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Goreswar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T12:03:24Z

Kaurjenni51: stub...

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Goreswar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 44
| map_image = Goreswar Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Goreswar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Goreswar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Victor Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=98,108 |percentage=57.54|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pabitra Kr. Baro|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=28,859 |percentage=16.93|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bapu Ram Boro|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,273 |percentage=16.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=2,022|percentage=1.19|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,249 |percentage=40.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 170,498|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Tamulpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan

2026-05-05T07:31:26Z

Kaurjenni51: new...

{{Short description|2025 Zee TV Hindi language TV series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan.png
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| creator = [[Ravi Dubey]] [[Sargun Mehta]]
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Amandeep Sidhu]]
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]]
* [[Srishti Jain]]
* [[Vaishnavi Prajapati]]
* [[Sheezan Khan]]
}}
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| producer = [[Ravi Dubey]] [[Sargun Mehta]]
| company = Dreamiyata Entertainment
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 220 
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| narrator =
| related = ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''
}}

'''''Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiere from 22 September 2025 on [[Zee TV]]. It is produced by Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta, the series is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] TV series ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'' of [[Zee Telugu]]. It stars [[Amandeep Sidhu]], [[Shubhangi Latkar]], [[Srishti Jain]] and [[Sheezan Khan]] in lead roles.

== Plot ==
Set in the spiritual city of Varanasi, ''Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan'' follows the inspiring journey of Ganga Mai, a resilient woman who is abandoned by her husband for not bearing a son. Determined to defy social stigma, she raises her three daughters Sahana, Sneha, and Soni with pride, strength, and unwavering love. Ganga earns a living by running a small dhaba and becomes a symbol of courage in her community.

As the daughters grow, each faces her own struggles: Sneha is bold and justice-driven, Sahana shoulders family responsibilities, and young Soni begins to understand the challenges around her. Sneha’s life takes a turn when she crosses paths with Siddhu, a rough but good-hearted man caught between his feelings for her and his powerful mother Durgavati’s ambitions.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Ganga Sharma: Manohar's first wife; Sahana, Sneha and Soni's mother.
* [[Srishti Jain]] as Sahana Sharma: Ganga and Monohar's eldest daughter, Sneha and Soni's sister.
* [[Amandeep Sidhu]] as Sneha Sharma: Ganga and Manohar's younger daughter, Sahana and Soni's sister.
* Vaishnavi Prajapati as Soni Sharma: Ganga and Manohar's youngest daughter, Sahana and Sneha's sister.
* [[Sheezan Khan]] as Siddhanth Singh Thakur aka Siddhu: Durgavati's son; Madhu's brother.
* Rohin Joshi as Murli: Sahana's love interest, professor at Soni's college

=== Recurring ===
* Madan Tyagi as Durgavati's husband, Madhu and Siddhu father
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Durgavati Thakur: Madhu and Siddhu's mother
* Mridul Raj Anand as Shekhar
* Priya Bhardwaj as Madhu: Durgavati's daughter, Siddhu's sister, Shekhar's wife
* Karan Sharma as Pujari: Siddhu's friend
* Shehzad Shaikh as Shantanu Shukla
* Vijay Chanderma Billu as Halchal: Siddhu's friend
* Rohit Pushpakar as Chanchal: Siddhu's friend
* Shraddha Jaiswal as Indu Rani Sharma: Manohar's second wife
* Vijay Kaushik as Manohar Sharma: Ganga and Indu's husband; Sahana, Sneha, Soni, and Paras's father
* Vishal Singh as Kali: Indu's brother
* Inder Jeet as Paras Sharma: Manohar and Indu's son
* Aman Bhogal as Shanta: Ganga's friend
* Yasmeen as Purvi Pandey
* Amandeep Kaur as Sarla: Purvi's mother
* Yogesh Garg as Battery: Siddhu's friend
* Gunabi Mann as Kaushalya: Murli's mother
* Raman Dhagga as Murli's father
* Ekta Verma as Kusum: Murli's sister
* Mathlub Khan
* Kiara Chouhan
* Anubhav Jain

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Sheezan Khan]] was signed to play male lead, Siddhu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2025|title=Sheizaan Khan opens up about his heroic entry as Siddhu in Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan; says, “What drew me in was his innocence”
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sheizaan-khan-opens-heroic-entry-siddhu-ganga-mai-ki-betiyan-says-drew-innocence/|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhangi Latkar]] was confirmed to play Ganga Mai.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=10 August 2025|title=Shubhangi to play Ganga Mai
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/shubhangi-to-play-ganga-mai/|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 July 2025|title=Shubhangi Latkar On Her Character In Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan: 'Raw, Honest And Real'
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/shubhangi-latkar-on-her-character-in-ganga-mai-ki-betiyan-raw-honest-and-real-ws-l-aa-aa-9458722.html|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Indira Krishnan]] had been cast as the main villain, Durgavati.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2025|title=Indira Krishna shares her experience on joining Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ganga-mai-ki-betiyan-indira-krishna-reveals-what-drew-her-to-her-character-23594199|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Srishti Jain]] was cast as the eldest sister, Sahana.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 September 2025|title=Srishti Jain on 'Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan' role: Learning the local dialect has been rewarding
|url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/srishti-jain-ganga-mai-ki-betiyan-role-learning-local-dialect-has-been-rewarding-447427|access-date=18 September 2025|work=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
The serial ''Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan'' features an original song titled "''Ishqiyaa'''"''''' as part of its official soundtrack. The track was released on '''9''' December 2025 as a single under the [[Zee Music Company]] label<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJVE-LpRGII |title=Ishqiyaa - Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan {{!}} Amandeep Sidhu, Sheezan Khan {{!}} Chetan Bharanga {{!}} Zee Tv |date=2025-12-09 |last=Zee Music Company |access-date=2026-02-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and is associated with emotional and romantic sequences in the serial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishqiyaa (From "Ganga Mai Ki Betiyaan") - Chetan Bharanga, Ankit-Chetan & Sandeep Sharare: Song Lyrics, Music Videos & Concerts |url=https://www.shazam.com/song/1859958284/ishqiyaa-from-ganga-mai-ki-betiyaan |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Shazam |language=en-us}}</ref>

The song’s composition and recording credits are attributed to Ankit-Chetan with lyrics by Sandeep Sharare and performance by Chetan Bharanga.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ishqiyaa (From "Ganga Mai Ki Betiyaan") by Chetan Bharanga, Ankit-Chetan & Sandeep Sharare on Apple Music |date=2025-12-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ishqiyaa-from-ganga-mai-ki-betiyaan-single/1859958283 |access-date=2026-02-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The series was released on 22 September 2025 replacing [[Kumkum Bhagya]] at the 9 PM slot. By doing so, the show became the first non-[[Balaji Telefilms]] show in 19 years to air at that slot.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 August 2025|title=Ektaa Kapoor's Kumkum Bhagya to go off-air after 11 years of successful run
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ektaa-kapoor-kumkum-bhagya-to-go-off-air-after-11-years-of-successful-run-23588292|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'' రాధమ్మ కూతూరు
| 26 August 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 3 August 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Puttakkana Makkalu]]'' ಪುಟ್ಟಕ್ಕನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು
| 13 December 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 5 March 2026
| rowspan="10"| Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Uron Tubri]]'' উড়ন তুবড়ি
| 28 March 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 16 December 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]'' കുടുംബശ്രീ ശാരദ
| 11 April 2022
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Suna Jhia]]'' ସୁନା ଝିଅ
| 30 May 2022
| Zee Sarthak
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Dheeyan Meriyaan]]'' ਧੀਆਂ ਮੇਰੀਆਂ
| 6 June 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 30 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'' மீனாட்சி பொண்ணுங்க
| 1 August 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 4 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]'' मैं हूं अपराजिता
| 27 September 2022
| [[Zee TV]]
| 25 June 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]'' लवंगी मिरची
| 13 February 2023
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 5 August 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan'' गंगा माई की बेटियाँ
| 22 September 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Annapurnar Lokkhira'' অন্নপূর্ণা লক্ষ্মীরা
| {{TBA}}
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Upcoming
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38716267}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/ganga-mai-ki-betiyan/0-6-4z5793364 ''Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Durgapur Expressway

2026-05-05T06:54:07Z

Kaurjenni51: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)]]

[[Category:Durgapur]]

Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956

2026-05-04T03:53:41Z

Kaurjenni51: New - done

{{Short description|1956 Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
The '''Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956''' ('''IRWD Act''') is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted under [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 262]] of [[Constitution of India]] on the eve of [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganization of states]] on linguistic basis to resolve the water disputes that would arise in the use, control and distribution of an interstate river<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/drainage-river-basin.jpg|title=River basins of India|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> or river valley.<ref name=iraw>{{cite web|url=http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Act_33_0f_19566693937623.pdf|title=Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 - As modified up to 6th August 2002|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref>  Article 262 of the [[Indian Constitution]] provides a role for the union government in adjudicating conflicts surrounding interstate rivers that arise among the state/regional governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|title=The Constitution of India|accessdate=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>  This Act has been amended subsequently, with the most recent amendment in 2002. This Act has evolved from the laws which were extant during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234677484.pdff|title=Interstate Water Dispute and Federalism: Governance of Interstate River Water in India|date=2012|accessdate=13 January 2026}}</ref>

River waters use / harnessing is included in [[Federalism in India|states jurisdiction]] (entry 17 of [[state list]], Schedule 7 of Indian Constitution). However, the union government with parliament approval can make laws on regulation and development of interstate rivers and river valleys to the extent such water resources are directly under its control when expedient in the [[public interest]] (entry 56 of [[union list]], Schedule 7 of Indian Constitution). [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], [[NHPC Limited|NHPC]], River Boards Act 1956, etc under the control of the union government, are referable to Entry 56 of the union list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water%20and%20Federalism.pdf|title=Water and federalism: Working with states for water security|accessdate=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103175557/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water%20and%20Federalism.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> When union government wants to take over an interstate river project under its control by law (as provided in the constitution) from states per entry 56 of the union list, it has to take the approval of the riparian states' legislature assemblies before passing such bill in the Parliament per [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 252]] of the constitution. The phrase 'by law' means all the applicable Articles of the Constitution shall be fulfilled/adhered. Otherwise, the rights of the Union per entries 53, 54 and 56 of the Union List are similar to a right given to the Union per the [[concurrent list]]. When public interest is served, [[President of India|President]] may also establish an interstate council as per [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 263]] to inquire and recommend the dispute that has arisen between the [[States and union territories of India|states of India]].

IRWD Act (section 2c2) validates the previous agreements (if any) among the basin states to harness the water of an interstate river/ river valley. This act is confined to states of India and not applicable to [[union territories]]. Only concerned state governments are entitled to participate in the tribunal adjudication and non-government entities are not permitted. Section 8 of this Act stipulates that no reference shall be made to a Tribunal of any dispute that may arise regarding any matter which may be referred to arbitration under the River Boards Act, 1956.

==International Rivers Water Sharing Treaties==
Any river water sharing [[treaty]] made with other countries, has to be ratified by the Parliament per [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 253]] after deciding the share of the Indian riparian states per [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 262]] to make the treaty constitutionally valid or enforceable by the judiciary as India follows [[Monism and dualism in international law|dualist theory]] for the implementation of international treaties/laws. The Indian government has signed [[Indus Waters Treaty]] with Pakistan, [[Sharing the water of the Ganges|Ganga water sharing treaty]] with Bangladesh, etc. without the [[ratification]] by the Parliament and the consent of the concerned riparian states per Article 252. In April 2025, India suspended unilaterally the Indus Waters Treaty while some disputes resolution proceedings of the Court of Arbitration (CoA) or Neutral Expert were ongoing. Implementation of any award rendered by an international tribunal/CoA against India can be challenged in the Indian Courts on the grounds that the treaty is not valid under the constitution of India since it was not formally ratified by the Parliament per Article 253 of the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/indus-waters-treaty-india-boycott-court-of-arbitration-ruling-10120536/lite/|title=On Indus Waters Treaty, why India is right to boycott the ruling of Court of Arbitration|accessdate=11 July 2025}}</ref> In the absence of a treaty [[ratification]] also, obligations of a country under a treaty are binding albeit a country is free to backout from the treaty before its ratification per Article 18a of [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties|VCLT]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1969 |title= Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref> Once the decision, not to become party to the signed treaty before its ratification per Article 18a of VCLT, is informed to other parties formerly, it is applicable with immediate effect without any notice period.

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys.
| citation = [http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/i90.html Act No. 33 of 1956]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented = 28 August 1956
| date_signed =
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amendments =
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
}}

[[File:India rivers and lakes map.svg|thumb|Map of the major rivers in India]]

==Water disputes==
IRWD Act is applicable only to interstate rivers/river valleys. An action of one state should affect the interests of one or more other states. Then only water dispute is deemed to have arisen under IRWD Act (section 3). It can be divided into two independent parts for clarity purpose in understanding the techno-legal application of the IRWD Act.

===Actions of a downstream state affecting the interest of an upstream state===
A downstream state's action can affect the upstream state's interest only in one case. i.e. when a downstream state is building a dam/barrage near its state boundary and submerging the territory of an upstream state on permanent/temporary basis. Other than this action, no other action of a downstream state could affect the upstream state's interest which they have been using for economic, ecological and spiritual/ religious aspects. The meaning of the word ‘interest’ in this context is concern/importance/significance/relevance / consequence of losing the prevailing water use or purpose.

===Actions of an upstream state affecting the interest of a downstream state===
Whereas all the actions of an upstream state to use or control or distribute the water of an interstate river can affect the downstream states in one way or other. The following are some examples but not complete:

#Consuming river water for any beneficial use such as irrigation, drinking water, industrial, recreation, recharging of groundwater, groundwater use, enhanced evaporation losses, enhancing rainwater use efficiency, obstructing non-flood flows of the river, transferring water to outside the river basin, etc. (i.e. any man-made /aided action of converting water into water vapor & losing to the atmosphere by [[evapotranspiration]] / evaporation processes and also transferring river water outside the river basin). This is generally done by constructing water storage reservoirs and subsequently using water for the above purposes.
#Quality of water can also be diminished/altered/ controlled in the action of using water. It would take place by accumulating the [[dissolved load|dissolved salts]] in the remaining water after its use. The dissolved salts content of water increases due to its consumption and also the addition of more salts by anthropogenic activity. Also causing water more silt laden/turbid is a man-made water quality alteration that can be caused by mining and deforestation activities. Bringing water from other river basins for upstream states' use also affects water quality in downstream states.<ref name=keller/>

Generally, river water is transferred to water deficit areas for use after creating the infrastructure for its storage (water reservoirs) and distribution network (canals, pipelines, groundwater charging, etc.). All these acts fall under the river water distribution and control category under IRWD Act. All the above actions of an upstream state are legal causes of water dispute to the downstream states since their existing interests are affected as given below:

* Decrease in water availability:- When an upstream state contemplates water use, it would block the lean season river flows initially by constructing low-cost barrages and tries to store the peak flood waters ultimately by constructing massive water storage reservoirs. In this process, the river flow regime is altered drastically converting it to ephemeral/dry in most of the time except during floods.<ref name=keller>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237403006 |title=River basin development phases and implications of closure |last1=Keller |first1=Jack |last2=Keller |first2=Andrew |last3=Davids |first3=Grant |date=January 1998| accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref> It also alters the ecology of the river located in downstream states affecting its riverine vegetation and aquatic flora & fauna. Already the delta area of rivers is eroding/shrinking when adequate river water is not reaching the sea. This process of river water harnessing affects the downstream state's interests as they are deprived of constantly available river water which they had been using for their interests. Alternatively, the downstream state needs to store more flood water in reservoirs to cater to the existing water use.
* Deterioration in water quality:- If the water use is 75% of the total available water in the river, the concentration of the dissolved salts in the river water increases by four folds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html# |title= Water Quality Database of Indian rivers, MoEF |accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> Alteration in river water quality / alkalinity / [[salinity]] effects growth of traditionally cultivated crops as they are not best suitable with the enhanced [[soil alkalinity]] and or [[Soil salinity control|soil salinity]]. They either give a lesser yield or consume more saline water for the same yield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/04/01/000009265_3980722171346/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf|title=The new era of water resources management - From 'dry' to 'wet' water savings|author=David Seckler|year=1996|accessdate=7 January 2012}}</ref> Also the aquatic flora & fauna would face survival threat / diminished growth with the enhanced water salinity and or alkalinity. If the river is blocked to reach the Sea (i.e. basin closure) in most of the years, the ecology/fisheries of the surrounding Sea/river mouth area is also affected. Also there is a threat of Sea water ingress into estuaries/delta of the river contaminating groundwater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|title=Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications|author1=Andrew Keller|author2=Jack Keller|author3=David Seckler|accessdate=5 January 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233639/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The use or control or distribution of river water in an upstream state is invariably denial of prevailing use/purpose in the downstream state as it is altering the natural flow regime of river water with respect to quantity, quality and time of availability in downstream states. Also [[Banqiao Dam|dam failures]] in upstream states can create flash floods or further dam failures in downstream states causing unprecedented property damage and loss of human lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atree.org/sites/default/files/book-chapters/p09%20killada%20et%20al%202012.pdf|title=Agony of Floods: Flood Induced Water Conflicts in {{sic|nolink=y|ln|dia}}|accessdate=8 February 2016|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703204756/http://www.atree.org/sites/default/files/book-chapters/p09%20killada%20et%20al%202012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> IRWD Act (section 3) clearly stipulates that mere anticipation of a riparian state actions which can affect other riparian state interests is enough to raise interstate water dispute.

The activities of an upstream state without affecting downstream states' interests are peak flood control measures by impounding the flood waters only (not base flows) in 100% or more capacity storage reservoirs for use without affecting water quality appreciably and the run-off hydropower generation taken up in its territory.

==Constitution of a Tribunal==
Whenever the riparian states are not able to reach amicable agreements on their own in sharing of interstate river waters, section 4 of the IRWD Act provides a dispute resolution process in the form of a Tribunal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/iwp/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/04/IWP_2011_WP002.pdf|title=RESOLVING INTERSTATE WATER CONFLICTS:  A Comparison of the Way India and the United States Address Disputes on Interstate Rivers|author=Daniel SELIGMAN|date=June 2011|pages=28|accessdate=21 March 2012}}</ref> As per section 5.2 of the Act, the tribunal shall not only adjudicate but also investigate the matters referred to it by the union government and forward a report setting out the facts with its decisions. It implies that the tribunal's responsibility is not limited to [[adjudication]] of issues raised by the concerned states and also the investigation of other aspects which are in the public domain such as water pollution, [[Dissolved load|salt export]] requirement, water quality deterioration, flood control, sustainability of river basin productivity & its ecology, [[environmental flow]] requirements, climate change effects, etc.<ref>"River basin management, UNESCO- IHE, Parts 1 & 2" ([http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec1/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212103321/http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec1/|date=12 December 2013}}, [http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212103545/http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec2/|date=12 December 2013}})</ref> When the tribunal final verdict issued based on the deliberations on the draft verdict is accepted by the union government and notified in the official gazette, the verdict becomes law and binding on the states and union government for implementation. In case the constitutional rights of states are ingressed upon by the tribunal award in any manner, the union government is obliged to take the consent of parliament and all riparian states under [[wikisource:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 252]] of the constitution before publishing the tribunal awards in the official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water_Framework_18July_2016.pdf |title=Chapter 1, Draft National Water Framework Act, 2016 |accessdate=21 October 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228184804/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Water_Framework_18July_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> When pronounced in the ambit of IRWD Act and the Indian constitution, the tribunal's verdict after its publication in the official gazette is equivalent to Supreme Court verdict as per section 6 of IRWD Act.

== Amendments ==

A permanent water dispute tribunal, with its members from sitting/retired judges of Supreme Court or High courts (maximum five including chairman and vice chairman) and technical experts (maximum three), is proposed to resolve the growing number of interstate river water disputes expeditiously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/187_2019_LS_ENG.pdf |title=Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill 2019 |accessdate=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/NationalWaterPolicy/NWP2012Eng6495132651.pdf|title=Clause 12.2 of National Water Policy (2012)|publisher=Govt. of India, Ministry of Water Resources|accessdate=17 July 2014|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702192839/http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/NationalWaterPolicy/NWP2012Eng6495132651.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A tribunal bench shall have one technical expert member and one judicial member with the chairman or vice chairman out of the members of the permanent water dispute tribunal.

Section 5 (2a) of the proposed amendment mandated that the tribunal report shall also prescribe for the distribution of water among the states during distress situations arising from a shortage in river water availability.

The Union government is contemplating bringing a new act in place of the River Boards Act, 1956 which is presently purely an advisory body of the union government. The new bill called "River basin Management Bill" would constitute River Basin Organisations for each interstate river basin with a two-tier structure. The lower tier 'Executive Board' of a river basin is represented by various relevant faculties from each riparian state including the union government. The top tier called the 'Governing Council' of a river basin will have all chief ministers of riparian states as its members to arrive at unanimous decisions. In case of no consensus decision, the dispute would be referred to the tribunal formed under Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/RBM_DraftBill.pdf|title=Draft River Basin Management Bill, 2018|publisher=Govt. of India, Ministry of Water Resources|accessdate=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064627/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/RBM_DraftBill.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Amendment Act of 2002 ===

This amendment (second para of section 4 (1) of the Act) specifically does not permit altering the prevailing tribunal verdicts issued before the year 2002 (i.e. but not the tribunal awards issued after the year 2002).<ref name=iraw/> Thus this amendment bars the tribunals to give any time period/validity for constituting a new tribunal. This is to keep provision to resolve new water disputes which were not addressed by earlier tribunals/ agreements as and when they surface.

=== Amendment Bill of 2019 ===

'''Inter-State River Water Disputes Amendment Bill, 2019''' : The Inter-State River Water Disputes Amendment Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha on 25 July 2019 by the minister of Jal Shakti. It proposes to amend the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956. The bill got lapsed since it was not approved in time before electing the new Lok Sabha in 2024.

* Under the Act, a state government may request the central government to refer an inter-state river dispute to a Tribunal for adjudication. If the central government is of the opinion that the dispute cannot be settled through negotiations, it is required to set up a Water Disputes Tribunal for adjudication of the dispute, within a year of receiving such a complaint. The Bill seeks to replace this mechanism.
* '''Disputes Resolution Committee:''' Under the Bill, when a state puts in a request regarding any water dispute, the central government will set up a Disputes Resolution Committee (DRC), to resolve the dispute amicably. The DRC will consist of a Chairperson, and experts with at least 15 years of experience in relevant sectors, to be nominated by the central government. It will also include one member from each state (at the Joint Secretary level), who is party to the dispute, to be nominated by the concerned state government.
* The DRC will seek to resolve the dispute through negotiations, within one year (extendable by six months), and submit its report to the central government. If a dispute cannot be settled by the DRC, the central government will refer it to the Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal. Such referral must be made within three months from the receipt of the report from the DRC.
* '''Tribunal:''' The central government will set up an Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal, for the adjudication of water disputes. This Tribunal can have multiple benches. All existing Tribunals will be dissolved, and the water disputes pending adjudication before such existing Tribunals will be transferred to the new Tribunal.
* '''Composition of the Tribunal:''' The Tribunal will consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, three judicial members, and three expert members. They will be appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a Selection Committee. Each Tribunal Bench will consist of a Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson, a judicial member, and an expert member. The central government may also appoint two experts serving in the Central Water Engineering Service as assessors to advise the Bench in its proceedings. The assessor should not be from the state which is a party to the dispute.
* '''Time frames:''' Under the Act, the Tribunal must give its decision within three years, which may be extended by two years. Under the Bill, the proposed Tribunal must give its decision on the dispute within two years, which may be extended by another year. Under the Act, if the matter is again referred to the Tribunal by a state for further consideration, the Tribunal must submit its report to the central government within a period of one year. This period can be extended by the central government. The Bill amends this to specify that such extension may be up to a maximum of six months.

==River Boards Act, 1956==
This is an act passed by the Parliament under entry 56 of Union List to form River Boards to advice or recommend states in developing intrastate water resource projects which does not have interstate implications. The scope of IRWD Act (sections 5 and 8) excludes the water projects falling in the purview of the River Boards Act. IRWD Act (section 5) does not permit a tribunal to allocate water to intrastate projects or project wise water allocations. A tribunal can only allocate water to a riparian state in bulk/en masse so that a riparian state can exercise its constitutional right per entry 17 of State List of seventh schedule in utilizing the allocated water resources.

== Dams Safety Act, 2021 ==
Parliament passed the Dams Safety Act, 2021 to monitor the safety of aging dams located on all rivers of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/17002/1/A202141.pdf|title= Dam Safety Act, 2021|publisher=Govt. of India |accessdate=13 September 2024}}</ref> As it is covering all the rivers in India instead of interstate rivers, a petition was filed in High Court against such law challenging its constitutional validity.The Act was not passed by law after taking the approval of State legislatures before the bill is passed by the Parliament as required under Article 252.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/12/madras-hc-seeks-govts-reply-to-dmks-dam-act-plea-2405828.html |title= Madras HC seeks govt's reply to DMK's Dam Safety Act plea|date= 11 January 2022|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> The Act makes executive wing of states responsible in implementing the objectives of the Act. This legislation was made by the Parliament per item 56 of the [[Union List]] whose implementation per [[s:Constitution of India (2020)/Part V|Article 73]] and [[s:Constitution of India (2020)/Part VI|162]] is totally under executive powers of the Union and not by the States unless mutually agreed upon per [[s:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XI|Article 258]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/8/commentary/dam-safety-act-2021.html |title= The Dam Safety Act, 2021 - Asymmetry in Indian Federalism |date= 24 February 2023 |accessdate=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmr.edu.in/school-of-legal-studies/journal/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/A-CRITICAL-APPRAISAL-OF-THE-DAM-SAFETY-ACT-2021.pdf |title= A Critical Appraisal of the Dam Safety Act, 2021 |accessdate=13 September 2024}}</ref>

==Tribunal awards==

Till now three tribunal awards are notified in official gazette by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b3-6.htm |title=A Background Paper on Article 262 and Inter-State Disputes Relating to Water |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice |accessdate=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409234827/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b3-6.htm |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These are water dispute tribunals allocating river water use by the riparian states for Krishna (tribunal 1),<ref name="legal"/> [[Godavari River|Godavari]]<ref name="legal">{{cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf|title=Krishna, Narmada & Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal final reports|accessdate=21 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112113204/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Narmada River|Narmada]]<ref name="legal"/> rivers. All these tribunal awards were issued before the year 2002 which cannot be altered by the new tribunals. The tribunals formed on sharing water of [[Ravi River|Ravi]] & Beas rivers, Cauvery / [[Kaveri]] river,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/109376331/Vol-v-1580536265|title= The Cauvery water disputes tribunal report, Volume V |year=2007|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> [[Vamsadhara River]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/vamsadhara-project-okayed-with-conditions/article5474710.ece|title= Vamsadhara project okayed with conditions|year=2013|accessdate=20 April 2014}}</ref> Mahadayi / [[Mandovi River]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oheraldo.in/News/Main%20Page%20News/Ensure-Mhadei-water-is-not-diverted-Tribunal/87764.html|title=Ensure Mhadei water is not diverted: Tribunal|year=2014|accessdate=20 April 2014|archive-date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064416/http://oheraldo.in/News/Main%20Page%20News/Ensure-Mhadei-water-is-not-diverted-Tribunal/87764.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Krishna River]] ([[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal|tribunal 2]] ) are either yet to pronounce the verdicts or the issued verdicts are to be accepted by the Government of India.

Ravi and Beas waters tribunal was set up in 1986 and the tribunal has not given its final report even after 38 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ravi-and-beas-tribunal-gets-another-extension/articleshow/122392849.cms|title=Ravi and Beas Tribunal gets another extension |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

[[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery water disputes tribunal]] order was notified by the GoI on 20 February 2013 and later Supreme Court changed the tribunal order altering water allocations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf|title=Supreme Court verdict dated 16 February 2018|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132747/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://politicsforindia.com/7-3-center-state-disputes-psir/|title=Center-State Disputes|date=22 July 2024 |accessdate=23 July 2024}}</ref>

The [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara tribunal]] pronounced its final verdict in September 2017 and permitted AP state to construct the side weir at Katragedda and Neradi barrage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legalinst-Volume-II.pdf|title=Vamsadhara Water Disputes Tribunal interim and final awards|pages=121,138|year=2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115235131/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legalinst-Volume-II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Union government issued the gazette order in 2026 to implement the tribunal award.

In March 2018, [[Mahanadi]] Water Disputes Tribunal is formed under the direction of the Supreme Court to adjudicate water sharing dispute between [[Odisha]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/justice-khanwilkar-head-mahanadi-water-disputes-tribunal/|title= Justice Khanwilkar To Head Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal|date= 12 March 2018|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Mandovi River|Mahadayi Water Tribunal]] pronounced its final verdict in August 2018 and permitted Karnataka state to use water outside the basin for drinking water use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/current-inter-state-river-water-disputes-tribunals/mahadayimandovi-river|title=Mahadayi water dispute tribunal report (pages 2693 to 2706, Volume XII)|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref> The tribunal has not vacated the stay order on the execution of works by Karnataka till the verdict is notified by a gazette order by the Union.

== Establishment of authorities to implement a tribunal verdict==
Under Section 6A of this Act, central government may frame a scheme or schemes to give effect to the decision of a tribunal. Each scheme has a provision to establish an authority for the implementation of a tribunal verdict. However, every scheme and all its regulations shall be approved by the parliament. When a tribunal verdict, after formally gazetted by the union government, stipulates to establish the verdict implementation authority/board, the same shall be complied by the union government as the tribunal verdict is equal to [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] verdict. As per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India (2020)/Part V|Articles 53 & 142]] of the constitution, it is the duty of the [[President of India|President]] to enforce the tribunal/supreme court order/verdict without time delay till the Parliament, under Section 6A of this Act, decides against or makes modifications to the already established implementation board/authority.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/KWDT1%20Further%20Report.pdf |title= Page 26, Clause II of Scheme B, Further report of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal, 1976 |accessdate= 15 July 2021}}</ref>

In the case of the Cauvery River basin, [[supreme court of India|SC]] directed the [[Government of India|GoI]] to set up a temporary Supervisory Committee to implement the tribunal order till the constitution of the Cauvery Management Board by GoI. GoI established the said temporary Supervisory Committee on 22 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/CauveryNotification8849647950.pdf |title= Interim Cauvery water Supervisory committee, Ministry of water resources, GoI |accessdate= 5 July 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the case of [[Babli project|Babli barrage]] dispute, SC itself constituted the Supervisory Committee to implement the water sharing agreement between [[Maharashtra]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in middle Godavari sub-basin.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/160288133/|title= Supreme Court verdict on Babhali project dispute |date=February 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref>

After nearly 7 years, the [[Krishna River Management Board|KRMB]] and Godavari River Management Board are notified by the central govt as autonomous bodies and their project-wise functions are stipulated for implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/228316.pdf |title= Functions of Krishna River Management and Godavari River Management Boards |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref> KRMB is applicable under River Boards Act, 1956 and not under IRWD Act. It was not formed by a complaint from a riparian state per IRWD Act or by amending IRWD Act accordingly by a Parliament resolution. A river boards (KRMB) decisions are avisory in role and not mandatory for implementation by the states.

Water dispute per section 3 of this Act does not include non-implementation/adherence of a tribunal order duly notified by the Union government since an agreement is entirely different from a tribunal/court order. Such water disputes between states attract [[Wikisource: Constitution of India (2020)/Part V|Article 131]] where it is to be adjudicated by the Supreme Court. Since a tribunal order is equivalent to the Supreme Court order, non-implementation of tribunal order amounts to [[Contempt of court in India|contempt of apex court]] punishable under criminal charges. State Governors/President of India are bound to implement a tribunal order in letter and spirit as per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India (2020)/Part V|Article 142]] of the Indian Constitution.

==Data bank and information system==
Under Section 9A of this Act, the central government shall maintain a data bank and information system at the national level for each river basin. State governments shall provide all the data regarding water resources, land, agriculture and matters related thereto as requested by the central government. The central government is also vested with powers to verify the data supplied by the state governments. However, many state governments, e.g., Maharashtra, Chattishgarh, etc have not been furnishing the land use data in their states (Tables 14 to 16 of Integrated Hydrological Data Book, 2012) and [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Central Water Commission of MoWR]] is not pursuing the matter earnestly to get the data which is vital in water resources planning.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/Combined%20Final_HDD_09042012.pdf|title= Integrated Hydrological Data Book, 2012 of Non-classified river basins in India|accessdate= 11 May 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215958/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/Combined%20Final_HDD_09042012.pdf|archive-date= 20 May 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers|Helsinki Rules]]
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[Narmada River|Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[Kaveri River water dispute]]
* [[Water right]]
* [[Water law]]
* [[Environment of India]]
* [[Kalpasar Project]]
* [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
* [[Groundwater#India|Ground water in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[Pollution of the Ganges]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Saemangeum Seawall]]
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/water-_towards_a_paradigm_shift_in_the_twelfth_plan_dr_mihir_shah_planning_commission.pdf Water: Towards a Paradigm Shift in the Twelfth Plan, Planning Commission by Mihir Shah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111092604/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/water-_towards_a_paradigm_shift_in_the_twelfth_plan_dr_mihir_shah_planning_commission.pdf |date=11 November 2013 }}
* [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/index.aspx IWMI Research report nos # 1, 3, 14, 56, 72, 83, 107, 111, 121, 123, 125 etc.]
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=147629 Indian climate change from Harappa period.]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1956 in the environment]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956]]
[[Category:Rivers of India|/]]
[[Category:Water disputes in India]]
[[Category:Environmental law in India]]

Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:50:33Z

Kaurjenni51: Stub - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002|01|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops = 31
| end = [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]] (SMVB)
| distance = {{convert|1942|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Daily.{{efn|All directions.}}
| class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved Class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering, E-Catering
| observation = Large windows, Dustbins, Washrooms
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Yes
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12863 / 12864
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Howrah - Yesvantpur) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12863 / 12864 '''Howrah-SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express''' (formerly the ''Howrah-Yesvantpur Superfast Express''), is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to the [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs daily between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name="indianrailways">{{cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8961&did=14956947452665F409C7E90BE347E71E770371192144C.web91|website=scr.indianrailways.gov.in|title=South Central Railway – Seven Trains Rescheduled due to Traffic Block |accessdate=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/subway-work-trains-rescheduled/article18557852.ece|title=Subway work: Trains rescheduled - ANDHRA PRADESH|website=The Hindu|accessdate=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=158014|website=pib.nic.in|title=Press Information Bureau – Installation of Bio Toilets in Railways |accessdate=2017-08-10}}</ref>

On June 2, 2023, this line was involved in [[2023 Odisha train collision|India's worst train accident in decades]], with 296 fatalities.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=India's worst train crash in decades kills at least 288|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-train-crash-death-toll-jumps-233-900-injured-2023-06-03/|website=reuters.com|date=June 3, 2023}}</ref>

==Service==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
The service has an average speed of {{convert|57|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and covers {{convert|1942|km|mi|abbr=on}} in an average time of 32h 15m.

== Route and stations served ==

Major stops:
* {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Balasore}}
* {{rws|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{rws|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}} (where the train reverses direction)
* {{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{rws|Eluru}}
* {{rws|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{rws|Tirupati}}
* {{rws|Katpadi Junction}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Station Code
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Station Name
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"|
'''12863'''<ref>http://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-yesvantpur-super fast-express-12863-hwh-to-ypr/7869/1/997</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Day
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"|
'''12864'''<ref>http://indiarailinfo.com/train/yesvantpur-howrah-super fast-express-12864-ypr-to-hwh/7868/997/1</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:#faecc8;"| Day
|-
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:#faecc8;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:#faecc8;"|Departure
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:#faecc8;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:#faecc8;"|Departure
|-
|HWH || '''[[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]]''' || '''Source''' || '''22:45''' || 0 || 1 || '''20:10''' || '''Destination''' || 1942 || 2
|-
| SRC || [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi Junction]] || ---- || ---- || 7 || 1 || 19:12 || 19:14 || 1935 || 2
|-
| MCA || [[Mecheda railway station|Mecheda]] || 23:44 || 23:46 || 58 || 1 || 18:14 || 18:16 || 1884 || 2
|-
| KGP || [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Junction]] || 00:30 || 00:35 || 114 || 2 || 17:25 || 17:30 || 1827 || 2
|-
| BLS || [[Balasore railway station|Balasore]] || 01:55 || 02:00 || 230 || 2 || 15:35 || 15:37 || 1711 || 2
|-
| BHC || [[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]] || 03:03 || 03:05 || 293 || 2 || 14:23 || 14:25 || 1648 || 2
|-
| JJKR || [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Road]] || 03:28 || 03:30 || 336 || 2 || 13:31 || 13:33 || 1605 || 2
|-
| CTC || [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Junction]] || 04:30 || 04:35 || 409 || 2 || 12:35 || 12:40 || 1533 || 2
|-
| BBS || [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] || 05:10 || 05:15 || 436 || 2 || 12:00 || 12:05 || 1505 || 2
|-
| KUR || [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road Junction]] || 05:30 || 05:40 || 455 || 2 || 11:10 || 11:30 || 1486 || 2
|-
| BALU || [[Balugaon railway station|Balugaon]] || 06:33 || 06:35 || 526 || 2 || 09:53 || 09:55 || 1415 || 2
|-
| BAM || [[Brahmapur railway station|Brahmapur]] || 07:20 || 07:30 || 602 || 2 || 09:00 || 09:10 || 1339 || 2
|-
| PSA || [[Palasa railway station|Palasa]] || 09:08 || 09:10 || 677 || 2 || 08:10 || 08:12 || 1264 || 2
|-
| CHE || [[Srikakulam Road railway station|Srikakulam Road]] || 09:58 || 10:00 || 750 || 2 || 06:48 || 06:50 || 1191 || 2
|-
| VZM || [[Vizianagaram Junction railway station|Vizianagaram Junction]] || 10:55 || 11:00 || 819 || 2 || 05:50 || 05:55 || 1122 || 2
|-
| VSKP || [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Junction]] || 12:10 || 12:30 || 880 || 2 || 04:35 || 04:55 || 1061 || 2
|-
| SLO || [[Samalkot Junction railway station|Samalkot Junction]] || 14:24 || 14:25 || 1031 || 2 || 02:03 || 02:05 || 910 || 2
|-
| RJY || [[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]] || 15:08 || 15:10 || 1081 || 2 || 01:13 || 01:15 || 860 || 2
|-
| TDD || [[Tadepalligudem railway station|Tadepalligudem]] || 15:54 || 15:55 || 1123 || 2 || 00:23 || 00:25 || 819 || 2
|-
| EE || [[Eluru railway station|Eluru]] || 16:33 || 16:35 || 1170 || 2 || 23:48 || 23:50 || 771 || 1
|-
| BZA || [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]] || 18:10 || 18:20 || 1230 || 2 || 22:40 || 22:50 || 711 || 1
|-
| TEL || [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Junction]] || 18:43 || 18:45 || 1262 || 2 || 21:58 || 22:00 || 680 || 1
|-
| BPP || [[Bapatla railway station|Bapatla]] || 19:18 || 19:20 || 1304 || 2 || 21:18 || 21:20 || 637 || 1
|-
| CLX || [[Chirala railway station|Chirala]] || 19:33 || 19:35 || 1319 || 2 || 20:58 || 21:00 || 622 || 1
|-
| OGL || [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]] || 20:13 || 20:15 || 1368 || 2 || 20:18 || 20:20 || 573 || 1
|-
| NLR || [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]] || 21:53 || 21:55 || 1485 || 2 || 18:33 || 18:35 || 456 || 1
|-
| GDR || [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Junction]] || ---- || ---- || 1523 || 3 || 17:58 || 18:00 || 418 || 1
|-
| RU || [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]] || 00:10 || 00:20 || 1607 || 3 || 16:30 || 16:35 || 334 || 1
|-
| TPTY || [[Tirupati Main railway station|Tirupati]] || 00:45 || 00:50 || 1617 || 3 || 16:00 || 16:05 || 324 || 1
|-
| KPD || [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]] || 02:45 || 02:50 || 1721 || 3 || 14:15 || 14:20 || 220 || 1
|-
| JTJ || [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]] || 04:08 || 04:10 || 1806 || 3 || 12:58 || 13:00 || 135 || 1
|-
| KPN || [[Kuppam railway station|Kuppam]] || 04:44 || 04:45 || 1847 || 3 || 12:00 || 12:01 || 95 || 1
|-
| BWT || [[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Junction]] || 05:13 || 05:15 || 1881 || 3 || 11:33 || 11:35 || 60 || 1
|-
| KJM || [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] || 05:53 || 05:55 || 1937 || 3 || 10:46 || 10:48 || 4 || 1
|-
| SMVB || '''[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]]''' || '''07:00''' || '''Destination''' || 1942 || 3 || Source || 10:35 || 0 || 1
|}

==Coach composite==
The train consists of 22 [[LHB coach]]es and also same as then sharing same name of [[Howrah – SMVT Bengaluru Duronto Express]]:
* 1 AC I Tier
* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Tier Economy
* 6 Sleeper Coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating Cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Pantry Car
* 1 Engine On Generator
* 1 Parcel Van
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:green;" | Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lime;" | 1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:blue;" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:blue;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:cyan;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:magenta;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:magenta;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:magenta;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:magenta;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lime;" | 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GN||GN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6|||PC||M1||M2|||B1||B2||B3||B4||A1||A2|H1||GN||GN||EOG||VP||
|}

Trains are hauled by [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]] Electric Loco Shed based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7
]] electric locomotives.

==Accidents and incidents==

On June 2, 2023, [[2023 Odisha train collision|a SMVT Bengaluru—Howrah Superfast Express train was involved in an accident in Odisha]]. <ref name="2023-06-02-guardian">{{cite news |title=At least 50 people killed and hundreds injured in train crash in eastern India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/02/dozens-killed-in-train-crash-in-eastern-india |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=2 June 2023}}</ref> A [[Coromandel Express]] service collided with a freight train, which derailed; the Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express then collided with the debris.<ref name="2023-06-02-guardian" /> The accident occurred just before reaching [[Bahanaga Bazar railway station]] in [[Balasore district]] of [[Odisha]] state.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
Train leaves [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] at 10:35 AM daily and reaches [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] on the second day at 20:10 PM.

Train leaves [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] t 22:45 PM daily and reaches [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] on the third day at 07:00 AM.

