=18 February 2022|title=Surajit Sengupta, India Football Legend And 'Heartthrob' Of Fans, Dies At 70|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/surajit-sengupta-india-football-legend-dies-at-71-news-182822|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Outlook India|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220055317/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/surajit-sengupta-india-football-legend-dies-at-71-news-182822|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Suhas Sengupta, was a football and [[cricket]] player who worked for [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop India]]. Sengupta studied at the [[Hooghly Branch Government School|Hooghly Branch School]] where he was spotted by coach Ashwini Barat. He went on to study at the [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and made his second division debut for Robert Hudson FC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football Great Surajit Sengupta Dies, Mamata Banerjee Leads Tributes {{!}} Football News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/former-india-midfielder-and-east-bengal-legend-surajit-sengupta-dies-2773634|access-date=20 February 2022|date=18 February 2022|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064226/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/former-india-midfielder-and-east-bengal-legend-surajit-sengupta-dies-2773634|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Club career ==
Sengupta made his domestic debut playing for the [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]] club<ref name=kidderpore>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/team/kidderpore-sc/|title=IFA (WB) – Team: KIDDERPORE SC|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170955/https://ifawb.org/team/kidderpore-sc/}}</ref> in 1971 before moving to [[Mohun Bagan AC]] and playing for the club between 1972 and 1974. He was part of Mohun Bagan's [[Bangladesh]] tour in May 1972, where they defeated [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] and lost to [[Shadhin Bangla football team|Dhaka XI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8|title=৭ কোটি মানুষের জন্য ভালোবাসা নিয়ে ঢাকায় এসেছিল মোহনবাগান|first=Masud|last=Alam|website=www.prothomalo.com|publisher=[[Prothom Alo|The Daily Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|trans-title=Mohun Bagan came to Dhaka with love for 7 crore people|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|agency=|date=19 April 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002192020/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8}}</ref> He later moved to [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal FC]] for six seasons between 1974 and 1980. He represented [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] between 1980 and 1981 before returning to Mohan Bagan between 1981 and 1983.<ref name=":0" />

Amongst his best experiences was a [[1975 IFA Shield Final]] where he led East Bengal's 5–0 win against their Kolkata rivals Mohun Bagan.<ref name=":1" /> Most of his victories came during his time with East Bengal FC. He was also the captain of the [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal team]] in the [[Santosh Trophy|1976 Santosh Trophy]].<ref name=":1" /> In a domestic career spanning twelve years he represented all three of Calcutta's football clubs and had won the [[IFA Shield]] and the [[Calcutta Football League]] six times each and the [[Durand Cup]] thrice for East Bengal FC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Surajit Sengupta, former East Bengal captain, passes away at 70 due to Covid-19|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/surajit-sengupta-former-east-bengal-captain-passes-away-at-70-due-to-covid-19-1914305-2022-02-17|access-date=20 February 2022|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217103921/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/surajit-sengupta-former-east-bengal-captain-passes-away-at-70-due-to-covid-19-1914305-2022-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sportstar" />

Sengupta received the lifetime achievement award from East Bengal in 2018.<ref name=":0" />

== International career ==
Sengupta made his debut for the [[Indian national football team|India national team]] in 1974 in a game against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] in the [[Merdeka Cup]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/famousPlayers5.asp|title=East Bengal Football Club – Famous Players|access-date=25 February 2009|website=www.eastbengalfootballclub.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901194505/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/famousPlayers5.asp|archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> He represented the country in 14 games,<ref name="sportstar"/> including the [[1974 Asian Games]] in [[Tehran]] and the [[1978 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref name="sportstar">{{cite web|date=17 February 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-east-bengal-captain-surajit-sengupta-passes-away/article38412813.ece|title=Former East Bengal captain Surajit Sengupta passes away|work=Sportstar - The Hindu|accessdate=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217093033/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-east-bengal-captain-surajit-sengupta-passes-away/article38412813.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABP">{{cite web|date=17 February 2022|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/ex-footballer-surajit-sengupta-passes-away-watch-video-dgtl/cid/1329439|title=Sengupta passes away: সুরজিৎ চলে গেলেন স্মৃতির দেশে|trans-title=Surajit Sengupta passes away|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112036/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/ex-footballer-surajit-sengupta-passes-away-watch-video-dgtl/cid/1329439|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 February 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/legendary-footballer-surojit-sengupta-passes-away/cid/1852281|title=Former India midfielder and East Bengal legend Surajit Sengupta dies|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217100339/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/legendary-footballer-surojit-sengupta-passes-away/cid/1852281|url-status=live}}</ref> He also represented the country in the 1974 Merdeka Cup and the [[1977 President's Cup Football Tournament|1977 President's Cup]] in [[Seoul]].<ref name=":0" />

