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Mugamoodi

2026-04-29T12:05:13Z

KathrinChick016:

{{short description|2012 superhero film by Mysskin}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mugamoodi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mysskin]]
| writer = Mysskin
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Jiiva]]|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sathyan Sooryan]]
| editing = Gaugin
| music = [[K (music director)|Krishna Kumar]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Mysskin|Lone Wolf Productions]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|31|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 162 minutes<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-04/mugamoodi-jiiva-24-08-12.html |title=500 Plus For Mugamoodi - Mugamoodi - Jiiva - Utv Motion Pictures - Mysskin - Tamil Movie News |website=[[BehindWoods.com]] |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027142723/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-04/mugamoodi-jiiva-24-08-12.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mugamoodi''''' ({{Translation|Mask}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[superhero film]] directed by [[Mysskin]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]. The film, which is dedicated to [[Bruce Lee]], stars [[Jiiva]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] (in her film debut), alongside [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Selva (actor)|Selva]] and [[Girish Karnad]]. In the film, Anand alias Bruce Lee, a [[martial artist]], wears a [[superhero]] costume in order to impress his girlfriend Shakthi, but Anand gets framed for his friend Viji's death and sets out to prove his innocence by becoming a real superhero called ''Mugamoodi''.

[[Principal photography]] began in December 2011 and took place in [[India]], [[Switzerland]], and other parts of [[Europe]]. The [[post-production]] involved the application of [[visual effects|VFX]]. The music was composed by [[K (composer)|Krishna Kumar]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Sathyan Sooryan]] and Gaugin.

''Mugamoodi'' was released worldwide on 31 August 2012 to mixed to positive reviews from critics with praise for its cast performances, VFX, action sequences, direction and music, but criticised its script.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand opening for 'Mugamoodi' in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/grand-opening-for-mugamoodi-in-chennai/videoshow/16141704.cms |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805024531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/grand-opening-for-mugamoodi-in-chennai/videoshow/16141704.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Anand alias Bruce Lee, a college graduate, lives in [[Chennai]] and studies martial arts with a group of similarly jobless friends as he hates the idea of [[9 to 5]] jobs. Lee, in an attempt to recruit new students to pay tuition fees and save their school, gets involved in a brawl and falls for Shakthi, the daughter of [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Gaurav. In the city, a series of burglaries are happening across the city, which has left dozens dead and countless amounts of money stolen. The police believe that a new robbery is about to take place. Lee's grandfather advises him to make Shakthi see him as a hero.

Lee wears a borrowed superhero costume and introduces himself as ''Mugamoodi'' to Shakthi, where he tries to impress the children with his skills but accidentally ends up in the middle of a police chase. Lee helps the cops capture one of the bandits, but the gang shoots the captured member when they are transferring him. The news which Mugamoodi captured one of the suspects, which police could not catch them in months, spreads across the city and Shakthi begins to like Mugamoodi. Gaurav finds a match between a fingerprint from the crime scene and one from police records.

Lee decides to visit Shakthi again unmasked to reveal his identity and confess his love to her. While arriving to meet Shakthi, Lee encounters a gang member, who shoots Gaurav. Lee tries to seize him, but the gunman escapes after the gun is seized by Lee and the family believe Lee shot Gaurav. Lee is being chased by the police and is on the run. The gang kills Lee's friend Viji, who went with him to visit Shakthi. Lee is again seen by police alone with Viji's dead body and is naturally thought responsible for the killing. Lee's grandfather and brother create a superhero costume.

Gaurav survives and the gang decides to kill him and his family in the hospital. Lee (masked himself as Mugamoodi) saves them by defeating the gang and takes Gaurav's file containing the latest findings of the case, including the fingerprint match, as he wants to avenge Viji's death. To Lee's shock, the police findings in the documents are against his martial arts teacher Sifu (a fake martial arts a la kung fu) Chandru. Chandru reveals that he is not connected to those cases and reveals that Anguchamy alias ''Dragon'' is behind the crimes. Chandru and Dragon learnt martial arts in the same school 22 years ago.

Meanwhile, Dragon also learns that Mugamoodi is Lee, where he and his gang raids Chandru's school to kill Lee, but they kill Chandru when he is nowhere to be seen. The gang seizes a port and kidnaps 30 children, along with three adults including Shakthi, as hostages to blackmail the cops. They demand the police to arrange a ship which guarantees their safety across the [[Borders of India|Indian border]], while they also demand Mugamoodi to drive a van of gold alone. The gang threatens to kill the hostages if their demands are refused. Lee agrees to drive the gold and a fight ensues between him and Dragon.

During the fight, Dragon takes off Mugamoodi's mask and reveals his identity to Shakthi. Dragon also confesses that his brother Anthony had shot Gourav earlier. With the help of his grandfather and friends that had him sneaked into the port, Lee kills some key members of the gang. A fight ensues between Lee and Dragon, where Dragon ends up hanging by a cliff. Though Lee offers to rescue, Dragon lets go and falls to his death. Lee releases the hostages and Shakthi tells him to continue as Mugamoodi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jiiva]] as Anand alias Bruce Lee/Mugamoodi
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Anguchamy alias Dragon
* [[Pooja Hegde]] as Shakthi, Anand's love interest ([[voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Gaurav, Shakthi's father
* [[Selva (actor)|Selva]] as Sifu Chandru, Anand's teacher
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Anand's grandfather
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Anand's father
* Amalados
* Nicholas
* Joy
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Anand's friend
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Viji, Anand's friend
* Thilsha
* Sivaraj
* Sachidanandam
* Ray as Shakthi's brother
* Vaishnavi as Shakthi's sister
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Roshini, Shakthi's mother
* [[Meesha Ghoshal]] as a cop's wife
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as [[police commissioner]] (uncredited [[cameo appearance]])
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[File:Mugamoodi costumer molding session.jpg|thumb|Jiiva during an 8-hour head casting session in [[Hong Kong]] for make up for his character ''Bruce Lee/Mugamoodi'']]

=== Development ===
In September 2008, it was reported that [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] signed a film titled ''Mugamoodi'' (Mask), which will be directed by [[Mysskin]] and produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2008-09-11 |title=UTV to make Tamil, Telugu films |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sslook/20080911.htm |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428070841/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sslook/20080911.htm|archive-date=2026-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that [[A. R. Rahman]] would compose the music for the film. The film was reported to be made on a budget of {{INR}}35 crore, as the film involved extensive [[computer graphics]] and [[visual effects]]. Suriya was also intended to learn martial arts for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/daily-cinema-report-dcr-jan-22-news-tamil-kkfs0aeehbe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124829/http://www.sify.com/movies/daily-cinema-report-dcr-jan-22-news-tamil-kkfs0aeehbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Daily Cinema Report- DCR- 22 Jan |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> In July 2009, Suriya opted out due to schedule conflicts and it was reportedly that [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] would play the role.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mugamoodi: There's a superhero in everybody |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-theres-a-superhero-in-everybody-503108.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> As the project remained dormant, Mysskin moved on to script a [[horror film]].<ref name=":0" /> Later, it was reported that [[Jiiva]] would play the main lead, who liked the concept.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/jiiva-superhero-mysskins-mugamudi-064626043.html |title=Jiiva as superhero in Mysskin's Mugamudi? |date=2 July 2011 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

The film is produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] of [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref name=":5" /> ''Mugamoodi'' was the claimed to be the first superhero film in [[Tamil Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-mugamoodi-tamils-first-superhero-film/20120724.htm |title=Mugamoodi-Tamil's first superhero film |website=Rediff}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Pre-production of the film began in late 2008. Mysskin started scripting the film after completing ''[[Nandalala]]'' (2010). In July 2011, it was reported that the makers began [[location scouting]] for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/utv-to-produce-superhero-project-in-tamil/164180-8-68.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703010219/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/utv-to-produce-superhero-project-in-tamil/164180-8-68.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2011 |title=UTV to produce superhero project in Tamil - Movies News - Tamil - ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> The shooting of the film was reported to start in late November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/mugamoodi-shooting-start-november-30-130116807.html |title=Mugamoodi shooting to start from November 30 |date=22 November 2011 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> Reports further claimed that Jiiva and Narain would undergo special training in [[martial arts]] with experts from the [[Shaolin Temple]] in [[China]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=It's Kung Fu for Jiiva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-kung-fu-for-jiiva/articleshow/15325596.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In September 2011, it was reported that the lead casts would go to [[Bangkok]] to learn Kung Fu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/narain-learns-kung-fu/articleshow/10018083.cms |title=Narain learns Kung Fu |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 January 2017}}</ref> Both Jiiva and Narain went through three months of Kung Fu training.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Mysskin revealed that the film will be made in his style, with tout-thrilling moments. "Taking into consideration that I am making an Indian film, I can’t showcase something that is impossible. I want my audience to accept my films and not make a joke of it. This is real cinema and I have shown what any superhero can exhibit in his zone," he added.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Apr/05/mysskins-fantasy-flick-355787.html |title=Mysskin's fantasy flick |date=16 May 2012 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was launched with a formal [[Muhurat shot|puja ceremony]], which was held in December 2011 at [[Santhome]] school auditorium, [[Chennai]].<ref name=":1" />

[[K (composer)|K]], who had scored for Mysskin's ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' (2010), was selected as the film composer over two other music directors, while [[Madhan Karky]] would pen the lyrics, associating for the first time with Mysskin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/k-bags-utv-s-mugamoodi-news-tamil-lh4lg8heaee.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022025117/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-bags-utv-s-mugamoodi-news-tamil-lh4lg8heaee.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=K bags UTV's Mugamoodi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Action sequences were choreographed by Tony Leung, who has worked with [[Bruce Lee]] and [[Jackie Chan]] action choreographers from [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jiiva-to-work-with-jackie-chans-stunt-man-477377.html |title=Jiiva to work with Jackie Chan's stunt man |date=24 May 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> Other technicians includes cinematographer [[Sathyan Sooryan]], editor Gaugin, dance choreographer [[Radhika (choreographer)|Radhika]], art director Bala, and costume designer [[Amritha Ram]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Dance-dance-baby/article14580428.ece |title=Kollywood Choreographer Radhika has completed 100 films in just five years |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 August 2016 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== Casting ===

In October 2010, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] signed on for the film with [[N. Lingusamy]]'s [[Thirupathi Brothers]] production house replacing UTV as producers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-23/news-interviews/28265923_1_mumbai-police-lingusamy-s-vettai-talent-hunt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-23/news-interviews/28265923_1_mumbai-police-lingusamy-s-vettai-talent-hunt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 September 2012 |title=Arya in Mumbai Police |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 December 2010 |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> However, within months, Arya had pulled out as had Lingusamy. In June 2011, a new Mumbai-based company had taken the production reins whilst [[Jiiva]], after the commercial success of his political thriller ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'', had signed on to portray the lead role.<ref name=":2" /> Jiiva who plays Anand in the film would called as Bruce Lee in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jiva-to-be-called-as-bruce-lee-in-mugamoodi-494045.html |title=Jiva to be called as Bruce Lee in 'Mugamoodi' |date=2 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> Later that month, it was announced that [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], who had worked with Mysskin in both ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' and ''[[Anjathe]]'', would portray the role of the lead antagonist in the film. The film was his highest paid film till then. Narain claimed that his villainy in the film would be totally brutal, where his character in the film has no shades and is absolutely negative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2011-09-23 |title=Showbitz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article2479187.ece |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In early July 2011, it was reported that [[Amala Paul]] would portray the lead female character in the film,<ref>{{cite web |author=Anupama Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/amala-paul-pair-jiiva-048 |title=Amala Paul to pair up with Jiiva? |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=9 December 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812070804/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/amala-paul-pair-jiiva-048 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but, Dhananjayan of UTV confirmed that Amala was not approached for the role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-denies-doing-mughamoodi-news-tamil-lhgkLwahbgj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709130104/http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-denies-doing-mughamoodi-news-tamil-lhgkLwahbgj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2011 |title=Amala denies doing Mughamoodi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> [[Pooja Hegde]], who is the second runner-up of the [[I Am She – Miss Universe India|2011 Miss Universe India]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Marimuthu |date=13 October 2024 |title=மிஷ்கின் கொடுத்த வாழ்வு.. ஹிருத்திக் ரோஷனுடன் லிப் லாக்.. விஜய்யின் கடைசி ஜோடி.. பூஜா ஹெக்டே ஜெயித்த கதை! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/debut-in-mishkin-movie-and-lip-lock-with-hrithik-roshan-and-vijay-last-movie-pairing-and-pooja-hegde-is-birthday-story-131728785193495.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224154710/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/debut-in-mishkin-movie-and-lip-lock-with-hrithik-roshan-and-vijay-last-movie-pairing-and-pooja-hegde-is-birthday-story-131728785193495.html |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |quote=மாடலிங் செய்துவந்தபோது எடுக்கப்பட்ட புகைப்படங்கள் பல சினிமா இயக்குநர்களின் கைகளுக்குப் போகும். அப்படி, இவரது போட்டோவைப் பார்த்த இயக்குநர் மிஷ்கின், தனது சூப்பர் ஹீரோ படமான 'முகமூடி'யில் கதாநாயகியாக நடிக்க பூஜா சரியாகவும் பாந்தமாகவும் இருப்பார் எனத் தேர்ந்து எடுத்தார். |trans-quote=Photographs taken while modeling would end up in the hands of many film directors. Thus, director Mishkin, who saw her photo, chose Pooja as the heroine in his superhero film 'Mukhamoodi' as she would look perfect and pantheon.}}</ref> was eventually finalized as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Did you know Pooja Hegde made her debut in a Tamil superhero film? |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/did-you-know-pooja-hegde-made-her-debut-in-a-tamil-superhero-film/695371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216132559/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/did-you-know-pooja-hegde-made-her-debut-in-a-tamil-superhero-film/695371 |archive-date=2020-12-16 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Zoom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Rathnam |first1=Shilpa |last2=Bedi |first2=Shibani |last3=Bari |first3=Nishat |date=23 February 2012 |title=Pooja Hegde to act in film 'Mugamoodi' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20111205-pooja-hegde-in-film-mugamoodi-749813-2011-11-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518084359/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20111205-pooja-hegde-in-film-mugamoodi-749813-2011-11-25 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Telugu actor [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] was added to the cast in November 2011, which proved false, and he was replaced by [[Girish Karnad]], while [[Prakash Raj]] was also reported to be playing an important role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-14 |title=Nageswara Rao in Mugamoodi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nageswara-rao-in-mugamoodi/articleshow/10839252.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-27 |title=Mugamoodi: Tamil cinema's biggest superhero film? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/mugamoodi-tamil-cinemas-biggest-superhero-film-851476.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The following month, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] was selected to portray a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-becomes-bigger-news-tamil-lmewsXcafee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207011715/http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-becomes-bigger-news-tamil-lmewsXcafee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2011 |title=Mugamoodi becomes bigger |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>

A large group of young aspiring artists were roped in to be part of the fight sequences which are touted be the highlight of the film. The artists were trained for over 6 months at Mansuria Kung Fu YMCA, [[Nandanam]], Chennai. A lot of the kung fu content of the film were handled by R. Shekhar.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-s-mugamoodi-launched-news-tamil-lmmtcOfhhabsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701110916/http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-s-mugamoodi-launched-news-tamil-lmmtcOfhhabsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016 |title=Mysskin Mugamoodi Launched |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref>

=== Effects and design ===

High-end [[gadgets]] to be used in the film were reportedly designed by consultant's from the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]], while teams from the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT]] were roped in to create the costumes and looks of the characters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/utv-to-produce-superhero-project-in-tamil-380752.html |title=UTV to produce superhero project in Tamil |date=1 July 2011 |website=News18}}</ref> Furthermore, a [[Los Angeles]]-based firm would handle [[special effects]] of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/mugamoodi/articleshow/14236927.cms |title=Mugamoodi |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 June 2012}}</ref> The team travelled four countries to finalize the Jiiva's suits and finalized in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-mystery-of-jiivas-superhero-costume-493422.html |title=Mugamoodi: Mystery of Jiiva's superhero costume |date=1 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> The costumes were designed by Gabriella Wilkins.<ref name=":7" /> Wilkins and her 10 assistants took six months to design the costume, including suit, mask, cap and the belt.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jiiva-flown-to-hong-kong-for-his-superhero-suit-503087.html |title=Jiiva flown to Hong Kong for his superhero suit |date=30 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> A dozen suits and more than 30 different masks were created for the character, out of which Mysskin chose the best.<ref name=":7" /> Costume designer [[Amritha Ram]] also worked on Jiiva's costume which weights more than 10 kg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Saradha |date=2021-10-07 |title=Kamal Haasan to Parvathy, Amritha Ram speaks on what it takes to be a celeb stylist |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/kamal-haasan-parvathy-amritha-ram-speaks-what-it-takes-be-celeb-stylist-156240 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===

The shooting of the film started officially on 12 December 2011,<ref name=":1" /> with the opening scene of kung fu as that was spoken about.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5670874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061140/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5670874 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Jiiva's 'Mugamoodi' from today |publisher=Entertainment.in.msn.com |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> The film is expected to be released during Summer 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Jiivas-Mugamoodi-starts-from-tomorrow/articleshow/11068619.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524013113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/news-interviews/30504117_1_jiiva-mugamoodi-rumours |url-status=live |archive-date=24 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jiiva's Mugamoodi starts from tomorrow |date=11 December 2011}}</ref> The film was being canned in the nights in and around [[Triplicane]] in Chennai where the fight scene of Jiiva and Narain was shot in terrace. Mysskin is planning a 20-day schedule to shoot the climax at [[Karaikal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Mugamoodi off for song shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-off-for-song-shoot/articleshow/15162191.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The shoot concluded at Karaikal where daredevil stunts were performed by the lead actor at an altitude of 180 feet high where in the Karaikal port's conveyor belt passes over.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Jiiva: Mugamoodi is my first real action film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-jiiva/20120830.htm |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Many scenes were also filmed at [[AVM Productions|AVM studio]] where huge hospital set was erected and also at [[Victorian College for the Deaf|Victoria hall, Deaf and Dumb school]].<ref name=":6" /> Tony Leung Siu Hung, a stunt coordinator from [[Hong Kong]], has joined the climax shoot of the film that is being canned in a massive scale at Karaikal in May 2012.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jiiva-shoots-for-climax-of-mugamoodi-474048.html |title=Jiiva shoots for climax of 'Mugamoodi' |date=14 May 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> The team moved to [[Europe]] to shoot two song at [[Alps]] in late July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/team-mugamoodi-moves-europe-for-shooting-songs-490642.html |title=Team 'Mugamoodi' moves Europe for shooting songs |date=25 July 2012 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-goes-to-the-alps/articleshow/15309679.cms |title=Mugamoodi goes to the Alps |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> Later, the team moved to [[Switzerland]] to shoot a song and filming wrapped in early August 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jivas-mugamoodi-as-mask-in-telugu/articleshow/15349821.cms |title=Jiva's Mugamoodi as Mask in Telugu |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
[[Post-production]] for the film begin once the film completed its shooting and went for several months as the film involved extensive [[computer graphics]] and [[visual effects]]. A [[Los Angeles]]-based firm handled [[special effects]] of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-gets-an-international-touch/articleshow/13010271.cms |title=Mugamoodi gets an international touch! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/first-look-mugamoodi-the-first-ever-tamil-superhero-film-846899.html |title=First Look: 'Mugamoodi', the first ever Tamil superhero film |website=News18}}</ref>

The final copy of the film was ready by mid August 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-censor-certificate-awaited-498075.html |title=Mugamoodi: Censor certificate awaited |date=13 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> and was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) that month. On 21 August 2012, the film received a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from the [[Censor Board]], with a finalized runtime of 162 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jeeva-mugamoodi-clean-chit-censor-113974-2012-08-21 |title=Jeeva's Mugamoodi gets clean chit from Censor |website=India Today |date=22 August 2012}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Mugamoodi (soundtrack)}}
''Mugamoodi'''s score and soundtrack were composed by [[K (Indian musician)|K]], who had worked on Mysskin's previous venture ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' as well. The soundtrack features eleven tracks, including a number of instrumentals. The soundtrack album was released on 1 August 2012 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]]; it was presented by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and received by Kannada actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref name=":5">{{cite news |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=11 August 2012 |title=Mugamoodi audio launch |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3696620.ece |access-date=9 November 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The first look and [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] launch of ''Mugamoodi'' took place on 29 June 2012 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2012 |title=Gautham Menon and Suriya launches Mugamoodi trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-and-suriya-launches-mugamoodi-trailer/articleshow/14495002.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The trailer was launched by [[Suriya]] and received by [[N. Lingusamy]] while the first look was released by Suriya and [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-first-look-trailer-launched-news-tamil-mg3nlUgdcid.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630104859/http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-first-look-trailer-launched-news-tamil-mg3nlUgdcid.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2012 |title=Mugamoodi-First Look & trailer launched |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2012 |title=Actor Suriya unveils Jiiva's 'Mugamoodi' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/actor-suriya-unveils-jiivas-mugamoodi-485092.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released worldwide screens on 31 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-31-502575.html |title='Mugamoodi' to hit the screens on August 31 |date=28 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Mask'' and in Hindi as ''Mahabali Ek Super Hero''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/top-10-asian-superhero-movies-030300679.html |title=Top 10 Asian superhero movies |date=5 March 2015 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> ''Mugamoodi'' was released in over 600 screens worldwide, with 23 in Chennai alone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2012 |title=Friday Fury- August 31 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-31-news-tamil-mi5jSQbgbag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901031908/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-31-news-tamil-mi5jSQbgbag.html |archive-date=2012-09-01 |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
In July 2012, it was reported that the film would be released simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref name=":10" /> Later, Jiiva's father [[R. B. Choudary]] acquired the Telugu dubbing rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rb-chowdhary-snaps-mugamoodis-telugu-rights-hm.html |title=RB Chowdhary snaps Mugamoodi's Telugu rights | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT |date=18 July 2012}}</ref> The Telugu version titled ''Mask'' was released by [[Super Good Films|Mega Super Good Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/jiiva-mask.html |title=Jiiva's Mugamoodi to be dubbed in Telugu as Mask - Telugu cinema news |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mugamoodi-trailer-111009-2012-07-24 |title=Mugamoodi official trailer |website=India Today |date=25 July 2012}}</ref> The Hindu version titled ''Mahabali Ek Super Hero'' was distributed by [[UTV Motion Pictures]].
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-hegde-charts-her-journey-from-calligraphy-enthusiast-and-model-to-actress/articleshow/66323256.cms |title=TAKE ONE: Pooja Hegde charts her journey from calligraphy enthusiast and model to actress |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-telugu-hindi-release-on-august-31-489778.html |title=Mugamoodi: Telugu-Hindi release on August 31 |date=23 July 2012 |website=News18}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite rights of the film was acquired by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. The digital rights of the film were sold to [[Prime Video]], [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-highly-engaging-indian-superhero-movies-watch-disney-hotstar-zee5-netflix-waiting-teja-sajjas-hanuman/ |title=7 highly engaging Indian superhero movies to watch on Disney+ Hotstar, ZEE5, Netflix, and more while waiting for Teja Sajja's 'HanuMan' |date=20 December 2023 |website=GQ India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Mugamoodi'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics with praise for its cast performances, VFX, action sequences, direction and music, but criticised its script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.andhrawishesh.com/telugu-film-movies/374-movie-news/32299-mugamoodi-mask-rocks.html |title=Mugamoodi (Mask) rocks! | Movie News |date=1 September 2012 |website=www.andhrawishesh.com}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The fact remains that Mugamoodi is not as taut as the director’s earlier works."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mugamoodi/movie-review/16205769.cms |title=Mugamoodi Movie Review |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

R. S. Prakash of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "In comparison, the film’s first half is better than the second. The opening scenes are deadly till the director opts for a different route to tell the tale."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mugamoodi-the-mask-comes-off/articleshow/21319689.cms |title=Mugamoodi: The mask comes off |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Mugamoodi has all the makings of a successful film but ends up disappointing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-mugamoodi-fails-to-impress/20120831.htm |title=Review: Mugamoodi fails to impress - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232332/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-mugamoodi-fails-to-impress/20120831.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[IBNLive]]'' cited that the film had a "different flavour" and wrote "For those who love the West and East's action films, ''Mugamoodi'' combines both to give some pleasure."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-mugamoodi-has-a-different-flavour/287433-71-178.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040918/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-mugamoodi-has-a-different-flavour/287433-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Tamil Review: 'Mugamoodi' has a different flavour- Tamil Reviews- IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=1 September 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that it "travels on a terrain that’s new to Tamil cinema" and wrote "Mysskin's effort to make Mugamoodi appear as authentic as possible deserves to be commended."<ref>{{cite news |author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3848361.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Mugamoodi: Unmasked! |work=The Hindu |date=1 September 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109115320/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3848361.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' termed it as average and wrote "Mugamoodi is a one-time watch for Mysskin and Jiiva’s attempt to do something different. It has very good music and background score by K, but lacks a proper script and a racy presentation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-review-tamil-15006663.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161518/http://www.sify.com/movies/mugamoodi-review-tamil-15006663.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2013 |title=Movie Review:Mugamoodi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Mugamoodi'' had higher occupancy on its opening day.<ref name=":11" /> The film grossed {{INR}}10 crores in 3 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/despite-mixed-reviews-mugamoodi-weekend-collection-about-rs-10-crore-627838 |title=Despite mixed reviews, Mugamoodi weekend collection about Rs.10 crore |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The Tamil and Telugu versions alone got {{INR}}9 crores in India, with {{INR}}2 crores from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The film was also well received at [[Malaysia]]. The film was box office success at the end of its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanthaswamy-to-veeran-five-superhero-films-in-tamil/photostory/100744722.cms |title='Kanthaswamy' to 'Veeran': Five superhero films in Tamil |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/mugamoodi-gets-huge-opening-box-office-081437431.html |title=Mugamoodi gets huge opening at the box office! |date=4 September 2012 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Reference column heading}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="1" |16 January 2013
| Best Debut Actress
| {{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053627/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List 2012 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053936/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" ; rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|12–13 September 2013]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil|Best Female Debutant – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite episode |title=2nd South Indian International Movie Awards |series=South Indian International Movie Awards |series-link=South Indian International Movie Awards |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |year=2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List – 2013 |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2013 |title=Stars in Sharjah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil
|{{sort|Narain|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="1" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|20 July 2013]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
|{{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093043/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/pooja-hegde-talks-about-mohenjo-daro-working-with-hrithik-and-how-she-earned-confidence-15338.html |title=Pooja Hegde talks about Mohenjo Daro, working with Hrithik and how she earned confidence... |website=Filmfare |access-date=2024-06-16 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617121511/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/pooja-hegde-talks-about-mohenjo-daro-working-with-hrithik-and-how-she-earned-confidence-15338.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| 10 February 2013
|Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Aalap Raju]] (for "[[Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da]]")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite episode | title=6th Edison Awards | series=Edison Awards | date=10 February 2013 | network=[[Astro (company)|Astro]] }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Edition Edison Award gets bigger and grander |url=https://sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170917051101/https://sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |archive-date=17 September 2017 |website=[[Sulekha]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2013 – Winners |url=http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130217121352/http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 |website=Araciyal.com |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" ; rowspan="5" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | [[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|{{sort|Narain|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5eoO3MBxo |title=Vijay Awards 05/31/13 |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-31-05-13 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513210318/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|{{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|{{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|{{sort|Gabreilla|Gabreilla Wilkins}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"[[Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da]]"
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| 24–28 April 2013
| Best Newcomer Actress
| {{sort|Pooja|[[Pooja Hegde]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2013 |title='Kumki' sweeps Norway Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-sweeps-Norway-Film-Festival/articleshowprint/19815060.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101012925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-sweeps-Norway-Film-Festival/articleshowprint/19815060.cms |archive-date=1 January 2019 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NTFF 2013: Program scheduled for 27th.April |url=http://www.ntff.no/program/Program%20scheduled%20for%20NTFF%202013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705055619/http://www.ntff.no/program/Program%20scheduled%20for%20NTFF%202013 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[CineMAA Awards|Maa Music Awards]]
| 16 June 2013
| Best Dubbing Song
| "[[Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da|Gadiyaram]]"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Maa Music Awards 2013 - Telugu cinema news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maamusic2013nominations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121104535/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maamusic2013nominations.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|Big Tamil Melody Awards]]
| 19 August 2013
|Best Singer (Male)
| [[Aalap Raju]] (for "[[Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da]]")
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Big Tamil Melody Awards launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Jul/22/big-tamil-melody-awards-launched-499075.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410210158/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Jul/22/big-tamil-melody-awards-launched-499075.html |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Melody awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822095635/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|}

== Potential sequel ==
Reports of a planned sequel of ''Mugamoodi'' began surfacing prior to the film's release, stating Mysskin planned to release sequels every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-a-never-ending-game-484562.html |title='Mugamoodi': A never ending game |date=27 June 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> Later, the reports suggested that Mysskin had the script of ''Mugamoodi 2'', with same casts part of it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-2-lined-up/articleshow/15072246.cms |title=Mugamoodi 2 lined up |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> Later, it was reported that the film would be shot bigger in scale, in [[3D film|3D]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mugamoodi-sequel-could-be-in-3d-503033.html |title=Mugamoodi: Sequel could be in 3D |date=30 August 2012 |website=News18}}</ref> Jiiva said in an interview that he will do the sequel only if the makers find a lighter and friendlier costume.<ref name=":9" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Mysskin}}

[[Category:2010s superhero films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 martial arts films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mysskin]]
[[Category:Films scored by K (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]

Naresh Chandra Dev Varma

2026-04-25T17:54:37Z

KathrinChick016: Adding a post basic info...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox author
| name = Naresh Chandra Dev Varma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|31 Oct 1944|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tripura (princely state)]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| language = [[Kokborok]]
| education =
| period =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]](2026)
| notableworks =
| occupation = Writer
| genre =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Madan Mohan Dev Varma(Father) Sambhu Laxmi Dev Varma(Mother)
}}
'''Naresh Chandra Dev Varma''' a [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] Indian folk writer and litterateur, known for his contribution to the fields of literature and education in [[Tripura]]. In recognition of his work, he was awarded the "Tripura Bhushan", the state's highest civilian award, in 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Kokborok Scholar Naresh Chandra Dev Varma Conferred Padma Shri |url=https://www.thenortheastpost.com/2026/01/kokborok-scholar-naresh-chandra-dev.html |work=The Northeast Post {{!}} News & Stories from Northeast India |date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Govt confers state’s civilian award to Prof Arunoday Saha, Kokborok literary N C Debbarma {{!}} Tripuraindia |url=https://www.tripuraindia.in/update/index/tripura-govt-confers-state--s-civilian-award-to-prof-arunoday-saha-kokborok-literary-n-c-debbarma#:~:text=As%20the%20state%20celebrates%20the,Vibhushan%20and%20Tripura%20Bhusan%20award}}</ref> and the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|civilian award]], in 2026 for his contribution to literature and education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee Naresh Chandra Dev Varma hails Modi govt for recognising tribal literature |url=https://ianslive.in/padma-shri-awardee-naresh-chandra-dev-varma-hails-pm-modi-led-govt-for-recognising-tribal-literature--20260125223258 |work=IANS News |date=25 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I tried my best to nurture literary works in Kokborok: Padma awardee Naresh Chandra Dev Varma |url=https://nenews.in/tripura/i-tried-my-best-to-nurture-literary-works-in-kokborok-padma-awardee-naresh-chandra-dev-varma/40202/ |work=Northeast News - Northeast India news 24×7 |date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura’s Eminent Kokborok Scholar Naresh Chandra Dev Varma Selected for Padma Shri |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4865&title=Tripura%E2%80%99s-Eminent-Kokborok-Scholar-Naresh-Chandra-Dev-Varma-Selected-for-Padma-Shri |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref> He has authored 34 books primarily in [[Kokborok]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Big recognition to my literary work: Tripura Padma awardee Naresh Chandra Dev Varma |url=https://theprint.in/india/big-recognition-to-my-literary-work-tripura-padma-awardee-naresh-chandra-dev-varma/2836667/?amp |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-award-2026-winners/article70549263.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Tripura |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Droupadi Murmu approves conferment of 131 Padma Awards {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/president-droupadi-murmu-approves-conferment-of-131-padma-awards/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Awards 2026 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naresh Chandra Dev Varma Named Padma Shri Awardee 2026 for Contributions to Literature and Education - Tripura Chronicle |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/naresh-chandra-dev-varma-named-padma-shri-awardee-2026-for-contributions-to-literature-and-education/ |date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:VARMA, NARESH CHANDRA DEV}}
{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{India-writer-stub}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:Kokborok-language writers]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kanadukathan Palace

2026-04-25T14:38:16Z

KathrinChick016: made first data initial version

{{Short description|Palace in Kanadukathan, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:The Chettinad palace karaikudi 2013-09-07 00-11.jpg|thumb|Kanadukathan Palace]]
'''Kanadukathan Palace''' is a palace situated in [[Kanadukathan]] in [[Sivaganga District]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
Also known as "Chettinad Palace", Kanadukathan Palace is located at [[Karaikkudi]] taluk in [[Kanadukathan]], at a distance of 60 km. from [[Sivaganga]], 15 km. from [[Karaikkudi]], 2 km. from Chettinad bus stand.

==Origin==
This palace was built by [[S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar|Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar]] in 1912. With so many beautiful ornamental details it took seven years to complete the construction of the palace. This palace exposes the traditional Chettinad architecture.<ref name=tngovt/>
[[File:Chettinadu Mansion (Kanadukathan, Inde) (14123087643).jpg|thumb|left|The interior]]
==Specialities==
This palace is the composite of art, architecture and tradition. As an example, it exposes the cultural facets of Chettinadu people. The wishes of Chettiars are found elsewhere throughout the structure. Ornamental lights, teak wood materials, glasses, marbles, carpets and crystals were imported from overseas for the construction of the building. In spite of that it has different types of arts and styles in unique way.<ref name=native> [https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/karaikudi/attractions/chettinad-palace/#overview செட்டிநாடு அரண்மனை, காரைக்குடி] </ref> In Tamil Nadu, Chettinad houses are found in many places such as Karaikkudi, Pallatthur, Attangudi and Kothamangalam. These houses are like palaces having ornamental works throughout the building and wood works carried out from the wood which was imported, many of them from East Asian countries and [[Europe]]. Valuable teak wood, marbles and granite pillars are found. It has a vast porch.<ref name=tngovt> [https://sivaganga.nic.in/ta/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D/ சிவகங்கை மாவட்டம், காணத்தக்க இடங்கள்] </ref> Many architects researched about the architectural pattern of this palace. At the entrance beautiful facade is found. On either side of the entrance vast pial, known as 'thinnai'. Beautiful pillars are also found there. The doors and the windows which are constructed with the teak wood imported from [[Burma]] showcases the beauty of the bungalow.<ref name=newsj/> Generally the main doors and entrances of the houses resemble the gateways of the Hindu temples. They are majestic and intricately carved. Potholes are covered with a wire mesh in the streets of Kanadukathan, for [[rainwater harvesting]].<ref>[https://sivaganga.nic.in/tourism/places-of-interest/, Places of Interest, Kanadukathan]</ref>

==Rituals==
[[File:Chettinadu palace.jpg|thumb|The courtyard]]
On the palace grounds there is a vast courtyard used for carrying out many functions such as marriage or religion oriented rituals. On one corner the puja room of the wife of Annamalai Chettiar, where she did puja for so many years is found. In this palace many valuable items and households used by the family are kept safe.<ref name=tngovt/> Chettiars used to conduct many functions in their home itself. So, their houses would be like palace.<ref name=newsj>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsj.tv/view/The-world-famous-Kandukadanath-Chettinad-Palace-13472 |title=உலகப் புகழ்பெற்ற கானாடுகாத்தான் செட்டிநாடு அரண்மனை |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210121944/https://www.newsj.tv/view/The-world-famous-Kandukadanath-Chettinad-Palace-13472 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Facility==
This palace has a car shed, with 1990 sq.ft. Nine cars could be parked there. Lift is also available.<ref name=tngovt/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=10.174754&lon=78.781586&z=14&m=b Kanadukathan]
* [https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/9203-chettinad-kanadukathan-palace காரைக்குடி கானாடுகாத்தான் அரண்மனை கட்டடக்கலையின் அடையாளச்சின்னம்]
* [https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article25547282.ece Palaces of Chettinad], [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], 7 December 2018
* [https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/photo/a-pictorial-tour-of-karaikudi-palaces/article27197562.ece/photo/1/ A pictorial tour of Karaikudi palaces], [[Business Line]], 21 May 2019

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Palaces in Tamil Nadu]]

Manoj Kumar (Sasaram politician)

2026-04-20T01:59:10Z

KathrinChick016: Adding new bio more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Chhedi Paswan]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sakari Kudra Kaimur Bihar
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Manaki Devi (m. 30 May 1995)
| children = 4 Sons, 1 Daughter
| parents = Ramji Ram, Yashoda Devi
| occupation = Agriculture
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5578?from=members
}}

'''Manoj Kumar''' (born 1984) is an Indian politician who is member of [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar, Indian National Congress Representative for Sasaram (SC), Bihar - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/bihar/sasaram/candidateshow/manoj-kumar-7466 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=सासाराम सीट से जीत दर्ज कर चुके मनोज कुमार कौन? चुनाव से ठीक पहले किया था कांग्रेस ज्वॉइन |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/bihar-chunav/who-is-sasaram-mp-manoj-kumar-he-joined-congress-just-before-the-elections-2024-2655883.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं मनोज कुमार भारती जिन्हें कांग्रेस ने सासाराम लोकसभा सीट से दिया है टिकट? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-who-is-manoj-kumar-bharti-whom-congress-has-given-ticket-from-sasaram-lok-sabha-seat-9827059.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He is [[Member of Parliament]] of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]].<ref name="Sasaram Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Sasaram Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/sasaram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322130700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/sasaram |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins">{{cite news |title=Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322131000/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Manoj}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sasaram]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Bahoriband Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:49Z

KathrinChick016: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahoriband
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 94
| map_image = 94-Bahoriband.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Katni district|Katni]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Kunwar Saurabh Singh
}}
''' Bahoriband''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Katni district]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Balkrishna
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Shukla
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kunjbihari Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Tarachand Chaurasia
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Shravan Kumar Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Rani Dubey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Vishnu Dutt Pouranik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Shravan Kumar Patel
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Nishith Patel
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Prabhat Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2014{{efn|by-election}}
|Kunwar Saurabh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahoriband<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94817}}
|percentage = 47.38
|change = -2.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunwar Saurabh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:71195}}
|percentage = 35.58
|change = -5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shankar Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:21598}}
|percentage = 10.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sita Choudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:1957}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:465}}
|percentage = 0.23
|change = -1.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23622}}
|percentage = 11.8
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200105}}
|percentage = 81.7
|change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahoriband<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pranay Prabhat Pandey]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:89041}}
|percentage = 49.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kunwar Saurabh Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72606}}
|percentage = 40.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Choudhari Govind Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:5143}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyendra Singh Dabbu Rajput
|votes = {{formatnum:2727}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Anil Singh Sengar (Advocate)
|votes = {{formatnum:1662}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2735}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16435}}
|percentage = 9.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178885}}
|percentage = 80.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Katni district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.67|80.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Katni district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Vidyapati (1937 film)

2026-04-08T00:29:38Z

KathrinChick016:

{{Short description|1937 Bengali language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Debaki Bose]]
| producer = [[New Theatres]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Debaki Bose]]|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pahari Sanyal]]|[[Kanan Devi]]|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]|[[Chhaya Devi]]|[[Leela Desai]]}}
| music = [[R. C. Boral]]
| cinematography = Yusuf Mulji
| editing = Subodh Mitter
| distributor = Kapurchand Ltd.
| studio = [[New Theatres]]
| released = {{Film date|1937}}
| runtime = 141 min
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Bengali|Hindi}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bidyapati''''' is a 1937 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] biopic film directed by [[Debaki Bose]] for [[New Theatres]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vidyapati-562|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324185533/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vidyapati-562|url-status=live|archive-date=24 March 2019|title=Vidyapati (1937) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> It starred [[Pahari Sanyal]] as [[Vidyapati]]. His costars in the film were [[Kanan Devi]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Leela Desai]], [[K. C. Dey]] and [[Kidar Sharma]].<ref name="Willemen">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA326|access-date=29 July 2014|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1994–}}</ref> The music was by [[R. C. Boral]] and lyrics by Kidar Sharma. Debaki Bose and [[Qazi Nazrul Islam]] wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues. The story is about the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet and [[Vaishnava]] saint Vidyapati.<ref name="Dwyer">{{cite book|last1=Dwyer|first1=Rachel |author2=Senior Lecturer in Indian Studies Rachel Dwyer|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA73|access-date=29 July 2014|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-38070-1|pages=73–}}</ref> The songs of the film became popular and the lyrics though encapsulating Vidyapati's poetry were considered bold for its time. This ensured the film garnered crowds at the theatres making it a big success of 1937.<ref name=indiavideo>{{cite web|last1=Chandra, Balakrishnan|first1=Pali, Vijay Kumar|title=100 Years of Bollywood - Vidyapati 1937|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/vidyapati-7383.php|website=indiavideo.org|publisher=Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
King Shiva Singha ([[Prithviraj Kapoor]]) and his queen Lakshmi ([[Chhaya Devi]]) invite the poet Vidyapati ([[Pahari Sanyal]]) to their palace. He arrives with his constant companion Anuradha ([[Kanan Devi]]). The queen finds herself getting attracted to Vidyapati’s poetry and falls in love with him. This causes great anguish to the king who in his distress abandons his responsibilities and turns to Anuradha. The troubled queen decides to kill herself and when the Prime Minister gets to hear of it he encourages her as he feels that Vidyapati’s sensuous bold poetry has had a detrimental effect on the king. The king, in the end, sends for his queen through Anuradha. He notices that she is lying there in the same position and starts crying realizing the queen is dead. Anuradha and Shiva try getting Lakshmi to get up without success.

==Production==
The film is thought to be Debaki Bose’s most adept directorial venture.<ref name="Jain">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Madhu |title=Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3heZ8I-k9AC&pg=PT33|access-date=29 July 2014|date=17 April 2009|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-813-9|pages=33–}}</ref> The tight close-ups helped the narration of the story which focused on the poetry and songs.<ref name=Willemen /> The films in those days tended to be heroine-centric and though the film was called Vidyapati the main star of the film was Kanan Devi. Her convincing performance became the main support of the film along with a strong script.<ref name=Willemen /><ref name=Jain />

== Critical reception ==
Prithviraj Kapoor’s performance was rated high by [[Baburao Patel]], the editor of ''[[Filmindia]]'', while also appreciating the "newcomer" Mohammed Ishaq. He called Debaki Bose’s direction a "fine poem of art" and Bose "truly a great director".<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Vidyapati -Review|journal=Filmindia|date=Jan 1938|volume=3|issue=9|pages=43|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia19373803unse#page/n121/mode/2up|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

The film was used by [[Guru Dutt]] in his film [[Kaagaz Ke Phool]] (1959) as a tribute to the Studio Era by showing the character Suresh in the balcony of the theatre where Vidyapati is being watched by a packed audience.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news|last1=Chatterji|first1=Shoma|title=Director's Cut|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071111/spectrum/main6.htm|access-date=29 July 2014|agency=The Tribune Trust|publisher=Tribune|date=11 Nov 2007}}</ref>

==Soundtrack ==
The music director R. C. Boral brought in western influences by making use of the organ and piano in his music direction.<ref name=Gopal>{{cite book|last1=Gopal, Murti|first1=Sangita, Sujata|title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance|date=2008|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816645787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&q=vidyapati+1937&pg=PA92|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> The impact was successful with popular as well as classic tunes being used and the songs were highly appreciated.<ref name=Filmindia /> The role of Anuradha which Kanan Devi enacted was created by Nazrul Islam. Her songs like "More Angana Mein Aaye Aali" and her duets with K. C. Dey made her the top female singing star on par with [[K. L. Saigal]] at New Theatres.<ref name="Ganesh">{{cite book|last1=Anantharaman|first1=Ganesh|title=Bollywood Melodies The History of Hindi Film Songs|date=2008|isbn=9780143063407|pages=3|publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref><ref name=Nevile>{{cite web|last1=Nevile|first1=Pran|title=Heroine who carried honey in her throat|url=http://www.prannevile.com/article_12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216115118/http://www.prannevile.com/article_12|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 February 2009|website=prannevile.com|publisher=PNNevile|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Kidar Sharma left New Theatres following differences between him and Debaki Bose but not before making a tremendous name for himself following his lyrics in [[Devdas (1936 film)|Devdas]] (1935) and Vidyapati.<ref name="Ganesh p. 101">Ganesh, p. 101</ref>

===Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ambuvaa Ki Daali Daali Jhum Rahi Hai Aali"
| Kanan Devi
|-
| 2
| "Darshan Hue Tihaare Saajan"
| Pahari Sanyal
|-
| 3
| "Ek Din Raadhaa Ne Bansuriyaa, Ik Baans Ki Thi"
| Pahari Sanyal
|-
| 4
| "Dole Hriday Ki Naiya"
| Kanan Devi
|-
| 5
| "Madhu Ritu Aai Phaagun Ki Sakhi"
| Pahadi Sanyal
|-
| 6
| "Panaghat Pe Kanhaiya Aata Hai"
| K. C. Dey
|-
| 7
| "Anuradha O Anuradha, Gokul Se Gaye Giradhari"
| K. C. Dey
|-
| 8
| "Rang"
| Rampyari
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bidyapati (1937 film)|Vidyapati}}
*{{IMDb title|id =0028626 |title =Vidyapati }}
*[https://indiancine.ma/CGY/info ''Vidyapati''] at indiancine.ma

{{Debaki Bose}}

[[Category:1937 films]]
[[Category:1937 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1937 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Debaki Bose]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi

2026-04-07T21:16:29Z

KathrinChick016: adding initial bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian Marathi language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Jabbar Patel]]
| writer = [[Arun Sadhu]]
| screenplay =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nana Patekar]]
*Ashok Lokhande
*Lubna Salim
*Om Bhutkar
}}
| cinematography = Syed Layak Ali
| editing =
| music = [[Anand Modak]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|03|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Jabbar Patel]]. The film stars [[Nana Patekar]], Ashok Lokhande, Lubna Salim, Om Bhutkar and Vaishali Dabhade. Music is by [[Anand Modak]]. The film was released on 14 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2014 |title=१४ मार्चला येतोय 'यशवंतराव चव्हाण- बखर एका वादळाची' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-releasing-on-14-march-397824/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216153130/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-releasing-on-14-march-397824/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
[[Yashwantrao Chavan]], born to a poor family in [[Karad]], attempts to bring about a change by becoming the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and later a minister in the Central Government.