== See also ==
* [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]]
* [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]]
* [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Duronto Express]]
* [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-09-22/Huge-robbery-in-Yeshwantpur-express-victims-complained-to-Kachiguda-railway-police/413542

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1769 12863/Howrah - SMVT Bengaluru SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/646 12864/SMVT Bengaluru - Howrah SF Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Yesvantpur Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

O. V. Usha

2026-04-29T04:40:35Z

Kaurjenni51: starting initial data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = O. V. Usha
| image = Ov usha kollam 2019 2.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = O. V. Usha in 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|11|4|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, novelist
| nationality =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = [[O. V. Vijayan]] (brother)
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''O. V. Usha''' (born 4 November 1948)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1828 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170030/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1828 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] poet and novelist. Described by [[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] as a poet with "deep moral concern and technical dexterity",{{Sfn|George|1992|p=253}} she has written four volumes of poems and a few short stories while also authoring a novel. She has also written articles in various journals. Usha served the [[Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam]] as its director of publications. She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for ''[[Mazha]]'', a Malayalam film released in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards 1969 - 2012|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)]]|access-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Malayalam Poet O V Usha2.resized.JPG|thumb]]

Usha was born in a small village near [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] as the youngest child of her family.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar|first=J.|title=A passion for the unknown|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/11/24/stories/2002112400620200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219084833/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/11/24/stories/2002112400620200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 November 2002}}</ref> Her childhood was mostly spent in her native village. Her father was employed at "Malabar Special Police" while her eldest brother [[O. V. Vijayan]] was a novelist and [[cartoonist]].<ref name=hindu1 /> Usha was drawn to [[Malayalam literature]] by her mother thus developing an interest towards it at an early age.{{Sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=567}} Usha started writing poems at the age of 13, and was a frequent contributor to the "Children's Corner" of the Malayalam weekly ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''.{{Sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=567}} Her poems were published regularly in the weekly till 1973 when she was aged 25. After her schooling, she moved to [[Delhi]], as her brother was settled there, and completed a post graduate degree in English literature from the [[Delhi University]].<ref name=hindu1 /> Upon completing her degree, Usha started her career as an editorial trainee and later became the editor-in-chief of a publishing house.{{Sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=567}} In 1971, one of her short stories titled "Inquilab Zindabad" was made into a film of the same name.<ref>{{cite news|title=Some Lady Bards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/some-lady-bards/article1151085.ece|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2011}}</ref> In the same film she wrote a song ( 'aarude manasile gaanamayi njan', music G. Devarajan, Singer P.Leela) presumably by first women lyricist in modern Malayalam filmdom. From 1973, she did not contribute more for a period of ten years. In 1982, she resumed writing and has been a frequent contributor since then. While most of her poems are not published in a "book form", her only novel ''Shahid Naama'' was published in 2001.{{Sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=567}} She was one among the jury members of the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards in 2008]] and served the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]] as its director of publications.<ref>{{cite news|title=Film award jury formed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/film-award-jury-formed/article286128.ece|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bibliography of new books released|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/22/stories/2010032258880300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327210357/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/22/stories/2010032258880300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2010|access-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 March 2010}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Snehageethangal'' (Poetry)
* ''Dhyaanam'' (Poetry)
* ''Agnimitrannoru Kurippu'' (Poetry)
* ''Shahid Naama'' (Novel, 2001)
* ''Nilam Thodaa Mannu'' (Short story)

==Awards==
* 2000 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for ''[[Mazha]]''

==Notes==

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=K. M.|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|O. V. Usha}}

{{authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usha, O. V.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Mirzapur, Kamrup Metropolitan district

2026-04-20T16:29:40Z

Kaurjenni51: New location - done

{{Short description|Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mirzapur
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1182|91.59609|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Azara
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3355
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781017
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 0361
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303407
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
| area_total_ha = 193.84
| registration_plate = AS-01
}}

'''Mirzapur''' is a census village in Azara Circle of [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Lok |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1996 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=281 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Department |first1=Assam General Administration |title=Hand Book of Census of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population of Assam, Based on the Census Report of 1971: Kamrup District |date=1976 |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Assam |page=57 |language=en}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India]], the village has population of total 3,355 people, out of which 1,677 are males and 1,678 are females.<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Kamrup Metropolitan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41001/download/44632/PCA_CDB-1823-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district]]

Shrivardhan Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T01:39:24Z

Kaurjenni51: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shrivardhan
| constituency_no = 193
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 193-Shrivardhan.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =265,354
}}
'''Shrivardhan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrivardhan Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shrivardhan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3"| [[A. R. Antulay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1978]]
| A. Shakur A. Karim Ukaye
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1980]]
| Ravindra Raut
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| 1980^
| rowspan="2"| [[A. R. Antulay]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1985]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1990]]
| Ravindra Raut
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3"| Shyam Sawant
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| 2005^
| Tukaram Surve
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Avdhoot Tatkare]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Aditi Tatkare]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Aditi Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 116,050 |percentage = 72.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Dattaram Navgane |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 33,252 |percentage = 20.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajabhau Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,080 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,375 |percentage = 2.10% |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Faizal Abdul Ajij Popere |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,125 |percentage = 1.32% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Qasim Burhanuddin Solkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Tanaji Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,341 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 82,798 |percentage = 51.57% |change= {{increase}}25.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,939 |percentage = 61.78% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,564}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,354|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}12.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Aditi Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,074 |percentage = 59.99% |change={{increase}}19.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vinod Ghosalkar|Vinod Ramchandra Ghosalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,453 |percentage = 34.18% |change={{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,772 |percentage = 2.46% |change={{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Dnyandeo Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,844 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Balkrishna Gaikwad |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,473 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Tanaji Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,183 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. A. Moiz A. Aziz Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,057 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,621 |percentage = 25.82% |change= {{increase}}25.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,352 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,476}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,600|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}19.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Avdhoot Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,038 |percentage = 40.43% |change={{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Ramji Munde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,961 |percentage = 40.38% |change={{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krushna Pandurang Kobnak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,295 |percentage = 7.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aslam Ibrahim Raut |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,585 |percentage = 3.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uday Bhivaji Kathe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 3,960 |percentage = 2.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,562 |percentage = 2.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maulana Danish Naeem Lambe |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,953 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Tanaji Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,014 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 77 |percentage = 0.05% |change= {{decrease}}7.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,955 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}1.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,955}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,067|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Tatkare]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 66,141 |percentage = 47.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Surve |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 55,270 |percentage = 39.86% |change={{decrease}}12.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulam Peshaimam |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,210 |percentage = 5.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Faisal Popere |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,882 |percentage = 2.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ubhare Farid Faruk |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,273 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kawade Shripal Balaji |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhijeet Dipak Sable |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,433 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,871 |percentage = 7.84% |change= {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,647 |percentage = 64.60% |change= {{decrease}}3.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,643}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,625|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2006===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2006 elections in India#Maharashtra|2006 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeJan2006/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - January 2006 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shyam Tukaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 61,995 |percentage = 52.40% |change={{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaymbhai Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,240 |percentage = 39.08% |change={{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ali Kuachali |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,075 |percentage = 8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,755 |percentage = 13.32% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,323 |percentage = 67.82% |change= {{decrease}}2.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,310}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,479|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shyam Tukaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,998 |percentage = 42.92% |change={{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Antulay Mushtaq Ataullah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,873 |percentage = 37.15% |change={{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gidi Krishna Baloji |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,856 |percentage = 15.27% |change={{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shyam Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,929 |percentage = 2.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Bhimrao Kashinath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khatib Irshad Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,253 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,125 |percentage = 5.77% |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,496 |percentage = 70.58% |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,490}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,969|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shyam Tukaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,695 |percentage = 35.94% |change={{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tawsalkar Santosh Manohar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,324 |percentage = 26.23% |change={{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kauchali Ali Abdulla |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,687 |percentage = 20.39% |change={{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Peshimam Gulam Mohamad Mushir |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 16,834 |percentage = 17.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,371 |percentage = 9.71% |change= {{decrease}}5.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,429 |percentage = 64.93% |change= {{decrease}}15.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,540}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,842|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Shyam Tukaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,349 |percentage = 42.36% |change={{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ravindra Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,658 |percentage = 26.86% |change={{decrease}}18.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Undre Rehana A. Rahim |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,000 |percentage = 17.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhopat Suresh Bhiku |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,216 |percentage = 4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mendadkar Ramchandra Kanu |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,706 |percentage = 4.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dandekar Sudhakar Madhukar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,135 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ravindra Shantaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,048 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,691 |percentage = 15.50% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,271 |percentage = 78.38% |change= {{increase}}15.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,136}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,902|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ravindra Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,032 |percentage = 45.52% |change={{increase}}29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Bandhuji Sawant |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,882 |percentage = 38.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jalgaonkar Ali Akbar A. Rahiman |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,819 |percentage = 14.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhadve Pandurang Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes = 837 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,150 |percentage = 6.82% |change= {{decrease}}36.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,255 |percentage = 61.60% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,774|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}18.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. R. Antulay]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 46,465 |percentage = 63.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katkar Ganpat Sakharam |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,984 |percentage = 20.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhai Dandekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,341 |percentage = 15.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,481 |percentage = 43.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,435 |percentage = 60.89% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,887|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 elections in India#Maharashtra|1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. R. Antulay]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 72,897 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. Ranvilkar |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,054 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,843 |percentage = |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = |percentage = |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 0}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ravindra Narayan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,157 |percentage = 62.35% |change={{increase}}20.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dandekar Madhukar Laxman |party=Janata Party |votes = 20,829 |percentage = 35.92% |change={{decrease}}12.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,328 |percentage = 26.43% |change= {{increase}}19.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,189 |percentage = 54.12% |change= {{decrease}}7.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,994}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,205|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ukaye A. Shakur A. Karim |party=Janata Party |votes = 31,001 |percentage = 48.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Ravindra Narayan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,607 |percentage = 41.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,394 |percentage = 6.90% |change= {{decrease}}61.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,433 |percentage = 63.01% |change= {{increase}}0.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,718}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,018|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}35.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. R. Antulay]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,290 |percentage = 84.30% |change={{increase}}38.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Thosar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,808 |percentage = 15.70% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,482 |percentage = 68.60% |change= {{increase}}64.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,769 |percentage = 62.53% |change= {{decrease}}6.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,098}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,592|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}38.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. R. Antulay]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,450 |percentage = 46.10% |change={{decrease}}11.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. L. Dandekar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,056 |percentage = 41.76% |change={{increase}}29.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. S. Karkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,700 |percentage = 12.14% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,394 |percentage = 4.34% |change= {{decrease}}27.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,485 |percentage = 70.76% |change= {{increase}}5.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,206}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,071|ref = |change= {{increase}}75.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrivardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. R. Antulay]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,684 |percentage = 57.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Vinayak Purohit |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,475 |percentage = 25.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yusuf Abdalla Hafiz |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,556 |percentage = 12.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Narayan Sawant |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 4.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,209 |percentage = 31.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,416 |percentage = 65.47% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,019}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,986|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.0515791|72.9974982|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dhariawad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:52Z

Kaurjenni51: stub...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhariawad
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-157-Dhariawad.svg
| mla = [[Thavar Chand Meena]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:274756}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 157
}}
'''Dhariawad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Gautam Lal Meena<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2021{{efn|bypoll}}
|[[Nagraj Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Thavar Chand Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]:[[Dhariawad]]<ref name="election2023"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = [[Thavar Chand Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83655}}
|percentage = 37.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanhiya Lal S/O Goutam Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:76964}}
|percentage = 34.66
|change = {{decrease}}14.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nagraj
|votes = {{formatnum:46449}}
|percentage = 20.92
|change = {{decrease}}16.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishesh Kumar Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:3377}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Kaluram
|votes = {{formatnum:2465}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kanhaiyalal S/O Amritlal
|votes = {{formatnum:2394}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{decrease}}1.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3294}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change = {{decrease}}1.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6691}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change = {{decrease}}9.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222081}}
|percentage = 80.83
|change = {{increase}}2.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharat Adivasi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title= Bye-election, 2021: Dhariawad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Nagraj Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,819
|percentage = 39.16
|change = {{increase}}1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = [[Thavar Chand Meena]]
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 51,094
|percentage = 28.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Khet Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46,487
|percentage = 26.08
|change = {{decrease}}23.57
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Kailash
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 3,174
|percentage = 1.78
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ganesh Lal Meena
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|votes = 2,290
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,230
|percentage = 1.81
|change = {{decrease}}1.16
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 18,725
|percentage = 10.50
|change = {{decrease}}2.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,78,303
|percentage = 69.21
|change = {{decrease}}9.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dhariawad]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gotam Lal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96457}}
|percentage = 49.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nagraj Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72615}}
|percentage = 37.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagwan Lal
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:5280}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kesulal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4465}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Bheru Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:4406}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Unknown
|candidate = Gautama Lal Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:2124}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Shankar Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2117}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5769}}
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23842}}
|percentage = 12.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194277}}
|percentage = 78.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dhariawad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gotam Lal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65,954
|percentage = 38.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Nagraj Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58,780
|percentage = 34.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Narayan Bhai
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 17,336
|percentage = 10.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Keshu Lal
|party = NPEP
|votes = 11,781
|percentage = 6.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,769
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 7,174
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,71,484
|percentage = 79.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.1|74.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chabua–Lahowal Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:55Z

Kaurjenni51: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chabua
| constituency_no = 121
| type = SLA
| map_image = Chabua Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished=
}}
'''Chabua Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Chabua formed part of the [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency was renamed to '''Chabua–Lahowal''' in 2023.Pranjal Ghatowar is a strong candidate for this seat<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
![[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Jnan Gogoi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
![[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|Upendra Sanatan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
![[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhuban Barua
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
![[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Upendra Sanatan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
![[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Bhaben Baruah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
![[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raju Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
![[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
![[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
![[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Binod Hazarika]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
![[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Ponakan Baruah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Chabua-Lahowal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Binod Hazarika|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pranjal Ghatowar |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Chabua<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Ponakan Baruah]]
|votes = 53,554
|percentage = 41.4
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajoy Phukan
|votes = 34,824
|percentage = 26.92
|change = -6.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Priyanka Neog
|votes = 16,700
|percentage = 12.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhaben Baruah
|votes = 11,793
|percentage = 9.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lawrance Nag
|votes = 3,926
|percentage = 3.04
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Prakash Tanti
|votes = 2,761
|percentage = 2.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ananta Hazarika
|votes = 2,463
|percentage = 1.9
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,332
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,730
|percentage = 14.48
|change = -12.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,29,353
|percentage = 77.95
|change = -7.69
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,65,934
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Chabua<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Binod Hazarika]]
|votes = 69,531
|percentage = 59.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raju Sahu]]
|votes = 38,597
|percentage = 33.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Debnath Majhi
|votes = 2,516
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabin Chandra Kachari
|votes = 1,315
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Utpal Kakoti
|votes = 1,252
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,012
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,934
|percentage = 26.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,223
|percentage = 85.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,35,705
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|27.48|95.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Latur City Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:38Z

Kaurjenni51: New a location - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Latur City
|constituency_no =235
|map_image =235-Latur City.svg
|state=[[Maharashtra]]
|established=1951
|reservation=None
|district=[[Latur district|Latur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]]
|mla= [[Amit Deshmukh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
|type=SLA
|electors=400,145
}}
'''Latur City Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is located in the [[Latur district]]. It is the 16th largest city in Maharashtra with the district headquarters located in the city. The district comes under Marathwada region of Maharashtra, geographically located between 17°52′ North to 18°50′ North and 76°18′ East to 79°12′ East in the Deccan plateau. It has an average elevation of 631 metres (2,070 ft) above mean sea level. The entire district is on the Balaghat plateau, 540 to 638 metres from the mean sea level.<ref>{{cite news |title=About District {{!}} लातूर जिल्हा {{!}} India |url=https://latur.gov.in/en/about-district/ |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>

[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister for Medical education & Cultural affairs]], [[Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh]] is the current MLA of the constituency, representing the [[Indian National Congress]].

== History ==
After the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, the erstwhile Latur Assembly constituency was divided into Latur City and [[Latur Rural (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Latur Rural]] constituencies.

In Latur City Assembly constituency the [[Indian National Congress]] is the strongest party.

[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Former Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], represented the seat five times in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected for three consecutive terms from the seat till 1995. From 1999, he was elected for two consecutive terms until 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2009 : See [[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=4|[[Amit Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Deshmukh|Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 114,110 |percentage = 45.19% |change={{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Archana Patil Chakurkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 106,712 |percentage = 42.26% |change={{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Somprakash Khatke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 26,616 |percentage = 10.54% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 642 |percentage = 0.25% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,398 |percentage = 2.93% |change= {{decrease}}16.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 253,135 |percentage = 63.26% |change= {{increase}}6.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 252,493}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 400,145|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur City<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Deshmukh|Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 111,156 |percentage = 52.67% |change={{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shailesh Govindkumar Lahoti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,741 |percentage = 33.52% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajasab Bashumiya Maniyar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 24,604 |percentage = 11.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 727 |percentage = 0.34% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,415 |percentage = 19.15% |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 211,948 |percentage = 56.90% |change= {{decrease}}5.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 372,474|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur City<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Deshmukh|Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 119,656 |percentage = 58.97% |change={{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahoti Shailesh Govindkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,191 |percentage = 34.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathan Murtujkhan Basidkhan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,047 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pappubhai Urf Shripad Kulkarni |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,323 |percentage = 1.14% |change={{decrease}}10.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansode Raghunath Waghoji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,202 |percentage = 1.09% |change={{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 539 |percentage = 0.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,465 |percentage = 24.38% |change= {{decrease}}27.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,453 |percentage = 61.98% |change= {{increase}}2.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,904}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 328,265|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur City<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Deshmukh|Amit Vilasrao Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 113,006 |percentage = 64.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kayyumkhan Mohmaadkhan Pathan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 23,526 |percentage = 13.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shripad Madhukarrao Kulkarni |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 19,905 |percentage = 11.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Annarao Govindrao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,228 |percentage = 5.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Yevate Patil Shrimanth Arjun |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,400 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 89,480 |percentage = 51.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,194 |percentage = 59.65% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,030|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Latur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|18.40|76.57|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur City (Maharashtra Assembly Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Latur district]]
[[Category:Latur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Kuku Kohli

2026-04-06T04:44:52Z

Kaurjenni51: New

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuku Kohli
| image = Kuku Kohli Imppa function photos 2023.jpg
| caption = Kohli in 2023
| birth_name = Avtar Kohli
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|06|04}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Avtar Kohli
| occupation = Director, producer
| spouse = [[Aruna Irani]] (m.1990)<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |title=Aruna Irani on husband Kuku: 'He didn't tell me that he was married' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aruna-irani-talks-about-husband-kuku-kohli-after-his-first-wife-s-death-he-didn-t-tell-me-that-he-was-married-101645339939699.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=20 February 2022 |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816131808/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aruna-irani-talks-about-husband-kuku-kohli-after-his-first-wife-s-death-he-didn-t-tell-me-that-he-was-married-101645339939699.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| children = 2
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family|Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family]]
| years_active = 1973–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''
}}

'''Avtar "Kuku" Kohli''' (born 4 June 1949) is a director, writer, editor and screenwriter in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuku Kohli|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/24552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219044229/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/24552|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> He was born in [[Peshawar]]. He gave [[Ajay Devgan]] his first break in the 1991 Bollywood film ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuesday Trivia: When Ajay Devgn replaced Akshay Kumar in his debut film Phool Aur Kaante |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-when-ajay-devgn-replaced-akshay-kumar-in-his-debut-film-phool-aur-kante-1717434-2020-09-01?onetap=true |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107100335/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-when-ajay-devgn-replaced-akshay-kumar-in-his-debut-film-phool-aur-kante-1717434-2020-09-01?onetap=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajay Devgn's 30-year-old Phool Aur Kaante split entry will always be iconic. On Monday Masala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-s-30-year-old-phool-aur-kaante-split-entry-will-always-be-iconic-on-monday-masala-1879606-2021-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107101757/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-s-30-year-old-phool-aur-kaante-split-entry-will-always-be-iconic-on-monday-masala-1879606-2021-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Early in his career, he worked under [[Raj Kapoor]] for many years where he learned his skills.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Talent, Old Virture|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500070200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501141839/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500070200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-02-05|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref>
Kuku Kohli has been in the film industry for more than 30 years.
He was the second unit director of the film ''[[Betaab]]'' which was the launch pad of [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Amrita Singh]] and catapulted both into stardom as it was a golden jubilee film. Another film was ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' starring [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]], was a silver jubilee film. He, then, directed ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' which achieved diamond jubilee status and elevated the visibility of [[Ajay Devgan]]. After this, he directed ''[[Kohraam]]'' starring [[Dharmendra]], ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' starring [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Karishma Kapoor]], [[Nagma]] was again a golden jubilee. ''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' starred [[Ajay Devgan]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. It was nominated in 7 categories including best director for the [[Filmfare Awards]]. Kohli was also nominated as the best director of the year for the same film for the [[Screen Awards]]. His directorial venture was ''[[Zulmi]]'' starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Twinkle Khanna]]. This film had also run successfully everywhere.

His next film was ''[[Anari No.1]]'' starring [[Govinda]] in a double role. Since then he had made ''[[Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa]]''. Music maestros [[Nadeem-Shravan]] made a comeback into the industry with this film. His last directorial was ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]'' starring [[Arjan Bajwa]] and [[Kanchi Kaul]].

==Personal life==
Kohli married actress [[Aruna Irani]] in 1990 and the couple have no children. This is his second marriage.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |title=Aruna Irani on husband Kuku: 'He didn't tell me that he was married' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aruna-irani-talks-about-husband-kuku-kohli-after-his-first-wife-s-death-he-didn-t-tell-me-that-he-was-married-101645339939699.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=20 February 2022 |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816131808/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aruna-irani-talks-about-husband-kuku-kohli-after-his-first-wife-s-death-he-didn-t-tell-me-that-he-was-married-101645339939699.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His children from his first marriage with Rita Kohli are daughters Pooja Kohli, a producer, and Karishma Kohli, a filmmaker who has been an assistant director in movies like ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012) and ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015), both by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], and has also co-directed the [[Netflix]] series [[The Fame Game (TV series)|''The Fame Game'']] (2022). Karishma married actor Mikhail Yawalkar in 2025.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Who Is Karishma Kohli? Know About Filmmaker & Katrina Kaif's Friend Who Married Actor Mikhail Yawalkar |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-karishma-kohli-know-about-filmmaker-katrina-kaifs-friend-who-married-actor-mikhail-yawalkar/ar-AA1DiDrX?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=MSN Entertainment}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Indian Motion Picture Producers' Association]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://ians.in/vmpl/imppa-celebrates-achievements-sets-new-goals-annual-general-meeting |website=ians.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMPPA Annual General Meeting of EC Member |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/imppa-annual-general-meeting-of-ec-member/81878675.html |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Director===
* ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kohraam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Anari No.1]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Zulmi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]'' (2004)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0463315|Kuku Kohli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohli, Kuku}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Peshawar]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]

Prasanna Agoram

2026-04-04T16:35:37Z

Kaurjenni51: starting the info v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian cricket data analyst, cricket performance analyst, video analyst, statistician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Prasanna Agoram
| image = Prasanna at Deccan Gladiators.jpg
| caption = As Performance Analyst at Deccan Gladiators
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering)
| alma_mater = [[Adhiyamaan College of Engineering]]
| occupation = Performance Analyst
| years_active = 2010-present
}}

'''Prasanna Agoram''' is an Indian cricket data analyst, coach, cricket performance analyst, video analyst, statistician, YouTuber, commentator and singer. He served as the Technical Strategy Analyst of [[South Africa national cricket team]] for over a decade.

He is a Level 3 certified coach from CSA ([[Cricket South Africa]]), qualified umpire from [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] having diverse experiences of 11 years as performance coach with Proteas ([[South Africa national cricket team]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambley |first=Garrin |date=2021-01-18 |title=Proteas' Indian performance analyst denied visa for Pakistan series |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/cricket/proteas-indian-performance-analyst-denied-visa-for-pakistan-series/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=Proteas team analyst weighs in on Amla, Steyn exits |url=https://www.sacricketmag.com/proteas-team-analyst-weighs-in-on-amla-steyn-exits/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=SA Cricketmag |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> 11 years as performance coach in [[Indian Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=From RCB to CSA: Prasanna Agoram's rise as a performance analyst |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/from-rcb-to-csa-prasanna-agoram-s-rise-as-a-performance-analyst-631523 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> and 2 years as Performance analyst with Indian hockey. He is currently working as high-performance manager with Gauteng province of [[Cricket South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coaching Staff – Deccan Gladiators |url=https://deccangladiators.com/coaching-staff/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He obtained an engineering degree with a gold medal in [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering]] from [[Adhiyamaan College of Engineering]], Hosur. He also played under-19 cricket for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] at state level for a short tenure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=sankar |first=rohit |date=2016-12-19 |title=The brains behind South African cricket is a man from Chennai - Prasanna Agoram |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/brains-behind-south-african-cricket-man-chennai-prasanna-agoram |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref>

After a brief stint in umpiring, he plied his trade in pursuing a career on [[Analytics|data analytics]]. He began his analytics career focusing on the statistical analysis of cricket in 2001, at a time when there were only a handful of cricket analysts available as the data analytics, data statistics in cricket had been at its infancy stage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=From curiosity to curator |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130109/from-curiosity-to-curator |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref> Cricket data analytics were not taken seriously into consideration by players and commentators, (owing to slow technological adaptation by the sport itself) during the time when Agoram entered into the cricketing fraternity as a data analyst.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jawali, DHNS |first=Madhu |title=Once scoffed at, data analytics in sports has thrown up many opportunities |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/once-scoffed-at-data-analytics-in-sports-has-thrown-up-many-opportunities-1243068.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He began building his own cricket data driven software database to research on the matchups and head-to-head record between a selected list of batters against a selected list of bowlers.<ref name=":1" /> As a statistical analyst, he also began compiling video footage of cricketers featured at several international matches to analyse the shortcomings of players and to analyse the strengths of players in order to pitch suggestions to such crop of players as key areas for improvements.<ref name=":1" />

Agoram made trials to incorporate his thought process of pitching performance analysis using his own software database system with the corporate teams which played mercantile cricket tournaments during the weekends in his locality where he resides.<ref name=":1" /> He even insisted about putting up video cameras close to the sight screen in order to disseminate reports to the corporate teams about the progress of players and how the players made technical adjustments during the course of the matches.<ref name=":1" /> He illustrated his software analysis at the [[National Cricket Academy]] which was established in Bangalore, where he exclusively began working on a [[Part-time job|part time]] basis for a stint of two years from 2002 to 2004.<ref name=":1" /> He was later elevated to the position of Technical Head at the National Cricket Academy in 2004 as a full-time job role. He also collaborated with former Indian cricketer [[Venkatesh Prasad]] to guide the Indian under-19 national cricket team in 2005 and he worked as the performance video analyst with the side until the end of the [[2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2006 ICC U19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-04 |title=How Prasanna Agoram went from mentoring India's Next Gen to plotting their fall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/how-prasanna-agoram-went-from-mentoring-indias-next-gen-to-plotting-their-fall/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Agoram was appointed as the performance analyst of the [[Royal Challengers Banglore]] outfit for the inaugural edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]].<ref name=":1" /> He began implementing strategies using [[SWOT analysis]] for the players during his stint with the Royal Challengers Bangalore side, at a time when T20 was a relatively new format and IPL was introduced as a franchise tournament with the advent of a different model system being brought into the sport which was previously non-existent.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the analyst |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/amol-karhadkar-on-the-increasingly-important-role-of-the-performance-analyst-in-t20-635622 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> South African players [[Dale Steyn]], [[Jacques Kallis]], [[Mark Boucher]] who were also part of the Royal Challengers Bangalore side during the 2008 IPL season, recommended [[Cricket South Africa]] to consider Agoram as the viable candidate for the job role of performance analyst of the South African men's national cricket team after being impressed with his work.<ref name=":1" /> Cricket South Africa accepted the recommendation and appointed Agoram as the performance analyst of the national cricket team in 2010 and he worked closely with the South African cricket players until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |date=2024-01-29 |title=யார் இந்த பிரசன்னா அகோரம்? தென்னாப்பிரிக்க கிரிக்கெட்டில் ஜொலிக்கும் தமிழர்! |url=https://kalkionline.com/sport-news-and-articles/south-africa-cricket-analyst-prasanna-agoram-biography |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From RCB to CSA: Prasanna Agoram's rise as a performance analyst |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/from-rcb-to-csa-prasanna-agoram-s-rise-as-a-performance-analyst-631523 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
His first major assignment with South African cricket after taking up the job of performance analyst was the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] where South Africa faced an heartbreak in the quarter-final defeat to New Zealand. During his stint, South Africa test cricket team rose to the top of the [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings]] and South Africa remained on top of the test team rankings for a longer duration by also winning the [[ICC Test Championship Mace]]s on consecutive calendar years to stamp their authority as the best test playing nation as well as the best travelling nation in [[test cricket]] for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-21 |title=South African cricket's star is a performance analyst from India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/south-african-cricket-s-star-is-a-performanc/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Agoram recalled memories of having worked with prominent South African cricketers including [[Hashim Amla]] and Dale Steyn whom he mentioned as the few players who cautiously approached the game with data analytics in mind coupled with the performance oriented thought process which both Amla and Steyn formulated and applied during their playing careers until their retirements.<ref name=":1" /> He gained popularity in the South African cricket fraternity for his technical guidance he displayed and was fondly nicknamed in South African dressing room as P-dogg.<ref name=":0" /> Amla, Kallis and [[AB de Villiers]] all acknowledged that Agoram played a crucial role in elevating the standards of South African cricket through his introduction of data analytics and robust technology mechanism to analyse the match situations and to act accordingly with proactive strategies.<ref name=":0" /> In January 2021, he announced that he had decided to part ways with South African cricket, insisting that he wanted to work on other projects which also brought an end of a 11 year long association between him and Cricket South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddique |first=Imran |date=2021-01-18 |title=Indian analyst Agoram not working with South Africa anymore, says CSA amid visa controversy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1602204 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Some reports also suggested that he was denied visa by Pakistani authorities due to his Indian nationality as he was supposed to travel with the South African test team for their [[South African cricket team in Pakistan in 2020–21|tour of Pakistan in 2020–21 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-16 |title=Indian performance analyst with SA "working from home" during Pak series after being denied visa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/indian-performance-analyst-with-sa-working-from-home-during-pak-series-after-being-denied-visa-7149268/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, Agoram revealed that he made a decision to resign from his role of performance analyst with Cricket South Africa even before the tour of Pakistan had begun.

Over the years, he spent working with several cricketers and had instructed guidelines on what exactly is the length to bowl, what length has been successful in the past, where to bowl in the death overs, what field to set etc, amplifying the tactical acumen he possessed during his career as a performance analyst.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=What the future of data analytics ought to be |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130312/what-the-future-of-data-analytics-ought-to-be |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref> He served as the analyst coach of the [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] side for the [[2016 Indian Premier League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: "Don't give me any advice until I ask," Prasanna Agoram recalls his work experience with Dhoni at RPSG |url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/IPL/74771/ipl-2022-dont-give-me-any-advice-until-i-ask-prasanna-agoram-recalls-his-work-experience-with-dhoni-at-rpsg |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Circle Of Cricket |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as the high-performance coach of the [[2018 Kings XI Punjab season|Kings XI Punjab]] side for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sridharan Sriram replaces Venkatesh Prasad at Kings XI Punjab |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104927/kings-xi-punjab-venkatesh-prasad-ipl-2019-sridharan-sriram |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref> Agoram played a pivotal role in helping to elevate the West Indies speedster [[Shamar Joseph]] to rise up through the ranks by encouraging him to pursue his career in cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamar Joseph's flash sprint, from Baracara to Adelaide |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/129166/shamar-josephs-flash-sprint-from-baracara-to-adelaide |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref> Agoram who worked as a talent scout for [[Guyana Amazon Warriors]] witnessed the skillsets of Joseph in the net training session conducted by the Guyana Amazon Warriors camp ahead of the [[2023 Caribbean Premier League]] season, which caught his attention and P-Dogg eventually convinced then Guyana Amazon Warriors captain [[Imran Tahir]] to include Joseph in the Guyana Amazon Warriors squad for the 2023 CPL season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Gomesh |date=2024-01-31 |title=Hopes, dreams, destiny and Shamar Joseph |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2024/Jan/31/hopes-dreams-destiny-and-shamar-joseph |access-date=2024-10-17|website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Mapping the meteoric rise of security guard turned pace sensation Shamar Joseph |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/mapping-meteoric-rise-security-guard-turned-pace-sensation-shamar-joseph-777378 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> He also served as performance analyst of Deccan Gladiators during the 2021 Abu Dhabi T10 season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2021-12-03 |title=Coach Mushtaq Ahmed and Team Analyst Prasanna Agoram have played a vital role: Deccan Gladiators team owner Gaurav Grover |url=https://www.crictracker.com/coach-mushtaq-ahmed-and-team-analyst-prasanna-agoram-have-played-a-vital-role-deccan-gladiators-team-owner-gaurav-grover/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref>

In the present he runs his own [[YouTube]] channel Pdoggspeaks,where he regularly appears as a data analyst, providing insights on cricket and match previews & reviews for cricket matches.Also, he is a regular collaborator on Indian cricketer [[Ravichandran Ashwin|Ravichandran Ashwin's]] youtube channel<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Pranchal |date=2023-12-20 |title=Everyone wants Aishwarya Rai: Former RCB analyst hits out at franchise for 'Poor' decisions in IPL 2024 Auction |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/everyone-wants-aishwarya-rai-former-rcb-analyst-hits-out-at-franchise-for-poor-decisions-in-ipl-2024-auction/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref> where he is known for his reviews with his singing skills, encouraged by Ashwin.

== See also ==
{{ Portal| cricket}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
== External links ==
* [https://m.youtube.com/@Pdoggspeaks Youtube channel]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agoram, Prasanna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Cricket statisticians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Basawan Prasad Bhagat

2026-04-04T03:41:00Z

Kaurjenni51: Creating A Details

{{Short description|Former cabinet member in Bihar government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister for Prison Affairs, [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2005
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kurhani Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2000
| constituency2 = [[Kurhani Assembly constituency]]
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2005
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse = Lalita Devi Kushwaha
| children =
}}
'''Basawan Prasad Bhagat''' is an Indian politician based in [[Bihar]], who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] twice from [[Kurhani Assembly constituency]] of the [[Muzaffarpur district]] of Bihar. Bhagat also served as minister in [[Government of Bihar]] under [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] twice. He was allotted Ministry of Prison Affairs and Ministry of Law. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2017 in the presence of [[Uttar Pradesh]] Deputy Chief Minister, [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/vaishali/1003565|title=Former minister Basawan Bhagat joined BJP|website=Prabhat khabar|date=11 June 2017 |accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-maurya-dares-nitish-kumar-to-hold-fresh-assembly-polls-4699032/|title=Keshav Prasad Maurya dares Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar to hold fresh assembly polls|website=Indian express|date=11 June 2017 |accessdate=12 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022105526/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-maurya-dares-nitish-kumar-to-hold-fresh-assembly-polls-4699032/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Bhagat is a member of [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) caste of Bihar.{{efn|He said that the Kushwaha community needs to unite. We will get proper participation in politics only by showing unity. The former minister said that we have to become politically powerful, so that the representatives of our society can win and go to the Lok Sabha and Assembly, who can raise our voice.<ref name=jagran/>}} He entered politics through Lalu Prasad Yadav's [[Janata Dal]] (later [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]). He represented Kurhani Assembly constituency of Muzaffarpur district, which is a constituency having preponderance of voters from [[Koeri]], [[Bhumihar]] and [[Mallaah]] caste. He first entered in Assembly elections in 1995, on the symbol of Rashtriya Janata Dal. In this election, the main contender in front of him was local muscleman Ashok Samrat, who hailed from Bhumihar community. Bhagat defeated Samrat and entered Bihar Legislative Assembly for the first time in this election. In 2000, the [[National Democratic Alliance]], which was the main front in opposition against ruling Rashtriya Janata Dal of Lalu Prasad Yadav, nominated Brajesh Thakur, who was later convicted in [[Muzaffarpur shelter case]], as their candidate for [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] against Bhagat. Bhagat was successful in securing victory for the second time and was elected to Legislative Assembly once again. Thakur was a candidate of [[Bihar People's Party]] of [[Anand Mohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/kurhani-vidhan-sabha-seat-by-election-2022-candidates-name-of-bjp-rjd-mahagathbandhan-ann-2254865|title=Kurhani Vidhan Sabha: 'गणित' से समझें कुढ़नी विधानसभा सीट का 'हिसाब-किताब', दावेदारों में इन नामों की चर्चा|website=Abp news|date=8 November 2022 |accessdate=12 October 2023|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117041938/https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/kurhani-vidhan-sabha-seat-by-election-2022-candidates-name-of-bjp-rjd-mahagathbandhan-ann-2254865|url-status=live}}</ref>

After his victory in 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, Bhagat was given the portfolio of Ministry of Prison Affairs. In 2002, he was issued a notice by [[Patna High Court]], in connection with transfer and later suspension of jail superintendent of Muzaffarpur prison, Shyam Mohan Mishra. This was done on the appeal of Mishra, who alleged that Bhagat caused his transfer to place his relative Lakshman Bhagat as the new jail superintendent in his place.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hc-issues-notice-to-bihar-jail-minister/articleshow/31591962.cms|title=High Court issues notice to Bihar jail minister|website=Times of India|date=17 December 2002 |accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref> Bhagat was known for his strict actions as a minister during his tenure. In 2004, during his tenure as Minister of Prison Affairs, jailer of [[Beur jail]] was shot dead by unknown assailants. Bhagat was quick to allege Inspector General of Prison, Ravikant being responsible behind the death of jailer. He stated in his media briefing that deceased jailer had sent Inspector General a file, recommending transfer of some of the prison inmates from the Beur jail, but no action was taken by latter. He also said that he himself demanded the file to be sent to him to examine the issue, but it was not sent on time and consequently the murder of jailer took place. It was also reported that jail officials in Beur jail were consistently threatened through phone calls by the accomplice of criminals, against which, higher officials had failed to take any action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/minister-blames-ig-for-murder-of-jailer/articleshow/591977.cms|title=Minister blamed IG for murder of jailer|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 March 2004|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> It was also suspected that the jailer was killed by members of People's War group, as he had a scuffle with some of the members of the group imprisoned in Beur Jail. Bhagat ordered departmental inquiry in this case declaring the jailer to be an upright officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/mar/29bihar.htm|title=Jailer shot dead|website=reddif|accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2002, a police firing took place in [[Chhapra]] prison to break the prison siege conducted by five criminals lodged in the jail. It was reported that there was a brawl between two groups in the prison over supremacy and the jail administration had decided to transfer the members of two groups, which included a total of five inmates to different jails. However, these inmates threatened other prisoners that if they didn't support them in conducting the siege to prevent their transfer, they will have to face dire consequences. The prisoners hence pelted stone at jail staffs when they arrived to transfer them to other jails. In return police opened fire at the miscreants. In reply to a question on this incident in Bihar Legislative Assembly, prison affairs minister Basawan Bhagat supported the firing incident and justified the action of the police. He also said that it was necessary to break the siege as the prisoners had become unruly. Bhagat also stated that [[Saran district|Saran]] [[District Magistrate]] had informed the government about the proposed transfer and they nodded it to be implemented.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-justifies-police-firing-in-chapra/articleshow/5705536.cms|title=Government justified police firing in Chhapra|website=Times of India|date=3 April 2002 |accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref>

During his tenure as minister, transfer of senior jail officials was also a regular feature. In one such reshuffle, in 2002, seven jail superintendent were transferred. Conflicts between minister and [[Inspector General]] of prison was also observed occasionally. One such incident was keeping the file containing order, quashing the suspension of Buxar jail superintendent D.N Tiwari, pending by Bhagat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/7-jail-officials-transferred/articleshow/14806113.cms|title=7 jail officials transferred|website=Times of India|date=3 July 2002 |accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Bhagat is also involved in socio-cultural activities and is associated with ''Akhil Bhartiya Kushwaha Mahasabha'' (All India Kushwaha Conference). In 2022, at a conference organised by this caste body in [[Vaishali district]] of Bihar, Bhagat admitted that during his elections in 1990s, he had beaten the supporters of his political opponent Ashok Samrat brutally with rod and [[Baton charge|lathi]]s. He also admitted that during his tenure as minister, the District Magistrates and Superintendent of Police could not argue with ministers and their party workers. They had to take orders and complete it. He also took credit for eliminating the criminal elements from Vaishali and Muzaffarpur during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/vaishali/former-minister-basawan-prasad-bhagat-on-bureaucrats-in-bihar/bh20220726082236597597785|title=हमारे टाइम में SP-DM की हिम्मत नहीं थी कि मंत्री की बात काट दे.. आज तो दारोगा-बीडीओ तक नहीं सुनता'|website=ETV Bharat|date=26 July 2022 |accessdate=12 October 2023|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726035932/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/vaishali/former-minister-basawan-prasad-bhagat-on-bureaucrats-in-bihar/bh20220726082236597597785|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jagran>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-dm-sp-did-not-have-the-courage-to-cut-our-talk-big-statement-of-former-minister-of-bihar-government-22925426.html|title=डीएम-एसपी की हिम्‍मत नहीं होती थी कि हमारी बात काट दे, बिहार के पूर्व मंत्री को याद आया गुजरा वक्‍त|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=12 October 2023|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731170528/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-dm-sp-did-not-have-the-courage-to-cut-our-talk-big-statement-of-former-minister-of-bihar-government-22925426.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagat, Basawan Prasad}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:People from Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Government of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram

2026-03-29T18:45:19Z

Kaurjenni51: Done

{{Short description|Art & architecture }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2011}}
'''"Seven Pagodas"''' has served as a nickname for the southern Indian city of [[Mamallapuram]], also called Mahabalipuram (old name), since the first European explorers reached it. The phrase "Seven Pagodas" refers to a belief that has circulated in India, Europe, and other parts of the world for over eleven centuries. The [[group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], including the [[Shore Temple]] built in the 8th century under the reign of [[Narasimhavarman II]], stand at the shore of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Legend has it that six other temples once stood with it.

== Legend ==
An ancient [[Hindu]] legend explains the pagodas' origin. Prince [[Hiranyakasipu]] refused to worship the god [[Vishnu]]. The prince's son, [[Prahlada]], loved Vishnu greatly and criticized his father's lack of faith. Hiranyakasipu banished Prahlada but then relented and allowed him to come home. Father and son quickly began to argue about Vishnu's nature. When Prahlada stated that Vishnu was present everywhere, including in the walls of their home, his father kicked a pillar. Vishnu emerged from the pillar in the form of a man with a lion's head, and slayed Hiranyakasipu. Prahlada eventually became king, and had a grandson named Bali (also called Mahabali). Bali founded Mahabalipuram on this site.<ref>Adapted from Coombes, J.W. (Josiah Waters). ''The Seven Pagodas''. London, UK: Selley, Service & Co., Ltd., 1914, 23-4.</ref>

== Ancient evidence ==
The temples' origins have been obscured by time, lack of complete written records, and destruction of architectural proof by [[Turco-Persian tradiotion|Turko-Persian]] invaders. Englishman D. R. Fyson, a long-time resident of Madras (now [[Chennai]]), wrote a concise book on the city titled ''Mahabalipuram or Seven Pagodas'', which he intended as a souvenir volume for Western visitors. In it, he states that the [[Pallava]] monarch [[Narasimharavarman I]] either began or greatly enlarged upon Mahabalipuram, circa 630.<ref>Fyson, D. R. ''Mahabalipuram or Seven Pagodas''. Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: Higginbothams, Publishers, 1931. (Fyson 1).</ref> Archaeological evidence has not yet clearly proven whether Narasimharavarman I's city was the earliest to inhabit this location.