== Style of play ==
Sengupta played as [[winger (association football)|winger]] and was known for his playing speed and passing range. Per an article in the Indian newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'', he was considered one of the finest and creative forwards of his time.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life and death ==
Sengupta was married to Shyamali Sengupta, with whom he had a son.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Amitabha Das Sharma|title=Surajit Sengupta Passes Away at 71.|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/surajit-sengupta-passes-away/article65059338.ece|date=17 February 2022|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217212725/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/surajit-sengupta-passes-away/article65059338.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After his retirement he was involved with the game as a sports editor with a Bengali language magazine writing their football columns.<ref name=":0" /> He learnt singing and would play the [[Tabla]] with his son.<ref name=":1" /> East Bengal coach and former Indian footballer [[P. K. Banerjee]] had named him [[Sócrates]] after the Brazilian footballer, given his sporting a beard and his varied interests.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Former India footballer Surajit Sengupta dies at 70 after Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/former-india-footballer-surajit-sengupta-dies-at-70-after-covid19-101645101863551.html|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220014439/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/former-india-footballer-surajit-sengupta-dies-at-70-after-covid19-101645101863551.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sengupta died from [[COVID-19]]-related complications on 17 February 2022, at the age of 70.<ref name=":0" />

==Honours==
'''East Bengal'''
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1974, 1975, 1977
*[[DCM Trophy]]: 1974<ref>{{Cite web|first=Majumdar|last=Raunak|title=The DCM Trophy- Oldest Indian Tournament with International Exposure|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/DCM-Trophy-in-India/819|date=31 May 2019|access-date=4 December 2021|website=chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|language=en}}</ref>
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1974, 1975, 1976
*[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]: 1976
*[[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]: 1978–79
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1973–74, 1975–76
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1978
*[[Bordoloi Trophy]]: 1978

==See also==
* [[List of SC East Bengal captains]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Subir |title= সোনায় লেখা ইতিহাসে মোহনবাগান ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan in the history written in gold}})|year=2018 |isbn=978-93-850172-0-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Argha |last2=Basu |first2=Rupak |title=মোহনবাগান: সবুজ ঘাসের মেরুন গল্প ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan: Green fields' Maroon stories}})|year=2022|publisher=Shalidhan |isbn=978-81-954667-0-2}}
*{{cite book|title=East Bengal 100|publisher=Allsport Foundation|date=1 January 2021|first=Gautam|last=Roy|isbn=978-8194763109}}
*Bandyopadhyay, Santipriya (1979). ''Cluber Naam East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: New Bengal Press.
*Chattopadhyay, Hariprasad (2017). ''Mohun Bagan–East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Parul Prakashan.

==Further reading==
*{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Kingfisher East Bengal FC {{!}} Legacy-History|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|access-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|url-status=usurped|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}
*{{cite web|date=17 February 2022|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-condoles-surajit-senguptas-death|title=AIFF condoles Surajit Sengupta's death|work=AIFF|access-date=17 February 2022}}
*{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/legendary-footballer-surojit-sengupta-passes-away/cid/1852281 News on Surajit Sengupta] at ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Surajit}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1978 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]

Nilnag Lake

2025-09-01T00:16:29Z

Kausty: new the data nd citations!