== Cast ==
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* Ashok Lokhande as Yashwantrao Chavan<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=From Altoo to Yashwantrao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yashwantrao-chavan-ashok-lokhande-altoo-son-pari-khamoshi-the-musical-sarfarosh-jabbar-patel-lubna-salim-benjamin-gilani/articleshow/31850367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216150551/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yashwantrao-chavan-ashok-lokhande-altoo-son-pari-khamoshi-the-musical-sarfarosh-jabbar-patel-lubna-salim-benjamin-gilani/articleshow/31850367.cms |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English }}</ref>
* Om Bhutkar as young Yashwantrao Chavan
* Lubna Salim
* Vaishali Dabhade
* Meena Naik
* Rekha Kamat
* Suyog Suresh Deshpande as Sharad Pawar
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] Special appearance <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2014 |title=Bhargavi to perform a lavani in Jabbar Patel's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yashwantrao-chavan-bhargavi-chirmule-ashok-lokhande-om-bhutkar-lubna-salim-supriya-vinod-vaishali-dabhade-satish-alekar-rahul-solapurkar-yashpal-sarnath-nana-patekar/articleshow/31400764.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20221216151159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yashwantrao-chavan-bhargavi-chirmule-ashok-lokhande-om-bhutkar-lubna-salim-supriya-vinod-vaishali-dabhade-satish-alekar-rahul-solapurkar-yashpal-sarnath-nana-patekar/articleshow/31400764.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English }}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anand Modak]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title='यशवंतराव चव्हाण' यांच्यावरील चित्रपट संगीताच्या ध्वनिफितीचे प्रकाशन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/music-launced-of-yashvantrao-chavan-400368/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216170203/https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/music-launced-of-yashvantrao-chavan-400368/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi }}</ref>
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 57:30
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 57:30
| title1 = Yashwant Asa Gunvanta
| extra1 = Nandesh Umap
| length1 = 1:54
| title2 = Sangmavar Ya Nadyache
| extra2 = Vibhavari Apte -Joshi
| length2 = 7:04
| title3 = Khalchya Aadit Gaato
| extra3 = Anand Shinde
| length3 = 3:27
| title4 = Gadhgadh Abhunta
| extra4 = Urmila Dhangar
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Deshbhakta Praasad
| extra5 = Nandesh Umap
| length5 = 1:34
| title6 = Ulati Ho Gayee
| extra6 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| length6 = 3:02
| title7 = Swatantra Lade Petle
| extra7 = Nandesh Umap
| length7 = 3:11
| title8 = Swatantryacha Powada
| extra8 = Nandesh Umap
| length8 = 0:34
| title9 = Sangamavar Ya Nadyachya
| extra9 = Ravindra Sathe
| length9 = 7:05
| title10 = Nadaricha Deesa
| extra10 = Urmila Dhangar
| length10 = 4:53
| title11 = Yashwant Bahu Gunvanta
| extra11 = Nandesh Umap
| length11 = 3:31
| title12 = Sakhe Nayan Kuranga
| extra12 = Urmila Dhangar
| length12 = 2:47
| title13 = Maharashtra Powada
| extra13 = Nandesh Umap
| length13 = 1:42
| title14 = Mai Bapachya Poti
| extra14 = Urmila Dhangar
| length14 = 3:52
| title15 = Garja Jayjaykar
| extra15 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length15 = 4:54
| title16 = Ubhavila Mala
| extra16 = Ravindra Sathe
| length16 = 6:15
}}

== Critical response ==
Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi film received positive reviews from critics. A Reviewer of [[The Times of India]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "A tighter script would have been an added advantage but that apart, the film is very well researched and a must watch for those who want to get a sneak peak[sic] into India’s political history".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN - BAKHAR EKA VADALACHI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadalachi/movie-review/32021777.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216154501/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadalachi/movie-review/32021777.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English }}</ref> Sunil Nandgaonkar of [[The Indian Express]] wrote "The films fares well on music, VFX, and other technical aspects. Though, it is definitely worth a watch, one could come away with the feeling of having sat through a good documentary rather than a feature film on YB Chavan’s life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=Yashwantrao Chavan : Bakhar Eka Vadalachi (Marathi) Mixed emotions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/screen/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadalachi-marathi-mixed-emotions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216154909/https://indianexpress.com/article/screen/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadalachi-marathi-mixed-emotions/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[The Indian Express]] |language=English }}</ref> A Reviewer of [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] says "This is a perfect piece of art that the youth must watch. Powerful screenplay, perfect direction, perfect acting and suitable music have all come together in the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2014 |title=उत्तुंग व्यक्तिमत्त्वाची धगधगती जीवनकहाणी |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-4551158-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216155728/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-4551158-NOR.html |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi }}</ref> A Reviewer of [[Loksatta]] wrote "Anand Modak has handled the important responsibility of music in this film, keeping in mind the importance of folk music, literature and social cause, the importance of folk arts in the formative period of Maharashtra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=फिल्म रिव्ह्यूः यशवंतराव चव्हाण.. बखर एका वादळाची |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-402882/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216160854/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-402882/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi }}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The failure of this film is that it is only at the level of 'documentary'. However, the film has become just a breeze while presenting the crest of the storm".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=यशवंतराव चव्हाणः एका वादळाची 'झुळूक'! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/yashwantrao-chavan/amp_moviereview/32028907.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216161544/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/yashwantrao-chavan/amp_moviereview/32028907.cms |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/yashwantrao_chavan_bakhar_eka_vaadalaachi}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Vijay Singhal

2026-04-06T02:21:39Z

KathrinChick016: adding some bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Vijay Singhal.jpeg]]
| office = Chairman and Managing Director [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|('''CIDCO''')]]
| term_start = 23 February 2024
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Anil Diggikar]]
| successor =
| office1 =General Manager [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =6 June 2023
| term_end1 =23 February 2024
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =[[Anil Diggikar]]
| office2 = Managing Director [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]]
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 = 1 February 2021
| term_end2 = 2 June 2023
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Lokesh Chandra (IAS)]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer
| children =
| party =
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Roorkee]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Vijay Singhal''' is a 1997 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and was the chairman and managing director of [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Somit | newspaper=Times of India |title=Vijay Singhal takes over as CMD of Maharashtra run power utility firm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/vijay-singhal-takes-over-as-cmd-of-maharashtra-run-power-utility-firm/articleshow/80692684.cms | date=4 February 2021 | access-date=5 April 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=21 Oct 2021 |title=Nashik: Recovery of dues must, says MSEDCL CMD Vijay Singhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/recovery-of-dues-must-msedcl-cmd/articleshow/87167551.cms |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-20 |title=Maha picks Vijay Singhal as new Thane civic chief |language=en |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/maha-picks-vijay-singhal-as-new-thane-civic-chief/story-kgFRZzZSrNU64YcIZKO4sN.html | newspaper=Hindustan Times | first=Megha | last=Pol |access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> On 2 June 2023 he was appointed G.M [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]].. As of 23 February 2024 Singhal has been appointed VC & MD of [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|('''CIDCO''')]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Navi Mumbai: Vijay Singhal is the new VC & MD of Cidco |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/vijay-singhal-appointed-as-vc-md-of-cidco/articleshow/107948811.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]

Sergeant (film)

2026-04-05T06:36:19Z

KathrinChick016: adding initial info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Sergeant_movie.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Prawaal Raman]]
| writer = Prawaal Raman
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Ajay Rai|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Mohit Chhabra}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Randeep Hooda]]|[[Adil Hussain]]| [[Arun Govil]] | [[Sapna Pabbi]]|Sonia Goswami|Xavi Nixon}}
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Benjamin Edgar|James Alfred|Jim Edgar}}
| editing = Praveen Angre
| music = Aman Pant Tushar Lall
| studio = [[JAR Pictures]] Jio Studios
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|06|30|df=yes}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sergeant''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Prawaal Raman]]. It stars [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Arun Govil]], [[Sapna Pabbi]], Xavi Nixon and Sonia Goswami .<ref>{{cite web |title=Sergeant Movie (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at JioCinema |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/sergeant-movie-118517 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nikhil Sharma is a dedicated police officer. A risky case is driving him through an action-packed adventure, where the guilty must be found at all costs.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Randeep Hooda]] as [[Sergeant]] Nikhil Sharma/Nick
* [[Adil Hussain]] as [[Inspector]] Haider Ali
* [[Arun Govil]] as Nikhil's father
* [[Daphne Alexander]] as Amy
* [[Sapna Pabbi]] as Monica, Nikhil's lover
* Clive Coen as Mark, Nick's attorney
* AL Groves as Judge, Westminister Court
* Tahir Ashraf as Abdul Akhtar, Kalim's father
* Chandini Wilson as Faisa Akhtar, Kalim's mother
* Fay Oshodi as Daniella, Nick's Psychiatrist
* Lisa Lian as Eva Lee
* Isha Khaira as Ruby
* Jonas Siaulys as Ruby's Boyfriend
* Richa Prakash as Waitress
* Sonia Goswami as Doctor
* Hiten Patel as policeman
* Xavi Nixon as Young Nick}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|headline=Track listing
|total_length = 4:02
|title1 = Quaid
|extra1 = Osho Jain
|lyrics1 = Anupam Sidhant
|music1 = Tushar Lall
|length1 = 1:40

|title2 = Bhatka Hua Dil
|extra2 = Aman Pant
|lyrics2 = Akhil Tiwari
|music2 = Aman Pant
|length2 = 2:22
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 30 June 2023 on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Randeep Hooda unveils cop-drama 'Sergeant' official teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/randeep-hooda-unveils-cop-drama-sergeant-official-teaser/articleshow/101220299.cms |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=23 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prajapat |first=Sunidhi |title=Sergeant release date: When and where to watch Randeep Hooda's cop drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sergeant-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-randeep-hoodas-intriguing-action-thriller-cop-drama-on-ott/a43830ddf830 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Subhash K. Jha rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "It is also not very clear why Nikhil is so bitter about the world."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |title="Sergeant: Randeep Hooda Plays The Unhappiest Cop In The Universe In This Dark Brooding Drama" – A Subhash K Jha Review |url=https://bollyspice.com/sergeant-randeep-hooda-plays-the-unhappiest-cop-in-the-universe-in-this-dark-brooding-drama-a-subhash-k-jha-review/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=BollySpice.com |date=3 July 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "'Sergeant' an interesting viewing."<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Sergeant Review : Randeep Hooda stands out in this murder mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sergeant/ottmoviereview/101377052.cms |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 June 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' felt the film is "amalgamation of an unbaked plot, lazy writing, and needless plot twists."<ref>{{cite news |last=Prajapat |first=Sunidhi |title=Sergeant review: An amalgamation of unbaked plot and lazy writing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sergeant-review-randeep-hoodas-film-is-an-amalgamation-of-an-unbaked-plot-lazy-writing-and-needless-plot-twists/cf88b150c7882 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite news |last=पाल |first=निधि |title=प्रवाल रमन और रणदीप हुड्डा की एक और जुगलबंदी, सस्पेंस थ्रिलर में न सस्पेंस दिखा न थ्रिल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/sergeant-review-randeep-hooda-sapna-pabbi-adil-hussain-arun-govil-starrer-film-2023-07-01 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=1 July 2023 |language=hi}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt28152747}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/sergeant/3767716 Sergeant on Jio Cinema]

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

India women's national under-19 volleyball team

2026-04-04T08:33:04Z

KathrinChick016: made the stub from scratch

{{Infobox national volleyball team
| name = India Under-18
| gender = women
| type = U18
| image = Flag of India.svg
| federation = [[Volleyball Federation of India]]
| confederation = AVC
| coach =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_s1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = FFFF00
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_s2 =
| leftarm2 = 7FFF00
| body2 = 7FFF00
| rightarm2 = 7FFF00
| shorts2 = 7FFF00
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_s3 =
| leftarm3 = ffffff
| body3 = ffffff
| rightarm3 = ffffff
| shorts3 = ffffff
| Olympic apps = None
| World Champs apps = None
| Regional name = [[Asian Women's U18 Volleyball Championship|AVC U18 Asian Championship]]
| Regional cup apps = 11
| Regional cup first = [[2001 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2001]]
| Regional cup best = 5th ''([[2003 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2003]])''
| website =
| medaltemplates =
}}

The '''India women's national under-18 volleyball team''' represents India in women's under-18 [[volleyball]] events, it is controlled and managed by the [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI) that is a member of Asian volleyball body [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC) and the international volleyball body government the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.statetimes.in/indian-u-18-women-volleyball-team-leaves-for-asian-meet/|title=Indian U-18 Women Volleyball team leaves for Asian meet|date=4 June 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/kiit-university-kiss-felicitated-indian-women-u18-volleyball-team-at-bhubaneswar/|title=KIIT University, KISS Felicitated Indian Women U18 Volleyball Team At Bhubaneswar|date=4 June 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-kavita-to-lead-india-u-18-volleyball-team-for-asian-meet/articleshow/91994489.cms|title=Rajasthan's Kavita to lead India U-18 volleyball team for Asian meet|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

==Competition history==
===Youth Olympic Games===
* {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Volleyball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010]] – ''Did not qualify''

===World Championship===
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[1989 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1989]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[1991 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1991]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[1993 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1993]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|France}} [[1995 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1995]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1997 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1997]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[1999 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|1999]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[2001 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2001]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[2003 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2003]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MAC}} [[2005FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2005]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2007 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2007]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2009 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2009]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[2011 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2011]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2013 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2013]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[2015 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2015]] – ''Banned''
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[2017 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2017]] – ''Did not qualify''
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2019 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship|2019]] – ''Did not qualify''

===Asian Championship===
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[1997 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|1997]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|SIN}} [[1999 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|1999]] – ''Did not enter''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2001 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2001]] – 9th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2003 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2003]] – 5th
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[2005 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2005]] – 9th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2007 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2007]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[2008 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2008]] – 10th
*{{flagicon|MAS}} [[2010 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2010]] – 13th
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2012 Asian Youth Girls Volleyball Championship|2012]] – 6th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2014 Asian Girls' U17 Volleyball Championship|2014]] – 11th
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2017 Asian Girls' U18 Volleyball Championship|2017]] – ''Banned''
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2018 Asian Girls' U17 Volleyball Championship|2018]] – 8th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2022 Asian Girls' U18 Volleyball Championship|2022]] – 10th
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2024 Asian Women's U18 Volleyball Championship|2024]] – 12th

===Southeast Asian Championship (Princess Cup)===
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[2018 Southeast Asian Girls' U17 Volleyball Championship|2018]] – {{silver2}} '''Silver medal'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.volleyballindia.com/ Official website]

{{Volleyball in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|volleyball]]
[[Category:Women's volleyball in India]]
[[Category:National women's under-19 volleyball teams]]
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Volleyball]]

Edakkal caves

2026-04-03T09:25:38Z

KathrinChick016: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|Caves and archaeological site in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Edakkal caves
| native_name = '''ഇടക്കൽ ഗുഹകൾ'''
| native_name_lang =
| alternate_name =
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Edakkal Cave.jpg
| photo2a = Edakkal caves.JPG
| photo2b = Cave at Edakkal(Inside).JPG
| photo3a = Edakkal Caves 0423.jpg
| photo3b = View from edakkal caves 03.jpg
| size = 220
| position = center
| spacing = 3
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = green
}}
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_type = India Kerala#India
| map_alt = Edakkal caves
| map_caption = location in Kerala, India
| map_size = 240
| altitude_m = 
| altitude_ref =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|11|37|28.81|N|76|14|8.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| gbgridref =
| map_dot_label =
| location = [[Sultan bathery]] of [[Kerala]]
| region = [[India]]
| type =
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| volume =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = [[6th millennium BC|6000 BC ]]-[[1700s BC (decade)|1700 BC]]
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| discovered = Fred Fawcett in 1890
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| other_designation =
| website = 
| architectural_styles =
| architectural_details =
| notes =
}}
{{Keralahistory}}

The '''Edakkal caves''' are two natural caves at a remote location in sultan bathery in the [[Wayanad district]] of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. They lie {{convert|1200 |m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level on [[Ambukutty Mala]], near an ancient trade route connecting the high mountains of [[Mysore]] to the ports of the [[Malabar coast|Malabar Coast]]. Inside the caves are etched petroglyphs believed to date to at least 6,000 BCE,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://globalvisiontours.com/kerala/wayanad/edakkal-caves.aspx |title=Edakkal Caves|Places Around in Wayanad |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720031335/http://www.globalvisiontours.com/kerala/wayanad/edakkal-caves.aspx |archive-date=20 July 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2331087.ece |title=Protecting megaliths to keep history alive ''The Hindu'' daily |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901110525/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2331087.ece |archive-date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from the [[Neolithic]] man, indicating the presence of a prehistoric settlement in this region.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/28/stories/2007102851830300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029212550/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/28/stories/2007102851830300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-10-29 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Archaeologists rock solid behind Edakkal Cave | date=2007-10-28}}</ref> The [[Stone Age]] carvings of Edakkal are rare and are the only known examples from [[South India]] besides those of Shenthurini, [[Kollam]], also in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/edakkalcave.htm |title=Edakkal Caves |publisher=Wayanad.nic |access-date=2007-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529222201/http://wayanad.nic.in/edakkalcave.htm |archive-date=29 May 2006 }}</ref> The cave paintings of Shenthurini (Shendurney) forests in Kerala are of the Mesolithic era (middle stone-age).

== Petroglyphs ==
These are not technically caves, but rather a cleft, [[rift]] or rock shelter approximately {{convert|96|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|22|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} [[fissure]] caused by a piece of rock splitting away from the main body. On one side of the cleft is a rock weighing several tons that covers the cleft to form the 'roof' of the cave. The carvings are of human and animal figures, tools used by humans and of symbols yet to be deciphered, suggesting the presence of a prehistoric settlement.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/places.htm
|title = Edakkal Cave
|publisher = Kerala gov
|access-date = 2007-04-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403172735/http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/places.htm
|archive-date = 2007-04-03
}}</ref>

The [[petroglyph]]s inside the cave are of at least three types. The oldest may date back to over 8,000 years. Evidence suggests that the Edakkal caves were inhabited several times at different points in history.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.edakkal.com/
|title=Edakkal Caves
|publisher=Edakkal Caves Website
|access-date=2007-04-07
}}</ref>

The caves were discovered by Fred Fawcett, a police official of the erstwhile Malabar state in 1890, who immediately recognised their anthropological and historical importance. He wrote an article about them, attracting the attention of scholars.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040602020200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150447/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040602020200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2007-11-09
|title=Throwing new light on Edakkal Caves
|access-date=2007-04-07
|location=Chennai, India
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2006-04-06
}}</ref>

==Probable links with Indus valley civilization==
The caves contain drawings that range over periods from the [[Neolithic]] as early as 6,000 BC to 1,000 BCE. The youngest group of paintings have been in the news for a possible connection to the [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article142152.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926052348/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article142152.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2013 |title='Edakkal cave findings related to Indus Valley civilization |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2009-10-22 |access-date=2012-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/26510292/Sarasvati-River-Indus-Script-Ancient-Village-Or |title=Sarasvati River Indus Script Ancient Village Or |publisher=Scribd.com |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105071155/http://www.scribd.com/doc/26510292/Sarasvati-River-Indus-Script-Ancient-Village-Or |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Symbols-akin-to-Indus-valley-culture-discovered/Article1-459163.aspx |title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2009-09-29 |access-date=2012-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128222211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Symbols-akin-to-Indus-valley-culture-discovered/Article1-459163.aspx |archive-date=2011-01-28 }}</ref>

Historian [[Raghava Varier]] of the ''Kerala State Archaeology Department'' identified a depiction as "man with jar cup" that is the most distinct motif of the Indus valley civilization. The finding, made in September 2009, indicates that the Harappan civilization was active in the region. The "a man with jar cup" symbol from Edakkal seems to be more similar to the Indus motif than those already known from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Mr. Varier said "The discovery of the symbols are akin to that of the Harappan civilization having predominantly Dravidian culture and testimony to the fact that cultural diffusion could take place. It is wrong to presume that the Indus culture disappeared into thin air." [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], a scholar of the [[Indus script|Indus valley]] scripts said the findings were very significant, calling it a "major discovery".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article26324.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala | date=2009-09-29}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Petroglyph]]
* [[Rock art]]
* [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]]
* [[Edakallu Guddada Mele]]

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Edakkal Stone Age Carving.jpg|[[Stone Age]] drawings
File:Petroglyphs in Edakkal Caves.jpg|[[Petroglyph|Petroglyphs]] dating back to about 6000 BC
File:Ambukuthi mala.jpg|Light shining through Edakkal caves
File:View from the Edakkal caves.jpg|View of surroundings from Edakkal caves.
File:Edakkal, Wayanad, Kerala, India. (4649462247).jpg|Going up the caves
File:Kadamba inscription from Kerala.jpg|Prakrit Grantha inscription of Kadamba ruler Vishnuvarman ({{Circa|5th}}-6th century CE) from Edakkal (northern Kerala)
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Edakkal Caves}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091003011154/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/18/stories/2006021801090300.htm On a history trail]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060818112024/http://www.cave-biology.org/ cave-biology.org]}} Cave biology (biospeleology) in India.
* [http://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/edakkal-caves-ambukuthi-hills.php Kerala Trourism]

{{Kerala topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Wayanad}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}

[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]a
[[Category:Caves of Kerala]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kerala]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]
[[Category:Geography of Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Wayanad district]]

Raaj – The Showman

2026-04-03T07:54:05Z

KathrinChick016: Adding!

{{Short description|2009 Indian Kannada-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raaj–The Showman
| image = Raaj-The Showman.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]
| producer = D. Suresh Gowda S Srinivasa Murthy
| screenplay = Pavan Ranadheera
| story = Prem
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Nisha Kothari]]
| narrator =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = [[S. Krishna|Krishna]]
| editing = Srinivas P. Babu
| studio = Sri Seetha bhairaveshwara Productions
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{film date|2009|08|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}25 crore
<ref>{{cite web |title=
50 victorious days for Raaj– The Showman|work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Oct/09/50-victorious-days-for-raaj%E2%80%93-the-showman-91304.html|language=en |last1=Archive |first1=From our Online }}</ref>
}}

'''''Raaj–The Showman''''' is a 2009 [[Kannada]]- language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]. The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Priyanka Kothari]] in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[S. Krishna]] and Srinivas P. Babu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/raaj-the-showman/movieshow/65209238.cms|title=Raaj The Showman Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
Muththuraj alias Raj, an aspiring actor, wants to become an actor like [[Dr. Rajkumar]]. He arrives at the city and becomes a junior artist in films. A wannabe director, who has full confidence in Raj's talents, starts his new film with Raj in the lead role. However, the film's actress Parvathy walks out of the film. Sensing that his chance to become an actor will be under threat, Raj starts pestering Paru to work with him, while Paru develops feelings for Raj. Paru learns that her two gangster relatives are fighting against each other to marry her. Paru is forced to escape with Raj. The director decides to shelve the film after Paru's relatives threaten them. Distraught, Raj reveals his promise to his mother to the director, which makes the director support Raj and begin the shooting of the film, along with Paaru. They complete the film's shooting, with only the climax remaining. Paru's relatives arrive to take away Paru, but Raj stops them and Paru professes her love to Raj, who agrees. A combat ensues in which Raj makes Paru's relatives realize their mistake. Raj's film gets released and becomes a commercial success at the box office. Having fulfilled his dream, Raj and Paru leave for Raj's village, where Raj reunites with his parents and introduces Paru.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Muthuraja alias Raaj
* [[Nisha Kothari]] as Parvathy alias Paru
* [[Adi Lokesh]] as Paru's relative
* Muniraj as Paru's relative
* Mamatha Rao
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi Shivamani]] as Paru's Mother
* Shankar Ashwath as Paru's father
* Mico Nagaraj
* Murali Mohan
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Shivaram]]
* Ganesh Rao Kesarkar
* Umesh Punga
* N. M. Suresh
* A. R. Babu
* Madhugiri Prakash
=== Cameo appearances ===
* Ramanithu Chaudhari
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Jayamala]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] in the song " Muthuraja"
* [[Jaya Prada]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in the song "Muthuraja"
* [[Mumaith Khan]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raaj the Showman
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Dec 27, 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:34
| label = Ashwini Recording Company
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title = [[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Vayuputra]]
| next_year = 2009
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|hQwz8BeztBY|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:34
| title1 = Hey Hey Paro
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Kuch Kuch Anthide
| lyrics2 = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]
| extra2 = [[Krishna Beura]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 5:44
| title3 = Muthuraja
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 5:47
| title4 = O Kempa
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Poli Evanu
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 = 4:34
| title6 = Raaj (Theme)
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 1:13
| title7 = Raja Heluvagella
| lyrics7 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra7 = Prem, Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 5:00
}}

==Production==
''Raaj The Showman'' is considered to be a high-budget film in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/31puneet-raj-kumar-as-captain-jack-sparrow.htm|title=Puneet Raj Kumar as Captain Jack Sparrow?|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Release ===

''Raaj the Showman'' was the first Kannada film to be simultaneously released worldwide and in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/19433/raaj-showman-kannada.html|title= 'Raaj - The Showman' (Kannada)|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=13 August 2009}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===

R.G. Vijayasarathy of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''"Raaj...''" is technically sound and the music is fantastic. The film has everything except a bound script. Director has failed to translate the struggles of an aspiring actor in a convincing story."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Aug/17/raaj---the-showman-78023.html|title=Raaj - The Showman|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> Manju Shettar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Prem hasn't done justice to the script of Raaj - The Showman. He has concentrated on the story rather than the film-making, resulting in a film that lacks creativity."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Review--Raj---The-Showman--Kannada--54616|title=Review: Raj - The Showman (Kannada)|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=16 August 2009}}</ref>

B. S Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "As for the story, well, the treatment is sufficient to make it appear just a few hours old. This showman delivers the goods."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/19658/raaj-showman.html|title=Raaj-The Showman|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=14 August 2009}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Watch film for excellent cinematography and the music. Prem’s direction is not worth commenting, nor are his efforts at the story and dialogues."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/raaj-the-showman-no-show/articleshow/22067339.cms|title=Raaj '"The Showman: No show!|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=14 August 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5775164}}
{{Prem (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raaj The Showman}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2009 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem]]

Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law

2026-03-26T13:25:39Z

KathrinChick016: New...

{{Short description|Law college in Margao, Goa, India}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law
| image = Govind Ramnath Kare College.jpg
| caption = Kare Law College in 2022
| established = 1979
| city = [[Margao, Goa]]
| motto = "Excellence always in legal education"
| principal = Saba V. M. Da Silva<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/teaching-faculty/dr-saba-v-m-da-silva/ | title=Dr. Saba V. M. Da Silva | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=11 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612184155/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/teaching-faculty/dr-saba-v-m-da-silva/ | archive-date=12 June 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| academic_affiliation = [[Goa University]]
| country = India
| address = P.B. No.777, G.R. Kare Road, Tansor, Comba
| coordinates = {{coord|15.2743|N|73.9514|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private law college
| website = {{URL|http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/}}
}}

The '''Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law''', popularly known as the '''G.R. Kare College of Law''', and also as the '''Kare Law College''', is a law college located at Comba in [[Margao, Goa]].

Kare College is the only centre of legal education in the district of [[South Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/vidya-vikas-mandals-institutions/|title=Vidya Vikas Mandal's Institutions|website=Vidya Vikas Academy|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723142940/http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/vidya-vikas-mandals-institutions/|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was established by the ''"Vidya Vikas Mandal"'' in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://studychacha.com/discuss/113800-gr-kare-college-law-goa.html | title=GR Kare College of Law, Goa - 2018-2019 StudyChaCha | access-date=4 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193024/http://studychacha.com/discuss/113800-gr-kare-college-law-goa.html | archive-date=16 September 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/vidya-vikas-mandals-institutions/|title=Vidya Vikas Mandal's Institutions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723142940/http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/vidya-vikas-mandals-institutions/|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The college is managed by the ''"Vidya Vikas Mandal"''<ref>http://www.navhindtimes.in/?p=55485{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and is affiliated to the [[Goa University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unigoa.ac.in/affiliate_display.php?afid=33 |title=Goa University, Goa's premier University, Post Graduation, PH.D, B.SC, M.SC, Research Facilities Study India programme |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702132149/http://unigoa.ac.in/affiliate_display.php?afid=33 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It has been recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/recog_College.aspx | title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India | access-date=29 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529213740/http://www.ugc.ac.in/recog_College.aspx | archive-date=29 May 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Bar Council of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/List-of-Law-Colleges-2013-as-on-1st-Jan.-2013.pdf |title=BCI |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808073743/http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/List-of-Law-Colleges-2013-as-on-1st-Jan.-2013.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kare College has been accredited with 'B' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Institutions%20accredited%20by%20NAAC-with%20validity.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513160100/http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Institutions%20accredited%20by%20NAAC-with%20validity.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelawlibrary.yolasite.com/events-notices.php | title=Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=30 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806044348/http://www.grkarelawlibrary.yolasite.com/events-notices.php | archive-date=6 August 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The current edifice of the institution was inaugurated on 21 September 2001 by the then Union Minister of Law and Justice, [[Arun Jaitley]].

==Name==
The college is named for Govind Ramnath Kare — father of the Goan industrialist, educationist, and philanthropist [[Ramnath Kare|Ramnath Govind Kare]] — whose family made a munificent donation to the Vidya Vikas Mandal in 1979 to establish the college.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=Ramnath Kare, a visionary|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/10/19/magazines/bnc/ramnath-kare-a-visionary/|access-date=2024-08-14|website=The Navhind Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers the following courses:<ref name="thegoan.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goan/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |title=The Kare court of law |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193055/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goan/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |archive-date=16 September 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/files/Prospectus_PDF.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184402/http://grkarelaw.edu.in/files/Prospectus_PDF.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://oheraldo.in/newpage.php?month=6&day=9&year=2014&catid=7 | title=Goa English News | oHeraldo English News Daily | Goa News Online}}</ref>
* Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (B.A., LL.B.) - Five years' course<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/bachelor-of-arts-and-bachelor-of-laws-b-a-ll-b/ | title=Bachelor of Arts & Bachelor of Laws (B.A.LL.B.) | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=9 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614115604/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/bachelor-of-arts-and-bachelor-of-laws-b-a-ll-b/ | archive-date=14 June 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[LL.B]] degree (Three years' course)
* [[LL.M.]] degree (Two years' course)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/master-of-laws-l-l-m/ | title=Master of Laws (LL.M.) | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=9 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614121235/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/master-of-laws-l-l-m/ | archive-date=14 June 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Ph.D]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web| url=http://www.livelaw.in/national-seminar-victimisation-justice-administration-criminal-law/| title=National Seminar on Victimisation and Justice Administration in Criminal Law| date=2016-05-24| access-date=29 June 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527213824/http://www.livelaw.in/national-seminar-victimisation-justice-administration-criminal-law/| archive-date=27 May 2016| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
Kare College has a well equipped library, an air conditioned auditorium, computer lab, smart class<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/inauguration-of-smart-class/ | title=Inauguration of Smart Class | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=28 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023755/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/inauguration-of-smart-class/ | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and a moot court hall.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/infrastructure/ | title=Infrastructure | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=12 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715234736/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/infrastructure/ | archive-date=15 July 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Moot Court Hall of the institution was inaugurated at the hands of the then Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court]], Justice [[Mohit Shantilal Shah]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=347100 | title=Goa doesn't need a separate HC | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825222703/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=347100 | archive-date=25 August 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livelaw.in/a-small-state-like-goa-does-not-need-a-separate-high-court-bombay-hc-chief-justice-mohit-shah/|title=A small State like Goa does not need a separate High Court: Chief Justice Mohit Shah|last=Mandhani|first=Apoorva|date=2015-08-23|website=LiveLaw.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052411/http://www.livelaw.in/a-small-state-like-goa-does-not-need-a-separate-high-court-bombay-hc-chief-justice-mohit-shah/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Kare-College-opens-moot-court-hall-/92680.html|title=Kare College opens moot court hall|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025754/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Kare-College-opens-moot-court-hall-/92680.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lawyers-should-be-healers-of-conflicts-Justice-Mohit-Shah/articleshow/48631429.cms?|title=Lawyers should be healers of conflicts: Justice Mohit Shah|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231191553/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lawyers-should-be-healers-of-conflicts-Justice-Mohit-Shah/articleshow/48631429.cms|archive-date=31 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 15 December 2014, a Library App, designed by Rupesh Shirodkar, was also launched for the library of Kare College.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/2014/12/16/vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrates-library-day/ | title=Vidya Vikas Mandal Celebrates Library Day | access-date=24 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612164613/http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/2014/12/16/vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrates-library-day/ | archive-date=12 June 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Associate Professor [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Saba V. M. Da Silva is the Principal of the institution.<ref name="auto"/> The institution has faculty including [[PhD]] holders<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Margao-based-professor-Saba-Vincent-Mesquita-Da-Silva-senior-faculty-member-at-Kare-College-of-Law-Margao-been-awarded-the-degree-of-Doctor-of-Philosophy-Ph-D-in-Law-by-the-Goa-University-for-his-thesis-entitled-Legal-Control-of-Bio-Medical-Waste-Management-the-Goan-Experience-on-Thursday-18-August-/articleshow/9674164.cms?|title=Margao based professor Saba Vincent Mesquita da Silva, senior faculty member at Kare College of Law, Margao been awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Law by the Goa University for his thesis entitled "Legal Control of Bio-Medical Waste Management: The Goan Experience" on Thursday, 18 August.|last=Miranda|first=Karsten|date=Aug 20, 2011|website=Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116114704/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Margao-based-professor-Saba-Vincent-Mesquita-Da-Silva-senior-faculty-member-at-Kare-College-of-Law-Margao-been-awarded-the-degree-of-Doctor-of-Philosophy-Ph-D-in-Law-by-the-Goa-University-for-his-thesis-entitled-Legal-Control-of-Bio-Medical-Waste-Management-the-Goan-Experience-on-Thursday-18-August-/articleshow/9674164.cms|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and expert part-time lecturers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/teaching-faculty/adv-cleofato-coutinho/ | title=Adv. Cleofato Coutinho | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=11 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612174208/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/teaching-faculty/adv-cleofato-coutinho/ | archive-date=12 June 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businessgoa.net/professional-dossier/cleofato-almeida-coutinho-law-crowded-profession-create-your-niche |title=Business Goa | Goa's Only Business Magazine |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102508/http://businessgoa.net/professional-dossier/cleofato-almeida-coutinho-law-crowded-profession-create-your-niche |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.goanews.com/blogs_disp.php?uid=10 | title=Rule of Law, not of Men | access-date=29 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709194526/http://www.goanews.com/blogs_disp.php?uid=10 | archive-date=9 July 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Goa-passes-bill-to-replace-Portugese-succession-law/article14556836.ece| title=Goa passes bill to replace Portugese [sic] succession law| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2016-08-06| last1=Kamat| first1=Prakash| access-date=21 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025114901/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Goa-passes-bill-to-replace-Portugese-succession-law/article14556836.ece| archive-date=25 October 2017| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Academic, extra & co-curricular activities==
Four students of the Kare Law College authored a book entitled "Traffic Yoga", a handbook for road traffic and road safety measures.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Avoid-road-accidents-practice-Traffic-Yoga/articleshow/37825850.cms | title=Avoid road accidents, practice 'Traffic Yoga' | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 July 2014 | access-date=9 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Avoid-road-accidents-practice-Traffic-Yoga/articleshow/37825850.cms | archive-date=18 July 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2014, Kare College started an initiative called "GRK Talks".<ref name="thegoan.net1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Common-Room/Maintaning-the-law-Vidya-Vikas-Mandal/09124.html |title=Maintaning the law - Vidya Vikas Mandal |access-date=30 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130193522/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Common-Room/Maintaning-the-law-Vidya-Vikas-Mandal/09124.html |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> These talks are conducted every month, where the orators speak on socio-legal aspects. Those who have delivered the "GRK Talks", include former Union Minister of State for Law and Justice (Independent Charge) [[Ramakant Khalap]], renowned [[Mumbai]]-based lawyer [[Haresh Jagtiani]], entrepreneur Dr. Nandini Vaidyanathan,<ref name="auto3"/> leading valuer Mahendra Caculo,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.vvm.edu.in/?p=1061 | title=Vidya Vikas Mandal – GRK TALKS | access-date=19 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180821/http://www.vvm.edu.in/?p=1061 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/mahendra-caculo-bags-gold-medal/ | title=Mahendra Caculo bags gold medal | date=8 January 2015 | access-date=19 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322203410/http://www.navhindtimes.in/mahendra-caculo-bags-gold-medal/ | archive-date=22 March 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Goa's Advocate General Atmaram Nadkarni,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/g-r-kare-college-inaugurates-internship-cell-and-entrepreneur | title=G R Kare College inaugurates Internship Cell and Entrepreneurship Cell | the Navhind Times| date=16 January 2015}}</ref> entrepreneur and author Datta Naik, then Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court]] Justice [[Mohit Shantilal Shah]]<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Kare-College-opens-moot-court-hall-/92680.html|title=Kare College opens moot court hall|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025754/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Kare-College-opens-moot-court-hall-/92680.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lawyers-should-be-healers-of-conflicts-Justice-Mohit-Shah/articleshow/48631429.cms?|title=Lawyers should be healers of conflicts: Justice Mohit Shah|website=Times of India|date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826021200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lawyers-should-be-healers-of-conflicts-Justice-Mohit-Shah/articleshow/48631429.cms|archive-date=26 August 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> etc.
[[File:Inauguration_of _"Juris_Open"_Law_Festival_on_3_February_2017_by_industrialist_Audhut_Timblo.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of "Juris Open" Law Festival on 3 February 2017 by industrialist Audhut Timblo.]]

The college also has a classroom lecture series, called "GRK Master Class". Through the medium of the "GRK Master Class", lawyers and experts are invited to deliver a lecture on a topic related to the students' syllabi. Those who have addressed the students through this classroom lecture series include Advocate Rajeev Gomes<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/grk-master-class/ | title=GRK Master Class | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=11 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712175139/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/grk-master-class/ | archive-date=12 July 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the former [[Additional Solicitor General of India]] M. S. Usgaonkar.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/grk-master-class-by-sr-adv-m-s-usgaokar/ | title=GRK Master Class by Sr. Adv. M.S. Usgaokar | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023748/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/grk-master-class-by-sr-adv-m-s-usgaokar/ | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2016, Gautami Raiker, a student of the Kare College of Law, secured the second runners-up position in the All India Startup Competition in the domain of law organized by [[Gujarat National Law University]], Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/ms-gautami-raiker-won-2nd-runners-up-award-at-all-india-startup-competition-in-the-domain-of-law/ | title=Ms. Gautami Raiker won second runners-up award at All India Startup competition (in the domain of Law) | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307113316/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/ms-gautami-raiker-won-2nd-runners-up-award-at-all-india-startup-competition-in-the-domain-of-law/ | archive-date=7 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>http://gtuinnovationcouncil.ac.in/mediacoverage/2016/03/01/budding-entrepreneurs-impress-all-with-their-start-up-ideas-at-gnlu/{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The college also excels in sports and its students have won several medals at inter-college and University level.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/students-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law-bring-laurels-at-inter-collegiate-athletic-meet-organised-by-goa-university/ | title=Students of G.R. Kare College of Law bring laurels at Inter-Collegiate Athletic Meet Organised by Goa University | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090055/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/students-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law-bring-laurels-at-inter-collegiate-athletic-meet-organised-by-goa-university/ | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Damodar-Chowgule-College-clinch-titles-/94271.html | title=Damodar, Chowgule College clinch titles | access-date=6 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007045818/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Damodar-Chowgule-College-clinch-titles-/94271.html | archive-date=7 October 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Double-glory-for-Kare-College/93433.html | title=Double glory for Kare College | access-date=12 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051754/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Double-glory-for-Kare-College/93433.html | archive-date=7 October 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Double-crown-for-Govt-College-Quepem/82520.html | title=Double crown for Govt College Quepem | access-date=9 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123839/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Double-crown-for-Govt-College-Quepem/82520.html | archive-date=9 January 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/caculo-kare-damodar-dmc-advance/38532.html | title=Caculo, Kare, Damodar, DMC advance | access-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080716/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/caculo-kare-damodar-dmc-advance/38532.html | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Kare College has also conducted NAPESS (National level event of sports and physical education) conference.<ref name="thegoan.net1"/> In 2015, the institution organised "Fortitude", an all Goa inter-collegiate tennis ball cricket tournament.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/govt-college-quepem-win-tennis-ball-cricket-tourney/ | title=Govt College Quepem win tennis ball cricket tourney | date=25 January 2015 | access-date=30 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130194827/http://www.navhindtimes.in/govt-college-quepem-win-tennis-ball-cricket-tourney/ | archive-date=30 January 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Govt-College-Quepem-emerge-champs/83809.html | title=Govt College Quepem emerge champs | access-date=30 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130193109/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Govt-College-Quepem-emerge-champs/83809.html | archive-date=30 January 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Kare College of Law has its [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS) unit<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goa/In-service-we-stand/05825.html |title=In service we stand |access-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216231643/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goa/In-service-we-stand/05825.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the unit conducts many activities<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/paper-bag-making-and-distribution-drive-of-nss-unit-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law/ | title=Paper Bag Making and Distribution Drive of NSS Unit of G.R. Kare College of Law | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105955/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/paper-bag-making-and-distribution-drive-of-nss-unit-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law/ | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> such as blood-donation camps.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/blood-donation-camp-was-organised-by-nss-unit-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law/ | title=Blood Donation Camp was organised by NSS Unit of G.R. Kare College of Law | Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law | access-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152933/http://www.grkarelaw.edu.in/blood-donation-camp-was-organised-by-nss-unit-of-g-r-kare-college-of-law/ | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The college has also established Legal Aid Cells in various parts of the State to provide legal assistance to public.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Panjim/10th-feb-2013/47442.html | title=10th Feb 2013 | access-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142924/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Panjim/10th-feb-2013/47442.html | archive-date=22 December 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="thegoan.net1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12650/12/12_chapter%208.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216225934/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12650/12/12_chapter%208.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In addition, the college has certain clubs like the Consumer Law Club.

==Internship & Entrepreneurship Cell==
In January 2015, Kare Law College inaugurated an Internship Cell and an Entrepreneurship Cell in association with Centre for Incubation and Business Acceleration (CIBA). Through CIBA, the Entrepreneurship Cell would help students understand various benefits of entrepreneurship and think of it as a viable and lucrative career option and also encourage independent and entrepreneurial talent. Internship Cell would provide internship opportunities in corporate houses, companies, NGOs, orphanages, public consumer forums, etc.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/g-r-kare-college-inaugurates-internship-cell-and-entrepreneurship-cell/ | title=G R Kare College inaugurates Internship Cell and Entrepreneurship Cell | the Navhind Times | date=16 January 2015 | access-date=30 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130194936/http://www.navhindtimes.in/g-r-kare-college-inaugurates-internship-cell-and-entrepreneurship-cell/ | archive-date=30 January 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Jan Suvidha Kendra==
In July, 2015, a "Jan Suvidha Kendra" (Citizens' Facilitation Centre) was inaugurated at the [[South Goa]] District Collectorate (Matanhy Saldanha Administrative Complex) located in [[Fatorda]], [[Margao]] in association with the Kare College of Law. The centre was inaugurated at the hands of [[Francis Dsouza]], the [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of Goa. The centre will provide assistance to the public in drafting and filling of routine application for various services like obtaining Residence Certificate, Income Certificate, Caste Certificate, Mutation, Land Conversion, Partition, issues relating to the Land Revenue Code (L.R.C.) etc. Students of the Kare Law College provide their services in the centre, free of cost.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/delimitation-of-civic-wards-not-done-by-my-dept-says-francis/ | title=Delimitation of civic wards not done by my dept, says Francis | date=24 July 2015 | access-date=25 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725214242/http://www.navhindtimes.in/delimitation-of-civic-wards-not-done-by-my-dept-says-francis/ | archive-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Jan-Suvidha-Kendra-opens-at-Margao/91473.html | title=Jan Suvidha Kendra opens at Margao | access-date=25 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725215209/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Jan-Suvidha-Kendra-opens-at-Margao/91473.html | archive-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) between the [[South Goa district]] Collectorate and the Kare Law College was signed in 2017 for establishing the "Jan Suvidha Kendra" on a permanent basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/kare-college-joins-hands-with-collectorate-to-provide-free-legal-service/|title=Kare college joins hands with Collectorate to provide free legal service|website=The Navhind Times|date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512113244/http://www.navhindtimes.in/kare-college-joins-hands-with-collectorate-to-provide-free-legal-service/|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==MOUs signed==
Kare College of Law in January 2018 signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with the [[University of Lisbon]], Portugal. The MoU is for five years and the college has established a Centre for Lusophone Culture and Legal Studies in [[Margao]] under the agreement. An agreement has also been signed between Kare College of Law and the Lusophone Society of Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/kare-college-portuguese-varsity-to-share-cultural-legal-knowledge/ |title=Kare College, Portuguese varsity to share cultural, legal knowledge | the Navhind Times |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004455/http://www.navhindtimes.in/kare-college-portuguese-varsity-to-share-cultural-legal-knowledge/ |archive-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/strong-portugal-goa-ties-in-civilian-matters/articleshow/62465528.cms|title='Strong Portugal-Goa ties in civilian matters'|website=Times of India|date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321133421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/strong-portugal-goa-ties-in-civilian-matters/articleshow/62465528.cms|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In December 2018, Kare College signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] 'Sangath', to work in the field of inclusivity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/disability-act-2016-brought-inclusivity-in-society/article25644660.ece |title='Disability Act, 2016 brought inclusivity in society' |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=December 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203125627/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/disability-act-2016-brought-inclusivity-in-society/article25644660.ece |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In February 2020, during the visit of the [[President of Portugal|Portuguese President]] [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) was signed between the Kare College of Law and the [[University of Coimbra]], Portugal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/portuguese-delegation-signs-mous-in-defence-education-sectors/1735391|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200311201342/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/portuguese-delegation-signs-mous-in-defence-education-sectors/1735391|archive-date = 11 March 2020|title = Portuguese delegation signs MoUs in defence, education sectors}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In July 2013, the canteen serving the college was shut down by the Directorate of Food and Drugs, [[Government of Goa]] citing unhealthy cooking facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-16 |title=The Kare court of law |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goan/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193055/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goan/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Goa University]] imposed a penalty on the college, thereby permitting to admit only 38 students in the LL.B Course, as the college had admitted 82 students in 2015, by bypassing the threshold of 60 admissions. However, the university later permitted the college to admit 60 students, after the institution admitted its mistake.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z59MNkUbsyQ&t=36s | title=KARE COLLEGE OF Law's 60 SEATS - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

In 2023, the Principal of the college was accused of favouritism in the admission process to benefit his son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Herald: Decision to appoint panel to probe law admissions a welcome move |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Editorial/Decision-to-appoint-panel-to-probe-law-admissions-a-welcome-move/207164 |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709073527/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Editorial/Decision-to-appoint-panel-to-probe-law-admissions-a-welcome-move/207164 |archive-date=9 July 2023 }}</ref> The [[Goa University]] appointed a committee to inquire into the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Panel led by Savita Kerkar to probe law admissions |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panel-led-by-savita-kerkar-to-probe-law-admissions/articleshow/101524887.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709073610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panel-led-by-savita-kerkar-to-probe-law-admissions/articleshow/101524887.cms |archive-date=9 July 2023 }}</ref>

== Alumni ==
Alumni of the Kare College of Law can be seen in many fields including administration and judiciary.<ref name="thegoan.net1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goa/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |title=The Kare court of law |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217172850/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Young-Goa/The-Kare-court-of-law/05535.html |archive-date=17 December 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southgoacourts.nic.in/boscorobert.htm |title=About us |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020253/http://www.southgoacourts.nic.in/boscorobert.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/sayonaara.htm | title=About us | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090852/http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/sayonaara.htm | archive-date=26 November 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/saee.htm | title=About us | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126091005/http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/saee.htm | archive-date=26 November 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/ramprabhudessai.htm | title=About us | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090740/http://www.northgoacourts.nic.in/ramprabhudessai.htm | archive-date=26 November 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southgoacourts.nic.in/edgerfernandes.htm |title=About us |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406150141/http://southgoacourts.nic.in/edgerfernandes.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://northgoacourts.nic.in/edgerfernandes.htm | title=About us | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090746/http://northgoacourts.nic.in/edgerfernandes.htm | archive-date=26 November 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southgoacourts.nic.in/vincentdsilva.htm |title=About us |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416074005/http://southgoacourts.nic.in/vincentdsilva.htm |archive-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Notable alumni of the college include:
* Justice [[Anuja Prabhudessai]], Judge at the [[Bombay High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshow.php |title=Chief Justice and Present Judges - High Court of Bombay |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713190300/http://www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshow.php |archive-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the first lady<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-goan-woman-judge-in-bombay-high-court/article5743214.ece| title=First Goan woman judge in Bombay High Court| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2014-03-02| last1=Kamat| first1=Prakash| access-date=29 May 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308060310/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-goan-woman-judge-in-bombay-high-court/article5743214.ece| archive-date=8 March 2014| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/anuja-first-goan-woman-judge-be-elevated-bombay-hc{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> from [[Goa]] to be elevated to the [[High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/No-need-for-separate-high-court-in-Goa-says-ex-CJ-Kamat/articleshow/32510481.cms|title=No need for separate high court in Goa, says ex-CJ Kamat|website=Times of India|date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325075020/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/No-need-for-separate-high-court-in-Goa-says-ex-CJ-Kamat/articleshow/32510481.cms|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Justice Nutan D. Sardessai, Judge at the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southgoacourts.nic.in/nutan.htm |title=About us |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022018/http://southgoacourts.nic.in/nutan.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138238 | title=Appointment of Additional Judges at Bombay High Court | access-date=23 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403112900/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138238 | archive-date=3 April 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nizgoenkar.org/newsDetails.php?id=11718 | title=Niz Goenkar | access-date=23 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409094703/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/newsDetails.php?id=11718 | archive-date=9 April 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/letters-to-the-editor/100261.html | title=Letters to the editor | access-date=29 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601203413/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/letters-to-the-editor/100261.html | archive-date=1 June 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/four-additional-judges-appointed-to-bombay-high-court/articleshow/51512851.cms | title=Four Additional Judges appointed to Bombay High Court| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=2016-03-22}}</ref>
* Atmaram Nadkarni,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goas-advocate-general-ans-nadkarni-resigned-minutes-after-the-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-faxed-his-resignation-to-the-governor-the-new-chief-minister-will-be-sworn-in-at-4-at-raj-bhavan/articleshow/45078331.cms|title=Goa's advocate general ANS Nadkarni resigned minutes after the chief minister Manohar Parrikar faxed his resignation to the governor. The new chief minister will be sworn in at 4 at Raj Bhavan|website=Times of India|date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Goas-advocate-general-ANS-Nadkarni-resigned-minutes-after-the-chief-minister-Manohar-Parrikar-faxed-his-resignation-to-the-governor-The-new-chief-minister-will-be-sworn-in-at-4-at-Raj-Bhavan/articleshow/45078331.cms|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bombay-hc-senior-advocate-atma-ram-nadkarni-appointed-addl-sg-116050901105_1.html| title=Bombay HC senior advocate Atma Ram Nadkarni appointed Addl SG| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=2016-05-09| agency=Press Trust of India| access-date=10 May 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514231404/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bombay-hc-senior-advocate-atma-ram-nadkarni-appointed-addl-sg-116050901105_1.html| archive-date=14 May 2016| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> and former [[Advocate General]] of [[Goa]].<ref name="thegoan.net"/>
* Desmond D'Costa, incumbent President of the College Tribunal, Goa and <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://digitalgoa.com/college-tribunal-re-constituted-under-presidentship-of-desmond-dcosta/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315130751/http://digitalgoa.com/college-tribunal-re-constituted-under-presidentship-of-desmond-dcosta/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=2018-03-15 | title=College Tribunal re-constituted under presidentship of Desmond d'Costa | Digital Goa}}</ref> former<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/judge-desmond-dcosta-retires/articleshow/58073805.cms|title=Judge Desmond d'Costa retires|last=|first=|date=8 April 2017|website=Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> Principal District & Sessions Judge, South Goa.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://superlawyer.in/justice-desmond-d-costa-on-bringing-justice-to-the-people-legal-education-and-the-indian-judicial-system/| title=Justice Desmond D' Costa, on bringing justice to the people, legal education and the Indian Judicial System| date=2016-09-18| access-date=20 September 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232542/https://superlawyer.in/justice-desmond-d-costa-on-bringing-justice-to-the-people-legal-education-and-the-indian-judicial-system/| archive-date=1 January 2017| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Advocate Rajiv Gomes,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Margao/Margao-has-found-an-Arvind-Kejriwal-type-activist-who-wants-to-hold-local-councillors-accountable-KARSTEN-MIRANDA-speaks-to-Rajeev-Gomes-to-learn-more-of-his-plans/87313.html | title=Margao has found an Arvind Kejriwal type activist who wants to hold local councillors accountable. KARSTEN MIRANDA speaks to Rajeev Gomes to learn more of his plans | access-date=16 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416221443/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Margao/Margao-has-found-an-Arvind-Kejriwal-type-activist-who-wants-to-hold-local-councillors-accountable-KARSTEN-MIRANDA-speaks-to-Rajeev-Gomes-to-learn-more-of-his-plans/87313.html | archive-date=16 April 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> the former<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-will-expose-corrupt-revenue-court-officials/articleshow/64838690.cms?|title=Advocates Association: 'We will expose corrupt revenue court officials'|website=Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704065744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-will-expose-corrupt-revenue-court-officials/articleshow/64838690.cms|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> President of the [[South Goa]] Advocates' Association.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/gomes-is-chief-of-advocates-association/64640.html | title=Gomes is chief of advocates association | access-date=16 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416220902/http://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/gomes-is-chief-of-advocates-association/64640.html | archive-date=16 April 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Anwesha Arun Singbal, [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] awardee for the year 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/yuvapuraskar-2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705101030/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/yuvapuraskar-2016.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in [[Konkani language]] category.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.elance.com/s/asingbal/ | title=Upwork, the world's largest online workplace | access-date=19 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826032641/https://www.elance.com/s/asingbal/ | archive-date=26 August 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.damodarcollege.edu.in/founders-day-of-vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrated-with-pomp-and-honour/| title=Founders' Day of Vidya Vikas Mandal celebrated with Pomp and Honour'| date=2016-08-03| access-date=7 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124827/http://www.damodarcollege.edu.in/founders-day-of-vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrated-with-pomp-and-honour/| archive-date=18 August 2016| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Adv. [[Carlos Alvares Ferreira]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/08/16/magazines/kuriocity/vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrates-48-years/ |title=Vidya Vikas Mandal celebrates 48 years | the Navhind Times |website=www.navhindtimes.in |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414082305/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/08/16/magazines/kuriocity/vidya-vikas-mandal-celebrates-48-years/ |archive-date=14 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite report |title=Government of Goa Gazette – Extraordinary, Series II No. 50 |date=2022-03-10 |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2122/2122-50-SII-EOG-1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Government of Goa, Department of Elections |location=Panaji, Goa |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828122101/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2122/2122-50-SII-EOG-1.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-28}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://grkarelaw.edu.in/}}
* https://archive.today/20140831072148/http://www.gyancentral.com/institutecentral/Law/gr-kare-college-of-law-goa.html

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Law schools in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Margao]]
[[Category:Education in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Alstom

2026-03-24T10:02:33Z

KathrinChick016: updated details

{{Short description|French rolling stock manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Alstom SA
| logo = Alstom_logo.svg
| image = Siège social d'Alstom (Saint-Ouen sur Seine).jpg
| image_caption = Alstom headquarters
| former_name = Als-thom (1928–1930) Alsthom (1930–1980) Alsthom Atlantique (1980–1989) GEC Alsthom (1989–1998)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{EuronextParis|ALO|FR0010220475|XPAR}}|[[CAC 40]] component}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1928}}
| location = [[Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine]], [[France]]
| key_people = [[Henri Poupart-Lafarge]] ([[Chairman]] and [[chief executive officer|CEO]])
| products = [[Rolling stock|Railway vehicles, service and systems]], [[Railway signal|signalling]], [[#Electric road|electric road systems]]
| industry = Rail transport
| revenue = {{increase}} {{€|18.48 billion|link=yes}} (2024/2025)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2025/5/fy-202425-alstom-delivers-solid-profit-and-cash-medium-term-ambitions-confirmed | title=FY 2024/25: Alstom delivers solid profit and cash. Medium-term ambitions confirmed | access-date=15 May 2025 }}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{increase}} {{€|498 million}} (2024/2025)
| assets = {{increase}} {{€|34.58 billion}} (2024/2025)
| equity = {{increase}} {{€|10.57 billion}} (2024/2025)
| owner = [[La Caisse|CDPQ]] (17.5%)
| num_employees = >80,000 (2024)
| homepage = {{URL|https://alstom.com}}
| footnotes = Financial figures are for fiscal year ended {{Nowrap|31 March 2022}}. References:<ref name="Annualresults202122">{{cite web |title=Consolidated Financial Statements FY 2021/22 |url=https://www.alstom.com/sites/alstom.com/files/2022/06/09/20220609_Alstom_URD_EN.pdf |publisher=Alstom |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910074506/https://www.alstom.com/sites/alstom.com/files/2022/06/09/20220609_Alstom_URD_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Annualresults2020">Alstom, [https://www.alstom.com/sites/alstom.com/files/2021/05/11/20210511_FY_2020_2021_Consolidated_Financial_Statements_EN.pdf Consolidated Financial Statements 1 April 2020 – 31 March 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211154622/https://www.alstom.com/sites/alstom.com/files/2021/05/11/20210511_FY_2020_2021_Consolidated_Financial_Statements_EN.pdf |date=11 December 2022 }}, retrieved 14 September 2021</ref><ref name="marketscreener">{{cite web |title=ALSTOM Shareholders |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ALSTOM-4607/company/ |website=www.marketscreener.com |access-date=May 20, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025035/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ALSTOM-4607/company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Alstom SA''' ({{IPA|fr|alstɔm|lang}}) is a French [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Rail transport|rail transport systems]] manufacturer. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, rail services, signalling, and locomotives, producing high-speed, suburban, regional and urban trains along with trams.

The company and its name (originally spelled Alsthom) were formed by a merger between the electric engineering division of [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]] (''Als'') and [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company#Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston|Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston]] (''thom'') in 1928. Significant acquisitions later included the Constructions Électriques de France (1932), shipbuilder [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (1976), and parts of [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi|ACEC]] (late 1980s).

== History ==
=== Alsthom (1928–1989) ===
Alsthom was founded in 1928 from the merger of the French heavy engineering subsidiary of the [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company]], the Compagnie française Thomson Houston, CFTH, and of the [[Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques]]. In 1932, Alsthom expanded into transportation by acquiring the [[Constructions électriques de France]], [[Tarbes]], a manufacturer of electric locomotives as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment.

In 1969, [[Alcatel-Lucent#History|Compagnie Générale d'Électricité]] (CGE) became the majority shareholder of Alsthom. In 1976, Alsthom merged with [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]], becoming Alsthom Atlantique. Thus, the business expanded into marine. The next year, it constructed the first 1300 MW generator set for the [[Paluel Nuclear Power Plant]], setting a world record with an output of 1500 MW.

In 1978, Alsthom delivered its first [[TGV]] to [[SNCF]]. The TGV went on to break world rail speed records in 1981 (at {{convert|380|km/h|mi/h}}) and in 1990 (at {{convert|515.3|km/h|mi/h}}). It also set the world endurance record for high-speed train lines in 2001, travelling the {{convert|1067.2|km|mi}} from [[Calais]] to [[Marseille]] in 3 hours and 29 minutes. In 1986, Alsthom Belfort received an order from [[Électricité de France|EDF]] for the largest gas turbine in the world (212 MW).