About 30 years before the founding of Narasimharavarman I's city, Pallava Monarch [[Mahendravarman I]] had begun a series of "cave temples," which were carved into rocky hillsides<ref>Fyson, D. R. ''Mahabalipuram or Seven Pagodas''. Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: Higginbothams, Publishers, 1931. (Fyson 2).</ref> Contrary to what the name suggests, they often did not begin as natural caves. [[Mahendravarman I]] and [[Narasimharavarman I]] also ordered construction of free-standing temples, called rathas in the region's language, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Nine rathas currently stand at the site (Ramaswami, 209). Construction of both types of temples in Mahabalipuram appears to have ended around 640 (Fyson 3). Fyson states that archaeological evidence supports the claim that a monastery (vihara in Tamil) existed in ancient Mahabalipuram. The idea is based on the concept of Sadhus (Saints). Fyson suggests that the Saint's' quarters may have been divided between a number of the city's rathas, based on their division into small rooms. Hinduism's stupam design influence is also apparent in the traditional pagoda shape of the Shore Temple and other remaining architecture (Fyson 5).

Fyson devoted only the next to the last page of his slim book to the actual legend of the seven pagodas (Fyson 28). He recounts a local belief regarding the pagodas, that the god [[Indra]] became jealous of this earthly city and sank it during a great storm, leaving only the [[Shore Temple]] above water. He also recounts the assertion of the local Tamil people that at least some of the other temples can be seen "glittering beneath the waves" from fishing boats (Fyson 28). Whether the six missing pagodas exist does not seem to matter much to Fyson; As he was trying to frame the theory according to his assumption and amusements. He wanted to make his book "The Seven Pagodas" give his beloved city its nickname and fame, and that seems to be the important part for him. However, the six missing temples have continued to fascinate locals, archaeologists, and lovers of legends alike, and have recently returned to the archaeological spotlight.

== European explorers ==
Indian historian [[N. S. Ramaswami]] names [[Marco Polo]] as one of the earliest European visitors to Mahabalipuram. Polo left few details of his visit but did mark it on his Catalan Map of 1275 (Ramaswami, 210).

Many Europeans later spoke of the Seven Pagodas following travellers to their colonies in India. The first to write of them was [[John Goldingham]], an English astronomer living in Madras in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He wrote an account of his visit and the legend in 1798, which was later collected by Mark William Carr in his 1869 book ''Descriptive and Historical Papers Relating to the Seven Pagodas on the Coromandel Coast''. Goldingham mainly described art, statues, and inscriptions found throughout the archaeological site at Mahabalipuram. He copied many of the inscriptions by hand and included them in his essay. Goldingham interprets most of the signs as picture-symbols, and discusses what meaning their shapes may have (Goldingham, 30-43). [[Benjamin Guy Babington]], author of another essay in the same volume, identified several of the figures in Goldingham's copied inscriptions as [[Telugu language|Telugu]] letters (Goldingham, 43). Babington's note on the text is included as a footnote to Goldingham's work.

In 1914, British writer J.W. Coombes related the common European belief on the origin of the pagoda legend. According to him, the pagodas once stood on the edge of the shore, and their copper domes reflected sunlight and served as a nautical landmark. He claims that modern people do not know for sure how many pagodas once existed. He believes that the number was close to seven (Coombes, 27).

N. S. Ramaswami places much of the responsibility for the legend's European propagation on the poet [[Robert Southey]], who mentioned it in his poem "The Curse of [[Kehama]]," published in 1810 (Ramaswami, 205). He refers to the city by another of its popular names, Bali. In his poem, Southey clearly states that more than one of the Seven Pagodas is visible (See stanza 4). Southey told romantic tales of many cultures around the world, including [[India]], [[Rome]], [[Portugal]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes, all of which were based on accounts of others' travels, and his own imagination. "The Curse of Kehama" certainly played a role in rising European fascination with the legend.

Ramaswami's words for European explorers are not entirely negative. He notes that, before Europeans began to visit [[South India|Southern India]] toward the beginning of the [[British Raj]], many of the smaller monuments at Mahabalipuram were partially or entirely covered with sand. The Europeans and their families played an important role in uncovering the archaeological sites in their free time. Once early English archaeologists realized the extent and beauty of the site, toward the end of the 18th century, they appointed experienced antiquarians such as [[Colin Mackenzie]] to preside over the dig (Ramaswami, 210).

<gallery class="center" caption="JW Coombes Collection" widths="200px" heights="150px">
Image:Mahabali005.jpg|Nakula and Sahadeva's Rathas, part of the Seven Pagodas complex, circa 1914. Courtesy J.W. Coombes
Image:Mahabali006.jpg|Shore Temple, circa 1914. Courtesy J.W. Coombes
</gallery>

== Missing evidence ==
Before the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|December 2004 tsunami]], evidence for the existence of the Seven Pagodas was largely anecdotal. The existence of the Shore Temple, smaller temples, and rathas supported the idea that the area had strong religious significance, but there was little contemporary evidence save one Pallava-era painting of the temple complex. Ramaswami wrote in his 1993 book ''Temples of South India'' that evidence of 2000 years of civilization, 40 currently visible monuments, including two "open air [[bas-relief]]s," and related legends spreading through both South Asia and Europe had caused people to build up Mahabalipuram's mystery in their minds (Ramaswami, 204). He claims explicitly that "There is no sunk city in the waves off Mamallapuram. The European name, 'The Seven Pagodas,' is irrational and cannot be accounted for" (Ramaswami, 206).

Anecdotal evidence can be truthful though, and in 2002 scientists decided to explore the area off the shore of Mahabalipuram, where many modern Tamil fishermen claimed to have glimpsed ruins at the bottom of the sea. This project was a joint effort between the National Institute of Oceanography (India) and the Scientific Exploration Society, U.K. (Vora). The two teams found the remains of walls beneath 5 to 8 meters of water and sediment, 500 to 700 meters off the coast. The layout suggested that they belonged to several temples. Archaeologists dated them to the Pallava era, roughly when [[Mahendravarman I]] and [[Narasimharavarman I]] ruled the region (Vora). NIO scientist K.H. Vora noted after the 2002 exploration that the underwater site probably contained additional structures and artifacts, and merited future exploration (Vora).

== During the tsunami ==
Immediately before the 2004 tsunami struck the [[Indian Ocean]], including the [[Bay of Bengal]], the ocean water off Mahabalipuram's coast pulled back approximately 500 meters. Tourists and residents who witnessed this event from the beach recalled seeing a long, straight row of large rocks emerge from the water. As the tsunami rushed to shore, these stones were covered again by water. However, centuries' worth of sediment that had covered them was gone. The tsunami also made some immediate, lasting changes to the coastline, which left a few previously covered statues and small structures uncovered on the shore.<ref>Maguire, Paddy. "Tsunami Reveals Ancient Temple Sites." BBC News (Online) 27 Oct. 2005. Retrieval 9 Sep. 2006 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm].</ref>

== After the tsunami ==
Eyewitness accounts of tsunami relics stirred popular and scientific interest in the site. Perhaps the most famous archaeological finding after the tsunami was a large stone lion, which the changing shoreline left sitting uncovered on Mahabalipuram's beach. Archaeologists have dated it to the 7th century CE. Locals and tourists have flocked to see this statue since shortly after the tsunami.

In April 2005, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the [[Indian Navy]] began searching the waters off the coast of Mahabalipuram by boat, using [[sonar]] technology (Das). They discovered that the row of large stones people had seen immediately before the tsunami were part of a 6-foot-high (Biswas), 70-meter-long wall. ASI and the Navy also discovered remains of two other submerged temples and one cave temple within 500 meters of the shore (Das). Although these findings do not necessarily correspond to the seven pagodas of legend, they do indicate that a large complex of temples was in Mahabalipuram. This draws the legend closer to fact—and there are likely many more discoveries waiting to be found.
[[File:Submerged Temple at Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|Submerged Temple at Mahabalipuram]]

ASI archaeologist Alok Tripathi told ''[[The Times of India]]'' that, as of his February 2005 interview, sonar exploration had mapped inner and outer walls of the two previously submerged temples. He explained that his team could not yet suggest the functions of these buildings (Das). A.K. Sharma of the Indian Navy could not provide further speculation as to function either, but told The Times of India that the layout of the submerged structures, in relation with the Shore Temple and other exposed structures, closely matched a Pallava-era painting of the Seven Pagodas complex (Das).

Archaeologist T. Satyamurthy of ASI also mentions the great significance of a large inscribed stone the waves uncovered. The inscription stated that King Krishna III had paid for the keeping of an eternal flame at a particular temple. Archaeologists began digging in the vicinity of the stone, and quickly found the structure of another Pallava temple. They also found many coins and items that would have been used in ancient [[Hindu]] religious ceremonies (Maguire). While excavating this Pallava-era temple, archaeologists also uncovered the foundations of a Tamil Sangam-period temple, dating back approximately 2000 years (Maguire). Most archaeologists working on the site believe that a tsunami struck sometime between the Tamil Sangam and Pallava periods, destroying the older temple. Widespread layers of seashells and other ocean debris support this theory (Maguire).

ASI also unexpectedly located a much older structure on the site. A small brick structure, formerly covered by sand, stood on the beach following the tsunami. Archaeologists examined the structure, and dated it to the Tamil Sangam period.<ref>Maguire, Paddy. "Tsunami Reveals Ancient Temple Sites." BBC News (Online) 27 Oct. 2005. Retrieval 9 Sep. 2006 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm].</ref> Although this structure does not necessarily fit in with the traditional legend, it adds intrigue and the possibility of yet-unexplored history to the site.

The current consensus among archaeologists is that yet another tsunami destroyed the Pallava temples in the 13th century. ASI scientist G. Thirumoorthy told the BBC that physical evidence of a 13th-century tsunami can be found along nearly the entire length of India's East Coast.<ref>Maguire, Paddy. "Tsunami Reveals Ancient Temple Sites." BBC News (Online) 27 Oct. 2005. Retrieval 9 Sep. 2006 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm].</ref>

==References==
<references />

== Notes ==
{{More footnotes|date=December 2011}}
*Application of Geological and Geophysical Methods in Marine Archaeology and Underwater Explorations. Scientific Achievements: 5. Tamil Nadu. K H. Vora. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India. 16 Sep. 2006 <https://web.archive.org/web/20050210100642/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora_5.jsp>.
*BBC Staff. "India Finds More 'Tsunami Gifts'." From staff reports. BBC News (Online) 27 Feb. 2005: 1-5. . . Retrieval 16 Sep. 2006 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4302115.stm>.
*Biswas, Soutik. "Tsunami Throws up India Relics." BBC News (Online) 11 Feb. 2005. Retrieval 16 Sep. 2006 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4257181.stm>.
*Coombes, J.W. (Josiah Waters). The Seven Pagodas. London, UK: Selley, Service & Co., Ltd., 1914.
*Das, Swati. "Tsunami Unveils 'Seven Pagodas'." The Times of India 25 Feb. 2005. Retrieval 12 Sep. 2006 <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1032004.cms>.
*Fyson, D. R. Mahabalipuram or Seven Pagodas. Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: Higginbothams, Publishers, 1931.
*Goldingham, J. "Some account of the Sculptures at Mahabalipuram; usually called the Seven Pagodas." Descriptive and Historical Papers Relating to The Seven Pagodas on the Coromandel Coast. Ed. Mark William Carr. New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Services, 1984. Reprinted from the original 1869 edition.
*Maguire, Paddy. "Tsunami Reveals Ancient Temple Sites." BBC News (Online) 27 Oct. 2005. Retrieval 9 Sep. 2006 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm>.
*Ramaswami, N. S. Temples of South India. Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: Maps and Agencies, 1993.
*Schulberg, Lucille and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Historic India. Series: Great Ages of Man, a History of the World's Cultures. New York, NY: Time-Life Books, 1968.
*Subramanian, T. S. "The Secret of the Seven Pagodas." Frontline 22.10 (May 2005). The Hindu Online. 16 Sep. 2006 <https://web.archive.org/web/20071017211521/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520005812900.htm>.
*all information about Pagodas <http://mahabalipuramtours.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208040123/http://www.mahabalipuramtours.com/ |date=8 February 2014 }}>

{{coord|12|37|N|80|12|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven Pagodas Of Mahabalipuram}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Mouna Raagam 2

2026-03-22T02:42:17Z

Kaurjenni51: New info

{{For|the TV series in other languages and the movie|Mouna Ragam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mouna Ragam series 2.jpg
| genre = {{ubl|[[Musical film|Musical]]|[[Family drama]]}}
| writer = Priya Thampi
| director = Manoj Kumar (Episode 1–414)
 M.R Sarvana Kumar (Episode 415–517)
| starring = {{ubl|Salmanul Faris | [[Raveena Daha]] | Rahul Ramachandran | Shilpa}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 517
| list_episodes =
| producer = Chippy Renjith
| company = Avanthika Creations
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| theme_music_composer = Sananth George (Background Score)
| composer = [[M. Jayachandran]] (Title Song)
| open_theme =
| location = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|C. Jaya Kumar | Naveen | Gurumoorthi}}
| editor = G.Pa Vinoth
| runtime = approx. 21–24 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|02|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|03|17}}
| related = ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]''
| network = [[Star Vijay]] [[Disney+Hotstar]]
}}

'''Mouna Raagam 2''' ({{translation|''Silent Symphony 2''}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It was produced by Avanthika Creations, starring Salmanul Faris, [[Raveena Daha]], Rahul Ramachandran and Shilpa in lead roles. It is the [[sequel]] to ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]''. It premiered on 1 February 2021 and ended on 17 March 2023 with 517 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil TV show 'Mouna Raagam 2' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-mouna-raagam-2-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/98200308.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=25 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Tamil Serial Mouna Raagam 2 To Go Off Air Soon|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/popular-tamil-serial-mouna-raagam-2-to-go-off-air-soon-7185667.html|website=www.news18.com|date=28 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The narrative opens with Sakthi, now an adult, residing in a modest home in [[Thandikudi]] with her mother, Mallika. The second season introduces four new characters: Varun and Tharun (Manohar's sons), Manohar (a close associate of Karthik), and Sheela (Manohar's sister). Throughout the years, Karthik had continuously wondered where Mallika and Sakthi had gone.

Not long after, at an orchestra event, Sakthi runs into a now-grown Sruthi and Karthik, where she gets the chance to sing alongside her father. However, following Mallika's instructions, she keeps her true identity hidden. Meanwhile, Karthik is captivated by Sakthi's voice and finds himself reminiscing about the past. Later, Sakthi—under the alias Sathya—is invited to Karthik's home for his mother Parvathy's 75th birthday. Sruthi initially intends to perform a heartfelt song but fails, and Sakthi ends up delivering the performance instead. Parvathy, like Karthik, is moved yet unsure if this young woman could really be Sakthi.

Mallika and Sakthi soon move to Chennai for Mallika's medical treatment and Sakthi's new position at a music school. To their shock, they find that Karthik is the head of the school, alongside Manohar, Varun, and Tharun. It is here that Tharun first meets Sathya. Sruthi, still upset over Sakthi overshadowing her birthday performance, harbors a deep grudge. Tharun falls for Sathya, while Sruthi has feelings for Tharun. Sathya, uninterested in Tharun, rejects his proposal, to Sruthi's delight.

As the plot thickens, Karthik discovers Varun's fear of fire ([[Pyrophobia]]) and disapproves of Sruthi marrying him. Concurrently, Mallika's surgery commences, but Sakthi is crushed to learn that it requires nearly ₹5 lakh. She tries to raise funds by posting a video online. Though many contribute, only about 50–60% of the needed amount is raised. At this juncture, Manohar steps in, agreeing to cover the rest—on one condition: Sakthi must marry his son Varun. With no alternative, Sakthi consents and weds Varun. However, during a moment involving a candle, Varun's phobia resurfaces. At the same time, Karthik learns of the marriage, the deal Manohar struck, and Mallika's health.

After Mallika recovers, she is devastated to find that her daughter is married. In anguish, she disowns Sakthi and leaves. Fortunately, Tharun persuades her to forgive Sakthi, and they reconcile. Meanwhile, Sakthi uncovers Sheela's manipulative tendencies.

Karthik later invites Mallika and Sakthi to his birthday celebration. Parvathy becomes emotional upon seeing Mallika again. However, things take a dark turn when Mallika performs an aarti for Varun and Sakthi. Varun is overwhelmed by his phobia. Enraged, Mallika confronts Manohar. She later demands Sakthi return with her to Thandigudi. After deep thought, Sakthi chooses to remain with Manohar's family. Mallika leaves in a cab, but Sakthi, concerned for her safety, informs Karthik, who catches up with her and offers a ride. He visits Thandigudi and enjoys his time there.

Meanwhile, Sakthi and Varun grow closer. However, Sheela, furious at their growing bond, tampers with Varun's medication, which deteriorates his reflexes, and spreads lies that turn Varun against Sakthi. To prove her love, Sakthi vows to sing non-stop for 12 hours. Sheela secretly spikes her drink with a cocktail that affects her vocal cords. Determined, Sakthi makes herself a Badam shake, restoring her voice, and successfully completes the challenge, winning the competition. Mallika is overjoyed, and Varun reconciles with Sakthi.

Despite this, Sruthi's feelings for Tharun linger. In a bid to help, Karthik approaches Manohar but is insulted. Desperate, Sruthi emotionally manipulates Sakthi, who then convinces the family to approve the marriage. Manohar agrees, but Karthik is banned from attending. Sakthi secretly shares the ceremony over a video call.

Varun arranges a surprise inauguration at the music school, where Sakthi's growing popularity sparks Sruthi's jealousy and suspicion about her identity. After a heartfelt performance by both, Tharun unexpectedly hands control of the school to Sruthi, later revealed to be the result of her blackmail—threatening to expose his past feelings for Sakthi. Bending the truth, Sruthi states that Sakthi and Tharun consented to be life partners, though Sakthi had indeed spurned him. The deception makes everyone turn against her. Discouraged, Sakthi makes up her mind to depart and holds Karthik responsible for her agony. During her journey to Thandigudi, she's abducted but manages to escape. Filled with remorse, Varun searches for her and pleads for forgiveness, but she won't come back. Before departing, she surprises Manohar's family by announcing her real name—Sakthi—and her actual parentage.

Kadambari and Rukmani attempt to kill Mallika but flee when Sakthi threatens them. Karthik sends a legal notice to Manohar, and Sheela retaliates with divorce papers for Sakthi. Varun travels to Kutralam, meets Pazhani, uncovers Sakthi's past, and brings Swarna and Pazhani to Thandigudi. They meet Mallika and get to know about Sakthi's husband and the divorce papers that they sent. Manohar and Sheela tried to convince Malliga and Pazhani. At a confrontation, Sheela mocks Sakthi's talent, prompting Pazhani to challenge Varun to sing like her. If he succeeds, Sakthi will return. Karthik helps Varun complete the challenge. Meanwhile, an assassin stabs Karthik instead of Sakthi after the Sakthi-Varun concert.

News spreads like wildfire. Kadambari and Sruthi try to take Karthik back to Chennai but are stopped. Karthik returns eventually. Sakthi has Kadambari and Rukmani arrested, but Viswanathan bails them out. Furious, Kadambari learns Mallika is living with Karthik and seeks revenge. Viswanathan sets a fire to trigger Varun, but Sakthi intervenes.

Sheela is evicted after her true colors are revealed and sides with Kadambari. Sruthi fakes a pregnancy but plans to blame Sakthi for her miscarriage. Tharun scolds her. Sakthi investigates and reveals the truth, enraging Tharun.

As Karthik's birthday nears, Kadambari plans to organize it but is furious to hear that Mallika and Karthik will sing together at the occasion. Her father kidnaps Mallika but Sornam makes ends meet by manipulating Sheela into revealing her location. The couple performs, much to the villains’ dismay.

Later, Manohar discov`ers that his wife Kasturi is alive—Sheela had kept her captive. The family believed she died in a fire. Manohar and Tharun nurse her back to health. At another ceremony, Varun panics due to fire again. Sakthi collects evidence and identifies the culprit. To cure Varun, Swarna proposes recreating the fire—involving Sakthi instead of Kasturi. Despite protests from everyone, she goes through with it and helps Varun overcome his fear. At the same time, Mallika and Karthik release a viral new song, frustrating Kadambari.

Swarna introduces Shalini (her niece). Meanwhile, Manohar and family wonder about Kasturi's past. Sakthi overhears Sruthi's conversation, leading to her arrest. Rukmani and Kadambari return to harm Mallika but are thwarted.

Varun and Tharun plan a surprise celebration for Karthik and Mallika. Sruthi becomes jealous of Shalini's bond with Tharun. Kadambari and Rukmani decide to learn music to get closer to Karthik and prepare for an upcoming concert featuring him and her.

Rukmani creates a harmful solution to destroy Mallika's voice and tricks Swarna into delivering it. Swarna, suspecting foul play, gives it to Kadambari instead.

Manohar plans a temple visit with Kasturi. Meanwhile, Sruthi becomes furious when Kasturi places family heirlooms in Sakthi's care. Rukmani hires a goon to steal the items, shaming Sakthi in front of everybody. Varun, confident in Sakthi's innocence, vows to recover them and exposes Sruthi. Tharun asks Sruthi to leave the house.

Swarna advises Tharun to separate from Sruthi. Kadambari and Karthik argue over Sruthi. Sruthi provokes Swarna into revealing the DNA report showing she is not Karthik's daughter. Heartbroken, Sruthi vanishes. Sakthi and Varun find her, and she reconciles with Sakthi.

When Kadambari learns Mallika knew the truth all along, she apologizes before leaving the house. Karthik convinces both women to stay. The family confronts the issue of Sruthi and Tharun's divorce, which is resolved.

The 7-year-long soap concludes with a joyful family reunion, bringing everyone together in harmony.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Raveena Daha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/young-actress-in-mouna-raagam-2-serial-sakthi.html|title=மௌன ராகம்- 2 சீரியல்... சக்தியாக நடிக்க போகும் பிரபல இளம் நடிகை இவர்தான்..!|date=20 September 2020 |publisher=tamil.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/raveena-daha-set-to-act-in-mouna-ragam-2-serial/articleshow/78270351.cms|title=மௌன ராகம் 2 சீரியலில் லீட் ரோலில் விஜய் பட நடிகை|date=6 September 2020 |publisher=tamil.samayam.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/mouna-raagam-2-young-actress-to-play-shakthi-in-sequel.html|title=MOUNA RAAGAM SEASON 2 – THIS YOUNG ACTRESS TO PLAY SHAKTHI! LATEST PROMO VIDEO EXCITES FANS!|date=21 September 2020 |publisher=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> as Shakthi (Sathya) – Karthik and Mallika's daughter; Varun's wife (2021–2023)
* Shilpa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/mounaragam-serial-fame-shilpa-s-latest-photoshoot-photo-album|title='மௌனராகம்' சீரியல் ஷில்பாவின் லேட்டஸ்ட் ஃபோட்டோஷூட் படங்கள்.|date=17 June 2022 |publisher=cinema.vikatan.com}}</ref> as Shruthi – Karthik (Raghav) and Kadhambari's daughter; Tharun's wife (2021–2023)
* Salmanul Faris as Varun Manoharan – Manohar and Kasthuri's Elder Son; A Manager of Manohar's businesses; Sakthi's husband (2021–2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-varun-sathya-mouna-raagam-villan-entry-mouna-raagam-season-2-episode-kathambari-appa-viswanathan-790657.html| title=வருண் – சக்தியை பிரிக்க வரும் வில்லன்.. இனி மெளன ராகத்தில் இவர் ஆட்டம் தான்!| date=24 August 2022|publisher=tamil.news18.com}}</ref>
* Rahul Ramachandran as Tharun Manoharan – Manoharan and Kasthuri's younger son; Varun's brother; Shruthi's husband. (2021–2023)
* [[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Karthik Krishna – [[Playback singer]]; Parvati's younger son; Murali's brother; Mallika and Kadhambari's husband; Shakthi's father and Shruthi's step-father. (2021–2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajeev Parameshwar Star in Mouna Ragam Serial|url=https://www.onenov.in/listings/rajeev_parameshwaran_indian_film_actor/ |publisher=www.onenov.in}}</ref>
* [[Chippy Renjith|Chippy Ranjith]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mouna Raagam 2 actress Chippy Renjith opens up on her journey as Mallika; says, ' It has been a part of my life for the past six years'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mouna-raagam-2-actress-chippy-renjith-opens-up-on-her-journey-as-mallika-says-it-has-been-a-part-of-my-life-for-the-past-six-years/articleshow/98798745.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as Mallika- Natural singer, Palani's sister. Karthik's first wife and Shakthi's mother (2021–2023)
* [[Anusree]] Chembakassery as Kaadhambari- Vishwanathan and Rukmani's elder daughter. Karthik's second wife and Shruthi's mother (2021–2023)

=== Recurring ===

* A. Revathy as Parvathi Krishna – Murali's and Karthik's mother; Sakthi's grandmother; Shruti's step-grandmother. (2021–2023)
* [[Uday Mahesh]] (2021) / Krishna Kumar Menon (2021–2023) as Manoharan – Karthik's close associate; Sheela's brother; Kasthuri's husband; Varun and Tharun's father.
* Divya Binu as Sheela – Manoharan's sister; Varun and Tharun's aunt; Kasthuri's sister-in-law. (2021–2023)
* Manjula (photographic appearance)/Remya Sudha as Kasthuri Manoharan – Manoharan's wife; Varun and Tharun's mother. (2022–2023)
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Rukmani Vishwanathan – Vishwanathan's wife; Kadhambari's mother; Shruthi's grandmother. (2021–2023)
* Kailas Nath as Sukumar – Sakthi's Uncle. (2021–2022)
* Supergood Kannan as Pazhaniswamy A.K.A Pazhani – Mallika's brother; Swarna's husband; Shankar and Chandra's father; Shakthi's uncle. (2022–2023)
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Swarna Pazhaniswamy – Pazhani's wife; Shankar and Chandra's mother; Sakthi's aunt. (2022–2023)
* [[Anand Babu]] as Vishwanathan – Rukmani's husband; Kadhambari's father; Shruthi's grandfather (2022–2023)
* Reshma Nandhu as Shalini (2023)

==Production==
===Release===
The first promo was unveiled on 11 January 2021, featuring the cast, the second promo was unveiled on 28 January 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/mouna-ragam-serial-season-2/141267/|title=பாதியில் நின்ற சீரியல் மீண்டும் தொடங்குகிறது… அசத்தலான ப்ரோமோ வீடியோவை வெளியிட்ட விஜய் டிவி.!!|date=20 January 2021 |publisher=kalakkalcinema.com}}</ref> by revealing the release date.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mouna-raagam-2/13874 ''Mouna Raagam 2''] at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|12587892}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Scott Christian College

2026-03-18T23:24:18Z

Kaurjenni51: cleanup

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Scott Christian College
| native_name = ஸ்காட் கிறிஸ்டியன் கல்லூரி
| logo =
| image = Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 794746 - Scott Christian College Nagercoil.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Commemorative stamp of the college in 2018
| latin_name =
| motto = ''Etveritas Liberabit Vos'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = The Truth Shall Make You Free
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1893}}
| founder = Rev. Dr. James Duthie
| type =
| academic_affiliation = [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = A. R. Chelliah
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| principal = J. R. V. Edward
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty =
| staff =
| students = 2926<ref>[https://nirfcdn.azureedge.net/2019/pdf/COLLEGE/IR-C-C-41189.pdf"Scott Christian College NIRF"]</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Nagercoil]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.17|N|77.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| sports =
| colours = {{colour box|#C41E3A}} Cardinal red
| nickname =
| mascot = Dove
| athletics =
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| website = {{url|https://scott.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Scott Christian College''' is an [[autonomous]], [[co-educational]], arts and science college in [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=SCC>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scottchristian.org/wp/ |title=Scott Christian College (Autonomous) - the truth shall make you free |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917125603/http://www.scottchristian.org/wp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Run by the [[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India]], the college is graded "''A''" under [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) rankings in India and is rated 5-star.<ref name=SCC />

The college is one of the oldest colleges in the present-day [[Tamilnadu]] state and one of the first to be started in the erstwhile princely state of [[Travancore]]. [[List of Scott Christian College alumni|The alumni of the college]] are called Scottians.

==History==
{{unreferencedsect|date=March 2026}}
The college had its origins in a village-church school founded in 1809 at [[Mylaudy]] by the Revd [[William Tobias Ringeltaube]], the pioneering missionary of the [[London Missionary Society]] in [[South Travancore]]. This Central School or Seminary was shifted to Nagercoil in 1818 by the Revd Charles Mead. The Revd Dr James Duthie took charge of the Seminary in 1860, and played a vital role in raising it to a college.

In 1893 the Seminary was elevated to a Second Grade College affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] with twelve students under the Revd Dr James Duthie as the first principal. He was succeeded by Mr. J.E. Dennison who was the Principal of the college from 1894 to 1898. After Mr Dennison severed his connection with the South Travancore Mission in 1898 the Revd Duthie nourished the young institution till the arrival of the Revd George Parker who assumed charge in January 1901.

The college recorded rapid progress under the Revd Parker's care. The Indian Universities' Act of 1904 introduced the Intermediate Examination course in the place of First in Arts (F.A) Examination course. The Revd Parker built the Science Block for the college in 1908–1910 with a legacy of £1000 from the family of Mr. Septimus Scott and a grant from the government of Travancore. With money donated by the Revd Parker's father-in-law, Mr. E. D. Pochin of Manchester an extensive plot of ground was purchased for the recreation of students.

During the Revd Parker's furlough, the Revd Dr Sydney Cave was in charge of the college from 1909 to 1911. The Revd Parker returned in February 1911 and resumed charge. The Revd R. H. Eastaff who was appointed to assist the Revd Parker arrived on 3 February 1921 and took over as Principal in June, 1921 when the Revd Parker left on furlough. To the Revd Eastaff goes the honour of having started The Scott Christian College and School Magazine which was published every term during his period of service in the college. On the return of the Revd Parker in November 1923 the Revd Eastaff left the college and took charge of the Divinity School in Trivandrum.

The Library was equipped with up-to-date volumes which ran up to 4000 in 1924. During the year 1924–25 in addition to the Literary Associations in English, Tamil and Malayalam, a Science Association was formed and students themselves presided over meetings. In 1925 H.E. Viscount Goshen, Governor of Madras visited the college. The Silver Jubilee of Mr. Parker's service was celebrated on 12 February 1926.

On 1 February 1927, Mr. G.H. Marsden, M.A. Tripos of the University of Cambridge took charge as Principal. He took special care in increasing the facilities for the Science Department. By selfless and untiring work he built up the small Intermediate College of about 140 students. Women students in regular batches were admitted from 1927 onwards and he introduced an annual medical inspection of students in 1928.

Compulsory games were introduced for the men students in 1927. Scott Christian became the first Mofussil College in the Madras University to have Compulsory Physical Education for men students under a qualified Physical Director with the status of a Lecturer. There was provision for Badminton and Tennikoit for the women students.
Lord Irwin the Viceroy with Lady Irwin paid a visit to the college on 9 December 1929. In 1934 Intramural games were organised and so enthusiastically did the students participate in these events that from among them blossomed forth outstanding sportspersons. In 1936, Mr. Marsden's great interest in Astronomy brought him the rare distinction of being chosen to observe the Solar Eclipse in Japan.

When the University of Travancore was established in 1938 the Scott Christian College was admitted to its privileges. By 1943 the number of students in the college had increased to nearly 300 including about 20 women. Since 1948 a period of expansion commenced. The Travancore University sent a Commission which suggested the strength of the Intermediate Classes to be doubled as a prelude to the introduction of degree classes. Mr. A. Nesamony, who had played a distinguished role in Church and public life, took up the responsibility of building the new Degree College block. His persistence, patience and hard work yielded spectacular results. The year 1950 saw the introduction of Degree courses at Scott Christian. The first majors introduced were Mathematics and History, and this was followed by Chemistry (1952), Economics (1954), Physics (1954) and Zoology (1956).

Mr. B. Arumai Raj succeeded Mr. Marsden in 1957. The Linguistic Reorganisation of States caused this area to be merged with Madras State and the college had to be affiliated to the University of Madras in 1957. A General Inspection Commission led by Dr. A. Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar, Vice-Chancellor of Madras University visited the college and recommended moving the college to a more spacious campus. Soon 43 acres of land was purchased for the New Campus on the National Highway 47.
B.Sc. Botany Major was introduced in June 1966. The college was affiliated to the Madurai University in the same year. Mr. Arumai Raj retired in 1966 and Dr. John D.K. Sundersingh took over as Principal. In 1967 the Scott Christian College celebrated its 75th anniversary as the Platinum Jubilee. The Degree Classes were shifted to the New Campus during 1970–1971.

The college progressively introduced new courses for the undergraduates: B.A. English (1971), B.Com. (1978), B.A. Tamil (1979) and self-financed B.Sc. Computer Science (1997), B.Sc. Physical Education (2002), B.Com. (2002), BBA (2003), BBM (2007) and BCA (2007). The commencing of post-graduate courses in 1971 was a significant landmark in the history of this college and now there are eleven postgraduate courses in arts, science and commerce subjects.

The courses offered at the postgraduate level include M.A. English Literature (1971), M.A. Economics (1971), M.Sc. Zoology (1980), M.Com. (1981), M.Sc. Chemistry (1982), M.Sc. Botany (1983), M.Sc. Physics (1987), M.Sc. Mathematics (1988) and self-financed M.A. History (1992), M.A. Tamil (1994), M.Sc. Computer Science (2003), PGDCA (2006), M.Sc. Micro-biology (2007) and PGDBM (2007).

Pre-doctoral courses were introduced in 1984. The following M.Phil. courses are offered by the college. They include zoology (1984), botany (1986), economics (1986), commerce (1991), Tamil (1996), physics (1996), English (2001), chemistry (2006), history (2006) and mathematics (2006). In 1990 the Madurai University recognized Scott Christian as a Research Centre for Economics and sanction was given for Ph.D. in economics from June 1990. In addition to the following Centres that offer facilities for doctoral research - zoology (1996), Tamil (1998), botany (1999), commerce (2000), English (2003), chemistry (2004), history (2008) and physics (2010). Intercom facilities were introduced in 1972 followed by fax and internet in 1999. A web page was added in 2001.

The Status of Autonomy was conferred on Scott Christian College, in April 2005, perhaps the most historic moment in the annals of this pioneering seat of higher learning in the South. The NAAC Peer team visit in campus in April 2009 and College was awarded 'A' the highest grade. The Ida Marsden Hostel was extended accommodation 500 students in 2009. The UGC has constituted an Expert Committee to evaluate the performance and academic attainments for the Extension of Autonomous Status. The process is expect to be completed within couple of months.

The Status of Autonomy was conferred on Scott Christian College, in April 2005.

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College
| NIRF_C_2022 = 96
}}
The college is ranked 100th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.scottchristian.org}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Education in Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1809]]
[[Category:1809 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1893]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Manal Naharam

2026-03-18T19:35:40Z

Kaurjenni51: New a data

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Shankar Panikkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manal Naharam
| image = Manal Naharam.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]
| producer = M.I. Vasanthkumar
| writer = M.I. Vasanthkumar
| story = Muraliraman
| starring =[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] [[Prajin]] [[Gautham Krishna]] Tejaswini Prakash [[Varuna Shetty]] Vinod Kumar Jaise Jose Jijesh Menon
| music = Rinil Gowtham
| cinematography = J.Sreedhar
| released = {{Film date|2015|02|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Manal Naharam''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and produced by M.I.Vasanthkumar and directed by [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] starring himself, [[Prajin]], [[Gautham Krishna]], Tejaswini Prakash, [[Varuna Shetty]], Vinod Kumar (VK), Jaise Jose and Jijesh Menon.

The film was dubbed in [[Malayalam]] as ''Sand City'', which was released on 2 January 2015. ''Manal Naharam'' was released on 27 February 2015.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Shankar's Impressive Tamil Debut-Manal Naharam |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shankars-Impressive-Tamil-Debut/2015/02/28/article2690185.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402224345/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shankars-Impressive-Tamil-Debut/2015/02/28/article2690185.ece |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2015-03-01 |publisher=newindianexpress}}</ref>

==Plot ==

''Manal Naharam'' explores the stories of young Indians who travel to Dubai for better jobs and futures, leaving behind their families. The movie deals with friendship and romance.<ref name="Manal Nagaram">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=Shankar directs Tamil film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/entertainment-kollywood/article/shankar-directs-tamil-film |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=deccanchronicle}}</ref>

Mansur (Prajin), a sales commission agent in Dubai is in love with Poornima (Tanishka), a waitress at a restaurant. Anand (Gautham), in search of a job, is loved by Nisha (Varuna Shetty), the daughter of business tycoon Ibrahim Rabbani (Shankar). James (Jaise Jose), the third person in the group, gets into trouble that complicates things for everyone.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Ibrahim Rabbani
*[[Prajin]] as Manzoor
*[[Gautham Krishna]] as Aanand
*Tejaswini Prakash as Thanishka
*[[Varuna Shetty]] as Nisha
*Vinod Kumar (VK) as Mohan Raj
*Jaise Jose as James
*Jijesh Menon as Noushad
*Sakshi Sharma as Fathima
*Rex George
*"Engal Aasan" Raamki as Gopalakrishnan
*Dubai Kannan
*"Caravan" Arunachalam
*''Kaadhal'' Saravanan
*Muraliraman
*Rajesh B
*Master Ashwanth
{{Colend}}

==Production==
[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] was impressed by the story line given by his friend Muraliraman from Dubai. M.I.Vasanthkumar wrote the screenplay and produced the film.<ref name="Manal Nagaram" /> [[Gautham Krishna|Gautham Krishn]], [[Prajin]] and Tejaswini Prakash were cast in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prathibha Joy |date=2013-07-09 |title=Tejaswini to debut in three industries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Tejaswini-to-debut-in-three-industries/articleshow/20970987.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-09/news-interviews/40468821_1_bangalore-lass-mollywood-film |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2013-08-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prathibha Joy |date=2013-07-10 |title=Tejaswini to debut in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Tejaswini-to-debut-in-three-industries/articleshow/20970987.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-09/news-interviews/40468821_1_bangalore-lass-mollywood-film |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2013-08-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Newcomer [[Varuna Shetty]] and Narayana Kannan from Dubai.

Renil Gowtham, the music director of [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]' s directorial debut ''Virus'' was signed for music department, while J.Sreedhar, who has worked on ''[[Challenge 2]]'' was assigned the cinematography.

The preliminary schedule of the film took place in Chennai in March 2013, before the crew left for the remainder of the shooting in Dubai. "The 50-day shooting was very tough and challenging", said Shankar.<ref name="Manal Nagaram" />

==Music==

''Manal Naharam''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s audio was launched on 14 July 2014 at RKV Studios, Chennai attended by the cast of both ''Manal Naharam'' and the team of the directors first Tamil feature ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' as they celebrated the 34 year reunion of that film's release. [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]], Kailash, cameraman Rajasekhar (Rajasekhar-Robert) and [[T. Rajendar]] spoke on the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=34 வருடங்களுக்குப்பின் 'ஒருதலை ராகம்' நடித்த நடிகர்-நடிகை -படக்குழுவினர் சந்திப்பு |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2014/07/15140658/34-Years-Later-Oruthalai-ragam-Meet-the-crew.vpf |access-date=14 April 2017 |publisher=[[Dina Thanthi]]}}</ref> The Malayalam dubbed version ''Sand City''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s audio was launched on 15 October at [[Oberoi Hotels & Resorts|The Oberoi]], [[Dubai]] attended by the entire cast and crew of Sand City. Apart from the team, actor [[Rizabawa]] also spoke on the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-17 |title=Actor Shankar's directorial Sand City to release |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/357686/Outside-Kerala/17-OCTOBER-2014#page/2/1 |access-date=2014-10-20 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Manal Naharam
| type = film
| artist = Rinil Gowtham
| cover =
| alt =
| language = Tamil
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:48
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

;Tamil Soundtrack
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Nadhi Pokum Dishai..." || Hari Hara Sudhan || Tamil Amudhan
|-
| 2 || "Usharaiah Usharu..." || Anitha || Tamil Amudhan
|-
| 3 || "Theeyaga Theeyaga..." || [[Sulfiq L.]] || Tamil Amudhan
|-
| 4 || "Vaan Mazhai..." || V. V. Prasanna || Raaj Kannan
|-
| 5 || "Kanava Nijama..." || V. V. Prasanna & Reshma || Mani Bharathy
|}

;Malayalam (Dubbed) Soundtrack<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7777|title=Sand City [2015]|website=en.msidb.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Oru Yatra Mozhi..." || Anwar Sadath || Neha Gayal
|-
| 2 || "Usharaiah Usharu..." || Anitha || Tamil Amudhan
|-
| 3 || "Theechoodi Theechoodi..." || Sulfiq L. || Rinil Gowtham
|-
| 4 || "Njan Oru Minnal Kodi..." || Sulfiq L. || Chitoor Gopi
|-
| 5 || "Manasil Mazhaiyai..." || Anoop Shankar & Sitara || Sibi Padiyera
|}

==Reception==

''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave 71 marks out of 100 for Manal Naharam appreciating the film as ''attractive''. They lauded director Shankar's effort in presenting the film in a touching manner. The technical side of the film, especially songs, cinematography, background score and dialogues were also appreciated. Thanishka and [[Varuna Shetty]] along with villain actor Vinod Kumar (VK) and [[Prajin]]' s performances were commended.<ref name="maalaimalar">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-27 |title=மணல் நகரம் (2015)- விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2015/02/27122025/Manal-Nagaram-Movie-Review.vpf |access-date=2015-03-01 |publisher=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' praised the screenplay, acting and the direction in Shankar's Tamil directorial debut.<ref name=newindianexpress/>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the Malayalam dubbed version as average and appreciated the photography of the film, summing up as "the film could have been much better if treated well".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-06 |title=Sand City Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Sand-City/movie-review/45774122.cms |access-date=2015-01-07 |publisher=timesofindia}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3862770|Manal Naharam}}
{{Shankar Panicker}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]

Rajkot State

2026-03-15T17:41:12Z

Kaurjenni51: starting initial data more to come - done

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = રાજકોટ રજવાડું<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhagvadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82&type=1&page=0 |title=BhagwatGoMandal |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105172417/http://www.bhagvadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82&type=1&page=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| conventional_long_name = Rajkot State
| common_name = Rajkot
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| capital = Rajkot
| era =
| year_start = 1620
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end = 15 February
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Indian Union]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Rajkot Principality.gif
| image_coat = Rajkot Emblem.jpg
| image_map = SaurashtraKart.jpg
| image_map_caption = Location of Rajkot State in Saurashtra
| stat_area1 = 730
| stat_year1 = 1931
| stat_pop1 = 75,540
| footnotes =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[Thakur]] [[Sahib]]
}}
[[File:Lakhajirajsinhji II Bavajirajsinhji.jpg|thumb|Thakor [[Lakhajirajsinhji II Bavajirajsinhji]] of Rajkot.]]
'''Rajkot State''' was one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the period of [[British Raj|British rule]]. It was a 9-gun [[salute state]] belonging to the [[Kathiawar Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/rajkot.html |title=Rajkot Princely State (9 gun salute) |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019024451/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/rajkot.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its capital was in [[Rajkot]], located in the historical [[Halar]] region of [[Kathiawar]] on the banks of the [[Aji River, Gujarat|Aji River]]. Nowadays, Rajkot is the fourth largest city of [[Gujarat]] state.

== History ==
Rajkot was founded by [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] [[Sahib]] Vibhoji Ajoji Jadeja in 1620. He was the grandson of Jam Shri Satarsal (Sataji) Vibhaji Jadeja of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} Jadeja Shri Viblioji was the founder of House of Rajkot. Jam Sataji of Nawanagar who died in 1608 A. D. had three sons Ajoji, Jasaji and Vibhaji. Ajaji who was slain in the battle known as “Bhucherinori ” had two sons Lakhaji and Vibhaji. Opinion is divided as to which of these two Vibhajis was the founder of the Rajkot House. One version maintains that Vibhaji, the son of Jam Sataji, was the founder. Another version associates with this circumstance the name of Vibhaji, the grandson of Jam Sataji.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} The [[Kotwal|kotwals]] of the royal palace of [[Rajkot]].