{{Short description|Tourist destination in Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nilnag Lake
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Blue water lake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title= Places of Interest|access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref>
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Rural
| image_skyline = Nilnag Lake.jpg
| image_alt = A view of the blue waters of Nilnag Lake
| image_caption = A view of the blue waters of Nilnag Lake
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu & Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|51|20.8|N|74|41|32.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2390
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 191112
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK04]]
| website = {{URL|https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nilnag'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir Film Development Council |url=https://jkfilm.jk.gov.in/location-description/22/nocat |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=jkfilm.jk.gov.in}}</ref> ({{literal translation|blue-water lake}}; {{IPA|ur|niːlnɑːɡ}}; {{IPA|ks|nilɨnaːɡ}}) is a [[Fresh water|freshwater]] [[lake]] {{cvt|35|km}} away from [[Budgam]] town in [[Budgam district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a disputed region administered by [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilnag Lake in Yusmarg {{!}} Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} Tour My India |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/jammu-kashmir/nilnag-lake.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=tour-my-india}}</ref> It is around {{cvt|47|km}} away from [[Srinagar]], the [[summer capital]] of the union territory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanan |first=J. Ramanan & Vrinda |date=2019-08-22 |title=Kashmir — the lush valley owes it to a sage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/kashmir-the-lush-valley-owes-its-origin-to-a-sage/article56834552.ece |access-date=2023-10-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The lake is famous for its turquoise water. The route from Yousmarg is rather difficult and unmotorable and goes through a dense forest. The lake's crystal-clear blue water gave it its name: ''nag'' stands for lake (or a spring) and ''nil'' for the blue colour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} District Budgam, Government of Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> The location is a great for picnic spot.

== History ==
The lake was Eric Biscoe's favourite destination. [[Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe|Biscoe]] (died in 1949), who was the founder of [[Tyndale Biscoe School|Tyndal Biscoe school]] in Jammu and Kashmir, wanted to be buried by the lake side. To honour his wishes, his ashes were brought and buried there.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Nilnag: Kashmir's lesser known historic lake |url=http://risingkashmir.com/nilnag-kashmirs-lesser-known-historic-lake |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=risingkashmir.com}}</ref> [[Cecil Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe]] in his book states:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyndale-Biscoe |first=Hugh |author-link=Cecil Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 |title=The Missionary and the Maharajas: Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe and the Making of Modern Kashmir |date=2018-12-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-544-7 |pages=308 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=“In his introduction Parwez said that I was bringing back to Kashmir the mortal remains of Mr Eric to be cast into Nil Nag…. Some days later a party of students and staff accompanied us to Buzgu village, where I explained to the villagers Eric's wish and sought their approval. They gave approval and accompanied us to the lake where I paddled out on a couple of logs and shook the ashes into the waters of the lake.”|author=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|title=The Missionary and the Maharajas: Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe and the Making of Modern Kashmir|source=p.308}}

== Access ==
Nilnag is easily accessible from [[Srinagar]] or [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar Airport (SXR)]], in under 2–3 hours from car or bus. The routes of Nilnag are from [[Srinagar]] to [[Chadoora]], and then to Buzgu via Nagam. The total distance is about {{cvt|47|km}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nilnag Lake |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/nilnag-lake/articleshow/27477374.cms |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== By road ===
Nilnag can be reached in from under 2 hours by car or taxi from Srinagar. The roads have recently been reconstructed, however, at certain places, the roads may be uneven. Another route is from [[Yusmarg|Yousmarg]] to Nilnag, however, it is only pliable by motorbikes.

=== By air ===
The nearest airport is the [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Sheikh-ul-Alam International Airport]] (Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir). Nilnag is at a distance of {{cvt|41|km}} from the airport, and it takes about 2 hours by car.

== Recent developments ==
The lake basin is actively going through shallowing owing to [[siltation]], an indicator of which is the emergent [[Vegetation|vegetation cover]] "in the lake littorals".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wani |first1=Shahid |last2=Yaqoob |first2=Kanwsar |last3=Pandit |first3=Ashok |year=2007 |title=Diversity and Distribution of Emergent Macrophytes in Nilnag Lake, a Pine Forest Lake in Western Himalaya |url=http://cord.uok.edu.in/Files/4701b853-a330-4f94-a00e-01555a32a0ff/Journal/2d7b663a-9eb0-48e1-be50-44fd6a608621.pdf |website=Journal of Research & Development |pages=45–50}}</ref> In 2017, Yousmarg Development Authority (YDA) undertook [[dredging]] of the lake basin. The boundaries were also widened, and huts were built for monitoring.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir|Category:Lakes in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Srinagar|Category:Tourist destinations in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Shah Tahir