In 1988–89, the holding company, CGEE Alsthom, acquired ACEC Énergie (hydroturbines and electrical equipment for the nuclear industry) and ACEC Automatisme (automation) from the dissolution of the Belgian electrical engineering company [[Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi]]. Alsthom acquired 100% of ACEC's transport division and renamed it ACEC Transport.<ref>Sources:
* {{citation| url = http://archives.lesoir.be/une-nouvelle-division-des-acec-cedee-a-la-cge_t-19890111-Z019AG.html| language = fr| work = archives.lesoir.be| title = Une nouvelle division des ACEC cédée à la CGE| date = 11 January 1989| access-date = 26 March 2012| archive-date = 25 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525111909/http://archives.lesoir.be/une-nouvelle-division-des-acec-cedee-a-la-cge_t-19890111-Z019AG.html| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url =http://archives.lesoir.be/acec_t-19881201-Z015ED.html| title =ACEC| first =Guy| last =Depas| date =1 December 1998| work =archives.lesoir.be| language =fr| access-date =26 March 2012| archive-date =25 May 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130525120918/http://archives.lesoir.be/acec_t-19881201-Z015ED.html| url-status =live}}
* {{citation| url = http://archives.lesoir.be/les-acec-vendent_t-19890112-Z019FN.html| title = Les ACEC vendent| date = 12 January 1989| language = fr| work = archives.lesoir.be| access-date = 26 March 2012| archive-date = 25 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113429/http://archives.lesoir.be/les-acec-vendent_t-19890112-Z019FN.html| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url = http://archives.lesoir.be/la-reprise-du-ferroviaire_t-19890107-Z01918.html| title = La reprise du ferroviaire| first = Beatrice| last = Delvaux| date = 7 January 1989| language = fr| work = archives.lesoir.be| access-date = 26 March 2012| archive-date = 25 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113847/http://archives.lesoir.be/la-reprise-du-ferroviaire_t-19890107-Z01918.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== GEC Alsthom (1989–1998) ===
{{See also|General Electric Company}}
In early 1989, GEC Alsthom was formed from a 50–50 merger of Alsthom and the Power Systems Division of the British [[General Electric Company]]; for Alsthom this move was intended to aid Alsthom in selling its products outside the French market.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#idch1994|International Directory of Company Histories]] (1994)</ref> In May of that year GEC Alsthom bought British rail vehicle manufacturer [[Metro-Cammell]].<ref>GEC swallows Metro-Cammell ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' July 1989 page 457</ref>

[[File:Eurostar in London S6301538.JPG|thumb|A [[British Rail Class 373|Class 373]] train at [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]]. The class 373 was built by Alstom in the early to mid-1990s for the [[Eurostar]] high-speed service from England to France and Belgium.]]
During the early-1990s, GEC Alsthom was the principal manufacturer of the [[British Rail Class 373]], a variant of their TGV family specially designed for traversing the [[Channel Tunnel]] between the UK and France. Although collectively operated by [[Eurostar]], the type was ordered by three different railway companies: 16 by [[SNCF]], four by [[NMBS/SNCB]], and 18 by [[British Rail]], of which seven were shortened ''North of London'' sets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/about_eurostar/company_information/ownership_structure.jsp |title= Ownership & Structure |access-date= 11 May 2009 |publisher= [[Eurostar]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090508110025/http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/about_eurostar/company_information/ownership_structure.jsp |archive-date= 8 May 2009 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The first Class 373 set was completed at GEC Alstom's Belfort facility during 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5496207_ITM |title=GEC Alsthom: a marriage a la Jack Sprat |publisher=Management Today |access-date=25 August 2009}}</ref>

In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired a 51% shareholding in [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] from [[Salzgitter AG]].<ref>World Update ''[[Railway Age]]'' August 1994 page 88</ref> In 1995, the company acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer [[MAN Energy Solutions|MAN Energie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/oil--gas/1995/02/22/gec-alsthom-buys-man-energy,29669-bre |title=WEST EUROPE : GEC ALSTHOM BUYS MAN ENERGY – 22/02/1995 – Africa Energy Intelligence |date=22 February 1995 |publisher=africaintelligence.com |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903014941/https://www.africaintelligence.com/oil--gas/1995/02/22/gec-alsthom-buys-man-energy,29669-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor [[Cegelec]], renaming it ''Alstom Power Conversion''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alstom Grid Brochure ENG {{!}} PDF {{!}} Electrical Grid {{!}} Electrical Substation |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/104331938/Alstom-Grid-Brochure-ENG |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Scribd |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424124433/https://www.scribd.com/document/104331938/Alstom-Grid-Brochure-ENG |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1998, GEC Alsthom bought Italian firm [[SASIB]]'s rail signalling subsidiary ''Sasib Railways'',<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.cirgroup.com/press/press-releases/document/sasib-announces-1999-results.html| title = SASIB ANNOUNCES 1999 RESULTS| date = 6 March 2000| work = www.cirgroup.com| access-date = 27 June 2014| archive-date = 16 September 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160916023650/http://www.cirgroup.com/press/press-releases/document/sasib-announces-1999-results.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| journal = Railway Age| title = GEC Alsthom buys SASIB signaling units| date = February 1998| volume = 199| issue =2 |page =21| url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/293947/gec-alsthom-buys-sasib-signaling-units| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231436/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/293947/gec-alsthom-buys-sasib-signaling-units| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2016-03-03}}</ref> which included the former [[General Railway Signal]] (USA).<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.alstomsignalingsolutions.com/CustomerSupport/History/| title = Alstom Signalling History| work = www.alstomsignalingsolutions.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109113147/http://alstomsignalingsolutions.com/CustomerSupport/History| archive-date = 9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstomsignalingsolutions.com/Data/Documents/History.pdf| title = A Centennial – History of ALSTOM Signaling Inc. (Formerly General Railway Signal Company) 1904–2004| publisher = Alstom Signalling Inc.| date = June 2004| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002122301/http://www.alstomsignalingsolutions.com/Data/Documents/History.pdf| archive-date = 2 October 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In June 1998, GEC Alsthom was listed on the [[Paris Stock Exchange]]; both GEC and [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]] elected to sell off part of their stakes (23.6% each). Around this time, the company was officially renamed ''Alstom''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170926-alstom-key-dates-french-industrial-jewel|title=Alstom: the key dates of a French industrial jewel|work=france24.com|date=26 September 2017|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903014942/https://www.france24.com/en/20170926-alstom-key-dates-french-industrial-jewel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>GEC Alsthom drops the 'h' ''[[The Railway Magazine]]'' issue 1167 July 1998 page 55</ref>

=== Alstom (1999–2014) ===
[[File:WMATA Alstom 6000 Series on the Red Line.jpg|alt=WMATA Alstom 6000 series|thumb|[[Washington Metro]] 6000 series railcars built by Alstom in 2006]]
In 1999, Alstom bought half of [[ABB]]'s power systems division, forming a 50-50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power. Alstom also bought Canada's Télécité,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold to [[General Electric]] its heavy-duty gas turbine business (GE license design)<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/3/ALSTOM-sells-its-heavy-duty-gas-turbine-business-to-General-Electric-19990323/| title = ALSTOM sells its heavy duty gas turbine business to General Electric| date = 23 March 1999| work = www.alstom.com| type = press release| access-date = 28 April 2014| archive-date = 20 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820124200/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/3/ALSTOM-sells-its-heavy-duty-gas-turbine-business-to-General-Electric-19990323/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/6/ALSTOM-completes-sale-of-its-heavy-duty-gas-turbine-business-to-General-Electric-19990625/| title = ALSTOM completes sale of its heavy duty gas turbine business to General Electric| date = 25 June 1999| work = www.alstom.com| type = press release| access-date = 28 April 2014| archive-date = 20 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820080141/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/6/ALSTOM-completes-sale-of-its-heavy-duty-gas-turbine-business-to-General-Electric-19990625/| url-status = live}}</ref> The next year, the company bought out ABB's share in the former joint venture ABB Alstom Power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tdworld.com/mag/power_abb_sell_stake/|title=ABB to Sell Stake in ABB Alstom Power|date=1 May 2000|publisher=Transmission & Distribution World|work=tdworld.com|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129100829/http://tdworld.com/mag/power_abb_sell_stake/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Alstom sold its diesel engine businesses ([[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston]], [[Paxman (engines)|Paxman]], and [[Mirrlees Blackstone]]) to [[MAN SE|MAN Group]].<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2000/2/Man-acquires-ALSTOMs-diesel-engine-operations-20000221/| title = Man acquires Alstom's diesel engine operations| date = 21 February 2000| work = www.alstom.com| type = Press release| access-date = 28 April 2014| archive-date = 4 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180704161914/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2000/2/Man-acquires-ALSTOMs-diesel-engine-operations-20000221/| url-status = live}}</ref> It also acquired a 51% stake in Italian rail manufacturer [[Alstom Ferroviaria|Fiat Ferroviaria]], a world leader in tilting technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63843730.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105071525/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63843730.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Article: Alstom Takes Over Fiat Ferroviaria |publisher=International Railway Journal Article |date=1 July 2000 }}</ref> In April 2003, Alstom sold its industrial turbine business to [[Siemens]] for €1.1 billion.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2003/04/siemens-buys-alstom-industrial-turbines-business-for-euro11bn.html| title = Siemens buys Alstom industrial turbines business for €1.1bn| date = 28 April 2003| work = www.power-eng.com| access-date = 28 April 2014| archive-date = 15 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160815100603/http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2003/04/siemens-buys-alstom-industrial-turbines-business-for-euro11bn.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

By 2003, Alstom was facing a financial crisis caused by a mix of poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities. It reportedly had the potential to force the company's liquidation. These heavy debts were largely due to a $4 billion charge over a design flaw in a turbine developed by [[ABB]], acquired by Alstom in 2000, as well as the collapse of customer [[Renaissance Cruises]] amid a general downturn in the marine market. Alstom's share price had dropped by 90% over two years.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_29/b3842135_mz034.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030801100442/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_29/b3842135_mz034.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 1 August 2003| title = Can Alstom Get Back on Track? It's a financial wreck, and the rescue plan may not work| publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |work = www.businessweek.com| date = 21 July 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2003/08/07/bull-again|title=French capitalism. Bull again France's state-backed rescue of Alstom is all too familiar|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 August 2003|archive-date=22 June 2017|access-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622033706/http://www.economist.com/node/1978762|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] objected to a €3.2 billion rescue plan involving the French state; [[European Union competition law]] bans most state aid without EC permission. This was obtained, but required Alstom to sell several of its subsidiaries, including its shipbuilding and electrical transmission assets.<ref>{{citation|url =http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/10/inbrief/fr0310101n.htm|title =Alstom rescue plan agreed|work =www.eurofound.europa.eu|first =Maurice|last =Braud|publisher =Eurofound|date =22 October 2010|access-date =14 July 2011|archive-date =13 July 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140713195120/http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/10/inbrief/fr0310101n.htm|url-status =live}}</ref>

In 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom for €772 million and Alstom received an EU-approved bailout worth in total €2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3873149.stm |title=EU gives Alstom bailout backing |date=7 July 2004 |work=BBC News |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=16 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3873149.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The company sold its [[electrical transmission]] and distribution ("grid") activities to [[Areva]], the diesel locomotive manufacturer [[Meinfesa]] to [[Vossloh]], and Alstom Power Rentals to APR LLC. In 2010, Alstom re-acquired the electric power transmission division of Areva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-08/alstom-acquires-areva-division-for-2-3-billion-euros-update3-.html|title=Alstom Acquires Areva Division for 2.3 Billion Euros (Update3)|date=8 June 2010|publisher=[[Bloomberg LP|Bloomberg]]|work=www.businessweek.com}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSB8214820090309|title=Alstom wants to buy former unit from Areva|date=9 March 2009|website=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=16 July 2023|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025031/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSB8214820090309|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, the former Metro-Cammell rail vehicle works in [[Washwood Heath]] closed.<ref name=IRJJuly03>Alstom withdraws from train assembly in British ''[[International Railway Journal]]'' July 2003 page 4</ref> In the same year, Alstom sold its Australian subsidiary, Alstom Transport Australia and New Zealand, to [[UGL (company)|United Group]], which became part of the latter's [[UGL Rail]] division.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/United-to-acquire-rail-business-Alstom/2005/06/02/1117568302238.html United to acquire rail business Alstom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609144220/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/United-to-acquire-rail-business-Alstom/2005/06/02/1117568302238.html |date=9 June 2014 }} ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' 2 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.au.alstom.com/home/newsroom/press_archive/29275.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/newsroom/press_archive/
|title=Alstom signs agreement with United Group for sale of Australia & New Zealand transport business|publisher=Alstom|access-date=2008-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006185932/http://www.au.alstom.com/home/newsroom/press_archive/29275.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/newsroom/press_archive/|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alstom would restart its manufacturing operations in Australia by the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2013/6/alstom-to-provide-an-additional-eight-xtrapolis-trainsets-for-melbournes-metropolitan-rail-network-in-australia|title=Alstom to provide an additional eight Xtrapolis trainsets for Melbournes Metropolitan Rail Network in Australia|publisher=Alstom|date=21 August 2013|access-date=16 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116114535/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2013/6/alstom-to-provide-an-additional-eight-xtrapolis-trainsets-for-melbournes-metropolitan-rail-network-in-australia|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, Alstom sold its Marine Division to the Norwegian group [[STX Europe|Aker Yards]], with a commitment to retain 25% of the shares until 2010; it also sold Alstom Power Conversion, which became [[Converteam]], in a leveraged buy-out deal funded by Barclays Private Equity France SAS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.converteam.com/converteam/4/doc/Finance_Room/2006/Financial_Reports/2007_05_30_Converteam_Annual_Report_2006.pdf |title=Converteam Annual Report 2006 |date=5 May 2007 |website=Converteam.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916100456/http://www.converteam.com/converteam/4/doc/Finance_Room/2006/Financial_Reports/2007_05_30_Converteam_Annual_Report_2006.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In June 2006, [[Bouygues]] acquired the French government's 21% holding in Alstom for €2 billion.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/apr/28/france.internationalnews |title=Bouygues buys Alstom stake |date=28 April 2006 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |first=David |last=Gow |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025034/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/apr/28/france.internationalnews |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Bouygues elected to increase its shareholding in the firm to 24%.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

[[File:Badaia - Parque Eólico -BT- 02.jpg|thumb|Alstom-Ecotècnia wind turbines in Spain]]
In 2007, the TGV POS set the [[Land speed record for railed vehicles|world speed record for rail vehicles]] of {{convert|574.8|km/h|mi/h}}. In March, Alstom acquired ''Power Systems Manufacturing LLC'' ([[Florida]], USA) a manufacturer of gas turbine components from [[Calpine Corporation]] for $242 million.<ref>{{citation| page = 8| title = Annual Report 2006/7| publisher = Alstom| url = http://www.alstom.com/Global/Group/Resources/Documents/Investors%20document/AR%2007.pdf| access-date = 22 August 2014| archive-date = 4 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115551/http://www.alstom.com/Global/Group/Resources/Documents/Investors%20document/AR%2007.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> In June, Alstom acquired the Spanish wind turbine manufacturer Ecotècnia, renamed as [[Alstom Ecotècnia]] (since 2010 [[Alstom Wind]]). The company also adopted a new graphic chart (logo, corporate identity) using "alstom" as its trading name, reserving "Alstom SA" for legal documents.

In 2009, Alstom acquired a 25% stake in the [[Russia]]n locomotive manufacturer [[Transmashholding]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.tmholding.ru/work/press/realises/2644|title=Alstom and the Russian rail manufacturer Transmashholding sign a strategic partnership agreement|date=31 March 2009|work=eng.tmholding.ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711051521/http://eng.tmholding.ru/work/press/realises/2644|archive-date=11 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Alstom acquires 25% stake in Transmashholding ''International Railway Journal'' April 2010 page 17</ref> Six years later, Alstom decided to increase its shareholding in Transmashholding to 33% at a reported cost of €54 million.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/financial/alstom-increases-stake-in-transmashholding.html?device=auto| title = Alstom increases stake in Transmashholding| first = Keith| last = Barrow| date = 29 December 2015| work = www.railjournal.com| access-date = 29 December 2015| archive-date = 18 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818183322/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/financial/alstom-increases-stake-in-transmashholding.html?device=auto| url-status = live}}</ref> As a consequence of an alignment agreement between Transmashholding and another entity, [[LocoTech-Service]], Alstom's stake in the former decreased to 20% in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.railwaygazette.com/business/transmashholding-and-locotech-service-stakes-pooled/46932.article |title = Transmashholding and LocoTech-Service stakes pooled |publisher = Railway Gazette |date = 7 August 2018 |access-date = 6 January 2020 |archive-date = 9 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053658/https://www.railwaygazette.com/business/transmashholding-and-locotech-service-stakes-pooled/46932.article |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2011, Alstom and the Iraqi government signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] regarding the construction of a new [[Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line|high-speed rail line]] between [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905 |title=Iraq: France's Alstom signs high-speed rail line deal |work=BBC News Online |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=27 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627032731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905 |archive-date=27 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2012, Alstom opened construction of factories at [[Sorel-Tracy]], Quebec, Canada (passenger rail vehicles).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302| title = Il réalise son engagement électoral le plus audacieux" Un jour pas si lointain, des bogies construits à Sorel-Tracy équiperont des rames de métro partout au Canada et aux États-Unis " – Sylvain Simard| first = Sylvain| last = Rochon| work = www.soreltracyregion.net| date = 20 May 2012| access-date = 22 May 2012| archive-date = 13 October 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053942/http://www.soreltracyregion.net/actualite/page/actualite/article/e/13302| url-status = dead}}</ref> After a consortium of Alstom ([[Alstom Wind]]), [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[DONG Energy]] was awarded three major French offshore wind farm contracts, the company initiated construction of factories at [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] (turbine blades in association with [[LM Wind Power|LM Power]], also wind turbine towers) and [[Saint-Nazaire]] (Nacelles and generators).<ref>Sources:
* {{citation| url = http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/news/article.asp?docKey=600-201204060640DOWJONESENRGYSVC000616-1&params=timestamp%7C%7C04/06/2012%206:40%20AM%20ET%7C%7Cheadline%7C%7CFrench%20Govt%20Picks%20EDF%2C%20Dong%2C%20Alstom%20For%20Offshore%20Wind%20Farms%7C%7CdocSource%7C%7CDow%20Jones%20and%20Company%2C%20Inc.%7C%7Cprovider%7C%7CACQUIREMEDIA%7C%7Crealtedsyms%7C%7C%7C%7C%7CUS%3BARVCY%7C%7CUS%3BIBDRY%7CES%3BIBE&ticker=IBE:SM| title = French Govt Picks EDF, DONG, Alstom For Offshore Wind Farms| date = 6 April 2012| publisher = Dow Jones and Company Inc.}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{citation| url = http://www.rechargenews.com/energy/wind/article310783.ece| title = Green Street: Et voilà! A French offshore wind turbine industry| first = Ben| last = Backwell| date = 13 April 2012| work = www.rechargenews.com| access-date = 22 May 2012| archive-date = 16 April 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120416084209/http://www.rechargenews.com/energy/wind/article310783.ece| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/edf-idUSL6E8F60GH20120406| work = www.reuters.com| title = Alstom win bulk of French wind farm tender (UPDATE 2-EDF)| date = 6 April 2012| first = Muriel| last = Boselli| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 16 July 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025037/https://www.reuters.com/article/edf-idUSL6E8F60GH20120406| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| language = fr| url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/| title = Alstom confirme l'implantation de 4 usines à Cherbourg et Saint-Nazaire pour livrer son éolienne Haliade 150 au consortium EDF EN| date = 6 April 2012| work = www.businesswire.com| publisher = Alstom| access-date = 22 May 2012| archive-date = 5 November 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105074748/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120406005066/fr/| url-status = live}}</ref>

Also in 2012, the company formed a joint venture with [[RusHydro]] to manufacture hydropower equipment for small and medium power hydropower plants (up to about 100 MW).<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=130&storyCode=2062377| title = Alstom and RusHydro start work on new manufacturing plant| date = 15 May 2012| work = www.waterpowermagazine.com| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130205220602/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=130&storyCode=2062377| archive-date = 5 February 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Late in 2012, to further the development of its tidal energy business, Alstom acquired [[Development of tidal stream generators#Tidal Generation Ltd|Tidal Generation Ltd]] from [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]], however this was later sold to [[General Electric|GE]] in 2015 as part of the sale of Alstom's energy business.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=Alstom to acquire Tidal Generation Ltd - NS Energy |date=27 September 2012 |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsalstom-to-acquire-tidal-generation-ltd/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203180936/https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsalstom-to-acquire-tidal-generation-ltd/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Alstom has finally sold its energy business to GE for $13.6b |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/alstom-sells-energy-business-to-ge-for-13-6b-a6718056.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504233051/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/alstom-sells-energy-business-to-ge-for-13-6b-a6718056.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2013, Alstom announced it planned to raise €1 to €2 billion through sale of some non-core assets, plus the possible sale of a stake in Alstom Transport, and cut 1,300 jobs.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221218/https://www.ft.com/content/4333c582-46c0-11e3-9c1b-00144feabdc0#axzz2zqRbgQVc |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Alstom to cut 1,300 jobs and sell assets |first=Michael |last=Stothard |date=6 November 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=25 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342| title = Alstom to Sell Stake in Bullet-Train Unit – French Conglomerate Targets $1.35 Billion to $2.7 Billion in Asset sales| first = Init| last = Landauro| date = 6 November 2013| work = online.wsj.com| access-date = 13 March 2017| archive-date = 27 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827073156/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303763804579181002675713342| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2014, Alstom sold its steam auxiliary components activities (air preheaters and gas-gas heaters for thermal power, other industrial heat transfer equipment, and grinding mills) to [[Triton Partners]] for €730 million.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2014/4/alstom-sells-its-steam-auxiliary-components-activities-to-triton-for-around-730-million/| title = Alstom sells its steam auxiliary components activities to Triton for around €730  million| date = 4 April 2014| type = Press release| publisher = Alstom| access-date = 25 April 2014| archive-date = 17 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717101526/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2014/4/alstom-sells-its-steam-auxiliary-components-activities-to-triton-for-around-730-million/| url-status = live}}</ref>

In November 2014, Alstom was awarded a $429.4 million contract to modernise 85 trains for the [[Mexico City Metro]] system.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-alstom-idUSKCN0J000N20141116 Mexico City awards $430 million train contract to Alstom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025037/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-alstom-idUSKCN0J000N20141116 |date=16 July 2023 }}. [[Reuters]], 17 November 2014</ref>

==== Judicial investigations ====
Starting in 2009, Alstom's practices were questioned by the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DOJ) on the basis that they violated the 1977 [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]]. This American law has [[Extraterritorial jurisdiction|extraterritorial]] scope. At the time, Alstom seemed to cooperate with the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-18|title=À lire : " Le piège américain " de F. Pierucci|url=https://www.lemoci.com/actualites/actualites/a-lire-le-piege-americain-de-f-pierucci/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Le Moci|language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2010, the DOJ opened an investigation into Alstom's commercial practices, focusing on a 2003 deal in [[Indonesia]] valued at $118 million in particular.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-17|title=Quand un cadre d'Alstom se retrouve en prison|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2017/11/quand-un-cadre-dalstom-se-retrouve-en-prison-188306|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Les Echos|language=fr|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025037/https://www.lesechos.fr/2017/11/quand-un-cadre-dalstom-se-retrouve-en-prison-188306|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 April 2013, Alstom senior executive [[Frédéric Pierucci]] was arrested at the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in [[New York City|New York]]. He was accused of [[willful blindness]] of his company's suspected corruption and was imprisoned in a high security facility for 14 months and denied release on [[bail]] until the week of Alstom's acquisition by the US conglomerate [[General Electric]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Alstom : la France vendue à la découpe ? Frédéric Pierucci [EN DIRECT]| date=8 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dejeVuL9-7c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dejeVuL9-7c| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-16|title=L'éclairant calvaire de Frédéric Pierucci, lampiste et appât de l'affaire Alstom|url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/le-calvaire-de-frederic-pierucci-lampiste-et-appat-de-l-affaire-alstom.N793624|language=fr|last1=Nouvelle|first1=L'Usine|archive-date=16 July 2023|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025036/https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/le-calvaire-de-frederic-pierucci-lampiste-et-appat-de-l-affaire-alstom.N793624|url-status=live}}</ref> In late 2014, Alstom was fined $772 million by the DOJ, and admitted guilt under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in relation to bribes paid to obtain contracts in various countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Lynch|first1=Sarah N.|date=22 December 2014|title=Alstom to pay record $772 million to settle bribery charges with U.S.|website=Reuters.com|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-bribery-idUSKBN0K01DF20141222/|archive-date=16 July 2023|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025045/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-bribery-idUSKBN0K01DF20141222|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Tovey|first=Alan|title=Alstom fined $772m in US for 'brazen' and 'astounding' foreign bribery schemes|date=22 December 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/11309119/Alstom-fined-772m-in-US-for-brazen-and-astounding-foreign-bribery-schemes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/11309119/Alstom-fined-772m-in-US-for-brazen-and-astounding-foreign-bribery-schemes.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In mid-2014, Alstom Network UK was charged by the UK [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] (SFO) in relation to corruption offences alleged to have been committed when obtaining transportation contracts in India, Poland and Tunisia, covered under sections 1 of the [[Prevention of Corruption Act 1906]] and [[Criminal Law Act 1977]].<ref>{{citation|title=Criminal charges against Alstom in the UK|date=27 July 2014|url=http://www.sfo.gov.uk/press-room/latest-press-releases/press-releases-2014/criminal-charges-against-alstom-in-the-uk.aspx|work=www.sfo.gov.uk|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225003506/http://www.sfo.gov.uk/press-room/latest-press-releases/press-releases-2014/criminal-charges-against-alstom-in-the-uk.aspx|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Further charges were brought in late 2014 by the SFO in relation to corrupt practices used to obtain energy contracts in Lithuania.<ref>{{citation|last=Ring|first=Suzi|title=Alstom Charged in U.K. With Paying Bribes Over 8 Years|date=24 December 2014|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-22/alstom-charged-in-u-k-with-paying-bribes-to-agents-over-8-years.html|work=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=5 March 2017|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225054747/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-22/alstom-charged-in-u-k-with-paying-bribes-to-agents-over-8-years.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional charges relating to contracts for the [[Budapest Metro]] in Hungary were added in April 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Cruise|first=Sinead|title=files more corruption charges against Alstom's UK unit (UPDATE 1-UK)|date=16 April 2015|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sfo-alstom-idUSL5N0XD3KL20150416|work=www.reuters.com|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418021002/https://www.reuters.com/article/sfo-alstom-idUSL5N0XD3KL20150416|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2018, three executives of Alstom were found guilty of conspiracy to corrupt following an investigation by the SFO into allegations of several [[Lithuania]]n politicians and officials being offered [[bribe]]s in return for securing contracts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/dec/19/alstom-executives-found-guilty-of-conspiracy-to-corrupt |title=Three Alstom executives guilty of conspiracy to corrupt |first=David |last=Pegg |date=19 December 2018 |website=Theguardian.com}}</ref>

In February 2020, the [[United Nations]] published a [[List of companies operating in West Bank settlements|database]] of all business enterprises involved in certain specified activities related to the [[Israeli settlement]]s.<ref name="unlist_ohchr">{{cite news |date=12 February 2020 |title=UN rights office issues report on business activities related to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25542 |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709093910/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25542 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="unlist_reliefweb">{{cite news |date=14 February 2020 |title=Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/database-all-business-enterprises-involved-certain-activities |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183439/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/database-all-business-enterprises-involved-certain-activities |url-status=live }}</ref> Alstom has been listed on the database in light of its involvement in activities related to "the provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements" and "the use of natural resources, in particular [[Israeli expropriation of Palestinian springs in the West Bank|water]] and [[Land expropriation in the West Bank|land]], for business purposes".<ref name="unlist_ohchr" /><ref name="unlist_reliefweb" /> On 5 July 2021, [[Norway]]'s largest pension fund [[Kommunal Landspensjonskasse|KLP]] said it would divest from Alstom together with 15 other business entities implicated in the UN report for their links to Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nordic-fund-klp-excludes-16-companies-over-links-israeli-settlements-west-bank-2021-07-05/|title=Nordic fund KLP excludes 16 companies over links to Israeli settlements in West Bank|first1=Gwladys|last1=Fouche|first2=Simon|last2=Jessop|date=5 July 2021|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210706203657/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nordic-fund-klp-excludes-16-companies-over-links-israeli-settlements-west-bank-2021-07-05/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sale of energy businesses to General Electric ===
On 24 April 2014, unconfirmed reports claimed that US conglomerate [[General Electric]] (GE) was in acquisition talks with Alstom for $13 billion with the support of 29%-shareholder Bouygues, causing Alstom's share price to rise 18% in one day.<ref>{{citation|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-23/ge-said-in-talks-to-buy-france-s-alstom-for-about-13-billion.html|title = General Electric Said in Talks to Buy France's Alstom|first1 = Aaron|last1 = Kirchfeld|first2 = Matthew|last2 = Campbell|first3 = Jeffrey|last3 = McCracken|date = 24 April 2014|publisher = Bloomberg|access-date = 5 March 2017|archive-date = 24 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150124115255/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-23/ge-said-in-talks-to-buy-france-s-alstom-for-about-13-billion.html|url-status = live}}</ref> On 27 April, [[Le Figaro]] reported that a rival 'cash plus asset swap' offer was issued by [[Siemens]], trading Alstom's power business for part of its rail arm, plus a cash offer as good as GE's and job guarantees.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2014/04/26/20005-20140426ARTFIG00160-alstom-le-gouvernement-travaille-a-un-projet-franco-allemand-avec-siemens.php| title = Alstom : le gouvernement travaille à un projet franco-allemand avec Siemens| first = Ivan| last = Letessier| date = 27 April 2014| work = www.lefigaro.fr| access-date = 28 April 2014| archive-date = 28 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140428035702/http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2014/04/26/20005-20140426ARTFIG00160-alstom-le-gouvernement-travaille-a-un-projet-franco-allemand-avec-siemens.php| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="saidto">{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-25/ge-executives-to-meet-with-french-government-on-alstom-takeover.html| title = Siemens Said to Offer Alstom Asset Swap to Beat GE Bid| first1 = Aaron| last1 = Kirchfeld| first2 = Francois| last2 = de Beaupuy| first3 = Alex| last3 = Webb| date = 27 April 2014| work = www.bloomberg.com| access-date = 5 March 2017| archive-date = 4 August 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140804181429/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-25/ge-executives-to-meet-with-french-government-on-alstom-takeover.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Siemens' bid was reportedly promoted by French economic minister [[Arnaud Montebourg]]. Siemens and Alstom had a greater product overlap and thus a greater risk to jobs, along with potential issues with EU competition regulators.<ref name="saidto" /><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-siemens-bid-for-alstom-disrupts-deal-with-ge-1398643058| title = Siemens's New Alstom Bid Disrupts GE Deal| first1 = Stacy| last1 = Meichtry| first2 = David| last2 = Gauthier-Villars| date = 27 April 2014| work = online.wsj.com| access-date = 13 March 2017| archive-date = 25 April 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170425204830/https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-siemens-bid-for-alstom-disrupts-deal-with-ge-1398643058| url-status = live}}</ref> Siemens' offer was characterised as "defensive", being skeptically received by investors and analysts.<ref name="accept" /><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.ft.com/content/d0867a16-ebd8-11e3-ab1b-00144feabdc0| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221234/https://www.ft.com/content/d0867a16-ebd8-11e3-ab1b-00144feabdc0#axzz33mWcs9O6| archive-date = 10 December 2022| url-access = subscription| title = Siemens rides to Alstom's rescue on a horse gone lame| first = Sarah| last = Gordon| date = 4 June 2014| work = www.ft.com| access-date = 5 June 2014| url-status = live}}</ref>

On 29 April, [[Reuters]] reported that Alstom's board had accepted a €10 billion bid by GE for its energy division;<ref name="accept">{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-idUSBREA3S0US20140429| title = Alstom accepts 10 billion euro GE bid for its energy unit| first1 = Matthieu| last1 = Protard| first2 = Maria| last2 = Sheahan| date = 29 April 2014| work = www.reuters.com| archive-date = 18 May 2021| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210518224237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-idUSBREA3S0US20140429| url-status = live}}</ref> In a letter from GE executive [[Jeffrey R. Immelt]] to President [[François Hollande]] published in ''Les Echos'', Immelt gave assurances about continued investment in Alstom's French activities, the security of the civil nuclear sector, and on job commitments made by [[Alstom Wind]], whilst making its wind activities available to investors.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lesechos.fr/entreprises-secteurs/industrie-lourde/actu/0203471029595-alstom-ce-que-promet-general-electric-a-hollande-667745.php| title = Alstom : ce que promet General Electric à Hollande| first =Veronique |last = Le Billon | date = 29 April 2014| language = fr| work = www.lesechos.fr}}</ref> On 30 April, Alstom confirmed that an offer for its power and grid divisions (representing an [[equity value]] of €12.35 billion, €11.4 billion [[enterprise value]]) was under review with key interests including the French state.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.alstom.com/en/press-centre/2014/4/alstom-is-considering-the-proposed-acquisition-of-its-energy-activities-by-ge-and-the-creation-of-a-strong-standalone-market-leader-in-the-rail-industry/| title = Alstom is considering the proposed acquisition of its Energy activities by GE and the creation of a strong standalone market leader in the rail industry| date = 30 April 2014| publisher = Alstom| type = Press release| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140730164550/http://www.alstom.com/en/press-centre/2014/4/alstom-is-considering-the-proposed-acquisition-of-its-energy-activities-by-ge-and-the-creation-of-a-strong-standalone-market-leader-in-the-rail-industry/| archive-date = 30 July 2014| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> On 30 April, GE confirmed it had made a $16.9 billion offer, comprising a $13.5 billion value plus $3.4 billion cash.<ref>{{citation| url = http://genewsroom.com/node/275160| title = GE offers $13.5 billion enterprise value to acquire Alstom Thermal, Renewables, and Grid businesses| date = 30 April 2014| publisher = GE| type = Press release| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002109/http://www.genewsroom.com/node/275160| archive-date = 2 May 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref> On 5 May, GE offered to buy one-fourth of the shares in Alstom's Indian power and distribution companies – ''Alstom T&D India'' and ''Alstom India'' – at 261.25 and 382.20 rupees a share (value US$278 million and $111 million respectively) subject to its bid for Alstom SA being successful.<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-india-general-electric-idUSL3N0NR0SG20140505| title = GE makes $389 mln share tender offer for Alstom's India units| date = 5 May 2014 |work = www.reuters.com| first=Devidutta| last=Tripathy}}</ref>

On 5 May 2014, the French government stated it did not back GE's bid, citing concerns on the future of Alstom's rail division as a smaller separate entity, suggesting that GE transfer its own rail division to Alstom; other concerns were over the civil nuclear field's national independence, and French jobs.<ref>{{citation| url = https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/france-says-it-opposes-g-e-s-bit-for-alstom-unit/| title = France Says It Opposes G.E.'s Bid for Alstom Unit| first = David| last = Jolly| date = 5 May 2014| work = dealbook.nytimes.com| access-date = 5 March 2017| archive-date = 27 August 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827003604/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/france-says-it-opposes-g-e-s-bit-for-alstom-unit/| url-status = live}}</ref> On 14 May, France issued a decree (''Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014''.{{refn|The decree was an amendment to the [[:fr:Code monétaire et financier|Code monétaire et financier (French)]], extending powers given by Decree No. 2005-1739 (30 December 2005);<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006053051&dateTexte=20091028| title = Décret n°2005-1739 du 30 décembre 2005 réglementant les relations financières avec l'étranger et portant application de l'article L. 151-3 du code monétaire et financier| date = 31 December 2005| language = fr| work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr| access-date = 17 May 2014| archive-date = 20 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200120125553/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006053051&dateTexte=20091028| url-status = live}}</ref> the ''Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers''.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028933611| title = Décret n° 2014-479 du 14 mai 2014 relatif aux investissements étrangers soumis à autorisation préalable| date = 16 May 2014| work = www.legifrance.gouv.fr| language = fr| access-date = 17 May 2014| archive-date = 25 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200625200303/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028933611| url-status = live}}</ref> was nicknamed the "''décret Alstom''", or the "''décret Montebourg''".<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/05/16/au-fait-c-est-quoi-ce-decret-sur-les-investissements-strategiques_4419342_4355770.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=2| title = Au fait, c'est quoi ce décret sur les " investissements stratégiques " ?| work = www.lemonde.fr| date = 16 May 2014| language = fr| access-date = 17 May 2014| archive-date = 24 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200624210640/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/05/16/au-fait-c-est-quoi-ce-decret-sur-les-investissements-strategiques_4419342_4355770.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=2| url-status = live}}</ref> [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated that the decree protected France's strategic interests and was the end of [[laissez-faire]] economic policy.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/05/15/arnaud-montebourg-le-decret-sur-les-entreprises-c-est-du-laisser-faire_4419368_823448.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=9| title = Montebourg : " Le décret sur les entreprises, c'est la fin du laisser-faire "| date = 15 May 2014| first1 = David Revault| last1 = d'Allonnes| first2 = Cedric| last2 = Pietralunga| language = fr| work = www.lemonde.fr| quote = ''Le choix que nous avons fait, avec le premier ministre, est un choix de patriotisme économique. Ces mesures de protection des intérêts stratégiques de la France sont une reconquête de notre puissance. C'est la fin du laisser-faire''| access-date = 17 May 2014| archive-date = 16 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200116032823/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/05/15/arnaud-montebourg-le-decret-sur-les-entreprises-c-est-du-laisser-faire_4419368_823448.html?xtmc=alstom&xtcr=9| url-status = live}}</ref>|group="note"}}), nicknamed "''décret Alstom''", extending to power of the state to veto the takeover of "strategic interests" into areas of energy supply, water, transport, telecoms and public health.<ref name=bs15 /><ref name="r15may" /> Both the French employer organisation [[MEDEF]] and the [[European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services]] ([[Michel Barnier]]) responded negatively to the decree.<ref name=bs15>{{citation| url = http://www.boursier.com/actualites/economie/decret-alstom-une-mauvaise-idee-pour-gattaz-la-commission-europeenne-attentive-23966.html| title = Décret Alstom : une "mauvaise idée" pour Gattaz, la Commission européenne attentive| date = 15 May 2014| work = www.boursier.com| language = fr| access-date = 16 May 2014| archive-date = 17 May 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517125302/http://www.boursier.com/actualites/economie/decret-alstom-une-mauvaise-idee-pour-gattaz-la-commission-europeenne-attentive-23966.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="r15may">{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/france-takeovers-idUKL1N0O02AC20140515| title = France grabs for power over Alstom future with new takeover law (update 5)| date = 15 May 2014| work = www.reuters.com| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 23 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023184240/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-takeovers-idUKL1N0O02AC20140515| url-status = live}}</ref>

On 16 June, Siemens and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] (MHI) submitted a competing offer for Siemens to acquire Alstom's gas turbine activities for €3.9 billion while MHI would form joint ventures with Alstom, acquiring 40%, 20% and 20% stakes in Alstom's steam and nuclear, electrical grid, and [[hydroelectric]] businesses respectively, for €3.1 billion. The proposal included an offer to buy a further 10% stake from shareholder [[Bouygues]] and an option to form a rail transport joint venture.<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27869762| title=Siemens and Mitsubishi launch Alstom gas bid| date=16 June 2014| work=BBC News| access-date=21 June 2018| archive-date=30 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130233732/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27869762| url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June, GE revised its bid, matching the same price with a lower cash transaction value; it also proposed forming a joint venture of their renewable, electric grid, steam turbine and nuclear power businesses. GE announced a memorandum of understanding between the two firms in the rail sector and the sale of GE's rail signalling unit to Alstom.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-19/ge-offers-rail-signaling-to-alstom-to-win-deal-backing.html| title = GE reshapes Alstom offer to appease France| first1 = Natalie| last1 = Huet| first2 = Benjamin| last2 = Mallet| date = 19 June 2014| work = www.bloomberg.com| access-date = 5 March 2017| archive-date = 29 July 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220208/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-19/ge-offers-rail-signaling-to-alstom-to-win-deal-backing.html| url-status = live}}</ref> On 20 June, Siemens and MHI modified their bid, with MHI increasing its stake in Alstom's steam, hydro, and grid businesses to 40% in all three (total €3.9 billion) while Siemens increased its offer by €400 million to €4.3 billion.<ref>{{citation|url = http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2014/corporate/AXX20140650e.pdf|title = Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Siemens specify proposal to Alstom|date = 20 June 2014|type = press release|publisher = Siemens / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|access-date = 20 June 2014|archive-date = 13 July 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134014/http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2014/corporate/AXX20140650e.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> Subsequently, Economy minister [[Arnaud Montebourg]] stated he would block both bids, but the French government backed GE's offer and had given GE more specifications on commitments and guarantees; it also intended to buy two-thirds of Bouygues' shareholding (20%).<ref>Sources:
* {{citation| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27947089| title = Alstom: GE and French state agree to work on new offer| date = 20 June 2014| work = BBC News| access-date = 21 June 2018| archive-date = 23 September 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180923034728/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27947089| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url = https://www.ft.com/content/735fd716-f893-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0| title = French government backs GE-Alstom deal| first1 = Hugh| last1 = Carnegy| first2 = Michael| last2 = Stothard| work = www.ft.com| date = 20 June 2014| access-date = 20 June 2014| archive-date = 22 June 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140622135333/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/735fd716-f893-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0.html| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url = http://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/industrie-lourde/0203582879208-alstom-letat-choisit-ge-et-prend-20-du-capital-du-groupe-1015488.php| language = fr| date = 20 June 2014| title = Alstom : l'État retient General Electric| work = www.lesechos.fr| access-date = 20 June 2014| archive-date = 21 June 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140621034609/http://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/industrie-lourde/0203582879208-alstom-letat-choisit-ge-et-prend-20-du-capital-du-groupe-1015488.php| url-status = live}}
* {{citation| url = http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/06/20/le-gouvernement-devient-le-principal-actionnaire-d-alstom_4442475_3234.html| title = L'État devient le principal actionnaire d'Alstom| language = fr| date = 20 June 2014| work = www.lemonde.fr| access-date = 20 June 2014| archive-date = 21 June 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140621114521/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/06/20/le-gouvernement-devient-le-principal-actionnaire-d-alstom_4442475_3234.html| url-status = live}}</ref> The next day, Alstom's board backed GE's revised bid.<ref>{{citation|url= https://www.ft.com/content/735fd716-f893-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0|title= Alstom board unanimously approves revised GE bid|first1= Hugh|last1= Carnegy|first2= Michael|last2= Stothard|first3= Ed|last3= Crooks|date= 21 June 2014|work= www.ft.com|access-date= 20 June 2014|archive-date= 22 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140622135333/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/735fd716-f893-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-offer-hollande-idUSL6N0P20FR20140621| title = Alstom backs GE bid as Bouygues stake deal takes shape (UPDATE 4)| first1 = Gilles| last1 = Guillaume| first2 = Elizabeth| last2 = Pineau| date = 21 June 2014| work = www.reuters.com| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 17 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517141215/https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-offer-hollande-idUSL6N0P20FR20140621| url-status = live}}</ref> On 22 June, the French state agreed terms with Bouygues, buying a 20% stake in Alstom from Bouygues at a 2–5% discount on a minimum value of ≈€35 per share.{{refn|The 20% shareholding gave the state two seats on the board. The share purchase deal was for 20 months, after which the state was entitled to a 15% share at a similar markdown on the actual market price.<ref name="sh2" />|group="note"}}<ref name="sh2">{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-ge-deal-idUSKBN0EY1E320140623| title = France secures Alstom stake option ahead of GE tie-up| first1 = Benjamin| last1 = Mallet| first2 = Laurence| last2 = Frost| work = www.reuters.com| date = 23 June 2014| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 17 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517054939/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-ge-deal-idUSKBN0EY1E320140623| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-ge-deal-option-idUSKBN0EX0YC20140622| title = France secures option to buy Alstom stake from Bouygues| date = 22 June 2014| work = www.reuters.com| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 18 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210518154800/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-ge-deal-option-idUSKBN0EX0YC20140622| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/france-clears-way-for-ge-alstom-deal-1403465505| title = France Lifts Hurdle to GE-Alstom Deal| date = 22 June 2014| first1 = Inti| last1 = Landauro| first2 = Stacy| last2 = Meichtry| work = online.wsj.com| access-date = 13 March 2017| archive-date = 18 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210118174052/https://www.wsj.com/articles/france-clears-way-for-ge-alstom-deal-1403465505| url-status = live}}</ref>

Initially, the acquisition was expected to be finalised by early 2015.<ref name="sh2" /> In early 2015, the [[European Commissioner for Competition|EU Competition Commission]] began examining the deal.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-ma-general-electric-eu-idUSL5N0VX3IY20150223| title = EU watchdog to examine GE's $14 bln Alstom deal more closely (UPDATE 2)| work = www.reuters.com| date = 23 February 2015| access-date = 5 July 2021| archive-date = 16 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231915/https://www.reuters.com/article/alstom-ma-general-electric-eu-idUSL5N0VX3IY20150223| url-status = live}}</ref> Both EU and US competition regulators approved the deal by September 2015, subject to the divestiture of Alstom's large and very large gas turbine (GT26 and GT36 models) manufacturing and service business; and its GE7FA gas turbine aftermarket parts subsidiary business, ''Power Systems Mfg. LLC'' (PSM), to another company, [[Ansaldo Energia]].<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-08/ge-wins-eu-approval-for-alstom-deal-after-asset-sales-pledge-iebfcatb| title = GE Wins Approval for Alstom Deal After Asset-Sales Pledge | first = Gaspard| last = Sebag| date = 8 September 2015| work = www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url =http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5606_en.htm| title = Mergers: Commission clears GE's acquisition of Alstom's power generation and transmission assets, subject to conditions | date = 8 September 2015| work = europa.eu| type = press release}}</ref>

The sale of Alstom's energy division to GE was finalised on 2 November 2015; the final valuation being €12.4 billion, of which €9.7 billion was transferred to Alstom, the remainder being reinvested in GE/Alstom joint ventures plus other corrections. The acquired businesses were reorganised within GE's existing power generation business (''GE Power & Water'') as [[GE Power]]. The remainder of Alstom Group, including GE Signalling (acquired via a €700 million deal), refocused on rail transport.<ref name="nov2015">{{citation| url =http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2015/11/alstom-refocused-on-rail-transport-with-strong-leadership-positions/| title = Alstom refocused on rail transport with strong leadership positions| date = 2 November 2015| work = www.alstom.com| type = press release}}</ref><ref>{{citation| title = Alstom Power Combine to Form GE's Largest Digital Industrial Business, GE Power| url = http://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-power-water-and-alstom-power-combine-form-ge%27s-largest-digital-industrial-busine-0| type = press release| work = www.genewsroom.com| date = 2 November 2015| access-date = 2 November 2015}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = http://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-completes-acquisition-alstom-power-and-grid-businesses-282159| title = GE COMPLETES ACQUISITION OF ALSTOM POWER AND GRID BUSINESSES| type = press release| work = www.genewsroom.com| date = 2 November 2015| access-date = 2 November 2015| archive-date = 6 November 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106180516/http://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-completes-acquisition-alstom-power-and-grid-businesses-282159| url-status = live}}</ref> Due to the acquisition, GE accrued $17.3bn of goodwill, consisting of Alstom's negative book value of $7.2bn at the time of acquisition and the $10.1bn purchase price. In October 2018, GE wrote-off $23bn from the value of its power industry division, largely attributed to the Alstom purchase.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/the-acquisition-of-ges-signalling-consolidates-alstoms-worldwide-position/|title=The acquisition of GE's signalling consolidates Alstom's worldwide position|newspaper=Railway PRO|date=2 November 2015|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418030228/https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/the-acquisition-of-ges-signalling-consolidates-alstoms-worldwide-position/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== November 2015 – present ===
[[File:TGM M à gare de Lyon (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Avelia Horizon|TGV M]] is expected to enter service with the French train operator SNCF in TGV service in 2026.]]
In November 2015, Alstom was awarded a contract by the Indian Railways to construct an electric locomotive factory in [[Madhepura]] ([[Bihar]]), receiving an initial order of 800 twin-section 9MW locomotives for use on the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]], valued at ₹190 billion (about US$2.9 billion). This factory was to be operated under a joint venture with the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] (26%) at a cost of ₹13 billion (roughly US$200 million).<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/alstom-to-supply-800-electric-locos-to-indian-railways.html | title = Alstom to supply 800 electric locos to Indian Railways | date = 10 November 2015 | work = www.railwaygazette.com | access-date = 11 November 2015 | archive-date = 14 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151114234718/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/alstom-to-supply-800-electric-locos-to-indian-railways.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In September 2015, it was announced that [[Amtrak]] would award Alstom a contract for $2.5 billion for the next generation high-speed train sets for the [[Northeast Corridor]]. This would result in the creation of 750 jobs across upstate New York with 400 direct manufacturing jobs at Alstom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eveningtribune.com/article/20150921/NEWS/150929980 |title=400 New jobs coming to Alstom |first=Jason |last=Jordan |newspaper=The Evening Tribune |date=21 September 2015 |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085445/http://www.eveningtribune.com/article/20150921/NEWS/150929980 |url-status=live }}</ref> The order for 28 [[Avelia Liberty]] trainsets was officially confirmed in August 2016 by Amtrak.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.amtrak.com/2016/08/1610/ |title=Amtrack Invests $2.4 Billion for Next-Gen High-speed Transets and Infrastructure Upgrades |publisher=Amtrak |date=25 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902122506/http://media.amtrak.com/2016/08/1610/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These trainsets are manufactured at Alstom's plant in [[Hornell, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Amtrak puts $2 billion On the Line |first=Ted |last=Mann |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=13 May 2019 |page=A3}}</ref>

In March 2016, a joint venture of Alstom and [[Gibela]] began construction of a new {{convert|60000|m2}} train building factory in [[Dunnotar]], outside of [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]. Initial orders for the factory included 580 [[X'Trapolis Mega]] passenger trains for [[Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa]] under a €4 billion contract that was awarded in 2013.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.europeanrailwayreview.com/26686/rail-industry-news/alstom-jv-begins-construction-south-africa-train-manufacturing-site/| date = 7 March 2016| title = Alstom JV begins construction on South African suburban trains manufacturing site| work = www.europeanrailwayreview.com| access-date = 8 September 2016| archive-date = 13 September 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913164400/http://www.europeanrailwayreview.com/26686/rail-industry-news/alstom-jv-begins-construction-south-africa-train-manufacturing-site/| url-status = live}}</ref>

In September 2016, Alstom announced it was to cease locomotive manufacturing at its [[Belfort]] (France) site by 2018 due to low orders; remaining production activity was to be transferred to its facility of [[Alstom DDF]] in [[Reichshoffen]], [[Alsace]].<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/alstom-to-cease-locomotive-production-at-belfort.html| title = Alstom to cease locomotive production at Belfort| date = 8 September 2016| work = www.railwaygazette.com| access-date = 8 September 2016| archive-date = 9 September 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160909180343/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/alstom-to-cease-locomotive-production-at-belfort.html| url-status = live}}</ref> However, during October 2016, the French state placed an order of about €650 million for 15 TGV Euroduplex trains; an order for 20 locomotives; plus an order for 30 intercity trains to be built at Reichshoffen. Together, these orders were sufficient to prevent the Belfort plant's closure in the short to medium term.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/alstom-belfort-plant-rescued-with-tgv-order.html| title = Alstom Belfort plant rescued with TGV order| first = Keith| last = Barrow| date = 4 October 2016| work = www.railjournal.com| access-date = 4 October 2016| archive-date = 8 October 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161008140035/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/alstom-belfort-plant-rescued-with-tgv-order.html?| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="belclose1">{{citation| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-04/france-to-order-alstom-tgv-trains-to-help-prevent-factory-halt| title = Alstom to Scrap Belfort Plan After France Pledges New TGV Orders| first = Ania| last = Nussbaum| date = 4 October 2016| work = www.bloomberg.com| access-date = 5 March 2017| archive-date = 24 October 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161024075453/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-04/france-to-order-alstom-tgv-trains-to-help-prevent-factory-halt| url-status = live}}</ref>

In June 2017, Alstom opened the largest train modernisation facility in the UK at [[Halebank]] on the outskirts of [[Liverpool]]. Initial work involved the repainting of the [[British Rail Class 390|Class 390]] ''Pendolino''s.<ref>{{Citation| url = http://alstom-widnes.co.uk/| title = Alstom in Widnes| access-date = 1 July 2017| publisher = Alstom| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170523104128/http://alstom-widnes.co.uk/| archive-date = 23 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | date = 29 June 2017 | title = Alstom opens UK's largest train modernisation facility in Widnes | periodical = Rail Technology Magazine | publisher = Cognitive Publishing | url = http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/alstom-opens-uks-largest-train-modernisation-facility-in-widnes- | access-date = 1 July 2017}}</ref>

On 12 November 2024, Alstom announced on their official website that the first of 35 fully automated [[Alstom Metropolis|Metropolis]] trains has been delivered to [[Taiwan]]. The four-car stainless-steel train can carry up to 700 passengers, including 108 seated, with speeds up to 100 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alstom successfully delivers the first trainset for Taipei Wanda Line |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/11/alstom-successfully-delivers-first-trainset-taipei-wanda-line |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Alstom |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119222253/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/11/alstom-successfully-delivers-first-trainset-taipei-wanda-line |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2025, Alstom was awarded a $1,066m (NZD) contract to build and maintain 18 new battery trains [[New Zealand BEMU class electric multiple unit]] in Wellington. The trains will be built in India. The trains will arrive in NZ in around 2029 and enter service in 2030.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/politics/360816651/lower-north-island-get-brand-new-fleet-electric-trains|title=Lower North Island to get brand new fleet of electric trains|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|first1=Sam|last1=Smith|first2=Glenn|last2=McConnell|date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

==== Attempted merger with Siemens Mobility ====
On 26 September 2017, Alstom announced a proposal to merge with [[Siemens Mobility]], the rolling stock division of German conglomerate [[Siemens]]; this merger was promoted as the creation of "a new European champion in the rail industry".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2017/09/siemens-and-alstom-join-forces-to-create-a-european-champion-in-mobility/ |title=Siemens and Alstom join forces to create a European Champion in Mobility |date=26 September 2017 |website=Alstom.com |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062435/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2017/09/siemens-and-alstom-join-forces-to-create-a-european-champion-in-mobility/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The combined rail business, which was to have been reportedly named ''Siemens Alstom'' and headquartered in Paris, would have $18 billion U.S. in revenue and employ 62,300 people in more than 60 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2017/09/26/european-railway-manufacturers-siemens-and-alstom-confirm-merger-deal.html |title=European railway manufacturers Siemens and Alstom confirm merger deal |last=Marowits |first=Ross |date=26 September 2017 |work=The Toronto Star |language=en-CA |issn=0319-0781 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062226/https://www.thestar.com/business/2017/09/26/european-railway-manufacturers-siemens-and-alstom-confirm-merger-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During November 2018, the European Commission voiced its concerns surrounding the proposed merger of the two companies, particularly that the combined entity would be too dominant in the European market; alleged impacts from such dominance included potential increases in passenger fares and cargo fees. Furthermore, a series of [[Protests against Emmanuel Macron|popular protests]] concerning the financial reforms of both the French territorial railway infrastructure and [[SNCF]] occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/alstom-siemens-merger-eu-slams-plans/ |title=EU slams Alstom-Siemens rail mega-merger plans |last1=Larger |first1=Thibault |date=13 November 2018 |work=Politico |last2=Oroschakoff |first2=Kalina |archive-date=13 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113230941/https://www.politico.eu/article/alstom-siemens-merger-eu-slams-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The proposed merger was viewed by some as a measure to counter the rise of rival [[China|Chinese]] rail business [[CRRC]]; it reportedly received support from many figures within both the French and German governments.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Altmeyer|first=Alexander Hübner, Cyril|date=2017-09-27|title=Alstom, Siemens to merge rail businesses to counter China's CRRC|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-siemens-stocks-idUSKCN1C10PG|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> The transaction, which was originally due to close by the end of 2018, was met with opposition by French trade union officials who voiced their concerns that such a merger would have the potential for job losses.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-siemens-unions/french-trade-unions-voice-opposition-to-alstom-siemens-tie-up-deal-idUSKBN1FJ1RI |title=French trade unions voice opposition to Alstom/Siemens tie-up deal |date=30 January 2018 |work=Reuters |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120951/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-siemens-unions/french-trade-unions-voice-opposition-to-alstom-siemens-tie-up-deal-idUSKBN1FJ1RI |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 July 2018, Alstom shareholders overwhelmingly approved the proposed merger with Siemens.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.railwayage.com/news/alstom-shareholders-approve-siemens-merger/ |title=Alstom shareholders approve Siemens merger |last=Senese |first=Kyra |date=18 July 2018 |work=Railway Age |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070139/https://www.railwayage.com/news/alstom-shareholders-approve-siemens-merger/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 February 2019, the planned merger between the two companies was vetoed by the European Commission.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6e344f6a-29fd-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6e344f6a-29fd-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=EU blocks planned Siemens-Alstom rail deal in landmark decision |last=Toplensky |first=Rochelle |date=6 February 2019 |work=Financial Times |language=en}}</ref> In response to this ruling, Alstom's Chief Executive Officer Henri Poupart-Lafarge stated that he viewed the decision to block the merger was a result of "ideological prejudices".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-02-06/alstom-and-siemens-show-how-not-to-deal-with-china-and-vestager |title=Alstom and Siemens Show How Not to Deal With China |last=Fickling |first=David |date=6 February 2019 |work=Bloomberg |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206230737/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-02-06/alstom-and-siemens-show-how-not-to-deal-with-china-and-vestager |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Acquisition of Bombardier Transportation ====
In mid-February 2020, Alstom announced that it had signed a Memorandum of Agreement to buy [[Bombardier Transportation]], the multinational train maker headquartered in [[Berlin]], Germany for between €5.8 billion and €6.2 billion. The deal required the approval by Alstom shareholders at a meeting to be held in October 2020 and approval by European regulators. Bombardier's major shareholder, [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]], had already agreed to the sale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bombardier-sells-train-making-division-to-french-multinational-alstom-1.5466643 |title=Bombardier sells train-making division to French multinational Alstom |date=17 February 2020 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218012408/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bombardier-sells-train-making-division-to-french-multinational-alstom-1.5466643 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Awards-contracts-appointments/alstom-to-take-over-bombardier |title=Alstom to take over Bombardier |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Rail Technology |access-date=18 February 2020 }}{{dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In July 2020, it was announced that the [[European Union|EU]] competition authorities had approved the purchase. To finish the deal, Alstom had to sell the [[Alstom DDF]] factory based in [[France]], a regional train division, a Bombardier facility in Germany, and a Bombardier trains division. The company also had to provide guarantees and pass on some of Bombardier's assets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e1ef9d6f-a0cd-4c9b-a13e-525a728758ca |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= EU approves Alstom-Bombardier deal to create train-making giant |work=Financial Times|last1=Keohane|first1=David|last2=Espinoza|first2=Javier|date=31 July 2020|access-date=31 July 2020|location=Brussels}}</ref>

==== Electric road ====
Alstom has developed a [[ground-level power supply]] (alimentation par le sol - APS) system for use with buses and other vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/|title=Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses|work=Rail Insider|date=26 September 2019|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165355/https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/}}</ref> The system has been tested for compatibility with [[snow plows]] and for safety under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated [[brine]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://proceedings-calgary2022.piarc.org/ressources/files/2/IP0063-DUPRAT-E-Full.pdf |title=Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations |author=Patrick Dupart |publisher=[[PIARC]] |others=Alstom |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref> The eRoadMontBlanc project is set to trial Alstom's electric road system on the public road [[Route nationale 205|RN205]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.atmb.com/press_release/atmb-shell-mise-en-service-station-gaz-naturel-liquefie-gnl/ |title=Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports |date=June 30, 2023 |website=ATMB |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715025926/https://www.atmb.com/press_release/atmb-shell-mise-en-service-station-gaz-naturel-liquefie-gnl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> on trucks and other vehicles in the [[Rhône-Alpes]] region between 2024 and 2027. This is anticipated to be the first public electric road in France.<ref>{{citation |url=https://trm24.fr/lancement-du-projet-de-recherche-eroadmontblanc/ |title=L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes |author=Jean-Philippe Pastre |website=TRM24 |date=June 30, 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710114903/https://trm24.fr/lancement-du-projet-de-recherche-eroadmontblanc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2024 debt restructuring ====
Alstom plans in 2024 to issue €1.75 billion of shares and bonds to reduce its debt, which was at risk of a credit downgrade into [[junk bond]] status.<ref name=telegraph-20240508>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/05/08/alstom-french-owner-britain-big-train-factory-raise-funds/ |title=French owner of Britain's biggest train factory to raise £1.5bn amid race to pay off debt |last=Jasper |first=Christopher |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508120153/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/05/08/alstom-french-owner-britain-big-train-factory-raise-funds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2024 sale of American rail signaling business ====
In September 2024, Alstom completed the sale of its American rail signalling business to [[Knorr-Bremse]] for $690 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lea |first=Robert |date=2024-09-02 |title=Alstom sells American rail signalling business for $690m |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/alstom-sells-american-rail-signalling-business-for-690m-6hq3d9b82 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=[[The Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==== 2025 agreement with Virgin Trains ====
In August 2025, Alstom closed an agreement with [[Virgin Trains]] for 12 new high-speed [[Avelia Stream]] trains. The trains will be part of Virgin's new £700 million service across western Europe, including through the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lea |first=Robert |date=August 13, 2025 |title=Virgin signs deal for 12 new trains in challenge to Eurostar |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/virgin-signs-deal-for-12-new-trains-in-challenge-to-eurostar-hwgjl56t6 |access-date=August 16, 2025 |work=The Times}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Alstom Transport develops and markets a complete range of systems, equipment, and service in the railway industry.<ref name=BizWeek /> The division had annual sales of €5.5 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=GE Offers New Talks With France Over Alstom bid|first=Paul|last=Whitfield|date=6 May 2014|work=The Street|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/12696869/1/ge-offers-new-talks-with-france-over-alstom-bid.html|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804101302/http://www.thestreet.com/story/12696869/1/ge-offers-new-talks-with-france-over-alstom-bid.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the world's largest manufacturers of high-speed trains, tramways and metros, electrical and diesel trains, information systems, traction systems, power supply systems, and track work.<ref name=BizWeek /> The company also operates in the rail infrastructure market, designing, producing, and installing infrastructure for the rail network. These include information solutions, electrification, communication systems, track laying, station utilities, as well as workshops and depots. Maintenance, rebuilding, and renovation services are also provided by the company. Alstom Transport operates in 70 countries and employs 26,000 people.<ref name=RailStrat>{{cite web|title=Green ambition|work=Railway Strategies|url=http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=10193&issueid=317|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715130258/http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=10193&issueid=317|url-status=live}}</ref>

Notable products includes series production of the [[TGV]] high-speed trains with over 650 trainsets sold over 25 years, as well as the [[London Underground 1995 Stock]], [[London Underground 1996 Stock]], [[British Rail Class 390]] and [[AGV (train)|AGV]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarkozy backs Alstom's Grande Vitesse|work=Railway People|date=14 February 2008|url=http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-news-articles/sarkozy-backs-alstom-s-grande-vitesse-1503.html|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220149/http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-news-articles/sarkozy-backs-alstom-s-grande-vitesse-1503.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since a merger with [[General Railway Signal]] in 1998, Alstom has been manufacturing railway signaling equipment at a former GRS factory located in a suburb near [[Rochester, New York]]. After the merger with GE signaling the manufacturing was transferred to [[Missouri]], and GRS factory kept engineering the GRS legacy products.