==Rulers and administrators==
The rulers of Rajkot were titled 'Thakur Sahib' with the style of 'His Highness, and belonged to the [[Jadeja|Jadeja Rajput]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indstat2.html|title=Indian states before 1947 K-W|website=rulers.org|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309094834/http://www.rulers.org/indstat2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Thakur Sahibs===

*1694 – 1720 Mehramamji vibhaji
II (d. 1720)
*1720 – 1732 Masum Khan Shughaat-Mughal governor(d. 1732)
*1732 – 1746 Ranmalji I Mehramamji (d. 1746)
*1746 – 17.. Lakhaji I Ranmalji (1st time) (d. 1796)
*17.. – 1794 Mehramamji III Lakhaji (d. 1794)
*1794 – 1795 Lakhaji I Ranmalji (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1795 – 1825 Ranmalji II Mehramamji (d. 1825)
*1825 – 1844 Surajji Ranmalji (d. 1844)
*1844 – 8 Nov 1862 Mehramamji IV Surajji (d. 1862)
* 8 Nov 1862 – 16 Apr 1890 Bawajiraj Mehrmansinhji (b. 1856 – d. 1890)
*1862 – 1867 Thakurani Bai Shri Naniba (d. 1893) Kunverba (f) -Regent
**1867 – 17 Jan 1876 J.H. Lloyd -Regent
*16 Apr 1890 – 2 Feb 1930 Lakhajiraj III Bawajiraj (b. 1885 – d. 1930) (from 3 Jun 1918, [[Lakhajirajsinhji II Bavajirajsinhji|Sir Lakhajiraj III Bawajiraj]])
**16 Apr 1890 – 21 Oct 1907 .... -Regent
* 2 Feb 1930 – 11 Jun 1940 Dharmendrasinhji Lakhajirajsinhji (b. 1910 – d. 1940)
*11 Jun 1940 – 15 Aug 1947 [[Pradyumansinhji Lakhajirajsinhji]] (b. 1913 – d. 1973)

The city of Rajkot became the headquarters of the [[Western India States Agency]] in 1924.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==See also==
*[[List of Rajput dynasties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.palacesofindia.com/destinations/gujarat/rajkot/heritage-khirasara-palace/101-heritage-khirasara-palace-history.html Palaces of India - Heritage Khirasara Palace, Khirasara, Rajkot, Gujarat]
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rajkot |volume=22 |page=865 |short=1}}

{{Coord|22.3000|N|70.7833|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:History of Rajkot]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Jadejas]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:1620 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Loretta Lynn

2026-03-10T13:22:31Z

Kaurjenni51: general adjusted references based on references for clarity

{{Short description|American country singer (1932–2022)}}
{{distinguish|Loretta Lynch}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Loretta Lynn
| image = LorettaLynn1960s.jpg
| caption = Publicity photo, 1965
| alt =
| birth_name = Loretta Webb
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1932 |4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Butcher Hollow, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|04|1932|4|14}}
| death_place = [[Hurricane Mills, Tennessee]], U.S.
| resting_place = Hurricane Mills, Tennessee
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 1960–2022
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Oliver Lynn]]|1948|1996|end = died}}
| children = 6, including [[The Lynns|Peggy and Patsy]]
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Crystal Gayle]] (sister)
* [[Jay Lee Webb]] (brother)
* [[Peggy Sue (singer)|Peggy Sue]] (sister)
}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist |embed=yes
| instrument = {{flatlist|
*Vocals
*guitar}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Country music|Country]]
*[[honky-tonk]]
*[[Americana (music)|Americana]]
*[[gospel music|gospel]]}}
| label = {{flatlist|
*[[Zero Records|Zero]]
*[[Decca Records|Decca]]
*[[MCA Records|MCA]]
*[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
*[[Third Man Records|Third Man]]
*Audium
*[[Interscope]]
*[[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]]}}
}}
| website = {{URL|lorettalynn.com}}
}}

'''Loretta Lynn''' ([[maiden name|''née'']] '''Webb'''; April 14, 1932 – October 4, 2022) was an American [[country music]] singer and songwriter. In a career spanning six decades, Lynn released multiple [[gold album]]s. She had numerous hits such as "[[Hey Loretta]]", "[[The Pill (song)|The Pill]]", "[[Blue Kentucky Girl (song)|Blue Kentucky Girl]]", "[[Love Is the Foundation (song)|Love Is the Foundation]]", "[[You're Lookin' at Country (song)|You're Lookin' at Country]]", "[[You Ain't Woman Enough (song)|You Ain't Woman Enough]]", "[[I'm a Honky Tonk Girl]]", "[[Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)]]", "[[One's on the Way]]", "[[Fist City]]", and "[[Coal Miner's Daughter (song)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]". The 1980 musical film ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'' was based on her life, in which actress [[Sissy Spacek]] portrayed Lynn.

Lynn received many awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music, including awards from both the [[Country Music Association]] and [[Academy of Country Music]] (ACM) as a duet partner and an individual artist. She was nominated 18 times for a [[Grammy Award]] and won three times.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2020 |title=Loretta Lynn |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/loretta-lynn/11916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104195323/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/loretta-lynn/11916 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=October 26, 2020 |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}</ref> {{As of|2022|post=,}} Lynn was the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade (the 1970s). Lynn scored 24 {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 1 hit singles and 11 number-one albums. She ended 57 years of touring on the road after she suffered a stroke in 2017 and broke her hip in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn Biography |website=Biography.com |date=January 9, 2018 |url=https://www.biography.com/musician/loretta-lynn}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1932, in [[Butcher Hollow, Kentucky]]. She was the oldest daughter and second child born to Clara Marie "Clary" (''née'' Ramey; May 5, 1912 – November 24, 1981) and Melvin Theodore "Ted" Webb (June 6, 1906 – February 22, 1959). Ted was a coal miner and [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmer]]. Lynn had one older sibling, Melvin "Junior" Webb (1929–1993), and six younger siblings: Herman Webb (1934–2018), [[Jay Lee Webb|Willie "Jay" Lee Webb]] (February 12, 1937 – July 31, 1996), Donald Ray Webb (1941–2017), [[Peggy Sue (singer)|Peggy Sue Wright]] (née Webb; born March 25, 1943), Betty Ruth Hopkins (née Webb; born 1946), and [[Crystal Gayle]] (born Brenda Gail Webb; January 9, 1951). The family claims [[Cherokee]] heritage on Lynn's mother's side, but have not been officially recognized by that tribe. Lynn was named after the film star [[Loretta Young]].
[[File:Loretta Lynn Homeplace.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Childhood home of Loretta Lynn in Kentucky]] Loretta's father Ted died at the age of 52 from a stroke four years after relocating with her mother and younger siblings to [[Wabash, Indiana]]. He had also been battling [[Coalworker's pneumoconiosis|black lung disease]] at the time of his death.

Through her [[Matrilineality|matriline]], Lynn was distant cousins with country singer [[Patty Loveless]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/322247441/?terms=%22loretta%20lynn%22%20%22patty%20loveless%22&match=1 |title=6 Oct 1989, 102 |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=October 6, 1989 |accessdate=October 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Loretta-Lynn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180310160218/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Loretta-Lynn |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote="Although she claimed 1935 as her birth year, various official documents indicate that she was born in 1932"}}</ref><ref name="Official website">{{cite web |title=WELCOME 2017 |url=https://www.lorettalynn.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060321140620/http://www.lorettalynn.com/ |archive-date=March 21, 2006 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=LorettaLynn.com}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite web |last=Whiteley |first=Jenni |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Country music star Crystal Gayle coming to Fort Hall Oct. 13 |url=https://apnews.com/1f39f58f44b34bb0b75946c966a61e03 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref><ref name="kencenter">[http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=5729&source_type=A "About the Artist: Biography of Loretta Lynn"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208092941/http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=5729&source_type=A |date=December 8, 2006 }}. [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/country-music-star-loretta-lynn-dies-age-90-2022-10-04/|title=Country music star Loretta Lynn dies at age 90|first1=Bill |last1=Trott |work=Reuters |date=October 5, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paintsvilleherald.com/news/johnson-county-native-and-legend-loretta-lynn-passes-at-90/article_daa9d2a4-4485-11ed-b546-43ac2752a0ac.html|title=Johnson County native and legend Loretta Lynn passes at 90|first1=Waylon |last1=Whitson |first2=Justin |last2=Begley |date=October 5, 2022 |website=The Paintsville Herald}}</ref><ref name="Siblings">{{cite web |last1=Fox |first1=Courtney |title=Loretta Lynn's Siblings: Then and Now |url=https://www.wideopencountry.com/loretta-lynn-siblings/ |website=Wide Open Country |access-date=October 11, 2022 |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name="WaPoObit">{{cite news |last1=McArdle |first1=Terence |title=Loretta Lynn, ever a 'Coal Miner's Daughter,' dies at 90 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/10/04/loretta-lynn-country-star-dead/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-access=limited |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Peggy Sue AllMusic">{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=Sandra |title=Peggy Sue Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/peggy-sue-mn0001205571/biography |website=[[AllMusic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513095655/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/peggy-sue-mn0001205571/biography |archive-date=May 13, 2015 |language=en |year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/loretta-lynn-siblings-4840440/|title=Loretta Lynn's Siblings: Everything To Know About Country Legend's 7 Brothers & Sisters|first1=Jason |last1=Brow |date=October 4, 2022|website=hollywoodlife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/arts/music/loretta-lynn-dead.html|title=Loretta Lynn, Country Music Star and Symbol of Rural Resilience, Dies at 90|first1=Bill |last1=Friskics-Warren |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
===1960–1966: Early country success===
[[File:Loretta Lynn LCCN2021643178 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lynn in 1962]]
Lynn began singing in local clubs in the late 1950s. She later formed her own band, the Trailblazers which included her brother Jay Lee Webb. Lynn won a wristwatch in a televised talent contest in [[Tacoma, Washington]], hosted by [[Buck Owens]]. Lynn's performance was seen by Canadian [[Norm Burley]] of [[Zero Records]], who co-founded the record company after hearing Loretta sing.<ref name="webbio">[http://www.lorettalynn.com/bio "Van Lear Rose"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206201143/http://www.lorettalynn.com/bio/ |date=February 6, 2007 }}. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref>

[[Zero Records]] president, Canadian [[Don Grashey]], arranged a recording session in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], where four of Lynn's compositions were recorded, including "I'm A Honky Tonk Girl", "Whispering Sea", "Heartache Meet Mister Blues", and "New Rainbow". Her first release featured "Whispering Sea" and "[[I'm a Honky Tonk Girl]]". Lynn signed her first contract on February 2, 1960, with Zero. Her album was recorded at [[United Western Recorders]] in Hollywood, engineered by Don Blake and produced by Grashey.<ref name=Grashey>{{cite web |title=KochDistribution.com |url=http://www.kochdistribution.com/catalog/moreAudio.aspx?fn=CoverArt&upc=684038811922&item=AUD-CD-8119&Muze=377039&title=Still+Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222822/http://www.kochdistribution.com/catalog/moreAudio.aspx?fn=CoverArt&upc=684038811922&item=AUD-CD-8119&Muze=377039&title=Still+Country |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |website=kochdistribution.com |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Joseph Mauro 1995 p. 45">"Honky Tonk Make Believe", Don Grashy – Co. Joseph Mauro, "MY RAMBLING HEART" (Washington. DC: 1995), p. 45.</ref> Musicians who played on the songs were steel guitar player [[Speedy West]],<ref name="honkytonk">{{Cite book |last=Loretta |first=Lynn |title=Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-59489-1 |location=New York |pages=10–11}}</ref> fiddler Harold Hensley, guitarist Roy Lanham, Al Williams on bass, and Muddy Berry on drums.<ref>[http://countrydiscography.blogspot.com/2011/05/loretta-lynn-part-1.html PragueFrank's Country Music Discographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106083038/http://countrydiscography.blogspot.com/2011/05/loretta-lynn-part-1.html |date=November 6, 2013 }}, countrydiscography.blogspot.com; May 2011</ref>{{User-generated inline|date=October 2022}} Lynn commented on the different sound of her first record: "Well, there is a West Coast sound that is definitely not the same as the Nashville sound [...] It was a shuffle with a West Coast beat".<ref name="honkytonk" />

The Lynns toured the country to promote the release to country stations,<ref name=webbio/> while Grashey and Del Roy took the music to [[KFRN|KFOX]] in [[Long Beach, California]].<ref name="Joseph Mauro 1995 p. 45" /> When the Lynns reached [[Nashville]], the song was a hit, climbing to No. 14 on Billboard's Country and Western chart, and Lynn began cutting demo records for the [[The Wilburn Brothers|Wilburn Brothers Publishing Company]]. Through the Wilburns, she secured a contract with [[Decca Records]].<ref name=webbio/> The first Loretta Lynn Fan Club formed in November 1960. By the end of the year, [[Billboard magazine]] listed Lynn as the No. 4 Most Promising Country Female Artist.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |date=October 31, 1960 |title=Most Promising Female Artists of C&W Jockeys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 |magazine=Billboard |page=26}}</ref>

Lynn's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, beginning in 1960,<ref name=cmhf/> helped Lynn become the No. 1 female recording artist in country music. Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material. She unsuccessfully fought the Wilburn Brothers for 30 years to regain the publishing rights to her songs after ending her business relationship with them. Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of the contracts. Lynn joined the [[The Grand Ole Opry|Grand Ole Opry]] on September 25, 1962.<ref name="Official website" />

Lynn credited [[Patsy Cline]] as her mentor and best friend during her early years in music.<ref name="nbc2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/patsy-cline-and-loretta-lynn-friendship |author=White, Jessica |date=Mar 15, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2026 |website=NBC |title=Loretta Lynn on Her Deep Friendship with Patsy Cline: "Life Got Better For Me..." }}</ref> In 2010, when interviewed for [[Jimmy McDonough]]'s biography of [[Tammy Wynette]], ''Tammy Wynette: Tragic Country Queen'', Lynn said of having best friends in Patsy and Tammy during different times: "Best friends are like husbands. You only need one at a time."<ref>{{cite web |date=June 13, 2014 |title=Loretta Lynn: Country superstar whose style, courage and panache have made her a legend, plays the Hard Rock Rocksino on Thursday (Commentary) |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2014/06/loretta_lynn_country_superstar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232351/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2014/06/loretta_lynn_country_superstar.html |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>

Lynn released her first Decca single, "[[Success (Loretta Lynn song)|Success]]", in 1962, and it went straight to No. 6, beginning a string of top 10 singles that would run throughout the 1970s. Lynn's music began to regularly hit the Top 10 after 1964 with songs such as "[[Before I'm Over You (song)|Before I'm Over You]]", which peaked at No.{{nbsp}}4, followed by "[[Wine, Women and Song (song)|Wine, Women and Song]]", which peaked at No.{{nbsp}}3. In late 1964, she recorded a duet album with [[Ernest Tubb]]. Their lead single, "[[Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be]]", peaked within the Top 15. The pair recorded two more albums, ''[[Singin' Again]]'' (1967) and ''[[If We Put Our Heads Together]]'' (1969). In 1965, her solo career continued with three major hits, "[[Happy Birthday (Merry Christmas and Happy New Year)|Happy Birthday]]", "[[Blue Kentucky Girl (song)|Blue Kentucky Girl]]" (later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by [[Emmylou Harris]]), and "[[The Home You're Tearing Down]]". Lynn's label issued two albums that year, [[Songs from My Heart....|''Songs from My Heart'']] and [[Blue Kentucky Girl (Loretta Lynn album)|''Blue Kentucky Girl'']].<ref name="Billboard Singles">{{Cite book |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |title=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 |publisher=Record Research, Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-177-2}}</ref>

Lynn's first self-penned song to crack the Top 10, 1966's "[[Dear Uncle Sam]]", was among the first recordings to recount the human costs of the Vietnam War.<ref name="Official website" /> Her 1966 hit "[[You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)]]" made Lynn the first country female recording artist to write a No.{{nbsp}}1 hit.<ref>[http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/lynn_loretta/bio.jhtml Loretta Lynn Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105054357/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/lynn_loretta/bio.jhtml |date=November 5, 2007 }}, Country Music Television website. Retrieved May 4, 2014.</ref>

===1967–1980: Breakthrough success===
In 1967, Lynn released the single "[[Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)]]",<ref>Wolff, Kurt (2000). ''In Country Music: The Rough Guide''. Orla Duane (ed.), London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 311.</ref> It was her second number one country hit.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006, Second edition|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=209}}</ref>

Lynn's next album, ''[[Fist City (Loretta Lynn album)|Fist City]]'', was released in 1968. The [[Fist City|title track]] became Lynn's third No. 1 hit, as a single earlier that year, and the other single from the album, "[[What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)]]", peaked within the top 10. In 1968, her next studio album, ''[[Your Squaw Is on the Warpath]]'', spawned two Top 5 Country hits, including the [[Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (song)|title track]] and "[[You've Just Stepped In (From Stepping Out on Me)]]". In 1969, her next single, "[[Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)]]", was Lynn's fourth chart-topper, followed by a subsequent Top 10, "[[To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)]]". Her song "[[You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)]]", was an instant hit and became one of Lynn's all-time most popular. Her career continued to be successful into the 1970s, especially following the success of her autobiographical hit "[[Coal Miner's Daughter (song)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]", which peaked at No. 1 on the [[Hot Country Songs|Billboard Country Chart]] in 1970. The song became her first single to chart on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], peaking at No. 83. She had a series of singles that charted low on the Hot 100 between 1970 and 1975. In 1978, she became a special guest star on ''[[The Muppet Show]]''. The song "Coal Miner's Daughter" later served as the impetus for her bestselling autobiography (1976) and the [[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)|Oscar-winning biopic]], both of which share the song's title.<ref>''Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music In America''. Paul Kingsbury & Alanna Nash (eds.) London: Rough Guides Ltd., 2006, p. 251</ref>

In 1973, "[[Rated "X"]]" peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and was considered one of Lynn's most controversial hits. The following year, her next single, "[[Love Is the Foundation (song)|Love Is the Foundation]]", also became a No. 1 country hit from her [[Love Is the Foundation|album of the same name]]. The second and last single from that album, "[[Hey Loretta]]", became a Top 5 hit. Lynn continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade, including 1975's "[[The Pill (song)|The Pill]]", one of the first songs to discuss [[birth control]]. Many of Lynn's songs were autobiographical, and as a songwriter, Lynn felt no topic was off limits, as long as it was relatable to women.<ref name=CBS/> In 1976, she released her autobiography, ''Coal Miner's Daughter'', with the help of writer [[George Vecsey]]. It became a bestseller, with more than 8 weeks on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/08/archives/paperback-talk-paperback-talk.html|title=PAPERBACK TALK|first=Ray|last=Walters|newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 8, 1977}}</ref>

====Professional partnership with Conway Twitty====
[[File:DavidConwayLoretta.jpg|thumb|right|David Barnes, Conway Twitty and Lynn in 1979]]In 1971, Lynn began a professional partnership with [[Conway Twitty]]. As a duo, Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive No. 1 hits between 1971 and 1975, including "[[After the Fire Is Gone]]" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; "[[Lead Me On (Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn song)|Lead Me On]]" (1971); "[[Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man (song)|Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man]]" (1973); "[[As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone]]" (1974); and "[[Feelins']]" (1974). For four consecutive years, 1972–1975, Lynn and Twitty were named the "Vocal Duo of the Year" by the [[Country Music Association]]. The [[Academy of Country Music]] named them the "[[Academy of Country Music Award for Entertainer of the Year|Best Vocal Duet]]" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and 1976. The [[American Music awards]] selected them as the "Favorite Country Duo" in 1975, 1976, and 1977. The fan-voted [[CMT Music Awards|Music City News]] readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981, inclusive. In addition to their five No. 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Music – Music News, New Songs, Videos, Music Shows and Playlists from CMT |url=https://www.cmt.com/fan-hub/music?xrs=PPM-18-10caf1h |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042146/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/gerrard_alice/bio.jhtml |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |access-date=February 11, 2019 |publisher=Country Music Television}}</ref>

As a solo artist, Lynn continued her success in 1971, achieving her fifth No. 1 solo hit, "[[One's on the Way]]", written by poet and songwriter [[Shel Silverstein]]. She also charted with "[[I Wanna Be Free (Loretta Lynn song)|I Wanna Be Free]]", "[[You're Lookin' at Country (song)|You're Lookin' at Country]]", and 1972's "[[Here I Am Again (song)|Here I Am Again]]", all released on separate albums. The next year, she became the first country star on the cover of ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref name="countrypolitan.com">[http://www.countrypolitan.com/bio-loretta-lynn.php Loretta Lynn biography], Countrypolitan.com. Retrieved April 18, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206185830/http://www.countrypolitan.com/bio-loretta-lynn.php |date=February 6, 2008 }}</ref> In 1972, Lynn was the first woman to be nominated and win Entertainer of the Year at the CMA awards. She won the Female Vocalist of the Year and Duo of the Year with Conway Twitty, beating out [[George Jones]] and Tammy Wynette and [[Porter Wagoner]] and [[Dolly Parton]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 9, 2008 |title=CMA Awards: Archive: 1972 |url=http://www.cmt.com/cma-awards/1972.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924020939/http://www.cmt.com/cma-awards/1972.jhtml |archive-date=September 24, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |website=[[Country Music Association Awards]]}}</ref>

====Tribute album for Patsy Cline, other projects, and honors====
In 1977, Lynn recorded ''[[I Remember Patsy]]'', an album dedicated to her friend, singer [[Patsy Cline]], who died in a plane crash in 1963. The album covered some of Cline's biggest hits. The two singles Lynn released from the album, "[[She's Got You]]" and "Why Can't He Be You", became hits. "She's Got You", which went to No. 1 by Cline in 1962 and went to No. 1 again by Lynn. "[[Why Can't He Be You]]" peaked at No. 7. Lynn had her last No. 1 hit in 1978 with "[[Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (song)|Out of My Head and Back in My Bed]]".<ref name="Billboard Singles"/>

In 1979, Lynn had two Top 5 hits, "[[I Can't Feel You Anymore]]" and "[[I've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind]]", from separate albums.<ref name="Whitburn">{{cite book |title= The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944–2006, Second edition|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research}}</ref>
[[File:Loretta Lynn 1975 on tour.jpg|thumb|upright|Lynn on tour in 1975]]
Devoted to her fans, Lynn told the editor of [[Salisbury, Maryland]]'s newspaper the reason she signed hundreds of autographs: "These people are my fans... I'll stay here until the very last one wants my autograph. Without these people, I am nobody. I love these people." In 1979, she became the spokesperson for [[Procter & Gamble]]'s [[Crisco]] Oil. Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s, Lynn was named the "Artist of the Decade" by the Academy of Country Music. She is the only woman to have won this honor.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/loretta-lynn-awards-show-history/|title=The Many Times Loretta Lynn Made Awards Show History|first1=Paul|last1=Grein|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>

Lynn became a part of the country music scene in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] in the 1960s. In 1967, she had the first of 16 No. 1 hits, out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner.<ref name="Loretta Lynn at CMT.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmt.com/fan-hub/music?xrs=PPM-18-10caf1h|title=Country Music Music News, New Songs, Videos, Music Shows and Playlists from CMT|publisher=Country Music Television|access-date=February 11, 2019}}</ref> Her later hits include "[[Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)]]", "[[You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)]]", "[[Fist City]]", and "[[Coal Miner's Daughter (song)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]".<ref name="Coal Miner's Daughter, p. 73">''Coal Miner's Daughter''. p. 73.</ref>

Lynn focused on women's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses. Her music was inspired by issues she faced in her marriage. She widened the boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control ("[[The Pill (song)|The Pill]]"), repeated childbirth ("[[One's on the Way]]"), double standards for men and women ("[[Rated "X"|Rated 'X']]"), and being widowed by the draft during the [[Vietnam War]] ("Dear Uncle Sam").<ref>{{cite web|last=Thanki|first=Juli|title=20 Most Controversial Songs by Women|url=http://www.engine145.com/20-most-controversial-songs-by-women|publisher=Engine 145|access-date=April 6, 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407104144/http://www.engine145.com/20-most-controversial-songs-by-women/|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>

Country music radio stations often refused to play her music and in a 1987 interview she said eight of her songs had been banned.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2022-10-04/loretta-lynn-dead-at-90-was-unapologetic-in-our-1987-interview-ive-had-eight-of-my-songs-banned
|title = Loretta Lynn, dead at 90, was unapologetic in our 1987 interview: 'I've had eight of my songs banned!'|date = October 4, 2022|accessdate = October 6, 2022|first1= George |last1=Varga |newspaper = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref>

Her bestselling 1976 autobiography, ''[[Loretta Lynn: Coal Miner's Daughter|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'', was made into an [[Academy Award]]–winning [[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)|film with the same title]] in 1980, starring [[Sissy Spacek]] and [[Tommy Lee Jones]]. Spacek won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her role as Lynn. Lynn's album ''[[Van Lear Rose]]'', released in 2004, was produced by the [[alternative rock]] musician [[Jack White]]. Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys and won two.<ref name="47th Grammy">{{cite web|title=2004 GRAMMY WINNERS{{!}}47th Annual GRAMMY Awards|url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/47th-annual-grammy-awards|website=[[The Recording Academy]]|access-date=October 11, 2022|date=January 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2007/12/loretta-lynn-love-is-the-foundation.html|title=Loretta Lynn – Love Is The Foundation|access-date=October 30, 2018|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116142209/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2007/12/loretta-lynn-love-is-the-foundation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lynn received numerous awards in country and American music. She was inducted into the [[Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 1983, the [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum|Country Music Hall of Fame]] in 1988, and the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 2008. She was honored in 2010 at the [[Academy of Country Music|Country Music Awards]]. She was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Barack Obama]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/presidential-medal-of-freedom-honors-diverse-group-of-americans/2013/11/20/7651bcdc-5190-11e3-9e2c-e1d01116fd98_story.html|title=Presidential Medal of Freedom honors diverse group of Americans|last=Branigin|first=William|date=November 20, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 17, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Lynn was a member of the [[The Grand Ole Opry|Grand Ole Opry]] since joining on September 25, 1962. Her debut appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15, 1960. Lynn recorded 70 albums including 54 studio albums, 15 compilation albums, and a tribute album.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discography|url=http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?page_id=499|publisher=LorettaLynn.com|access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=self-published source|date=November 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicbrainz.org/artist/613260c3-d620-4645-94cd-33cd55f29b1e/releases|title=Loretta Lynn – Releases – MusicBrainz|website=musicbrainz.org|language=en|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref>

===1980–1989: Movie and popularity===
On March 5, 1980, the film ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'' debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States. The film starred [[Sissy Spacek]] as Loretta and [[Tommy Lee Jones]] as her husband, Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn. The film received seven [[Academy Award]] nominations, winning the [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] Oscar for Spacek, a gold album for the soundtrack album, a Grammy nomination for Spacek, [[Country Music Association]] and [[Academy of Country Music]] awards, and several [[Golden Globe]] awards. The 1980s featured more hits, including "[[Pregnant Again]]", "[[Naked in the Rain (Loretta Lynn song)|Naked in the Rain]]", and "[[Somebody Led Me Away]]".<ref name="countrypolitan.com" /> Lynn's last Top 10 record as a soloist was 1982's "[[I Lie (song)|I Lie]]", but her releases continued to chart until the end of the decade.<ref name="Billboard Singles" />

One of her last solo releases was "[[Heart Don't Do This to Me]]" (1985), which reached No. 19, her last Top 20 hit. Her 1985 album ''Just a Woman'' spawned a Top 40 hit. In 1987, Lynn lent her voice to a song on [[k.d. lang]]'s album ''Shadowland'' with country stars [[Kitty Wells]] and [[Brenda Lee]], "Honky Tonk Angels Medley". The album was certified gold and was Grammy nominated for the four women. Lynn's 1988 album ''[[Who Was That Stranger]]'' would be her last solo album for MCA, which she parted ways with in 1989.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 17, 1989 |title=The Rosters They Are A- Changin' |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1989/BB-1989-06-17.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210924195707/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1989/BB-1989-06-17.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref> She was inducted into the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] in 1988.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070718122135/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/lorettalynn/biography Loretta Lynn profile], ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved April 18, 2008.</ref>

===1990–2004: Return to country and second autobiography===
Lynn returned to the public eye in 1993 with a hit album, the trio album ''Honky Tonk Angels'', recorded with [[Dolly Parton]] and [[Tammy Wynette]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/464876360/?terms=%22Honky%20Tonk%20Angels%22%20%22dolly%20parton%22%20%22tammy%20wynette%22%20%22loretta%20lynn%22&match=1 |title=29 Sep 1993, 18 |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=September 29, 1993 |accessdate=October 5, 2022}}</ref> The album peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Country charts and No. 42 on the Billboard Pop charts and charted a single with "Silver Threads and Golden Needles". The album sold more than 800,000 copies and was certified gold in the United States and Canada. The trio was nominated for Grammy and Country Music Association awards. Lynn released a three-CD boxed set chronicling her career on MCA Records. In 1995, she taped a seven-week series on the Nashville Network ([[The Nashville Network|TNN]]), ''Loretta Lynn & Friends''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/looking-back-at-the-life-and-legacy-of-loretta-lynn|title=Looking back at the life and legacy of Loretta Lynn|date=October 4, 2022|website=News Channel 5 Nashville (WTVF)}}</ref>

In 1995, Loretta was presented with the Pioneer Award at the 30th Academy of Country Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/233899853/?terms=%22loretta%20lynn%22%20%22%20Pioneer%20Award%22&match=1 |title=26 May 1995, Page 100 |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=May 26, 1995 |accessdate=October 5, 2022}}</ref> In 1996, Lynn's husband, Oliver Vanetta "Doolittle" Lynn, died five days short of his 70th birthday. In 2000, Lynn released her first album in several years, ''[[Still Country]]'', in which she included "I Can't Hear the Music", a tribute song to her late husband. She released her first new single in more than 10 years from the album, "Country in My Genes". The single charted on the Billboard Country singles chart and made Lynn the first woman in country music to chart singles in five decades. In 2002, Lynn published her second autobiography, ''[[Still Woman Enough]]'', and it became her second ''[[New York Times]]'' Best Seller, peaking in the top 10. In 2004, she published a cookbook, ''You're Cookin' It Country''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/23389221/loretta-lynn-youre-cookin-it-country-cookbook-appreciation|title=Late Country Legend Loretta Lynn Was Also One Hell of a Home Cook|first=Amy|last=McCarthy|date=October 5, 2022|website=Eater}}</ref>

===2004–2022: Late career resurgence===
[[File:Loretta Lynn SXSW 2016 -8842 (33197871691).jpg|thumb|upright|Lynn performing at [[South by Southwest]] in 2016]]
In 2004, Lynn released ''[[Van Lear Rose]]'', the second album on which Lynn either wrote or co-wrote every song. Produced by [[Jack White]] of [[The White Stripes]], the album featured guitar and backup vocals by White. The collaboration garnered Lynn high praise from the mainstream and [[alternative rock]] music press, such as [[Spin magazine|''Spin'']] and [[Blender magazine|''Blender'']].<ref name="metacritic">"[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/loretta-lynn-recovering-from-surgery/ Loretta Lynn Recovering From Surgery] ". CBS News, June 8, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' voted it the second best album of 2004, and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners: 47th Annual Grammy Awards (2004) |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/47th-annual-grammy-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601111522/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/47th-annual-grammy-awards |archive-date=June 1, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |website=Grammy Awards |date=November 28, 2017 |publisher=Recording Academy}}</ref>

Late in 2010, [[Sony Music]] released a new compilation album, ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn]]'', featuring stars like [[Reba McEntire]], [[Faith Hill]], [[Paramore]], and [[Carrie Underwood]] performing Lynn's classic hits spanning 50 years. The album produced a Top 10 hit music video on [[Great American Country]] of the single "Coal Miner's Daughter", featuring Lynn, [[Miranda Lambert]] and [[Sheryl Crow]]. The track cracked the Billboard singles chart, making Lynn the only female country artist to chart in six decades. Lynn's concerts during this period included performances at the [[Nelsonville Music Festival]] in [[Nelsonville, Ohio]], in May 2010,<ref name="stuarts">"Past Shows" Stuart's Opera House: Nelsonville, Ohio. Stuart's Opera House: Nelsonville, Ohio, n.d. Web. October 8, 2012.</ref> and at the [[Bonnaroo Music Festival|Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival]] on June 11, 2011.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/q64bwVFP5XI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200308154316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q64bwVFP5XI&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn "Coal Miner's Daughter" Bonnaroo 2011 | date=June 25, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q64bwVFP5XI |access-date=September 26, 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2012, Lynn published her third autobiography, ''Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lynn |first=Loretta |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics |url=http://nyjournalofbooks.com/review/honky-tonk-girl-my-life-lyrics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130064249/http://nyjournalofbooks.com/review/honky-tonk-girl-my-life-lyrics |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |publisher=Nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> She also contributed "Take Your Gun and Go, John" to ''[[Divided & United|Divided & United: Songs of the Civil War]]'', released on November 5, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/divided-united-songs-of-the-civil-war-mw0002570979|title=Various Artists – Divided & United: Songs of the Civil War Album Reviews, Songs & More |work=AllMusic}}</ref>

In November 2015, Lynn announced the completion of a new album, ''[[Full Circle (Loretta Lynn album)|Full Circle]]''. Released in March 2016, the album debuted at No. 19 on the [[Billboard Hot 200]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Loretta Lynn Earns Her Highest Charting Album Ever With 'Full Circle' |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/billboard-200-chart-moves-loretta-lynn-full-circle/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318224203/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7263810/billboard-200-chart-moves-loretta-lynn-full-circle |archive-date=March 18, 2016 |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> and went on to become Lynn's 40th album to make the Top 10 on [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'s best selling country chart. It featured a combination of new songs and classics, and duets with [[Elvis Costello]] and [[Willie Nelson]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Loretta Lynn on New Album Full Circle: 'We Don't Have Real Country Music Anymore' |url=https://time.com/4242943/loretta-lynn-interview-full-circle/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119214049/http://time.com/4242943/loretta-lynn-interview-full-circle/ |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |access-date=March 2, 2016}}</ref>

Lynn's holiday album ''[[White Christmas Blue]]'' was released in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Betts |first=Stephen L. |date=September 16, 2016 |title=Loretta Lynn Plans Holiday Album 'White Christmas Blue' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/loretta-lynn-plans-holiday-album-white-christmas-blue-w440270 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920162648/http://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/loretta-lynn-plans-holiday-album-white-christmas-blue-w440270 |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> In December of the same year, ''Full Circle'' was nominated for Country Album of the Year in the [[59th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 6, 2016 |title=Here Is the Complete List of Nominees for the 2017 Grammys |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7597556/grammys-nominees-complete-list-2017 |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206151125/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7597556/grammys-nominees-complete-list-2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>

Following ''Full Circle'', the album ''[[Wouldn't It Be Great]]'' was released by [[Legacy Recordings]] in September 2018 after being delayed by health issues, which had caused Lynn to cancel all of her scheduled tour dates in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tingle |first=Lauren |date=April 14, 2017 |title=Loretta Lynn's ''Wouldn't It Be Great'' Arrives Aug. 18 |publisher=[[CMT News]] |url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1780115/loretta-lynns-wouldnt-it-be-great-arrives-aug-18/ |url-status=dead |access-date=April 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417154239/http://www.cmt.com/news/1780115/loretta-lynns-wouldnt-it-be-great-arrives-aug-18/ |archive-date=April 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Loretta Lynn: 'Willie Ain't Dead Yet and Neither Am I' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/loretta-lynn-postpones-release-of-new-album-w491954 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816053807/http://www.rollingstone.com/country/news/loretta-lynn-postpones-release-of-new-album-w491954 |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=September 4, 2017}}</ref> Lynn was named Artist of a Lifetime by [[Country Music Television|CMT]] in 2018.<ref name="tasteofcountry.com">{{cite web |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Loretta Lynn to Receive 2018 plCMT Artist of a Lifetime Award |url=https://tasteofcountry.com/loretta-lynn-2018-cmt-artist-of-a-lifetime/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232351/https://tasteofcountry.com/loretta-lynn-2018-cmt-artist-of-a-lifetime/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=Taste of Country}}</ref> On October 19, 2019, [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] aired the movie ''Patsy & Loretta'' which highlighted the friendship of Lynn and Patsy Cline.<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/patsy-loretta-lifetime-premiere-nashville-callie-khouri-1203366598/|title=Callie Khouri, Megan Hilty, Jessie Mueller Celebrate 'Patsy & Loretta' at Nashville Bow|first1=Cillea|last1=Houghton|date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>

On March 19, 2021, Lynn released her 50th studio album ''[[Still Woman Enough (album)|Still Woman Enough]]'', the fourth album of her deal with Legacy Recordings. Recorded in sessions at [[Cash Cabin Studio]] in Tennessee, it features [[Carrie Underwood]] and [[Reba McEntire]] on the title track, alongside duets with [[Tanya Tucker]] and [[Margo Price]] on re-recordings of "[[You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)|You Ain't Woman Enough]]" and "[[One's on the Way]]", respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sodomsky |first=Sam |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Loretta Lynn Announces New Album Still Woman Enough |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/loretta-lynn-announces-new-album-still-woman-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104220425/https://pitchfork.com/news/loretta-lynn-announces-new-album-still-woman-enough/ |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2021 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Marriage===
On January 10, 1948, 15-year-old Loretta Webb married 21-year-old Oliver Vanetta Lynn Jr. (August 27, 1926 – August 22, 1996), better known as "Doolittle", "Doo", or "Mooney".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKinley Jr. |first=James |date=2012-05-21 |title=Report Says Loretta Lynn Was All of 15, Not 13, When She Married |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/report-says-loretta-lynn-was-all-of-15-not-13-when-she-married/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schreiner |first=Bruce |date=2012-05-19 |title='Coal Miner's Daughter' Lynn married at 15, not 13 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/coal-miners-daughter-lynn-married-15-not-13-075914978.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519101606/https://news.yahoo.com/coal-miners-daughter-lynn-married-15-not-13-075914978.html |archive-date=2012-05-19 |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=AP}}</ref> They had met only a month earlier. The Lynns left Kentucky and moved to the northwest Washington state logging community of [[Custer, Washington|Custer]] when Lynn was seven months pregnant with the first of their six children.<ref name="Associated Press"></ref> The happiness and heartache of her early years of marriage would help to inspire Lynn's songwriting.<ref name=Grashey></ref> They were married for almost 50 years until his death in 1996 at age 69. In her 2002 autobiography, ''[[Still Woman Enough]]'', and in an interview with [[CBS News]] the same year, she recounted how her husband cheated on her regularly and once left her while she was giving birth.<ref name="CBS">{{Cite news |date=December 27, 2002 |title=Legends: Loretta Lynn Tells All |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/legends-loretta-lynn-tells-all/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005240/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/05/10/48hours/main508640.shtml |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |quote=Her autobiography recounts how once, in a drunken rage, he smashed many jars full of vegetables she had painstakingly canned.}}</ref> Lynn stated she and her husband fought frequently, but that "he never hit me one time that I didn't hit him back twice." Loretta said that her marriage was "one of the hardest love stories".{{Sfn | Lynn | 2002}}{{Page needed |date=January 2015}} In one of her autobiographies, she recalled:
{{cquote|I married Doo when I wasn't but a child, and he was my life from that day on. But as important as my youth and upbringing was, there's something else that made me stick to Doo. He thought I was something special, more special than anyone else in the world, and never let me forget it. That belief would be hard to shove out the door. Doo was my security, my safety net. And just remember, I'm explainin', not excusin'... Doo was a good man and a hard worker. But he was an alcoholic, and it affected our marriage all the way through.{{Sfn | Lynn | 2002 |p = xiii}}}}

===Children===
Loretta and her husband had six children together. Their eldest daughter, Betty Sue, was born on November 26, 1948, and died of complications associated with [[emphysema]] on July 29, 2013.<ref>[http://www.musicrow.com/2013/07/loretta-lynns-eldest-daughter-dies-at-64 Notice of death of Betty Sue Lynn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408132024/https://musicrow.com/2013/07/loretta-lynns-eldest-daughter-dies-at-64/ |date=April 8, 2019 }}, musicrow.com, July 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2014.</ref><ref name="Huffington Post">{{Cite news |date=July 30, 2013 |title=Betty Sue Lynn Dead: Loretta Lynn's Oldest Daughter Dies In Tennessee |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/loretta-lynn-daughter_n_3676676.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407065522/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/loretta-lynn-daughter_n_3676676.html |archive-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref> Second child and eldest son Jack Benny Lynn, born December 7, 1949, was found dead by drowning on July 24, 1984, after going missing while horse riding on his mother's Hurricane Mills ranch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Stricken Coal Miner's Daughter Mourns the Drowning of Her Favorite Son |url=https://people.com/archive/a-stricken-coal-miners-daughter-mourns-the-drowning-of-her-favorite-son-vol-22-no-7/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 13, 1984 |title=A Stricken Coal Miner's Daughter Mourns the Drowning of Her Favorite Son |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088433,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |volume=22 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316132655/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088433,00.html |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref> Their third and fourth children are Ernest Ray Lynn, born May 27, 1951, and Clara Marie "Cissie" Lynn, born less than a year later on April 7, 1952.<ref name="Children in People">{{cite magazine |last1=Weaver |first1=Emily |date=October 5, 2022 |url=https://people.com/parents/all-about-loretta-lynn-children/ |title=Loretta Lynn's Children: Everything to Know |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] }}</ref> Their youngest children, twin daughters [[The Lynns|Peggy Jean]] and [[The Lynns|Patsy Eileen]], were born on August 6, 1964; they are named after Lynn's sister, [[Peggy Sue (singer)|Peggy Sue Wright]], and her friend, [[Patsy Cline]].<ref name="Children in People"/> Patsy's daughter and Loretta's granddaughter, [[Emmy Russell]], auditioned for [[American Idol (season 22)|season 22]] of ''American Idol'', making the cut and earning the golden ticket to Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/02/25/loretta-lynns-granddaughter-emmy-russell-auditions-for-american-idol-inspired-by-legacy/72736716007/|title=Loretta Lynn's granddaughter Emmy Russell auditions for American Idol inspired by legacy|date=February 25, 2024|website=The Tennessean}}</ref> She tied for fourth place alongside Triston Harper, one week before the Finale.