2025-08-13T23:02:22Z

Kausty: starting the data initial version

{{Short description|Nizari Ismaili Shia Imam (1486–1549)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shah Tahir al-Husayni al-Dakkani
| birth_date = 892 AH/1486 AD
| birth_place = Khund, near [[Qasvin]], Iran
| death_date = 956 AH/1549 AD
| death_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (modern-day Maharashtra, India)
| burial_place = [[Karbala]], present-day [[Iraq]]
| succession = 31st [[List of Isma'ili imams|Imam]] of the Muhammad-Shahi (Mu'mini) [[Nizari]] [[Ismaili]] [[Shias]]
| reign = 1510-1549
| reign-type = Tenure
| resting_place =
| predecessor = Radi al-Din II ibn Tahir
| successor = Haydar ibn Tahir
}}
{{Ismailism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Shah Tahir''', also known as '''Tahir Shah''', ({{langx|ar|شاه طاهر الحسيني الدكني|translit=Shāh Tāhir al-Husayni al-Dakkani}}; 1486 – 1549) and known in his lifetime by his followers as ''Hujjatullah'' was a [[Nizari]] [[Ismaili]] [[Imam]] from the Muhammad-Shahi (Mu'mini) line and an astronomer and philosopher who served as a minister of the [[Nizam Shahi]] dynasty in South India.

== Early life ==
Imam Shah Tahir was born in Khund, a village in [[Gilan]] near the border with [[Qazvin]], that has since been [[abandoned village|abandoned]]. He was the son of Imam Shah Radi ad-Din II, a descendant of the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizaris of Alamut]] who claimed descent from the [[Fatimids]] of Egypt and a Nizari Ismaili Imam. During his youth, he spent time studying and teaching in [[Kashan]]. After the establishment of Safavid dynasty and its surge against mysticism, he gave up Isma'ili mysticism and joined Shah Ismail's court in early 1520 AD, but he had to leave Iran after Shah Ismail grew suspicious, [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|making his way to India]].<ref>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'''", Vol. 1, p. 282, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).</ref> He was a student of the great 16th century astronomer, [[Shams al-Din al-Khafri]].<ref>Reza Pourjavady, "'''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VGvO3jpy-YcC&pg=PA39&q=shah%20tahir%20khafri Philosophy in Early Safavid Iran: Najm al-Din Mahmud Al-Nayrizi and His Writings]'''", p. 39, BRILL, (2011).</ref>

== Life and career ==
Imam Shah Tahir arrived in [[Goa]] in mid-1520, but was ignored by the Adil Shahi monarch. He left Bijapur and moved to Parenda, where he started teaching ''[[almagest]]'', a treatise by [[Ptolemy]] on astronomy. In 1522 AD, on request of [[Burhan Nizam Shah I|Sultan Burhan Nizam Shah]], he joined the court of [[Ahmadnagar]]. He also acted as chief diplomat,<ref>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'''", Vol. 1, p. 283, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).</ref> and would deliver lectures twice a week in the fort. Eventually, in 1538 AD, he persuaded the Sunni sultan to convert to [[Nizari]] Shi'ism, of which he was ''imam'' of the largest branch at that time. The sultan would also declare Nizarism the official [[state religion]].<ref>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'''", Vol. 1, p. 286, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).</ref><ref>John Norman Hollister, "'''The Shi'a of India'''", p. 117, Luzac and Co., London (1953).</ref><ref>W. Ivanow, ''A Forgotten Branch of the Ismailis''. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1 (January 1938). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201632]</ref>

He wrote many books, among them were:<ref name=":0">Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'''", Vol. 1, p. 290, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).</ref>

# A commentary on the ''[[Almagest]]''
# A commentary on [[The Book of Healing|theology of Avicenna]]
# ''Sharh bāb hādi 'ashr'' on theology
# ''Sharh ja'fariyya'' on jurisprudence
# A commentary on ''tafsīr bayzawi''