Since 2002, Alstom has manufactured the [[Pendolino]] tilting train, following the acquisition of [[Fiat Ferroviaria]].

The company also produces [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]] trams; in 2007, over 1,100 Citadis trams were in use by 28 cities including [[Luas|Dublin]], [[Algiers tramway|Algiers]], [[Trams in Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Trams in Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[Trams in Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] and [[Tramways in Île-de-France|Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alstom to supply Citadis tramways in Oran and Constantine|date=18 November 2007|publisher=Visit Oran|url=http://www.visitoran.com/news/article.asp?174|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717235736/http://www.visitoran.com/news/article.asp?174|archive-date=17 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 2007 and 2010, the company produced 1,002 [[R160A (New York City Subway car)|R160A]] New York City subway cars at its manufacturing plant in [[Hornell, New York]], while the body shells were built at their [[Lapa (district of São Paulo)|Lapa]] plant, in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. In 2013, Alstom was awarded the contract to supply 168 coaches to [[Chennai Metro]] at a cost of {{INRconvert|1470|c}}. The company also owns the tender for supplying coaches to [[Kochi Metro]].
In September 2015, it was announced in Hornell, New York, by Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) that [[Amtrak]] will be awarding Alstom a contract for $2.45 billion for the next-generation high-speed train sets for the Northeast Corridor. This would result in the creation of 750 jobs across upstate New York with 400 direct manufacturing jobs at Alstom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eveningtribune.com/article/20150921/NEWS/150929980|title=400 New jobs coming to Alstom|first=Jason JordanThe Evening|last=Tribune|newspaper=[[The Evening Tribune]]|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901050122/http://www.eveningtribune.com/article/20150921/NEWS/150929980|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schumer.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/schumer-announces-amtrak-is-set-to-select-hornells-alstom-as-part-of-25-billion-program-to-build-safer-next-generation-high-speed-trains-senator-says-project-will-create-750-jobs-including-400-direct-manufacturing-jobs-at-alstom-in-hornell-|title=SCHUMER ANNOUNCES: AMTRAK IS SET TO SELECT HORNELL'S ALSTOM AS PART OF $2.5 BILLION PROGRAM TO BUILD SAFER, NEXT GENERATION HIGH-SPEED TRAINS; SENATOR SAYS PROJECT WILL CREATE 750 JOBS INCLUDING 400 DIRECT MANUFACTURING JOBS AT ALSTOM IN HORNELL – U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer of New York|website=Schumer.senate.gov|date=21 September 2015 |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> The new trainsets will be able to reach speeds up to 186 mph (300 km/h) and feature [[Tilting train|active tilting technology.]] The 28 new train sets were scheduled to enter service by 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.amtrak.com/2016/08/1610/|title=AMTRAK INVESTS $2.4 BILLION FOR NEXT-GEN HIGH-SPEED TRAINSETS AND INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADES|website=Media.amtrak.com|date=26 August 2016|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225333/http://media.amtrak.com/2016/08/1610/|url-status=live}}</ref> but only 14 of the 28 have been built as of Spring 2025. The first five trainsets entered service on August 28, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Acela Fleet |url=https://www.amtrak.com/next-generation-high-speed-trains?msockid=3f1a769c00db663e0b30627301bb6793 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |website=Amtrak |language=en}}</ref>

Next-generation [[high-speed train]]s under development by Alstom are the Avelia family: [[ETR 675]], [[Avelia Horizon]] and [[Avelia Liberty]].

Ottawa LRT cars [[Alstom Citadis Spirit]] are manufactured in Hornell, but assembly completed in [[Ottawa, Ontario]], and [[Brampton, Ontario]].

=== List of rolling stock manufactured by Alstom ===
{{Columns-start}}
'''[[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]]'''
* '''Current product families:'''
** Avelia (high-speed trainsets)
*** [[Avelia Horizon]] (TGV M)
*** [[Avelia Liberty]]
*** [[Avelia Stream]]
**** [[New Pendolino]]
**** [[Zefiro (train)|Zefiro 250, Zerifo 380, Zefiro Express]]
** Adessia (commuter trains)
*** Adessia Stream
*** Adessia Max
*** Adessia Coach
** [[Alstom Aventra|Aventra]]
*** [[British Rail Class 345]]
*** [[British Rail Class 701]]
*** [[British Rail Class 710]]
*** [[British Rail Class 720]]
*** [[British Rail Class 730]]
** [[Alstom Coradia|Coradia]]
*** [[X3 (train)|Arlanda Express X3]]
*** [[SJ X40]]
*** [[X61 (railcar)|Skånetrafiken X61]]
*** [[SL X60|Storstockholms Lokaltrafik X60]]
*** [[Coradia Stream]]
**** [[NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie]]
**** [[IC5]]
**[[X'Trapolis 2.0]]
** [[V/Line VLocity]]
** [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]]
** [[M9A]]
* '''Former products:'''
** [[AGV (train)|AGV]]
** [[Alstom Prima]]
** [[Acela Express (trainset)|Acela Express]] (joint venture with Bombardier)
** [[British Rail Class 175]]
** [[British Rail Class 180]]
** [[British Rail Class 334]]
** [[British Rail Class 390]]
** [[British Rail Class 458]]
** [[British Rail Class 460]]
** [[IE 2700 and 2750 Classes|IÉ 2700 and 2750 Classes]]
** [[IE 8200 Class|IÉ 8200 Class]]
** [[TGV]] trains:
*** [[Euroduplex]] (TGV 2N2)
*** [[PBKA|Eurostar PBKA]]
*** [[KTX-I]] (12 of 46 trainsets, the remaining were licensed to [[Hyundai Rotem|Rotem]] to build)
*** [[AVE Class 100|Renfe S100/101]]
*** [[SNCF TGV Duplex|TGV Duplex]]
*** [[SNCF TGV Sud-Est|TGV Sud-Est]]
*** [[SNCF TGV Atlantique|TGV Atlantique]]
*** [[SNCF TGV Réseau|TGV Réseau]]/Eurostar PBA
*** [[SNCF TGV POS|TGV POS]]
*** [[TGV TMST]]
** [[CP Class 9600]]
** [[Z-TER (Z 21500)|Z-TER]]
** [[X'Trapolis 100]]
{{Column}}
'''Locomotives'''
* [[Alstom Traxx]]
* [[GA DE900 locomotives]]
* [[Alstom PL42AC|PL42AC]]
* [[ALP-45DP]]
* [[HHP-8]] (joint venture with Bombardier)
* [[SBB-CFF-FFS Am 841]]
* [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12]]
* [[NS Class 1100]]
* [[NS Class 1300]]
* [[NS Class 1600]]
* [[NS Class 1700]]
* {{Interlanguage link|NS Class 2400 (1954)|lt=NS Class 2400|nl|NS 2400|WD=}}
* [[VR Class Dr13]]
'''Metro/subway'''
* [[:Category:Paris Métro rolling stock|Paris Metro rolling stock]]
** [[MP 59]]
** [[MF 77]]
** [[MF 88]]
** [[MF 2000]]
* [[Caracas Metro]] rolling stock
** Alsthom Atlantique S10000
** Alsthom Atlantique S20000
** GEC Alstom-Siemens AG S30000
** Alstom-Bombardier S40000
** Alstom-Bombardier S80000
** Alstom-Bombardier S50000
* [[Alstom Metropolis|Metropolis]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C751A|C751A]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C751C|C751C]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C830|C830]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C830C|C830C]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C851E|C851E]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC03]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC06]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC08]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC11]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC13]]
** [[Shanghai Metro AC17]]
** [[Sydney Metro Metropolis Stock]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis Saint-Laurent|Metropolis Saint-Laurent]]
** Barcelona Metro 7000 Series
** Barcelona Metro 8000 Series
** [[Barcelona Metro 9000 Series]]
** [[Buenos Aires Underground 100 Series]]
** [[Buenos Aires Underground 300 Series]]
** [[Caracas Metro]] Alstom Metropolis S90000
** [[Alstom Metropolis BM4|BM4]]
** [[MP 89]]
** [[MF 01]] (MF 2000)
** [[MP 05]]
** [[MP 14 (Paris Métro)|MP 14]]
** [[MR3V/MR6V]]
** [[MRV (Paris Métro)|MRV]]
** [[MF 19]]
** [[NS 93]]
** {{ill|AS 2002|es|AS-2002}}
** {{ill|NS 2004|es|NS-2004}}
** [[AM5-M2 and AM4-M4|AM5-M2]]
** [[AM5-M2 and AM4-M4|AM4-M4]]
** [[Amsterdam Metro#M5|M5 Series]]
* [[Bay Area Rapid Transit rolling stock#C series|Bay Area Rapid Transit C1 Series]]
* [[London Underground 1995 Stock]]
* [[London Underground 1996 Stock]]
* [[New York City Subway|NYC Subway]]:
** [[R68 (New York City Subway car)|R68]] (joint venture with [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], [[ANF Industrie|ANF]], and [[Jeumont Schneider]])
** [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|R160A]]
* [[Washington Metro rolling stock#6000-series|Washington Metro 6000-series]]
* [[MPM-10|Montreal Metro MPM-10]] (joint venture with Bombardier)
* [[Alstom Movia]]
'''Light rail / trams'''
* [[Citadis]]
* [[Flexity]]
* [[Alstom Innovia]] – fully automated transportation systems
** [[Innovia APM]]
** [[Innovia Metro]]
** [[Innovia Monorail]]
''' Passenger coaches'''
* [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach]]
* [[Surfliner (railcar)]]
* [[Comet V]]
* [[GEC Alstom Push-Pull Coach]] (on [[Israel Railways]] [[Israel Railways#Carriages 2|from 1996 to 2022]])
* [[Bombardier MultiLevel Coach]]
{{Columns-end}}

== Former businesses ==
=== Power generation ===
Alstom power activities were collectively called Alstom Power Systems and included the design, manufacturing, services, and supply of products and systems for the power generation sector and industrial markets. The group covered most energy sources, including gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, wind. Power Systems provided components for power generation including boilers, steam turbines, and gas turbines, wind turbines, generators, air quality control systems, and monitoring and control systems for power plants, as well as related products. It had a special focus on boilers and emissions control equipment.<ref name=BizWeek />

Power Systems also provided services such as product retrofitting for nuclear and fossil steam turbines and refurbishment of existing power plants. It performed maintenance and servicing under long-term agreements for its own turbines, as well as those manufactured by GE and Siemens.

In Russia, the company serviced nuclear equipment under a joint agreement with [[Atomenergomash]] and provided technology transfer for a project of floating nuclear power plants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-02 |title=Alstom forms joint venture with Russia's Atomenergomash |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Alstom-forms-joint-venture-with-Russia-s-Atomenerg |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=World Nuclear News |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001175129/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Alstom-forms-joint-venture-with-Russia-s-Atomenerg |url-status=live }}</ref> In Brazil, Alstom, together with [[Bardella]], ran a joint venture called [[Indústria Metalúrgica e Mecânica da Amazônia]] to build hydroelectric power plants throughout the Amazon and Latin American regions. In India, Alstom had a joint venture with [[Bharat Forge]] to manage power production from start to finish.<ref name="BizWeek">{{cite web|title=Alstom (ALO:Euronext Paris) Company Description|work=Business Week|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot_article.asp?ticker=ALO:FP|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140625022420/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot_article.asp?ticker=ALO:FP|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2014|access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, the entire power sector was taken over by [[General Electric]].

=== Alstom Grid ===
A third business section based on [[power transmission]] was formed on 7 June 2010 with the acquisition of the transmission business of Areva SA. The division manufactures equipment for the entire chain of electrical power transmission, including ultra-high voltage transmission lines (both AC and DC).
Alstom Grid is headquartered at [[La Défense]], the business district west of Paris, and has four main businesses: electrical transmission system products, power electric system, automation, and service. Alstom Grid has roughly 10% of the global market share.<ref>{{cite news|title=Whoever wins Alstom power assets, industry faces shakeout|first=Geert|last=De Clercq|work=Reuters|date=29 April 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-competition-idUSBREA3S0PU20140429|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524132113/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alstom-offer-competition-idUSBREA3S0PU20140429|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, the grid division was taken over by General Electric and renamed as ''GE Grid Solutions''.

== Financial information ==
Alstom was listed on the London, New York and Paris Stock Exchanges when it was floated on 22 June 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/5/ALSTOM-1998-1999-A-year-of-solid-results-19990526/|title=ALSTOM 1998/1999 : A year of solid results|access-date=24 June 2014|website=Alstom.com|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730175217/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/1999/5/ALSTOM-1998-1999-A-year-of-solid-results-19990526/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the financial reconstruction in 2003, the company remained listed on the [[Euronext Paris|Paris Stock Exchange]], but was delisted from the [[London Stock Exchange]] on 17 November 2003 and the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in August 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trustnet.com/Investments/Article.aspx?id=200309261600152457Q |title=Alstom Re Secondary Listing |website=Trustnet.com |access-date=25 June 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204135/http://www.trustnet.com/Investments/Article.aspx?id=200309261600152457Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Alstom takeover, French government slams brakes|work=Market Business News|date=27 April 2014|url=http://marketbusinessnews.com/alstom-takeover-french-government-slams-brakes/19514|access-date=24 June 2014|first=Marie|last=Singer|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712173112/http://marketbusinessnews.com/alstom-takeover-french-government-slams-brakes/19514|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation| title = Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Générale d'Electricité|work = International Directory of Company Histories| volume =9|publisher=St. James Press|year= 1994|ref=idch1994}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{CAC 40 companies}}
{{Railway signalling}}
{{Portalbar|Companies|France}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alstom| ]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1928]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1928]]
[[Category:CAC 40]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Euronext Paris]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of France]]
[[Category:Rolling stock manufacturers of France]]
[[Category:Rail infrastructure manufacturers]]
[[Category:Railway signalling manufacturers]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of France]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in France]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1928]]
[[Category:French brands]]
[[Category:Former cross-listed companies]]
[[Category:Electric motor manufacturers]]

Department of Panchayati Raj (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:12Z

KathrinChick016: Article

{{short description|State government department in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Panchayati Raj
| native_name = पंचायती राज विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = FFP Building, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Manoj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/panchayatiraj|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Panchayati Raj''' is a department under [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for policy, programmes, and administration of the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]] (PRIs) within the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Panchayati Raj |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/panchayatiraj |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref> It works to empower local self-governance at the village, block, and district levels, in accordance with the [[Constitution of India]] and the Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act, 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Datta |first=Prabhat |title=Democratic Decentralization through Panchayati Raj in Contemporary India: The Changes and Challenges |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/9978/1/HPSACP_Datta.pdf |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |year=2002 |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act, 2001 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/jharkhand/2001/2001Jharkhand6.pdf |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act, 2001 (English) |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5041/1/jharkhand_panchayat_raj_act_2001_english.pdf |publisher=India Code |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Panchayati Raj. Civil servants such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Panchayati Raj is [[Dipika Pandey Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-26 |title=Jharkhand Minister Dipika Pandey inaugurates Shri Shri Durga Puja Pandal in Jamshedpur's Chhota Govindpur |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-minister-dipika-pandey-inaugurates-shri-shri-durga-puja-pandal-in-jamshedpurs-chhota-govindpur/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

List of people from Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-22T05:57:24Z

KathrinChick016: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

This is a list of [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|notable]] people from [[Uttar Pradesh]], a state in India. The criteria of this list includes those who were born in the state of Uttar Pradesh and that part of the former [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] that now is part of the modern state of Uttar Pradesh.

{{TOC right |limit=2}}

==Deities and avatars==
; Jains Gods / Deities
* [[Rishabhanatha]] or [[Rishabhanatha|Ādinath]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]) 1st Tirthankara of Jainism and founder of Jainism
* [[Ajitnatha]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]) 2nd Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Sambhavanatha]] (birthplace: [[Shravasti]]) 3rd Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Abhinandananatha]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]) 4th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Sumatinatha]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]) 5th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Padmaprabha]] (birthplace: [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]) 6th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Suparshvanatha]] (birthplace: [[Varanasi]]) 7th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Chandraprabha]] (birthplace: [[Chandrawati Jain temple|Chandrawati]], Varanasi) 8th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Pushpadanta]] (birthplace: [[Khukhundoo]]) 9th Tirthankara of Jainism.
* [[Shreyansnath]] (birthplace: [[Sarnath]]), 11th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Vimalanatha]] (birthplace: [[Kampilya]]), 13th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Anantanatha]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]), 14th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Dharmanatha]] (birthplace: [[Ratnapuri, India|Ratnapuri]]), 15th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Shantinath]] (birthplace: [[Hastinapur]]), 16th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Kunthunath]] (birthplace: [[Hastinapur]]), 17th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Aranath]] (birthplace: [[Hastinapur]]), 18th Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Neminath]] (birthplace: [[Mathura]]), 22nd Tirthankara of Jainism
* [[Parsvanatha]] (birthplace: [[Varanasi]]), 23rd Tirthankara of Jainism

; Hindu gods / deities
* [[Rama]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]), legendary or historical king of [[Kingdoms of ancient India|ancient India]]; in [[Hinduism]], he is considered to be the seventh [[avatar]] of Vishnu
* [[Lakshmana]] (birthplace: [[Ayodhya]]), brother and close companion of Rama; a hero in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''
* [[Krishna|Lord Shree Krishna]] (birthplace: [[Mathura]]) [[deity]] worshiped across many traditions of [[Hinduism]]
* [[Parashuram]] (birthplace: [[Ghazipur]]), was an avatar of [[Vishnu]]

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore 2 amk.jpg|[[Krishna|Lord Shree Krishna]] statue at the Sri Mariamman Temple ([[Singapore]])
File:Rama Lakshmana.jpg|L to R: [[Lord Rama]] and Lakshmana
File:Neminatha sculpture.jpg|Neminatha (stone). Chahaman, 11th century AD, Narhad, [[Rajasthan]]
File:Bhelupur Jain temple (cropped).jpg|Parsvanatha statue in [[Bhelupur Jain temple]], [[Varanasi]]
File:The Great Human ShriRam.jpg|Lord [[Rama]] with arrows
File:Sarnath Jain Temple (3).jpg|Shreyansanatha at [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]]
</gallery>

==Authors of the great epics==
* [[Bhrigu]] (birthplace: [[Ballia]]), one of the seven great sages, the [[Saptarshi]]s, one of the [[Prajapati]]s created by [[Brahma]]
* [[Sur (poet)|Sur]] (birthplace: [[Mathura]]), saint, poet and musician
* [[Tulsidas]] (Ramayana: [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]]), [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] poet and philosopher; wrote ''[[Ramacharitamanasa|Rāmacaritamānasa]]'' ("The Lake of the Deeds of Rama"), an epic devoted to [[Lord Rama]]
* [[Vyasa]], central and much revered figure in the majority of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions; authored ''[[Mahabharata]]''

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Queen_Nagamati_talks_to_her_parrot,_Padmavat,_c1750.jpg|Malik Mohammed Jayasi
File:Valmiki Ramayana.jpg|Valmiki
</gallery>

==Yogis, Sufi poets and mystics==
[[File:Shaix_Salím_Chishtí_of_the_Chishtiyya.jpg|thumb|upright|Salím Chishtí]]
* [[Amir Khusro]], [[Sufi]] [[mysticism|mystic]], one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Bharat Bhushan (yogi)|Bharat Bhushan]], only [[Padmashri]] recipient in yoga; founder President of Mokshayatan International Yogashram, [[Saharanpur]]
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], Gazi Miya of [[Bahraich]]
* [[Kabir]], poet and saint [[Varanasi]]
* [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], Sufi saint, born in [[Budaun]]
* [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], Yogi and Guru who introduced Yoga in the West. Born in [[Gorakhpur]] in 1893.
* [[Salim Chishti]], Sufi saint of Fatehpur Sikri, [[Agra]]

==Poet-saints and religious figures==
[[File:Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg|thumb|upright|Goswami [[Tulsidas]]]]

;Hindu scholars
* [[Narottama Dasa]]
* [[Devraha Baba]], Yogi [[Allahabad]]
* [[Jagadguru Rāmabhadrācārya]], [[Vaishnava]] scholar and [[Sanskrit]] commentator on the ''Prasthanatrayi'', [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].
* [[Ramanand]], founder of the Rāmānandī sect [[Allahabad|Prayag (in modern Allahabad)]]
* [[Raskhan]]
* [[Sant Ravidas]], poet and saint, [[Varanasi]]
* [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], founder and first guru of [[Radha Soami]] sect, [[Agra]]
* [[Shrivatsa Goswami]], Indologist and Gaudiya Vaishnava leader
* [[Sur (poet)|Sur]], blind Hindu poet, [[saint]] and musician born in Runkata near Agra
* [[Swami Karpatri]], teacher of [[Advaita]], popularly known as Dharma Samrat, [[Gorakhpur]]
* [[Swaminarayan]], founder of the [[Swaminarayan Faith|Swaminarayan sect]], [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
* [[Tulsidas]], composer of the [[Ramcharitmanas]]

;Islam scholars
* [[Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri]] (1606–1651), natural philosopher
* [[Karamat Ali Jaunpuri]] (1800-1873), Islamic scholar
* [[Hafiz Ahmad Jaunpuri]] (1834-1899), Islamic scholar
* [[Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri]] (1867–1921), Islamic scholar
* [[Abdur Rab Jaunpuri]] (1875–1935), Islamic scholar
* [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]] (died 1935), Islamic scholar
* [[Syed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri]] (1889–2001), Sufi saint
* [[Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri]] (1937–2017), Islamic scholar
* [[Malik Mohammad Jayasi]]

==Rulers and generals==
===Ancient===
*[[Keśin Dālbhya]], (or '''Dārbhya''') was a king of [[Panchala]] during the Late [[Vedic period]], most likely between {{circa}} 900 and 750 BCE.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/dialects.pdf ''Tracing the Vedic dialects''] in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, p.142</ref> He is mentioned prominently in the [[Taittiriya]] and [[Jaiminiya]] [[Brahmana]]s.<ref>Witzel (1989), p.127</ref>
*[[Pravahana Jaivali]], was a king of [[Panchala]] during the Late [[Vedic period]] (8th or 7th century BCE), mentioned in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (Vi.ii.9-13) and the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (V.4-8).<ref>[[H. C. Raychaudhuri]] (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.67.</ref> Like King Ajatashatru of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and King Asvapati Kaikeya of [[Madra]], he is depicted as a major Hindu philosopher-king.
*[[Pasenadi]], (c. 6th century BCE) was an [[Ikshvaku dynasty|{{transliteration|sa|Aikṣvāka}}]] ruler of [[Kosala]]. [[Shravasti|Sāvatthī]] was his capital. He succeeded after {{IAST|Sanjaya Mahākosala}}.<ref>Raychaudhuri H. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.90,176</ref>
*[[Virudhaka]], was a king of [[Kosala]] during the lifetime of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].
* [[Chandragupta Maurya]], {{efn|{{Ubl | [[Pali|Pāli]]:चन्दगुत्त मोरीय {{transliteration|pi|Candagutta Mōrīya}}| [[Sanskrit]]: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य {{transliteration|skt|Candragupta Maurya
}} | {{langx|grc|Σανδράκοπτος}} {{transliteration|grc|Sandrákoptos}} {{lang|grc|Σανδράκοττος}} {{transliteration|grc|Sandrákottos}} {{lang|grc|Ανδροκόττος}} {{transliteration|grc|Androkóttos}}}}}} (350-295 BCE) was the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]], a geographically-extensive empire based in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="chakrabarti-maurya-dynasty">{{citation|last=Chakrabarty|first=Dilip K.|author-link=Dilip K. Chakrabarti|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |location=New Delhi, Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=29|year=2010|isbn= 978-0-19-908832-4|quote=We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of Gujarat, Bengal, and Assam, shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions.}}</ref>
* [[Ashoka]], ({{IPA|sa|ɐˈʃo:kɐ}}, {{IAST3|Aśoka}}; {{circa|304}} – 232 BCE), popularly known as '''Ashoka the Great''', was the third [[Mauryan Emperor]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during {{circa|268}} to 232 BCE.
* [[Samudragupta]], (c. 335–375 CE) was the second emperor of the [[Gupta Empire]] of ancient India, and is regarded among the greatest rulers of India. As a son of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta I]] and the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] princess Kumaradevi, he greatly expanded his dynasty's political and military power.
* [[Chandragupta II]] (c. 375-415), also known by his title '''Vikramaditya''', as well as '''Chandragupta Vikramaditya''', was the third ruler of the [[Gupta Empire]] in [[India]].
*[[Kumaragupta I]] (c. 415–455 CE), an emperor of the [[Gupta Empire]] of Ancient India. A son of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta II]] and Queen [[Dhruvadevi]], he seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from [[Gujarat]] in the west to [[Bengal]] region in the east.
* [[Gomitra]]
* [[Gomitra|Gomitra II]]
* [[Brahmamitra]]

===Medieval===
*[[Rajyavardhana]], also known as '''Rajya Vardhan''', was the eldest son of [[Prabhakarvardhana]] and member of the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]. He ascended the throne after his father's death and was succeeded by his younger brother, [[Harsha]].
*[[Harsha]], ([[IAST]] Harṣa-vardhana; {{Circa|590}}–647 CE) was a [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Pushyabhuti]] emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 CE. He was the son of [[Prabhakaravardhana]] who had defeated the [[Alchon Huns|Alchon Hun]] invaders,<ref>India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World, by Alexander P. Varghese p.26</ref> and the younger brother of [[Rajyavardhana]], a king of [[Thanesar]], present-day [[Haryana]].
* [[Jahangir]], (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Jahangir {{!}} Ruler, Biography, Administration, & Achievements |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=britannica.com|archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |url-status=live }}</ref> known by his imperial name '''Jahangir''' ({{IPA|fa|d͡ʒahɑːn'giːr}}; {{lit|Conqueror of the World}}),<ref name=Brit>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |title=Jahāngīr |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> was the fourth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]], who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627.

===Modern===

* [[Rani of Jhansi]], the '''Rani of Jhansi''' (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858),<ref>[[Karl E. Meyer|Meyer, Karl E.]] & [[Shareen Blair Brysac|Brysac, Shareen Blair]] (1999) ''Tournament of Shadows''. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; p. 138 – "Known to history as Lakshmi Bai, she was possibly only twelve in 1842 when she married the aging and infirm Rajah of Jhansi ..."</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Though the day of the month is regarded as certain historians disagree about the year: among those suggested are 1827 and 1835.</ref> was the [[Maharaja|Maharani]] consort of the princely state of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]] in [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] from 1843 to 1853 by marriage to [[Gangadhar Rao|Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar]].

====Nawab of Awadh====
* [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], (b. {{birth date|df=yes|1732|01|19}} – d. {{death date|df=yes|1775|01|26}}) was the [[Subedar]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=O. P. Singh |title=History of India, from 1707 to 1856 |date=1968 |publisher=Surjeet Book Depot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Shuja-ud-Daula%22+-wikipedia}}</ref> and [[Nawab of Oudh]] and the [[Vizier]] of [[Delhi]] from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Awadh Princely States of India]</ref>
* [[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah]], (23 September 1748 – 21 September 1797) was the [[Nawab wazir of Oudh]] ratified by [[Shah Alam II]], from 26 January 1775 to 21 September 1797,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Awadh|title=Indian Princely States A-J}}</ref> and the son of [[Shuja-ud-Dowlah]].
* [[Wajid Ali Shah]], (30 July 1822 – 1 September 1887) was the eleventh and last [[King of Awadh]], holding the position for 9 years, from 13 February 1847 to 11 February 1856.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wajid- Ali-Shah (1847-1856)|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/history1/wajid.html|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wajid Ali Shah (1847-1856)|url=http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|publisher=Lucknow.me|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref>

====Banaras state====
*[[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]], His eldest son, Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Raja Sri Balwant Singh Sahib Bahadur [[Bhumihar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/page/493/mode/1up |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/page/66/mode/1up |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=66}}</ref> who succeeded his father as [[Raja]] of Kaswar and [[Nazim]] of Benares in 1738.
*[[Maharaja Chait Singh]], commonly known as '''Chait Singh, a''' [[Bhumihar]] king was a ruler of [[Benares State|Kingdom of Benaras]] in northern [[India]].<ref name="Agrarian Relations">{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA67 |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920. |publisher=United Kingdom: University of California Press. |year=1989 |isbn=9780520057111 |edition=1st |location=United Kingdom |pages=66–69 |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Prabhu Narayan Singh]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE}} (26 November 1855 – 4 August 1931) was ruler of the [[Benares State]] ([[Royal House of Benares]]), an [[India]]n [[princely state]], from 1889 to 1931.
*[[Vibhuti Narayan Singh]], (5 November 1927 – 25 December 2000) was the king of [[Benares State|Benares]], a city considered holy, located in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

====Kohra estate====
*[[Babu Himmat Sah]]
*[[Babu Bhoop Singh]]

==Independence Fighters==
===18th century===
* [[Maharaja Chait Singh]], ruler of [[Banaras State|Banaras]], one of the earliest rebel against Company rule.

=== Indian Rebellion of 1857 ===
[[File:Mangal pandey gimp.jpg|thumb|upright|Mangal Pandey]]
[[File:Babu Bhoop Singh of Kohra.png|thumb|[[Babu Bhoop Singh]] of [[Kohra (estate)]], Leader in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]]]
* [[Mangal Pandey]], one of the earliest independence fighters of 1857.
* [[Banke Chamar]], was the freedom fighter of the 1857 revolution who was leading the revolution from Jaunpur.
* [[Bakht Khan]], nominal commander-in-chief of Indian rebel forces in the Indian Rebellion of 1857
*[[Amar Shahid Bandhu Singh]], fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he was from Dumari Riyasat of [[Gorakhpur]]
* [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], widow of the last Nawab of Awadh; Indian independence fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Lal Pratap Singh]], fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and Yuvraj of [[Kalakankar]]
* [[Maulvi Liaquat Ali]], Indian independence fighter of 1857 from [[Allahabad]]; captured the Khusro Bagh in Allahabad and declared the independence of India
* [[Rani Lakshmibai]], Rani (Queen) of Jhansi
* [[Rao Kadam Singh]], freedom fighter; elected by his [[Gurjar]] clansmen as their leader to fight against the British forces during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Jhalkari Bai|Jhalkari Bai Koli]], Great Indian freedom fighter of 1857; fought against British rule; Commander of Army of Jhansi
* [[Dhan Singh Gurjar]], main freedom fighter of 1857 revolt from Meerut
* [[Babu Bhoop Singh]], ruler of [[Kohra (estate)]] and a leader of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Rao Umrao Singh Bhati]], ruler of [[Dadri]] and a leader of 1857 rebellion

===Later 19th and 20th centuries===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Acharya Narendra Dev]], socialist
* [[Asaf Ali]], independence fighter
* [[Chauri Chaura incident|Bhagwan Ahir]], lead Chaura-chauri incident
* [[Genda Lal Dixit]] (30 November 1888 – 21 December 1920) was an Indian revolutionary who led the Shivaji Samiti group of freedom fighters against the [[British Raj]].
* [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], leader of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
* [[Ashfaqullah Khan]] of [[Kakori]], independence fighter; member of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]; close associate of [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Chandrashekhar Azad]]
* [[Chittu Pandey]], independence fighter
* [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], independence fighter, journalist
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], Indian independence fighter and politician; Chief Minister of the United Provinces; Bharat Ratna recipient<ref name="BR">[[Bharat Ratna]] ("Gem of India") is India's highest [[civilian award]], awarded for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes [[artistic]], [[literary]], and [[scientific]] achievements, as well as "recognition of public service of the highest order".</ref>
* [[Hasrat Mohani]], independence fighter and poet
* [[Laxmi Raman Acharya]], freedom fighter accused of the Agra Conspiracy case
* [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh Rathore]], independence fighter; member of [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]] who helped [[Bhagat Singh]] escape
* [[Mahavir Tyagi]], independence fighter
* [[Maulana Mohammad Ali]], independence fighter
* [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]], independence fighter
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], independence fighter, [[Ghazipur]]
* [[Munishwar Dutt Upadhyay]] of Pratapgarh, Indian Independence fighter; two time Member of Parliament
* [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], independence fighter
*[[Roshan Singh]], ([[Kakori conspiracy]]) independence fighter
* [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], Indian independence fighter and socialist
* [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], King of Hathras Princely State, known as Aryan Peshwa
* [[Rajendra Lahiri]], independence fighter
* [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], socialist
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] Indian independence fighter and socialist ([[Kakori conspiracy]])
* [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]], freedom fighter.
* [[Vijay Singh Pathik]]
* [[Vishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi]] (5 October 1899 – 18 November 1959) was an Indian lawyer and politician.
}}

==Award winners==

===Param Vir Chakra===
* Company Quartermaster Havildar [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]], [[Ghazipur]]
* Captain [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
* [[Naik Jadu Nath Singh]] [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] Shahjahan pur, fighter of [[World War II]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
* Captain [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]], of Aurangabad, [[Bulandshahr]]; hero of [[Tiger Hill (Kargil)|Tiger Hill]] in Kargil war

===Maha Vir Chakra===
* [[Brigadier Mohammad Usman]] [[Azamgarh]]
* Captain [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]]
* Lance Naik [[Ram Ugrah Pandey]]
* Air Chief Marshall [[S. K. Kaul|Swaroop Krishna Kaul]]

===Ashok Chakra===

* Constable [[Kamlesh Kumari]]
* Naik [[Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Harsh Uday Singh Gaur]]
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Jas Ram Singh]]

===Bharat Ratna===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bhagwan Das]], philosopher and freedom fighter, [[Varanasi]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], leader of the Indian independence movement; first Prime Minister of India
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], freedom fighter, former Prime Minister; belonged to [[Varanasi]] and [[Allahabad]]
* [[Purushottam Das Tandon|Rajrishi Purushottam Das Tandon]], freedom fighter, Allahabad
* [[Ravi Shankar]], sitar maestro, [[Ghazipur]]
* [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya]], educationist and politician, founder of [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], politician, eleventh Prime Minister of India
}}

===Padma Vibhushan===
* [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Kishan Maharaj]]
* [[Uday Shankar]]
* [[Kalyan Singh]]
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]

===Padma Bhushan===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Dhyan Chand]], international hockey player
* [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]], film actor
* [[Mahesh Prasad Mehray]], ophthalmologist
* [[Bhagwati Charan Varma]], Hindi author
* [[Irfan Habib]], historian
* [[Josh Malihabadi]], poet
* [[Kishan Maharaj]], tabla maestro
* [[Obaid Siddiqui]], science
* [[Qurratulain Hyder]], author
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]]
* [[Ram Kinkar Upadhyay]], scholar
* [[Srilal Shukla]], Hindi writer
* [[Naushad]], music director
}}

===Padma Shree===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bekal Utsahi]] poet, writer
* [[Giriraj Kishore]] writer
* [[Gopaldas Neeraj]], Hindi poet and lyricist
* [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], scholar of Unani medicine
* [[Hamid Ansari]], Vice President of India
* [[K. P. Saxena]], writer
* [[Kanhai Chitrakar]]
* [[Kapil Deva Dvivedi]]
* [[Kunwar Digvijay Singh]] Babu, hockey Olympian
* [[Mansoor Hasan]], Medicine (2011)
* [[Maqbool Ahmed Lari]], Litt. & Edu.
* [[Mohammed Shahid]], ex-captain of Indian hockey team, [[Varanasi]]
* [[Muzaffar Ali]], film director
* [[Prakash Singh]]
* [[Praveen Chandra]], cardiac surgeon
* [[Vidya Niwas Mishra]], writer
* [[Yogiraj Bharat Bhushan]], only Padmashri awardee yogi; founder director of Mokshayatan International Yogashram at [[Saharanpur]]
* [[Ravindra Jain]], singer, music composer, lyricst
* [[Malini Awasthi]]
* [[Usha Yadav]], Educationist
* [[Anil K. Rajvanshi]], Grassroot research
}}

===Dada Saheb Phalke Award===
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], lyricist
* [[Naushad Ali]], music composer
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]], film actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer

===Gyananpith Awards===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan]]
* [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], writer and poet
* [[Amarkant]]
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], poet
* [[Mahadevi Verma]], poet
* [[Qurratulain Hyder]], writer
* [[Sri Lal Sukla]]
}}

===Magasaysay Award===
* [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]], water conservationist
* [[Sandeep Pandey]]

===Arjuna Award===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Abhinn Shyam Gupta]], badminton
* [[Ashish Kumar (gymnast)|Ashish Kumar]], gymnastics
* [[Narsingh Yadav]], Wrestler
* [[Satish Kumar (boxer)|Satish Kumar Yadav]], Boxer
* [[Jagbir Singh]], hockey
* [[Moraad Ali Khan]], shooter
* [[Syed Modi]], badminton
* [[Varun Bhati]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Rio-Paralympics-Mariyappan-Thangavelu-wins-gold-Varun-Bhati-clinches-bronze-in-mens-high-jump/articleshow/54259706.cms|title=Rio Paralympics: Mariyappan Thangavelu wins gold, Varun Bhati clinches bronze in men's high jump|work=The Times of India |date=10 September 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
}}

===Major Dhyan Chand Award===
* [[Rajkumar Baisla]], (Wrestling) from Vill. Mewla Bhatti, [[Ghaziabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yespunjab.com/|title=Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India & World|date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

==Defence services==

===Army===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Brigadier Mohammad Usman]], recipient of Maha Vir Chakra
* [[Jadunath Singh]], Rajput Regiment, recipient of Param Vir Chakra<ref name="Nk Jadunath Singh, PVC, Summary @ TWDI">{{cite web|title=Nk Jadunath Singh, PVC (Details)|url=http://twdi.in/node/491|agency=The War Decorated India & Trust|access-date=26 September 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160927180024/http://twdi.in/node/491| archive-date =27 September 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref>
* [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]], four Grenadiers, Indian Army, Param Vir Chakra recipient<ref name="PVC"/>
* [[K.M. Seth]]
* [[Lt. General Zameerud-din Shah]]
* [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]], [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] of the [[Indian Army]], Param Vir Chakra recipient<ref name="PVC"/>
* [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]], 18th Grenadiers of the [[Indian Army]], Param Vir Chakra recipient<ref name="PVC">[[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the highest degree of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy.</ref>
* [[Asaram Tyagi]], Mahavir Chakra in Indo-Pak war of 1965
}}

===Air force===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[S.K. Kaul]], Air Chief Marshal (Retd)
* [[Trevor Keelor]] IAF, Vir Chakra winner in Indo-Pak war of 1965
* [[Denzil Keelor]] IAF, Air Marshall (Retd), Vir Chakra winner; Kirti Chakra recipient
* [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]], Air Chief Marshal (Retd)
* [[S.P. Tyagi]], Air Chief Marshal (Retd)
* [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]], Air Chief Marshal, 26th [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]]
}}

===Navy===
* Captain [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]]

==Science and medicine==
[[File:Lalji Singh Bkm.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Lalji Singh]]]]
* [[Sushruta]], is the listed author of the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (''Sushruta's Compendium''), a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of [[Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |title=The Roots of Ayurveda |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044824-5 |oclc=708372480 }}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Anil K. Rajvanshi]], sustainability and rural development expert
* [[Afroz Ahmad]], environmental scientist and [[public administration|administrator]]
* [[Harish-Chandra]] (Mehrotra), mathematician who did fundamental work in [[representation theory]], especially [[harmonic analysis]] on [[Semisimple Lie group|semisimple]] [[Lie groups]]
* [[Atul Kumar (chemist)|Atul Kumar]], CSIR-CDRI (inventor of anti-osteoporosis drug)
* [[Lalji Singh]], molecular biologist
* [[P. K . Sethi]], inventor of the [[Jaipur foot]]
* [[Prem Chand Pandey]], scientist, physicist, meteorologist, oceanographer
* [[Raj Vir Singh Yadav]]
* [[Kazi Mobin-Uddin]], inventor of Inferior vena cava filter
* [[Shahid Jameel]], Indian virologist
* [[Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie]], Indian marine geologist and former director of the National Institute of Oceanography.
* [[Mriganka Sur]], Indian-born neuroscientist working in the United States
* [[Digvijai Singh]]
* [[Jhillu Singh Yadav]], Chemist<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Sri Niwas]], Indian geophysicist.
* [[Nishith Gupta]], molecular biologist
* [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]], organic chemist specialising in natural product chemistry
* [[Rajendra K. Pachauri]], chairman of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]<ref name="france-in-india.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.france-in-india.org/en/article.php3?id_article=1317 |title=M.S Swaminathan, R.K Pachauri, Ela Bhatt, Father C. Prakash receive French Govt. awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000015/http://www.france-in-india.org/en/article.php3?id_article=1317 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Khattree]], Distinguished Professor and statistician who worked in [[statistical inference]], [[multivariate analysis]], [[experimental designs]], [[biostatistics]] and [[quality control]]
* [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], medical pharmacologist
* [[Rajeev Kumar Varshney]], agricultural scientist, genomics specialist, biotechnologist
* [[Zahoor Qasim]], oceanographer, leader of first Indian expedition to Antarctica
* [[Aditi Sen De]] is an Indian scientist, a professor in quantum information and computation group at the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]], [[Allahabad]].
* [[Amita Aggarwal]] (born 1960) is an Indian clinical [[immunologist]] and [[rheumatologist]].
* [[Saroj Chooramani Gopal]], is an Indian medical doctor, medical educationist and considered as the first woman M.ch paediatric surgeon from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] in the country.
* [[Gaiti Hasan]] (born 19 November 1956) is an Indian scientist who researches in the fields of [[molecular biology]], [[genetics]], [[neuroscience]] and [[cell signalling]].<ref name="Gaiti Hasan - INSA Fellow">{{cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P06-1411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316225356/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P06-1411 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2014 |title=Gaiti Hasan – INSA Fellow |publisher=Indian National Science Academy www.insaindia.org |access-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Ruqaiya Hasan]] (3 July 1931<ref group=lower-alpha>After government birth records were lost in Pratapgarh, Hasan's mother re-registered Ruqaiya's birthdate as 3 July 1931, slightly earlier than her real birthdate, to enroll her in school earlier.</ref> – 24 June 2015) was a professor of [[linguistics]] who held visiting positions and taught at various universities in England.
* [[Zoya Hasan]] was Professor of [[Political Science]] and Dean of the School of Social Sciences (SSS) at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]].
* [[Ritu Karidhal]] is an Indian [[scientist]] and aerospace engineer working in the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). She was a Deputy Operations Director to India's Mars orbital mission, [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalyaan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/MOM-has-completed-a-revolution-around-Mars-ISRO-scientist-says/articleshow/55641825.cms|title=MOM has completed a revolution around Mars, ISRO scientist says|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Soniya Nityanand]] (born 6 September 1962) is an Indian [[Immunology|immunologist]] specialising in [[hematology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.click4doctor.in/doctor/dr-soniya-nityanand-hematologist-hematology/Lucknow/Uttar-Pradesh|title=Dr. Soniya Nityanand Hematologist, HEMATOLOGY in Lucknow Uttar-Pradesh - Click4Doctor.in|website=click4doctor.in|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref>
* [[Qamar Rahman]] is an Indian scientist who has worked extensively in the last 40 years to understand the physiological effects of [[nanoparticles]].
* [[Rani Dhavan Shankardass]] is an Indian [[social historian]] and global expert on [[prison reform]].
* [[Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma]], more popularly known as '''G K Vishwakarma''', was an eminent [[orthopedic surgeon]], academician and public health administrator.