===Loretta Lynn's Ranch===
Lynn owned a ranch in [[Hurricane Mills, Tennessee]], known as Loretta Lynn's Ranch. Billed as "the seventh largest attraction in Tennessee",<ref>{{cite news |title=Eamon's tour rockin' good |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eamon%27s+tour+rockin%27%27+good.-a0144422230 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=April 13, 2006 |via=[[The Free Dictionary]]}}</ref> it features a recording studio, museums, lodging, restaurants, and western stores. Traditionally, three holiday concerts are hosted annually at the ranch, Memorial Day Weekend, Fourth of July Weekend, and Labor Day Weekend.<ref name="LorettaLynn.com">{{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn official website |url=http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?p=2040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415235931/http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?p=2040 |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=LorettaLynn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn Ranch |url=https://www.lorettalynnranch.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914130617/https://www.lorettalynnranch.net/ |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Loretta Lynn Ranch}}</ref>

The centerpiece of the ranch is its large plantation home which Lynn once resided in with her husband and children. Having built a modern home behind it, Lynn had not lived in the [[antebellum architecture|antebellum]] mansion in more than 30 years prior to her death. Lynn regularly greeted fans who were touring the house. A replica of the cabin in which Lynn grew up, in Butcher Hollow, is one of its main features.<ref name="LorettaLynn.com" />

Since 1982, the ranch has hosted [[Loretta Lynn's Amateur Championship]] [[motocross]] race, the largest amateur motocross race of its kind. The ranch also hosts [[GNCC Racing]] events.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Andrew |date=July 28, 2014 |title=A Bit of Loretta Lynn's Motocross History |url=https://www.motosport.com/blog/a-bit-of-loretta-lynns-motocross-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074317/https://www.motosport.com/blog/a-bit-of-loretta-lynns-motocross-history |archive-date=June 29, 2018 |access-date=July 14, 2018 |website=MotoSports.com}}</ref>

===Politics===
At the height of her popularity, some of Lynn's songs were banned from radio airplay, including "[[Rated "X"]]", about the double standards divorced women face; "[[Wings Upon Your Horns (song)|Wings Upon Your Horns]]", about the loss of teenage virginity; and "[[The Pill (song)|The Pill]]", about a wife and mother becoming liberated by the [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth-control pill]]. Her song "Dear Uncle Sam", released in 1966, during the [[Vietnam War]], describes a wife's anguish at the loss of a husband to war. It was included in her live performances during the [[Iraq War]].<ref name=webbio/>

In 1971, Lynn performed at the [[White House]], at the invitation of President [[Richard Nixon]]. She returned there to perform during the administrations of [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Ronald Reagan]], George H. W. Bush, and [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sullivan |first=James |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/loretta-lynn-on-her-medal-of-freedom-isnt-that-something-185752/ |title=Loretta Lynn on the Presidential Medal of Freedom|magazine=Rolling Stone |date=August 10, 2013 |accessdate=October 5, 2022}}</ref> In 2002's ''[[Still Woman Enough]]'', she discussed her longtime friendship and support for Jimmy Carter.<ref>Loretta Lynn, ''Still Woman Enough: A Memoir'' (New York: Hyperion, 2002)</ref> She endorsed<ref>Seifert, Erica J. (2012). ''The Politics of Authenticity in Presidential Campaigns, 1976–2008''. McFarland. pp. 108–109. {{ISBN|9780786491094}}.</ref> and campaigned<ref>Kilian, Pamela (2003). ''Barbara Bush: Matriarch of a Dynasty''. Macmillan. p. 111. {{ISBN|9780312319700}}.</ref> for [[George H. W. Bush]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election|presidential election in 1988]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |date=September 29, 1988 |title=Campaign Trail; Country Singers Stand by Their Man |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/us/campaign-trail-country-singers-stand-by-their-man.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119022336/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/us/campaign-trail-country-singers-stand-by-their-man.html |archive-date=January 19, 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Lynn expressed support for [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|presidential campaign]], stumping for him at the end of each of her shows. She stated, "I just think he's the only one who's going to turn this country around."<ref>{{cite web |last=Flitter |first=Emily |date=January 9, 2016 |title=Country musician Loretta Lynn to Trump: Call me |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/talesfromthetrail/2016/01/08/country-musician-loretta-lynn-to-trump-call-me/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109195909/http://blogs.reuters.com/talesfromthetrail/2016/01/08/country-musician-loretta-lynn-to-trump-call-me/ |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

Although Lynn was outspoken about her views on controversial social and political subjects, she saw herself as apolitical, writing in her 1976 autobiography that, "I don't like to talk too much about things where you're going to get one side or the other unhappy....My music has no politics."<ref name="Memoir-Knopf-Doubleday">{{cite book |last1=Lynn |first1=Loretta |title=Loretta Lynn: Coal Miner's Daughter |date=September 21, 2010 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}</ref>{{rp|153}}

While a recognized "advocate for ordinary women", Lynn often criticized upper-class feminism for ignoring the needs and concerns of working-class women.<ref name="Official website" /> She rejected being labeled a [[feminist]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Harris |first=Keith |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/loretta-lynn-dead-obituary-65340/ |title=Loretta Lynn, 'Coal Miner's Daughter' Country Music Icon, Dead at 90|magazine=Rolling Stone |date= October 4, 2022|accessdate=October 5, 2022}}</ref> and wrote in her memoir, "I'm not a big fan of women's liberation, but maybe it will help women stand up for the respect they're due."<ref name="Memoir-Knopf-Doubleday"/>{{rp|56}}

When asked about her position on [[same-sex marriage]] by ''[[USA Today]]'' in November 2010, she replied, "I'm still an old Bible girl. God said you need to be a woman and man, but everybody to their own."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nash |first=Alanna |date=November 4, 2010 |title=The Once and Future Queen of Country |work=[[USA Weekend]] |url=http://www.usaweekend.com/article/20101105/ENTERTAINMENT04/11070324/The-once-future-Queen-Country |access-date=January 4, 2016}} {{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lorettalynn.com/the-once-and-future-queen-of-country/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922020356/https://www.lorettalynn.com/the-once-and-future-queen-of-country/ |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |title=The Once and Future Queen of Country |last=Nash |first=Alanna |date=November 8, 2010 |work=USA Weekend |via=Lorettalyn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/books/a36720855/maybe-dolly-is-the-goal-but-loretta-is-the-truth/ |title=Maybe Dolly Is the Goal, but Loretta Is the Truth |work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |last=Rodenberg |first=Shawna Kay |date=June 17, 2021 |access-date=August 14, 2024}}</ref>

Lynn allowed [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] to use her song "[[I Wanna Be Free (Loretta Lynn song)|I Wanna Be Free]]" in a public service campaign to discourage the chaining of dogs outdoors in the cold.<ref>[http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?m=200510 "Loretta Helps Furry Friends"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120906143400/http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?m=200510 |date=September 6, 2012 }}. LorettaLynn.com. October 24, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Country Superstars Pipe Up for Dogs in New PETA Ads |url=http://www.helpinganimals.com/f-countrysingers.asp |website=HelpingAnimals.com |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206192816/http://www.helpinganimals.com/f-countrysingers.asp |archive-date=February 6, 2006 |year=2006}}</ref>

===Health and death===
Over the years, Lynn suffered from various health concerns, including [[pneumonia]] on multiple occasions and a broken arm after a fall at home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1989-02-08-8902090068-story.html|title=LYNN IN HOSPITAL|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|date=February 8, 1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/loretta-lynn-hospitalized-with-pneumonia-cancels-shows-465542/|title=Loretta Lynn Hospitalized with Pneumonia, Cancels Shows|agency=Associated Press |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=October 24, 2011}}</ref>

In May 2017, Lynn had a stroke at her home in Hurricane Mills. She was taken to a Nashville hospital and as a result had to cancel all of her upcoming tour dates. The release of her album ''[[Wouldn't It Be Great]]'' was delayed until 2018. On January 1, 2018, Lynn fell and broke her hip.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thanki |first=Juli |date=May 5, 2017 |title=Loretta Lynn hospitalized after stroke |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/nation-now/2017/05/05/loretta-lynn-hospitalized-after-stroke/312072001/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506014531/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/nation-now/2017/05/05/loretta-lynn-hospitalized-after-stroke/312072001/ |archive-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loretta Lynn In 'Great Spirits' After Breaking Hip in Fall at Home |url=http://people.com/country/loretta-lynn-breaks-hip-fall-at-home-great-spirits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120185052/http://people.com/country/loretta-lynn-breaks-hip-fall-at-home-great-spirits/ |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |access-date=January 20, 2018 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref>

Lynn died in her sleep at her home in Hurricane Mills on October 4, 2022, at the age of 90.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1577312734529601536 |user=LorettaLynn |title=A statement from the family of Loretta Lynn. "Our precious mom, Loretta Lynn, passed away peacefully this morning, October 4th, in her sleep at home at her beloved ranch in Hurricane Mills." The family of Loretta Lynn. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004153013/https://twitter.com/LorettaLynn/status/1577312734529601536 |archive-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name="WaPoObit" /><ref name="hrdeath">{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Loretta Lynn, Feisty First Lady of Country Music, Dies at 90 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/loretta-lynn-dead-coal-miners-daughter-singer-1235232793/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004145859/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/loretta-lynn-dead-coal-miners-daughter-singer-1235232793/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> A family representative told the website [[TMZ]] that she died of natural causes.<ref name="tmz_death">{{cite web |author1=TMZ Staff |title=Loretta Lynn Dead at 90 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2022/10/04/loretta-lynn-dead-dies/ |access-date=10 March 2026 |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> She was buried three days later on her Hurricane Mills ranch beside her husband Doolittle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countrynow.com/loretta-lynn-laid-to-rest-on-her-tennessee-ranch-i-love-you-yesterday-today-tomorrow-and-always/|title=Loretta Lynn Laid To Rest On Her Tennessee Ranch: 'I Love You Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow And Always'|first1=Lauren Jo|last1=Black|website=Country Now|date=October 8, 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
{{Main|List of awards received by Loretta Lynn}}
Lynn wrote more than 160 songs and released 60 albums. She had 10 No. 1 albums and 16 No. 1 singles on the country charts. Lynn won three [[Grammy Award]]s, seven [[American Music Awards]], eight [[Broadcast Music Incorporated]] awards, 14 [[Academy of Country Music]], eight Country Music Association, and 26 fan-voted Music City News awards. Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music history.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 11, 2016 |title=About Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/loretta-lynn-still-a-mountain-girl-documentary/6240/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726162849/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/loretta-lynn-about-loretta-lynn-still-a-mountain-girl/6240/ |archive-date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |website=American Masters |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Steve |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Steve Smith: Is Rush done after Peart's retirement; Ringo's memorabilia fetches record prices |work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] |url=http://www.dailynews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20151211/steve-smith-is-rush-done-after-pearts-retirement-ringos-memorabilia-fetches-record-prices |url-status=live |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007092923/http://www.dailynews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20151211/steve-smith-is-rush-done-after-pearts-retirement-ringos-memorabilia-fetches-record-prices |archive-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified [[gold album]] for 1967's [[Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)|''Don't Come Home a' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Johanna's Vision |url=http://johannasvisions.com/today-happy-birthday-loretta-lynn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415054129/http://johannasvisions.com/today-happy-birthday-loretta-lynn/ |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=WordPress}}</ref>

===1970s – 1990s===
In 1972, Lynn was the first woman named "Entertainer of the Year" by the [[Country Music Association]]. In 1980, she was the only woman to be named "Artist of the Decade" for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music. Lynn was inducted into the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] in 1988<ref name="cmhf">''[http://countrymusichalloffame.org/artists/artist-detail/loretta-lynn Loretta Lynn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423043342/http://countrymusichalloffame.org/artists/artist-detail/loretta-lynn |date=April 23, 2016 }}''. Country Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref> and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=County Gospel Music Hall of Fame |url=http://countrygospelmusic.com/platinumheart.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194606/http://countrygospelmusic.com/platinumheart.htm |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also the recipient of [[Kennedy Center Honors]], an award given by the President of the United States, in 2003. Lynn is ranked 65th on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll<ref name="VH1">''[http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62163/episode_wildcard.jhtml?wildcard=/shows/dynamic/includes/wildcards/the_greatest/women_list_full.jhtml&event_id=862762&start=21 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530043406/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62163/episode_wildcard.jhtml?wildcard=%2Fshows%2Fdynamic%2Fincludes%2Fwildcards%2Fthe_greatest%2Fwomen_list_full.jhtml&event_id=862762&start=21 |date=May 30, 2007 }}''. VH1. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref> and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 1977.<ref name="wof">"[http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME Hollywood Walk of Fame directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104045406/http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME |date=January 4, 2019 }}". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved February 4, 2007.</ref> In 1994, she received the country music pioneer award from the Academy of Country Music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1995-05-26-9505240890-story.html|title=AWARD TAKES LORETTA LYNN BY SURPRISE|website=Orlando Sentinel|date=May 26, 1995 }}</ref>

===2000s===
In 2001, "Coal Miner's Daughter" was named among [[NPR]]'s "100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century". In 2002, Lynn had the highest ranking, No. 3, for any living female, in [[Country Music Television|CMT]] television's special of the ''40 Greatest Women of Country Music''.<ref>{{cite web |title=40 Greatest Women of Country Music |url=http://www.twin-music.com/lists/40women.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802165332/http://www.twin-music.com/lists/40women.html |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2014 |publisher=Twin Music}}</ref>

A [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] affiliate for more than 45 years, Lynn was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards on November 4, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2004 |title=Shania Twain, Toby Keith, Casey Beathard Lead Winners at 2004 BMI Country Awards |url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/234244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102114314/http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/234244 |archive-date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=October 1, 2010 |publisher=bmi.com}}</ref>

In March 2007, Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from [[Berklee College of Music]] during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 14, 2007 |title=Honorary doctorate for Loretta Lynn |work=[[USA Today]] |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-02-14-loretta-lynn-doctorate_x.htm |url-status=live |access-date=April 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414080814/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-02-14-loretta-lynn-doctorate_x.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2017}}</ref>

Lynn was inducted into the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in New York City in 2008.

===2010s===
Loretta Lynn was honored with multiple awards in 2010 as the music industry celebrated her 50th year as a country artist. She received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on January 30, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703201633/https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards |archive-date=July 3, 2017 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |publisher=Recording Association online}}</ref><ref name="acadbio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/loretta-lynn/11916 |title=Loretta Lynn |website=Recording Academy }}</ref><ref name="bb_awards">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/loretta-lynn-awards-show-history/2010-2/ |title=The Many Times Loretta Lynn Made Awards Show History |author=Grein, Paul |date=October 4, 2022|magazine=Billboard }}</ref>

Lynn was honored for 50 years in country music at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 4, 2010 |title=Country Music Awards |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/44th-annual-cma-awards/307881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419045900/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/44th-annual-cma-awards/307881/ |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2010 |website=TV Guide}}</ref> That same year, Lynn was presented with a new [[rose]], the "Loretta Lynn Van Lear", named in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Rose Named for Loretta Lynn |url=http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?p=1133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173606/http://www.lorettalynn.com/50/?p=1133 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |website=Article |publisher=Sony Music Nashville}}</ref><ref name="selectroses">{{Cite web |url=https://www.selectroses.ca/jalbert-roses/loretta-lynn-van-lear |title=Commissioned Roses - Loretta Lynn Van Lear |website=Select Roses }}</ref> In the same month, Sony Music released a tribute CD to Lynn titled ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn]]''. The CD features [[Kid Rock]], [[Reba McEntire]], [[Sheryl Crow]], [[Miranda Lambert]], [[Alan Jackson]], [[Gretchen Wilson]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Martina McBride]], [[Paramore]], [[Steve Earle]], and [[Faith Hill]]. In 2011, Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music, CMT Video and Country Music Association awards for "Vocal Event of the Year" with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for "Coal Miner's Daughter", released as a video and single from the CD.<ref name="Official website" />

Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a [[Grand Ole Opry]] [[List of Grand Ole Opry members|member]] on September 25, 2012,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pacella |first=Megan|title=Loretta Lynn Celebrates 50 Years at the Grand Ole Opry |url=https://tasteofcountry.com/loretta-lynn-celebrates-50-years-at-the-grand-ole-opry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223195111/http://tasteofcountry.com/loretta-lynn-celebrates-50-years-at-the-grand-ole-opry/ |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Taste of Country|date=September 26, 2012 }}</ref> and her 60th anniversary in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rutland |first=Joe |date=September 25, 2022 |title=Loretta Lynn Reflects on 60th Anniversary of Joining the Grand Ole Opry |url=https://outsider.com/entertainment/music/country-music/loretta-lynn-reflects-60th-anniversary-joining-grand-ole-opry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232350/https://outsider.com/entertainment/music/country-music/loretta-lynn-reflects-60th-anniversary-joining-grand-ole-opry/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Outsider}}</ref>

Lynn was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by [[Barack Obama]] in 2013.<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients Lynn awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129133642/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients |date=January 29, 2017 }}, White House. Retrieved May 4, 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 10, 2013 |title=Loretta Lynn on Her Medal of Freedom: 'Isn't That Something?' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/loretta-lynn-on-her-medal-of-freedom-isnt-that-something-185752/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918021557/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/loretta-lynn-on-her-medal-of-freedom-isnt-that-something-185752/ |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>

Miranda Lambert presented Lynn with the Crystal Milestone Award from the Academy of Country Music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy of Country Music Special Awards |url=https://www.acmcountry.com/special-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221073628/https://www.acmcountry.com/special-awards |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |website=Academy of Country Music Special Awards |publisher=Academy of Country Music}}</ref> Lynn also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard Women in Music 2015: Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Missy Elliott & More Are Celebrated |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/women-in-music/6805626/billboard-women-in-music-2015-lady-gaga-selena-gomez-missy-elliott |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502210839/https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/women-in-music/6805626/billboard-women-in-music-2015-lady-gaga-selena-gomez-missy-elliott |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, she was the subject of an [[American Masters]] profile documentary ''Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl'' on [[PBS]].<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2016 |title=Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/loretta-lynn-still-a-mountain-girl-documentary/6240/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925073919/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/loretta-lynn-full-episode/6918/ |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2019 |website=American Masters |publisher=PBS}}</ref>

Lynn was named Artist of a Lifetime in 2018 by CMT.<ref name="tasteofcountry.com" />

===2020s===
The [[Ryman Auditorium]] honored Lynn with a statue installation on its Icon Walk in a ceremony held October 20, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shelton |first=Caitlyn |date=October 20, 2020 |title=Loretta Lynn statue unveiled on the Ryman's Icon Walk |url=https://fox17.com/news/local/loretta-lynn-statue-unveiled-on-the-rymans-icon-walk-nashville-tennessee-country-music-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022001810/https://fox17.com/news/local/loretta-lynn-statue-unveiled-on-the-rymans-icon-walk-nashville-tennessee-country-music-city |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |publisher=WZTV}}</ref> Lynn was the first woman represented on the Icon Walk, joining previously honored [[Bill Monroe]] and [[Little Jimmy Dickens]].<ref name="tn_icon">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/10/20/ryman-auditorium-unveils-new-loretta-lynn-statue-front-building/3664149001/ |title=Loretta Lynn gets her own statue outside Ryman Auditorium |author=Paulson, Dave |date=October 20, 2020 |website=The Tennesseean }}</ref>

Recognizing Lynn as a songwriter, the [[Women Songwriters Hall of Fame]] inducted her in 2022, stating "she shook up Nashville by writing her own songs, many of which tackled boundary-pushing topics drawn from her own life experiences as a wife and mother".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://womensongwritershalloffame.org/2022-inductees%2Fperformers |title=2022 Inductees and Performers |website=Women Songwriters Hall of Fame }}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' ranked Lynn at number 132 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time in an issue published the next year.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=January 1, 2023|title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/loretta-lynn-18-1234642972/|access-date=April 24, 2023|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Loretta Lynn albums discography}}
{{See also|Loretta Lynn singles discography|Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn discography}}
'''Studio albums'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Loretta Lynn Sings]]'' (1963)
*''[[Before I'm Over You]]'' (1964)
*''[[Songs from My Heart....]]'' (1965)
*''[[Blue Kentucky Girl (Loretta Lynn album)|Blue Kentucky Girl]]'' (1965)
*''[[Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be (album)|Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be]]'' {{small|(with [[Ernest Tubb]])}} (1965)
*''[[Hymns (Loretta Lynn album)|Hymns]]'' (1965)
*''[[I Like 'Em Country]]'' (1966)
*''[[You Ain't Woman Enough]]'' (1966)
*''[[Country Christmas (Loretta Lynn album)|Country Christmas]]'' (1966)
*''[[Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)]]'' (1967)
*''[[Singin' Again]]'' {{small|(with Ernest Tubb)}} (1967)
*''[[Singin' with Feelin']]'' (1967)
*''[[Who Says God Is Dead!]]'' (1968)
*''[[Fist City (Loretta Lynn album)|Fist City]]'' (1968)
*''[[Your Squaw Is on the Warpath]]'' (1969)
*''[[If We Put Our Heads Together]]'' {{small|(with Ernest Tubb)}} (1969)
*''[[Woman of the World/To Make a Man]]'' (1969)
*''[[Wings Upon Your Horns (album)|Wings Upon Your Horns]]'' (1970)<ref name="ll_official_wings">{{cite web |url=https://lorettalynn.com/albums/wings-upon-your-horns/ |title=Wings Upon Your Horns |publisher=lorettalynn.com |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>
*''[[Coal Miner's Daughter (album)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'' (1971)
*''[[We Only Make Believe]]'' {{small|(with [[Conway Twitty]])}} (1971)
*''[[I Wanna Be Free (album)|I Wanna Be Free]]'' (1971)
*''[[You're Lookin' at Country (album)|You're Lookin' at Country]]'' (1971)
*''[[Lead Me On (Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty album)|Lead Me On]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1972)
*''[[One's on the Way (album)|One's on the Way]]'' (1972)
*''[[God Bless America Again]]'' (1972)
*''[[Here I Am Again]]'' (1972)
*''[[Entertainer of the Year]]'' (1973)
*''[[Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1973)
*''[[Love Is the Foundation]]'' (1973)
*''[[Country Partners]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1974)
*''[[They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy]]'' (1974)
*''[[Back to the Country]]'' (1975)
*''[[Feelins' (album)|Feelins']]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1975)
*''[[Home (Loretta Lynn album)|Home]]'' (1975)
*''[[When the Tingle Becomes a Chill]]'' (1976)
*''[[United Talent]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1976)
*''[[Somebody Somewhere (album)|Somebody Somewhere]]'' (1976)
*''[[I Remember Patsy]]'' (1977)
*''[[Dynamic Duo (Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty album)|Dynamic Duo]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1977)
*''[[Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (album)|Out of My Head and Back in My Bed]]'' (1978)
*''[[Honky Tonk Heroes (Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty album)|Honky Tonk Heroes]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1978)
*''[[We've Come a Long Way, Baby]]'' (1979)
*''[[Diamond Duet]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1979)
*''[[Loretta (album)|Loretta]]'' (1980)
*''[[Lookin' Good (album)|Lookin' Good]]'' (1980)
*''[[Two's a Party]]'' {{small|(with Conway Twitty)}} (1981)
*''[[I Lie]]'' (1982)
*''[[Making Love from Memory]]'' (1982)
*''[[Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You]]'' (1983)
*''[[Just a Woman (album)|Just a Woman]]'' (1985)
*''[[Who Was That Stranger]]'' (1988)
*''[[Honky Tonk Angels]]'' {{small|(with [[Dolly Parton]] and [[Tammy Wynette]])}} (1993)
*''[[Making More Memories]]'' (1994)
*''[[All Time Gospel Favorites]]'' (1997)
*''[[Still Country]]'' (2000)
*''[[Van Lear Rose]]'' (2004)
*''[[Full Circle (Loretta Lynn album)|Full Circle]]'' (2016)
*''[[White Christmas Blue]]'' (2016)
*''[[Wouldn't It Be Great]]'' (2018)
*''[[Still Woman Enough (album)|Still Woman Enough]]'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[List of country musicians]]

{{clear right}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Citation |last=Lynn |first=Loretta |title=Still Woman Enough: A Memoir |year=2002 |publisher=Hyperion |isbn=0-7868-6650-0 |display-authors=etal |orig-year=1993}}.

==Further reading==
* ''In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music'', Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998; {{ISBN|0-375-70082-X}}
* ''Are You Ready for the Country: Elvis, Dylan, Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock'', Peter Dogget, Penguin Books, 2001; {{ISBN|0-14-026108-7}}
* ''Dreaming Out Loud: Garth Brooks, Wynonna Judd, Wade Hayes and the changing face of Nashville'', Bruce Feiler, Avon Books, 1998; {{ISBN|0-380-97578-5}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Loretta Lynn}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.lorettalynn.com/}}
* {{IMDb name | 0528750}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1390274 Loretta Lynn's Radio appearance] on "[[The Motley Fool]]"
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050212003915/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/08/60II/main672415.shtml 60 Minutes II interview with Loretta Lynn and Jack White]
* [http://awaitingtheflood.com/coal-minors-daughter-new-data-offers-light-and-controversy-on-loretta-lynn/ Coal "Minors" Daughter? New Data Offers Light and Controversy on Loretta Lynn]
* {{Discogs artist|Loretta Lynn}}
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/328637 Loretta Lynn recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].
*[http://www.songwriter.co.uk/loretta-lynn.html Loretta Lynn at International Songwriters Association"]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|aw}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Johnny Cash]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Americana Music Association|AMA Album of the Year (artist)]]|years=2004}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Buddy Miller]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Johnny Cash]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Americana Music Association|AMA Artist of the Year]]|years=2004}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Prine]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Loretta Lynn}}
{{Loretta Lynn singles}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Loretta Lynn|Awards for Loretta Lynn]]
|list =
{{Academy of Country Music Award for Entertainer of the Year}}
{{American Music Award for Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group}}
{{American Music Award for Favorite Country Female Artist}}
{{American Music Award of Merit}}
{{CMA Entertainer of the Year}}
{{CMA Female Vocalist of the Year}}
{{CMA Duo of the Year}}
{{1980s Country Music Hall of Fame}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Country Album}}
{{Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s}}
{{CMA Lifetime Achievement}}
}}
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The Truth: Gujarat 2002

2026-03-10T13:16:37Z

Kaurjenni51: New

{{Short description|Report on the 2002 Gujarat riots}}
'''The Truth: Gujarat 2002''' (also called '''Operation Kalank''') was an [[Investigative journalism|investigative report]] on the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] published by India's ''[[Tehelka]]'' news magazine in its 7 November 2007 issue.<ref name="thetruth-website">{{cite web|title=Gujarat 2002: The Truth In the Words of the Men Who Did It|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp|publisher=Tehelka|date=7 November 2007|access-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203516/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> The video footage was screened by the news channel [[Aaj Tak]]. The report, based on a six-month-long investigation and involving video [[sting operation]]s, stated that the violence was made possible by the support of the state police and the then Chief Minister of Gujarat [[Narendra Modi]] for the perpetrators. The report and the reactions to it were widely covered in Indian and international media.<ref>{{cite news|last=Majumder|first=Sanjoy|title=BJP dismisses Gujarat riot claims|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7063327.stm|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=26 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lakshmi|first=Rama|title=Hindus Detail Involvement In Deadly '02 Riots in India|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/25/AR2007102501829.html|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Top RSS, VHP men behind 2002 riots|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Top-RSS-VHP-men-behind-2002-riots/Article1-254191.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012081413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Top-RSS-VHP-men-behind-2002-riots/Article1-254191.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=October 26, 2007}}</ref><ref name=economist>{{cite news|title=Don't mention the massacre|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/12/06/dont-mention-the-massacre|access-date=6 May 2013|newspaper=The Economist|date=Dec 6, 2007}}</ref> The recordings were authenticated by India's [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] on 10 May 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |year=2012 |title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=XLVII |issue=8 |page=78 |url=http://www.epw.in/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419072612/http://www.epw.in/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Contents==
A November 2007 report by the investigative news magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'' used a video sting operation to record a number of [[Sangh Parivar]] activists describing the riots from their perspective. Taking over six months, the reporter pretended to be an author interested in writing a book with a [[Hindutva]] point of view and interviewed the key accused.<ref name=ITMahurkar /> The report's table of content reads:

# "First-hand accounts from the men who plotted and executed the genocide in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]] and [[Sabarkantha]]. Mayhem was meticulously planned and carried out by [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Bajrang Dal]] cadres across Muslim localities."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "The VHP and the Bajrang Dal manufactured and distributed lethal weapons across the state, often with the connivance of the police."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "Shocking accounts of how the guardians of the law colluded with the outlaws to make Gujarat’s horror even worse."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "Key [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], VHP and Bajrang Dal activists speak openly of how [[Narendra Modi]] blessed the anti-Muslim pogrom."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "How public prosecutors ran with the hare and hunted with the hound, keeping their sympathies strictly for the accused. Government Counsel Arvind Pandya on how he hopes to subvert justice by manipulating the [[Nanavati-Shah commission|Nanavati-Shah Commission]], set up to ascertain the truth."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "The truth behind [[Naroda Patiya massacre|Naroda Patiya]], the grisliest massacre of 2002. Ahmedabad police’s collusion in the pogrom and its cover-up. Gory details of how former Congress MP [[Ehsan Jafri]] was hacked limb by limb at [[Gulbarg Society massacre|Gulbarg Society]], in the words of those who did it."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>
# "How spontaneous mob fury was shown as a premeditated conspiracy by the police who produced fake witnesses by bribing, coercion and torture."<ref name="thetruth-website"/>

There was substantial media interest in the report's description of Narendra Modi's role in the riots, based, for example, on video footage of a senior Bajrang Dal leader saying that at a public meeting on the day of the fire, "he had given us three days to do whatever we could. He said he would not give us time after that, he said this openly."<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|last=Rajesh|first=Y.P.|title=Hindu activists accuse Modi for Gujarat riots|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30166020071025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095843/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30166020071025|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=Oct 26, 2007}}</ref>

==Key people accused==
The recordings show 14 main characters, with seven being accused in the main riot cases.<ref name=impact2 />

*[[Babu Bajrangi]], Bajrang Dal leader<ref name=impact2 /><ref name=impact1 />
*Haresh Bhatt, Bharatiya Janata Party MLA and Bajrang Dal vice-president<ref name=impact2 /><ref name=impact1 />
*Suresh Richard (Naroda Patiya)<ref name=impact2 /><ref name=impact1 />
*Mangilal Jain (Gulbarg Society massacre)<ref name=impact2 /><ref name=impact1 />
*Prahlad Raju (Gulbarg Society massacre)<ref name=impact2 />
*Madan Chawal (Gulbarg Society massacre)<ref name=impact2 />
*Rajendra Vyas (Ahmedabad)<ref name=impact2 /><ref name=impact1 />
*Anil Patel (Sabarkantha)<ref name=impact2 />
*Dhawal Jayanti Patel<ref name=impact2 />

==Authenticity==
Journalist [[B G Verghese]] described the report as "nothing short of a bombshell ... too well-documented to have been faked, as alleged. The effect was numbing."<ref>{{cite book|last=Verghese|first=B G|title=First Draft: Witness To The Making Of Modern India|year=2010|page=448|publisher=Westland}}</ref>

There were two contradictions between the report and official records.<ref name=ITMahurkar/> Bajrangi and Richard both claimed that Modi visited Naroda Patiya a day after the violence to thank them. Official records showed that Modi did not make any such visit. ''[[India Today]]'' called their claims as "boastful lies".<ref name=ITMahurkar/> Also in the report, one VHP activist said a police superintendent promised to kill five Muslims and fulfilled it during the violence in the Dariapur area. Official records showed that the superintendent was not posted in the given location.<ref name=ITMahurkar>{{cite news|last1=Mahurkar|first1=Uday|title=Gujarat: The noose tightens|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20071112-gujarat-the-noose-tightens-734431-2007-11-01|access-date=17 December 2014|work=India Today|date=1 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207101903/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat:+The+noose+tightens/1/1716.html|archive-date=2014-12-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 March 2008, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] directed the Central Bureau of Investigation to authenticate the video evidence uncovered by the ''Tehelka'' report. The CBI investigated the raw video footage and the equipment used to create it, and interviewed 14 of 18 "persons belonging to different Hindu outfits like VHP, Bajrang Dal, RSS and Gujarat Police [who] have been shown making revelations."<ref name="cbi-report">{{cite web|url=https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/CBI%20Authentication%20of%20Tehelka%20Tapes.pdf|title=CBI Authentication of Tehelka Tapes Pursuant to the NHRC Order dated March 5, 2008|author=Central Bureau of Investigation|year=2009|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>

In October 2009, the CBI responded to the NHRC by issuing a report stating that "No Evidence of editing, alteration and tampering has been detected in the audio video recordings and their respective voice track recorded in the DVDs" and that "[Forensic Science Laboratory staff] have stated that on the basis of the result of the examination of the exhibits by them, it is clear that the recordings in the Sting Operation are authentic." After interviewing the subjects of the videos, the CBI reported, "Most of the above mentioned persons have stated that they were approached by some person / persons and that they have talked on the subject of Gujarat Riots which is the subject matter of the sting operation."<ref name=cbi-report/>

One video showed Babu Bajrangi saying that he and his men killed 91 Muslim men and women at Naroda Patiya. He further said that they raped a pregnant woman, slit open her womb, and threw her and the foetus into a fire. Bajrangi denied these charges. In 2010, the doctor who performed [[post mortem]] on the bodies at the time during the violence, testified before a special court. The court identified the deceased woman and found only evidence of 100 percent burns on her body during the post mortem.<ref name=BBCMajumder>{{cite news|title=BJP dismisses Gujarat riot claims|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7063327.stm|access-date=24 November 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=26 October 2007|author=Sanjoy Majumder}}</ref><ref name=THDasgupta>{{cite news|title=Foetus was intact in Naroda-Patiya victim: doctor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/foetus-was-intact-in-narodapatiya-victim-doctor/article257492.ece|access-date=24 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 March 2010|author=Manas Dasgupta}}</ref>

==Journalistic ethics==
The sting operation raised questions regarding journalistic ethics.<ref name=sajaforum>{{cite web|title=Media: The Gujarat Killings, and the Ethics of Tehelka|url=http://www.sajaforum.org/2007/10/tehelkas-sting.html|work=SAJA Forum|last=Dudney|first=Arthur|date=October 31, 2007|publisher=South Asian Journalists Association|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

Arthur Dudney, a South Asia scholar at [[Columbia University]] wrote,
<blockquote>"From the perspective of squeaky-clean journalism, Khetan has broken two rules: Firstly, misrepresenting his identity as a journalist and secondly, making false promises about confidentiality."<ref name="sajaforum"/></blockquote>

Considering that the issue was implicating a sitting chief minister, Dudney seems to suggest that a method other than duplicity was probably not available:
<blockquote>"When a subject hesitated during an interview, Khetan said: 'I won't quote it anywhere ... For that matter ... I am not even going to quote you' and immediately after the reporter promised that, the interviewee made a chilling admission: Narendra Modi, the Chief Minister of Gujarat, had given the Hindu chauvinists three days to do whatever they wanted without government interference. Obviously the fact that the sitting Chief Minister of a state participated in communal violence is a matter that the public must know about, but I can see no way that the story would have come out had Khetan not bent the rules."<ref name="sajaforum"/></blockquote>

==Partisan criticism==
The sting operation led to partisan criticism, both from Bharatiya Janata Party, as well as the Congress. Political activist [[Arundhati Roy]] described the range of critiques: "The overwhelming public reaction to the sting was not outrage, but suspicion about its timing. Most people believed that the éxposé would help Modi win the elections again. Some even believed, quite outlandishly, that he had engineered the sting. He did win the elections."<ref name="roy-field-notes">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|title=Field Notes on Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldnotesondemo00roya|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Haymarket Books|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldnotesondemo00roya/page/158 158–159] |isbn=9781608460243}}</ref>

===Anti-BJP bias allegations===
Indian journalist and Member of Parliament associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party, [[Chandan Mitra]], described the timing of the report's release as being so transparently pegged to the Gujarat assembly polls that even breast-beating secular fundamentalists found it hard to defend.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+(F)&sid=6 A Sting Without Venom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105061447/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover%2BStory%2B%28F%29&sid=6 |date=2007-11-05 }} Outlook India - November 12, 2007 issue</ref> It was pointed out that the report was released only a month before the assembly elections of Gujarat,<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=KANCHAN126.txt&writer=KANCHAN&validit=yes Half-truths don't help Muslims] - Kanchan Gupta {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and some claimed the sting was only meant to bring the downfall of the [[Narendra Modi]] government.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=SWAPAN171.txt&writer=SWAPAN&validit=yes Gujarat has outgrown riot] - Swapan Dasgupta {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321051732/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=SWAPAN171.txt&writer=SWAPAN&validit=yes |date=March 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]], the head of the [[Shiv Sena]] party termed the report a political conspiracy to defame the Hindus by the so-called secularists.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029141209/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm Tehelka sting a political conspiracy: Shiv Sena]}} [[The Hindu]] - October 27, 2007 </ref> It was pointed out the Modi did not visit Naroda Patiya as the ''Tehelka'' report claimed, and that [[Aaj Tak]] coverage mixed ''Tehelka'' material with material from the movie [[Parzania]], which Arvind Lavakare claimed was used to sensationalize the reports on the ''Tehelka'' findings.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071118120145/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14562098&vsv=SHGTpicslot Who killed 254 Hindus in Gujarat?] Sify - November 16, 2007</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] claimed that ''Tehelka'' never conducted any sting against the [[Indian National Congress]] and alleged that the Congress-led government gave ''Tehelka'' [[tax exemption]]s.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp Tehelka is Cong proxy: BJP] Deccan Herald - October 27, 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126093410/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp |date=January 26, 2009 }}</ref>

===Pro-BJP bias allegations===
Alternatively, some claimed that Narendra Modi himself orchestrated the sting to gain support in the 2007 Gujarat elections.<ref name="roy-field-notes"/><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+%28F%29&sid=2 'Is It For Another Riot?'] Outlook India - November 12, 2007</ref> According to ''[[The Economist]]'', some senior members of the [[Indian National Congress]] accused ''Tehelka'' of being in cahoots with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name=economist/> as a tool to galvanize the [[Hindu]] vote. The bookies in Gujarat did respond to the report by shortening the odds on Modi,<ref name="economist"/> indicating heavy betting for Modi's win.

==Impact==
The video reports were aired on [[Aaj Tak]].<ref name=impact2 /> The media widely covered the sensational segments from the report, but in some places, such as [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], the government banned coverage.<ref name=impact1 /> A group of editors criticized the Gujarat for banning cable from airing the reports.<ref>{{cite news |title= Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action |date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101035658/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |archive-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref>

The reports were the impetus for further investigations. [[Mayawati]], chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, called for new investigations as a direct result of the Tehelka report and the "fresh information" it had uncovered about the organized mass murder.<ref name=impact1 /> A spokesperson from Congress called on Narendra Modi to resign.<ref name=impact2>{{cite news |title=Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support |publisher=The Indian Express |date=October 26, 2007 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417200637/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |archive-date=April 17, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=impact1>{{cite news|title=Tehelka expose: Modi should go, says Cong |publisher=NDTV |date=October 26, 2007 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070030761 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603135255/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070030761 |archive-date=June 3, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modi sanctioned Gujarat violence: Tehelka probe |newspaper=DNA |date=October 25, 2007 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_modi-sanctioned-gujarat-violence-tehelka-probe_1129894}}</ref>

Among the more reported segments of the report was video of Babu Bajrangi, the Bajrang Dal leader, describing the slaughter at Naroda Patiya and his reaction to it: "After killing them, I felt like Maharana Pratap." [[Maharana Pratap]] was a 16th-century ruler who was known for confronting the enemy at the Battle of Haldighati.<ref name=impact1 /> In the Tehelka transcript, Bajrangi is further quoted as saying, "(and we killed at will, turned the place into Haldighati)... And I am proud of it, if I get another chance, I will kill even more ..."<ref>{{cite news |title=After Killing Them, I Felt Like Maharana Pratap |publisher=Tehelka magazine |date=September 1, 2007 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107After_killing.asp |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603225053/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107After_killing.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> After he was charged, Bajrangi denied his involvement and said, "I never killed even an ant in my life". He also told reporters, "I did not lead any mob in Naroda Patiya. The sting operation shows me saying that I took a sword and cut open a woman's womb. But I was trying to explain that the FIR filed against me accuses me of that act and that I deny it."<ref name=impact2 /> He was later convicted by the riot court for 97 of those murdered at Naroda Patiya, which was one location among many in [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP MLA among 32 guilty in Naroda Patiya massacre |publisher=Indian Express |date=August 30, 2012 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-mla-among-32-guilty-in-naroda-patiya-massacre/995125/}}</ref>

Some of those investigated in the report were sentenced by court, including two leaders and 30 others. Bajrangi was sentenced to life.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/naroda-patiya-riots-former-minister-maya-kodnani-gets-18-years-in-jail-261251 |title=Naroda Patiya riots: Former minister Maya Kodnani gets 28 years in jail |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref> Parts of the report were used as evidence in court,<ref>{{cite news |title=Journalist who 'stung' Babu Bajrangi deposes |author=Express News Service |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/journalist-who--stung--babu-bajrangi-deposes/888887/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=Dec 17, 2011 |access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> and [[Ashish Khetan]], the author of the report who was deposed in court, writes that the evidence was crucial for the conviction of the accused.<ref name="khetan_sting_its">{{cite news |title=The Sting in the Story |author=Ashish Khetan |url=http://tehelka.com/the-sting-in-the-story/?singlepage=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630094606/http://tehelka.com/the-sting-in-the-story/?singlepage=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |newspaper=Tehelka |date=Sep 8, 2012 |access-date=May 26, 2013 }}</ref> The magazine called the convictions "vindication" for its 2007 report.<ref>{{cite news |title=Babu Bajrangi and Maya Kodnani convicted for Naroda Patiya massacre |publisher=Tehelka |date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=2013-05-30 |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ws290712TEHELKA_IMPACT.asp |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603012740/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ws290712TEHELKA_IMPACT.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203516/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp ''Tehelka'''s "The Truth" report]
* [https://archive.today/20130104215430/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp Safehouse Of Horrors - The Report] at [[Tehelka]] Nov 03, 2007.
* [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ne080912Coverstory.asp The sting in the story (Backstory of the sting)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902174740/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ne080912Coverstory.asp |date=2012-09-02 }} Tehelka, 8 Sept 2012.
* [http://www.newsroompost.com/204779/gujarat-riots-true-story-truth-2002-riots/ Gujarat Riots: The True Story (The Truth of the 2002 riots)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602145750/http://www.newsroompost.com/204779/gujarat-riots-true-story-truth-2002-riots/ |date=2015-06-02 }}

{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Truth: Gujarat 2002}}
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:Works about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:2007 in mass media]]
[[Category:Journalism in India]]

WAPCOS Limited

2026-03-05T14:54:11Z

Kaurjenni51: Stub

{{Short description|Indian government corporation}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = WAPCOS Limited
| trading_name =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public sector undertaking]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1969|06|26}}
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| fate =
| hq_location = Kailash, 26, Kasturba Gandhi Marg
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Shilpa Shinde<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wapcos.gov.in/our-chairman.aspx|title=WAPCOS | International Consultants | Water Resources | Power & Infrastructure Development|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126043917/http://wapcos.gov.in/our-chairman.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Chairman & Managing Director)
| industry = {{ublist|[[Water resources]]|[[Energy industry|Power]]|Infrastructure}}
| services = Consultancy
| revenue = {{INRConvert|13.37|b}}
| revenue_year = 2021
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|13.14|b}}
| income_year = 2021
| aum = 
| assets = {{INRConvert|26.70|b}}
| assets_year = 2021
| equity = {{INRConvert|6.17|b}}
| equity_year = 2021
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| members =
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| parent =
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| module = 
| website = {{URL|wapcos.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
| former_name =
}}
'''WAPCOS Limited''', earlier known as '''Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Limited''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsepsu.com/namechangeindex.asp?iframe=true&width=800&height=500|title=bsepsu.com|website=www.bsepsu.com|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmlinks.com/sharekhan/bulletin/NameChange.asp?var=W|title=Name Changes|website=www.cmlinks.com|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> is an Indian consultancy service provider under the ownership of the [[Government of India]] and administrative control of the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]. The firm provides consultancy services in the fields of [[water resources]], power and infrastructure. Launched in 1969, it is a "Mini Ratna" company with several projects across India, Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wapcos to get 'mini ratna' status|url=http://newindianexpress.com/business/news/article165906.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103714/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/article165906.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=The New indian Express|date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="wapcos">{{cite web|title=WAPCOS – About Us|url=http://www.wapcos.co.in/home/Aboutus.aspx|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== History ==
WAPCOS is a "Mini Ratna-I" Public Sector Enterprise under the aegis of the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. Incorporated on June 26, 1969, under the Companies Act, 1956, WAPCOS is a technology-driven consultancy and Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) organization. The company has a strong domestic and international presence across the Water, Power, and Infrastructure sectors. With extensive experience and technical expertise, WAPCOS is fully equipped to undertake consultancy and EPC projects of any scale and complexity within its areas of operation.