== Death ==
He died in 1549 AD and his body was sent to Karbala to be buried near the tomb of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|date=2021|title=Husayni, Shah Tahir b. Radi al-Din (d. 956 AH/ 1549 CE)|url=https://www.iis.ac.uk/encyclopaedia-articles/husayni-shah-tahir-b-radi-al-din-d-956-ah-1549-ce|website=The Institute of Ismaili Studies}}</ref> He had four sons and three daughters, among whom Imam Shah Haydar succeeded him as Imam and a minister in the court.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|sh}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before = Radi al-Din II ibn Tahir}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title =31st [[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|Imam]] of Muhammad-Shahi (Mu'mini) [[Nizari Isma'ilism]]|years =1510–1549}}
{{s-aft|after = Haydar ibn Tahir}}
{{s-end}}

{{Nizārī}}

[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in India]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1549 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]

Bassi Pathana

2025-06-11T13:32:57Z

Kausty: fix page to improve readability for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bassi Pathana
| other_name = City of Pathanas
| nickname = Bassi
| settlement_type =Historic city
| image_skyline = Bassi skyline.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bassi Pathana Skyline
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7097|N|76.4084|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1540
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18547
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 140412
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01763
| registration_plate = PB-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 800:1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Saleem Haweli.JPG|thumb|Haveli of Hafiz Muhammad Halim, Bassi]]
'''Bassi Pathana''' is a historical city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is well known for being Asia's first market for sewing machines. Bassi Pathana is the founder of the First Sewing Machine and its key parts in [[Asia]] in the 1920s. India's first sewing machine was manufactured by Pt. Ramjidass of '''Bassi Pathanan''' in 1925.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32112 | title=Census of India 2011 | publisher=Govt. of India | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="auto"/> Bassi Pathana had a population of 20,288 with 10,665 males and 9,623 females. Bassi Pathana has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 74.04%; with 81% of the males and 75% of females literate. 9.5% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== History ==
According to legend, Bassi Pathana was founded in 1540. As the name suggests, it was a city of Muslim Pathans. After this place was visited by the 9th Sikh master Guru Teg Bahadur Ji they changed the city name to Bassi i.e. Bassi Pathanan.

Bassi Pathana was visited by the 9th Sikh Master Guru Teg Bahadur Ji and the 10th Sikh Master Guru Gobind Singh Ji. There is one Historical Gurdwara (Sikh temple) in the city in their memory.

A temple of Sh. Sant Namdev Ji is also situated in this city.

This historic city has one temple named Brahamghat, where a sage called Rishi Ajgaiwanand is said to have meditated here for years. During one of those meditation sessions, someone came to check whether he was meditating or not and put his leg in the Agni (Fire) which is traditionally lit while meditating. He was so involved in meditation that he did not realize that he had lost his leg in the fire. When his disciples saw that he had lost his leg, they made a leg of wood and brass. He was so delighted with this gesture that he blessed this city and said that no misfortune can ever strike this city. If misfortune is sensed then this leg (after his death) should be moved through each house and misfortune will go away. Its popular temple is Shri Usha Mata Ji Mandir near Brahamghat Temple.

This city also has a historic lord Shiva temple named Prachin Shiv Mandir (in old Subzi Mandi) situated in the main bazaar of Bassi Pathana near the main post office.

Bassi Pathanan city also had an old railway station which was built during the British rule in India.

India's first sewing machine was manufactured by Pt. Ramjidass in 1925. There are now many factories that make sewing machine parts.

==Councils==
The Town is the block of the District as it contains 86 villages. The City also has its own Municipal Corporation. It had divided the city into Wards (parts) and each ward had its representative known as the Municipal Councilor (MC). The main city has approximately 15 Wards.