==Technology==
* [[Dinesh Kunwar Patel]], innovator and developer of world's most languages speaking humanoid [[Shalu Robot|Robot Shalu]].
* [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]], Founder & CEO of Paytm
* [[Rashmi Sinha]] is an [[Indian people|Indian]] businesswoman and [[CEO]] of [[San Francisco|San Francisco-based]] technology company [[SlideShare]].
* [[Deepali Pant Joshi]] is a former executive director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (retired in 2017).<ref name="HINDU">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030703360200.htm |title=Bank ombudsman's advice to customers |via=hindu.com News |work=hindu.com |date=7 Mar 2006 |access-date=3 Jul 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131120100216/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030703360200.htm |archive-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Divya Jain]] is an Indian [[software engineer]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]. Jain has been called a "data doyenne" by ''Fortune''.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/23/box-divya-jain-reshma-khilnani-heidi-williams/|title = These Three Women Are Box's Big Data Triple Threat|last = Lev-Ram|first = Michal|date = 23 October 2015|work = Fortune|access-date = 21 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sairee Chahal]] is a [[technology]] [[entrepreneur]] and the founder and CEO of SHEROES, a platform that supports women entrepreneurs.<ref name="founder">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/this-founders-helping-more-women-turn-entrepreneur/articleshow/64416982.cms|title=This founder's helping more women do their own thing|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 June 2018 |access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/features/sairee-chahal-the-sheroes-story-and-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/|title=In Sairee Chahal's Shoes: The SHEROES Story And Backing Women Entrepreneurs In India|website=inc42.com|date=19 November 2019 |access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/|title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women|website=globalindianstories.com|date=16 June 2020 |access-date=2021-06-21 |last1=Howell |first1=Jonathan }}</ref>

==Holders of high offices==
===President===
* [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], Acting President of India
* [[Ram Nath Kovind]], 14th President of India

===Vice President===
* [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]], former [[Vice-President of India]]
* [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], former [[Vice-President of India]]
* [[Hamid Ansari]], former [[Vice-President of India]]

===Prime Ministers===

* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first [[Prime Minister of India]] and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], second Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>
* [[Indira Gandhi]], fourth Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>
* [[Choudhary Charan Singh]], fifth Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>
* [[Rajiv Gandhi]], sixth prime minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>
* [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]], eighth Prime Minister of India
* [[Chandra Shekhar]], ninth Prime Minister of India
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. eleventh Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee<ref name="BR"/>

===Prime Ministers of other countries ===
[[File:The Mauritius Prime Minister, Mr. Anerood Jugannath greeting the Union Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at the dinner hosted in the former's honour, by Prime Minister Shri P. V. Narasimha New Delhi on July 24, 1991.jpg|thumb|Jugnauth (center) with Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (left) and Finance Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] (right) in New Delhi, 1991]]
* [[Anerood Jugnauth]], former Prime Minister of [[Mauritius]], His grand father migrated from [[Ballia district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=91 साल की उम्र में मॉरीशस के पूर्व PM का निधन, प्रधानमंत्री मोदी और विदेश मंत्री ने जताया दुख |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-mauritius-president-anirudh-jugnauth-died-prime-minister-modi-and-foreign-minister-expressed-grief-21706469.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Pravind Jugnauth]], [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]], Son of Anerood Jugnauth<ref name="livehindustan.com">{{Cite web |title=अलविदा अनिरुद्ध जगन्नाथ: मॉरिशस में हिंदी को सम्मान दिलाने वाला गिरमिटिया चला गया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/international/story-mauritius-former-prime-minister-sir-anerood-jugnauth-dies-aged-91-anerood-jugnauth-profile-4090437.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

=== President of other countries===
* [[Anerood Jugnauth]], former President of [[Mauritius]], his grand father migrated from [[Ballia district]],<ref name="livehindustan.com"/>

===Governors===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[A R Kidwai]], former Governor of Haryana
* [[Girish Chandra Saxena]], former Governor of Jammu & Kashmir
* [[K.M. Seth]], former Governor of Chhattisgarh
* [[Kalyan Singh]], Governor of Rajasthan
* [[Khurshid Alam Khan]], former Governor of Karnataka
* [[Mohammad Fazal]], former Governor of Maharashtra
* [[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]], former Governor of Bihar
* [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], former Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
* [[Syed Sibtey Razi]], Governor of [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Triloki Nath Chaturvedi]], former CAG and former Governor of Karnataka
* [[Virendra Verma]], former Governor of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh
* [[Kalraj Mishra]], Governor of Rajasthan and former Governor Himanchal Pradesh
* [[Satya Pal Malik]], former Governor of Meghalaya, Odisha, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Goa
}}

===Chief Justices===
* [[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]], former Chief Justice of India
* [[Kamal Narain Singh]], former Chief Justice of India
* [[Mirza Hameedullah Beg]], former Chief Justice of India
* [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], former Chief Justice of India
* [[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]], former Chief Justice of India
* [[V. N. Khare]], former Chief Justice of India

===Chief Ministers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari]]
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
* [[Sampurnanand]]
* [[Sucheta Kripalani]]
* [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
* [[Choudhary Charan Singh]]
* [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]
* [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
* [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]
* [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
* [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
* [[Banarsi Das]]
* [[Babulal Gaur]], former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
* [[Sripati Mishra]]
* [[Vir Bahadur Singh]]
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
* [[Kalyan Singh]]
* [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
* [[Rajnath Singh]]
* [[Mayawati]]
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
* [[Yogi Adityanath]]
}}

==Political figures==

===Pre independence===
[[File:Madan Mohan Malaviya1.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]]]
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Indian National Congress]] leader
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], former President of Indian National Congress
* [[Munishwar Dutt Upadhyay]]
* [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
* [[Rai Rajeshwar Bali]], education minister (1924–1928)
* [[Sampurnanand]]
* [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]]

===Post independence===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]], Former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], President of [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], political leader
* [[Bacha Pathak]], 7 time MLA from [[Bansdih]] constituency, 2 time cabinet minister in [[Uttar Pradesh government]]
* [[Beni Prasad Verma]], former minister and leader
* [[Chandra Shekhar]], former prime minister of [[India]]
* [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]], political leader
* [[Choudhary Charan Singh]]
* [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya]]
* [[Devendra Nath Dwivedi]], Indian politician and [[List of Governors of Indian states|Governor]] designate of [[Gujarat]]
* [[Dinanath Bhaskar]], political leader; former minister
* [[Feroze Gandhi]]
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
* [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]
* [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Ishwar Chandra Shukla]]
* [[Kalyan Singh]], UP CM and Rajasthan Governor; BJP Vice President
* [[K.C. Tyagi]]
* [[Kailash Nath Katju]], former Union Home Minister and lawyer
* [[Kalpnath Rai]]
* [[Kamal Nath]], politician
* [[Kamlesh Tiwari]], founder of Hindu Samaj Party, who insulted Muhammad, was imprisoned, and murdered after his release
* [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
* [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Laxmi Raman Acharya]]
* [[Mahendra Singh Tikait]], Kisan leader
* [[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]] (b. 1938), UP MLA, cabinet minister<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web | title = Members Official Bioprofile | publisher = Lok Sabha website | url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2453.htm | accessdate = 2014-05-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010011/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2453.htm | archive-date = 28 May 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Marghoob Ahmad Lari]], former State Minister of Tourism
* [[Mayawati]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], former [[Defence Minister of India]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], founder of [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Muzaffar Hasan]], former Transport Minister, [[Indian National Congress]] party
* [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
* [[Om Prakash Singh]], Former [[chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]]
* [[Prakash Vir Shastri]], member of Parliament and advocate of the [[Arya Samaj]] movement
* [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]
* [[Raj Babbar]], member of Parliament
* [[Raj Mangal Pande]]
* [[Raj Narain]]
* [[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]] (1925–1999), former cabinet minister<ref name=lok>{{cite web |title=9th Lok Sabha: Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2675.htm |publisher=Lok Sabha Official website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103122124/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2675.htm |archivedate=3 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], Gandhian, first lady Minister of India
* [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
* [[Ram Chandra Vikal]], Deputy Chief Minister
* [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
* [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Ex-[[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Sampurnanand]], Ex-[[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Singh]]
* [[Satyapal Singh Yadav]], former union minister
* [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]], union minister
* [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]], Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), Minister of state (finance), former Cabinet Minister (Government of Uttar Pradesh)
* [[Shyama Charan Gupta]], politician, entrepreneur
* [[Shyamlal Yadav]], former union minister and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
* [[Sunder Lal]]
* [[Suresh Pasi]], ministries of housing, vocational education, skill development
* [[Thakur Ji Pathak]], activist, Indian political leader
* [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]], 7th prime minister of India
}}
* [[Yogi Adityanath]], [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]

==Civil service / diplomacy==
===Indian Foreign Service===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Asaf Ali]], first Indian Ambassador to the United States
* [[Braj Kumar Nehru]], Indian diplomat and [[Ambassador of India to United States of America|Ambassador of India to the United States]]
* [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]], first Secretary-General of Foreign Affairs
* [[Shilendra Kumar Singh]], former Foreign Secretary of India; former Governor of Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh
* [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], Indian [[diplomat]] and [[politician]]; sister of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
}}

===Civil services===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Afroz Ahmad]], member of NCA, [[Government of India]]
* [[Baleshwar Rai]]
* [[Chandrika Prasad Srivastava]], bureaucrat
* [[Dharma Vira]], ICS, cabinet secretary and governor of West Bengal, Mysore
* [[Durga Shanker Mishra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Durga Shankar Mishra assumes charge as UP chief secretary |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/durga-shankar-mishra-assumes-charge-as-up-chief-secretary/articleshow/88587853.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Iqbal Ahmad]], former Chief Information Commissioner (2012) Madhya Pradesh
* [[Isha Basant Joshi]], first woman to be appointed an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
* [[Manzoor Alam Quraishi]], former ICS of 1941 batch, Uttar Pradesh Cadre), born in Ballia
* [[Neera Yadav (civil servant)|Neera Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-17 |title=Tainted Uttar Pradesh top official gets clean chit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/tainted-uttar-pradesh-top-official-gets-clean-chit/story-kdLKkK8M7bPjrflmkRj32L.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* [[Vinod Rai]], CAG
* [[Vinod Kumar Yadav]], first CEO of [[Railway Board]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Indian Railway Board gets its first-ever CEO — Vinod Kumar Yadav |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/meet-vinod-kumar-yadav-the-first-ceo-of-114-year-old-indian-railway-board-11599143207223.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=mint}}</ref>
* [[Wajahat Habibullah]], Chief Information Commissioner of India
* [[Vijai Shankar Dubey]] is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of 1966 cadre batch. He is the only IAS officer to have served as Chief Secretary of two states [[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/dubey-appointed-chief-secy-of-jharkhand_4184.html|title=Dubey appointed Chief Secy of Jharkhand|date=12 November 2000}}</ref>
* [[Yogendra Narain]] is a 1965 batch retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre. He is a former [[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]. He also served as the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]], [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Surface Transport Secretary of India]]. He is the current Chancellor of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] (HNBGU) situated in [[Pauri Garhwal district]] of Uttrakhand. From 2007 to 2017, he was serving as Director at [[Reliance Power]] and [[Reliance Infrastructure]].
}}

=== Indian Police Service ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Brij Lal (police officer)|Brij Lal]]
* [[Girish Bihari]]
* [[Jagmohan Yadav]]
* [[Manoj Yadava]]
* [[Mukul Goel]]
* [[Navniet Sekera]]
* [[Prakash Singh]]
* [[Shrish Chandra Dikshit]]
* [[Sulkhan Singh]]
* [[Laxmi Singh]]
}}

==Business==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Sumit Jain]], entrepreneur, co-founder and CEO Opentalk.to, Co-Founder and ex-CEO [[Commonfloor.com]]
* [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]], CMD Saaibaba Telefilms; founder of Ganga Gauri Mahavidyalaya, Ramnagar, Baijabari, Azamgarh
* [[K.P. Singh]], president of DLF Universal Group
* [[Shyama Charan Gupta]], founder of [[Shyam Group]]
* [[Subrata Roy|Subroto Roy]], founder of [[Sahara India]]
* [[Vinod Gupta]], former CEO and chairman of InfoUSA; founder of [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]]
* [[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
* [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]], founder and CEO of Paytm<ref>{{cite news|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4269|title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107185834/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4269|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairperson of Paras Milk Pvt. Ltd.
* [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]], founder and executive vice chairman of [[Info Edge]] which owns [[Naukri.com]], a job portal,<ref name=bu>{{cite news |title=Bikhchandani hits Rs 722 cr jackpot|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=17780 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2006-11-21| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926094927/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=17780 | archive-date=2010-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dot-com's poster boy - Sanjeev Bikhchandani |author=Kushan Mitra |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/dotcoms-poster-boy--sanjeev-bikhchandani/story/1174.html |date=2008-01-13 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731073204/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/dotcoms-poster-boy--sanjeev-bikhchandani.html/1/1174.html |archive-date=2011-07-31 }}</ref> and the co-founder of [[Ashoka University]].
* [[Ponty Chadha]]
* [[Sunil Duggal]]
* [[Jaiprakash Gaur]], (born {{circa}}1930) is an Indian entrepreneur. He founded and, until his retirement in 2010, was the chairman of [[Jaypee Group]].
* [[Himanshu Gupta]], is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] [[energy policy]] expert, engineer and [[entrepreneur]] in [[climate change]]. He is the co-founder and [[chief executive officer]] of [https://climate.ai/ ClimateAI], which was recognized in 2022 by [[Time magazine]] as one of the greatest innovations of that year.
* [[Piyush Gupta]], currently serving as the chief executive officer, and director of [[DBS Bank|DBS Group]], the largest bank in Southeast Asia by total assets.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2014|title=Singapore's DBS names Citi's Piyush Gupta as CEO|work=[[Reuters]]|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-42125020090901|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908132558/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-42125020090901|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2009|access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia-Pacific's 50 largest banks by assets, 2020|url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/asia-pacific-s-50-largest-banks-by-assets-2020-58021637|access-date=2021-01-09|website=spglobal.com}}</ref>
* [[Puran Chandra Gupta]], was an Indian journalist who founded the Dainik Jagran media group and it Hindi-language publication ''[[Dainik Jagran]]''.<ref name=r2>[http://www.istampgallery.com/puran-chandra-gupta/ Puran Chandra Gupta]. istampgallery.com</ref><ref name=r3>[http://www.sipa.org.in/bulletin/Apr-June%202012.pdf Puran Chandra Gupta]. ''SIPA Bulletin''. 2 January 2012. p. 18</ref>
* [[Haji Kallan]]
* [[Khwaja Abdul Hamied]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Jain]]
* [[Indu Jain]], was the chairperson of India's largest [[media group]], popularly known as [[The Times Group]].
* [[Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain]]
* [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]]
* [[Deepali Pant Joshi]]
* [[Anil Khandelwal]]
* [[Suneet Maheshwari]]
* [[Samir Modi]]
* [[Narendra Mohan]], was an Indian industrialist, chairman and managing director of the [[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] Prakashan, the publisher of the Hindi newspaper ''[[Dainik Jagran]]''<ref>[http://www.istampgallery.com/narendra-mohan/ Narendra Mohan]. istampgallery.com</ref>
* [[Kapil Mohan]]
* [[Meenakshi Sargogi]]
* [[Ajay S. Shriram]]
* [[Lala Kamlapat Singhania]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/supreme-court-singhania-group-juhu-property-dispute|title=When SC Held a Rare Sunday Session for Singhania Property Dispute|work=The Quint|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/muHXGyt0UPkb7QRGiKx85N/Put-a-framework-in-place-for-transfer-of-wealth.html|title=Put a framework in place for transfer of wealth|last=Vishwanathan|first=Vivina|date=15 September 2017|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/business/jk-organisations-rs-20000-crore-investment-plans-on-track-192179/|title=JK Organisation's Rs.20,000 crore investment plans on track|last=Service|first=Indo-Asian News|date=12 November 2014|work=India.com|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> (1884 – 1937) founder of the [[J. K. Organisation]], one of India's largest conglomerates.
* [[Saurabh Srivastava (entrepreneur)|Saurabh Srivastava]], entrepreneur, investment professional, institution builder and a former chairman of [[NASSCOM]], a trade organization for the promotion of Indian IT industry.<ref name="Past Chairmen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasscom.in/past-chairmen |title=Past Chairmen |date=2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |website=nasscom.in |publisher=NASSCOM |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182327/http://www.nasscom.in/past-chairmen |archivedate=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Ishwar Das Varshnei]], died 1948) was the father of the [[glass]] industry in [[India]].
* [[Shahnaz Husain]], (born 1944) the founder, chairperson and managing director of The Shahnaz Husain Group.
* [[Bimla Poddar]], is an Indian social worker, businessperson, philanthropist and the founder of Jnana Pravaha
}}

== Educators / founders of educational institutions==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]], founder of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]], founder of [[Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Jagdish Gandhi]], founder of the [[City Montessori School]]
* [[Naheed Abidi]]
* [[Runa Banerjee]]
* [[Gulbadan Begum]]
* [[Kamala Bose]]
* [[Chandabai]]
* [[Saeeda Faiz]]
* [[Abidullah Ghazi]]
* [[V. Mohini Giri]]
* [[Saroj Chooramani Gopal]]
* [[Mona Chandravati Gupta]]
* [[Hamida Habibullah]]
* [[Ruqaiya Hasan]]
* [[Zoya Hasan]]
* [[Radhika Herzberger]]
* [[Sehba Hussain]]
* [[Pupul Jayakar]]
* [[Deepali Pant Joshi]]
* [[Rehana Khatoon]]
* [[Aruna Kori]]
* [[Birju Maharaj]]
* [[Chittaranjan Mitra]]
* [[Rajat Moona]]
* [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]]
* [[Bimla Poddar]]
* [[Azarmi Dukht Safavi]]
* [[Rani Dhavan Shankardass]]
* [[Lilavati Singh]]
* [[Uday Pratap Singh]]
* [[Parveen Talha]]
* [[Romila Thapar]]
* [[Rashmi Tiwari]]
* [[Ragini Trivedi]]
* [[Mahadevi Varma]]
* [[Zahida Zaidi]]
* [[Roohi Zuberi]]
}}

==Authors==

===Hindi===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
[[File:Ramchandra Shukla.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ramchandra Shukla]]]]
* [[Acharya Chatursen]] (1891–1960), Hindi writer
* [[Acharya Kuber Nath Rai]]
* [[Amitabh Thakur]] Hindi writer
* [[Amritlal Nagar]], Hindi writer
* [[Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay]], Hindi writer
* [[Babu Gulabrai]], Hindi writer
* [[Baldev Upadhyaya]], Hindi scholar and writer
* [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]], Hindi writer
* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], Hindi writer
* [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], Hindi novelist
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]], Hindi writer
* [[Kashi Nath Singh]], Hindi writer
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Multilingualism|polyglot]]
* [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]], author of ''[[Padmavat]]''
* [[Prem Chand|Munshi Prem Chand]], novelist
* [[Rahi Masoom Raza]], author of ''Topi Shukla'' and ''Adha Gaon''
* [[Rajendra Yadav]], Hindi novelist
* [[Ramchandra Shukla]], Hindi writer and historian
* [[Ramlochan Vishwakarma]], Lok Writer
* [[Parichay Das]], essayist, poet, critic
* [[Ravindra Prabhat]], Hindi novelist
* [[Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan]]
* [[Sahajanand Saraswati]], author of books on sociology, freedom struggle, [[peasant movement]], and autobiography
* [[Sapan Saxena]] (b. 5 April 1985), novelist known for ''[[Finders, Keepers (Saxena novel)|Finders, Keepers]]'', [[UNNS-The Captivation]] and ''[[The Tenth Riddle]]''
* [[Shrilal Shukla]], writer of ''Raag Darbari''
* [[Sri Krishna Rai Hridyesh]]
* [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]], Hindi writer
* [[Vidya Niwas Mishra]], Hindi scholar
* [[Vinod Kumar Shukla]], writer
* [[Vishnu Sarma]], author of ''[[Panchtantra]]''
* [[Viveki Rai]]
* [[Yashpal]], Hindi writer

}}

===Urdu===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]]
* [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], author of books on [[Unani medicine]]
* [[Ibne Safi]], novelist of ''Jasoosi Duniya''
* [[Ismat Chugtai]], writer
* [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]], author of ''Umrao Jaan''
* [[Qurratulain Hyder]], writer of ''Aag Ka Darya''
}}

===English===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Leema Dhar]], novelist, poet and columnist
* [[Attia Hosain]], English author and journalist
* [[Ajay K. Pandey]], English author
* [[Anil Swarup]], English author
* [[Nitish Rajput]], English author
* [[Nayantara Sahgal]], novelist and writer
* [[Allan Sealy]], novelist and writer
* [[Vikas Swarup]], author of ''Q&A''
* [[Ruchita Misra]], author
* [[Ira Trivedi]] is an Indian author, columnist, and [[yoga]] teacher. She writes both fiction and nonfiction, often on issues related to women and gender in India.
}}

==Poets==
===Hindi===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Acharya Kuber Nath Rai]], Lit Nibandh
* [[Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay]]
* [[Gopal Das Neeraj]], Hindi poet
* [[Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt']]
* [[Harikrishna Prasad Gupta|Harikrishna Prasad Gupta Agrahari]], poet
* [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], writer and poet
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]], one of the four major pillars of the [[Chhayavaad]]i school of Hindi
* [[Kaka Hathrasi]], humorous poet
* [[Virendra Kumar Baranwal]], writer of ''Jinnah: ek punardrishti''
* [[Kedarnath Singh]]
* [[Kumar Vishwas]], Hindi Poet
* [[Mahadevi Varma]], a major poet of the ''Chhayavaadi'' generation, a period of [[romanticism]] in modern Hindi poetry; won the ''Jnanpith'' award in 1982
* [[Maithilisharan Gupt]], modern Hindi poet
* [[Dushyant Kumar]], Hindi poet
* [[Ramashankar Yadav]], Hindi Poet
* [[Shivmangal Singh Suman]]
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
* [[Sumitranandan Pant]], one of the four major pillars of the Chhayavaadi school of Hindi
* [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']]
}}

===Urdu===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Akbar Allahabadi]], poet
* [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], Urdu poet
* [[Bekal Utsahi]], Urdu poet
* [[Brij Narayan Chakbast]], Urdu poet
* [[Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim]], Urdu poet
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], Urdu poet, winner of Jnanpith award
* [[Hasrat Mohani]], Urdu poet
* [[Jigar Moradabadi]], Urdu poet
* [[Josh Malihabadi]], Urdu poet
* [[Kaifi Azmi]], Urdu and Hindi lyricist, poet and songwriter
* [[Khumar Barabankvi]], Urdu poet
* [[Majaz]], Urdu poet
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], poet and lyricist
* [[Masoom Moradabadi]], journalist
* [[Maulana Hali]], Urdu poet, biographer of Ghalib's life, and a commentator of his poetry
* [[Mir Anis]], Urdu [[Marsiya]] poet
* [[Mir Taqi Mir]]
* [[Mirza Ghalib]], classical [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet
* [[A. M. Turaz]], Poet & Film writer
* [[Safi Lakhnavi]], Urdu poet
* [[Zaigham]], Urdu poet who migrated to Bengal
}}

===Bhojpuri===
* [[Parichay Das]]
* [[Viveki Rai]]

==Environmentalists==
* [[Billy Arjan Singh]], as an Indian hunter turned [[Conservation movement|conservationist]] and author. He was the first who tried to reintroduce tigers and leopards from captivity into the wild.
* [[Afroz Ahmad]], is an Indian environment scientist and a former civil servant.
* [[Ranjit Bhargava]], is an Indian environmentalist, known for his endeavors towards environmental conservation and his efforts for obtaining [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] status for the upper [[Ganga]] region.<ref name="Ganga Action">{{cite web | url=http://www.gangaaction.org/drive-to-get-upper-ganga-declared-a-world-heritage-site/ | title=Ganga Action | publisher=Ganga Action | date=25 June 2011 | accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] (9 January 1927 – 21 May 2021) was an Indian [[environmentalist]] and [[Chipko movement]] leader.
* [[Anupam Mishra]] (1948 – 19 December 2016) was an Indian [[Gandhian]], author, journalist, environmentalist, TED speaker, and [[water conservationist]] who worked on promoting water conservation, water management and traditional [[rainwater harvesting]] techniques.<ref>[http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/people/Ruraljy.htm Rural Jal Yodhas:Anupam Mishra] rainwaterharvesting.org.</ref>
* [[Vandana Shiva]] (born 5 November 1952) is an Indian [[scholar]], [[environmental activist]], [[food sovereignty]] advocate, [[ecofeminist]] and [[anti-globalization]] author.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121028084032/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107 Who's Who of Women and the Environment – Vandana Shiva]. [[United Nations Environment Programme]] ([[UNEP]]). Last visited 2012.</ref>

==Scholars==
* [[Arun Tiwari]], missile scientist, author, professor
* [[Acharya Narendra Dev]]
* [[Adya Prasad Pandey]], notable economist of Banaras Hindu University and Currently Vice Chancellor of Manipur University
* [[Divya Dwivedi]], philosopher
* [[Masud Husain Khan]], eminent linguist; first Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at Aligarh Muslim University; fifth Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia, a central university in New Delhi
* [[Mushirul Hasan]], historian
* [[Raja Ram Yadav]], educationist, Physicist, former Vice Chancellor of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]
* [[Renu Khator]], Chancellor of the [[University of Houston System]]; President of the [[University of Houston]]; first Indian American to lead a major research university in the United States
*[[Saket Kushwaha]], educationist and agricultural economist of [[Banaras Hindu University]], currently Vice Chancellor of [[Rajiv Gandhi University]], former Vice Chancellor of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
* [[Shah Syed Hasnain Baqai]], Islamic scholar, thinker, reformer; known for his inclusive and broadminded interpretation of Islam; born in [[Safipur]]
* [[Sudhakara Dvivedi]] was born in 1855 in Khajuri, a village near [[Varanasi]]. In childhood he studied mathematics under Pandit Devakrsna.

==Fine arts==

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aman Singh Gulati]], world's first almond artist
* [[Gogi Saroj Pal]]
* [[Ram Chandra Shukla]], painter
* [[Arvind Gupta (toy inventor)|Arvind Gupta]], he is an Indian toy inventor, author, translator and scientist.
* [[Basawan]]
* [[Sukumar Bose]]
* [[Eric Bowen]]
* [[Mallika Chabba]]
* [[Vijay Gaur]]
* [[Prayag Jha]]
* [[Govind Kanhai]]
* [[Krishn Kanhai]]
* [[Anil Karanjai]]
* [[Imtiyaz Ali Khan]]
* [[Frank Wesley]]
* [[Ranbir Singh Bisht]]
* [[Yashodhar Mathpal]]
* [[Mola Ram]]
}}

==Journalism==
[[File:रघुवीर सहाय.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Raghuvir Sahay]]]]
* [[Aniruddha Bahal]], investigative journalist
* [[Arun Nehru]], former minister and columnist
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]], former editor of ''[[Dharamyug]]'' magazine
* [[Feroze Gandhi]], managing editor of ''National Herald''
* [[Manikonda Chalapathi Rau]], Indian journalist and an authority on [[Nehruvian]] thought
* [[Narendra Mohan]], Dainik Jagran
* [[Pankaj Mishra]], journalist
* [[Parichay Das]], writer, essayist, poet and editor of contemporary Bhojpuri poetry
* [[Raghuvir Sahay]], editor of ''Dinmaan''
* [[Ram Bahadur Rai]], magazine editor
* [[Saeed Naqvi]], journalist and TV producer
* [[Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain]], ''Times of India'' and ''Navbharat Times''
* [[Surendra Pratap Singh]], editor of ''Ravivar''
* [[Vinod Mehta]], editor
* [[Inderjit Badhwar]] (born 1943) is an Indian journalist, novelist and the former editor of [[India Today]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran editor and author to represent India at Prague Lit Fest|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/veteran-editor-author-represent-india-prague-lit-fest-1502524265.html|work=The Statesman|access-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran journalist Inderjit Badhwar to represent India at Prague Writers Festival|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/sep/10/veteran-journalist-inderjit-badhwar-to-represent-india-at-prague-writers-festival-1870159.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Inderjit Badhwar invited to participate in Prague Writers fest|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/inderjit-badhwar-invited-to-participate-in-prague-writers-fest-118090900441_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==Sports==
===Basketball===
* [[Prashanti Singh]] (born 5 May 1984, [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]) is a shooting guard for the [[India women's national basketball team|Indian national women's basketball team]].
* [[Pratima Singh]] is a member of the [[India women's national basketball team]],<ref>[http://www.asia-basket.com/player.asp?Cntry=IND&PlayerID=183784 Pratima Singh Profile], asia-basket.com</ref> hailing from Jaunpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Akanksha Singh]] (born 7 September 1989 in [[Varanasi]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]) is an Indian basketball player and former captain of the [[India Women's National Basketball Team]].
* [[Divya Singh]] ([[Hindi]]:'दिव्या सिंह') (born 21 July 1982) is former captain of the [[India women's national basketball team|Indian National Women's Basketball Team]].

===Hockey===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Dhyan Chand]], former international [[field hockey]] player, awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]], former international captain of the Indian hockey team and Chief [[Coach (hockey)|coach]] of Indian hockey team
* [[K. D. Singh (field hockey)|K. D. Singh]], former national hockey player and Olympian
* [[Mohammed Shahid]], former international field hockey player; member of the Indian team that won a gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Games]] in Moscow; awarded [[Arjuna Award]] in 1980 and [[Padma Shri]] in 1986
* [[Jagbir Singh]], captain and member of National Hockey team in 1988 and 1992 Olympics; awarded [[Arjuna Award]] in 1990
}}

===Baseball===
* [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku Singh]], one of the first two Indians to sign a professional baseball contract in the United States
* [[Dinesh Patel]], one of the first two Indians to sign a professional baseball contract in the United States

=== Wrestling ===
* [[Anuj Kumar|Anuj Chaudhary]]
* [[Divya Kakran]]
* [[Narsingh Yadav]]
* [[Sandeep Tulsi Yadav]]

===Cricket===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Arun Lal]], former Test cricketer
* [[Ashish Zaidi]], cricketer
* [[Obaid Kamal]], cricketer
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], international cricketer
* [[Chetan Chauhan]], former Test cricketer
* [[Deepti Sharma]], International cricketer
* [[Gyanendra Pandey (cricketer)|Gyanendra Pandey]], cricketer
* [[Hemlata Kala]], member of Indian women's cricket team
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]], cricketer
* [[Meghna Singh]], International Cricketer
* [[Mohammed Kaif]], international [[cricket]]er
* [[Mohammed Shami]], international cricketer
* [[Narendra Hirwani]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]], International Cricketer
* [[Priyam Garg]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Parvinder Awana]]
* [[R. P. Singh]], Rae Bareli (U.P.), international cricketer
* [[Swapnil Singh]], Rae Bareli (U.P.)
* [[Rajinder Hans]]
* [[Raman Lamba]]
* [[Rohan Gavaskar]]
* [[Sudip Tyagi]]
* [[Suresh Raina]], international cricketer
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]], international cricketer
* [[Surinder Amarnath]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]], Deoria (U.P.), Indian cricketer
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]], cricketer, Kanpur (U.P.)
* [[Shivam Mavi]], cricketer
* [[Shubham Mavi]]
* [[Vijay Yadav (cricketer)|Vijay Yadav]], international cricketer
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]], cricketer
* [[Kartik Tyagi]], fast-bowler cricketer
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]], cricketer
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)]], is an Indian cricketer.
* [[Sameer Rizvi]], Uttar Pradesh cricketer.
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)]], (born 22 October 1997) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] international [[cricket]]er who represents the [[Indian national cricket team]] in [[Test cricket]], he was born and brought up in the suburbs of [[Mumbai]]. His family hails from [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh.
}}

===Badminton===
* [[Abhinn Shyam Gupta]], former national badminton champion
* [[Syed Modi]], former national badminton champion

===Other sports===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]], footballer
* [[Annu Raj Singh]], shooter
* [[Arjun Bhati]], golfer
* [[Ghaus Mohammad]], tennis player, the first Indian to reach quarterfinal of [[The Championships, Wimbledon]]
* [[Jaspal Rana]], shooter
* [[Jitu Rai]], shooter
* [[Moraad Ali Khan]], shooter
* [[Nitin Tomar]], Kabaddi
* [[Pawan Gupta (wushu)]], [[Sanda (sport)|sanda]] fighter
* [[Punam Yadav]], weightlifting
* [[Ram Singh Yadav]], Marathon runner, represented [[India at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Saurabh Chaudhary]], shooter
* [[Satish Kumar (boxer)|Satish Kumar]], Boxing
* [[Varun Singh Bhati]], para athlete
* [[Ankit Sharma (athlete)|Ankit Sharma]] is an athlete who competes in the [[long jump]] event. He was born on 20 July 1992 in [[Pinahat]] block.
*[[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)]]
}}

==Music dance==

===Musicians===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Nucleya]], known by his name '''Udyan Sagar''', is an Indian electronic [[Record producer|music producer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/the-hot-list-2016-nucleya-music-producer-dj/|title=The Hot List 2016: Nucleya (Music Producer/DJ) -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|date=14 December 2016 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/bass-for-impact-udyan-sagar-nucleya|title=Why Nucleya Is A Force To Be Reckoned With|date=24 February 2017|work=Verve Magazine|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/nucleya/|title=Nucleya -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|date=18 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2016|title='I don't like mainstream EDM' says DJ Nucleya|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/i-don-t-like-mainstream-edm-says-dj-nucleya/story-Fm52ycucHdrazTuSPEV4tM.html|access-date=14 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* [[Ashutosh Bhattacharya]] (1917–2004), [[tabla]] player
* [[Begum Akhtar]], [[ghazal]] singer
* [[Bismillah Khan]], [[shehnai]] player, awarded the Bharat Ratna<ref name="BR"/> (2001)
* [[Cliff Richard]], English singer
* [[Gopal Shankar Misra]], [[vichitra veena]] player
* [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]], [[bansuri]] player
* [[Kishan Maharaj]], tabla player
* [[Lalmani Misra]], Indian classical musician
* [[Naushad Ali]], music director; awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] for his contributions to [[Indian cinema]]
* [[Ravi Shankar]], [[sitar]] player, awarded the Bharat Ratna<ref name="BR"/> in 1999; recipient of three [[Grammy Awards]]
* [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], musicologist
* [[Vikash Maharaj]], [[sarod]] player, awarded the Karmveer, Shiromani, Manishi Ratn, and the Yash Bharti.
}}

===Singers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
[[File:Girija Devi at Bhopal (1).JPG|upright|thumb|[[Girija Devi]]]]

* [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], from [[Kanpur]]
* [[Ankit Tiwari]], from [[Kanpur]]
* [[Ravindra Jain]]
* [[Anup Jalota]], Ghazal and Bhajan singer
* [[Girija Devi]], Indian singer and represents the Banaras Gharana of singers
* [[Harshit Saxena]], singer
* [[Kailash Kher]], from [[Meerut]]
* [[Kanika Kapoor]], from [[Lucknow]]
* [[Purshottam Das Jalota]] (1925–2011), bhajan singer, Padma Shri (2004)
* [[Sharafat Hussain Khan]], from [[Atrauli]]
* [[Shubha Mudgal]], singer
* [[Siddheshwari Devi]], [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] singer from Banares, known as Maa (mother)
* [[Talat Mahmood]], ghazal singer
}}

===Folk singers===
* [[Baleshwar Yadav (singer)|Baleshwar Yadav]]
* [[Bihari Lal Yadav]]
* [[Hiralal Yadav]]
* [[Malini Awasthi]]

===Rappers===
* [[Hard Kaur]], from [[Kanpur]]
* [[Baba Sehgal]]

===Dancers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Birju Maharaj]], Kathak exponent
* [[Lachhu Maharaj]], Kathak exponent
* [[Kapila Vatsyayan]], scholar of Indian classical dance
* [[Sitara Devi]]
* [[Uday Shankar]]
}}

==Cinema and theatre==
===Actors and actresses===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Achint Kaur]]
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
* [[Aditya Srivastava]]
* [[Akshay Oberoi]]
* [[Ali Fazal]]
* [[Amit Sial]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Anushka Sharma]]
* [[Archana Gupta]]
* [[Archana Puran Singh]]
* [[Arun Govil]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Chandrachur Singh]]
* [[Chunky Pandey]]
* [[Dalip Tahil]]
* [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
* [[Dipti Bhatnagar]]
* [[Disha Patani]]
* [[Harsh Nagar]]
* [[Jaddanbai]]
* [[Javed Jaffrey]]
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[K.N. Singh]]
* [[Kadar Khan]]
* [[Kamal Rashid Khan]]
* [[Kumar Gaurav]]
* [[Lara Dutta]]
* [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
* [[Marc Zuber]]
* [[Medha Shankar]]
* [[Meenakshi Dixit]]
* [[Mika Singh]]
* [[Nandini Singh]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
* [[Nimmi]]
* [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]]
* [[Pooja Batra]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]]
* [[Raza Murad]]
* [[Saurabh Shukla]]
* [[Shweta Tiwari]]
* [[Siddharth Nigam]]
* [[Sonal Chauhan]]
* [[Surendra Pal]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
* [[Tanveer Zaidi]]
* [[Tom Alter]]
* [[Tuntun]]
* [[Urvashi Rautela]]
* [[Vedita Pratap Singh]]
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]]
* [[Vivek Mushran]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]
* [[Zohra Segal]]
* [[Zoya Afroz]]
}}

===Directors/producers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhinav Kashyap]]
* [[Abhishek Chaubey]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
* [[Farhan Akhtar]]
* [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
* [[K. Asif]]
* [[Kamal Amrohi]]
* [[Mushir Alam|Mushir-Riaz]]
* [[Prakash Mehra]]
* [[Shaad Ali]]
* [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
* [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
* [[Zoya Akhtar]]
* [[Pankaj Advani (director)|Pankaj Advani]]
* [[Muzaffar Ali]]
* [[Alberrt Antoni]]
* [[Nupur Asthana]]
* [[Amitabh Aurora]]
* [[Sunil Batta]]
* [[Muazzam Beg]]
* [[Ashwni Dhir]]
* [[Mahmood Farooqui]]
* [[Ravindra Gautam]]
* [[Devendra Goel]]
* [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]]
* [[Nishtha Jain]]
* [[D.D. Kashyap]]
* [[Shaheed Latif]]
* [[Sudhir Mishra]]
* [[Vishal Mishra (director)|Vishal Mishra]]
* [[Premendra Mitra]]
* [[Subodh Mukherjee]]
* [[Gyan Mukherjee]]
* [[S. K. Ojha]]
* [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]]
* [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
* [[Devi Sharma (filmmaker)|Devi Sharma]]
* [[Manoj Sharma]]
* [[Dushyant Pratap Singh]]
* [[Siddharth Sinha]]
* [[Ajay Srivastava]]
* [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]]
* [[Ravi Tandon]]
* [[Tushar Tyagi]]
* [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
}}

===Singers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya (Singer)|Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
* [[Ankit Tiwari]]
* [[Anup Jalota]]
* [[Baba Sehgal]]
* [[Begum Akhtar]]
* [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Kabban Mirza]]
* [[Kanika Kapoor]]
* [[Kavita Seth]]
* [[Malini Awasthi]]
* [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
* [[Ravindra Jain]]
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* [[Talat Mahmood]]
}}

===Lyricists===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]
* [[Ravindra Jain]]
* [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
* [[Indeevar]]
* [[Javed Akhtar]]
* [[Kaifi Azmi]]
* [[Khumar Barabankvi]]
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
* [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
* [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
* [[Manoj Muntashir]]
* [[Santosh Anand]]
* [[A. M. Turaz]]
* [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
}}

===Composers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Anand Milind]]
* [[Naushad Ali]]
* [[Nucleya]]
* [[Ravi K. Tripathi]]
* [[Rimi Basu Sinha]]
* [[S. N. Tripathi]]
* [[Shantanu Moitra]]
* [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
* [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
}}

===Theatre related===
* [[Arvind Gaur]]
* [[Nadira Babbar]]

===Cinematographers===
* [[Anjuli Shukla]]
* [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Ayananka Bose]]
* [[Hemant Chaturvedi]]
* [[Ravikant Nagaich]]
* [[Vierendrra Lalit]]

===Story / script / dialogue writers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Agha Jani Kashmiri]]
* [[Anuraadha Tewari]]
* [[Dhiraj Mishra]]
* [[Faaiz Anwar]]
* [[Himanshu Sharma]]
* [[Jalees Sherwani]]
* [[Javed Siddiqi]]
* [[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
* [[K. P. Saxena]]
* [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]
* [[Kamna Chandra]]
* [[Mukhram Sharma]]
* [[S. Ali Raza]]
* [[Shama Zaidi]]
* [[Sharat Kumar]]
* [[Shivgopal Krishna]]
* [[Tanuja Chandra]]
* [[Wajahat Mirza]]
}}

==Navratnas==
* [[Raja Todar Mal]], Finance Minister and one of the [[Navratnas]] of Akbar
* [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], Hindi poet and a Navratna of Akbar
* [[Birbal]], jester and poet of Akbar's court

==Television==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]]
* [[Aditya Srivastava]]
* [[Akshita Mudgal]]
* [[Aparna Dixit]]
* [[Aru Krishansh Verma]]
* [[Aryan Pandit]]
* [[Farman Haider]]
* [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
* [[Harsh Nagar]]
* [[Hiba Nawab]]
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]]
* [[Kanika Maheshwari]]
* [[Kiran Dubey]]
* [[Kushal Tandon]]
* [[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]]
* [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]]
* [[Parul Chauhan]]
* [[Pavitra Punia]]
* [[Pravisht Mishra]]
* [[Rahi Masoom Raza]]
* [[Raju Srivastav]]
* [[Randeep Rai]]
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]]
* [[Sanjeev Tyagi]]
* [[Shalini Arora]]
* [[Soumya Seth]]
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]]
* [[Surendra Pal]]
* [[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
}}

==Satire, comedy, cartoons==
* [[Akbar Allahabadi]], poet and satirist
* [[K. P. Saxena]]
* [[Kaak (cartoonist)|Kaak]] (b. 1940, Harish Chandra Shukla), cartoonist
* [[Kaka Hathrasi]], satirist
* [[Rajpal Yadav]], actor and comedian
* [[Raju Srivastava]], actor and stand up comedian
* [[Tuntun]], comedian
* [[Anubhav Singh Bassi]] is an Indian actor, YouTuber and [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]]. His career as a standup comic started after an [[open mic]] in 2017.<ref name="Hussain">{{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Raahat|date=2019-08-02|title=Being Bassi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-the-28-year-old-internet-comedy-sensation-is-back-for-another-show/article28795316.ece|access-date=2021-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Anubhav Singh">{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Ektaa|date=2020-01-24|title=Stand-up comic Anubhav Singh bassi is not on air|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-stand-up-comedy-6232159/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123224000/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/anubhav-singh-bassi-stand-up-comedy-6232159/ |archive-date=2020-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Aseem Trivedi]] (born 17 February 1987) is an Indian [[political cartoon]]ist and activist, known for his anti corruption campaign [[Cartoons Against Corruption]]

==Photographers==
* [[Lala Deen Dayal]], Indian photographer
* [[Tarun Khiwal]] (born 1967), Indian fashion and commercial photographer
* [[Darogha Ubbas Alli]] (aka Darogha Abbas Ali) was a 19th-century [[Indian people|Indian]] engineer and photographer.
* [[Farhat Basir Khan]] (born 2 August 1957) is an Indian photographer.
* [[Richa Maheshwari]] is a [[Delhi]]-based [[fashion photography|fashion photographer]].
* [[Virendra Prabhakar]] (1928 – 2015) was an Indian press [[photojournalist]], cited by the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the longest serving press photojournalist.<ref name="Indian Renowned Photo Journalist Virendra Prabhakar Dies Aged 84">{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/other/indian-renowned-photo-journalist-virendra-prabhakar-dies-aged-84/ar-BBhwVkv | title=Indian Renowned Photo Journalist Virendra Prabhakar Dies Aged 84 | publisher=MSN News | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Devi Prasad (artist)]] (1921 – 1 June 2011) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] artist and peace activist. He was a pioneering studio potter, painter, designer, photographer, art educator and peace activist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-02/edit-page/28317032_1_wri-mass-movement-gandhiji |title='Only a peaceful society can be a creative society' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-02/edit-page/28317032_1_wri-mass-movement-gandhiji |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Criminals==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Abu Salem]], underworld criminal
* [[Atiq Ahmed]], politician turned criminal
* [[Chavviram Singh Yadav]], dacoit<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhartiya |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_VJQhPM1jEC&dq=Chhaviram&pg=PA176 |title=Patrakarita : Naye Daur, Naye Pratiman |date=2005-09-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7119-986-0 |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Man Singh (dacoit)|Daku Man Singh]], dacoit
* [[Mukhtar Ansari]], Ex MLA
* [[Munna Bajrangi]]
* [[Nirbhay Gujjar]], dacoit
* [[Phoolan Devi]], dacoit turned politician
* [[Prakash Shukla]], gangster
* [[Shiv Kumar Patel|Dadua]], dacoit
* [[Sibgatullah Ansari]]
* [[Khalid Azim]]
* [[Thug Behram]]
* [[Vikas Dubey]]
* [[Ravinder Kumar (serial killer)]]
* [[Rasheed Masood]]
* [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]
* [[Shiv Kumar Patel]]
* [[Satish (criminal)]]
* [[Devendra Sharma (serial killer)]]
* [[Sher Singh Rana]]
* [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]]
* [[Shekhar Tiwari]]
* [[Amarmani Tripathi]]
* [[Anand Sen Yadav]]
* [[D. P. Yadav]]
* [[Neera Yadav (civil servant)|Neera Yadav]]
}}

==Militants==
*[[Abdul Subhan Qureshi]]

==Others==
* [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Abdul Karim]], Munshi to [[Queen Victoria]]
* [[Begum Samru]], historical figure
* [[Deep Tyagi]], pioneer of family planning programme in India
* [[Jaichand of Kannauj]], historical figure
* [[Tabassum Mansoor]], Indian educationist in [[Libya]]
* [[Rahul Mishra]] (born 1979), fashion designer
* [[Sampat Pal Devi]], women's rights activist
* [[Sheila Dikshit]], former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]
* [[Vinod Rai]], former CAG and [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Mohammad Waliullah]] was a senior judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in [[India]].
* [[Acharya Prashant]], is an Indian author and Advaita teacher. He teaches seventeen forms of Gita and sixty forms of [[Upanishads]].
* [[Shiv Prasad Gupta]] (28 June 1883 – 24 April 1944) was a visionary, [[philanthropist]], a leader of the [[Indian Freedom Movement]] and the founder of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth]].
* [[Malini Agarwal]] (born 26 May 1977), also known as '''MissMalini''', is an Indian digital influencer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-17 |title=Miss Malini Dot Who? |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/miss-malini-dot-who/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Open The Magazine}}</ref><ref>Reuters [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/asian-pacific-business/meet-the-face-of-the-new-india-blogging-princess-miss-malini/article8507310/ "Meet the face of the new India: 'Blogging princess' Miss Malini"], ''The Globe & Mail'', 12 February 2013{{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> TV host,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-08 |title=Vh1 – Inside Access with Miss Malini|work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/vh1-inside-access-with-miss-malini-180208 |access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> entrepreneur,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Behal |first=Ambika |title=How India's First Bollywood Blog Turned into A Media House: A Question and Answer With MissMalini|work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2015/04/08/how-indias-first-bollywood-blog-turned-into-a-media-house-a-qa-with-missmalini/#76d324357461 |access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |date=2015-09-14 |title=MissMalini.com: How Malini Agarwal has opened a new growth avenue of Bollywood fashion in lifestyle e-tail |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/missmalini-com-how-malini-agarwal-has-opened-a-new-growth-avenue-of-bollywood-fashion-in-lifestyle-e-tail/articleshow/48939156.cms |access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> and author.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-20 |title=HT-Nielsen top 10: Miss Malini's to the Moon new entrant on nonfiction list|work=hindustantimes.com |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-nielsen-top-10-miss-malini-s-to-the-moon-new-entrant-on-nonfiction-list/story-BGKgBl66qmAQWZbX0lVvAK.html |access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:CQHM Abdul Hamid statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|Abdul Hamid's bust at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], [[New Delhi]]
File:Naik Jadunath Singh statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|Jadunath Singh's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], [[New Delhi]]
File:Param Vir Chakra Awardee Yogendra Yadav at India Gate on Kargil Vijay Divas 2018.jpg|Param Vir Chakra Awardee Yogendra Yadav at [[India Gate]] on [[Kargil Vijay Diwas|Kargil Vijay Divas, 2018]]
File:Lieutenant M K Pandey statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|Manoj Pandey's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], [[New Delhi]]

File:Bhuvneshwar Kumar.jpg|[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
File:2020 ICC W T20 WC I v B 02-24 Yadav (04).jpg|[[Poonam Yadav]] bowling for India against Bangladesh during the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]|alt=Yadav bowling for India against Bangladesh during the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup
File:Suresh Raina1.jpg|[[Suresh Raina]]
File:Suryakumar Yadav (1).jpg|Surya in [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] apparel during the [[2017 Indian Premier League]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lists of Indian people]]
* [[List of people from Purvanchal]]
* [[States and union territories of India]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:People From Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Somak Raychaudhury

2026-03-20T22:09:21Z

KathrinChick016: adding the pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Somak Raychaudhury
| image = Somak Raychaudhury - Kolkata-2015-02-28 3520.JPG
| caption = Raychaudhury in February 2015
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[Ashoka University]]|[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]|[[University of Birmingham]]}}
| fields = {{hlist|[[Astrophysics]]|[[Cosmology]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]] [[Churchill College, Cambridge]] [[University of Oxford]] [[Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Donald Lynden-Bell]]
| doctoral_students =
| influences =
| influenced =
|known_for =
| awards =
| signature = 
}}
{{BLP sources section|date=May 2012}}

'''Somak Raychaudhury''' ({{langx|bn|সোমক রায়চৌধুরী}}) is an Indian [[astrophysicist]]. He is the Vice-Chancellor at Ashoka University and was the Director of the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA), Pune.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Raychaudhury-is-IUCAAs-new-director/articleshow/48752689.cms | title=Raychaudhury is IUCAA's new director | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=September 2015 | accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> He is on leave from [[Presidency University, Kolkata]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/physics.php | title=Presidency University Department of Physics | accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> where he is a Professor of Physics, and is also affiliated to the [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/physics/people/index.aspx | title=Academic staff in the School of Physics and Astronomy | accessdate=12 May 2012}}</ref> He is known for his work on stellar mass black holes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.birminghammail.net/news/birmingham-news/2012/04/09/birmingham-scientists-in-black-hole-discovery-97319-30720864/ | title= Birmingham scientists in black hole discovery, news item on Somak Raychaudhury's research on black holes, Birmingham Mail, 9 April 2012 | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120327093608.htm | title= 'Ordinary' Black Hole Discovered 12 Million Light Years Away, sciencedaily.com | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/219-news-2012/2100-ordinary-black-hole-discovered-12-million-light-years-away | title= Royal Astronomical Society Press release on Somak Raychaudhury's research | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> and [[supermassive black hole]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title= A Quest for Cosmic Karma | journal= Science | volume= 325 | issue= 5940 | pages= 532–533 | doi= 10.1126/science.325_532 |pmid = 19644087| year= 2009 | last1= Bhattacharjee | first1= Y. | bibcode= 2009Sci...325..532B }} an interview with Somak Raychaudhury and others on the effect of supermassive black holes in galaxy groups and clusters</ref> His significant contributions include those in the fields of [[gravitational lensing]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_112/ai_107897190/ | title= The quest for the golden lens: a perfect alignment of massive objects would offer clues to the rate of cosmic expansion, article by Charles Liu in Natural History Magazine on Somak Raychaudhury's work on gravitational lensing, September 2003 | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> galaxy dynamics<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.galaxydynamics.org/spiral_metamorphosis.html | title=Spiral metamorphosis, animation inspired by the work of Somak Raychaudhury and Donald Lynden-Bell | access-date=21 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729124242/http://www.galaxydynamics.org/spiral_metamorphosis.html | archive-date=29 July 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and large-scale motions in the Universe, including the [[Great Attractor]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12416942.300-science-astronomers-home-in-on-the-great-attractor.html | title= Astronomers home in on the Great Attractor, article in New Scientist, on Somak Raychaudhury's work on looking for the Great Attractor, 9 December 1989 | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
Somak Raychaudhury was born in Kolkata (then Calcutta), India. He attended [[St Xavier's Collegiate School]], Kolkata, from which he ranked second in the [[Madhyamik]] examination of the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, 1977. He then studied at St Xavier's College, Kolkata, from which he placed second in the state in the Higher Secondary Examination of the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. He attended [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he completed his BSc degree in Physics in 1983. He then went to complete a BA degree in Physics at [[Trinity College, Oxford]], [[University of Oxford]], supported by an Inlaks Scholarship from the Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.inlaksfoundation.org/alumni.aspx | title=Inlaks foundation Alumni | access-date=12 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423105541/http://www.inlaksfoundation.org/alumni.aspx | archive-date=23 April 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> where he won a Douglas Sladen Essay prize. He then proceeded to obtain a PhD in Astrophysics from the [[University of Cambridge]], United Kingdom, as a member of [[Churchill College, Cambridge]], in 1990, supported by an Isaac Newton Studentship. Here, he was a recipient of a [[Smith's Prize]] (J.T. Knight Prize) in 1988. The subject of his doctoral thesis, supervised by [[Donald Lynden-Bell]], FRS, was "Gravity, Galaxies and the 'Great Attractor' Survey".<ref>{{cite journal | title=Gravity, Galaxies and the "Great Attractor" Survey | publisher=Cambridge University | date=1989 | author=Raychaudhury, S. | bibcode=1989PhDT.......122R}}</ref>

==Career==
Somak Raychaudhury became the fourth Director of the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA), Pune India, in September 2015. He was Professor and Head of Physics at [[Presidency University, Kolkata]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/10/05/indian-university-tries-remake-itself-hiring-new-faculty | title= A Call from Home, an article by Kaustuv Basu in "Inside Higher Ed", October 5, 2012 | accessdate=5 October 2012}}</ref> where he was also the Dean of the Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences till August 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Presidency-professor-takes-up-a-national-role/articleshow/48475791.cms | title=Presidency professor takes up a national role | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 August 2015 | accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> He remains affiliated to the Astrophysics and Space Research group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, where he used to be the director of the [[Wast Hills Observatory]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/observatory | title=The University of Birmingham Observatory | accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref> for the period 2003–2012. Before this, he was a member of the faculty at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]], [[Pune]], India. He was a staff member at the [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|Center for Astrophysics {{!}} Harvard & Smithsonian]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], working for the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]]. Before this, He was a Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow at the [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|Center for Astrophysics {{!}} Harvard & Smithsonian]], and a tutor at [[Lowell House]], [[Harvard University]]. Following his PhD, he was a SERC Research Fellow at the [[Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge|Institute of Astronomy]], at the University of Cambridge, [[Cambridge]], and a resident Junior Research fellow at [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St. Edmund's College]], University of Cambridge.

Raychaudhury's research interests lie in the study of the evolution of galaxies in groups and clusters, and on the [[supercluster]] filaments of the cosmic web. He has used optical, X-ray, radio, infrared and ultraviolet observations to understand how the transformations of galaxies are related to their local and global environment. He is involved in developing machine learning algorithms for Astronomical [[data mining]]. He has published over 80 research
papers<ref>{{cite web | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/abs_connect?author=raychaudhury,s.&aut_syn=YES | title=Query Results from the ADS Database | accessdate=12 May 2012}}</ref> in peer-reviewed scientific journals on these themes. In addition, he leads a substantial outreach programme involving school students, teachers<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.dfid.gov.uk/policieandpriorities/knowledge/dfidunesco_report.html | archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20030818234905/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/policieandpriorities/knowledge/dfidunesco_report.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 18 August 2003 | title= Report on Somak Raychaudhury's talk on Priorities and Problems in Science Communication: An Indian Perspective at the DFID/UNESCO International Workshop on Science Communication – 3–5 July 2000, London | access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> and the general public.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.birminghampost.net/science/2011/12/can-black-holes-be-seen.html | title=e.g. Can Black Holes be seen? Review of a Café Scientifique discussion led by Somak Raychaudhury, Birmingham Post, 13 December 2011 | access-date=21 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314202153/http://blogs.birminghampost.net/science/2011/12/can-black-holes-be-seen.html | archive-date=14 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was one of the key people to start the Indian Astronomy Olympiad, and selected and coached the Indian Olympiad team to top results at the [[International Astronomy Olympiad]] in 1999<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/05astro.htm | title= Indian students win honours at astronomy olympiad | accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> and 2000
.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.issp.ac.ru/iao/ | title=International Astronomy Olympiad | accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> His outreach activities include numerous programmes on radio,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/starsineyes.shtml | title= e.g. BBC Radio 4 programme, Stars in their Eyes, 2003–04 | access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> television and collaboration with performing artists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newscentre.bham.ac.uk/press/2008/05/Musical_Solar_Storm.shtml | title= e.g. Stellar Performance as Student Whips up a Musical Solar Storm, music composed by Tamasine Leighton-Crawford, inspired by Somak Raychaudhury's talk, 2008 | accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[International Astronomical Union]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/11692/ | title=International Astronomical Union | accessdate=12 May 2012}}</ref> a Fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]], and a Fellow of the [[European Astronomical Society]]. He is a Life Member of the [[Astronomical Society of India]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.astron-soc.in/memdir/alpha.html | title=Directory of Members: Astronomical Society of India | access-date=12 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130015406/http://www.astron-soc.in/memdir/alpha.html | archive-date=30 November 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was an elected member of its Executive Council during 1998–2000.