== Services ==
WAPCOS provides wide range of services in the areas of infrastructure development, water resources and power generation. As a consultancy, some of its activities include pre-feasibility studies and feasibility studies, master plans and regional development plans, detailed engineering reports, commissioning and testing, operations and maintenance and capacity building and human resource development in its areas of competence. WAPCOS also provides commissioning services for developmental projects in India and abroad.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|title=WAPCOS derives its strength from its human resource|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Interviews/WAPCOS-derives-its-strength-from-its-human-resource/Article1-878322.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626043425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Interviews/WAPCOS-derives-its-strength-from-its-human-resource/Article1-878322.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2012|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=25 June 2012}}</ref>

== Global Presence ==
WAPCOS has successfully completed/ongoing consultancy assignments in countries covering Asia, Africa, Eurasia, CIS, South America, North America, Oceania & Pacific Islands providing consultancy services in different countries including, Angola, Afghanistan, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Burundi, Botswana, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cuba, DR Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Conakry, Indonesia, Kenya, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tanzania, Tajikistan, Togo, Timor Leste, USA, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.wapcos.co.in/ WAPCOS Limited]
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Water Resources (India)]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Delhi]]

Thalli Prema

2026-03-03T20:40:02Z

Kaurjenni51: basic reworked information per standard format and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalli Prema
| image = Thalli Prema.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Bhamidipati Radhakrishna]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = M. Azam
| screenplay = Srikanth
| producer = M. Azam
| director = Srikanth
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]]
| music = R. Sudarshanam
| cinematography = E. N. Balakrishna
| editing = R. M. Venu
| studio = Azam Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|3|9}}
| runtime = 146 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thalli Prema''''' ({{translation}} ''Mother's Love'') is a 1968 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and produced by M. Azam under the Azam Arts banner and directed by Srikanth. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], and [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] with music composed by Sudarshanam.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srikanth|date=17 March 1968|title=సినిమా: తల్లి ప్రేమ|work=[[Visalaandhra]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GWW/1015,197,2550,1022|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 1968|title=చిత్ర జ్యోతి: తల్లి ప్రేమ|work=[[Andhra Jyothi]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GWU/0,32,2550,1682|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Kulama Gunama]]'' (1971), in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986) and again in Telugu as ''Naa Ille Naa Swargam'' (1991).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Original movie is [[Kudumbam (1967 film)|Kudumbam]] (1967), M Assam produced and written by Thoppil Bhasi. The background is the emergence of cooperative service societies in communist movement in Kerala. This operates in the villages to rescue farmers from the clutches of traders. Protagonist in the movie is the cooperative society president. After the success of this movie M Asam remade this movie in Telugu and ''[[Kulamo gulano]]''in Tamil.

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where President Kesava Rao, a most revered toils to enhance a more significant life for the public. He resides with his ideal wife, Sita, and younger Venu, who adores them. Besides, sly Viswaroopam & his shrew wife Bhadramma holds groceries and conducts malpractice. To thwart it, Kesava Rao opens a government store that begrudges them. Hence, Bhadramma always affronts Sita as sterile, which perturbs her as childless. Meanwhile, Venu loves and knits a benevolent Lalitha, the daughter of Viswaroopam. Sita & Lalitha are cordial, and they build a merry world. The two conceive and deliver at once when Sita is blessed with a baby boy, but Lalitha miscarries. During that plight, Kesava Rao & Sita substituted their baby. From there, friction arises in the family, signifying a split. Herein, Viswaroopam & Bhadramma are in cahoots and instigate Venu to seek his share, which Lalita prompts. At which, Kesava Rao collapses and entrusts totality to Venu. Parallelly, the boy is injured and loses blood, and Venu & Lalitha's blood group is unsuitable. Ergo, Sita intervenes but is hindered by Viswaroopam & Bhadramma when the doctor affirms the actuality. At last, Venu & Lalitha repent and retrieve the child. Finally, the movie ends happily.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Kesava Rao
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Seeta
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Major Kailasam
*[[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] as Venu
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Viswaroopam
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Vajram
*K. V. Chalam as Chalamaiah
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Lalitha
*[[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]] as Vimala
*Chaya Devi as Bhadramma

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thalli Prema
| type = film
| artist = Sudarshanam
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1968
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:30
| label =
| producer = Sudarshanam
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by Sudarshanam. Music released by Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Komma Meedi Koyilamma"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:34
|-
|2
|"Ledaa Ledaa"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|P. Susheela, [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|3:28
|-
|3
|"Ninna Monna"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela, P. B. Srinivas
|3:22
|-
|4
|"Kalalo Ilalo"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela, [[P. Leela]]
|3:39
|-
|5
|"Hello Hello Doragaru"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|4:02
|-
|6
|"Veedhi Natakam"
|Kosaraju
|Pithapuram, L. R. Eswari
|4:20
|-
|7
|"Talli Ninnu Talanchi"
|P. Tyagaraju
|P. B. Srinivas
|1:05
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|tt7245252}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1968 drama films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]

Pondatti Rajyam

2026-03-03T04:58:09Z

Kaurjenni51: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pondatti Rajyam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Agathiyan]]
| producer = K. Prabhakaran
| starring = [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] [[Ranjitha]] [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Anbalaya Films]]
| released = {{film date|1992|8|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pondatti Rajyam''''' ({{Translation|Martial regime}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Ranjitha]] and [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]], with the director Ravikumar and [[Raja Ravindra]] in supporting roles. It was released on 15 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 1992 |title=Pondatti Rajyam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Akka Pettanam Chelleli Kapuram]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Plot==
Krishnan, an engineer working at a roof tiles company owned by R. Sundarrajan, meets Bharathi at a hotel and settles her bill. They fall in love and get married. Influenced by her sister, Bharathi begins to suspect Krishnan of infidelity.
While pregnant, Krishnan travels to Kanyakumari for work. There, he meets his friend Sundaresan, who plans to marry Sona. During an accident while saving Krishnan, Sundaresan dies. Later, Bharathi gives birth to their child. Krishnan brings Sona to Chennai, but Bharathi and her sister expel her. Krishnan then returns with Sona to Kanyakumari, where she gives birth to Sundaresan’s son, and he cares for them.
Bharathi, still suspicious, visits Kanyakumari and finds Sona and her child. In anger, she asks Krishnan to tie a Mangal Sutra on Sona, but he refuses, claiming Sona is like a sister. Sandhegam and Sundarrajan arrive with proof of Sona’s pre-registered marriage and the accident news, clearing all misunderstandings. Bharathi realizes her mistake, and Sundarrajan takes Sona and her child under his care.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Krishnan
* [[Ranjitha]] as Bharathi
*Sona as Sona
* [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Bharathi's sister
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Sundaresan
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Peon
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Sandhegam
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as MD of Company
* [[C. R. Saraswathi]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Malligai Mullai''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2005 |title=As always |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/as-always/article28583119.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416170130/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/as-always/article28583119.ece |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=Pondati Rajyam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pondati-rajyam/eYEjr4JX56s_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208070304/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pondati-rajyam/eYEjr4JX56s_ |archive-date=8 February 2022 |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Raagam Ondru" was originally composed for the film ''Adhikaalai Subavelai'' which never released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2021 |title=70/80/ 90's Kids... இந்த சினிமா பாட்டு நினைவில் இருக்கா..? |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17930&id1=3&issue=20210404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181457/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17930&id1=3&issue=20210404 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Anilukku Moonu Kodu" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Ettukudi Velavare" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
| "Naalu Pakkam Kadalu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Pondatti Rajyamthan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. Janaki
|-
| "Raagam Ondru" || Mano, S. Janaki
|-
| "Thandaal Edungada" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Uchimara Pachakiliye" || [[P. Jayachandran]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "the direction by K. S. Ravikumar is smooth [..] and the situations are imaginatively handled."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 August 1992 |title=Doubting wife |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920821&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Supraja Sridharan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of cast and concluded that Ravikumar who made us laugh for two and half hours could have avoided double meaning dialogues at certain places.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதரன் |first=சுப்ரஜா |date=20 September 1992 |title=பொண்டாட்டி ராஜ்யம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-09-20/page/n43/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330104500/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-09-20/page/n43/mode/2up |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=43 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tarar (clan)

2026-01-27T06:25:56Z

Kaurjenni51: Starting

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{More citation needed|date=January 2026}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Tarar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| gotra =
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| country = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| region = {{flag|Punjab|Punjab}}
| ethnicity =[[Punjabis|Punjabi]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related = [[Jats]]
|native_name=|jati=[[Muslim Jat|Jat]]}}
'''Tarar''' is a [[Jat people|Jat]] clan of [[Punjabis]] found in the [[Punjab]] region of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jrbCgAAQBAJ&dq=Nicolas%2Bwith,Martin%23Tarar&pg=PA73 |date=2015 |title=Politics, Landlords and Islam in Pakistan (page 73) |author=Nicolas Martin|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317408987 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Tarar+Jats+ |title=Caste, Patti and Faction in the Life of a Punjab Village (pages 170-186)|author=Inayat Ullah|date=1958|website=JSTOR.org website|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>{{Cn|date=January 2026}}

== Notable people ==
Notable people with this surname include:
* [[Azam Nazeer Tarar]], Senator, Federal Minister for Law and Justice
* [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] (born 1929), Pakistani politician, former [[President of Pakistan]]
* [[Mustansar Hussain Tarar]] (born 1939), Pakistani author and television personality<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Mustansar Hussain Tarar |url=http://www.urduwire.com/people/Mustansar-Hussain-Tarar_214.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320185422/http://www.urduwire.com/people/Mustansar-Hussain-Tarar_214.aspx |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Urduwire.com website}}</ref><ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/1162990/mustansar-hussain-tarar-receive-sitara-e-imtiaz? Mustansar Hussain Tarar to receive Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence Award)] The Express Tribune newspaper, Published 15 August 2016, Retrieved 13 December 2023</ref>
* [[Amir Sultan Tarar]], the "Colonel Imam", Army general, [[Special Service Group|SSG]] member, [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] intelligence officer,Father of Taliban
* [[Mumtaz Ahmed Tarar]], Pakistani politician
* [[Bilal Farooq Tarar]], Pakistani politician
* [[Saira Afzal Tarar]], Pakistani politician
* [[Mamoon Jaffar Tarar]], Pakistani politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}}
[[Category: surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]
[[Category:Jat tribes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Pakistani origin]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

No Name (EP)

2026-01-23T06:30:49Z

Kaurjenni51: starting first details more to come

{{For|the Jack White album|No Name (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = No Name
| type = ep
| artist = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| cover = No Name Sidhu Moose Wala.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2022|4|25}}
| recorded = 2021–2022
| studio =
| genre = * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
* [[gangsta rap]]
* [[hardcore hip hop]]
| length = 14:16
| label = Sidhu Moose Wala
| producer = {{hlist|SOE|Snappy|JayB|Mxrci}}
| prev_title = [[Moosetape]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = Moose Print
| next_year = 2025
}}

'''''No Name''''' is the first [[extended play]] by Indian singer-rapper [[Sidhu Moose Wala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagalvvorld.com/|title=Sidhu Moosewala Released His First EP No Name. Listen All Songs Here|date=25 April 2022|website=Kiddaan}}</ref> self-released on 25 April 2022 without prior announcement. Moose Wala also served as executive producer, with the tracks produced by SOE, Snappy, JayB, and Mxrci. It features guest appearances from [[Sunny Malton]], [[AR Paisley]] and [[Mr. Capone-E]], and is his final project following his death on 29 May that year.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2022 |title=Punjabi singer and Congress leader Sidhu Moose Wala shot dead in Mansa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/punjabi-singer-congress-leader-sidhu-moose-wala-shot-dead-7942590/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>

== Background ==
Sidhu announced the EP on his [[Instagram]] on 24 April 2022 and released the whole EP the following day on all [[streaming platform]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhu Moose Wala Drops Surprise EP 'No Name' f/ Sunny Malton, AR Paisley |url=https://www.pagalvvorld.com/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=[[Complex Networks|Complex]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punjab.news18.com/news/entertainment/sidhu-moose-wala-s-gift-to-fans-5-songs-released-in-no-name-ep-rup-as-336296.html|title=Sidhu Moosewala: ਸਿੱਧੂ ਮੁਸੇਵਾਲਾ ਦਾ ਫੈਨਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ਤੋਹਫ਼ਾ, "NO NAME" EP 'ਚ 5 ਗੀਤ ਕੀਤੇ ਰਿਲੀਜ਼|date=26 April 2022|website=News18 Punjab}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
The EP debuted on number 73 on the [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']] [[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Sidhu Moosewala |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> while "Never Fold" debuted at number 97 on the [[Canadian Hot 100|''Billboard'' Canadian Hot 100]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2013-01-02 |title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> "Never Fold" and "0 to 100" debuted on the [[Official Charts Company|Asian Music Chart (OCC)]] at number 9 and 20 respectively.<ref name=":0" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''No Name'' track listing
| total_length = 14:16
| all_lyrics = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].
| title1 = Never Fold
| note1 = featuring [[Sunny Malton]]
| music1 = SOE
| length1 = 3:03
| title2 = Love Sick
| note2 = featuring [[AR Paisley]]
| music2 = Mxrci
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Everybody Hurts
| music3 = JayB
| length3 = 2:53
| title4 = 0 to 100
| music4 = Mxrci
| length4 = 1:48
| title5 = Bloodlust
| note5 = featuring [[Mr. Capone-E]]
| music5 = Snappy
| length5 = 2:39
}}

'''Sample credits'''

*"Love Sick" contains interpolation of "Jado Hauli Jai" written and performed by [[Noor Jehan]].

== Personnel ==
* [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] – vocals, songwriter, executive producer
* [[Mr. Capone-E]] – featured artist
* [[AR Paisley]] – featured artist
* Sunny Malton – featured artist

=== Technical personnel ===
* Mxrci – producer
* PixlPxl – engineer
* MusicByRass – engineer
* SOE – producer
* JAYB – producer
* Snappy – producer

===Artwork===
*Nav Dhiman – visuals

== Charts ==
=== EP ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Chart performance for ''No Name''
!Chart (2022)
!Peak position
|-
{{album chart|BillboardCanada|50|M|url=https://www.fyimusicnews.ca/fyi-charts/billboard-canadian-albums|title=Billboard Canadian Albums|work=FYIMusicNews|artist=Sidhu Moosewala|rowheader=true|access-date=14 June 2022}}
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for singles from ''No Name''
!Title
!Chart (2022)
!Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|"Never Fold"
| rowspan="4" |Asian Music Chart ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220429/ASIAN |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>
|3
|-
!scope="row"|"0–100"
|12
|-
!scope="row"|"Everybody Hurts"
|13
|-
!scope="row"|"Love Sick"
|25
|-
!scope="row"|"Never Fold"
| rowspan="5" |Uk Punjabi ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20220508/punjabi/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>
|4
|-
!scope="row"|"0–100"
|9
|-
!scope="row"|"Everybody Hurts"
|10
|-
! scope="row" |"Bloodlust"
|16
|-
!scope="row"|"Love Sick"
|11
|-
!scope="row"|"Never Fold"
| rowspan="3" |[[New Zealand Hot Singles|New Zealand Hot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Hot Singles Chart |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-04-29 |access-date=3 May 2022 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |language=en}}</ref>
|19
|-
!scope="row"|"0 to 100"
|34
|-
!scope="row"|"Love Sick"
|39
|-
!scope="row"|"Never Fold"
|[[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |first= |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-06-18/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|22
|-
!scope="row"|"Never Fold"
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/ |title=Sidhu Moosewala Chart History: Canadian Hot 100 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2013-01-02 |title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2022-06-18/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|92
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{musicbrainz release group|8b293a97-c138-4509-97c1-cab4bab1cc97}}

{{Sidhu Moose Wala}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 debut EPs]]
[[Category:Sidhu Moose Wala albums]]
[[Category:Hip-hop EPs]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B EPs]]

Indian 50-paisa coin

2026-01-09T01:07:04Z

Kaurjenni51: New

{{Short description|Denomination of the Indian rupee}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = Fifty paise
| Country = India
| Value = 50[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] ({{frac|1|2}} {{Indian rupee}})
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 2.9
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Diameter_mm = 19
| Diameter_inch = 0.75
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.5
| Thickness_inch = 0.06
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Reeded
| Composition = [[Nickel]] (1957-1971) [[Cupronickel]] (1972-1990) [[Stainless steel]] (1988-2016)
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1957}}–2016
| Mintage =
| Mint marks = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] = ⧫ Mumbai Proof issues = B [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] = * [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]] = ° [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]] = No mint-mark
| Circulation = In circulation
| Catalog Number = KM#398, KM#374 and KM#70 to KM#55
| Obverse = File:50-paisa-2011-obs.png
| Obverse Design = [[State Emblem of India]] with country name
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse = File:50-paisa-2011-rev.png
| Reverse Design = Face value and year flanked by [[Nelumbo nucifera|National flower of India]]
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''50 paisa''' coin, popularly called '''Athanni,''' is a denomination of the [[Indian rupee]], equal to half a rupee, that is very rarely found in everyday circulation. Currently it is the lowest circulating denomination of the Indian rupee. The symbol for paisa is ([[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]]). On 30 June 2011, when the [[Indian 25-paisa coin|25 paisa]] and all other lower denomination coins were officially [[Legal tender|demonetised]], the 50 paise coin became the lowest circulating denomination of the Indian rupee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=222#:~:text=Coins%20of%20All%20Denominations%20are%20Legal%20Tender%20%E2%80%93%20RBI&text=It%20is%20clarified%20for%20the,will%20continue%20to%20be%20so.|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref>

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]]. From 1835 to 1957, the rupee was divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided into four [[Indian paise]]s (pice) and each paise into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetised. In 1955, the [[Parliament of India]] amended the "[[The Indian Coinage Act, 1906|Indian Coinage Act]]" to adopt the decimal system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=10 January 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="50 paise coins">{{cite news|title=50 paise coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=10 January 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=50&m=&a=&t=&dg=&w=&g=&f=&c=&co=y&cno=y&cc=y&cn=y&cj=y&ce=y&cu=y&cat=y}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=30 November 2016|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> In 2019, new coins were adopted, but the 50 paise coins were not updated as they have ceased to be in common circulation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|50 Indian Paise (1946).jpg
|A 50 paise coin from 1946
|50 Paise coin, India, 1982.jpg
|A 50 paise coin from 1982
}}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]
*[[Coins of the Indian rupee]]

{{Portal bar|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Half-base-unit coins]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Fifty-cent coins]]

{{Authority control}}

Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T11:11:59Z

Kaurjenni51: Details

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sambhal {{Small|UP-8}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Sambhal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1967
|electors = 18,98,306<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | publisher=Election commission of India | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| mp = [[Zia ur Rahman Barq]]
|alliance =[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]] [[Bilari Assembly constituency|Bilari]] [[Chandausi Assembly constituency|Chandausi]] [[Asmoli Assembly constituency|Asmoli]] [[Sambhal Assembly constituency|Sambhal]]
}}

'''Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|sə̃bʱəl}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Sambahal Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/008_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-8-Sambhal|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|29
|[[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|[[Thakur Ramveer Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|30
|[[Bilari Assembly constituency|Bilari]]
|[[Mohammed Faeem]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|31
|[[Chandausi Assembly constituency|Chandausi]] (SC)
|rowspan="3"| [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|[[Gulabo Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|32
|[[Asmoli Assembly constituency|Asmoli]]
|[[Pinki Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|33
|[[Sambhal Assembly constituency|Sambhal]]
|[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1952-1971
|Constituency did not exist <ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Shanti Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|Bijendra Pal Singh Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Shanti Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Shanti Devi]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sripal Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[D. P. Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Satyapal Singh Saini]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Zia ur Rahman Barq]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sambhal]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sambhal">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sambhal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S248.htm |access-date=2 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002075956/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S248.htm |archive-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sambhal Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Sambhal Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sambhal |access-date=26 June 2025 |issue=The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626152427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sambhal |archive-date=26 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
candidate=[[Zia ur Rahman Barq]]
|party= Samajwadi Party
|votes=5,71,161
|percentage=47.80
|change={{down}}7.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Parmeshwar Lal Saini
|party=Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes=4,49,667
|percentage=37.63
|change={{down}}3.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Shaulat Ali
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=1,52,460
|percentage=12.76
|change={{up}}12.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above (India)
|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes=7,217
|percentage=0.60
|change={{down}}0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=1,21,494
|percentage=10.17
|change={{down}}4.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=11,94,983
|percentage= 62.95
|change={{down}}1.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2019 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sambhal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|votes = 6,58,006
|percentage = 55.60
|change = +22.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmeshwar Lal Saini
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,83,180
|percentage = 40.83
|change = +6.03
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Major Jagat Pal Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12,105
|percentage = 1.02
|change = -0.50
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|votes = 7,230
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.11
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Other
|candidate = Other Candidates
|votes = 22,948
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,74,826
|percentage = 14.77
|change = +14.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,83,788
|percentage = 64.73
|change = +2.30
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sambhal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Satyapal Singh Saini]]|votes=3,60,242|percentage=34.08|change=+16.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=3,55,068|percentage=33.59|change=+5.15|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aqeel Ur Rehman Khan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,52,640|percentage=23.90|change=-6.52|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[D. P. Yadav]]|party=Rashtriya Parivartan Dal|votes=36,134|percentage=3.42|change=''New''|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pramod Krishnam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,034|percentage=1.52|change=-17.43|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|NOTA]]|votes=7,658|percentage=0.72|change=''New''|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,174|percentage=0.49|change=-1.49}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,57,104|percentage=62.43|change=+9.60}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = +3.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sambhal]]
* [[Sambhal Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[https://www.sambhalnews.in/ Sambhal News]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Moradabad division topics}}

{{Coord|28.59|78.57|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambhal}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sambhal district]]

Tropical Depressions Wilma and BOB 05

2025-12-03T10:36:26Z

Kaurjenni51: Stub

{{Other hurricane uses|List of storms named Wilma|the 2013 depression}}
{{Short description|Series of tropical cyclones in 2013}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Tropical Depression 30W (Wilma) Depression BOB 05
| image = Wilma 2013-11-04 0532Z.jpg
| caption = Tropical Depression Wilma over the Philippines on November 4, 2013
| as = Tropical Depression Wilma
| formed = {{start date|2013|11|3}}
| dissipated = {{end date|2013|11|7}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 30
| pressure = 1004
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 35
| pressure = 996
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Depression BOB 05
| formed = {{start date|2013|11|13}}
| remnant = {{end date|2013|11|17}}
| dissipated = {{end date|2013|11|21}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 25
| pressure = 1003
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 35
| pressure = 996
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2013
| fatalities = 16
| damage-prefix = >
| damage = 1500000
| areas = [[Palau]], [[Philippines]], [[mainland Southeast Asia]], [[Andaman Islands]], [[Sri Lanka]], India, [[Socotra]]
| ibtracs = 2013305N07141
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = 2013 [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|Pacific typhoon]] and [[2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean cyclone]] seasons
}}
'''Tropical Depression Wilma''',{{#tag:ref|Wilma was the local name given by the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA). The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) does not [[Tropical cyclone naming#International names|assign names]] to storms that are below tropical storm intensity.|group="nb"}} also referred to as '''Tropical Storm/Cyclone 30W'''{{#tag:ref|The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Storm 30W in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and Tropical Cyclone 30W in the North Indian Ocean.|group="nb"}} and '''Depression BOB 05''' were a series of [[tropical cyclone]]s that traveled from the [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|Northwest Pacific Ocean]] to the [[2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean]] in 2013. Forming east of [[Palau]] on November 1, the tropical depression passed through the [[Philippines]] on November 4 and emerged into the [[South China Sea]] on the next day. Without intensification, the system made landfall over [[Vietnam]] on November 6 and arrived at the [[Gulf of Thailand]] on November 7.

On November 8, the tropical depression crossed the [[Malay Peninsula]] and emerged into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Degenerated into a low-pressure area later, it was struggling to develop until intensifying into a depression on November 13. The system made landfall over India on November 16 and caused 16 fatalities, before it weakened into a low-pressure area, and then entered the [[Arabian Sea]] on the next day.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Wilma 2013 track.png}}

===Wilma===
Late on October 30, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) reported that a [[low-pressure area]] had formed near [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-10-30T18:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/10/30/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-10-30t180000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> On November 1, a tropical disturbance southeast of [[Yap]] persisted within the low-pressure area, as well as JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression east of [[Palau]] late on the same day.<ref name=jtwcbst>{{cite web|title=Best track data of Tropical Storm/Tropical Cyclone 30W (Thirty)|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2013/2013s-bwp/bwp302013.dat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144617/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2013/2013s-bwp/bwp302013.dat|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2015|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-01T18:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/01/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-01t180000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> However, the agency soon downgraded it back to a low-pressure only six hours later, when the system remained poorly organised with [[convection]] confined to the western flank.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-02T00:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/02/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-02t000000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans 020600Z-030600Z Nov 2013 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131102/060000/A_ABPW10PGTW020600_C_RJTD_20131102060520_87.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529225444/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131102/060000/A_ABPW10PGTW020600_C_RJTD_20131102060520_87.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shortly after JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression near Palau again early on November 3, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] for the system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-03T00:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/03/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-03t000000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 0530Z on November 3 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpn22.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211502/https://www.webcitation.org/6KqkHQmWo?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN22-PGTW_201311030530.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Only three hours later, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression and designated as ''30W'' by JTWC, estimating it would intensify into a category 1 typhoon in the [[South China Sea]]. In post-analysis, JTWC indicated that 30W had already become a tropical depression on November 2.<ref name=jtwcbst /> The low-level circulation centre was partially exposed but consolidating with the bulk of deep convection sheared to the west. At that time, the tropical depression was tracking along the southern periphery of the steering [[subtropical ridge]] to the north, and vertical [[wind shear]] was weak to moderate, offset by radial [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] and a developing poleward channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 01 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211623/https://www.webcitation.org/6KsGx9u02?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201311030900.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Late on November 3, the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) upgraded the system to a tropical depression and gave it the local name ''Wilma''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Depression "WILMA" Severe Weather Bulletin Number ONE |url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211701/https://www.webcitation.org/6KsH1J0Ui?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/TCUPDATE_201311032245.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 4, Wilma made landfall over [[Surigao del Sur]], [[Philippines]] before 04:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], and JMA began to issue tropical cyclone advisories to the tropical depression in the [[Bohol Sea]] since 06:00 UTC, expecting it to intensify into a tropical storm within 24 hours.<ref name=philstar>{{cite web|title=Wilma makes landfall in Surigao Sur|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/05/1253175/wilma-makes-landfall-surigao-sur|publisher=The Philippine Star|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory at 0600Z on November 4 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpq22.rjtd..txt |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211546/https://www.webcitation.org/6KsGaK93W?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201311040600.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Soon, PAGASA downgraded Wilma to a low-pressure area at 09:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Depression "WILMA" Severe Weather Bulletin Number THREE (FINAL) |url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |accessdate=28 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211747/https://www.webcitation.org/6Ktji6bJC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/TCUPDATE_201311040900.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Interacting with the frictional effects by passing through the Philippines, the tropical depression still got slightly organisational improvement, and it began to accelerate westward.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 06 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211826/https://www.webcitation.org/6Ktjp3K3B?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201311041500.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Late on the same day, it arrived at the [[Sulu Sea]], as well as it crossed [[Palawan]] and arrived at the South China Sea early on November 5. According to the JTWC best track data, 30W was a tropical storm at 06Z and 12Z, while the low-level circulation centre was partially exposed with the bulk of deep convection located to the north at noon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 10 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211948/https://www.webcitation.org/6KvFIIuhr?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201311051500.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Late on the same day, JTWC downgraded 30W back to a tropical depression for becoming increasingly fragmented.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 11 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522211908/https://www.webcitation.org/6KvFI5RuO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201311052100.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Wilma 2013-11-08.jpg|thumb|right|The tropical depression crossing the [[Malay Peninsula]] on November 8]]
On November 6, JTWC issued a final warning to 30W at 06:00 UTC, when the tropical depression began to erode further.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Depression 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 013 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpn32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522182706/https://www.webcitation.org/6KwnBkcMu?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN32-PGTW_201311060800.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to making landfall over the area near [[Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm]], [[Vietnam]], JMA stopped issuing any tropical cyclone advisory to the tropical depression at noon, although it still remained its 10-minute maximum sustained winds at {{convert|30|knot|round=5}} briefly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-06T12:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/06/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-06t120000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> According to the JTWC best track data, 30W weakened into a tropical disturbance early on November 7, yet it developed into a tropical depression again at noon, when the system was entering the [[Gulf of Thailand]] from the southernmost border of [[Thailand]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref name=jtwcbst /><ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-07T12:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/07/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-07t120000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> Late on the same day, JTWC reported that the organisation and [[vorticity]] of 30W had got better.<ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Reissued 072030Z-080600Z Nov 2013 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131107/203000/A_ABPW10PGTW072030_C_RJTD_20131107200733_81.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529231256/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131107/203000/A_ABPW10PGTW072030_C_RJTD_20131107200733_81.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early on November 8, the tropical depression made landfall over the area about {{convert|200|km|round=5|abbr=on}} south-southwest of [[Bangkok]], Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-08T00:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/08/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-08t000000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> Since 06:00Z, JMA stopped monitoring because it moved out of the area of responsibility.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2013-11-08T06:00:00Z|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/08/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2013-11-08t060000z/|work=WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>

===BOB 05===
The system arrived at the [[Andaman Sea]] by crossing the [[Malay Peninsula]] before noon, but then deep convection over the low-level circulation centre dissipated rapidly.<ref name=jtwcbst /><ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 081800Z-091800Z Nov 2013 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131108/180000/A_ABIO10PGTW081800_C_RJTD_20131108172503_2.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529225538/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131108/180000/A_ABIO10PGTW081800_C_RJTD_20131108172503_2.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On November 9, the system slowed down, as well as easterly vertical [[wind shear]] had become stronger over the system located southwest of [[Yangon]], [[Burma]], making it remain partially exposed and disorganised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean Reissued 090600Z-091800Z Nov 2013 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131109/060000/A_ABIO10PGTW090600_C_RJTD_20131109043231_36.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529225725/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131109/060000/A_ABIO10PGTW090600_C_RJTD_20131109043231_36.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) started to mention the system as a [[low-pressure area]] on the same day, right before it emerged into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=jtwcbst /><ref name=imd_preliminary>{{cite web|title=A Preliminary Report on Depression over Bay of Bengal (13 - 17 November, 2013)|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/Depression_13_17_nov.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|accessdate=29 May 2014|date=December 2013}}</ref> IMD upgraded it to a well-marked low-pressure area on November 11, yet a microwave imagery showed a broad low-level circulation centre with shallow [[convection]] as well as dry air beginning to wrap around the western quadrants.<ref name=imd_preliminary /><ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 111800Z-121800Z Nov 2013 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131111/180000/A_ABIO10PGTW111800_C_RJTD_20131111181331_49.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529224028/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20131111/180000/A_ABIO10PGTW111800_C_RJTD_20131111181331_49.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On November 13, IMD upgraded the system to a depression and designated it as ''BOB 05'' at 00:00 UTC.<ref name=imd_preliminary /> As new formative bands developed along the northern and southeastern sectors, JTWC issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] again for the better-organised system at 13:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1300Z on November 13 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio22.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529223802/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio22.pgtw..txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The low-level circulation centre became fully exposed but well-defined on November 14, and deep convection was sheared to the northwest by moderate vertical wind shear which was offsetting easterly diffluent [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert Reissued at 1300Z on November 14 |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20131114/130000/A_WTIO22PGTW141300_C_RJTD_20131114124532_63.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529222552/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20131114/130000/A_WTIO22PGTW141300_C_RJTD_20131114124532_63.txt |archivedate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 15, JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical cyclone and continued designating it ''30W'', when the low-level circulation centre was tightly wrapped but partially exposed with deep convection sheared to the west. It developed radial outflow, but moderate easterly vertical wind shear kept affecting the tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 014 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522212107/https://www.webcitation.org/6LAXeHcWu?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO32-PGTW_201311151500.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, 30W was considered as a tropical cyclone only at 18Z in post-analysis.<ref name=jtwcbst /> On November 16, JTWC issued a final warning to 30W, as the intensity became below the warning threshold due to rapidly eroding convection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 30W (Thirty) Warning Nr 017 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio32.pgtw..txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522212026/https://www.webcitation.org/6LAXdaJJK?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO32-PGTW_201311160900.htm |archivedate=22 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At 07:30 UTC, Depression BOB 05 made landfall over [[Tamil Nadu]], India, and it weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area overland at 00:00 UTC on the next day, right before emerging into the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=imd_preliminary /> Since that, the remnants no longer had a chance to develop as it continued drafting westward and encountering strong dry air.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vapor imagery at 1300Z on November 19|url=https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc13/WPAC/30W.THIRTY/vapor/geo/1km/20131119.1300.meteo7.x.wv1km.30WTHIRTY.20kts-1007mb-124N-612E.100pc.jpg|publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory|access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The remnants became almost stationary and turned west-southwestward on November 20, before finally dissipating near [[Socotra]], [[Yemen]] on the next day.<ref name=jtwcbst />

==Impact==
[[File:Wilma 15 Nov 2013.jpg|thumb|Depression BOB 05 near [[Sri Lanka]] on November 15]]

===Philippines===
Being a weak tropical depression, Wilma did not cause fatalities in the Philippines, but it still damaged houses and brought flooding. In [[Bohol]], 83 houses and a wooden bridge were damaged, as well as several towns were flooded. The tropical depression also caused flooding in [[Palawan]], leading to the evacuation of 146 families. Two bridges collapsed due to the flooding, and a further two bridges made impassable.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davies|first=Richard|title=Two Tropical Storms to hit the Central Philippines within a week|url=http://floodlist.com/asia/storms-central-philippines|publisher=FloodList|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> When Wilma made landfall, 4,355 passengers were stranded in seaports in [[Visayas]], as well as 352 passengers were stranded in Manila.<ref name=philstar /> Only three days after Wilma left the Philippines, [[Typhoon Haiyan]] (Yolanda) made landfall over there and became the deadliest Philippine typhoon in modern history.

===Vietnam===
Total damage in Vietnam reached 34 billion dong (US$1.5 million, 2013 USD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/FileUpload/2019-08/iY6RhUKimkC2WAcp2013-Tong%20hop%202013-CT.pdf|title=TỔNG HỢP THIỆT HẠI DO THIÊN TAI NĂM 2013|access-date=2023-08-21|language=vi}}</ref>

===India===
Depression BOB 05 brought a heavy downpour and caused 16 deaths in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Two people were drowned by flooding, and one woman was killed by a collapsing wall. Hundreds of trees were uprooted, and many banana plantations were damaged in [[Nagapattinam]] following gusty winds. The downpour also brought copious inflows to various reservoirs and lakes in the state that supply drinking water to the people.<ref>{{cite web|title=16 killed in Tamil Nadu downpour|date=19 November 2013|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/369772/16-killed-tamil-nadu-downpour.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> In [[Sirkazhi]], electric posts were damaged with power supply suspended in most parts of the district, and the roof of a school building flew off due to squally winds. A fish auction hall building near [[Tharangambadi]] was also damaged due to strong winds. More than 10,000 fishermen did not venture into the sea due to the very rough sea condition and visible high tides in many places.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deep depression crosses Tamil Nadu coast, fishermen keep at bay|date=16 November 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/tamil-nadu-coast-depression-nagapattinam-bay-of-bengal-fishermen-217688-2013-11-15|publisher=India Today|access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Weather of 2013]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2013]]
* [[Tropical Storm Linda (1997)]]
* [[Tropical Storm Vamei]] (2001)
* [[Typhoon Durian]] (2006)
* [[Cyclone Jal]] (2010)
* [[Typhoon Haiyan]] (2013)
* [[Tropical Storm Podul (2013)]]
* [[Cyclone Helen (2013)]]
* [[Tropical Storm Matmo and Cyclone Bulbul]] (2019)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144617/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2013/2013s-bwp/bwp302013.dat JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Storm/Tropical Cyclone 30W (Thirty)
* [https://archive.today/20140529161909/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc13/WPAC/30W.THIRTY/ 30W.THIRTY] from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
* [http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/Depression_13_17_nov.pdf Preliminary Report of Depression BOB 05] by the India Meteorological Department

{{2013 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}
{{2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilma (2013)}}
[[Category:2013 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Weather events in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Weather events in Thailand]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Western Pacific tropical depressions]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2013]]

Mahayagya

2025-11-25T06:42:44Z

Kaurjenni51: New a article - done

{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''''Mahaygya''''' ({{Translation|''Major sacrifice''}}) is an Indian television show broadcast on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] in 1997–1998. Written, produced and directed by [[Anil Chaudhary (filmmaker)|Anil Chaudhary]], the political drama starred Manohar Singh, Rohini Hattangadi, Goving Namdeo, supported by Ananya Khare, Murali Sharma, Kumud Mishra and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970430-sony-launches-election-rally-to-introduce-serial-mahayagya-831344-1997-04-29|title=Sony launches election rally to introduce serial Mahayagya|website=India Today|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in the small central-Indian town, the story unfolds with an average, politically inexperienced but practical and shrewd woman, Vimla Pandey (Rohini Hattangadi) winning the Parliament election, defeating seasoned politician Thakur Bhanu Pratap Singh (Manohar Singh). Vimla Pandey is on the warpath to settle old dues with the Thakur.

== Cast ==
* [[Manohar Singh]] as Thakur Bhanu Pratap Singh<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/14singh.htm|title=Manohar Singh passes away|website=business.rediff.com|access-date=2022-06-27|agency=PTI|date=14 November 2002}}</ref>
* [[Govind Namdev|Govind Namdeo]] as Chhote Thakur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun20/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Vimla Pandey
* [[Ananya Khare]] (credited as Preeti Khare)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/ananya-khare|title=Ananya Khare|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>
* [[Murali Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/actor/murli_sharma.htm|title="If I had a chocolate face, I would have been driving a Ford Ikon and doing three Balaji shows; two on Star Plus and one on Sony" : Murli Sharma|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>
* [[Kumud Mishra]]
* Kanika Shivpuri as Chief Minister<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajendran |first1=Girija |title=An impressive track record |url=http://www.hinduonline.com/hindu/daily/980703/09/09030789.htm |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980703063045/http://www.hinduonline.com/hindu/daily/980703/09/09030789.htm |archive-date=3 July 1998 |date=3 July 1998}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7yd0lWwMkE Watch a scene from Mahayagya] on YouTube

[[Category:1997 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1998 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Ramavarmapuram

2025-11-02T15:54:11Z

Kaurjenni51: starting a data first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramavarmapuram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.55992|N|76.23104|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Ward
| subdivision_name3 = 4
| established_title = Named honouring Cochin Kings
| established_date = 1956
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Thrissur|Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Councillor
| leader_name1 = V K Suresh Kumar
| leader_title2 = Corporation Mayor
| leader_name2 = Prof R Bindu
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680631
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Thrissur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Thrissur
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thrissur|Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Thrissur [[Railway Station]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|6|km|mi}} N (Road)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramavarmapuram''' is the northern [[suburb]] of [[Thrissur|Thrissur City]] in [[Kerala]]. It is home to several governmental and other institutions. The largest [[menhir]] type [[megalithic monument]] in [[granite]] in Kerala is found there.