Villages in the Bassi Pathana Tehsil include:

* [[Nandpur Kalaur]]

==Religions==
The city population comprises these religions [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jainis]], [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]]

There are many temples, gurudwaras, masjids, and a church within the city. Mainly as Sh. Namdev Ji(Mandir) Temple, Prachin Shri Ram Mandir(Nav Garah Mandir) Temple, Prachin Shri Shiva Temple(Mahadevas), Usha Mata Mandir, Baba Rishi Ajgawanand(Brahmghat Mandir), belong to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and many more. There are many gurdwaras here as Shri Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, Shri Guru Gobind Sing Ji belongs to [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], and many more. There are 2 biggest Jama Masjids in the city are belong to [[Muslims]]. There is also a Church historical symbol of Jesus that belongs to [[Christians]].

==Basant Panjami/Panchami festival==
The biggest festival in Bassi Pathana is Basant Panchami(Panjami). It is celebrated in the month of Magh (January–February as per the Gregorian calendar). Because of the festival, a big fair is held continuously for three days.

==Education==
Bassi Pathana has a Govt. recognized institute for full-time training courses on International courses based on ITI (Industrial Training Institute). There are mainly three colleges within the city: Sant Namdev Kanya Maha Vidyalaya College(Punjabi University) and Pine Grove College. As per the Schooling, there are many schools. The most prefers are listed below and they are within the city limits:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''S No.'''
| '''Name'''
|-
| 1
| Holy Heart Public High School
|-
| 2
| Bal Bharati Public School
|-
| 3
| Pine Grove Public School
|-
| 4
| S.D Public School For Girls
|-
| 5
| Guru Nanak Dev Public School
|-
| 6
| Government Senior Secondary School For Girls
|-
| 7
| Lala Lajpat Rai High School
|-
| 8
| Government Senior Secondary School For Boys
|-
| 9
| Garden Valley International School
|-
| 10
| Government Mandi Secondary School-Block 2
|-
| 11
| SD Model Hindi School(Puttari Path Shala)-Block 2
|-
| 12
| Government Old Jail School-Block 1
|-
| 13
| Sant Namdev Kanya Public School
|-
| 14
| SDAV Modern Cosmic Public School
|-
| 15
| Government Anganwadi Elementary School-Block 2
|-
| 16
| Government Masjid(Maseet) Elementary School-Block 1
|-
| 17
| S.T Mary's School, Mahadian
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

Vishnu Khatri

2025-06-10T16:53:05Z

Kausty:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Berasia Assembly constituency|Berasia]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Brahmanand Ratnakar
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Vishnu Khatri''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Berasia Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berasia assembly election results 2023: Berasia Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/berasia-assembly-result-12149 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Berasia Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Berasia Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/berasia-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Vishnu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Phulamuthi

2025-05-15T18:37:38Z

Kausty: new the entry nd citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Issues|
{{One source|date=January 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulamuthi
| other_name = Fulmuthi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.9945984|N|83.7915355|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonepur district|Sonepur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 121
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Oriya language|Oriya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 767019
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06654
| registration_plate = OD-31
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Phulamuthi'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Phul Muthi Village Population - Binika - Subarnapur, Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/419093-phul-muthi-orissa.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> (also known as '''Fulmuthi''') is a village of [[Subarnapur district]] of [[Odisha]]. It is surrounded by two water streams namely Choukijor and Nalia. The village is famous for its green surroundings.

==Nuakhai Bhet Ghat ==
Nukhai is one of the major festivals of the [[Western Odisha|western part of Odisha]]. It is also observed in some parts of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} On this day, people from western Odisha celebrate across the globe by eating nua (new paddy) followed by different kinds of delicious dishes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} People of Phulamuthi celebrate it as a special occasion.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} They eat nua and greet all. It is followed by much entertainment. People from neighboring villages also participate in the late night entertainment.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Education==
There is primary education available up to class 7. For high school education they rely on the nearest village.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

*Government Primary School for class 1–5
*Maa maheswari Upper Primary School for class 6–7
*Pre-primary education available.

==Temples==
*Maa maheswari temple
*Maa metakani temple

==Economy==
The majority of people are employed in paddy farming. Some of them depend on vegetable farming, whereas the rest depend on weaving sari.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Politics==

The village comes under Charda panchayat of Binika block of sonepur district of Odisha. Its assembly-constituency is Birmaharajpur and Parliamentary Constituency is Bolangir.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Subarnapur district]]