== Selected publications ==

* {{cite journal | title=The distribution of galaxies in the direction of the 'Great Attractor' | author=Raychaudhury, Somak | journal=Nature | date=1989 | volume=342 | pages=251–255|bibcode = 1989Natur.342..251R |doi = 10.1038/342251a0 | issue=6247| s2cid=4354365 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Tides, torques and the timing argument | author=Raychaudhury, Somak | author2=Lynden-Bell, D. | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | date=1989 | volume=240 | issue=2 | pages=196–218|bibcode = 1989MNRAS.240..195R | doi=10.1093/mnras/240.2.195| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=X-ray and optical observations of the Shapley supercluster in Hydra-Centaurus | display-authors=4 | author=Raychaudhury, Somak | author2=A. C. Fabian | author3=A. C. Edge | author4=C. Jones | author5=W. Forman | name-list-style=amp | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=1991 | volume=248 | pages=101–111|bibcode = 1991MNRAS.248..101R | doi=10.1093/mnras/248.1.101| doi-access= free}}
* {{cite journal | title=Galaxies, Human Eyes, and Artificial Neural Networks | display-authors=etal | author=Lahav, O. | author2=Naim, A. | author3=Buta, R. | author4=Raychaudhury, Somak | journal=Science | date=1995 | volume=267 | pages=859–62|arxiv = astro-ph/9412027 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267..859L |doi = 10.1126/science.267.5199.859 | issue=5199 | pmid=17813914| s2cid=43370373 }}
*{{cite journal | title=Reconstructing the Cosmic Equation of State from Supernova Distances | author=Saini, Tarun Deep | author2=Raychaudhury, Somak | author3=Sahni, Varun | author4=Starobinsky, Alexei | name-list-style=amp | journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. | date=2000 | volume=85 |issue = 6| pages=1162–1165|arxiv = astro-ph/9910231 |bibcode = 2000PhRvL..85.1162S |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1162 | pmid=10991502| s2cid=26864228 }}
*{{cite journal | title=The Group Evolution Multiwavelength Study (GEMS): bimodal luminosity functions in galaxy groups | author=Miles, T. A. | author2=Raychaudhury, Somak | author3=Forbes Duncan, D. A. | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=2004 | volume=355 |issue = 3| pages=785–793|arxiv = astro-ph/0408554 |bibcode = 2004MNRAS.355..785M |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08356.x | doi-access=free | s2cid=13960641 }}
*{{cite journal | title=And Gamow said, let there be a hot universe | author=Raychaudhury, Somak | journal=Resonance | date=2005 | volume=10 | issue=12 | pages=220–231 | doi=10.1007/BF02835146| s2cid=121280264 }}
*{{cite journal | title=Star formation in galaxies falling into clusters along supercluster-scale filaments | author=Porter, Scott C. | author2=Raychaudhury, Somak | author3=Pimbblet, Kevin A. | author4=Drinkwater, Michael J. | name-list-style=amp | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=2008 | volume=388 |issue = 3| pages=1152–1160|arxiv = 0804.4177 |bibcode = 2008MNRAS.388.1152P |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13388.x | doi-access=free | s2cid=17619275 }}
*{{cite journal | title=Star formation, starbursts and quenching across the Coma supercluster | author=Mahajan, Smriti | author2=Haines, Chris | author3=Raychaudhury, Somak | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=2010 | volume=404 |issue = 4| pages=1745–1760|arxiv = 1002.0004 |bibcode = 2010MNRAS.404.1745M |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16432.x | doi-access=free | s2cid=118550760 }}
*{{cite journal | title=Heating the Hot Atmospheres of Galaxy Groups and Clusters with Cavities: The Relationship between Jet Power and Low-frequency Radio Emission | display-authors=4 | author=O'Sullivan, Ewan J. | author2=Giacintucci, Simona | author3=P. David, Laurence | author4=Gitti, Myriam | author5=Vrtilek, Jan M. | author6=Raychaudhury, Somak | author7=Ponman, Trevor J. | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=2011 | volume=735 | pages=11|arxiv = 1104.2411 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...735...11O |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/11 | issue=1| s2cid=119184861 }}
*{{cite journal | title=A Transient Sub-Eddington Black Hole X-Ray Binary Candidate in the dust Lanes of Centaurus A | author=Burke, Mark J. | author2=Raychaudhury, Somak | display-authors=etal | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=2012 | volume=749 | pages=112|arxiv = 1202.3149 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...749..112B |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/112 | issue=2| s2cid=49949444 }}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/staff.php?staffid=40 Somak Raychaudhury's webpage at Presidency University, Kolkata]
*[http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/~somak/ Somak Raychaudhury's homepage at the University of Birmingham]
*[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/abs_connect?author=Raychaudhury,+S.&aut_syn=YES&return_req=no_params Somak Raychaudhury's Publications listed] on the NASA [[Astrophysics Data System]]
*[https://archive.today/20130420074843/http://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=2Jjf9AwAAAAJ&hl=en Somak Raychaudhury at Google Scholar citations]
*[http://www.dblp.org/search/#query=author:somak_raychaudhury Somak Raychaudhury: Author Search] on [[DBLP]], the Computer Science bibliography website
*[http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/observatory/ Website] of [[University of Birmingham]], Wast Hills Observatory

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raychaudhury, Somak}}
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fellows of St Edmund's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ashoka University]]

Daulat Ke Dushman

2026-03-11T14:52:40Z

KathrinChick016: expand page further

{{Short description|1983 film}}
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daulat Ke Dushman
| image = Daulat Ke Dushman.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = Bimal Rawal
| producer = Manu Narang
| writer = BalKishan Mauj (Story, Screenplay & Dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Manjushree]] [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing = H. B. Pathare
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1983|02|15}}
| runtime = 122 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Daulat Ke Dushman''''' is an Indian Hindi movie directed by Bimal Rawal and produced by Manu Narang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Daulat Ke Dushman (1983) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daulat-ke-dushman-16227/cast-crew|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The movie was released on 15 February 1983.<ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Manjushree]]. This film was actually named ''[[Paanch Dushman]]'' and set to release in 1973, but for some unknown reasons, it was finally released in 1983 with the name Daulat Ke Dushman.

==Cast==
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Vinod
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Shukla R.R.
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Prem Chopra]]
* [[Manjushree]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Aruna Irani]]
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
* [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]]
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]
* [[Brahmachari (actor)|Jagdish Raj]]
* [[Mohan Choti]]
* [[Nasir Hussain]]
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]]
* [[Mukri]]
* [[Brahmachari (actor)|Brahmachari]]
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]
* [[Manu Narang]]
* Rajee

==Music==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

* "Jeena Toh Hai, Par Ai Dil Kahan" – Kishore Kumar
* "Jana Hain Hume Toh Jahan Karar Mile" – [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Bichuva Bane Piya Tere Nain" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
* "Hum Toh Hain Sabke Yaar" – Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
* "Jo Bhi Hua Hai Woh Pyar Me Hua hai" – Kishore Kumar
* "Samjha Me Kismat Khul Gaye" – [[Mohammed Rafi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0396553}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1983 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Rithubhedam

2026-03-03T21:10:40Z

KathrinChick016: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rithubhedam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Prathap Pothen]]
| producer = K. V. Abraham alias Thomsun Babu
| writer = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| screenplay = M. T. Vasudevan Nair
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Balachandra Menon]]|[[Thilakan]]|[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]|[[Vineeth]]|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]|[[Monisha]]}}
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = {{Unbulleted_list|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| studio = Thomsun Films
| distributor = Thomsun Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|04|09|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Rithubedam''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1987|1987]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Prathap Pothen]]. The film stars [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Thilakan]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Vineeth]], [[Monisha Unni]] and [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2005|title=Rithubedam|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2564|title=Rithubedam|accessdate=2014-10-01|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715032550/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2564|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thilakan received the National Film Award for the Best Supporting Actor in the year 1987 for his role in the film. The film was screened at [[53rd International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/iffi-2022-to-pay-homage-to-kpac-lalitha-kk-and-pratap-pothen-1.8040602 | title=IFFI 2022 to pay homage to KPAC Lalitha, Pratap Pothen, singer KK | date=12 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Plot==

The story revolves around an ailing aristocratic family Naduvancheril Nair Veedu with members infighting over the assets. A number of civil cases are ongoing in the court over the family assets with Mooppil Nair and his brother-in-law Karunakara Panicker on opposite sides. Kesu is a youngster returning from [[Chennai]] after an unsuccessful stint. He is the son of a deceased maid servant family of Nair Veedu. Rajan, a lecturer in the college arrives the village from southern town of [[Vaikom]] and start renting a room in Kesu's house.

Rajan visits Nair Veedu for research on historical artefacts. He meets Mooppil Nair and his daughter Devaki who is in an unhappy marriage with drunkard Krishnanunni. Devaki and Rajan shares interest in [[Kerala]] history and poetry. They discuss the events around [[Tippu Sultan]]'s invasion of [[Malabar District|Malabar]]. Rajan and Devaki comes closer to each other. Thankamani, younger sister of Devaki is a student of Rajan and is infatuated with him.

A receiver appointed by the court arrives and befriends Krishnanunni. He has ulterior motives over beautiful Devaki. However, Devaki rejects his advances angrily. But Mooppil Nair's second wife Subhadra is more than ready to cater all his needs in exchange of favours. He is interested in Thankamani too.

Rajan proposes to Devaki, but she rejects the idea for she has to take care of young Thankamani.

A forest land owned by the family was earlier acquired by the Government. The court directs the payment of {{INR|48 lakhs}} to the joint family to be divided among 16 family members. It turns out that one share belongs to Appu who is a mentally unstable orphan. The entire family plots to get Appu on their side to get his shares worth {{INR|3 lakhs}}. Mooppil Nair and Subhadra goes further by arranging Appu to marry Thankamani.

To save Thankamani, Devaki pleads Rajan to marry Thankamani. On the same day, Kesu reveals Rajan that he adores Thankamani and wish to marry her someday. Rajan suggest the same to Devaki. But Devaki furiously rejects the idea which Rajan presumes is due to Kesu's lower social stature.

Mooppil Nair catches his wife cheating with the Receiver and expels her from the house.

On the day of Thankamani and Appu's wedding, a group of people led by Krishnanunni, Karunakara Panicker and Rajan arrives and asks Thankamani's hand in marriage for Kesu. Mooppil Nair manhandles Kesu and reveals that Kesu is his own illegitimate son. On a moment of rage, Kesu kills Mooppil Nair with an axe.

Film ends on a positive note with Rajan, Thankamani, Krishanunni and Devaki visiting Kesu in the prison after 5 years. Rajan and Thankamani are married and have a baby girl.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as Rajan Maashu
* [[Thilakan]] as Naduvancheril Achunni Nair a.k.a. Mooppil Nair
* [[Vineeth]] as Kesu
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Devu
* [[Monisha]] as Thankamani
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Appu a.k.a. Rajashekharan
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Krishnanunni
* M. Chandran Nair
* [[Sankaradi]] as Karunakara Panicker
* Tony as Ravi
* [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]]
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Receiver
* [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]]
* R. K. Nair
* Santhadevi
* Child actor (Baby Girl) - Divya Sachi
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Rithusankramappakshi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Thakazhi Sankaranarayanan ||
|-
| 2 || "Shaantham Abhiraamam" || K. S. Chithra || Thakazhi Sankaranarayanan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254394}}

{{Pratap K. Pothen}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratap Pothen]]

Alias Janaki

2026-03-03T17:39:16Z

KathrinChick016: done

{{Short description|2013 Indian Telugu film by Daya K}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Alias Janaki
| image = Alias Janaki.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Daya K
| writer = '''Dialogue:''' Vamsi Krishna Gadwala Vashishta Sharma
| producer = [[Panjaa|Neelima Tirumalasetti]]
| starring = {{Ubl|Rahul Venkat|[[Anisha Ambrose]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| music = Shravan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|7|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Alias Janaki''''' is a 2013 Indian Telugu language romantic drama film directed by Daya K and starring newcomers Rahul Venkat and [[Anisha Ambrose]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=15 June 2013 |title=The real DEAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-real-deal/article4817307.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090236/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-real-deal/article4817307.ece |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Alias Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/alias-janaki/articleshow/21483250.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/alias-janaki/articleshow/21483250.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=13 July 2013 |title=Etcetera: Good going |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-good-going/article4911874.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824095231/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-good-going/article4911874.ece |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The film released theatrically and online on 26 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alias Janaki releasing today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alias-janaki-releasing-today/articleshow/21360457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601042704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alias-janaki-releasing-today/articleshow/21360457.cms |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Alias Janaki censored with U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alias-janaki-censored-with-u/a-certificate/articleshow/21117686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alias-janaki-censored-with-u/a-certificate/articleshow/21117686.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2013 |title=ఆన్‌లైన్‌లోనూ రిలీజ్ కానున్న అలియాస్ జానకి |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/alias-janaki-to-be-released-online-2350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090234/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/alias-janaki-to-be-released-online-2350 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=Sakshi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Rahul Venkat as Janaki Ram
*[[Anisha Ambrose]] as Chaitra
*[[Sri Ramya]] as Priyadarshini
*[[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]] as Janaki Ram's father
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Janaki Ram's superior officer
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Kashi
* Sandhya Janak as Kashi's wife
*[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Mysa
}}

== Production ==
The film began production starring Rahul Venkat ([[Chiranjeevi]]'s cousin)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Another mega hero in the making |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/another-mega-hero-in-the-making/articleshow/20760992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/another-mega-hero-in-the-making/articleshow/20760992.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Star family status has {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} cons: Rahul Venkat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/star-family-status-has-its-cons-rahul-venkat/articleshow/20785413.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824095232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/star-family-status-has-its-cons-rahul-venkat/articleshow/20785413.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Nisha Aggarwal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nisha is now Alias Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-is-now-alias-janaki/articleshow/12981685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-is-now-alias-janaki/articleshow/12981685.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nisha Aggarwal is now Alias Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-aggarwal-is-now-alias-janaki/articleshow/12964036.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824095147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-aggarwal-is-now-alias-janaki/articleshow/12964036.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nisha Aggarwal bags Alias Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-aggarwal-bags-alias-janaki/articleshow/12901886.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824095156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nisha-aggarwal-bags-alias-janaki/articleshow/12901886.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Aggarwal was later replaced with debutante [[Anisha Ambrose]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anisha Ambrose: I never thought of being an actor |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-anisha-ambrose-i-never-thought-of-being-an-actor/20130724.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090233/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-anisha-ambrose-i-never-thought-of-being-an-actor/20130724.htm |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by newcomer Shravan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=23 June 2013 |title=Sounds of melody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sounds-of-melody/article4840592.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601043214/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sounds-of-melody/article4840592.ece |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the music a rating of thee out of five stars and said that "Debutante music director Shravan has packed in a refreshing new vibe in the album".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alias Janaki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/alias-janaki/articleshow/21159871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601042525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/alias-janaki/articleshow/21159871.cms |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |last1=Pasupulate |first1=Karthik }}</ref> The soundtrack was released through [[Aditya Music]].<ref name = "Alias Janaki Spotify">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/44EvH7Pio8GlObfHJo92YZ | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Alias Janaki | access-date = 18 June 2023 }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Alias Janaki Spotify" />
| total_length = 28:16
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Kaadhal Prema
| lyrics1 = Swechha
| extra1 = Shravan
| length1 = 3:16

| title2 = Maarinade (Haricharan)
| lyrics2 = Karthik Kodakadha
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 4:40

| title3 = Konchem Konchem
| lyrics3 = Swechha
| extra3 = Shravan, Kavya
| length3 = 3:21

| title4 = Aranyamantha
| lyrics4 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra4 = Balaram Iyer
| length4 = 3:23

| title5 = Santhalo Perigina Sundari
| lyrics5 = Surendra Krishna
| extra5 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length5 = 3:42

| title6 = Kaatuka Kannula
| lyrics6 = Karthik Kodakadha, Ashwin
| extra6 = Sai Charan
| length6 = 3:17

| title7 = Maarinade
| lyrics7 = Karthik Kodakadha, Ashwin
| extra7 = Guna
| length7 = 2:48

| title8 = Konchem Konchem Remix
| lyrics8 = Swechha
| extra8 = Sandeep
| length8 = 3:46
}}

== Release and reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "It’s a little too loaded and preachy, besides some shallow intensity and noble intentions it has nothing much to offer".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alias Janaki Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Alias Janaki by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/alias-janaki/movie-review/21374594.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060508/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Daya Kodavaganti

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Satyarth Nayak

2026-03-03T12:31:16Z

KathrinChick016: adding basic post basic info

{{short description|Indian author and screenwriter (born 1981)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name =
| image = File:Satyarth Nayak.jpg
| caption = Nayak in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India<ref name="incredibleorissa">{{cite web|last=Incredible Orissa|title=Odisha's Satyarth Nayak writer of Sony's Porus|date=16 August 2017|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/satyarth-nayak-writer-sony-tv-series/}}</ref>
| occupation = Author, screenwriter
| alma_mater =
| notableworks = {{unbulleted list|''The Emperor's Riddles''|''[[Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess]]''|''Porus''}}
| awards =
}}
'''Satyarth Nayak''' (born 29 October 1981) is an Indian author and screenwriter known for his bestselling novel ''[[The Emperor's Riddles]]'', authoring the biography of [[Sridevi]]<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Micro review: 'Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess' by Satyarth Nayak|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-sridevi-the-eternal-screen-goddess-by-satyarth-nayak/articleshow/73081611.cms}}</ref> and for scripting Sony's historical television epic ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''. ''The Emperor's Riddles'' was a thriller<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|last=The Hindu|title=Well Received|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 July 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/well-received/article6177327.ece}}</ref><ref name="times1">{{cite news|last=Times of India|title=Satyarth Decodes Mysteries of Indian History |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 March 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/Satyarth-decodes-some-mysteries-of-Indian-history/articleshow/46675375.cms}}</ref> that the media called "a hit with young readers".<ref name="express1">{{cite web|last=New Indian Express|title=When His Love For Writing Took Shape|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/12/01/When-His-Love-for-Writing-Took-Shape/article2545705.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029154042/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/12/01/When-His-Love-for-Writing-Took-Shape/article2545705.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> ''Porus'' was one of the most expensive and acclaimed shows on Indian television.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |last=IndiaToday |title=5 reasons we are looking forward to watch the most expensive show of Indian TV, Porus|date=25 July 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/5-reasons-we-are-looking-forward-to-watch-the-most-expensive-show-of-indian-tv-porus-lifetv-1026177-2017-07-25}}</ref> Satyarth's biography of screen Sridevi titled ''[[Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess]]'' published in 2019 by [[Penguin Random House]] was highly praised.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web |last=NewIndianExpress |title=Sridevi's biographer Satyarth Nayak on the rise of the superstar |date=17 August 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/aug/17/sridevis-biographer-satyarth-nayak-on-the-rise-of-the-superstar-2020192.html}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite web |last=Firstpost |title=Adulatory but insightful, Satyarth Nayak's biography of Sridevi goes deep into the world of the late superstar|date=7 February 2020|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/adulatory-but-insightful-satyarth-nayaks-biography-of-sridevi-goes-deep-into-the-world-of-the-late-superstar-8007961.html}}</ref> Nayak has been named one of the Top 51 Indian authors to follow on Facebook.<ref name="writingtipsoasis">{{cite web |last=Writing Tips Oasis |title=51 Top Indian Authors to Follow on Facebook|date=11 May 2015|url=https://writingtipsoasis.com/51-top-indian-authors-to-follow-on-facebook/}}</ref>

==As author==
===''The Emperor's Riddles''===
[[File:Satyarth with Shobha De at Bangalore Lit Fest 2014.jpg|thumb|Satyarth with Shobha De at Bangalore Lit Fest 2014]]
The idea for ''The Emperor's Riddles'' was born out of a random Internet search by Nayak after reading the [[Dan Brown]] thriller ''[[Angels & Demons]]'' to find out if there was something similarly esoteric and mysterious hidden in the history of India. The yielded a conspiracy theory involving one of the greatest Emperors of ancient India. Nayak was intrigued by the Emperor's legend and the imperial secret believed to be still alive and functioning and decided to capture this story.<ref name="times1" /> The first draft took about six months and was ready in 2011. The manuscript was accepted by Red Ink Literary Agency and subsequently underwent another round of editing. The book was published by Amaryllis in 2012. The book was first released at the [[New Delhi World Book Fair]] in February 2014.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The book was praised by other mystery writers, with [[Amish Tripathi]] calling it "a fantastic blend of myth, imagination and mystery", and [[Ashwin Sanghi]] describing it as "Intelligent, Intriguing, Imaginative, Intense". While ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it a "history meets mystery",<ref name="times1" /> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it "a gripping tale of intrigue" and lauded the book for its "taut narration and interesting climax".<ref>{{cite web|last=Hindustan Times|title=The Emperor's Riddles : A Book For Believers|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/the-emperor-s-riddles-a-book-for-the-believers/article1-1218341.aspx}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''HT Brunch'' magazine included the book in its Summer Reading List of 2014, calling it "a celebration of our great Indian civilisation and its scientific genius" and recommending it for those who like "riddles and cool mythological references".<ref>{{cite web|last=HT Brunch|title=The Brunch Summer Reading List|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/the-big-brunch-summer-reading-list/article1-1226701.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527115734/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/the-big-brunch-summer-reading-list/article1-1226701.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> [[Yahoo]] praised the book as an "extraordinary tale of riddles".<ref>{{cite web|last=Yahoo|title=Many hues of myths, mysteries and history|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/many-hues-myths-mysteries-history-050215073.html}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as a "concoction of mystery, thriller, legend"<ref name="thehindu1" /> and a "national bestseller"<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last=TheHindu |title=Well Received|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 July 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/well-received/article6177327.ece}}</ref> while ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' lauded how "history is being explored by the new-age writers like never before".<ref>{{cite web|last=The Pioneer|title=Thrilled To Bits|url=http://archive.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/2014-05-18-48261.html}}</ref> The ''[[New Indian Express]]'' declared the thriller "a hit with young readers" and said it "opened a completely different avenue for budding writers to experiment with".<ref name="express1" /> While ''[[English Vinglish]]'' director [[Gauri Shinde]] called the book "an acclaimed thriller" via [[Twitter]], the ''SpectralHues'' book review said the thriller's "shock twist towards the end makes you feel so ignorant" and that "a Christopher Nolan of the West or our very own Anurag Kashyap can pretty well give it a thought to bring The Emperor's Riddles to life on screen".<ref name="spectral">{{cite web |last=SpectralHues |title=A review of The Emperor's Riddles|date=3 December 2014 |url=http://www.spectralhues.com/books/book-reviews/2014/12/review-emperors-riddles/}}</ref> Since its release, ''The Emperor's Riddles'' has been likened to the mystery novels of [[Dan Brown]].<ref name="times1" /><ref name="thehindu" /> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Nayak stated that "the fact that the book's earning comparisons with Dan Brown is overwhelming" and "If Brown has codes, my book has riddles."<ref name="times1" />

===''Venom''===
''Venom'' also won positive reviews. ''[[Times of India]]'' said that "the pure imagination behind the tale is riveting and the different elements of contemporary India the author includes just makes it more than a mytho-fiction",<ref>{{cite news|last=Times of India|title=Micro review Venom|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-venom-by-satyarth-nayak/articleshow/80136080.cms}}</ref> and ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' said that the book "slowly (but positively) spreads its poisonous tentacles of a gripping thriller that keeps readers hooked while checking on Google for the mythology references. It's thrilling!"<ref>{{cite web|last=Free Press Journal|title=Satyarth Nayak's Venom is a gripping thriller with a dash of Indian mythology|url=https://www.divicast.com/watch-tv/watch-law-and-order-special-victims-unit-1999-online-free-39517.2206624}}</ref>

===''Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess''===
[[File:Sridevi- The Eternal Screen Goddess (book launch in Delhi).jpg|thumb|Delhi Launch]]
[[File:Satyarth Nayak with Karan Johar.jpg|thumb|Satyarth Nayak with Karan Johar]]
In 2019, Nayak announced his first non-fiction book on India's superstar [[Sridevi]].<ref name="timesnow">{{cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Satyarth Nayak to write a book on legendary actor Sridevi|date=13 August 2019 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/satyarth-nayak-to-write-a-book-on-legendary-actor-sridevi-will-title-it-sridevi-girl-woman-superstar/468120}}</ref> The book ''[[Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess]]'' was published by [[Penguin Random House]] and backed by [[Boney Kapoor]]. ''The Times of India'' called it "a treat for any Bollywood fan"<ref name="TimesOfIndia"/> and ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "an eminently readable account".<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title='Sridevi, The Eternal Screen Goddess' review: Chronicle of a distant life|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/sridevi-the-eternal-screen-goddess-review-chronicle-of-a-distant-life/article31050159.ece}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' described it as "rooted in honest love for its subject",<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |last=Requiem for Her Dream|title=Requiem for Her Dream|date=6 June 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20200615-requiem-for-her-dream-1685862-2020-06-06}}</ref> and ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' as "a convincing retelling of the actor's life".<ref name="theweek">{{cite web |last=The Week |title=Decoding an enigma|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/06/12/decoding-an-enigma.html}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' described it as "diligently researched, deeply felt".<ref name="MidDay">{{cite web |last=Mid Day |title=Mystique That Lives On Still|date=26 February 2020|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mystique-that-lives-on-still/22641273}}</ref> ''[[Vogue India]]'' called it "a rare insight into Sridevi"<ref name="VogueIndia">{{cite web |last=Vogue India |title=Sridevi's biography shares a rare insight into the late Bollywood actor's life|date=23 February 2020|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/sridevi-biography-special-excerpt-bollywood-celebrities}}</ref> and ''[[Firstpost]]'' praised it as "that one work of literature one might seek out to decode Sridevi".<ref name="firstpost"/>

===''100 Tales from the Puranas''===
In July 2020, Nayak announced his first book on Indian mythology titled ''100 Tales from the Puranas'' to be published by [[Westland Books|Westland Press]]. Deepthi Talwar from [[Westland Books|Westland Press]] told the media "We're very excited about the collection that Satyarth has put together. He takes us through popular legends and lesser known stories from the Puranas, delving into the minds of several characters to psychoanalyse their actions."<ref name="TimesOfindia">{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Satyarth Nayak's next book on Indian mythology to be published by Westland|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 July 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/satyarth-nayaks-next-book-on-indian-mythology-to-be-published-by-westland/articleshow/76852475.cms}}</ref> In October 2020, ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' featured the book on their list of highly anticipated books of 2021 saying "Dabbling into Indian mythology this time, he promises to write stories from the Puranas that still find resonance in today's time and impart the wisdom that can find relevance in our lives. Deep research has always been the base of Nayak's books so one can hope that this time too, he will not disappoint."<ref name="TheTelegraph">{{cite web |last=The Telegraph |title=A few books scheduled for 2021 that have us excited|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/a-few-books-scheduled-for-2021-that-have-us-excited/cid/1792616}}</ref> After [[Westland Books|Westland Press]] closed down in 2022,<ref name="EconomicTimes">{{cite news |last=Amazon shuts down the ‘homegrown’ Westland Books: Is it an alarm bell for India's publishing Industry, ask readers|title=Amazon shuts down the 'homegrown' Westland Books: Is it an alarm bell for India's publishing Industry, ask readers |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amazon-shuts-down-the-homegrown-westland-books-is-it-an-alarm-bell-for-indias-publishing-industry-ask-readers/articleshow/89294422.cms}}</ref> the book was then acquired by [[HarperCollins India]] who issued the statement that "We at Harper are excited to be publishing Satyarth's upcoming book based on the Puranas. The magnum opus will be a treat for fans of Indian mythology."<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news |last=Satyarth Nayak's mythological magnum-opus to be published by HarperCollins|title=Satyarth Nayak's mythological magnum-opus to be published by HarperCollins - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/satyarth-nayaks-mythological-magnum-opus-to-be-published-soon/articleshow/92752300.cms}}</ref>

==As screenwriter==
===Porus===

In 2017, Nayak joined [[Swastik Productions]] to write the screenplay for [[Porus (TV series)|Porus]] based on the story of [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] (King of [[Pauravas]]) and [[Alexander the Great|Alexander The Great]] ( King of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]).<ref name="orissadiary">{{cite web |last= |title=Satyarth Nayak from Odisha appointed as a lead writer for Sony's upcoming mega-budget historical TV series PORUS|work=Odisha Diary |date=14 August 2017 |url=http://orissadiary.com/satyarth-nayak-odisha-appointed-lead-writer-sonys-upcoming-mega-budget-historical-tv-series-porus/}}</ref> The show aired from 27 November 2017 to present on SET India. It is India's most expensive series with a budget of INR 500 crores (US$70 million).<ref name="midday">{{cite web |last=Midday |title=Porus: The most expensive Indian television show with a budget of Rs 500 million|date=25 July 2017 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/porus-most-expensive-television-show-budget-500-million-alexander-television-news-mumbai/18452171}}</ref> It became India's first Global-TV series and also first Indian series to reach Japan. It has been dubbed and subbed in many languages and is already sold to over 11 countries and 14 territories. In Sri Lanka, it airs on [[Sirasa TV]], dubbed into [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] under the name ''Digvijaya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/production-house/post-production/porus-launched-as-digvijaya-in-sri-lanka-180202|title='Porus' launched as 'Digvijaya' in Sri Lanka|date=2 February 2018 |accessdate=February 2, 2018}}</ref> The rights to the drama have also been sold to Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/after-sri-lanka-swastik-productions-porus-travels-to-thailand/|title=After Sri Lanka, Swastik Productions' 'Porus' travels to Thailand|work=TelevisionPost |date=26 February 2018}}</ref> It is also dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as [[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]] which currently airs on Sun Life channel, [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] network from October 2018 onwards. The Malayalam version is titled ''Porus'' which currently airs on [[Surya TV]] from January 2019.

==Awards==

* Youth Inspiration Award (Literature) 2017<ref>{{cite web|last=orissadiary|title=Seventh Odisha Living Legend Award conferred|date=24 December 2017 |url=http://orissadiary.com/seventh-odisha-living-legend-award-conferred-dr-prativa-satpathy-dr-subash-pani-chaturbhuj-meher-kartik-majhi-etc-among-recipients/}}</ref>
* Shri Award for Men Achievers (Literature) 2016<ref>{{cite web|last=Pioneer|title=Men Achievers Felicitated in the City|url=http://www.pragativadi.com/7th-odisha-living-legend-award-conferred/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Satyarth}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Chot- Aj Isko, Kal Tereko

2026-03-03T12:04:59Z

KathrinChick016: quick update

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chot- Aaj Isko, Kal Tereko
| image =
| caption =
| director = Nabh Kumar Raju
| producer = Sanjay Thakur
| writer = Atul Tiwari
| starring = [[Ashutosh Rana]] [[Sharad Kapoor]] Rohit Nayyar [[Jesse Randhawa]] [[Nethra Raghuraman]]
| music = Raju Singh
| cinematography =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|06|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chot - Aaj Isko, Kal Tereko''''' ({{translation}} Injury - Him Today, You Tomorrow) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Nabh Kumar Raju<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8ab933b8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112104/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8ab933b8|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2018|title=CHOT (2004)|website=bfi.org.uk|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> and produced by Sanjay Thakur. This movie was released on 18 June 2004 under the banner of S.M. International.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Chot/articleshow/749655.cms|title=Chot|date=22 June 2004|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1830|title=CHOT|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> This was the debut film of Indian model turned actress [[Jesse Randhawa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Jesse-jaisi-koi-nahin/articleshow/755357.cms|title=Jesse jaisi koi nahin?|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 June 2004 |access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/back-to-college/434023/|title=Back to College|website=indianexpress.com|date=16 March 2009 |access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
18 years ago Kishan Yadav came from a remote village in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Mumbai]]. He worked hard day by day and set up a big dairy farm in the city. The workers also love him. Kishan lives with his younger brother Kabir. One day they are threatened by a builder and his goons to vacate the land for a new building. A corrupt and ruthless police officer A. S. Lal hired by the builder comes to the dairy farm and tells Kishan to give up the farm. Kishan goes to the local police and politicians but all in vain. When Kishan refuses to vacate the area, the builder and his goons make their life miserable. Kabir fights back along with a few milkmen. A few days later, Kabir is abducted by Lal who tortures him resulting in his death. Another police inspector Malati Desai tries to give them justice, but Kishan becomes frustrated. Now apparently cool and calm Kishan vows with anger and starts to take revenge against Lal and his associates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/chot.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630131212/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/chot.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2004|title=Chot movie reviews|last=Subhash K. Jha|website=glamsham.com|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Kishan Yadav
* [[Sharad Kapoor]] as Inspector A. S. Lal
* Rohit Nayyar as Kabir Yadav
* [[Jesse Randhawa]] as Anu
* [[Nethra Raghuraman]] as Inspector Malti Desai
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Humdard
* [[Hemant Mahaur]]
* [[Ashok Banthia]]
* Ganesh Yadav as Prakash “Pakya” Sawant

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by Raju Singh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0418598}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum

2026-03-03T05:08:22Z

KathrinChick016: minor edit

{{short description|1986 film by E. Ramdoss}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum
| image = Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[E. Ramdoss]]
| writer = E. Ramdoss
| producer = K. Mohan Durai
| starring = [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
| cinematography = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| editing = R. Baskaran B. Krishna Kumar
| music = [[V. S. Narasimhan]]
| studio = [[Kovaithambi|Motherland Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1986|8|8|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum''''' ({{translation|Let a thousand flowers blossom}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[E. Ramdoss]] in his debut. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]. It was released on 8 August 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2016 |title=மணிரத்னம் டைரக்ஷனில் இதயக்கோயில் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/07/03221613/1023195/cine-history-mani-ratnam.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190103061350/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/07/03221613/1023195/cine-history-mani-ratnam.vpf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Arun
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha
*[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Rajkumar Sethupathi|Rajkumar]]
*Chakravarthy
*[[Meesai Murugesan]]
*Madhumohan
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*Rajan
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
*[[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]]
*[[Saradha Preetha|Baby Sharada Preetha]]
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
}}

== Production ==
E. Ramdoss who worked as an assistant to [[P. S. Nivas]], [[Manivannan]] and [[K. Rangaraj]] made his directorial debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=கவிக்கோ காட்டிய வழி!{{''}} |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/125527-actor-ramdas-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240505090739/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/125527-actor-ramdas-interview |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=anna>{{cite news|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=9 July 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-170|page=4|date=20 April 1986|title=ஆயிரம் பூக்கள் மலரட்டும் }}</ref> Despite a publicised fallout between the producer and the original music composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the film became a success commercially.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8ra2J56t-Q |title=வெற்றிமாறன் மாதிரி ஒரு டைரக்டரை பார்க்க முடியாது- Exclusive Interview With E Ramdoss |date=15 May 2017 |language=ta |publisher=Nettv4u |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714093932/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8ra2J56t-Q |archive-date=14 July 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The film was launched at Prasad recording studios and the title song was recorded on the same day. Minister [[V. V. Swaminathan]] lit the lamp and launched the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=ஆயிரம் பூக்கள் மலரட்டும் ஆனந்தம் எங்கும் பரவட்டும் |work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=10 July 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-185|date=6 May 1986|page=4}}</ref> The filming was held at [[Kodaikanal]].<ref name=anna />

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[V. S. Narasimhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/aayiram-pookkal-malarattum-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714103731/https://macsendisk.com/product/aayiram-pookkal-malarattum-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poomedaiyo
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|lyrics1 =[[Mu. Metha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Aayiram Pookkal
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
|lyrics2=[[Vairamuthu]]
| title3 = Megam Andha Megam
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|lyrics3=[[Na. Kamarasan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Nethu Unna Pathu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|lyrics4=[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length4 =
|title5=Kadhal Nila
|extra5=S. P. Balasubramaniam
|lyrics5=Vaali
|length5=
|title6=Idhu Ilamai Ezhuthum
|extra6=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
|lyrics6=[[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the music by Narasimhan was "okay", and lauded the cinematography by Dinesh Baboo.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 August 1986 |title=ஆயிரம் பூக்கள் மலரட்டும் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-08-24/page/2/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622133306/https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-08-24/page/2/mode/2up |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=30 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, humour, music, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-269|title=ஆயிரம் பூக்கள் மலரட்டும்|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=13 July 2025|page=4|date=3 August 1986|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|last=பாலுமணி
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 romance films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Ramdoss]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. S. Narasimhan]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Alaiyadikkuthu

2026-03-03T04:19:40Z

KathrinChick016: improved intro for consistency for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alaiyadikkuthu
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kalimuthu Arjunaraja
| producer = A. N. A. Naina Mohamed N. Fazil
| writer = Kalimuthu Arjunaraja
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sindhu Tolani]]
*[[Yugendran]]
*Naveen Dhanush
*[[Aari Arujunan|Akhil Kumar]]
}}
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = Pavan Shekhar
| editing = T. K. Kuppusamy
| studio = Studio Lights
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|08|10}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Alaiyadikkuthu''''' ({{Translation|The waves are hitting}}) is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language thriller film written and directed by Kalimuthu Arjunaraja and starring [[Sindhu Tolani]], Naveen Dhanush and [[Aari Arujunan|Akhil Kumar]]. It was released on 10 August 2005.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sindhu Tolani]] as Brindha
*Naveen Dhanush
*[[Aari Arujunan|Akhil Kumar]]
*[[Yugendran]] as R. G. Madhu
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
*[[Kazan Khan]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*Ghilli Sekhar
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*Neha Tolani
*Prabha Reddy
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
}}

==Soundtrack==

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || Chee Chee Poda || [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[Harish Raghavendra]] || rowspan=3|Ilayakamban
|-
| 2 || Machi Machi || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Mahathi
|-
| 3 || Mela Paaru || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Grace Karunas]]
|-
| 4 || Mercury Baby || [[Srimathumitha]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| 5 || Vaada Machan || Krishnaraj, [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Victor Dass
|-
|}

==Reception==
The film was released on 10 August 2005 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from [[Sify]] gave the film a negative review, adding that "Sindhu Tolani as the female crusader and vigilante is adequate though she has to improve in emotional scenes" and that the film "needed more sensitive treatment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/alaiyadikuthe-review-tamil-pclvK7iffhicj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615002742/https://www.sify.com/movies/alaiyadikuthe-review-tamil-pclvK7iffhicj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2022|title=Alaiyadikuthe|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from NowRunning.com wrote "though the movie is realistic, relevant and to some extent revitalizing, it misses on a point that you do not feel or sympathize for the pains suffered by victims of lascivious men".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2372/tamil/alaiyadikudhe/540/review.htm |title=Alaiyadikudhe Review | Alaiyadikudhe Tamil Movie Review by P.V.Sathish Kumar |publisher=nowrunning |date=2005-07-13 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13746792}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]

Satguru Hari Singh

2026-02-26T15:56:44Z

KathrinChick016: adding basic bio from scratch

{{Short description|Spiritual leader of the Namdhari Sikhs}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Namdhari Sikhi
| name = Satguru Hari Singh
| image =
| birth_date = 1819
| birth_place = Raian, Punjab
| spouse = Mata Jeewan Kaur and Mata Fateh Kaur
| children = Satguru Partap Singh, Maharaj Nihal Singh and Maharaj Gurdial Singh
| parents = Pita Jassa Singh and Mata Sada Kaur
| known_for = Sustaining the Namdhari movement amidst severe colonial government oppression
| death_date = 1906
| image_upright =
| predecessor = [[Satguru Ram Singh]]
| successor = [[Satguru Partap Singh|Satguru Pratap Singh]]
}}
'''Satguru Hari Singh''' (1819–1906) was the younger brother of [[Satguru Ram Singh]]. Following the deportation of his elder brother, Satguru Hari Singh took on the monumental task of sustaining the Namdhari (Kuka) movement amidst severe colonial government oppression.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |title=Jin Tutti Layi Milaaye |publisher=Ram Krishna Press |year=2006 |pages=11 |language=Punjabi |trans-title=One who United the Separated Ones}}</ref> The colonial British authorities imposed harsh restrictions on the Namdhari Sikhs, declaring them rebels and severely limiting their movements and gatherings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh |title=Rebels against the British Rule (Guru Ram Singh and the Kuka Sikhs) |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1989}}</ref> Despite these challenges, Satguru Hari Singh persevered in maintaining both the freedom struggle and religious practices of the Namdhari Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Ajit Singh |title=Jot ka Jaama |publisher=White Cross Printers |year=1999 |edition=1st |language=Punjabi |trans-title=Embodiment of the Divine}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Satguru Hari Singh's earlier name was Budh Singh. Born in 1820, he was four years younger than Satguru Ram Singh. Both Satguru Ram Singh and Satguru Hari Singh received [[informal education]] in Gurmukhi at home from their mother Mata [[Sada Kaur]]. Later, they started assisting their father Jassa Singh.<ref name=":0" /> While Satguru Ram Singh joined the Khalsa army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at 20 years of age, Satguru Hari Singh remained at home and engaged in tool-making and some farm activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |title=Jin Tutti Layi Milaaye |publisher=Ram Krishna Press |year=2006 |edition=1st |pages=13 |language=Punjabi |trans-title=One who United the Separated Ones}}</ref> He took care of all the family matters.
[[File:Satguru Ram Singh instructing Bhai Budh Singh (Satguru Hari Singh) to leave all other work and concentrate more on management of Namdhari movement.jpg|left|thumb|Satguru Ram Singh instructing Bhai Budh Singh (Satguru Hari Singh) to leave all other work and concentrate more on management of Namdhari movement]]
When Satguru Ram Singh came back from army and started the Namdhari movement in 1857 to oppose colonialism, he had deliberately kept Bhai Budh Singh (later Satguru Hari Singh) away from major activities till 1871.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Virk |first=Swaran Singh |title=Guru Hari Singh Ji ate Kuka- mukti sangram In: Second centenary of Sri Satguru Hari Singh Ji |publisher=Namdhari Darbar |year=2019 |pages=15 |language=Punjabi |trans-title=Guru Hari Singh and the Kuka- freedom struggle}}</ref> Because of this, Bhai Budh Singh was not subject to rigorous surveillance of the colonial government, to which Satguru Ram Singh and other well-known, prominent Namdhari Sikhs were. Six months prior to exile, Satguru Ram Singh instructed Bhai Budh Singh to leave all other work and concentrate more on the management of Namdhari movement.<ref name=":1" /> From then onwards, Bhai Budh Singh started spending most of his time in management of the Gurudwara activities.

== Aftermath of 1872 Malerkotla incident ==
Following the Malerkotla incident in 1872, where 66 Namdhari Sikhs were executed by cannon fire by British authorities, the colonial government imposed severe restrictions on the Namdhari Sikh community. This execution was a response to a violent confrontation between Namdhari Sikhs and those Malerkotla officials and populace which indulged in public cow slaughter, an act deeply offensive to the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=Sikhism and the Sikhs |publisher=Printwell, Amritsar |year=2011 |pages=263}}</ref> In the aftermath of this event, known as the ''Malerkotla Saka'' (massacre), Satguru Ram Singh, the leader of the Namdharis, was exiled. The British government, viewing the Namdharis as a threat, implemented a series of harsh measures to control and suppress the movement, which included labeling of the entire Namdhari community was labeled as rebels, permission from village headmen now required for Namdhari Sikhs to leave their villages, gatherings of more than five Namdhari Sikhs being prohibited. Other restrictions included establishment of a strong police post was established at the main gate of Satguru Hari Singh Ji's residence in Sri Bhaini Sahib, entry to Sri Bhaini Sahib being restricted to only five Namdhari Sikhs at a time and the Gurdwara Bhaini Sahib being subjected to multiple raids and excavations by government forces.

== Spiritual leadership ==
The restrictions severely limited the Namdhari Sikhs' ability to practice their faith, communicate with each other and continue their religious and social activities. The measures were designed to curb any potential anti-government activities and to weaken the Namdhari movement. The Punjab District Gazetteer ([[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana District]] and [[Malerkotla State]]) 1904 mentioned the situation of Namdhari Sikhs as 'It is not to be expected then that any man, unless he were prepared to break with society and give his enemies a constant hold on him, would admit that he belonged to the sect..'.<ref name=":4" /> Despite these challenges, the Namdhari Sikhs, under the leadership of Satguru Hari Singh, continued to maintain their religious practices and their struggle for independence, albeit under much more difficult circumstances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sant |title=The Namdhari Sikhs |publisher=Vishav Namdhari Sangat |year=2010 |pages=111–118}}</ref>

Satguru Hari Singh's leadership was characterized by his unwavering commitment to the Namdhari cause. His spiritual authority was confirmed through a ''Hukumnama'' (commandment) from Satguru Ram Singh, which bestowed upon him the name "Hari Singh" and vested him with full authority.<ref name=":2" />

== Sustenance of Namdhari movement ==
Throughout his 34-year leadership, Satguru Hari Singh faced constant police surveillance and restrictions. He was not allowed to leave Sri Bhaini Sahib without prior permission, and even then only for specific occasions and short periods. The Gurdwara Bhaini Sahib was raided multiple times by the government, and entry to Sri Bhaini Sahib was restricted to only five Namdhari Sikhs at a time. Despite these formidable challenges, Satguru Hari Singh managed to sustain the Namdhari movement, preserve their religious and cultural heritage, and continue the struggle for independence.
[[File:Photocopy of remains of letter from Russian authorities to Satguru Hari Singh.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Photocopy of remains of letter from Russian authorities, addressed to Satguru Hari Singh]]
Under Satguru Hari Singh's guidance, several important activities were undertaken. These included developing the headquarters at Sri Bhaini Sahib, maintaining the ''Langar'' (community kitchen) without interruption, encouraging Namdhari Sikhs to remain optimistic, propagating Sikh teachings and preserving cultural heritage, and continuing the struggle for independence and against cow slaughter. Satguru Hari Singh initiated the practice of ''Akhand Paths'' (continuous recitations of the Sri Adi [[Guru Granth Sahib]]) despite government restrictions. He got completed numerous such recitations, which became a regular feature of Namdhari practice and continues till today.

It was under the guidance of Satguru Hari Singh that a tripartite covert communication link was established between the Russian authorities in Samarkand with Satguru Ram Singh in Rangoon through Satguru Hari Singh in Sri Bhaini Sahib.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Fauja Singh |title=Kuka Movement: An important phase in Punjab's role in India's struggle for freedom (Punjab History Forum Series no. 1). |publisher=Motilal Banarasidass |year=1965 |edition=1st |pages=121–158}}</ref> Baba Gurcharan Singh and Suba Bishan had travelled to Central Asia to establish these contacts. The Kuka efforts for Russian aid were primarily motivated by the desire to utilize Russian military might to expel the British from India. Fauja Singh mentions that these communications with Russia should be understood in the context of Anglo-Russian relations of the time, with Russia seen as a potential ally against British imperialism.<ref name=":3" /> Though these contacts were successfully established, the foreign help to drive out the British imperialists did not materialize due to multiplicity of factors, including geopolitical developments and in some cases, the fear of consolidated British power, which had a large number of native sepoys and other resources at its disposal.<ref name=":3" />

In a report submitted by J.P. Warburton in 1896, Kuka movement was described as 'from the beginning manifestly directed against the existing (''referring to'' ''British'') Government', while tracing its origins to Satguru Ram Singh and mentioning that under the supervision of Budh Singh, 'the inflammable material (''referring to'' ''anti-colonial feelings'') exists in abundance and needs only a spark to ignite it'.<gallery mode="packed" caption="True-copy of a report of the revival of the Kuka movement, by J. P. Warburton, Lahore, 11 November 1896">
File:True-copy_of_a_report_of_the_revival_of_the_Kuka_movement,_by_J._P._Warburton,_Lahore,_11_November_1896_(1).jpg
File:True-copy_of_a_report_of_the_revival_of_the_Kuka_movement,_by_J._P._Warburton,_Lahore,_11_November_1896_(2).jpg
</gallery>

== Community service ==
At Sri Bhaini Sahib, Satguru Hari Singh extended the free ''langar'' (community kitchen) to serve the famine-stricken population. This initiative was not limited to feeding people alone; he also provided sustenance for their cattle, recognizing the importance of livestock in rural livelihoods. The scale of this effort was remarkable, with more than 6,000 people receiving free meals daily at the height of the crisis. This showcased Satguru Hari Singh's deep commitment to serving humanity, especially in times of dire need.
The magnitude of Satguru Hari Singh's humanitarian work during the famine was noted by the Commissioner of Ludhiana, who impressed with this service, offered to donate 2,500 acres of land to Gurudwara Sri Bhaini Sahib for the continuation of the ''langar''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Namdhari Guru Ram Singh |date=2010 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-5918-0 |pages=165}}</ref> Satguru Hari Singh replied, "By giving 2500 acres from our country, you want to emphasize that the rest of country is yours? This entire country is ours, and we will take it back as a whole from you." This refusal of the then colonial government patronage exemplified the steadfast resolve of Namdhari Sikhs in their struggle for freedom. In 1904, the colonial government noted in its gazette that "it is not possible for a Kuka to be loyal subject of the British Government...".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Punjab District Gazetteer (Volume XV) Ludhiana District and Malerkotla State |publisher=Civil and Military Gazettee Press, Lahore |year=1907}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Satguru Hari Singh is known in Namdhari ''Sikhi'' as the "one who united the 'separated ones'".<ref name=":0" /> The colonial persecution of the Namdhari Sikhs was intense. As a result, the sect suffered a major blow. However, with the efforts of Satguru Hari Singh, the Namdhari movement kept its programme of anti-colonialism.<ref name=":4" /> Satguru Hari Singh guided the sect till 17 May 1906, after which, his elder son, Satguru Partap Singh assumed the leadership of the community.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus]]

Usha Ranjan Ghatak

2026-02-12T03:18:22Z

KathrinChick016: adding some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian synthetic organic chemist and stereochemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Usha Ranjan Ghatak
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|2|26}}
| birth_place = [[Brahmanbaria]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|6|18|1931|2|26}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Synthetic organic chemistry]] | [[Stereochemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Asutosh College]] (B.Sc.) | [[Rajabazar Science College]] (M.Sc.) & (Ph.D.) | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[University of Maine]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] | [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]] (Post Doc.)}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | P. C. Dutta }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on stereochemically controlled organic synthesis
| awards = {{ublist | 1974 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Usha Ranjan Ghatak''' (26 February 1931 – 18 June 2005) was an Indian [[synthetic organic chemistry|synthetic organic chemist]], [[Stereochemistry|stereochemist]] and the director of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS).<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005)">{{Cite journal |last=Ranu |first=Brindhaban C. |title=Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005) |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug102005/570.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=August 2005 |volume=89 |issue=3 |page=570}}</ref> He was known for his contributions in developing novel protocols of stereoselective synthesis of [[diterpenoid]]s.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=319 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ghatak,_Prof._Usha_Ranjan |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N800261 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115140609/http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N800261 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1974, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Kolkata univ jeroje.jpg|thumb|235px|Calcutta University]]
U. R. Ghatak was born on 26 February 1931 at [[Brahmanbaria]], a town of historic importance in the undivided Bengal of [[British India]] (presently in Bangladesh) to Hem Ranjan Ghatak-Soudamini Devi couple as one among their seven children.<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005)" /> He did his schooling locally and after passing matriculation examination in 1947, he completed his intermediate studies in [[Agartala]] in 1949. His graduate studies (BSc hons) were at [[Asutosh College]] in chemistry and secured his master's degree from [[Rajabazar Science College]] in 1953, winning Motilal Mullick Medal and University Gold Medal for standing first in the examination. Subsequently, he enrolled for doctoral studies at [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS) and studied under the guidance of P. C. Dutta, a synthetic organic chemist, and obtained a PhD from [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Calcutta University]] in 1957.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He stayed with IACS for two more years before moving to the US for his post-doctoral studies at three centres viz. [[University of Maine]], the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John’s University]].<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005)" /> He returned to India to IACS in 1963 to resume his career there and worked there till his official retirement from service in 1996; in between, he served as the head of the department of organic chemistry (1977–89) and as the director (1989–96).<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak on Chemistry Tree">{{Cite web |url=http://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=686376 |title=Usha Ranjan Ghatak on Chemistry Tree |date=2016 |publisher=Chemistry Tree}}</ref> Later, he was associated with the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

Ghatak was married to Anindita and the couple lived in [[Kolkata]]. It was here he died, succumbing a massive heart attack, on 18 June 2005, at the age of 76, survived by his wife.<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005)" />

== Legacy ==
Ghatak's contributions were primarily on stereochemically controlled organic synthesis and he was known developing methodologies for the synthesis of polycarbocyclic diterpenoids and bridged-ring compounds.<ref name="S. Swaminathan Sixtieth Birthday Commemoration Lecture">{{Cite journal |year=1995 |title=S. Swaminathan Sixtieth Birthday Commemoration Lecture - 1994 |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol61A_1995_1_Art03.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy |volume=61 |pages=21–36}}</ref> His work on the four possible racemates of deoxypodocarpic acid, deisopropyl dehydroabietic acid and the corresponding 5-epimers reportedly clarified some of the stereochemical uncertainties existed till then.<ref name="Usha Ranjan Ghatak (1931–2005)" /> He demonstrated total synthesis of compounds related to [[gibberellins]], a group of growth-regulating plant hormones.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34}}</ref> The regio- and stereo-specific intramolecular alkylation rearrangements through diazoketones as well as new annulation reactions involving cationic and radical processes he developed widened the understanding of free radical cyclization chemistry.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

Ghatak documented his researches by way of a book, ''A Century, 1876-1976''<ref name="A Century, 1876-1976">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Century-1876-1976-Usha-Ranjan-Ghatak/dp/B001NX22AE |title=A Century, 1876-1976 |last=Ghatak |first=Usha Ranjan |publisher=The Association |year=1976 |page=313 |asin=B001NX22AE}}</ref> and a number of articles published in peer-reviewed journals;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ghatak=3AUsha_Ranjan_=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository, has listed 148 of them.<ref name="Ghatak on ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/77796299_Usha_Ranjan_Ghatak |title=Ghatak on ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> He mentored several doctoral scholars in their researches and his works have been cited by several authors.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} He was associated with journals such as ''Indian Journal of Chemistry'' (Sec B), ''Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Chem Sci)'' and ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'' as a member of their editorial boards and served as a member of the Indian National Science Academy Council from 1994 to 1996.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Ghatak the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1974.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1976<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1980.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> The [[Chemical Research Society of India]] awarded him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003.<ref name="Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the several award orations he delivered were Professor K. Venkataraman Endowment Lecture (1982), Acharya P. C. Ray Memorial Lecture of [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1985), Professor N. V. Subba Rao Memorial Lecture (1986), Prof. R. C. Shah Memorial Lecture of [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (1986), T. R. Sheshadri Memorial Lecture of [[Delhi University]] (1987), Baba Kartar Singh Memorial Lecture of [[Panjab University]] (1990) and S. Swaminathan Sixtieth Birthday Commemoration Lecture of Indian National Science Academy (1994).<ref name="S. Swaminathan Sixtieth Birthday Commemoration Lecture" /> He was also associated with the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] and [[Chemical Society of London]] as an associate member.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science have instituted an annual oration, Professor U. R. Ghatak Endowment Lecture, in honor of Ghatak.<ref name="Professor U. R. Ghatak Endowment Lecture ">{{Cite web |url=http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/lectures/urghatak_09.html |title=Professor U. R. Ghatak Endowment Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303070240/http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/lectures/urghatak_09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|author=F.R. Hartley|title=Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals: Recent Developments|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-08-093395-5|pages=232–}}
* {{cite book|author=Manfred Regitz|title=Diazo Compounds: Properties and Synthesis|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-14472-8|pages=165–}}
* {{cite book|author=Bentham Science Publishers|title=Current Organic Chemistry|date=September 1999|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|pages=495–}}
* {{cite book|author=Vincent Lee|title=Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery|date=19 November 1990|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-7896-5|pages=123–}}
* {{cite book|title=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology|date=11 November 1981|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-086542-3|pages=216–}}
* {{cite book|author=G. T. Young|title=Amino-acids, Peptides, and Proteins: A Review of the literature published during 1970. Volume 03|date=January 1971|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-024-4|pages=241–}}

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Century-1876-1976-Usha-Ranjan-Ghatak/dp/B001NX22AE |title=A Century, 1876-1976 |last=Ghatak |first=Usha Ranjan |publisher=The Association |year=1976 |page=313 |asin=B001NX22AE}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Usha Ranjan Ghatak, Nithar Ranjan Chatterjee |title=A total synthesis of (±)-O-methyl-14-methylpodocarpic acid |journal=J. Chem. Soc. C |date=1971 |pages=190–196 |doi=10.1039/J39710000190}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gopa Sinha, Santosh K. Maji, Usha Ranjan Ghatak, Monika Mukherjee (née Mondal), Alok K. Mukherjee, Ajit K. Chakravarty |title=Condensed cyclic and bridged-ring system. Part 9. Stereocontrolled synthesis and X-ray structural analyses of cis-3,4,4a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1,4a-ethanophenanthrene-2(1H),12-dione and trans-3,4,4a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-3,4a-ethanophenanthrene-2(1H), 12-dione |journal=J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 |date=1983 |volume=10 |pages=2519–2528 |doi=10.1039/P19830002519}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=B. Saha |author2=Gopa Bhattacharjee |author3=Usha Ranjan Ghatak |title=A novel synthetic method for angularly functionalized polycyclic systems by vinylogous wolff rearrangement of β, γ-unsaturated diazoketones |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |date=1986 |volume=27 |issue=33 |pages=3913–3914 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(00)83915-5}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Subrata GhoshUsha Ranjan Ghatak |title=Carbon-carbon bond formation and annulation reactions using trimethyl and triethyl orthoformates |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Chemical Sciences |date=April 1988 |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=235–252 |doi=10.1007/BF02839451|s2cid=93780028 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bimal K. Banik, Usha Ranjan Ghatak |title=Synthetic studies towards complex diterpenoids-171: synthesis and oxidative cleavage of ()-19,20-cycloabieta-19-oxo-8,11,13-triene |journal=Tetrahedron |date=December 1989 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3547–3556 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81033-4}}

== See also ==
* [[Gibberellin]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Ghatak |title=Author profile: Ghatak on Royal Society of Chemistry |date=2016 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=a |year=1995 |orig-year=1994 |title=S. Swaminathan Sixtieth Birthday Commemoration Lecture - 1994 (full text) |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol61A_1995_1_Art03.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy |volume=61 |issue=A |pages=21–36}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghatak, Usha Ranjan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Maine alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Stereochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria]]

Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur

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KathrinChick016: Stub

{{Infobox University
|name = Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur
|image =
|type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]]
|established = {{start date and age|1989}}
|dean = Dr. Rajesh Khylappa
|address = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|colors =
|affiliations =
|website = http://dypatilunikop.org/
}}

'''Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Kolhapur''' is medical college in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]. The college imparts the degree [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). It is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]]. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest in Kolhapur.

Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test|NEET]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.aglasem.com/17-new-medical-colleges/|title = 17 New Medical Colleges opening in the Nation; 2330 New MBBS Seats|date = 21 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://dypatilunikop.org/

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}

K. Kumar

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KathrinChick016: cleanup

{{short description|Indian orator and reformer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{infobox officeholder
| nationality = [[India]]n
| image = File:K. Kumarji, days before his death 3.jpg
| caption = K. Kumar at 80
| alma_mater = [[Madras University]] [[Presidency College, Chennai]], [[American College, Madurai]]
| spouse = T.S.Bhadrakumari
| children = K. Bhadrakumar
| birth_place = [[Central Division (Travancore)|Quilon]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Elanthoor]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]])
}}
'''K. Kumar''' (1894–1973) was an Indian orator, reformer and writer of the Indian pre-independence era. He was one of the earliest socio-political leaders to have brought [[Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]'s message and the spirit of the [[Indian National Movement|national movement]] to the erstwhile [[Travancore]] State.<ref>Freedom Fighters of Kerala - Government of Kerala - 1974</ref><ref>A Social History of India By S. N. Sadasivan - Page 535</ref><ref>K.C.Pillai, Avoor S. Gopalan Nair and others - 1974 - K. Kumarji Smaraka Grandham</ref>

A gifted translator, he traveled with Gandhi during his Kerala tours, interpreting his English speeches in Malayalam. He was also an Advisor to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] government. Kumar was the President of the Travancore Congress Committee and was also in charge of Gandhiji's Travancore tour more than once. He served on the AICC ([[All India Congress Committee]]) and on the working committee of the AICC (CWC or [[Congress Working Committee]]), TC-PCC/ KPCC ([[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]) heading its Constructive Work Committee during crucial years of the freedom movement. He also functioned as the Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee of Travancore<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unsung Heroes Detail - K. Kumar, Trivandrum, Kerala | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?11202}}</ref>

Kumar was also known as: Travancore Kumar, Elanthur Kumarji; Kumarji, Elanthur Gandhi and Kuzhikala Kumar<ref>Trade Union Movement in Kerala ‘ K. Ramachandran Nair, Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment (in association with Manak Publishers) 2006- Page 12</ref><ref>G. Ramachandran - "Memories of Kumarji" and other references quoted</ref>

== Early life ==
K. Kumar was born as K. Kumaran Nair as the eldest son of Kunju Pennamma and K. Padmanabhan Nair, in a traditional [[Nair]] family, the Kaduvinal-Thazhayamannil [[Tharavad]], in [[Elanthoor|Elanthur]], [[Central Division (Travancore)|Quilon District]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Elanthoor|Elanthur]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]). ‘K’ in his name stands for his maternal house. [[Matrilineality]] was a tradition of Kerala and it was customary to attach the name of the maternal house to a child's first name as 'patronymic'. His father, K. Padmanabhan Nair, was a powerful social figure who also was a Revenue Officer of great standing under the Princely State of Travancore. K. Kumar's son K. Bhadrakumar, is a Developmental Educationist. His granddaughter Divya Bhadrakumar, is an [[Embedded system|Embedded System]] Engineer<ref>Government records pertaining to births, deaths etc</ref>

A close friend of the High-court-judge-turned veteran freedom-activist [[Changanassery Parameswaran Pillai]] (1877–1940),<ref>Changanassery Parameswaran Pillai and the Socio-political Evolution of Modern Travancore - K.R. Ushakumari - 2009 - Trivandrum</ref> and teacher-turned advocates and judges Sankaravelil Parameswaran Pillai and Vaikom Narayana Pillai, he shared a balanced outlook on the socio-political realities surrounding the British-driven Princely State. He was also a contemporary of [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]] and helped him in making [[Nair Service Society]] a reality without being even remotely sectarian. Mannathu Padmanabhan also helped him back by participating in Kumar's political campaigns.<ref>The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Volume 34, page 416 – letter from Gandhi to Rajaji</ref><ref>Dr. G. Ramachandran ("Memories of Kumarji" - 1974)</ref>

Kumar had his early education at Paravoor English School and Mannar Nair Society High School in Quilon District in Kerala. He, then, moved on to [[American College, Madurai|Madurai American College]] for intermediate education and later, to [[Presidency College, Chennai|Madras Presidency College]] for higher studies. Kumar was said to have been a bright student and among the earliest in the State to have received University Education. Patriotism and Gandhi's call for non-co-operation caused Kumar to plung himself into Gandhian work for 'social reconstruction' which affected his further studies. It was primarily [[North India]] that he chose for his early engagement.<ref>Sarva Vijnana Kosam (Malayalam Ecyclopaedia - article titled 'Kumar K - Kerala Government publication</ref><ref>Article by K. Raman Nair in Kumarji Smaraka Grandham</ref>

== Beginnings of Sociopolitical Involvement ==
K. Kumar became a member of the Indian National Congress in 1912.<ref name="list of freedom fighters">List of Freedom Fighters, The Regional Records Survey Committee, Government of Kerala</ref> Inspired by Gandhiji, he later left higher studies at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] and served the Congress from Trivandrum as one of its very few full-time workers of Kerala.<ref>K.C Pillai - K.Kumarji Smaraka Grandham - 1974</ref><ref>Sarva Vijnana Kosam (Malayalam Encyclopedia), Government of Kerala</ref>

During the 1920s, Kumarji revived the ‘[[Swadeshabhimani (newspaper)|Swadeshabhimani]]’<ref>K.C Pillai on K. Kumar - 1974</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The History of Freedom Movement in Travancore, C. Narayana Pillai, Page 401</ref><ref name="gov of kerala">Kumar.K: Sarva Vijnana Kosam (Encyclopaedia in Malayalam) - Government of Kerala</ref>) (the news-paper founded by [[Vakkom Moulavi]] and run and edited until 1910 by the deported Swadeshabhimani [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai|Ramakrishna Pillai]]), as part of his effort to invigorate the political scene and set the tone for the national movement in Kerala. He also became the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of the paper after Ramakrishna Pillai.<ref>K.C. Pillai°(See Note 1) and others - 1974- K. Kumarji Smaraka Grandham (Elanthoor)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Nair Service Society: Suvarna Grantham (Malayalam) - 1964 - Page 666</ref><ref name="ReferenceB"/> It was considered a daring move that nearly froze the government. However, the government wisely chose not to react or retaliate immediately.

K. Narayana Kurukkal (author of the novels "Parappuram" and "Udayabhanu") and Barrister A. K. Pillai helped Kumar in his efforts. Kurukkal was a colleague and friend of [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]]. Besides Narayana Kurukkal, R. Narayana Panikker, renowned political critic Raman Menon, S. R. Pillai's wife B. Kalyani Amma and other prominent writers, contributed articles to the paper on a regular basis. Kumar also used to write editorials and articles. K. Narayana Kurukkal and Barrister A. K. Pillai assisted Kumar to edit the paper which was headquartered at the present DPI Office (Office of the Director of Public Instruction, Government of Kerala) in Thycaud, Trivandrum.<ref>K.C Pillai on K. Kumar</ref>

[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s disciple and writer, K. C. Pillai, helped Kumarji with back-end office-duties. The paper was run on the lines of "[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]" published from Calcutta by [[Ramananda Chatterjee]] and used to carry articles besides regular editorials written by Kumar himself.

K. C. Pillai and Evoor S. Gopalan Nair opine that "Swadeshabhimani" remained a publication of the highest standards so long as it was under the leadership of Kumar.<ref>K.C Pillai's article in K. Kumarji Smaraka Grandham published from Elanthoor in 1974</ref><ref name="epitome">K. Kumar, the Epitome of Service and Sacrifice : Evoor S. Gopalan nair - Article 1974</ref> It appears that the editorship of ‘Swadeshabhimani’ got passed on to A. K. Pillai<ref>Cogressum Keralavum - AK Pillai</ref> by 1932. K. Kumar had an important role in at least two other influential nationalist papers of the era – the ‘Swarat’ run by A. K. Pillai himself and the ‘Mahatma’ run by the Amsi brothers.<ref>Dr G. Ramachandran -1974</ref><ref>KC Pillai - 1974</ref> Swadeshabhimani Ramkrishna Pillai's work had a serious impact on Kumarji. He thus chose [[Kannur|Cannanore]] as one of his chief venues for breaking the Salt Law and became instrumental in erecting the statue of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai in the capital city of Trivandrum and organising an annual commemoration of the deportation for a long time to come.<ref>Kumarji Smaraka Grandham - K.C Pillai and others - Elanthoor (1974)</ref><ref name="gov of kerala" /><ref>The History of Freedom Movement in Kerala (1885 - 1938) ORIGINAl from THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN – Government of Kerala (Government Press 1972) -P.K.K Menon – Page 197</ref>

== Into the thick of Freedom Struggle ==
During the thick of the freedom struggle, Kumarji was the President of the Travancore Congress Committee and was also in charge of Gandhiji's Travacore tour more than once. He served on the AICC and on the working committee of the TC-PCC/ KPCC heading its Constructive Work Committee during crucial years of the freedom movement.<ref>K. Karunakaran Nair - Freedom fighters of Kerala - 1975 (Pref original Michigan Edition)</ref><ref>No Elephants for the Maharaja: Social and Political Change in the Princely State of Travancore (1921 – 47): Author: Louise Ouwerkerk, Editor: Dick Kooiman, Manohar Publishers 1994 – Original: University of Michigan</ref><ref name="gov of kerala" /><ref name="pages 220-1">Mahacharita Samgraha Sagaram (A Compressed Encyclopaedia of the Renowned (in Malayalam)– Pallippattu Kunjukrishnan - SPCS and NBS - Pages 220 and 221</ref><ref>Nair Service Society Suvarna Grantham - 1964</ref>

The Travancore State Congress was reconstituted with new objectives in 1938 under [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]. Since the character of the newly constituted party was not to his taste, Kumar preferred to remain inactive from it.

Besides Mahatma Gandhi, Kumarji had close ties with [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]], Nehru, [[Chittaranjan Das|C. R. Das]] and other prominent leaders. He was a part of the leadership of the Salt Satyagraha (in Kozhikode, Tellicherry and Cannanore, the Civil Disobedience or foreign cloth boycott and picketing at Alleppey and other areas<ref>Women's Movements in Kerala – Challenges and Prospects – Majula Devi's thesis work – page 140</ref><ref>Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (Malayalam) - Perunna KN Nair</ref> and the prominent role he played in the Temple Entry Movement and eradication of 'untouchability',<ref>Gandhi's talk at Elanthoor on 20 January 1937</ref><ref>Epic of Travancore - Mahadev Desai - Navjeevan Publishers - Page 37</ref> the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], the Nagpur Flag Satyagrha" and other significant social unity moves.<ref>The Epic of Travancore - Mahadeva Desai, Navjeevan Karyalaya, Ahmedabad (1937) - Original from the University of Michigan – page 37 of First Indian Edition</ref><ref>G. Ramachandran's article</ref> These earned him at least 21 months of imprisonment<ref>Note: Arrived at from only pre-verified sources: His actual imprisonment may be many years more</ref> with 9 months rigorous imprisonment.<ref>Page 1214 entry number 9, Appendix VI vide answer of Chief Secretary to an interpellation (number 373 raised in the Travancore Legislative Council) on 12th June 1924 by member Sri V. Kunjukrishna Pillai of Chirayinkil</ref><ref>Copies of the records maintained at the office of the Supdt. Of Jails of Cannanore, Vellore and Bellary (showing RI from 27-5-1930 to 26-2-1931){{cite web |url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |title=History |accessdate=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729035512/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |archivedate=29 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>EMERGENCE OF THE TRAVANCORE STATE CONGRESS AND EARLY ACTIVITIES OF THE PARTY -M. Sumathy "From Petitions to Protest - A Study of the Political Movements in Travancore 1938-1947" Thesis - Department of History, University of Calicut, 2004</ref> The year-long agitation at Alleppey and Trivandrum brought about mass conversions to the Gandhian ideology and Khadi. His leadership of the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi Movement]] and Foreign Cloth Boycott at Alleppey also inspired many prominent, educated women to come to the forefront and offer mighty support of the national movement. The role of the wife of the last Diwan of Travancore and Kumarji's classmate [[P. G. N. Unnithan]] and the daughter of P. G. Govida Pillai, Government Pleader,<ref>see : P.G.N Unnithan, Wikipedia Article [[P. G. N. Unnithan]]</ref> wife of Swadeshabhimani [[T.K. Madhavan]] and M. [[Karthyayani Amma]] deserve special mention.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Women's Movements in Kerala | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7172/10/10_chapter%203.pdf | website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105715/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7172/10/10_chapter%203.pdf | archive-date=2017-03-28}}</ref><ref>K. Kumar and the Indian National Movement - Puthenkavu Mathan Tharakan - 1974</ref><ref>The Epitome of Service and Sacrifice - Evoor S. Goplan Nair - 1974</ref>

== Khadi, Harijan Welfare, Sarvodaya & Communal Harmony ==
By late thirties, Kumarji turned all his attention to Harijan Welfare, Sarvodaya, Education and Khadi<ref>Vishwa Vijnana Kosham (Malayalam Encyclopedia), Government of Kerala - 1972- Volume II- Page 646</ref><ref>Thiruvithamkoor Swatantrya Samara Charitram - C. Narayana Pillai- Second Edition September 2004; Page : 401</ref> He toured the state delivering lectures and establishing scores of schools (said to be 96 to 110) including Harijan and Sarvodaya Schools. A few of these survived into the sixties and early seventies. In course of time, he passed on the management of most of these institutions to the Head teacher or an educated member of the depressed class. He started a school for Harijans named "Kumbazha Pravarthi Pallikudam" which later became a life-giving tributary to the present Government VHSS Elanthoor.<ref>{{Cite web | title=ഗവ.വി.എച്ച്.എസ്.എസ് ഇലന്തൂർ - Schoolwiki | url=http://schoolwiki.in/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D | access-date=2025-11-26 | website=schoolwiki.in}}</ref> Besides, he continued to undertake promotion of Khadi as a life-mission. Gandhian Dr. G. Ramachandran, the former Chairman of the Khadi Commission is emphatic when he says: "His (Kumarji's) double passion consisted of Khadi and prohibition... In fact Kumarji was Khadi and Khadi was Kumarji... To him must belong more than anyone else in Travancore, the irresistible appeal of Khadi that came into the lives of thousands of our people"...<ref>G. Ramachandran - See the article linked</ref> G. Ramachandran got drawn to Kumarji through his public speeches and sought to live and work with him in Trivandrum to undertake Khadi work. He reminisces that along with Kumarji, he went hacking Khadar from house to house in Trivandrum in the early twenties.

== Fading Into Oblivion ==
Though measures taken in the late twenties did not prove useful enough to unite all communities as he had dreamed,<ref>A Social History of India : S.N. Sadasivan -2000- page 535</ref> K. Kumar renewed his efforts for communal harmony. With [[K. Kelappan]], K. Kumar had already become the first to remove the suffix to his name that suggested caste status.<ref>Evoor S Gopalan Nair (?) - 1974 - K. Kumarji Smaraka Grantham</ref> In course of time, Kumar became "a potent anti-communal force trusted by every community".<ref>Dr G. Ramachandran : Memories of Kumarji (Page 19)</ref><ref>The Epic of Travancore, Mahadeva Desai, Navjeevan Karyalaya, Ahmedabad (1937) - Original from the University of Michigan – page 37 of First Indian Edition</ref> However, political bigotry and manipulative tactics (during elections in Travancore after independence) dealt a ruthless blow to the secular sentiments of Travancore, painstakingly built up over the years and rendered Kumarji a victim of his ideological steadfastness. He contested the historic election against [[T.M. Varghese|T. M. Varghese]]<ref>Politicisation of Caste Relations in a Princely State, A Shaji, Zorba Books</ref> as an independent candidate wedded to ideology and lost by a narrow margin in an election that played the communal card powered with big money. However, it is said that Pattom Thanu Pillai did his best, supported by T.M Varghese, to induct him<ref>K. Raman Nair : Kumarji Smaraka Grantham</ref> into the [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] Ministry as Home Minister. Kumarji refused the offer on ideological grounds. Independent India failed to recognize him and utilize his exceptional qualities, but he continued to guide and mold a good number of public men and political leaders. Besides, he became active in local development work on a massive scale. He was also able to exert a transforming influence on the people through movements like "Community Feasts", "Thoppippala Agitataion", the Akhila Thiruvithamkoor Parayar Mahasabha and Kuravar Maha Sabha
that he took initiative in founding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kuravarmahasabha.com/about_us.php |title=Akhila kerala kuravar Mahasabha |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630213554/http://kuravarmahasabha.com/about_us.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="major">{{Cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15828/12/12_chapter%204.pdf | title=Major Dalit Movements in the Post-Independence Era | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193451/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15828/12/12_chapter%204.pdf | archive-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> Note: The Varkala SK Raghavan fraction and the PC Adichan fraction met at Elanthoor and formed the Travancore Kuravar Mahasabha in 1937, though later, it seems to have split again<ref name="major"/>

==Notes==
1. K. C. Pillai: Disciple of Rabindranath Tagore, writer and translator (transliterator) of Tagore's works into Malayalam. He was also owner of The Trivandrum Hotel (founded in 1934) in Statue (Trivandrum) which hosted several significant political and social gatherings during the freedom movement. Several of K. C. Pillai's books were published by DC Books. They may also be available at:<ref>http://www.sbcollege.org/library/authcat.php?idauth=K%20C%20Pillai{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

2. A. K. Pillai: Barrister A. K. Pillai, left his higher studies at Oxford University around 1920 and joined the Indian National Movement. Besides involving in social and political work on a massive scale, he helped K. Kumar to sub-edit the revived "Swadeshabhimani" and himself started the "Swarat" (Swarad) newspaper with the support of K. Kumar to promote the spirit of the national movement. (Ref: Articles of G. Ramachandran and K. C. Pillai in Kumarji Smaraka Grantham; Other sources including :<ref>http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/a_k_pillai. {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

3. The empathy for the underprivileged must have driven K. Kumar to dedicate much of his time for Harijan service, Harijan Education, development of Harijan organizations and the establishment of a unique Harijan Rehabilitation Colony in Elanthoor. The colony's life was built around programs for social refinement and economic self-sustainability. It had proximity to a very special school which he founded to educate kids during the day and the laboring classes after sun-down. This unique concept in schooling had a running water system energized by rural technology. It also ran centres of production for goods of regular consumption like match-boxes, soap and candle. These products could bring in supplementary income to the needy learners. It added a thoughtful dimension to the need for "vocationalising" education***. A special parliamentary delegation is understood to have visited Elanthoor to study these developmental experiments. The delegation published a paper or a report titled "Look at Elanthoor", praising and recommending the work as highly worth replication. The remains of the said school are still visible in Elanthoor close to the Harijan Colony. This most noted colony of the past began deteriorating into an absolutely unenviable state even towards the last days of Kumarji. (***Secondary Note: In the late sixties and early seventies, this school-building housed a part of the century-old Government High School nearby. After the government school shifted, seemingly in the early seventies, local people started usurping the remaining land and the property)

4. During the visit of the Prince of Wales (1921), mass protests and "hartals" were organised in all major towns of Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha<ref>Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (Malayalam) - Perunna KN Nair - Page 210</ref> and other towns witnessed unprecedented popular agitation. Two Muslim activists and three Congress leaders - K. Kumar, A. K. Pillai and Thoppil Padmanabha Pillai - were taken into custody by the government in this case. K. Kumar was awarded one year of imprisonment. Ref:<ref>K. Kumar and the National Movement - Puthenkavu Mathan Tharakan</ref>

== References / General References / Citations ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|K. Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

[[History of Kannur]] Ref: 1. Salt Satyagraha 2. Civil Disobedience Movement

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, K.}}
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Murshid Quli Khan

2026-01-12T12:27:59Z

KathrinChick016:

{{short description|Nawab of Bengal from 1717 to 1727}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Murshid Quli Khan
| title = Nasir Jung Ala ud-Daulah Mutam ul-Mulk Nawab Nazim Ja'far Khan Bahadur Nasiri
| more =
| image = File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa]]
| moretext =
| reign = 1717 – 30 June 1727
| reign-type =
| coronation = 1717
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| predecessor1 = [[Azim-ush-Shan]]
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]
| suc-type =
| succession1 = 30th [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| reign1 = 30 March 1712 – 1717
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| regent1 = [[Bahadur Shah I]] [[Jahandar Shah]] [[Farrukhsiyar]]
| reg-type1 = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| birth_name = Surya Narayan Mishra
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1660
| birth_place = [[Deccan Plateau]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1727|6|30|1660|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Katra Masjid]], [[Bengal]]
| spouse = Nasiri Banu Begum
| issue = {{plainlist|
* Nawabzada Yahya Khan
* Azmat un-Nisa Begum
* Zaynab un-Nisa Begum
}}
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| full name = Murshid Qulī Jaʿfar Khān Bahādur Nāṣirī
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| native_lang1 =
| native_lang1_name1 =
| house = Chehel Shetun
| dynasty = Nāṣirī
| father = Haji Shafi Isfahani (foster father)
| mother =
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=The History of Bengal|date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up|volume=II|orig-date=1948|publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-81-7646-239-6|page=224|quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi1986">{{cite book|last=Rizvi|first=Saiyid Athar Abbas|authorlink=Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi|title=A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā ʼAsharī Shīʼīs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z0OAAAAIAAJ|volume=2|year=1986|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|pages=45–47}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book|last=Rieck|first=Andreas|title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=15 January 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-061320-4|page=3|quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, [[Bengal]] was ruled by [[Shia]] [[Nawabs of Bengal|governors]] appointed by the [[Mughals]] but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|‘azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like [[Murshidabad]] and [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]], which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia ‘ulamâ’]] from both India and Iran.}}</ref><ref>K. K. Datta, ''Ali Vardi and His Times'', ch. 4, University of Calcutta Press, (1939)</ref>
| occupation =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| rank = [[Nawab Bahadur]], [[Padishah|Badshah]]
| battles =
}}
}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}

'''Murshid Quli Khan''' ({{circa}} 1660 – 30 June 1727), also known as '''Mohammad Hadi''' (born as '''Suryanarayana Mishra'''), was the first [[Nawab of Bengal]], serving from 1717 to 1727.

According to some writers, he was born a Hindu in the [[Deccan Plateau]] {{circa}} 1670, Murshid Quli Khan was bought by Mughal noble Haji Shafi. After Shafi's death, he worked under the [[Divan]] of [[Vidarbha]], during which time he piqued the attention of the then-emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who sent him to [[Bengal]] as the divan {{circa}} 1700. However, he entered into a bloody conflict with the province's ''[[subahdar]]'', [[Azim-us-Shan]]. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, he was transferred to the Deccan Plateau by Azim-us-Shan's father the Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]]. However, he was brought back as deputy ''subahdar'' in 1710. In 1717, he was appointed as the ''Nawab Nazim'' of Murshidabad by [[Farrukhsiyar]]. During his reign, he changed the ''[[jagirdari]]'' system (land management) to the ''mal jasmani,'' which would later transform into the ''[[zamindari]]'' system. He also continued sending revenues from the state to the [[Mughal Empire]]. He received various titles from the Mughal emperors such as Kārtalab Khān, Murshid Quli Khān, Jafar Khān and Mutamin al-Mulk Ála' al-Dauläh Jafar Khān Nasiri Nasir Jang Bahadur successively. He built the [[Katra Masjid]] mosque at [[Murshidabad]] where he was buried under the staircase after his death on 30 June 1727. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Shuja ud Din Muhammad Khan.

==Early life==
According to [[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]], Murshid Quli Khan was originally a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] and named as Surya Narayan Mishra, born in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] {{circa}} 1670.<ref>Sarkar, p.400</ref> The book ''[[Ma'asir al-umara]]'' supports this statement.<ref name="MQK">Chowdhury, p.16</ref> At the age of around ten years, he was sold to a Persian named Haji Shafi who converted him to Islam, and raised him with the name Mohammad Hadi.<ref name="MQK"/> In {{circa}} 1690, Shafi left his position in the Mughal court and returned to Persia accompanied by Murshid Quli Khan. About five years after Shafi's death, Murshid returned to India and worked under Abdullah Khurasani, the Diwan of [[Vidarbha]] in the Mughal Empire. Due to his expertise in revenue matters, he was noticed by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and played an important role when applying the [[sharia]] based Fatwa Alamgiri's financial strategies.<ref name="MQK"/>

Unlike other Islamic rulers, Murshid Quli Khan had only one wife, Nasiri Banu Begum, and no concubines. He had three children, two daughters and one son. One of his daughters became the wife of [[Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] and mother of [[Sarfaraz Khan]].<ref>Chowdhury, p.87</ref>

==First appointment in Bengal==

===Conflict with Azim-us-Shan===
Aurangzeb appointed Quli Khan the Diwan of Bengal {{circa}} 1700. At that time, [[Azim-us-Shan]], a grandson of the Mughal emperor, was the ''subahdar'' of the province. He was not pleased at this appointment as he intend to use the revenue collected from the state to fund his campaign to occupy the Mughal throne after Aurangzeb's death.<ref name="MQ">Chowdhury, p.17</ref> Immediately after being appointed to the post, Quli Khan went to Jahangirnagar (present day [[Dhaka]]) and transferred officials from the service of Azim-us-Shan to himself, enraging Azim-us-Shan.<ref name="MQ"/>

===Assassination attempt===
Azim-us-Shan planned to assassinate Quli Khan. Taking advantage of the fact the soldiers had yet to be paid, he convinced them that Quli Khan was responsible for the situation. He planned to have them surround Quli Khan on the pretext of confronting him over non-payment of their wages, and he would then be stabbed.<ref name="MQ"/>

One morning when Quli Khan was going to meet Azim-us-Shan, soldiers, under the leadership of Abdul Wahid, surrounded him and asked him for their wages. But, according to Historian Chowdhury, Quli Khan knew that us-Shan was responsible for inciting the soldiers,<ref name="MQ"/> so he said to them: "You have conspired to assassinate me. Remember that the ''Alamgir'' (Aurangzeb) will come to know everything. Abstain from doing such things, as it is a way of showing disrespect to the emperor. Be careful! If you kill me, then you will face dire consequences."<ref name="Sarkar, p.404">Sarkar, p.404</ref>

Azim-us-Shan was extremely worried Quli Khan knew of his assassination plans and was fearful of Aurangzeb's reaction. Quli Khan behaved as if he knew nothing of the plan assuring us-Shan they would remain friends in the future. However, he wrote about the matter to Aurangzeb, who in turn sent a letter to us-Shan warning him that if Quli Khan was "harmed, then he would take revenge on him".<ref name="ME">Chowdhury, p.18</ref>

==Foundation of Murshidabad==
Quli Khan felt unsafe in Dhaka, so he moved the ''diwani'' office to Murshidabad.{{refn|group=note|According to [[Ain-i-Akbari]], Murshidabad was founded by a trader named Mukshud Khan in the sixteenth century who also built a ''sarai'' here. On Dutch traveller Valentijn's map, the city was shown as an island in the [[Ganges]] River. According to historian Nikhilnath Roy, during the reign of Sultan Hussain Shah, he was cured of fever by sage, so the city was named after it in 1702.<ref name="MQKTT">Chowdhury, p.20</ref>}} He said that he relocated the office since Mukshudabad was situated in the central part of Bengal, making it easy to communicate throughout the province. As the city was on the banks of the Ganges, European trading companies had also set up their bases there. Quli Khan thought that it would be easy for him to keep a vigil over their actions. He also relocated the bankers to the new city. Azim-us-Shan felt betrayed as this was done without his permission. Historian Chowdhury says that Quli Khan was able to do this because he had the "support" of Aurangzeb.<ref name="MQN">Choudhury, p.19</ref> A year later, in 1703, Aurangzeb transferred us-Shan from Bengal to [[Bihar]] and [[Farrukhsiyar]] was made the titular ''subahdar'' of the province. The ''[[subah]]'' office was then relocated to Mukshudabad. The city became a centre for all activities of the region.<ref name="MQN"/>

Quli Khan went to [[Bijapur]] to meet Aurangzeb, and to give him the revenue which was generated from the province. The emperor was happy with his work and gifted him clothes, flags, ''nagra,'' and a sword. He also gave him the title of Murshid Quli and gave him permission to rename the city [[Murshidabad]] (the city of Murshid Quli Khan), which he did when he returned to it.<ref name="Sarkar, p.404"/>

When the city was renamed is disputed by historians. [[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]] says that he was given the title on 23 December 1702, and his return to the city would have taken at least three months; so Mukshudabad was renamed in 1703.<ref>Sarkar, p.399</ref> But according to the newspaper ''Tarikh-i-Bangla,'' and Persian historian Riwaz-us-Salatin, the city was renamed in {{circa}} 1704. Chowdhury opines that this "might be the correct date" as the representative of the [[British East Indian Company]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] province met Quli Khan in early 1704. The fact that the first coins issued in Murshidabad are dated 1704 is strong evidence of the year of the name change.<ref>Chowdhury, p.21</ref>

==Reign==

===Death of Aurangzeb===
Until the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, all the powers of the ''subahdar'' were vested in the hands of Quli Khan. He was succeeded by Azim-us-Shan's father [[Bahadur Shah I]]. He reappointed his son as the ''subahdar'' of the province and made Quli Khan his deputy. Azim-us-Shan influenced his father to throw Quli Khan out of the province. As a result, he was appointed the Diwan of Deccan in 1708, and served in the post until 1709.<ref name="MQKTF">Chowdhury, p.24</ref>

But, in 1710, Quli Khan was brought back as the ''[[Dewan|diwan]]'' (revenue officer) of the province on the advice of us-Shan. According to Sarkar, he did so to form an allegiance with him, as he thought that it would be impossible to occupy the Delhi throne without the support of local nobility. Though he was brought back, his relationship with the Mughal prince remained stained.<ref>Sarkar, p.405</ref>

Shah was succeeded by [[Jahandar Shah]] in 1712, (27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713) and he was followed by Farrukhsiyar in 1713. In 1717,{{refn|group=note|Historian Abdul Karim disputes the date and claims it to be 1716, but all other sources use 1717.<ref name="MQKTF"/>}} he gave Quli Khan the title of Zafar Khan and made him the Subahdar of Bengal, thus holding both the post of ''subahdar'' and ''diwan'' at the same time. He declared himself the Nawab of Bengal and became the first independent ''nawab'' of the province.<ref>Sarkar, p.407</ref> The capital was shifted from Dhaka to Murshidabad.<ref name="MQKTFive"/>

===Revenue===
Quli Khan replaced the Mughal ''[[jagirdari]]'' system with the ''mal jasmani'' system, which was similar to France's ''[[Ferme générale|fermiers generals]]''. He took security bonds from the contractors or ''ijardaars'' who later collected the land revenue. Though at first there remained many ''jagirdars'', they were shortly squeezed out by the contractors, who later came to be known as ''zamindars''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA21 |publisher=E. J. Brill |page=21 |isbn=978-90-04-09497-0}}</ref>

Quli Khan continued his policy of sending part of the revenue collected to the Mughal Empire. He did so even when the empire was in decline with the emperor vesting no power, as the power became concentrated in the hands of kingmakers. He justified his action by saying that it would be impossible to run the Mughal Empire without the revenue he sent. Historian Chowdhury says that his real reason was to show his loyalty to the Mughal Emperor so that he could run the state according to his own wishes.<ref name="MQKTFive">Chowdhury, p.25</ref>

Records show that every year 1 crore 30 lakh rupees was sent as the revenue to the Mughal emperor. Besides money revenue was also paid in kind.{{clarify|date=July 2017}} Quli Khan himself used to carry the money and other forms of revenue with the [[infantry]] and the [[cavalry]] to [[Bihar]] where they were given to the Mughal collector.<ref name="MQKTS"/>

===Structures built===
With Murshidabad evolving as the capital of [[Bengal]], it became necessary for Quli Khan to build buildings and offices for work to be carried out from that city. In the Dugharia region of the city he built a palace, a ''diwankhana'' ("office of revenue collection", a court of exchequer). He also built an inn and a mosque for foreign travellers. He constructed a mint in the city in 1720.<ref name="MQKTS">Chowdhury, p.26</ref> In the eastern end of the city he built the [[Katra Masjid]] mosque in 1724 where he was buried after his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Begum |first=Ayesha |year=2012 |chapter=Katra Mosque, Murshidabad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Katra_Mosque,_Murshidabad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

===Conditions in Murshidabad===
During Quli Khan's reign the people of the Murshidabad used to participate in many festivals. One of them was the ''Punyah'' which occurred in the last week of the Bengali month of ''Chaitra''. The ''[[zamindar]]s,'' or their representatives, took part in it. However, the festival which was celebrated with the greatest pomp and grandeur was [[Mawlid]] the festival to celebrate the birth of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. During Mawlid people from neighbouring provinces came to the city to celebrate. On Quli Khan's order ''chirag'' or lamps were lit in all religious places such as mosques, and ''imambararas.''<ref name="MQKTSE">Chowdhury, p.27</ref>

Quli Khan also imitated the Mughal tradition of holding a ''durbar'' in the city which was attended by the city's bankers, foreign tourists, and European companies' representatives. Because of the increase in trade, a new class of businessmen arose who also attended his ''durbar''. Due to his pious nature, Quli Khan followed [[Islam]] strictly and, according to Islamic rules, visitors were fed twice a day.<ref name="MQKTSE"/>

The city used to be a major exporter of [[rice]] across India but {{Circa|1720}}, Quli Khan prohibited all export of rice.<ref name="MQKTSE"/> Chowdhury says that the condition of Hindus during his reign was "also good" as "they became more rich". Though Quli Khan was a Muslim, Hindus were employed in the tax department primarily because he thought they were experts in the field; they could also speak fluent [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>Chowdhury, p.28</ref>

==Death and succession==
[[File:TombofMurshidQuliKhan.jpg|thumb|Khan's tomb under the stairs of [[Katra Masjid]]]]
Quli Khan died on 30 June 1727.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mohammed Yamin |title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture |publisher=Readworthy |isbn=9789350181027 |page=46}}</ref> He was succeeded initially by his grandson [[Sarfaraz Khan]]. But his son-in-law [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] did not accept the succession, and planned to fight a war against him. Khan gave up without a fight and Shuja-ud-Din became the nawab in 1727.<ref>Chowdhury, p.29</ref> Sarfaraz would ascend the throne after his father's death in 1739 only to be defeated and replaced by [[Alivardi Khan]] in 1740.<ref>Chowdhury, p.30</ref>

Quli Khan remains buried under the stairs to the main-floor of [[Katra Masjid]]{{refn|group=note|An inscription on the east façade of the mosque reads, "The triumph of Muhammad of Arabia is the glory of heaven and earth. One who be not the dust of his doorstep, dust be upon his head."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal|publisher=UNESCO|year=1984|isbn=9231021745|editor-last=Michell|editor-first=George|pages=206–207|language=en|chapter=Inventory of key monuments}}</ref>}}—a five-bayed rectangular mosque constructed by himself—pursuant to his wishes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kabir|first1=Nurul|last2=Ahmed|first2=Maliha Nargis|date=June 2013|title=Exploring Khan Mohammad Mirdha Mosque: an Attempt to Construe the Socio-religious Fabric of Mughal Dhaka|journal=Pratnatattva|publisher=Jahangirnagar University|volume=19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Samhita|date=2014|title=Forgotten Nobles of Murshidabad: A Study through Its Architectural Heritage|journal=Pratna Samiksha|publisher=Centre for Archaeological Studies & Training, Eastern India|volume=New Series 5}}</ref> Popular belief holds the mosque to have been constructed of material obtained upon destruction of several Hindu temples and residences;{{refn|group=note|This finds a mention in [[Tarikh-i-Bangala]] (Munshi Salimullah; 1763-64) but not in the [[Riyaz-us-Salatin]] (Ghulam Husain Salīm Zaidpuri; 1787). Both the works were commissioned by officers of the East India Company; Zaidpuri had cited Salimullah among his sources.}} however, it is unlikely since the mosque shows an uniformity of material and Khan used to be an active patron of local temples.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhury|first=Sushil|title=Profile of a Forgotten Capital: Murshidabad in the Eighteenth Century|publisher=Manohar|year=2018|isbn=9789350981948|location=Delhi|page=164|language=en|chapter=Art and Architecture}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bangladesh]]
*[[History of India]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== Notes and references ==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===References===
* {{cite book |script-title=bn:নবাবি আমলে মুর্শিদাবাদ (Nababi Amole Murshidabad) |author=Sushil Chowdhury |year=2004 |publisher=Ānanda |isbn=9788177564358}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II: Muslim Period, 1200-1757 |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |oclc=924890}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||1665|30 June|1727}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mughal Empire]]
}}
{{s-ttl
|title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
| years = 1717 – 30 June 1727
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Murshid Quli}}
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:1727 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1660 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Alangudi, Pudukkottai

2026-01-09T13:38:38Z

KathrinChick016: formatting fix

{{moresources|date=July 2018}}
{{for|Alangudi (Sivaganga district)|Alangudi (Sivaganga)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alangudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.361100|N|78.979600|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 104
| population_total = 10742
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 622 301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04322
| registration_plate = TN 55
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Alangudi''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Pudukkottai district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], that serves as the headquarters for [[Alangudi taluk]], one of the 11 [[taluk]]s in Pudukkottai district. The town has been ruled, at different times, by the Cholas, Mutharaiyars, Early Pandyas, Thondaimans, and the British. It is situated about {{convert|395|km|mi}} southwest of [[Chennai]] and about {{convert|75|km|mi}} southeast of [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Tamil Nadu's first women Asiad Santhi Soundarajan is from Alangudi municipality.

==Geography==
Alangudi is located at {{Coord|10.37|N|78.98|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Alangudi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Alangudi]</ref> It has an average elevation of 79 metres (259 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Alangudi had a population of 10,742. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Alangudi had an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the males and 45% of females literate{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}.

==Politics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
The [[Alangudi (State Assembly Constituency)]] is part of the [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

The current Environment and Climate Change minister and member of legislative assembly for Alangudi is V.Meyyanathan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district]]

Odissi music

2025-12-29T00:53:09Z

KathrinChick016: improved article

{{Short description|Genre of Indian classical music}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Odissi]] dance}}
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}
{{Indian classical music}}

'''Odissi music''' ({{Langx|or|ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ|translit=oṛiśī sangīta}}, {{IPA|or|oɽisi sɔŋgit̪ɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ.wav}}) is a genre of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] originating from the eastern state of [[Odisha]]. Rooted in the ancient ritual music tradition dedicated to the deity [[Jagannath]]a, Odissi music has a rich history spanning over two thousand years, distinguished by its unique ''sangita-shastra''s (musical treatises), a specialized system of Ragas and Talas, and a distinctive style of performance characterised by specific modulations such as the ''āndolita'' and the ''kurāla''. Odissi compositions are largely written in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Kirtan Narayan |title=The Classicality of Orissi Music |publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2017 |isbn=978-81-932151-2-8 |location=India |page=383 |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Meilu |date=2013-05-01 |title=Connecting Histories: Liturgical Songs as Classical Compositions in Hindustānī Music |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.57.2.0207 |journal=Ethnomusicology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=207–235 |doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.57.2.0207 |issn=0014-1836|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The various compositional forms of Odissi music include ''Odissi Prabandha, Chaupadi, Chhanda, [[Champu]], [[Chautisa]], Janāna, Mālasri, Bhajana, Sarimāna, Jhulā, Kuduka, Koili, Poi, Boli,'' and more. Presentation dynamics are roughly classified into four: ''rāgānga'', ''bhābānga, nātyānga'' and ''dhrubapadānga''. Some great composer-poets of the Odissi tradition are the 12th-century poet [[Jayadeva]], ''Krupasiddhā'' Balarama Dasa, [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|''Atibadi'' Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Dinakrushna Das|Dinakrusna Dasa]], ''Kabi Samrata'' [[Upendra Bhanja]], [[Banamali Dasa]], [[Baladeba Ratha|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]], ''Kabikalahansa'' [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]] and Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Kabichandra Kali Charan |title=A Glimpse into Orissan Music |publisher=Government of Orissa |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |page=2 |author-link=Kali Charan Patnaik}}</ref>

According to Bharata Muni's ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', [[Indian classical music]] has four significant branches: ''Avanti'', ''Panchali'', ''Odramagadhi'' and ''Dakshinatya''. Of these, ''Odramagadhi'' exists in the form of Odissi music. Odissi music had already crystallised as an independent style by the time of the early medieval Odia poet [[Jayadeva]], who composed lyrics meant to be sung, set to ragas and talas unique to the local tradition.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |publisher=Utkal University |page=22 |year=1963 |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703131841/https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Odissi songs were written even before the Odia language developed. Odissi music has a rich legacy dating back to the 2nd century BCE, when king [[Kharavela]], the ruler of Odisha ([[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]), patronized this music and dance.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Gopinath|date=August 2007|title=Odissi - The Classic Music|url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page108-111.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055911/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page108-111.pdf|archive-date=April 10, 2009|access-date=February 7, 2010|website=Orissa Review|publisher=Culture Department, Government of Odisha}}</ref>

The traditional artforms of Odisha such as Mahari, [[Gotipua]], [[Prahallada Nataka]], Radha Prema Lila, [[Pala (folk art)|Pala]], [[Dasakathia]], [[Bharata Lila]], Khanjani Bhajana and more are all based on Odissi music. [[Odissi]] dance, one of the classical dances of India from the state of Odisha, is performed solely with Odissi music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Shantanu Kumar |editor-last=Mishra |title=Odia Lokanatakaku Ganjamara Abadana |script-title=or:ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକନାଟକକୁ ଗଞ୍ଜାମର ଅବଦାନ |trans-title=Role of Ganjam in Odisha's performing art traditions |journal=Rangabhumi |language=or |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi, Department of Culture, Government of Odisha |volume=9 |pages=52–64}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ritual music of Jagannatha Temple ===
Odissi music is intimately and inextricably associated with the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]] of Puri, where it is a ritual service to the deity. The deity of Jagannatha is at the heart of Odisha's culture, and Odissi music was originally the music offered as a sevā or service to Jagannatha. Every night during the ''Badasinghara'' or the last ritual of the deity, the [[Gita Govinda|''Gitagovinda'']] of Jayadeva is sung, set to traditional Odissi ragas & talas. This tradition has continued unbroken since the time of [[Jayadeva]], who himself used to sing in the temple. After the time of the poet, the singing of the Gitagovinda according to the authentic Odissi ragas & talas was instated as a mandatory sevā at the temple, to be performed by the Maharis or [[Devadasi]]s, systematically recorded in inscriptions, the [[Madala Panji|''Mādalā Pānji'']] and other official documents that describe the functioning of the temple. To this date, the Jagannatha temple remains the fountainhead of Odissi music and the most ancient & authentic compositions (including a few archaic Odia ''chhanda''s and ''janana''s by Jayadeva himself) survive in the temple tradition, although the Devadasis are no more found owing to their systematic eradication by the British government. [[File:Skj09 kopie.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Bars discovered from [[Sankarjang]], [[Angul district|Angul]], Odisha]]

=== Prehistoric music ===
Ancient [[Odisha]] had a rich culture of music, which is substantiated by many archaeological excavation throughout the state of Odisha. At [[Sankarjang]] in the [[Angul]] district, the initial spade work exposed the cultural stratum of the [[Chalcolithic]] period (400 BC onward). From here, polished stone [[Celt (tool)|celts]] and hand-made pottery have been excavated. Some of the Celts are narrow but large in size. Thus they are described as Bar-celts. On the basis of bar-celts discovered in Sankarjung it could be argued that they were an earlier musical instrument in India. Scholars have referred to these as the earliest discovered musical instruments of South East Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patra|first1=Sushanta Kumar|last2=Patra|first2=Benudhar|title=Archaeology and the maritime history of ancient Orissa|url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf|journal=Odisha Historical Research Journal|volume=XLVII|issue=2|pages=107–118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029204543/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-29}}</ref>

=== Kharabela & Ancient Caves ===
There are vivid sculptures of musical instruments, singing and dancing postures of damsels in the Ranigumpha Caves in [[Khandagiri]] and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] at [[Bhubaneswar]]. These caves were built during the reign of the Jain ruler [[Kharavela|Kharabela]] of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in the 2nd century BC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Kirtan Narayan |title=Perspectives on Orissa |publisher=Centre for study in civilizations |year=2009 |editor-last=Mohapatra |editor-first=PK |location=New Delhi |pages=613–626 |chapter=Odissi Music : Retrospect and Prospect |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref> In inscriptions, Kharabela has been described as an expert in classical music (''gandhaba-beda budho)'' and a great patron of music (''nata-gita-badita sandasanahi)''.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Ramhari|title=Odissi Sangeetara Parampara O Prayoga|publisher=Kaishikee Prakashani|year=2004|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|language=or|script-title=or:ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ପରମ୍ପରା ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ|trans-title=The tradition and method of Odissi music|author-link=Ramhari Das}}</ref> Madanlal Vyas describes him as an expert who had organized a music programme where sixty four instruments were played in tandem. Kharabela was an emperor of the Chedi dynasty. Chedi was the son of Kousika, a Raga that is said to have been created by sage [[Kashyapa|Kasyapa]] according to ''Naradiya Sikhya.'' The ancient musicologists of Odisha, like Harichandana belonged to the ''Naradiya'' school. The Raga Kousika is an extremely popular raga in the Odissi tradition, even until date.<ref name=":0" />

One of the caves of Udayagiri is known as the ''Bajaghara Gumpha'', literally meaning 'hall of musical instruments'. It is designed such that any musical recital inside is amplified by the acoustics of the cave.<ref name=":32" />[[File:Udayagiri Caves - Rani Gumpha 01.jpg|thumb|249x249px|''Rani Gumpha'' at Udayagiri caves, designed as an auditorium with a stage in the center for performances]]

=== Sculpture ===
In the temples of Odisha, oldest among them dating to the 6th century AD, such as [[Parashurameshvara Temple|Parasuramesvara]], [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Muktesvara]], [[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraja]] and [[Konark Sun Temple|Konarka]], there are hundreds of sculptures depicting musical performances and dancing postures.