At the time of the founding of a [[Radio station|broadcasting station]] of [[All India Radio]] in Thrissur, the place where the station was established was renamed as Ramavarmapuram. Prior to that the place was known as Anappara. The original place name is still used locally. Over the years the place specified as Ramavarmapuram expanded to include the entire region in the northern suburbs of Thrissur City. After of the formation of Thrissur Municipal Corporation in September 2000, one of the fifty-two divisions of the city has been named Ramavarmapuram.<ref>List of divisions of Thrissur Municipal Corporation (in Malayalam) {{cite web |url=http://www.electionker.org/warddetails/trissur.pdf |title=Electionker Ward details |access-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726021804/http://www.electionker.org/warddetails/trissur.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}. Retrieved 19 January 2009</ref>

== Origin of the name ==
[[File:Elephant Rock in Ramavarmapuram.jpg|thumb|200px|Elephant Rock in Ramavarmapuram]]

A part of the real estate holdings of the [[Cochin Royal Family|Cochin royal family]] was acquired by the government for setting up a broadcasting station of All India Radio in Thrissur. The place where the station was established was named as Ramavarmapuram in honour and to perpetuate the memory of Rama Varma the donor of the land.<ref>C A Krishnan (2009). ''Anchuvilakku'' (Malayalam : അഞ്ചുവിളക്ക്), p.35-38. Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}</ref> The word 'Ramavarmapuram' can be loosely translated into [[English language|English]] as 'Rama Varma's land'. The donor was the last king of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|princely state of Cochin]], [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma Kunjunni Thampuran]] known popularly as Pareekshith Thampuran. He was born on 15 August 1876 and crowned as king in July 1948. On 1 July 1949, the [[princely state]]s of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] were integrated to form the [[Travancore-Cochin]] state. With that merger Thampuran ceased to be the [[Maharaja]] of Cochin. He died in November 1964 at [[Thripunithura]].<ref>K K N Kurup, ''[[Hill Palace]] and Pareekshith Thampuran'' {{cite web |url=http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/heritage/thampuran/home.html |title=Thampuran heritage studies |access-date=2009-01-23 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015135242/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/heritage/thampuran/home.html |archive-date=15 October 2008}}. Retrieved 23 January 2009</ref><ref>Cochin Royal Family Historical Society {{cite web |url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/index.php |title=crfhs family tree |access-date=2009-01-23 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117175631/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/index.php |archive-date=17 January 2009}}. Retrieved 23 January 2009</ref>

In [[Cochin Royal Family|Cochin royal family]] all the male members were named according to the following [[Convention (norm)|convention]]:
eldest son to a mother - Rama Varma, second son - Kerala Varma and third son - Ravi Varma.<ref>[http://www.gosree.org/history.html Rameshan Thampuran, ''Genealogy of Cochin Royal Family'']</ref> Because of this convention the [[official name]]s of most of the rulers of Cochin were Rama Varma. Counting since 1500 [[Common Era|CE]] Parikshith Thampuran was the eighteenth king named Rama Varma in the history of Cochin.<ref>Indian Princely States Website, [[The University of Queensland]], [[Australia]] {{cite web |url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/c/cochin.html |title=Cochin |access-date=2009-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527041712/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/c/cochin.html |archive-date=27 May 2009}}. Retrieved 25 January 2009</ref>

==Parukutty Nethyar Amma connection==

[[File:Parukutti_Nethyar_Amma.jpg|thumb|200px|Parukutty Nethyar Amma]]
[[Parukutty Nethyar Amma]] (5 July 1875 - 25 February 1963) was the consort of the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], Maharaja Rama Varma XVI (popularly known as Madrassil Theepetta Thampuran), who reigned from 1914 to 1932. Nethyar Amma had a powerful influence in the administration of the Kingdom during the reign of Rama Varma XVI. In a biography of Nethyar Amma published in 2022, one can find this passage: "During the abdicated Raja's period of rule, the Central jail at [[Ernakulam]] had been transferred to a park in [[Viyyur]], near Trichur, to a location that once housed the Trichur Zoo. That zoo had been closed in 1912 and the animals had been sent to Madras. Parukutty sold a thousand acres in Viyyur that she personally owned to the state for Rs 1. Of these, 200 acres next to the Central Jail were utilized to extend the jail grounds. She wanted to use the remaining 800 acres to create a township - Rama Varma Puram - in honour of Maharaja Rama Varma XVI. The intent was to create a university town similar to [[Oxford]] and to move the main colleges such as the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] in Ernakulam to these premises. She also wanted to establish an engineering college, a veterinary college, an agricultural college and a medical college there."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raghu Palat & Pushpa Palat |title=Destiny's Child: The undefeatable reign of Cochin's Parukutty Neithyaramma |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Pvt Ltd |location=[[Gurugram]], Haryana, India |isbn=9780670096305|pages=193-194}}</ref> A website on the history of Cochin royal family states that from the official correspondences between British India Govt officials of the period one can infer that there indeed was a plan "... to move the Maharaja’s College from Ernakulam to Ramavarmapuram near Thrissur".<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Rama Varma 1914 - 1931 |url=https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=2&submenu_id=5&submenu2_id=18 |website=History of Cochin Royal Family |publisher=Dr. Kocha Varma |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

== Pre-history of the locality ==

[[File:RVPuramImage01.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Ramavarmapuram menhir]]
Ramavarmapuram has a little known [[pre-history]]. The area must have been the [[Location (geography)|site]] of [[human settlement]] in very [[ancient times]]. This is evidenced by the presence of a [[megalithic monument]] there. The monument is in [[granite]] and is of [[menhir]] type. Such monuments are very rare in Kerala. In fact, including Ramavarmapuram, there are only two places in Kerala where such monuments exist. The other place is [[Kuttur Census Town|Kuttoor]] also in Thrissur district. The monument in Ramavarmapuram is the larger of the two and measures {{convert|15|ft|m}} in height and {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m}} in breadth. It is under the protection of [[Archaeology|Department of Archaeology]] since 1944.<ref>List of monuments in Kerala {{cite web |url=http://www.keralaarchaeology.org/monuments.html |title=Kerala archaeology |access-date=2009-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307085046/http://www.keralaarchaeology.org/monuments.html |archive-date=7 March 2009}}. Retrieved 19 January 2009</ref> The monument is locally known as 'Padakkallu' or 'Pulachikkallu'.<ref>Kerala State Urban Development Project : Art and heritage of Thrissur [http://www.ksudp.org/UrbanKB/tcr/art&.pdf]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. Retrieved 26 January 2009</ref>

These menhirs are memorials for the departed souls put up at burial
sites. They belong to the Megalithic Age of Kerala, which is roughly estimated between 1000 [[Before the Common Era|BCE]] and 500 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>S Hemachandran, [http://www.kerala.gov.in/keralacalljuly_07/pg30-31.pdf "Monuments Embossing History"]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Kerala Calling'', July 2007.. Retrieved 24 January 2009</ref> All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the [[Neolithic|Neolithic Age]] in the development of human [[technology]].

The Ramavarmapuram menhir is also believed to be a monument belonging to the [[Sangam period]] in the South Indian history.<ref>V V K Valath (1992). ''Keralathile Sthalacharithrangal: Thrissur Jilla'',(Malayalam: കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ഥലചരിത്രങ്ങള്‍: തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ ജില്ല) p.217. Kerala Sahithya Akadamy, Thrissur.</ref>

== Terrain ==
[[File:Sunset viewed from Elephant Rock in Ramavarmapuram.jpg|thumb|200px|Sunset viewed from Elephant Rock in Ramavarmapuram]]
The nature of the [[terrain]] of region is reflected in the original name of the area. 'Anappara' is the place of the 'elephant rock', a place with a [[Rock (geology)|rock]] resembling the back of an [[elephant]]. (There are many places in Kerala named Anappara.) Ramavarmapuram area has extensive [[granite]] [[Quarry|quarries]] supplying large quantities of [[construction aggregate]]s in the form [[boulders]], [[crushed stone]] and [[gravel]] to the building industry in Thrissur district.

A factory has been established in 2003 to produce [[dimension stone]]s in [[granite]]. The [[tile]]s and [[stone slab|slabs]] produced by the factory have a unique color christened 'Malabar green'.<ref>T Ramavarman. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529113152/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/14/stories/2005071406690500.htm "Quarrying in troubled times"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 14 July 2005.. Retrieved 25 January 2009</ref>

== Church murals ==
There are around ten churches in Kerala having murals, all of them at least two centuries old. The renovated St. Francis Xavier's Church has 16 murals of incidents in the life of [[Jesus]].<ref>Anjana Chandramouly [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/01/27/stories/2006012700150300.htm Fusion time in Kerala murals] ''The Business Line'' dated 26 June 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2009</ref><ref>K K Gopalakrishnan [https://web.archive.org/web/20060304020135/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302240300.htm The fine art of devotion] ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 23 December 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2009</ref>

== Institutions in Ramavarmapuram ==

Ramavarmapuram has an unusual concentration of well-known establishments all connected to [[Kerala Police]]. These include one of the largest [[police training]] centres in India, south India's only police [[dog training]] centre and the headquarters of the Kerala Armed Police I Battalion. This has its origins in the separation of the then [[Cochin State]] Police into two divisions in the early 1930s and the stationing of the headquarters of one of the divisions in the present-day Ramavarmapuram.<ref>Official Website of Kasaragod Police {{cite web |url=http://www.kasaragodpolice.com/ |title=Kasaragod police |access-date=2009-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123124033/http://www.kasaragodpolice.com/ |archive-date=23 January 2009}}. Retrieved 28 January 2009</ref>

== Institutions connected to Kerala Police ==

=== Headquarters of Kerala Armed Police I Battalion ===

The battalion was established by a Government order in 1972. A striking feature of this campus of Kerala Armed Police is the particular shape of its [[barracks]]: Three-storied Z- and L-shaped barracks all constructed by Rao Bahadur T S Narayana Iyyer, [[Dewan]] of Cochin in 1930s. The camp site is located in a {{convert|26|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus.<ref>[http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/kap1.html Kerala Police History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131114131/http://keralapolicehistory.com/kap1.html |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref> Retrieved 8 January 2009 This was the first such battalion to be formed in Kerala. Presently there are five such battalions.

The armed police battalions serve as reserve force to be deployed whenever and wherever the district police fall short of manpower in the maintenance of law and order. When so deployed, they function under the control of the district police officers and are returned to their camps as soon as the requirement is over. Unlike district police, they are not permitted to undertake crime investigation work. The battalions are maintained on the pattern of infantry battalions.<ref name="KP">Armed Police Battalions [http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/armed_police.html]. Retrieved 26 January 2009</ref>

=== Kerala Police Academy ===

The Academy, spread over an area of 348 acres (1.4 km²), started functioning in May 2004. It is the main training centre of [[Kerala Police]] and is designed to have a capacity of training 1950 trainees at a time, which is one of the highest in India.
<ref>
Official website of Kerala Police Academy
{{cite web |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |title=Kerala police |access-date=2009-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101163953/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |archive-date=1 January 2009}}. Retrieved 8 January 2009
</ref>

=== Police Dog Training Center ===

This is the only one such centre in [[South India]]. The first batch of dogs was passed out in October 2008. The centre is attached to Kerala Police Academy.
<ref>Dog squad passes out, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 20 October 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023181139/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/20/stories/2008102052960300.htm]. Retrieved 9 January 2009</ref>

There are two types of dogs employed by Police: 'Tracker dogs' which track criminals and 'Sniffer dogs' which detects explosives, narcotics etc. The [[dog training]] centre
can accommodate 30 dogs at a time and they can be trained in both tracking and sniffing operations.
<ref>On the Dog Squad of Kerala Police [http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/dog_squad.html]. Retrieved 26 January 2009</ref>

=== Thrissur District Armed Reserve Police ===

The administrative blocks, residential quarters, parade grounds and other establishments connected with Thrissur District Armed Reserve Police are all located in Ramavarmapuram adjacent to the campus of Kerala Armed Police I Battalion.

After several mergers of the various wings of the law-enforcement agencies existing in the different parts of Kerala before independence, a force called State General Armed Reserve was formed in 1941. This was bifurcated in 1958 to form the Special Armed Police Battalion and the
District Armed Reserve Police.<ref name="KP"/>

=== Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy ===

The academy started functioning in June 2007. There is a growing demand for trained fire fighting men in foreign countries. The Academy is designed to run rescue and fire fighting courses for able bodied youth. The Government has requested the Central Government to upgrade the Academy as a national centre for disaster management training.<ref>42 new fire stations to be set up in Kerala, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 5 March 2008 {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/004200803050321.htm |title=Onnet |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307100643/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/004200803050321.htm |archive-date=7 March 2008}}. Retrieved 10 January 2009</ref><ref>Rs. 10 crore for Fire and Rescue Services, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 5 June 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181326/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/05/stories/2007060505920300.htm]. Retrieved 9 January 2008</ref>

===Administrative Office of Thrissur City Police Commissioner ===
The Administrative Office of [[Thrissur City Police]] Commissioner is located in Ramavarmapuram.
The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate was formed in March 2011 by bifurcating the then existing Thrissur police district into rural and urban. The administrative jurisdiction of the City Police Commissioner covers 12 police stations including a women's police station and a traffic station. These stations fall in three subdivisions, namely, Thrissur (comprising Thrissur East, Thrissur West and [[Ollur]] circles) and [[Guruvayur]] (comprising [[Peramangalam]] and [[Guruvayur]] circles). P. Vijayan is the first City Police Commissioner of Thrissur.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Thrissur gets Police Commissioner|journal=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 March 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309055023/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2011|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>

===Civil Defence Training Institute===
Kerala's first Civil Defence Training Institute is being set up in a campus spread over eight acres of land in Ramavarmapuram near [[Viyyur]] Central Jail. [[Oommen Chandy]], [[Kerala]] [[Chief Minister]], laid the foundation for the Institute on 30 June 2012. The Institute is intended to train ex-service men, home guards, NCC cadets and the general public to deal with disasters, including natural calamities.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Stone laid for civil defence institute|journal=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

== Educational institutions ==

=== State Institute of English, Kerala ===

The State Institute of English-Kerala is a state-level centre established by [[Government of Kerala]] and functioning in Ramavarmapuram to promote [[English language]] studies in [[Kerala]]. Though the Institute started functioning in May 2011, it was formally inaugurated by Kerala Education Minister P K Abdu Rabb only on 1 October 2011.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Native English speakers to teach in Kerala|journal=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 October 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2505644.ece|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> It is an English Language Training Institute (ELTI) affiliated to [[English and Foreign Languages University]] (EFL University), Hyderabad. The Institute coordinates research and training activities in [[English language]] teaching by working in tandem with the District Centres for English at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Thrissur]] and [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shyam P V|title=Now, an institute to polish teachers' English skills|journal=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 October 2011|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/kochi/30232984_1_training-centre-english-language-teaching-english-skills|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715141152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/kochi/30232984_1_training-centre-english-language-teaching-english-skills|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2012|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> The Institute's stress is on developing and delivering methodologies for improving communication skills of students by continued training of teachers. The training sessions in the Institute utilises technology-aided English language teaching methods.

=== Government Engineering College, Thrissur ===

{{main article|Government Engineering College, Thrissur}}

[[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]],<ref>[http://www.gectcr.edu/ Official website of Government Engineering College, Thrissur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123065833/http://gectcr.edu/ |date=23 January 2009 }}</ref> is the second oldest engineering college in Kerala. It is also the first engineering college to be established after the formation of the State of Kerala.
The college started functioning in the Chembukkavu ([[Thrissur]]) campus of Maharaja's Technological Institute in 1957. The classes were shifted to the present campus in October 1960 and the college was formally inaugurated in February 1962. The present college campus is spread over an area of {{convert|75|acre|m2}}. The foundation stone of the college was laid by late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]], on 26 April 1958.

The land which is now under the control of Government Engineering College, Thrissur, was originally in the hands of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Parukkutty Nethyar Amma]] (Malayalam : പാറുക്കുട്ടി നേത്യാര്‍ അമ്മ). She was the consort of Maharaja Rama Varma, who reigned as king of the princely state of Cochin from 1914 to 1932. After his demise in 1932 while staying in [[Madras]] ([[Chennai]]), Maharaja Rama Varma was popularly referred to as 'Madrassil Theepetta Thampuran'.<ref>C A Krishnan (2009). ''Anchuvilakku'' (Malayalam : അഞ്ചുവിളക്ക്), p.29-30. Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}</ref>

=== Vimala College, Thrissur ===

{{main article|Vimala College}}
Prior to the de-linking of Pre-Degree Courses from the academic control of the universities,
Vimala College was the only women's college in Kerala which offered exclusively graduate and post-graduate programmes. The college was presented the R Shankar Award in 2002 by the Government of Kerala for the best college in Kerala. It has been accredited with five star rating by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Bangalore.<ref>Website of Vimala College, Thrissur [http://vimalacollege.edu.in/home.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101020504/http://vimalacollege.edu.in/home.html|date=1 January 2009}}. Retrieved 9 January 2009</ref>

=== District Institute for Education and Training (DIET) ===

As part of the National Education Policy (1986), DIETs were established in selected districts all over India in 1986. The institute in Ramavarmapuram was also established at that time.<ref>Website of District Institute for Education and Training [http://www.dietthrissur.org/]. Retrieved 10 January 2009</ref> The institute is managed by the Government of Kerala with financial assistance from the Government of India. The aim of this institute is to provide academic and resource support at district level for the success of various programs being undertaken in the field of primary and adult education. The physical infrastructure now being used by the DIET in Ramavarmapuram was in the hands of the Institute of Primary Education an institution which became defunct consequent on the establishment of DIET. The Institute of Primary Education had been functioning in Ramavarmapuram since 1970.

=== Government Hindi Teachers Training Institute ===

The institute under the control of Department of General Education, Government of Kerala, is conducting a course leading to the award of Diploma in Language Education (Hindi) (D L Ed (Hindi)) which is equivalent to BEd (Hindi). There are only two other such institutes in Kerala: Government Regional Institute of Language Training, Thiruvananthapuram and Institute of Language Teacher Education run by Bharath Hindi Prachara Kendram, Adoor.<ref>Department of General Education, Government of Kerala {{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_geneducation/x_othrxams.htm |title=General ed exams |access-date=2009-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219184517/http://kerala.gov.in/dept_geneducation/x_othrxams.htm |archive-date=19 February 2009}}. Retrieved 10 January 2009</ref><ref>Website of Bharath Hindi Prachara Kendram, Adoor [http://bhpkhindi.org/]. Retrieved 10 January 2009</ref>

=== District Centre of English ===

The Centre was established under a scheme sponsored by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], Govt of India and implemented by the [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages]], Hyderabad with the support of the State Council of Education Research and Training. The scheme provides an opportunity to all teachers of English in a district to familiarise with modern methods and techniques of teaching English. The scheme is also intended to initiate the teachers into a path of self-development, to improve the standard of English among the learners and to develop a collaborative work culture among teachers.<ref>For an overview of functioning of such centres, see {{cite web |url=http://www.dietanand.org/pdf/districtcentre_forenglish.pdf |title=diet anand |access-date=2009-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725234611/http://www.dietanand.org/pdf/districtcentre_forenglish.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011}}. Retrieved 8 February 2009</ref>

=== Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School ===

The oldest educational establishment in the area is the Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School which was started off as an Upper Primary School in 1939. The High School was started in 1960 and was upgraded to its present form in 1984. The School offers vocational courses in plant protection, nursery management and ornamental gardening, maintenance and repairs of TV and radio, and maintenance and repairs of domestic appliances. Distinguished Malayalam poets G Sankara Kurup, Vailoppilly Sreedhara Menon and Mullanezhy Neelakandan had served this school as teachers.
<ref>GVHSS Ramavarmapuram page [http://thrissureducation.com/22082/index.htm]. Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref>

=== Kendriya Vidyalaya ===

A [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] (Central School) has started functioning in the premises of Kerala Police Academy in Ramavarmapuram from 30 August 2010.<ref>State to support setting up of KVs, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 31 August 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108012302/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/31/stories/2010083158580500.htm]. Retrieved 7 September 2010</ref><ref>Kendriya Vidyalala inaugurated, [[Mathrubhumi]] {{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=97265 |title=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2010-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902033927/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=97265 |archive-date=2 September 2010}}</ref> This is the second Kendriya Vidyalaya in [[Thrissur District]]. The other one is located at [[Puranattukara]] and it was established in 1985.<ref>Official website of [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Puranattukara]], [[Thrissur]] [http://www.kvthrissur.nic.in/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109205126/http://kvthrissur.nic.in/|date=9 January 2016}}</ref> There are a total of 39 Kendriya Vidyalayas in [[Kerala State|Kerala]] under the Ernakulam Region of the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.<ref>Details of number of Kendriya Vidyalayas {{cite web |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/KV-RG-ST.pdf |title=kvsangathan |access-date=2010-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920185724/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/KV-RG-ST.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2010}}. Retrieved 7 September 2010</ref>

== Welfare homes ==

=== Asha Bhavan ===

Asha Bhavans are institutions run by the Social Welfare Department of Govt of Kerala and they are meant for the care and protection of women who have been cured of their mental illness and who have no one to take protection of. There are three such institutions in [[Kerala]] one of which is in Ramavarmapuram. Asha Bhavans at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode]] accommodate women above the age of 13 years and Asha Bhavan at Thrissur admits women above the age of 15 years.
<ref name="women home">Kerala State Women's Development Corporation document {{cite web |url=http://www.kswdc.org/special_shelter.htm |title=Special shelter |access-date=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423195258/http://www.kswdc.org/special_shelter.htm |archive-date=23 April 2010}}. Retrieved 7 February 2009</ref>

=== Mahilamandiram ===

This Home provides shelter to [[widow]]s, deserted women, [[divorced|divorced women]] and [[destitute]] women who have nobody to look after and who are of age above 13 years. Children coming with mothers are allowed to stay with them up to the age of six years. Every district in [[Kerala]], except [[Idukki]] and [[Wayanad]], has such a home.
Mahilamandirams are also managed by the Social Welfare Department of Govt of Kerala
<ref name="women home"/>

=== Vridha Mandiram ===

Vridha Mandiram (home for the elderly) is also run by the Social Welfare department of Govt of Kerala. The Mandiram was established in 1998. It admits as inmate any person of age above 55 years who have no one to take care of. There are facilities for a maximum of 100 inmates.
<ref>Home for Elderly Seeks Inmates, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 9 August 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103202433/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/09/stories/2006080906340300.htm]. Retrieved 7 February 2009</ref>

== Other institutions ==
[[File:Foundation Stone of Viyyur Park 1875 CE.jpg|thumb|Foundation Stone of Viyyur Park, 1875 CE]]
=== Broadcasting Station of All India Radio ===

The transmitter of the Thrissur station of All India Radio was commissioned on 4 November 1956.
The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.<ref>
Address of AIR Station, Thrissur [http://www.allindiaradio.org/address/trissur.htm]. Retrieved 8 January 2009
</ref><ref>In euphonious harmony, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 3 February 2006)</ref>

=== Doordarshan Studio ===

There are only two studios in Kerala. The other one is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. A low power transmitter of Doordardashan is also located near the studio.
<ref>[http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios List of Doordarshan Studios] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120031304/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios |date=20 January 2011 }}</ref>

=== Central Prison, Viyyur ===

The central jail was established in Viyyur in 1914.<ref>
Department of Prisons, Government of Kerala
{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_prison/index.htm |title=Dept Prison |access-date=2009-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101849/http://kerala.gov.in/dept_prison/index.htm |archive-date=11 February 2009}}. Retrieved 8 January 2009</ref>
Prior to the establishment of the jail, the site was known as Viyyur Park. The Park housed the museum, zoo and botanical gardens which were all started in 1885. These were shifted
to their present location in Chembukavu in 1914.<ref>Kerala Sustainable Urban development Project document [http://www.ksudp.org/UrbanKB/tcr/ksduppro.pdf.]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. Retrieved 10 January 2009</ref>
There is also a Sub-Jail adjacent to Central Prison.

=== Government Children's Home ===
An institution established by Government of Kerala to rehabilitate children below 18 years of age who are in need of care and protection under Juvenile Justice Act 2000. Shelter, food, education, medical care, developmental opportunities and exposure for socialization/mainstreaming are the services provided in Juvenile Homes. There are 8 such institutions Kerala.
<ref>Department of Social Welfare, Government of Kerala [http://www.swd.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=40]. Retrieved 8 January 2009</ref>

=== Child Welfare Committee Thrissur ===
As per the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (amended in 2006)<ref>[http://wcd.nic.in/childprot/jjact2000.pdf The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000]</ref> State governments are required to establish a Child Welfare Committee (CWC) or two in ever district. Each CWC should consist of a chairperson and four members. The chairperson should be a person well versed in child welfare issues and at least one member of the board should be a woman. The CWC has the same powers as a metropolitan magistrate or a judicial magistrate of the first class. A child can be brought before the committee (or a member of the committee if necessary) by a police officer, any public servant, CHILDLINE personnel, any social worker or public spirited citizen, or by the child himself/herself.
CWC Thrissur is in Govt.Children's Home, Ramavarmapuram.<ref>Social Welfare (B) Department. NOTIFICATION. G.O. (P) No. 18/2009/SWD. Dated, Thiruvananthapuram,24 April 2009. {{cite web |url=http://wcd.nic.in/icpsmon/pdf/cwclist/Kerala_CWC.pdf |title=Kerala CWC |access-date=2014-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727012443/http://wcd.nic.in/icpsmon/pdf/cwclist/Kerala_CWC.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Indian Medical Association (IMA) Blood Bank ===

The IMA Blood Bank Complex and Research Centre at Ramavarmapuram is a joint project of Indian Medical Association (IMA), Thrissur and the District Panchayat, Thrissur under People’s Plan Programme. A registered charitable society called Janakeeya Samithy (Arogyam), Thrissur manages the center. The centre provides subsidised services to the economically disadvantaged sections of the population in the districts of [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]], [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]] and [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]] in central Kerala. The Complex was inaugurated in October 2004.
<ref>IMA Blood Bank Complex website {{cite web |url=http://imabloodbank.com/aboutus.htm |title=Blood bank|access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713012054/http://imabloodbank.com/aboutus.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011}}. Retrieved 29 January 2009</ref>

The center was adjudged as the Best Blood Bank in Kerala by Kerala State [[AIDS]] Control Society in 2008.
<ref>Kerala State AIDS Control Society Awards [http://www.ksacs.in/event-updates.php#awards]. Retrieved 29 January 2009</ref>

=== MILMA Dairy ===

One of the eleven dairies of [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation]] (known by the trade name ''[[Milma]]'') is in Ramavarmapuram. There is a well-established training centre with hostel facility attached to this dairy. This is the only such training centre in Kerala.<ref>MILMA {{cite web |url=http://www.milma.com/contact.html |title=Contacts at Milma |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120111408/http://milma.com/contact.html |archive-date=20 January 2009}}. Retrieved 29 January 2009</ref>

== Vigyan Sagar : S&T Park ==
Ramavarmapuram has been chosen as the site of a modern [[planetarium]] and a [[science and technology park]] to be constructed under the auspices of Thrissur District Panchayath. The project christened Vigyan Sagar is expected to cost Rupees twenty crores. The State Government has allocated 3.6 hectares of land, on the compound of the District Institute for Education and Training for setting up the planetarium and park.<ref>Planetarium, S&T park to come up in Thrissur, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 3 September 2005 [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205038/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090303730300.htm]. Retrieved 8 February 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.thrissurdp.lsgkerala.gov.in/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D Official website of Thrissur District Panchayath] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161350/http://www.thrissurdp.lsgkerala.gov.in/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

== Other places named Ramavarmapuram ==
* A village in [[Palakkad District]] in Kerala is named Ramavarmapuram Pudur ([[Postal Index Number|PIN]]:678555)
* A locality in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram City]] is called Ramavarmapuram.<ref>Ramavarmapuram Gramasamudayam website {{cite web |url=http://rgsonline.org/ |title=RGS online|access-date=2009-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302042542/http://rgsonline.org/ |archive-date=2 March 2009}}. Retrieved 19 February 2009</ref>
* An area of [[Nagercoil]] Town in [[Tamil Nadu]] is known as Ramavarmapuram.
* The original name of the public market of [[Koothattukulam]] founded during the time of His Royal Highness Sree Moolam Thirunal Maharaja of [[Travancore]] is Sree Ramavarmapuram Market.<ref>Website of Koothattukulam Association [http://www.koothattukulamassociation.org/ka/]. Retrieved 10 February 2009</ref>
* A marketplace near Neeravil, [[Perinad]] in [[Kollam district]] in Kerala is known as Sree Ramavarmapuram Market.<ref>[[Government of Kerala]] [[Kerala Public Works Department|PWD]] Order on conversion of roads {{cite web |url=http://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/GO%20Rt%201172.04.pdf |title=Krala PWD |access-date=2009-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220033704/http://pwd.kerala.gov.in/GO%20Rt%201172.04.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2009}}. Retrieved 19 February 2009</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths=225px caption="Images of some of the important institutions located in Ramavarmapuram">
Pallimoola near Ramavarmapuram, Thrissur, Kerala, India.jpg|Pallimoola (Church Corner), the main road cross in Ramavarmapuram
Vijnan_Sagar_Entrance_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|Entrance to Vijnan Sagar
Vijnan_Sagar_Main_Building_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|Main building of Vijnan Sagar
KMA_Blood_Bank_Entrance_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur_Kerala.jpg|IMA Blood Bank Complex
Govt_Engg_College_Entrance_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur_Kerala.jpg|Govt Engineering College Entrance
Gec thrissur.jpg|The main block of Govt Engineering College, Thrissur
Kerala_Fire_&_Rescue_Services_Academy_Entrance_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur_Kerala.jpg|Kerala Fire & Rescue Services Academy
All_India_Radio_Thrissur_Station.jpg|All India Radio, Thrissur Station
Christ_Villa_Poor_Home_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|Christ Villa Poor Home
Christ_Villa_Poor_Home,_Ramavarmapuram,_Thrissur_-_Entrance.jpg|Entrance to Christ Villa Poor Home
Kerala_Police_Academy_-_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|Kerala Police Academy
Milma_Dairy_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|Milma Dairy, Thrissur
Ramavarmapuram_menhir.jpg|Ramavarmapuram menhir
Entrance_to_Elephant_Shelter_-_Paramekkavu_Devaswom.jpg|Elephant Shelter operated by Paramekkavu Devaswom, Thrissur
Vimala_College_Thrissur_-_View_from_outside.jpg|Vimala College, Thrissur
Vimala College Internationa Aquatics Academy.jpg|Vimala College International Aquatics Academy
Vimala College Herbal Garden.jpg|Vimala College Herbal Garden, funded by National Medicinal Plants Board, Govt of India
Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Ramavarmapuram_Thrissur.jpg|PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya, KPA Ramavarmapuram, Thrissur
Doordarshan Kendra Thrissur.jpg| Doordarshan Kendra, Thrissur
CentralJail,Viyyur.JPG|Central Prison, Viyyur
District Jail Thrissur.jpg|District Jail, Thrissur

Urban Health and Wellness Centre (Ayushman Arogya Mandir).jpg|Urban Health and Wellness Centre (Ayushman Arogya Mandir) of Kuttumukku Division of Thrissur Corporation, located in Ramavarmapuram
Cloth Bank vs Food Bank.jpg|Cloth Bank vs Food Bank located in Ramavarmapuram, an initiative of [[Davis Chiramel|Fr. Davis chiramel]]
Comprehensive Digital English Language Lab.jpg|Comprehensive Digital English Language Lab, Ramavarmapuram
Elephant Shelter of Paramekkavu Devaswom.jpg|Elephant Shelter of [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple|Paramekkavu Devaswom]]
Folklore Centre.jpg|Plot for Dr Chummar Choondal<ref>{{cite web |last1=G. S. Paul |title=Remembering Chummar Choondal |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/remembering-chummar-choondal/ |website=Indian Art Review |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> Memorial Folklore Centre, Ramavarmapuram
Govt Hindi Teachers Training Institute.jpg|Govt Hindi Teachers Training Institute, probably the only one of its kind in Kerala
Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School, Ramavarmapuram.jpg|Govt Vocational Higher Secondary School, Ramavarmapuram
Rural Art Hub.jpg|Rural Art Hub Scheme, Traditional Handicrafts Manufacturing and Marketing Centre, under [[Vasthuvidya Gurukulam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Unique rural art works attract spectators to Heritage fest '23 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/unique-rural-art-works-attract-spectators-to-heritage-fest23/articleshow/103649051.cms |access-date=2 November 2025 |agency=Times of India |date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
Bharath Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Handicrafts Industrials Cooperative Society Ltd.jpg|Bharath Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Handicrafts Industrials Cooperative Society Ltd, established in 1980
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Thrissur]]
*[[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
For more information on Thrissur, see :
* [http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/ Thrissur Corporation (in Malayalam)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100720233639/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm Official Website of Corporation of Thrissur (in English)]
* [http://thrissur.nic.in/ Official Website of Thrissur District]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Thrissur city]]

Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai

2025-10-14T04:00:17Z

Kaurjenni51: adjusted formatting additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian sitcom series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kituu sabb jaantii hai.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 25 minutes
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|Anshuman Singh|Puneet Gandhi}}
| creative_director = {{ubl|Jitu Arora|Rajesh Ransinghe}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Manish R Goswami|Manish Goswami]]|Sanjiv Goswami}}
| starring = [[Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2005|11|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2007|4|6}}
| num_episodes = 362
}}

'''''Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai''''' ({{Translation|''Kituu knows everything''}}) is an Indian [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] series that aired on [[Sahara One]] from 14 November 2005 until 6 April 2007. The show was based on the story of a middle class girl, Katyayani Purohit who fights her way out through a rather different path in an attempt to balance her family and professional life. The show was produced by [[Manish R Goswami|Manish Goswami]].

==Plot==
The story is based on the life of a middle-class Indian girl, Kittu. Despite having dreams in her eyes, she dares to dream beyond the horizons of her little mohalla (colony). She faces life’s biggest challenges at the age of 20. When other girls are busy planning their husbands and their trousseaus, Kittu is forced to bring all her resourcefulness to the fore in saving her family from potential ruin and a lifetime of debt. Kittu's full name is Katyayani Purohit and she is a very smart girl. Her dream is to work in the news channel. However, her mom once decides that she won't work anywhere uttering women in the house will not work! Kittu's brother left the job and they even lost their shop, yet managed for money, Kittu agrees not to work but suggest her family somehow to earn money: her mother will work as a tailor at home itself and her sis-in-law will work as a teacher giving tuitions to all the villagers (children) who are lazy in Hindi ! In this way they earn some money.. But later Kittu's mother accepted her to work at the news channel. At work Kittu is always being harassed by some office workers (girl) and other. They trapped Kittu, but luckily Kittu always safe by the support of her friend. The boss of the news channel altered therefore Yuvraj makes his entry. He is too strict but later we see that Kittu rejects Rohan's love who is always behind her. Rohan keeps on following her all the time, before work and even after work but Kittu's mother dislikes this way of Kittu going to work at night and even Rohan calling at her residence or even talking to Kittu. Rohan belongs to the high class category people, so Rohan and hia family are rich. Kittu guessed Rohan to be rich at first sight but Rohan exchanged clothes with his friend who used to wear lil bit middle class clothes and sometimes he even used to buy middle garments sold on the road for Kittu to love him. He was deeply in mad with Kittu. He doesn't want to work in his office, always runs away from his business to be avoided by the girls from his office.
Rohan's mom is the protagonist and she hates Kittu but helpless for his son. She takes the proposal of Kittu and Rohan's at Kittu's place and anyhow their proposal is granted. Kittu's mom is very happy her daughter is getting married in a very nice family but one day Rohan's mom sends a saree as a token through a driver at Kittu's place but when Kittu knows this, then she goes and returns the saree at Rohan's and says her mom that she doesn't like the design, then will give her designs to a tailor in her colony itself, belonging to low class. Thus, bidding farewell and left from there... Rohan is hurt but plans to take her up for dinner at night that day ! That day Yuvraj gave the responsibility of taking the interview of Munna Babu, the indecent politician to Kittu! Kittu made her researches before the interview but Yuvraj scolds her for not having enough information about Munna Babu's wife Mala. Kittu thought that she won't be given the chance for the interview but Yuvraj once he made the decision he does not change it, therefore Kittu goes for the interview with Jogi who plans to trap Kittu, the innocent.

Kittu is born to be successful, and with her determination she climbs up the corporate ladder and becomes a household name in the field of electronic journalism. And to pursue her fields of work, she even reject a lover, the scion of a millionaire family, on realizing that he fails to understand her when it comes to her profession. However, as the story moves on, Kittu falls in love with a guy from the news channel, Yuvraj. But, once successful in her field she is torn apart between Yuvraj, a divorcee with a child and Rohan, her ex-lover who comes back in her life after a failed marriage.

Kittu does an investigation concerning a stealth aircraft and Rohan gets trapped as the one who tried to bribe the officials. Kittu gets Rohan jailed. But then, it is revealed that Rohan is innocent and was trapped by Samaresh Gupta, the ex-lover of his mother, who is trying to take revenge from Rohan and his mother. Kittu does all her best to save Rohan and in the process, both get injured and end up in the hospital. On his part, Yuvraj gets irritated on seeing Kittu's concern for Rohan and her getting close to him, as he had earlier proposed Kittu to marry him. The truth is finally revealed and before the police can arrest Samaresh Gupta, he commits suicide.

NNN, which became a respectable and famous News Channel, soon finds itself under financial crisis. In order to save the company, Balraj Sir decides to lay off half of the staff and later even convince Yuvraj, Kittu and Daksha. However, Kittu although being employed since much shorter time than others, her job stays intact as she is considered to be one of the backbones of NNN. This is misinterpreted by staffs who claimed that she is given the chance due to her closeness to Yuvraj. Hearing all these, Kittu resigns from the job. As Rohan learns about Kittu's resignation and its reason, Rohan finances the Channel and becomes the boss.

The story takes a major twist when Nandini (Rohan's ex-wife) comes back after so long. She stops Kittu and Rohan wedding. She wants to talk to Rohan privately. She narrates that they have a baby girl and so on. Rohan stops the marriage and confesses to everyone that he has a little child. He did not want the child to be deprived of a father's love. So, Kittu broken-heartedly tells Rohan to marry Nandini and take care of the child (Pihu). Nandini wants to separate Rohan and Kittu. She does not want Kittu to come in between Rohan and Pihu. Rohan's mother wants to stops the marriage. Rohan still misses Kittu. He persuades her to marry him and not to Nandini. But, Kittu refuses and convinces Rohan to marry Nandini. Hence, Nandini is poisoning Neil's mind against Kittu. She is influencing Neil towards Kittu. Then, Neil started loving Kittu immensely. Kittu was burnt due to a tragic incident in a village. That happened when Kittu, the loyal girl, went to save a woman who was sitting next to her husband's pyre. The men there were in that conspiracy. The woman's little boy set fire in the pyre and Kittu went to save her which she was half burnt completely. The driver of Kittu phones Rohan and he told him to call the police. When the police arrive, they arrested the people their and both victims were taken to the hospitals. There, Ruhanika was also admitted. She has lost her child. Kittu's family were their when they learn the truth from Neil that Kittu was born. Ruhanika pleads for forgiveness with her husband and father-in-law. She realizes all her mistakes and ask for a last chance to prove to be a good daughter-in-law. Then, she meets Kittu and also asks her for forgiveness. Later on, Nandini comes and meets Kittu and also instigates Kittu's father for Neil and Kittu. When Rohan meets Kittu, her father ask him to stop meeting Kittu and let her daughter live in peace with Neil. Hearing this, Rohan was totally shattered and promise that he will not interfere in Kittu's life. Kittu's father tells her that Neil is a good boy and he will keep her happy. Kittu cries a lot thinking of Rohan. Her colleague, Prabhakar, came and meet her. Kittu narrates all the problems with him. Then, he opines Kittu that she should talk with Neil about this matter. At the same time Neil comes in the room. He confesses his love for Kittu and Kittu accepts to marry him. Rohan decides to do a court marriage with Nandini. On that day, Rohan receives a letter and a CD from a well-wisher. When he played the CD, Rohan and his mother were shocked to see that Nandini confessed all her crimes due to a drunkard situation in a party. She also mentions that she had trapped Rohan so easily with false DNA reports and so on. She also said that she does not love Rohan, but, loves his wealth. Seeing this, Rohan was full of rage and drags Nandini out the house. Rohan feels pity for Nandini's illegitimate child. She vowed to come back and make Rohan's life like hell. Sonia (Rohan's mother) informs Daksha that the marriage has been broken off. Then, Daksha informs everybody in NNN. Later on, Neil phones Daksha. She asks hin about the news, but, she asks Daksha not to tell this matter with Kittu. Then, Daksha prevents Kittu's colleagues to discuss Rohan's marriage with him. After a day Rohan decides to go to foreign. Sonia tries to stop him but in vain. On that day Kittu was marrying Neil. Rohan arrives there and gifted Kittu NNN with wishes best of luck. But Kittu stops the marriage and Kittu asked Rohan if he will marry her. Rohan accepts the proposal. On the way of returning Rohan was given a CD. Some men wanted the CD and chased Rohan. The ruffians capture Rohan. Rohan pretended to have lost his memory as he didn't want the ruffians to get the CD. Rohan was in the support of a girl named Julie. Rohan was declared dead. Kittu lived a simple life afterwards by handling NNN. After a month on a footage Rohan was appeared. Kittu left for Goa with support of Rohinika but not everyone supported Kittu. At Goa, Kittu met Rohan and got to know that Rohan is pretending to have a memory lost. Prabhakar arrives there to help Kittu. The ruffians learn the truth about Rohan. Julie dies while saving Rohan. Ruffians were after Kittu. Kittu escaped and went to airport. The police arrest the ruffians. Rohan, Kittu and Prabhakar were safe and sound in the city. Everyone learned Rohan is alive. Rohan and Kittu promise to do not marry until they do not find the illegal activities in the city. They acquire success in their mission. One day Kittu was nominated for an award. The whole NNN staff, Purohit family, Rohan and Sonia were there. Kittu, Prabhakar, Chandy and Rohan received awards. Rohan took Kittu with him to marry. Kittu and Rohan arrive at the award ceremony and everyone was surprised but later they understood. Kittu gets a phone call regarding a case, so Kittu's team left for the mission.

== Cast ==
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Katyayani Purohit (Kittu)
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Yuvraj
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Rohan Kapoor
* Naresh Suri as Mr. Purohit (Kituu's father)
* [[Yash Sinha]] as Prabhakar
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Sonia Kapoor (Rohan's mother)
* [[Shama Deshpande]] as Mrs. Purohit (Kittu's mother)
* [[Harsh Khurana]] as Kshtij
* Sonal Pendse as Nandini
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Jogi
* [[Shubhavi Choksey]] as Sanwari
* [[Shital Thakkar]] as Kajal
* [[Amar Talwar]] as Balraj
* Samita Verekar as Shivani
* [[Salil Acharya]] as Indraneil (Neil) Banerjee
* [[Shweta Salve]] as Malaika Banerjee (Rohan's lover)
* [[Arzoo Govitrikar]] as Shweta (Rohan's lover)
* [[Praneet Bhat]] as Chandy
* Amandeep Soni
* [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]]
* Nasir Khan
* Benika Bisht as Daksha
* Dev Kantawala
* Charvi Sangkolkar
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as Amrit
* [[Kunal Bakshi]]
* Nisar Khan as Jagat

==Crossover==
The lead character Rani from ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' made a [[guest appearance]] during the launch episode of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Adding to the content|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704105227/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/0|archive-date=4 July 2020|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810000622/http://www.saharaone.in/zaara.asp Official Website] [www.saharaone.in]
*[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kituu-to-go-off-air-1088677 kituu going to off air] [www.dnaindia.com]

{{Sahara One Programmes}}

[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]

Sahana (TV series)

2025-08-27T03:53:31Z

Kaurjenni51: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = 
| creator = [[K. Balachander]]
| based_on = 
| inspired_by = 
| developer = [[Bala Kailasam|B. Kailasam]]
| writer = [[K.Balachander]]
| screenplay = [[K.Balachander]]
| story =
| director = [[K.Balachander]] Venkat
| creative_director = Subha Venkat
| presenter = 
| starring = [[Y. G. Mahendran]] [[Anuradha Krishnamoorthy]] [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] Kavya Shekar
| judges = 
| voices = 
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = [[Rajesh Vaidhya]]
| open_theme = Aanmavin Ragam (vocals by [[Sudha Ragunathan]] & [[Balamurali Krishna]])
| end_theme =
| composer = Rehaan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 306 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = B. Kailasam [[Geetha Kailasam|Geetha B. Kailasam]]
| news_editor = 
| location = 
| cinematography = R.Ragunatha Reddy KS.Nagaraj
| animator =
| editor = D.Raju AR.Pandiyan AR.Benniraj S.Ramamoorthy 
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 15-23 Mins
| company = Minbimangal
| budget =
| network = [[Jaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2003|2|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2004}}
| related =
}}

'''''Sahana''''' (titled as '''''Sahana - [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] 2''''') is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language TV series produced by [[K. Balachander]]. It is a sequel to the 1985 film ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' which Balachander directed. The first episode was aired on [[Jaya TV]] on 24 February 2003.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as JKB aka JK.Balaganapathy
* [[Anuradha Krishnamurthi]] as Sindhu
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Bhairavi
* Kavya Shekar as Sahana
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Bombay Gnanam]]
* [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] as Surya
* [[Shylaja Chetlur]] as JKB's sister, Shankari
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Bharathi Kannan's driver
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
* [[A. R. Srinivasan]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Gurumoorthy
* [[Janakaraj]] as Gajapathi
* [[Achamillai Gopi]]
* [[T. V. Varadarajan]]
* Oorvambu Lakshmi
* Revathi Shankar
* Suganthi Perumal
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]]
* Sureshwar
* Vishnu
* [[Rajkamal]]
* [[Mohan Raman]]
* Master Sriram
* Hemamalini
* [[Preetha Raaghav]]
* Sri Vidya
* [[Sonia Bose]]
* Giridharan
* Sharmela Thiru
* Sridharan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridharan-interview-a-man-of-multiple-shades/article19125339.ece|title=Sridharan: A man of multiple shades|date=22 June 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035750/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridharan-interview-a-man-of-multiple-shades/article19125339.ece|archive-date=12 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Though [[K. Balachander]] had been toying with the idea of making a sequel to his 1985 film ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' for over 10 years since the early 1990s, he eventually abandoned the idea as he believed people would compare it unfavourably to the film. Near the end of the TV series ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'', produced by his company Minbimangal, he went searching for an idea for his next series and rediscovered the sequel to the film he had written years before, albeit not very diligently.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=6 March 2003 |title=Sindhu Bhairavi is back |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/06sindhu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712064923/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/06sindhu.htm |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The title of the series ''Sahana'' is a reference to the [[Carnatic raga]] of the [[Sahana (raga)|same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Lakshmi |date=12 March 2003 |title=From Sindhu Bhairavi to Sahana |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-sindhu-bhairavi-to-sahana/article28402042.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712082327/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-sindhu-bhairavi-to-sahana/article28402042.ece |archive-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Balachander initially wanted the main cast of the film to reprise their roles in the series. [[Sivakumar]] was unable to return as JKB as he was committed to another series. [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] was willing to return as Sindhu, but Balachander decided on recasting. Executive Subha said, "You cannot separate JKB and Sindhu. Sir (Balachander) felt if we are going to have a different JKB, let's have a different Sindhu too". The role of JKB went to [[Y. G. Mahendran]]. He considered it a challenge to portray JKB, due to his reputation as a comedian. Balachander and his unit were initially unable to locate [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]], who played Bhairavi in the film and had long since retired from acting, and decided to [[Killing off|kill off]] Bhairavi. However, Sulakshana learned about the project and approached Balachander, saying she would portray Bhairavi. The script was rewritten to have her character alive. Sulakshana said, "[Bhairavi] is still the same soft person. The only difference is she is older and the mother of two children. There is more understanding between JKB and Bhairavi now -- she doesn't fight with him". Carnatic singer Anuradha Krishnamurthy, who had never acted before, was approached by Minbimangal to portray Sindhu. She was reluctant to accept the offer, due to her lack of interest in acting. But after her husband persuaded, she met Balachander, who promised to ensure that her commitment to the series would not affect her concerts; Anuradha then agreed to the role.<ref name="rediff" /> Newcomer Kavya Shekar was cast as the title character after one of her father's friends recommended her to Balachander.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=12 May 2005 |title=In control |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-control/article28167108.ece |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129113631/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-control/article28167108.ece |archive-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Rajhesh Vaidhya]] composed the songs for the series. Carnatic singers [[Balamurali krishna]] and [[Sudha Ragunathan]] sang the title song.While Dr.Narayanan,[[Saindhavi]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]] and others were also sang the songs.[[Pulamaipithan]] were written the all songs <ref name="rediff" />

== Broadcast ==
The first episode aired on [[Jaya TV]] on 24 February 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Rina |date=28 February 2003 |title=Jaya airs a movie sequel made for TV |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/28/stories/2003022802300600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213221/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/02/28/stories/2003022802300600.htm |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2000s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Jaya TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]

Murder of Jalil Andrabi

2025-08-25T22:45:47Z

Kaurjenni51: New biography

{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''Jalil Andrabi''' was a prominent [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] human rights lawyer and pro independence political activist associated with the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF). Andrabi was allegedly subjected to extrajudicial execution by Indian paramilitary troopers and renegades in March 1996.<ref name="NHRC Annual Report 2004-2005">{{cite web|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/AR/AR-%2004-05%201.pdf|title=National Human Rights Commission, Annual Report 2004-2005, Complaints Before the Commission, Case of Jalil Andrabi, (Case No. 9/123/95-LD) |publisher=NHRC | date=May 23, 2006| format=pdf | page=77/ para. 4.245| accessdate=July 6, 2009}}</ref>

On 8 March 1996, Andrabi was detained in [[Srinagar]] by Major Avtar Singh, of the 35th [[Rashtriya Rifles]] unit of the [[Indian Army]]. Three weeks later, Andrabi's body was found floating in the [[Jhelum River]]; an autopsy showed that he had been killed days after his arrest. A case is pending adjudication in a [[Budgam]] court against Major Avtar Singh.<ref name="NHRC Annual Report 2004-2005"/><ref name="India seeks return">{{cite news|url=https://abc30.com/archive/7987051/|title=India seeks return of accused soldier from US Tuesday|access-date=June 9, 2012|newspaper=ABC Local|date=March 1, 2011|agency=AP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625171955/http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news%2Fnational_world&id=7987051|archive-date=June 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==The murder of Jalil Andrabi==
The body of 42 year old Andrabi, a human rights lawyer and pro-independence political activist associated with the JKLF, was found in the Kursu Rajbagh area of Srinagar on the banks of the Jhelum River on the morning of March 27, 1996. According to press reports, the body was in a burlap bag. According to eyewitnesses, Andrabi was detained at about 6:00 pm on March 8 by a Rashtriya Rifles unit of the army which intercepted his car a few hundred yards from his home in Srinagar. The officer allegedly responsible had fled the country and was wanted by the Indian government in relation to the killing. India had issued a warrant for his arrest and an interpol alert.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== Death of Avtar Singh ==
On 9 June 2012, '''Avtar Singh''', 47, then living in [[Selma, California]],<ref>[https://abc30.com/archive/7987051/ India seeks return of accused soldier from US], abc30.com. Accessed 25 August 2025.</ref> killed his wife, Hervinder Kaur, 36; and two of his three children, Jay Singh (aged 3) and Kinwaljeet "Aryan" Singh (aged 15). The eldest child, 17-year-old son Kanwarpal "Chris" Singh, suffered serious head injuries<ref name="Selma man">{{cite news|last=Jacob|first=Mariana|title=Selma man kills wife, 2 children, and himself|url=https://abc30.com/archive/8695534/|newspaper=ABC Local.go|date=9 June 2012}}</ref> with a handgun. He called police to admit the killings and then shot and killed himself.<ref name="Singh dead">{{cite news|last=Lupkin|first=Sydney|title=California Man Wanted for 1996 Murder Kills Family, Self|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/california-man-wanted-murder-india-kills-wife-children/story?id=16533835#.T9QICbDrrVU|newspaper=ABC World News|date=9 June 2012}}</ref> and was taken off [[life support]] in Community Regional Medical Center at Selma and died on 14 June 2012.<ref name="last dead">{{cite news
| url=http://indiawest.com/news/5184-15-year-old-son-shot-in-selma-murder-suicide-dies.html
| title=15-Year-Old Son Shot in Selma Murder-Suicide Dies
| work=indiawest.com
| date=25 June 2012
| author=Staff writer
| accessdate=25 July 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808034804/http://indiawest.com/news/5184-15-year-old-son-shot-in-selma-murder-suicide-dies.html
| archive-date=8 August 2012
| url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalil Andrabi Murder Case}}
[[Category:Deaths by person in India|Andrabi, Jalil]]
[[Category:Murder in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1996 murders in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Indian military]]

Sanaputhur

2025-08-19T13:51:48Z

Kaurjenni51: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanaputhur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.458015|N|80.054432|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2891
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628554
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sanaputhur''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sanaputhur has 750 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of the population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 62.29%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2891 || 1473 || 1418
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 340 || 181 || 159
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1794 || 916 || 878
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 166 || 81 || 85
|-
| Literates || 1589 || 900 || 689
|-
| Workers (all) || 1608 || 877 || 731
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1249 || 714 || 535
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 215 || 137 || 78
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 852 || 433 || 419
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 4 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 175 || 140 || 35
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 359 || 163 || 196
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 282 || 108 || 174
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 75 || 55 || 20
|-
| Non-workers || 1283 || 596 || 687
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

R. K. Joshi

2025-07-17T02:26:23Z

Kaurjenni51: starting first article basic info - done

{{Short description |Indian calligrapher (1936 - 2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
}}{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 1936
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[India]]
| death_date = 5 February 2008
}}
'''R. K. Joshi''' or '''Raghunath Krishna Joshi''' (1936, in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India – 5 February 2008, in [[San Francisco]], USA) was an academic [[type design]]er and [[calligraphy|calligrapher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Lalbaug To The Padma Shri: Achyut Palav On His Lifelong Journey With Letters And The Art Of Calligraphy |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/from-lalbaug-to-the-padma-shri-achyut-palav-on-his-lifelong-journey-with-letters-and-the-art-of-calligraphy |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He designed the core Indian fonts used in [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Sandip |date=2023-03-24 |title=The man who brought flourish to Indian typefaces {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/the-man-who-brought-flourish-to-indian-typefaces-111679583263075.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214022231/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/the-man-who-brought-flourish-to-indian-typefaces-111679583263075.html |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Joshi was born into a middle class Indian family. He was brought up in the town of [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], where he developed an interest in [[alphabets]], their shapes, styles and design. In 1952, he decided to study art at [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Tanya |date=2023-11-28 |title=The Multilinguascriptic Life of R. K. Joshi |url=https://letterformarchive.org/news/the-multilinguascriptic-life-of-r-k-joshi/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Letterform Archive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunath K. Joshi |url=https://luc.devroye.org/fonts-38028.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=luc.devroye.org}}</ref> During this time he found a scarcity of [[typefaces]] in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref name=":0" /> He took up extra classes at the Government Institute of Printing Technology, located within the institute premises, where he learned that Indian typefaces were intricate and had many problems in typesetting. He participated in the first exhibition on Indian typefaces at the college.

==Professional life==
His first professional experience was with D.J. Keymer & Co. (now O&M) in 1956. In 1961, he joined ULKA Advertising (now [[DraftFCB]]+Ulka) as Art Director. He started designing campaigns on issues regarding Family Planning and Farmers and to unite the entire country, he designed the campaigns in various Indian languages. His efforts were questioned, but he kept his belief on his philosophy and thought process. He created some stunning logos including the Welcome Group,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsource.in/resource/logo-design/logos/classic-logos-india|title = Classic Logos of India|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref> capturing the ethos of an Indian welcome and Punjab National Bank, aptly utilizing the alphabet P in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. He designed several advertisements for Nerolac Paints and Crompton Greaves using Indian calligraphy, designed exclusive menus for the Taj Group and stationery for Chimanlals.<ref>[https://blog.artlounge.in/blog/2021/4/8/r-k-joshi R. K. Joshi Designed Exclusive Menus For Taj Group] </ref> He brought the concept of multilingual ad campaigns in India, opening up to languages crossing states. The first ever such campaign was the Ashok Jain Campaign.

===Tryst with Types===

Influenced by the books of Italian Masters like [[Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi|Arrighi]], he found a new world of calligraphy to explore. He applied it to the Indian context and explored Indic scripts in Calligraphic styles.<ref name=":0" /> He studied the rarest manuscripts in [[Indic languages (Indo-Aryan)|Indic languages]], of which his inspiration was a book titled ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.483822|Bharatiya Pracheen Lipimala]]'' by an Indian Author [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha]]. This book brought to him the world of ancient scripts, like Brahmi, Sharda, Kautilya and Gupta scripts. After an intense research on these scripts, in 1966, he designed his first two fonts.

One of his challenging works was the design of the ''[https://mahaperiyavaa.blog/2013/08/16/the-adi-sankara-stamp-that-never-came-out/ Adi Shankaracharya stamp]'' on the occasion of [[Shankaracharya]] (Philosopher) Commemoration. There were conflicts about highlighting the picture of the saint, Prof Joshi found the solution as a logo for the philosophy itself of Advaitvad (non-dualism). This stamp was released on 17 May 1989.

===Teaching Design===
He was a professor of Calligraphy, Type Design and Typography at [[Industrial Design Centre|IDC, IIT, Mumbai]] from 1983–1996.

===Association with C-DAC===
He was associated with National Centre for Software Technology (NCST),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/iuc/iuc23/b022.html|title = 23rd Internationalization and Unicode Conference – Biography}}</ref> now [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)]] since 1976. His R&D on the ''Desha Coding Scheme'' in 1982, under the guidance of Prof R Narsimhan; design of ''Pa Latino'' a software for digital typeface design, in collaboration with Dr. P K Ghosh; innovative computer graphics with Indian letterforms; dot matrix fonts and PS fonts as a step towards multilingual text processors like ''Aalekh (Hinditron), Vividha(CMC), Vidura(IGNCA)''.
He retired in 1996, only to be deeply involved with [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] as the Visiting Design Specialist.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cdac.in/html/press/2q07/spot604.aspx | title=Super-computing can save aesthetics of calligraphy | website=www.cdac.in | date=2007-04-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809131330/http://www.cdac.in/html/press/2q07/spot604.aspx | archive-date=2014-08-09}}</ref> The Microsoft Project, a series of O/S fonts were developed for Microsoft for their Windows 2000 to enable typing in Indian languages on Windows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts/font.aspx?FMID=1696|title = Microsoft Typography documentation – Typography|website = [[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Another series of multilingual fonts for 12 Indian languages were developed under project 'IndiX'. His next initiatives were to develop an applied research project so as to develop his 'Texta' models into real innovative typographic outputs using digital technology.

===Exhibitions and Activities===
He held several exhibitions like Aakar in Delhi, Prathama in Mumbai, Akshara in Germany. He actively conducted national and international workshops, seminars and lecture tours for the spread of typography.<ref>{{YouTube|NCXId7hBUVM}}</ref> His R&D in Indian Paleography, Epigraphy and Manuscriptology are phenomenal works to inculcate a new generation of aesthetic Indian typefaces.
He also wrote poems and undertook the first ever calligraphic research in Indian manuscripts and epigraphic writings.

He was one of the featured speakers in ICOGRADA, India in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designtaxi.com/article/347/ICOGRADA-Design-Week-in-India/ |title=ICOGRADA Design Week in India |publisher=DesignTAXI}}</ref>

===The Happenings===
His passion for letterforms brought a new trend on the streets of Bombay. Around 16 Multilingual 'Happenings' were staged in a single year. The main aim was to expose the rich heritage of Indian scripts to the common man. The look and sound of Indian alphabets were brought out as an experience through music, theatre and dance.

Prof Joshi gave an interview in September 2006, to Typeradio at ATypI in Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.typeradio.org/loudblog/index.php?id=281|title=TypeRadio}}</ref>

===Honours===
*Bukva-raz, an International Award for his 'Raghu' font
*[[Communication Arts Guild|Cag Hall of fame]], 1990
*Lifetime achievement award by Ad Club, 2004
*[[ATypI]] country delegate for India
*Type Director's Club
*ICOGRADA

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.designinindia.net/design-thoughts/teachers/r-k-joshi/interview.html R K Joshi: Interview]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.atypi.org/30_past_conferences/06_Lisbon/30_program/40_speakers/view_person_html?personid=407 |title=Speaker details R. K. Joshi|accessdate=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213105621/http://atypi.org/30_past_conferences/06_Lisbon/30_program/40_speakers/view_person_html?personid=407 |archivedate=13 December 2010 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, R K}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Indian typographers and type designers]]
[[Category:Indian calligraphers]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]

Patnagarh bombing

2025-07-06T15:33:49Z

Kaurjenni51: starting the stub from scratch

{{Short description|2018 parcel bombing in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
The '''Patnagarh Bombing''' (also referred to as the '''Patnagarh Parcel Bomb''' in news reports) was a bombing that took place in [[Patnagarh]], a Notified area Council of [[Balangir district|Bolangir District]] in [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]], on 23 February 2018. Soumya Sekhar Sahu, a 26-year-old software engineer, and his great-aunt, Jemamani Sahu, were killed by a [[letter bomb]] delivered to Soumya's house few days after his wedding. Soumya's wife, Reema was seriously injured. After months of investigation, Police arrested a colleague of Soumya's mother whom she had replaced at the college where she taught.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patnagarh Parcel Bomb Case |url=https://www.newstrend.news/30411/balangir-patnagarh-parcel-bomb-case/ |website=newstrend.news |date=11 May 2018 |accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref>

==Incident==
On 23 February 2018, five days after the wedding of Soumya Sekhar Sahu and Reema Sahu, an explosion occurred at their home in Patnagarh, Odisha, India as Soumya opened a just-delivered parcel. The parcel had a return address of a person unknown to either of them, S. K. Sharma of [[Raipur]], {{convert|230|km}} away. Soumya reportedly remarked, "This looks like a wedding gift. The only thing that I don't know is the sender. I don't know anyone in Raipur".<ref name="completing the project">{{cite news|title=A wedding bomb, a letter and an unlikely suspect|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43945959|accessdate=6 May 2018|publisher=BBC News|date=5 May 2018}}</ref> The resulting explosion tore the plaster off the ceiling, cracked the walls, and hurled the kitchen window into a nearby field. Soumya and his great-aunt Jemamani, who was visiting the couple at the time, suffered 90% [[Total body surface area|TBSA]] burns and died en route to hospital. Reema was taken to hospital with serious injuries.<ref name="BBC initial story">{{cite news|title=Who sent the wedding gift bomb that killed this newlywed?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43497820|accessdate=12 May 2018|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==Investigation==
Neither of the couple had known enemies. Soumya Sekhar's parents were college lecturers. Soumya worked for a Japanese electronics firm in Bangalore.<ref name="completing the project"/>

Police still did not have a suspect a month after the fatal bombing. Pressured by media coverage, including a video of Soumya's wife wailing upon learning of her husband's death, the police turned the case over to an elite police branch in the state capital.<ref name="completing the project"/> One suspect was cleared after police traced a threatening call to Soumya shekhar, after he underwent a voluntary polygraph test,<ref name="polygraph">{{cite news|title=Parcel bomb explosion: Three suspects to undergo polygraph test|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/parcel-bomb-explosion-three-suspects-to-undergo-polygraph-test/articleshow/63198350.cms|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=Times of India|date=7 March 2018}}</ref> he was dismissed as a suspect. Police investigators traced the package to a courier company, but it had no office video surveillance of the package's customer.<ref name="completing the project"/>

==Arrest==
In April 2018, [[Balangir]] police received an anonymous letter which blamed the parcel bombing on Soumya's "betrayal" and a loss of money, possibly as a result of a property dispute. The letter clarified that the sender was an S. K. Sinha, not R. K. Sharma, and also mentioned the involvement of "three men". Police investigators spent more than a month pursuing leads in four different cities. Finally, Soumya's mother studied the letter and recalled that her colleague often used the phrase "completing the project", which was similar to the phrase in the letter of "undertaking the project".<ref name="completing the project"/><ref name="CB may take suspect to Raipur">{{cite news|title=Patnagarh parcel bomb case: Crime Branch may take Punjilal to Raipur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/may/03/patnagarh-parcel-bomb-case-crime-branch-may-take-punjilal-to-raipur-1809571.html|access-date=12 May 2018|work=New Indian Express}}</ref>

Punji Lal Meher, an English teacher and formerly the principal of the Jyoti Vikas College<ref name="arrest">{{cite news|title=Odisha police arrest lecturer for fatal parcel bomb masked as wedding gift|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-police-arrest-lecturer-for-fatal-parcel-bomb-masked-as-wedding-gift-say-he-planned-and-executed-crime-on-his-own/story-bWO5s4zq8vE2ztw7unzHWP.html|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=Hindustand Times}}</ref> in Balangir district who was replaced by Soumya's mother, was arrested after having been questioned earlier and dismissed as a suspect. Upon being questioned again after the receipt of the letter by the police, Meher said that he had been approached and threatened if he didn't mail a letter. The police investigator did not believe the explanation, remarking, "It was the most incredible story that we've heard from a suspect". Police sent computer hardware belonging to the suspect to an Israeli company for analysis and recovery of deleted data.<ref name="Israeli forensics">{{cite news|title=Patnagarh parcel bomb case: CB to rope in Israel agency to tighten box of evidence|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/apr/30/patnagarh-parcel-bomb-case-cb-to-rope-in-israel-agency-to-tighten-box-of-evidence-1808069.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430025724/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/apr/30/patnagarh-parcel-bomb-case-cb-to-rope-in-israel-agency-to-tighten-box-of-evidence-1808069.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2018|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=The New Indian Express|date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

Meher was accused of traveling to Raipur without his mobile phone or buying a train ticket and posting the parcel, returning the same day.<ref name="completing the project"/>

The suspect is thought to have had a desire "to be noticed" as an explanation of the bombing.<ref name="Sociopath">{{cite news|title=A sociopath born out of difficult childhood!|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/apr/28/a-sociopath-born-out-of-difficult-childhood-1807462.html|access-date=12 May 2018|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He was taken to Raipur to be confronted by witnesses.<ref name="taken to Raipur">{{cite news|title=Patnagarh bomb case: Punjilal taken to Raipur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/may/06/patnagarh-bomb-case-punjilal-taken-to-raipur-1810904.html|access-date=12 May 2018|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 May 2018}}</ref>

On 28 May 2025, Punjilal Meher was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the bombing.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Wedding bomb' murderer gets life sentence in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c071myeve25o |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

==Significance and aftermath==
The parcel bombing was widely reported in India and other countries. The BBC characterized it as having "riveted India".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43497820|title=Who sent the bomb that killed this newlywed man?|date=25 March 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> A film, titled ''Bullet Raja'', is planned starring Odia actor Hara Rath and directed by Sridhar Martha.<ref name="movie planned">{{cite news|title=Odiya actor Hara Rath to star in a movie based on parcel bomb case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/odiya-actor-hara-rath-to-star-in-a-movie-based-on-parcel-bomb-case/story-KknTreioZN63KRqLnOp1qI.html|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Another movie, ''Mind Game'' starring [[Manoj Mishra]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Chinmay Mishra]], and [[Anu Choudhury]], directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]] and produced by [[Sridhar Martha]] is based on the incident.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patnagarh movie to be granted certification, CBFC made submission |url=https://www.newstrend.news/343376/patnagarh-movie-mumbai-high-court/ |website=newstrend.news |date=25 February 2020 |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord | 20.710181|83.133503 |display=title}}

[[Category:2018 murders in India]]
[[Category:February 2018 in India]]
[[Category:February 2018 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2018]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Odisha]]
[[Category:Letter and package bombings]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2018]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:Balangir district]]

Abraham Roberts

2025-05-30T02:36:04Z

Kaurjenni51:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Irish English|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|British military officer (1784–1873)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = General
| name = Sir Abraham Roberts
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}}
| image = Abraham Roberts - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.jpg
| caption = Sir Abraham Roberts
| birth_date = {{birth date|1784|04|11|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1873|12|28|1784|04|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Waterford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland]]
| death_place =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
| branch = [[British East India Company]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| unit = [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Regiment]]
| commands = [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Regiment]] [[Lahore Division]]
| battles = [[First Afghan War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
| relations = [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]] (son) [[Frederick Roberts (British Army officer, born 1872)|Frederick Roberts]] (grandson)
| laterwork =
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Abraham Roberts''' (11 April 1784 – 28 December 1873) was a British [[East India Company]] Army [[General (United Kingdom)|general]] who served nearly 50 years in [[British Raj|India]].

Roberts had two sons, who both obtained the highest ranks in the [[British Army]]. One son and a grandson would win the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest decoration for bravery in the face of the enemy in the British Army.

==Early life==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
Abraham Roberts was a member of a famous [[Waterford (city)|Waterford]] family. He was the son of Anne (Sandys) and [[The Reverend]] John Roberts, a [[magistrate]] in [[County Waterford]] and a rector of [[Passage East]].

==Career==
General Sir Abraham Roberts gained the rank of colonel in the service of the [[Honourable East India Company]] and was the commander of the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Regiment]] and the [[Lahore Division]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lord Roberts - A Great Soldier's Story of his Own Career |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/01/16/archives/lord-roberts-a-great-soldiers-story-of-his-own-career-in-india-and.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 1897 |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> He fought in the [[First Afghan War]].

Roberts was invested as a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB). He left India in 1853 to live in [[Ireland]] with his second wife, who outlived him. He also had a home in [[Bristol]], 25 Royal York Crescent, Bristol, Somerset BS8 – England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Will on Genealogy.com |url=https://www.genealogy.com/ftm/j/o/l/Janine-Jol/GENE6-0002.html |access-date=8 January 2023 |quote=This is the last Will of me, General Sir Abraham Roberts KGB. of number 25 Royal York & Crescent Clifton Bristol. I bequeath unto and equally between my dearest Wife, Isabella Roberts and mu Daughter, Harriet Mercer Roberts […]}}</ref>

From 1862 until his death, he was Colonel of the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/101-862.htm |title=101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060330133039/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/101-862.htm |archive-date=30 March 2006 }}</ref>

==Family==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
He married Frances Isabella Ricketts, daughter of George Poyntz Ricketts, on 20 July 1820. On the death of his first wife, he married Isabella Bunbury, daughter of Abraham Bunbury, on 2 August 1830.

===Children with Frances Isabella Ricketts===
*Frances Eliza Roberts
*Maria Isabella Roberts
*Major General George Ricketts Roberts

===Children with Isabella Bunbury===
*Harriet Mercer Roberts
*Field Marshal [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]]

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Sir Abraham Roberts Escutcheon.png
|escutcheon = Azure three estoiles Or on a chief wavy of the second an Eastern crown Gules.
|crest = A lion rampant Or armed and langued Gules charged on the shoulder with an Eastern crown of the last and holding in the dexter paw a sword the blade wavy Argent hilt and pommel Gold.
|motto = Virtute Et Valore
|notes = Confirmed by [[John Bernard Burke]], [[Ulster King of Arms]], 27 June 1865.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529194 |page=111 |publisher=National Library of Ireland |access-date=14 January 2023 |title=Grants and Confirmations of Arms Vol. G|date=1863 }}</ref>}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Abraham}}
[[Category:Military personnel from County Waterford]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglo-Irish people]]
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]

Rampayli

2025-05-07T22:29:18Z

Kaurjenni51: starting the details basic info - done

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampayli
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.67|N|80.01|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Rampayli''' is a town located in [[Balaghat District]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref>

== Population ==
The Rampayli village has a population of 5491 of which 2744 are males and 2747 are females according to the [[2011 census of India]]. This includes 1312 families.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/497433-rampayli-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Rampayli Village Population - Waraseoni - Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

== Location ==
''Rampayli'' is located on 21.67°N 80.01°E the banks of the [[Chandan River (Madhya Pradesh)|Chandan River]]. [[Waraseoni]] is the closest city.

==Rampayli Temple==
It is said that Lord Rama was in the footsteps of 14 years of exile, since then the name of this city has become Ram Pavdali, i.e. Ram Paiyali. According to the local people, the construction of Sri Ram temple was done 600 years ago by Maratha Bhonsle in a scientific manner as a fort on the river banks.Such a place has been constructed in the temple, from which the first ray of sun falls at the feet of Lord Ram Balaji. The construction of this temple is mentioned in the ancient history of India.

The main Siddha Murthy of Shri Ram Mandir is Balaji and Sitaji. The idol of Lord Rama is in the forested form. The left hand of Ram Dev is seeing the Virat monsters and giving them blessings on the head of the fearful Sita. Those devotees give direct views of Sriram and Sita.

This statue of Lord Rama's Vanvasi costume was received from the depth of the Chandan River, about four hundred years ago, when a person was seen in the dream. The statue was removed and placed under the Neem tree on the river teak and King Bhosale renovated the temple and established the idol.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bhopalsamachar.com/2021/05/balaghat-love-couple-mp-news.html?m=1 | title=बालाघाट के प्रसिद्ध मंदिर - Famous Temples of Balaghat }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Balaghat district]]

Juwoi people

2025-04-28T07:02:20Z

Kaurjenni51: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Okojuwoi]]

Francis Acharya

2025-04-09T04:12:04Z

Kaurjenni51: new

{{short description|Belgian-born Indian monk}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= Servant of God
|name = Francis Acharya
|honorific_suffix = [[Trappists|O.C.S.O.]]
|birth_name = Jean-Richard Mahieu
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|1|17|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|1|31|1912|1|17|df=yes}}
|feast_day =
|venerated_in = {{unbulleted list|Roman Catholic Church|[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]}}
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|birth_place = [[Ypres]], Belgium
|death_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta]], India
|titles = Monk
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by =
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|attributes =
|patronage =
|major_shrine =
|suppressed_date =
|issues =
|prayer =
|prayer_attrib =
}}

'''Francis Acharya''' (born '''Jean Richard Mahieu'''; 17 January 1912 – 31 January 2002) was a Belgian-born Indian [[Cistercian]] monk. In 1998, he founded the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara rite]] [[Kristiya Sanyasa Samaj, Kurisumala Ashram]] in Kerala, India. He was later affiliated to the [[Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance|Trappist Order]].

== Early life ==

Jean Richard Mahieu was born on 17 January 1912 in [[Ypres]], Belgium to a farming family. He was the fifth son of the seven children of René Mahieu and Anée Vandelanotte.<ref>[http://www.kurisumalaashram.in/our-founders/ ''Kurisumala Ashram'' official website]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cistopedia.org/index.php?id=9116 | title=Cistercian persons and terms: Acharya, Francis }}</ref>

== Foundation of Kurisumala Ashram ==

Francis Mahieu later changed his name to Francis Acharya<ref>[https://www.keralabackwater.com/vagamon/kurisumala-ashram.html Kerala Backwater website]</ref> and on 6 August 1968, he took Indian citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/destinations/vagamon_gor_the_love_of_outdoors/ |title=Vagamon: For the Love of Outdoors|website=outlookindia.com |date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Later the same month Griffiths, after ten years in Kurisumala Ashram, left for Shantivanam with two brothers, Anugrah and Ajit, to take over that ashram from Swami [[Abhishiktananda]].<ref>[https://www.oblatesofshantivanam.yolasite.com/kurisumala-and-shantivanam-fr-francis-acharya.php ''Oblates of Shantivanam'' website]</ref>

==Writings==

Acharya traveled to Iraq and procured original Syriac prayers of the Antiochean rite (the Penqito). Over nearly two decades, he translated selected portions into four volumes totaling 2300 pages, named ''Prayer with the Harp of the Spirit'', with certain adaptations to Indian culture.<ref>[http://www.kurisumalaashram.in/our-founders/ ''Kurisumala Ashram'' official website]</ref> (Harp of the Spirit was the name given to Saint Ephraim).

Published books include;
*Cistercian Spirituality<ref>[https://www.litpress.org/Products/Search?query=Francis%20Acharya&filter=all ''Litergital Press'' websigte]</ref>
*Memorable Words of Life for Everyone trying to lead the Good Life<ref>[https://www.ia800702.us.archive.org/15/items/MemorableWordsOfLifeForEveryoneTryingToLeadTheGoodLifeByFr.FrancisAcharyaOCSO/Memorable%20Words%20of%20Life%20For%20Everyone%20Trying%20to%20Lead%20%20the%20Good%20Life%20%20By%20Fr.%20Francis%20Acharya%20OCSO.pdf ''Memorable Words'' online]</ref>

== Final days ==

Acharya died at Tiruvalla on the morning of 31 January 2002, after receiving [[Holy Communion]]. His body was kept until 4 February at [[Pushpagiri Medical College, Thiruvalla]].

He is currently a candidate for beatification.<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/2002.htm#Mahieu |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Hagiography Circle}}</ref><ref>[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/without_nulla.htm New Saints website, Retrieved 2023-06-06]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Marthe Mahieu-De Praetere: ''Francis Mahieu Acharya, un pionnier du monachisme chrétien en Inde'', Abbaye de Scourmont (cahiers scourmontois N°3), 2001, 384pp.

== External links ==
* [http://www.catholicate.net Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]
* [http://kurisumalaashram.in/our-founders/ ''Kurisumala Ashram'' official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Francis}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ypres]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Belgian Cistercians]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic clergy]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Belgian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Belgian descent]]
[[Category:People who lost Belgian citizenship]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Christian monks]]
[[Category:21st-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:Christian ashram movement]]

Suresh Sharma

2025-04-04T01:22:34Z

Kaurjenni51: small enhanced page per standard format

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Suresh Sharma
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Suresh Kumar Sharma
| height =
| nickname =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1944|6|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = India
|death_date =
|death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role = [[Batsman]]
| family =
| international =
| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =
| club1 =
| year1 =
| hidedeliveries = true
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 37
| bat avg1 = 7.40
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 35
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/0
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35047.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Suresh Kumar Sharma''' (born 10 June 1944) was an Indian [[cricket]]er from [[Northern Punjab cricket team|Northern Punjab]]. He was a right-handed batsman and played [[first-class cricket]] for only one season.<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35047.html |title=Suresh Sharma - Profile| work = ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 16 November 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=35047}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Suresh}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Northern Punjab cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}

Shikaar

2025-03-28T15:34:12Z

Kaurjenni51: New

{{wiktionary|shikar}}
'''Shikaar''' or '''Shikar''' may refer to:

==Films==
*[[Shikar (1958 film)]], a Bengali film
*[[Shikar (1968 film)|''Shikar'' (1968 film)]], a Hindi movie produced and directed by Atma Ram
*[[Shikaar (2004 film)|''Shikaar'' (2004 film)]], starring Raj Babbar
*[[Shikar (2006 film)|''Shikar'' (2006 film)]], a Bengali film
*[[Shikhar (2005 film)|''Shikhar'' (2005 film)]], a Hindi film
*''[[Shikkar]]'', a 2010 film starring Mohanlal

==Other uses==
*[[Shikar (hunting)]], a form of hunting in colonial India
*Shikar, a [[tala (music)|tala]] (a rhythm in Hindustani music)

==See also==
*[[Shikari (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

National Highway 931 (India)

2025-02-28T18:54:36Z

Kaurjenni51: formatting fix

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 931
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 931|text= Map of National Highway '''931''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 68
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| terminus_b = [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 731A
| next_route = 931A
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| destinations = Musafirkhana, Gauriganj, Amethi
}}

'''National Highway 931''', commonly referred to as '''NH 931''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_352_2012_022.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref> NH-931 traverses the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianemployees.com/gazette-notifications/details/acquisition-of-land-for-providing-bypass-on-nh-931-for-amethi-city-in-the-state-of|title=Acquisition of Land for providing bypass on NH-931 for Amethi city in the State of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Amethi]], [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]], [[Musafirkhana]], [[Jagdishpur (Industrial Area)|Jagdishpur]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|31|country=IND}} Terminal near Pratapgarh.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|128|country=IND}} near Gauriganj.
: {{jct|NH|731|country=IND}} Terminal near Jagdishpur.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5781547 NH 931 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH31 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Lushai Expedition order of battle

2025-02-22T23:28:06Z

Kaurjenni51: New data - done

The following is the [[order of battle]] for the [[Lushai Expedition]] (1871-1872).

==Lushai Field Force==
'''Cachar (Left) Column'''{{sfn|FIBIS|2008}}{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=97}}
*General [[George Bourchier (Indian Army officer)|George Bouchier]]
**Half Peshawar Mountain Battery (Captain Blackwood RA)
**No 1 Coy Sappers & Miners (Lt Harvey RE)
**500 22nd Punjaub Native Infantry (Colonel Stafford)
**500 42nd Assam Light Infantry (Colonel Rattray CB)
**500 44th Assam Light Infantry (Colonel Hicks)
**100 Police (Mr Daly)
**Column support
***1440 coolies (Lieutenant-Colonel Davidson)
***800 coolies (sepoys baggage, Major Moore)
***121 elephants
***Senior Staff Officer [[Frederick Sleigh Roberts]]
***Brigade Major Captain Thomas
***Aide-de-Camp Captain Butter
***Inspector General of Hospitals Dr Buckle
***Political officer [[John Ware Edgar|John Edgar]]
***Assistant Political officer Mr Burland
***Topographical Survey (Captain Badgley)
***Telegraph (Mr Pitman)

'''Chittagong (Right) Column'''{{sfn|FIBIS|2008}}{{sfn|Lewin|1885}}
*Brigader-General [[Charles Henry Brownlow]]
**Half Peshawar Mountain Battery (Colonel James Hill)
**No 3 Coy Sappers & Miners
**500 27th Punjaub Native Infantry
**500 2nd Gurkhas (Colonel H. Macpherson)
**500 4th Gurkhas (Colonel Tytler)
**Support
***Political officer ([[Thomas Herbert Lewin]])
***Assistant political officer (Mr Crouch)
***Medical Officer 2nd Gurkha (Dr Allen)
*** Assistant Quartermaster-General (Captain East)

'''Manipur Contingent'''{{sfn|Singh|2020}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=640}}
*Brigadier [[William Frost Nuthall]]
**1552 Manipuri troops (Major Sewai Chumba, Major Thangal)
**530 Kuki Contingent
**1749 coolies

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publsihing House}}

*{{cite web |last=FIBIS |date=21 July 2008 |title=Lushai Expedition |url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Lushai_Expedition |website=Families in British India Society}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Thomas Herbert |title=A fly on the wheel: Or, how I helped to govern India |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |access-date=27 January 2025}}

*{{cite web |last=Singh |first=N. Lokendra |date=9 June 2020 |title=A Brief Note on Manipur and the Lushai Expedition, 1871-1872 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/6/9/-A-brief-note-on-Manipur-and-the-Lushai-Expedition-1871-72.html |website=The Sangai Express |location=Manipur |access-date=25 January 2025}}

*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=A.S. |date=1893 |title=Chin-Lushai Land: Including a description of the various expeditions into the Chin-Lushai Hills and the final annexation of the country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79810/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.}}

*{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Frederick Sleigh|author-link=Frederick Sleigh Roberts |date=1898 |title=Forty-One years in India from Subaltern to Commander in Chief |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley and Son |access-date=21 January 2025}}

*{{Citation |last=Woodthorpe |first=Robert Gosset |year=1873 |title=The Lushai expedition, 1871-1872 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaiexpedition00woodrich}}

[[Category:Orders of battle]]

Singjor

2024-11-21T11:15:10Z

Kaurjenni51:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singjor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.696374|N|88.18553|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,589
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Singjor ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |publisher= WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 2016-12-22 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Singjor is located at {{coord|22.696374|N|88.18553|E| source:itwiki_region:IN|}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages and census towns in Bhagabatipur [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Bhadua]], [[Bhagabatipur]], [[Jalamadul]], [[Kanaidanga]], [[Metekhal]] and Singjor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/kanaidanga.html | title = Kanaidanga| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of BHAGABATIPUR GP .png|thumb|Map of BHAGABATIPUR GP ]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Singjor had a total population of 1,589 of which 848 (53%) were males and 741 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 208. The total number of literates in Singhjor was 1,219 (88.27% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub

2024-11-05T10:03:50Z

Kaurjenni51: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{short description|Indian manufacturing hub}}
'''Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub'''<ref name=karbonn>{{cite news|title=Karbonn starts operation at Tirupati mobile factory |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67930212.cms?tm_source=contentofinterest|accessdate=11 February 2019|work=Times of India|date=10 February 2019}}</ref> is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=cluster>{{cite news|title=Cluster in Tirupati to make 7 crore smart phones a year|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/cluster-in-tirupati-to-make-7-crore-smart-phones-a-year/article7790319.ece|accessdate=11 February 2019|work=Times of India|date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref name= cluster1>{{cite news|title=PM lays foundation stone for mobile manufacturing facility in Tirupati|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-mobile-manufacturing-facility-in-tirupati/|accessdate=11 February 2019|work=Times of India|date=22 October 2015}}</ref> Its foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi along with Andhra Pradesh Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan, Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu and central minister M. Venkaiah Naidu on 22 October 2015.<ref name= cluster1 /> It is spread over 120 acres and is expected to create 10000 jobs with an investment of 2000 crores.<ref name=cluster /> The hub is also planned to facilitate manufacturers of Headphones and adaptors.<ref name=cluster />
[[File:CELKON Manifacturing plant at Tirupati.jpg|thumb|CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati]]
It hosts companies like Celkon and Karbon which are manufacturing their phones from this hub.<ref name=karbonn /><ref name=celkon>{{cite news|title=New Celkon mobile UniQ released|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-02-18/New-Celkon-mobile-UniQ-released/359812|accessdate=11 February 2019|work=Times of India|date=18 February 2018}}</ref>
[[File:KARBON Manifacturing plant at Tirupati.jpg|thumb|KARBON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Tirupati topics}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Economy of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tirupati]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Daithana

2024-07-07T13:35:31Z

Kaurjenni51: new

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daithana
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/958487/Daithana |title=Daithana Pin Code, Daithana, Parbhani Map, Latitude and Longitude, Maharashtra |publisher=Wikimapia.com |date= |accessdate=2015-09-16}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|19|04|59|N|76|43|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6834<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/546809-daithana-maharashtra.html |title=Daithana Village Population - Parbhani - Parbhani, Maharashtra |publisher=Census2011.co.in |date= |accessdate=2015-09-16}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Daithankar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431521
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02452
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-22
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Daithana''' is a major village in [[Parbhani]] taluka of [[Parbhani district]] in [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Village is located on [[Parbhani]]-[[Gangakhed]] state highway, 24 km away from [[Parbhani]] city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/maharashtra/parbhani/parbhani/daithana.html |title=Daithana Village in Parbhani (Parbhani) Maharashtra |publisher=villageinfo.in |date= |accessdate=2015-09-16}}</ref>

==Demography==
In the population census of 2011, Daithana had 1,236 families. The village had a population of 6,834 of whom 3,499 were males and 3,335 females.<ref name="census1"/>

The average sex ratio of Daithana village was 953{{clarify|This is a number, not a ratio|date=September 2020}}, higher than Maharashtra state average of 929.

The literacy rate of village was 72.16% compared to 82.34% of Maharashtra. Male literacy stood at 82% while female literacy rate was 62%.

[[Schedule Caste]]s constituted 8% while [[Schedule Tribe]]s were 1.16% of the population in the village.<ref name="census1"/>

Daithana is prime located village on Parbahani Gankahed road having government primary health centre with two resident medical officers. Nearby surrounding village have to come to Daithana for health care services. Kulkarni Hospital is a private hospital near the bus stand.

==Geography and transport==
Following table shows distance of Daithana from some of major cities.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! City !! Distance (km)
|-
| [[Parbhani]] || 24
|-
| [[Gangakhed]] || 14
|-
| [[Nanded]] || 71
|-
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] || 192
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || 475
|}

==Administration==
Daithana is part of [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for Indian general elections and [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|current member of Parliament]] representing this constituency is [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]] of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani Lok Sabha|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/parliamentary-constituencies/parbhani.html|publisher=Elections|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

Daithana is part of [[Pathri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] for [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections of Maharashtra]]. Current representative from this constituency in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] is [[Mohan phad]] of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani Vidhan Sabha|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/parbhani.html|publisher=Elections|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mantha, Jalna|Mantha]]
* [[Ashti, Partur|Ashti]]
* [[Tadpangari, Parbhani|Tadpangari]]
* [[Porwad, Parbhani|Porwad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Parbhani district villages}}

[[Category:Villages in Parbhani district]]

2003–04 Vijay Hazare Trophy

2024-05-20T12:51:55Z

Kaurjenni51: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2003-04}}
[[Category:2003 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2003–04]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]

Andaman

2023-11-15T05:48:28Z

Kaurjenni51: quick update

{{wikt|Andaman}}
'''Andaman''' may refer to:

* [[Andaman Islands]], an island group in the Bay of Bengal
* [[Andaman Island, Penang]], an artificial island in George Town, Penang
* [[Andaman Sea]], a sea of the eastern Indian Ocean
* [[Andaman (1998 film)|''Andaman'' (1998 film)]], an Indian Kannada-language film
* [[Andaman (2016 film)|''Andaman'' (2016 film)]], an Indian Tamil-language romantic-comedy film
* [[Andaman (2021 film)|''Andaman'' (2021 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film

== See also ==
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], union territory of India
* [[Andamanese (disambiguation)]]
* [[Andaman Discoveries]], a social enterprise in Thailand

{{disambig|geo}}