=== ''Natya Shastra'' of Bharata Muni ===
[[Bharata Muni|Bharata's]] ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' is the most respected ancient treatise on Indian music & dance. Bharata in his seminal work has mentioned four different 'pravrittis' of ''natya'' (which includes both music & dance). The classification into ''pravritti''s can be roughly said to be a stylistic classification, based on unique features of the regional styles that were distinctive enough in Bharata's time. The four pravrittis mentioned are Avanti, Dakshinatya, Panchali and ''Odramagadhi'' (or ''Udramagadhi''). ''Odra'' is an ancient name of Odisha. Parts of ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Kongoda|Kangoda]], Dakhina Kosala, [[Tosali]], [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya Desa]], Udra now constitute the state of Odisha. The classical music that prevailed in these regions was known as ''Udramagadhi''. The post-Jayadeva text ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' also makes a reference to the same. In the present times, it is this very system that goes under the rubric Odissi music.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" />

== Tradition ==
[[File:Lalitgiri - Odisha - 002.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Image of Buddha inside a room of the [[Lalitgiri|Lalitagiri]] monastery, [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]]]

=== Charyapada and Buddhist Music ===
For a long period [[Buddhism]] was the major religion of Odisha. The [[Vajrayana]] and [[Sahaja]]yana branches of Buddhism were particularly influential, and scholars opine that Odisha or Oddiyana was the birth place of Vajrayana itself. Between the seventh and eleventh centuries, the ''[[Charyapada|Charya Gitika]]'' of Buddhist [[Mahasiddha]]s or Siddhacharyas were written and composed. Many of the Mahasiddhas were born in Odisha and wrote in a language that is extremely close to present-day Odia. Some of these songs were ritually sung on the ratha of Jagannatha during the [[Ratha Yatra|Ratha Jatra]].<ref name=":0" />

The Charyapadas or Charya songs usually consist of five or six ''pada''s. The last ''pada'' bears the name of the poet. The ''raga''s to sing them have been indicated by the authors themselves, but no mention of ''tala'' is found. The ragas used by the Mahasiddhas continued to be popular in Odissi music for centuries afterwards, and remain important to this day. Many of the raga names as written bear significant resemblance with the raga nomenclature of Odisha & the pronunciations of raga names in the Odissi tradition, such as the mention of ''Baradi'' and not ''Varali''. Some of the ragas mentioned in the Charyapadas are :
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Raga name as mentioned in the Charyapadas
!Present-day raga name in Odissi music
|-
|Aru
|
|-
|Bangāla
|Bangāla
|-
|Barādī
|Barādī
|-
|Bhairabī
|Bhairabī
|-
|Debakrī
|Debakirī
|-
|Deśākha
|Deśākhya
|-
|Dhanāśrī
|Dhanāśrī
|-
|Gabadā
|Gaudā
|-
|Gunjarī
|Gujjarī
|-
|Kāhnu Gunjarī
|
|-
|Kāmoda
|Kāmoda
|-
|Mallārī
|
|-
|Mālasī
|Mālaśrī
|-
|Mālasī Gabudā
|Mālaśrī Gaudā
|-
|Rāmakrī
|Rāmakerī
|-
|Śābarī
|Śābarī
|}

=== Jayadeva and Gita Govinda ===
[[File:Odissi poet Gopalakrusna's handwritten Gitagobinda Pothi.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Palm leaf manuscript (''pothi'') of [[Gita Govinda]] written by iconic medieval Odissi poet [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]] of [[Paralakhemundi]]]]
The ''[[Gita Govinda|Gitagovinda]]'' written by 12th-century poet [[Jayadeva]] is known to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest Indian song where the author has indicated with precision the exact ''raga'' and ''tala'' (mode of singing and the rhythm) of each song. This makes it one of the earliest texts of Indian classical music. Many of the ragas indicated in the Gitagovinda continue to be highly popular in Odissi music even now, and some of the talas mentioned in it are exclusive to the tradition of Odissi music.<ref name=":32" />

These indications have been compiled below according to the ''ashtapadi'' number, based on the important ancient copies of the Gita Govinda and its commentaries such as ''Sarvangasundari Tika'' of Narayana Dasa (14th century), Dharanidhara's Tika (16th century), Jagannatha Mishra's Tika (16th century), ''Rasikapriya'' of Rana Kumbha (16th century) and ''Arthagobinda'' of Bajuri Dasa (17th century).<ref name=":05">{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Gopal Chandra|title=Sri Gita Gobinda Swara Lipi|publisher=Smt. Bhagabati Panda|year=1995|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Notated music of the Gita Govinda|author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>

# Mālava, Mālavagauḍa or Mālavagauḍā
# Maṅgala Gujjarī or Gurjarī
# Basanta
# Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī
# Gujjarī or Gurjarī
# Guṇḍakirī or Guṇḍakerī or Mālavagauḍa
# Gujjarī or Gurjarī
# Karṇṇāṭa
# Deśākhya or Deśākṣa
# Deśī Barāḍi or Deśa Barāḍi or Pañchama Barāḍi
# Gujjarī or Gurjarī
# Guṇḍakirī or Guṇḍakerī
# Mālava or Mālavagauḍā
# Basanta
# Gujjarī or Gurjarī
# Barāḍi or Deśa Barāḍi or Deśī Barāḍi
# Bhairabī
# Gujjarī or Gurjarī or Rāmakerī
# Deśī or Deśa Barāḍi
# Basanta
# Barāḍi or Deśa Barāḍi
# Barāḍi
# Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī or Bibhāsa
# Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī

Most of the ragas and talas indicated by Jayadeva, with the exception of one or two, continue to be in practice in the tradition of Odissi music.<ref name=":05" />

The poet Jayadeva is known to have started the Mahari or Devadasi tradition at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]] of Puri, where every night the ''Gitagovinda'' is ritually sung & enacted in front of Jagannatha, continuing to this day. In the ''Jayabijaya Dwara'' inscription of [[Prataparudra Deva|Prataparudra Deba]], the singing of Gitagovinda and adherence to the traditional Odissi ragas indicated by the poet has been referred to as mandatory. The Maharis were also banned from learning any other songs except the Gitagovinda; this was considered an 'act of defiance towards Jagannatha'.<ref name=":32" />

Pt. [[Raghunath Panigrahi]] is known for his contributions in popularising the Gitagovinda through Odissi music & [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] across the globe. Scholar-musicians such as Guru [[Gopal Chandra Panda]] have also attempted to reconstruct melodies of the ''ashtapadi''s of the Gita Govinda in adherence to the poet's original indications, and based on extant traditional rhythmic & melodic patterns in Odissi music.<ref name=":05" />

==== Gopala Nayaka ====
During the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]], Gopala Nayaka had an important role of popularising old Indian music. Some scholars from Odisha in the first part of the 20th century have written about local legend that states Gopala Nayaka was from Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samanta|first=Basudeba|title=Sangita Kalakara|publisher=Srinibasa Rajamani|year=1927|location=Manjusa}}</ref>

After the reign of Mukunda Deba in the 16th century, Odissi music suffered during the Maratha rule in Odisha during the 17th and 18th century AD.

=== British rule ===
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = ''Desaraja Maudamani Adiguru'' Singhari Shyamasundar Kar. Born in a sebāyata family of the Jagannatha temple of Puri, he is widely considered as one of the greatest Gurus of Odissi music in the twentieth century.
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| caption2 = ''Banikantha'' Nimai Charan Harichandan, iconic Odissi musician of the 20th century and pioneer of recording traditional Odissi music on gramophone records.
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During the 18th and 19th centuries, Odissi music was chiefly patronised by local kings of princely states of Odisha. This included the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] of [[Puri]] as well as the rulers of the kingdoms of [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], [[Ghumusar Gangapur|Ghumusara]], [[Athagarh|Athagada]], [[Athagada Patna|Athagada Patana]], [[Digapahandi]] (Badakhemundi), [[Khallikote]], [[Sanakhemundi]], [[Chikiti]], Surangi, [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]], [[Aul, Odisha|Ali]], [[Rajkanika|Kanika]], [[Dhenkanal (State)|Dhenkanal]], [[Banapur]], [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]], [[Baramba State|Baramba]], [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]], [[Nayagarh State|Nayagarh]], [[Tigiria State|Tigiria]], [[Baudh State|Baudh]], [[Daspalla State|Daspalla]], [[Bamra State|Bamanda]] (Bamra), [[Narsinghpur State|Narasinghapur]], [[Athmallik|Athamallik]] as well as places with a significant Odia population and cultural history such as Tarala (Tharlakota), Jalantara (Jalantrakota), [[Mandasa|Manjusa]] (Mandasa), [[Tekkali|Tikili]] (Tekkali) and [[Saraikela|Sadheikala]] (Seraikela). Rulers often patronised poet-composers and skilled musicians, vocalists and instrumentalists. Musicians were appointed in royal courts and honoured with land or other rewards. Many kings were themselves skilled musicians and poets, such as Gajapati [[Kapilendra Deva|Kapilendra Deba]] of Puri or [[Biswambhara Rajendradeba]] of Chikiti.

== Treatises ==
{{Music of India}}Several dozens of treatises on music written in Odisha have been found. It is known that at least from the 14th century onwards, there was a continuous tradition of musicology in the state. Many of the texts have been critically edited and published by the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Department of Culture, Odisha. Of these, the core texts of Odissi music are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Badajena Mahapatra|first=Krusnadasa|title=Geeta Prakash|publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1983|editor-last=Panigrahi|editor-first=Nilamadhab|location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kavi|first=M. Ramakrishna|title=Bharatakosa (A Dictionary to Technical Terms with definitions on Music and Dance Collected from the Works of Bharata and Others)|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1999|asin=B00GS1O0H4}}</ref>

*''[[Gita Govinda]]'' of Jayadeva (12th century)
*''[[Sangita Sara]]'' of Hari Nayaka (14th century)
*''[[Gitaprakasa|Gita Prakasa]]'' of Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra (15th century)
*''[[Sangita Narayana]]'' of Gajapati Narayanadeba, king of Paralakhemundi - written by ''Kaviratna'' Purusottama Misra (17th century)
*''[[Sangitarnava Chandrika]]'' of Nilakantha of Kalakala
*''[[Sangita Muktabali]]'' of Harichandana, king of Kanika
*''[[Natya Manorama]]'' of Raghunatha Ratha (also called ''Sangita Manorama'')
*''Sangita Sarani'' of ''Kaviratna'' Narayana Mishra of Paralakhemundi
*''Sangita Kamoda'' of ''Kavibhusana'' Gopinatha Patra of Paralakhemundi
*''Kalankura Nibandha'' of Kalankura Muni
*''Sangita Sadananda'' of Sadananda Kabisurjya Brahma
*''Sangitasara Boli'' of Bandhu Binakara
*''Gitaprakasa Boli'' of Giri Gadadhara Dasa
*''Lakhyana Chandrodaya'' of ''Kabichandra'' Raghunatha Parichha of Paralakhemundi
*''Sangita Kamada''
*''Sangita Kaumudi'' of unknown authorship
*''Sangita Nirnaya'' of Bira Narayana
*''Sangita Chintamani'' of Kamalalochana Khadgaraya

[[Jayadeva]], the 12th century Sanskrit saint-poet, the great composer and illustrious master of classical music, has immense contribution to Odissi music. During his time '''Odra-Magadhi''' style music got shaped and achieved its classical status. He indicated the classical ragas prevailing at that time in which these were to be sung. Prior to that there was the tradition of ''Chhanda''. A number of treatises on music have been found,<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite web |url=http://orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp |title=Culture Department |publisher=Orissaculture.gov.in |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-date=2012-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403151246/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp }}</ref><ref name="orissatourism">{{cite web |url=http://www.orissatourism.net/dance-music.html |title=Orissa Dance & Music |publisher=Orissatourism.net |access-date=2012-05-26 |archive-date=2012-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520225020/http://www.orissatourism.net/dance-music.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the earliest of them dating back to 14th century.

The musicologists of Odisha refer to a variety of ancient texts on music such as Bharata Muni's Natyashastra, Vishnu Purana, Shiva Samhita, Brahma Samhita, Narada Samhita, Parasurama Samhita, [[Gita Govinda]], Kohaliya, Hari Nayaka's Sangitasara, Matanga Tantra, Mammatacharya's Sangita Ratnamala, Kalankura Nibandha, Panchama Sara Samhita, Raga Viveka, Sangita Chandrika, Sangita Kaumudi, Sangita Siromani, Vanmayaviveka, Shivavivekaprabandha, Sangita Damodara and more. The aforesaid texts are thus known to have been in vogue in Odisha during the post-15th century period.<ref name=":0" />

== Characteristics ==
Odissi Sangita comprises four ''shastric'' classifications i.e. Dhruvapada, Chitrapada, Chitrakala and Panchali, described in the above-mentioned texts. The Dhruvapada is the first line or lines to be sung repeatedly. Chitrapada means the arrangement of words in an alliterative style. The use of art in music is called Chitrakala. [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha]], the renowned Odia poet wrote lyrics, which are the best examples of Chitrakala. All of these were Chhanda (metrical section) contains the essence of Odissi music. The Chhandas were composed by combining Bhava (theme), Kala (time), and Swara (tune). The [[Chautisa]] represents the originality of Odissi style. All the thirty four (34) letters of the Odia alphabet from 'Ka' to 'Ksa' are used chronologically at the beginning of each line.

A special feature of Odissi music is the padi, which consists of words to be sung in Druta Tala (fast beat).<ref name="Hota 2005 90–100">{{Cite book|last=Hota|first=Damodar|title=Sangita Sastra|publisher=Swara-Ranga|year=2005|edition=2|volume=1|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=90–100|language=or|author-link=Damodar Hota}}</ref> Odissi music can be sung to different [[Tala (music)|talas]]: Navatala (nine beats), Dashatala (ten beats) or Egaratala (eleven beats). Odissi [[raga]]s are different from the [[raga]]s of Hindustani and Karnataki classical music.

The primary Odissi ''mela'' ragas are ''Kalyana, Nata, Sri, Gouri, Baradi, Panchama, Dhanasri, Karnata, Bhairabi'' and ''Sokabaradi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Kirtan Narayan |title=Odisi Sangita: Kichi Jana Ajana Tathya |publisher=Ink Odisha, Bhubaneswar |year=2007 |pages= |language=Odia |trans-title=Odissi music: Some known and unknown facets |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref>

Some of the distinctive and authentic ragas of the Odissi music tradition are ''Abhiri, Amara, Ananda, Anandabhairabi, Ananda Kamodi, Ananda Kedara, Arabhi, Asabari, Bajrakanti, Bangala, Baradi, Basanta, Bhairabi, Bichitra Desakhya, Bichitradesi, Bichitra Kamodi, Chakrakeli, Chalaghanta Kedara, Chhayatodi, Chintabhairaba, Chinta Kamodi, Debagandhari, Debakiri, Desa Baradi, Desakhya, Desapala, Dhanasri, Dhannasika, Gauda, Gaudi, Ghantaraba, Gundakeri, Kali, Kalyana, Kalyana Ahari, Kamoda, Kamodi, Kaphi, Karnata, Kausiki, Kedara, Kedaragauda, Kedara Kamodi, Karunasri, Khambabati, Khanda Bangalasri, Khandakamodi, Kolahala, Krusna Kedara, Kumbhakamodi, Kusuma Kedara, Lalita, Lalita Basanta, Lalita Kamodi, Lalita Kedara, Lilataranga, Madhumangala, Madhumanjari, Madhura Gujjari, Madhusri, Madhu Saranga, Madhyamadi, Malasri, Malasrigauda, Mangala, Mangala Dhanasri, Mangala Gujjari, Mangala Kamodi, Mangala Kausiki, Mangala Kedara, Mallara, Manini (Malini), Marua, Megha, Meghaparnni, Misramukhari, Mohana, Mohana Kedara, Mukhabari (Mukhari), Nagaballi, Nagadhwani, Nalinigauda, Nata, Nata Kedara, Natanarayana, Natasaranga, Panchama, Punnaga, Punnaga Baradi, Pahadia Kedara, Panchama Baradi, Paraja, Rajahansi Chokhi, Ranabije, Rasakamodi, Rasamandara, Rasamanjari, Sabari, Saberi, Sankarabharana, Sindhukamodi, Sokabaradi, Sokakamodi, Soma, Sri, Suddhadesi, Surata, Suratha Gujjari, Todi''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Gopal Chandra|title=Odisi Raga Darpana|date=December 2011|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Odisi Raga Sarani|publisher=Odissi Research Centre|year=2004|location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Gopal Chandra|title=Odisi Raga Ratnabali|year=2004|location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Bhagavatī Prakāśanī |language=hi|script-title=hi:ओडिसी राग रत्नावली|oclc=225908458|author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>

Odissi music is sung through Raganga, Bhabanga and Natyanga, Dhrubapadanga followed by Champu, Chhanda, Chautisa, [[Pallabi]], [[Bhajan]]a, Janana, and [[Gita Govinda]].

Odissi music has codified grammars, which are presented with specified Raagas. It has also a distinctive rendition style. It is lyrical in its movement with wave-like ornamentation (''gati andolita''). The pace of singing in Odissi is not very fast nor too slow (''na druta na bilambita''), and it maintains a proportional tempo (''sama sangita'') that is very soothing.

Though there has been cross-cultural influence between Hindustani music and Persian music, Odissi music has remained relatively unaffected.<ref name=":0" />

=== Mardala ===
{{Main|Mardala}}
[[File:Odissi Mardala 2.jpg|thumb|302x302px|''[[Mardala]]'', the traditional percussion instrument of Odissi music]]
The [[Mardala]] is a percussive instrument native to the state of Odisha. It is traditionally used as the primary percussive instrument with Odissi music.<ref name=":1" /> The Mardala is different from other instruments that might have similar names in the Indian subcontinent due to its unique construction, acoustic features and traditional playing technique.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Gopinath|date=August 2007|title=Odissi - The Classical Music|journal=Orissa Review|publisher=Culture Department, Government of Orissa|pages=108–111}}</ref>

Raghunatha Ratha, an ancient musicologist of Odisha extols the Mardala in his treatise, the ''[[Natyamanorama|Natya Manorama]]'' as:<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Ratha |first=Raghunatha |title=Natyamanorama |title-link=Natya Manorama |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1976 |editor-last=Patnaik |editor-first=Kali Charan |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |language=sa |author-link=Raghunatha Ratha}}</ref>
{{Verse translation|ānaddhe marddaḻaḥ śreṣṭho
yatastallakṣaṇaṃbrube /|Among the membranophones,
Mardala is the superlative.
So I narrate its features.|lang=sa-latn|attr1=|attr2=}}
The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]] of Puri has for centuries had a Mardala servitor. This was known as the 'Madeli Seba' and the percussionist was ritually initiated into the temple by the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] ruler. The Mardala used to be the accompanying instrument to the [[Devadasi|Mahari]] dance, the ancestor of present-day [[Odissi|Odissi dance]], one of the major classical dance forms of India. In hundreds of Kalingan temples across the state of Odisha, including famous shrines such as [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteswara]] and [[Konark Sun Temple|Konarka]], the Mardala features prominently, usually in a niche of an ''alasakanya'' playing the instrument. There is a pose by the name ''mardalika'' replicating the same stance in Odissi dance.

The playing of the Mardala is based on the ''tala-paddhati'' or rhythmic system of Odissi music. A [[Tala (music)|tala]] is a rhythmic structure in Indian music. The ''tala''s in use in Odissi music are distinctive, and are not found in other systems of Indian music. The regional terminology used in the Mardala's context are ''kalā, ansā, māna, aḍasā, bhaunri, bhaunri aḍasā, tāli, khāli, phānka, bāṇi, ukuṭa, pāṭa, chhanda, bhangi,'' etc.<ref name="Hota 2005 90–100"/> The ''sabda-swara pata'', a traditional component based on the Mardala's beats was integrated into Odissi dance by Guru [[Deba Prasad Das]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|date=3 November 2016|title=Celebrating an alternate style of Odissi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Celebrating-an-alternate-style-of-Odissi/article16091714.ece|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728090412/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Celebrating-an-alternate-style-of-Odissi/article16091714.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Though several hundred talas are defined in treatises, some are more common : ''ekatāli, khemaṭā'' or ''jhulā, rūpaka, tripaṭā, jhampā, āḍatāli, jati, āditala, maṭhā''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hota|first=Damodar|title=Udra Paddhatiya Sangita|publisher=Swara-Ranga|year=2012|volume=2|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=18–19|language=or|author-link=Damodar Hota}}</ref> Other talas that are also used are ''nihsāri'', ''kuḍuka, duāḍamāna, sarimāna, upāḍḍa, paḍitāla, pahapaṭa, aṭṭatāla, āṭhatāli'' and ''jagannātha.'' The talas have a characteristic swing that is typical of and universally found in Odissi music.

The Mardala is intimately associated with the Jagannatha temple and thus has a very esteemed position in the culture of Odisha. Many Gurus have worked for carrying forward the legacy of the instrument. Adiguru [[Singhari Shyamsundar Kar]], Guru [[Banamali Maharana]], Guru [[Kelucharan Mohapatra|Kelucharan Mahapatra]], Guru Padmanabha Panda, Guru Basudeba Khuntia, and Guru Mahadev Rout were among the great Gurus of Mardala in the 20th century.

Guru Rabinarayan Panda, Guru Janardana Dash, Guru [[Dhaneswar Swain]], Guru [[Sachidananda Das]], Guru Bijaya Kumar Barik, Guru Jagannath Kuanr are among modern-day exponents of the Mardala. Many veteran Gotipua masters have also excelled in the Mardala : Guru Birabara Sahu, Guru Lingaraj Barik, Guru Maguni Das and others.

==== As a solo instrument ====
The role of the Mardala as a solo instrument has been presented for the last few decades with great success, apart from its better-known role as an accompaniment in the ensemble for Odissi music and dance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|title=Moment of victory for Odissi Mardal|work=The Samikshya|url=https://thesamikhsya.com/culture/moment-of-victory-for-odissi-mardal|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522212303/https://thesamikhsya.com/culture/moment-of-victory-for-odissi-mardal|url-status=live}}</ref> The solo performances follow a specific rule or ''pranali'' : starting with a ''jamana'', then proceeding onto ''chhanda prakarana'', ''ragada'', etc.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Vidyarthi|first=Nita|date=6 February 2014|title=His own beat|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/his-own-beat/article5660641.ece|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622090904/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/his-own-beat/article5660641.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Guru [[Dhaneswar Swain]] is known for his pioneering efforts to promote solo performances of the Mardala and bring other traditional percussion instruments of Odisha onto the concert stage.<ref name=":13">{{cite web|last=Nicodemus|first=Paul|date=10 October 2020|title=Dhaneswar Swain: A Maestro of Odissi Mardal|url=https://thedanceindia.com/dhaneswar-swain-a-maestro-of-odissi-mardal/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=The Dance India|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235159/https://thedanceindia.com/dhaneswar-swain-a-maestro-of-odissi-mardal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{cite web|title=Dhaneswar Swain|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=887&at=2|access-date=7 December 2020|website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041625/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=887&at=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|date=2020-11-23|title=The missionary mardal maestro|url=https://thesamikhsya.com/city/bhubaneswar/the-missionary-mardal-maestro|access-date=2020-12-07|website=The Samikhsya|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124065755/https://thesamikhsya.com/city/bhubaneswar/the-missionary-mardal-maestro|url-status=live}}</ref> Guru [[Dhaneswar Swain]], the first solo [[Mardala]] player who had presented an extended solo performance on the [[Mardala]] under the guidance of Guru [[Banamali Maharana]], was the very first of its kind.
[[File:Odissi Veena Guru Ramarao Patra.jpg|thumb|316x316px|Guru Ramarao Patra, Odissi Bina (Veena) exponent, disciple of Acharya [[Tarini Charan Patra]]]]

=== Ensemble ===
The traditional ensemble accompanying an Odissi music recital is said to be 'binā benu mardala' : ''Bina'' or ''[[Veena]]'', ''Benu'' or Flute and the [[Mardala]]. These form the three primary classes of instruments described in the shastras : ''tat'' or stringed, ''susira'' or wind and ''anaddha'' or percussive. All three instruments have been depicted in the stone temples & caves of Odisha built over the last two millennia. The three instruments were also officially appointed as ''sebāyatas'' in the Jagannatha Temple of Puri as described in the [[Madala Panji]]. Apart from these three instruments, some other traditional accompanying instruments are the ''gini'', ''karatāla'', ''khola'' or ''mrudanga'', ''jodināgarā'', ''[[Mahuri (instrument)|mahurī]]'' or ''mukhabīnā'', ''jalataranga'' etc. At least since the 18th century, other instruments such as the [[violin]] (''behelā'') and [[Sitar]] have also been employed.<ref name=":32" /> The harmonium has become popular from the early twentieth century.

While the flute and Mardala continue to be popular, the Odissi Bina is no longer as widespread as it once used to be. Some of the exponents of the Odissi Bina were ''Sangitacharya'' Adwaita Guru and ''Gayaka Siromani'' Andha Apanna Panigrahi. The Odissi Bina (Veena) was preserved by Acharya [[Tarini Charan Patra]] in the twentieth century and is now kept alive by his disciple Guru [[Ramarao Patra]].<ref name=":04" />

==Relation with other classical music==
[[File:Shyamamani Devi (Patnaik) performs Odissi music.jpg|thumb|Veteran Odissi musician Shyamamani Devi, disciple of ''Adiguru'' Singhari Shyamasundar Kar and ''Sangita Sudhakara'' Balakrushna Das.]]
At one time the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Empire]] extended all the way up to the river Kaveri and incorporated major parts of [[Karnataka]]. Gajapati [[Purushottama Deva|Purusottama Deva]] of Odisha conquered Kanchi and married the princess. Some raagas specific to Odisha are "Desakhya", "Dhanasri", "Belabali", "Kamodi", "Baradi" etc. Additionally, some Odissi raagas bear the same names as Hindustani or Carnatic raagas, but have different note combinations. Furthermore, there are many raagas that have the same note combinations in Hindustani, Carnatic and Odissi styles, but are called by different names. Each stream, however, has its own distinct style of rendition and tonal development despite the superficial similarity in scale.

==Odissi music in modern times==
The great exponents<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref name="orissatourism" /> of Odissi music in modern times are ''Adiguru'' [[Singhari Shyamsundar Kar]], ''Astabadhani Acharya'' [[Tarini Charan Patra]], ''Banikantha'' [[Nimai Charan Harichandan]], Gokul Srichandan, Nrusinghanath Khuntia, Lokanath Rath, Lokanath Pala, [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]], Markandeya Mahapatra, Kashinath Pujapanda, Kabichandra [[Kalicharan Pattnaik]], ''Sangita Sudhakara'' [[Balakrushna Dash]], Radhamani Mahapatra, Bisnupriya Samantasinghar, [[Bhubaneswari Mishra]], Padmashree [[Shyamamani Devi]], Dr. [[Gopal Chandra Panda]], ''Padmakesari'' Dr. [[Damodar Hota]], Padmashree [[Prafulla Kar]], Padmashree ''Suramani'' [[Raghunath Panigrahi]], [[Ramarao Patra]] (Bina/Veena), Sangita Gosain, [[Ramhari Das]] who have achieved eminence in classical music.<ref name=":04">{{cite web|title=72-year-old Veena player of Odisha reviving the glory of the instrument|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/aug/31/72-year-old-veena-player-of-odisha-reviving-the-glory-of-the-instrument-2027118.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205110319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/aug/31/72-year-old-veena-player-of-odisha-reviving-the-glory-of-the-instrument-2027118.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Classicality ===
The renowned scholar and cultural commentator [[Jiwan Pani]] mentions four parameters that any system of music has to satisfy in order to be called 'classical' or ''shastric'':
# The tradition must be over a century old.
# The system must be based on one or more written ''shastra''s or treatises.
# There must be a number of ragas at the core of the system.
# The ragas at the core of the system and other acquired ragas must be delineated in a distinctive style.

Jiwan Pani further goes on to illustrate in his works each of these aspects with respect to Odissi music. The tradition of Odissi music is nearly a millennium old, there are several ancient musical treatises produced in the state of Odisha for several centuries, there are unique ragas and a distinctive manner of rendition. Pani further argues :<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=Back to the Roots: Essays on Performing Arts of India|publisher=Manohar|year=2004|isbn=81-7304-560-7|location=New Delhi|author-link=Jiwan Pani}}</ref><blockquote class="templatequote">From the discussions above, it is evident that Odissi music is a distinctive ''shastric'' (classical) system. Again, it is now accepted that Odissi dance is undoubtedly a ''shastric'' style. Undoubtedly, music is the life breath of dance. Therefore, it will not be logical to say that the body, that is the Odissi dance, is ''shastric'', but its life, that is, the music, is not ''shastric''.</blockquote>Other scholars such as Pandit Dr. [[Damodar Hota]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajan|first=Anjana|date=24 April 2009|title=Dissenting Note|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Dissenting-note/article15938003.ece|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812134917/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Dissenting-note/article15938003.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and Professor [[Ramhari Das]] have raised concerns over the apathy of the government & resultant lack of patronage towards preservation and popularisation of classical music traditions other than the two major systems.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vidyarthi|first=Nita|date=17 October 2013|title=Raising his voice|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/raising-his-voice/article5244087.ece|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728091350/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/raising-his-voice/article5244087.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Dr. Hota also points to the distortion of Odissi Music as some dance musicians since the 1950s catered their music solely to the revived dance form using Hindustani and Carnatic music as reference points instead of cultivating knowledge and mastery of the distinctive classicism and performance aspects of Odissi Music. Odissi music was not as well known as Odissi dance to musicians & dancers outside Odisha, which led to an appropriation of musical integrity and composition of dance music without adhering to the Odissi tradition. Performing Odissi dance to non-Odissi music was heavily criticised by traditional Gurus of both Odissi dance & Odissi music, notably Guru [[Pankaj Charan Das]]; it was seen as a disruption of the Odia tradition in which Odia language & literature blended harmoniously with Odissi music & Odissi dance.

Most recently, in order to popularize the Odissi music the State Government's Culture Department has undertaken a massive programme named 'Odissi Sandhya' to be performed in all major cities of the country. The programme is being executed through Guru Kelu Charan Mohapatra Odissi Research Centre in association with different cultural organizations located in different parts of the country, like Central Sangeet Natak Academy, Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkata, and Prachin Kalakendra, Chandigarh.

== Exponents ==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Odissi Acharya Adwaita Guru.jpg|''Sangitacharya Mahanta Sri'' Adwaita Guru
File:Gokul Srichandan.jpg|Guru Gokula Chandra Srichandana
File:Gayaka Siromani Apanna Panigrahi.png|''Gayaka Siromani'' Apanna Panigrahi
File:Kalicharan Patnaik.jpg|''Natyacharya Kabichandra'' Kali Charan Patnaik
File:Odissi music Guru Tarini Charan Patra.jpg|''Astabadhani Acharya'' [[Tarini Charan Patra]]
File:Odissi Guru Balakrushna Dash.jpg|''Sangita Sudhakara'' [[Balakrushna Dash]]
File:Raghunath Panigrahi.jpg|''Suramani'' [[Raghunath Panigrahi]]
File:Bhikari Bal.jpg|''Bhajana Samrata'' [[Bhikari Bal|Bhikari Charan Bal]]
File:Shyamamani Patnaik (cropped).jpg|''Vidushi'' Shyamamani Devi
File:Odissi music Guru Gopal Chandra Panda.jpg|Guru [[Gopal Chandra Panda]]
File:Guru Ramhari Das.jpg|Guru [[Ramhari Das]]
</gallery>

=== Gurus of Odissi Mardala ===
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Eminent Gurus of Odissi Mardala">
File:Guru Birabara Sahoo Playing Mardala.jpg|Guru Birabara Sahu, veteran Gotipua exponent
File:Guru Basudev Khuntia Playing Mardala.jpg|Guru Basudeba Khuntia
File:Guru Rabi Narayan Panda Playing Mardala 3.png|Guru Rabinarayan Panda
File:Guru Maguni Das Playing Mardala.jpg|Guru Maguni Das, veteran Gotipua exponent
File:A still of Shri Banamali Maharana who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Odissi Music - Orissa by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg|Guru [[Banamali Maharana]], who received a 2004 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his contribution to Odissi Music and the Mardala
File:Pt. Guru Mahadev Raut With Mardala.jpg|Guru Mahadeba Rout, recipient of Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and 'Pandita' epithet from the Government of Odisha
File:Guru Janardan Dash playing Mardala.png|Guru Janardana Dash
File:Guru Dhaneswar Swain Playing Mardala (3).jpg|Guru [[Dhaneswar Swain]], recipient of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in the year 2013 for his contribution to Odissi Music and Mardala
File:Eminent Odissi Mardala Guru Sachidananda Das.jpg|alt=|Guru [[Sachidananda Das]], Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi awardee
File:Guru Bijaya Kumar Barik plays the Odissi Mardala.jpg|Guru Bijaya Kumar Barik
File:Jagannath Kuanr playing Odissi mardala.jpg|Guru Jagannath Kuanr
File:Guru Chintamani Raut Playing Mardala 2.jpg|Guru Chintamani Raut
File:Guru Maheswar Mohapatra playing Mardala 1.jpg|Guru Maheswar Mohapatra
File:Guru Dr. Gouranga Charan Mahala Playing Mardala.jpg|Guru Gouranga Charan Mahala
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Jayadeva]]
*[[Gita Govinda]]
*[[Mardala]]
*[[Music of Odisha]]
*[[Damodar Hota]]
*[[Gopal Chandra Panda]]
*[[Ramhari Das]]
*[[Dhaneswar Swain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Odissi music}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjBoYM7VRm8u7rGihWV1L6Moy2TiGg8HA Graded video lessons on Odissi music by Guru Ramhari Das]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOPXluyk_OsYZc0UkOSeGsA YouTube channel of Guru Gopal Panda Odissi Academy]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6YM68jsDAjjgYcmScX2lwA Odissi music renditions by eminent vocalists]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/odiamelody Early gramophone records of Odissi music]

{{Odissi music}}
{{Odissi music ragas}}
{{Indian Music}}
{{Odia culture}}
{{Odia language}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Odissi music| ]]
[[Category:Odissi|Music]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Jayadeva]]
[[Category:Classical and art music traditions]]

Rupam Sarmah

2025-12-17T17:45:13Z

KathrinChick016: Done!

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rupam Sarmah
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Rupam on stage at Guinness World Records event ''A Musical Journey for World Peace'' in [[Jorhat]]
| genre = World, New Age, Classical, [[Folk music|folk]]
| occupation = Computer Scientist, Composer, Filmmaker, Record Producer, Engineer
| instrument = Vocals, tabla, percussions, strings, keyboard, piano
| years_active = 1992–present
| label = RJ Productions International
| website = {{URL|https://www.rupamsarmah.net/}}
| born_name =
}}

'''Rupam Sarmah''' is a musician, filmmaker, entrepreneur, author, sound engineer, and computer scientist. Rupam is a Guinness World Records holder and had a #1 release on the Billboard World Music chart (''Together in Peace'', 2017). He won Gold Telly Awards (''One Little Finger'', 2019). As a filmmaker, Sarmah has directed documentaries, short films, and feature films. Sarmah directed the English-language feature film ''One Little Finger'' with a theme of ''Ability in Disability''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title=Persons with Disabilities tell their own story on celluloid - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/persons-with-disabilities-tell-their-own-story-on-celluloid/articleshow/67901205.cms|access-date=2019-04-06|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Work ==
Sarmah has worked with some of the award-winning artists and actors -- [[Siedah Garrett]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Moloya Goswami]], [[Tamela D'Amico]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Jaya Seal]], [[Kushal Chakraborty|Kushol Chakravarty]], Asim Bose, Pabitra Rabha, [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Paoli Dam]], and others.

Rupam has produced, engineered, recorded songs and music with award-winning artists such as [[Quincy Jones]], [[Siedah Garrett]], [[Kathy Sledge]], [[Julian Lennon]], [[Janis Ian]], [[Kechi Okwuchi]], [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt|Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [[Laura Sullivan (composer)|Laura Sullivan]], [[George Kahumoku Jr.|George Kahumoku, Jr]]., Cindy Paulos, [[Wouter Kellerman]], Brian Vibberts, [[Ricky Kej]], [[Sumitra Guha]], Kevin Mackie, [[Sophia Agranovich]], Alan Roy Scott, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sadhana Sargam|Sadhna Sargam]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Rupankar]], [[Subhamita Banerjee|Subhamita]], [[Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Anweshaa]], [[Iman Chakraborty]], and many others.

Sarmah and [[Sumitra Guha]] have represented India for Festival of India concerts in France (2018) organized by the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India, and the Embassy of India in Paris on the occasion of India's 70th Independence. The theme of the project was ''A Musical Journey towards Rising India.''

As a Computer Engineer, Executive, and media professional, Rupam has worked for technology startups and other companies<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rupamsarmah.net/aboutme|title=About – Rupam Sarmah}}</ref> such as Apple. Rupam is a Voting member of Grammy® as a Musician, Producer, and Engineer (P&E)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiecollaborative.com/icmembers/rupam-sarmah|title=Indie Collaborative|website=Indie Collaborative}}</ref> since 2005.

Sarmah has been involved with AI, Autism, and Music research and started a research center<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Smita |date=2015-06-28 |title=Jorhat NGO gets new building |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/jorhat-ngo-gets-new-building/cid/1390012#.VhxdX9Y8c8m |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> (RMAN<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onelittlefinger.com/research/|title=Research|website=OLF Global Foundation}}</ref>) for ongoing research.

== Activism ==
Sarmah founded the One Little Finger Global Foundation (501c3)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onelittlefinger.com/|title=OLF Global Foundation|website=OLF Global Foundation}}</ref> to support underprivileged children and persons with disabilities, media production house RJ Productions International for collaborative content creation. He has worked on a number of projects with organizations, including UNESCO Center for Peace, PRERONA, Manovikas - Welfare and Rehabilitation Center for the Children with Special Needs, [[Bhupen Hazarika]] Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan0515/city052|title=Global online Bhupendra Sangeet competition|first=TI|last=Trade|website=The Assam Tribune Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/?dtP=2015-01-07&id=214335&ppr=1&sec=2&subsec=14|title=Unknown}}{{Dead link | date=January 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Awards==
Sarmah made a Guinness World Record on 24 February 2013 for his project 'A Musical Journey for World Peace', which united more than 500 participants from across the globe playing 315 kinds of musical instruments for world peace.<ref>{{cite news |author=The Assam Tribune |author-link=The Assam Tribune |title=Jorhat musical performance gets into Guinness World Records |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2513/at08 |access-date=25 February 2013 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-05 |title=Video: Hundreds help set most instruments used in a piece of music world record in India |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/video-hundreds-help-set-most-instruments-used-in-a-piece-of-music-world-record-in-india-47946/ |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Locker |first=Melissa |title=WATCH: Indian Symphony Breaks World Record For Most Instruments in a Piece of Music |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/08/watch-indian-symphony-breaks-world-record-for-most-instruments-in-a-piece-of-music/ |access-date=2019-03-02 |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

Sarmah has received a number of awards and recognitions for his music and film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhinc.org/films2011.php |title=.:: Indian Film Festival of Houston ::. |website=www.iffhinc.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701205658/http://www.iffhinc.org/films2011.php |archive-date=2013-07-01}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iffhinc.org/films2011.php |title=Indian Film Festival of Houston}}</ref> ''One Little Finger'', written and directed by Sarmah, received several awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2019 |title=Assamese filmmaker gets International recognition |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assamese-filmmaker-gets-international-recognition |website=Pratidin Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/assamese-filmmaker-wins-award-at-riverside-international-film-festival-for-movie-on-physically-challenged/|title= |website=www.thehillstimes.in}}</ref><ref name="guwahatitimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://guwahatitimes.com/2019/04/assamese-filmmaker-gets-international-recognition-for-movie-on-differently-abled/|title=Assamese filmmaker Gets International Recognition for movie on differently-abled – Guwahati Times|date=27 April 2019|website=guwahatitimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/martin_i_petrov/meet_the_filmmaker_rupam_sarmah_with_one_little_finger_in_cannes_2019|title=meet_the_filmmaker_rupam_sarmah_with_one_little_finger_in_cannes_2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/persons-with-disabilities-tell-their-own-story-on-celluloid/articleshow/67901205.cms|title=Persons with Disabilities tell their own story on celluloid|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2019}}</ref> His research-based world music project, ''OMKARA - The Sound of Divine Love'' and Gospel with [[Borgeet]],''Talk to God'', received nominations in the Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hmmawards.com/hmma-2014-music-genre-nominees/|title=Hollywood Music in Media Awards nominations 2014}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The album ''A Musical Journey: Together in Peace'' made the top 10 on the Billboard World Albums chart. Sarmah created history by becoming the first Assamese and also probably the first artist of Northeast origin to get a #1 album on the Billboard World Albums chart.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-26 |title=Songs of Assamese origin top Billboard World Chart; Thanks to Rupam Sarmah! |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/assam/songs-of-assamese-origin-top-billboard-world-chart-thanks/cid2545972.htm |access-date=2017-11-08 |work=The North East Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

OMKARA was listed in the top 10 Radio Airplay chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/top100.asp|title=World Top 100 Radio Chart}}</ref>

Action Moves People United, co-produced and engineered by Sarmah, made the top 10 on the US Billboard Compilation Album chart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMPU - Billboard Chart|url=https://twitter.com/yesofficial/status/781587513857208321/photo/1|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMPU Billboard Chart 2022 |url=https://www.rupamsarmah.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/AMPU-Billboard-Chart-scaled.jpeg |website=www.rupamsarmah.net}}</ref>

== Life ==
Sarmah was born in [[Jorhat]], Assam. He learned Indian instruments and classical vocals during his time at Golaghat and Jorhat. He also continued to explore other fields, such as film, sound engineering, and music. Sarmah migrated to the United States after completing his BS in Engineering in India. He then earned his doctorate from [[George Washington University]]'s School of Engineering and Applied Science with a dissertation in Artificial Intelligence. Rupam completed his Master's in Management, Master's in Computer Science, and Doctorate from US universities.<ref name="auto"/> In the US, he took lessons from [[Ali Akbar Khan]], Hindustani classical maestro''.''

==Filmography==
#Old Man River<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQDrOGeZpnU |title=Old Man River - Bistirno Parore {{!}} Bhupen Hazarika {{!}} Paul Robeson {{!}} Rupam Sarmah |date=2025-09-06 |last=Rupam Sarmah |access-date=2025-10-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> - Bistirno Parore - Video Produced and Directed by Rupam Sarmah [2025]
#ARISE TOGETHER<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aajKN2YGGeU|title=Arise Together (Promo) | Bringing Children together from Ukraine and Around the World|date=28 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>- Video - I Am Brave by Dana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_13_YvhJXzU|title=I Am Brave | Dana | Arise Together|date=15 October 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref> | Gandhi's Grandson Speech<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CbatV-r_Do|title=Arise Together - Motivational Speech by Arun Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi's Grandson)|date=18 October 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref> (Album Produced and Directed by Rupam Sarmah) [2022, Sep 23]
#AUM - Blessings to Humanity - Music Video<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSFhfEWO-KE|title=AUM - Blessings to Humanity | Full Song | Rupam Sarmah | feat. George Kahumoku, Jr., Cindy Paulos|date=24 September 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref> (track from AUM - The Divine Sound;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rupamsarmah.net/aum|title=AUM – Rupam Sarmah}}</ref> Music Directed and Produced by Rupam Sarmah) [2021, Sep 24]
#Enlighten Your Soul | Tribute to Gandhi, Mandela, MLK Jr. - Music Video (Music Directed and Produced by Rupam Sarmah [Oct 2, 2021]
#One Little Finger (2019-2020)<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-actress-Abhinaya-acting-in-an-English-film/articleshow/41529341.cms|title = Hearing impaired girl acting in an English film}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4536086/|title = One Little Finger (Screenplay)|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/persons-with-disabilities-tell-their-own-story-on-celluloid/articleshow/67901205.cms|title=Persons with Disabilities tell their own story on celluloid - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofsandiego.com/arts/2019/08/14/highlighting-disabilities-one-little-finger-to-air-in-san-diego/|title=Highlighting Disabilities, 'One Little Finger' to Air In San Diego|first=Hoa|last=Quach|date=14 August 2019|work=Times of San Diego}}</ref> - Feature Film - Story, Screenplay and Direction by Sarmah
#Gumsum Gumsum<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rupamsarmah.net/latest-release|title=Latest Release – Rupam Sarmah}}</ref> - Music Video (Singers: [[Anweshaa]], Rupam; Music and Direction by Rupam Sarmah) [2020]
#O Mor Axomi Aai (Love for my country)<ref name="auto1"/> - Music Video (Singer, Songwriter, Direction by Rupam Sarmah) [2020]
#O Maa Desh Amar<ref name="auto1"/> (Singer: [[Iman Chakraborty]], Music: Rupam Sarmah, Bengali Lyrics: Gautam Susmit) [2020]
#Gulsher Music Video (produced by Rupam Sarmah and Sharif Awan)
#Together in Peace - Mandela Meets Gandhi (produced by Rupam Sarmah and Sharon Katz)
#We Are Love (900 Voices)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aAq5yBXJV4/|title = We are Love - Music Video|website = [[YouTube]]| date=9 April 2015 }}</ref> - Music Video: Participated in Grammy® winning composer [[Laura Sullivan (composer)|Laura Sullivan]]’s project [2015]
#In Search of God - Film Director (Best Documentary Award, Indian Film Festival, Houston, Texas; Music Score, composer, Sound Design)
#Sagar Kinare (Bengali) - Music Director
#Alor Thikana (Bengali) - Music Director
#A Musical Journey for World Peace<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/musical-journey-for-world/id719879020|title = A Musical Journey for World Peace|website = [[iTunes]]}}</ref> - A Musical Concert Film, Directed by Rupam
#Majestic Assam - Music Video
#Story of Gulsher - Music Video
#Art of Healing - Documentary, produced by Rupam (portrait of an artist, [[Lisa Sniderman]])

==Discography==
#Arise Together - Songs to [https://www.onelittlefinger.com/arise-together/ Inspire] - Co-Produced and Engineered by Rupam Sarmah [2025]
#Old Man River<ref name=":0" /> - Bistirno Parore - Produced and Performed by Rupam Sarmah [2025]
#Arise Together - Children of the World<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onelittlefinger.com/arise-together/|title=Arise Together|website=OLF Global Foundation}}</ref> - Co-Produced and Engineered by Rupam Sarmah [2023]
#Love Serenade<ref>{{Cite web |last=Widran |first=Jonathan |date=2023-09-10 |title=SOPHIA AGRANOVICH/RUPAM SARMAH, "Love Serenade" |url=https://www.jwvibe.com/single-post/sophia-agranovich-rupam-sarmah-love-serenade |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Music Reviews - JWV |language=en}}</ref> - Rupam Sarmah, [[Sophia Agranovich]] [2023]
#ARISE TOGETHER<ref name="auto2" /> - Co-Produced and Engineered by Rupam Sarmah [2022]
#Peace and Joy - Rupam Sarmah and [[Sophia Agranovich]] [2022]
#AUM - The Divine Sound<ref>{{Cite web | title=AUM - The Divine Sound by Rupam Sarmah on Amazon Music Unlimited | url=https://music.amazon.com/albums/B09BG6MNQF?ref=dm_sh_23e3-c8ec-99c0-f5ad-e03a4 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003210954/https://music.amazon.com/albums/B09BG6MNQF?ref=dm_sh_23e3-c8ec-99c0-f5ad-e03a4 | access-date=2025-01-17 | archive-date=2021-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupam Sarmah brings Chanting and Healing Energies from Around the World with the Power of Music|url=https://www.wicz.com/story/44814066/rupam-sarmah-brings-chanting-and-healing-energies-from-around-the-world-with-the-power-of-music|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.wicz.com|language=en}}</ref> - Composed and Directed by Rupam Sarmah [2021]
#AUM - ALOHA Blessings<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/AUM-ALOHA-Blessings-Rupam-Sarmah/dp/B09BDGP9FC/ref=sr_1_1|title=Amazon.com|website=Amazon }}</ref> - Composed and Directed by Rupam Sarmah, feat. George Kahumoku, Jr., Cindy Paulos [2021]
#''One Little Finger'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onelittlefinger.com/soundtracks/|title=Soundtracks|website=OLF Global Foundation}}</ref> - Rupam Sarmah featuring [[Quincy Jones]], [[Siedah Garrett]], [[Julian Lennon]], [[Kechi Okwuchi]], [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
#''A Musical Journey towards Rising India'' (2018)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://rupamsarmah.net/rising-india|title=Rising India – Rupam Sarmah|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> - Produced by Padmashri [[Sumitra Guha]] and Rupam Sarmah; Music Direction by Rupam Sarmah
#''A Musical Journey: Together in Peace'' (2017) - album composed, directed, produced by Sarmah
#The Song Unsung (2016) - vocals by [[Janis Ian]] and Sarmah (words by [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], music inspired by Borgeet 'Pawe Pori Hori')
#Story of Gulsher (2016) - a collaboration between India and Pakistan produced and composed by Sarmah
#Mandela Meets Gandhi (2016) - a collaboration with Sharon Katz and The Peace Train (South Africa)
#''Action Moves People United'' (September 2016) - album with [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Kathy Sledge]], [[Julian Lennon]], [[Alan White (Yes drummer)|Alan White]], [[Annie Haslam]], [[Lillias White]], and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ActionMovesPeopleUnited.org/artists|title=Action Moves People United » Artists|website=www.actionmovespeopleunited.org|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> (Sarmah as Co-Producer, Singer, Composer, Engineer)
##includes "Enlighten Your Soul" (2016) - with [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Alan White (Yes drummer)|Alan White]] and others (composed by Sarmah)
#Arise Above Abuse (Spoken Word and Music Album by Cindy Paulos and others) [2015]
#Sounds from the Circle<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://newagemusik.ning.com/|title = New Age Musik}}</ref> - New Age Album - compilation [2015]
#OMKARA – The Sound of Divine Love<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omkaradivinelove.com/|title=Omkara {{!}} The Sound of Divine Love|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210500/http://www.omkaradivinelove.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.omkaradivinelove.com/store|title = Omkara Store}}</ref> (World Music Project based on Chakra and healing music) – Directed and Produced by Rupam (feat. Pandit [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [[Sumitra Guha]], [[Laura Sullivan]], and others) [2014]
#Talk to God<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://itunes.apple.com/album/id899210340|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200621/https://itunes.apple.com/album/id899210340|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|title = Talk to God|website = [[iTunes]]|date = 2014}}</ref> (Contemporary Gospel song blended with [[Borgeet|Borgeet 'gopale ki goti']]), Rupam Sarmah and Nona Brown, Singer and Composer [2014]
#Angel Blessings<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/angelblessingsbenefiting|title = Angel Blessings}}</ref> (Benefiting Hospice): ''Take in a Deep Breath of Heaven'' (Rupam Sarmah and Nona Brown) [2014]
#In Search of God<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://music.apple.com/us/album/in-search-god-documentary/506322266|title = In Search of God on iTunes|website = [[iTunes]]|date = 26 February 2012}}</ref> - Singer, Direction and Score
#Sagar Kinare (Bengali) - Singer and Music Director
#Hits of Rupam - Singer and composer
#Priyam (Assamese) - Singer and composer
#Gems of Bishnu Rabha, vol 1, 2, 3 (iTunes) - Sound Design
#Geetali (Assamese) - Singer and composer
#Piya Re (Hindi) - Singer and composer
#Praner Gaan - Singer and Composer
#Sylvan Rhapsody of Assam (iTunes) - Sound Design
#Sangeetpremee - Singer and composer
#My Love Is You - Singer and composer
#Music Film (world record concert) – A Musical Journey for World Peace by Rupam and his team
# Bengali Album (Banjara)
# Bishnuprasadar Prosad (book – published) (assisted Dilip K. Datta, URI, USA)
# Bhupen Hazarikar Geet aru Jeevan Roth – (assisted Dilip K. Datta, URI, USA), published 2014

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==


* Rupam Sarmah's [http://www.OmkaraDivineLove.com/ OMKARA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210500/http://www.omkaradivinelove.com/ |date=2 March 2019 }}
* {{IMDb name|id=4466710}}
* [http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/rupam-sarmah/bio/674062 Rupam Sarmah] at [[Billboard.com]]
* [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000459871|pure_url=yes}} Rupam Sarmah] at [[Allmusic]]

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Rupam Sarmah
| list =
Best Composer Award, Human RIghts Organization, CPDR India, 2012 
Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations, 2014 
Best Documentary Jury Award, Indian Film Festival, Houston, 2011 
In Search of God – Acquired by the OSCAR Library (The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library) 
Just Plan Folks (JPF) International Music Award, Hollywood Best Song in World Ethnic Category, 2002
Song Janemon Janeja from Album Piya Re 
Zee Alpha Bangla Award (India), Best Song in a Regional Film (Sagar Kinare), 2007
Nominated. Jo Jo won the Best Female Singer award for the Song "Majhe Majhe Jibanta" 
Zee Alpha Bangla Award (India), Best Music Direction (Nominated), 2007 Film – Sagar Kinare 
Just Plan Folks (JPF) International Music Award, Hollywood, Best Album in World Ethnic Category, 2007
Album – My Love Is You – multiple awards for song and album 
In Search of God – First Film and Music of Assamese Origin in Oscar®
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarmah, Rupam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century classical composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amboli day gecko

2025-12-16T04:00:04Z

KathrinChick016: new

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cnemaspis amboliensis Amboli Day Gecko..jpg
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = amboliensis
| authority = Sayyed, Pyron, & DiLeepkumar, 2018
| synonyms =
}}

The '''Amboli day gecko''' ('''''Cnemaspis amboliensis''''') is a species of [[gecko]] found in the [[India]].<ref name="The Reptile Database">{{cite web|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=amboliensis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemaspis+amboliensis%27%29%29|title=Cnemaspis amboliensis|website=The Reptile Database|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
*Sayyed, A., Pyron, R.A. & Dileepkumar, R. (2018) Four new species of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, (Sauria: Gekkonidae)
from the northern Western Ghats, India. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 12 (e157), 1–29.
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63375149}}

[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]

{{cnemaspis-stub}}

1949 William & Mary Indians football team

2025-12-15T05:22:58Z

KathrinChick016: adding new info needs work

{{short description|American college football season}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox college sports team season
| year = 1949
| team = William & Mary Indians
| sport = football
| image =
| image_size =
| conference = [[Southern Conference]]
| short_conf = SoCon
| record = 6–4
| conf_record = 4–2
| head_coach = [[Rube McCray]]
| hc_year = 6th
| captain = [[George Hughes (American football)|George Hughes]]
| captain2 = [[Jack Cloud]]
| stadium = [[Zable Stadium|Cary Field]]
}}
{{1949 Southern Conference football standings}}
The '''1949 William & Mary Indians football team''' represented the [[College of William & Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] during the [[1949 college football season]]. The 1940s was the most successful decade in William & Mary football history. The Indians amassed more wins than any other decade (and this includes a non-existent 1943 season due to World War II), had the largest positive-point differential, won two conference championships and qualified for back-to-back bowl games in 1947 and 1948. There were 24 [[National Football League]] (NFL) [[NFL Draft|Draft]] selections, which is the most all-time for William & Mary in a single decade. Additionally, the 1940s was the only decade in which William & Mary was an [[Associated Press]] nationally ranked team as a major college football team.

==Schedule==
{{CFB schedule
| rankyear = 1949
| poll = AP

|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = September 17
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Houston Cougars football team|Houston]]
| site_stadium = [[Robertson Stadium|Public School Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Houston|Houston, TX]]
| score = 14–13
| attend = 20,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times-indians-nose/137398636/|work=Corpus Christi Caller-Times|title=Indians nose out Houston U, 14–13|date=September 18, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = September 24
| w/l = l
| nonconf = y
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Pittsburgh Panthers football team|Pittsburgh]]
| site_stadium = [[Pitt Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]]
| score = 7–13
| attend = 21,506
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-pitt-whips-tribe/137398747/|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|title=Pitt whips Tribe, 13–7|date=September 25, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 1
| w/l = w
| opponent = [[1949 VPI Gobblers football team|VPI]]
| site_stadium = [[Zable Stadium|Cary Field]]
| site_cityst = [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg, VA]]
| score = 39–13
| attend = 10,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-and-record-indians-roll-over-gobble/137398876/|work=Greensboro Daily News|title=Indians roll over Gobblers|date=October 2, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 8
| w/l = w
| homecoming = y
| opponent = [[1949 VMI Keydets football team|VMI]]
| site_stadium = Cary Field
| site_cityst = Williamsburg, VA
| gamename = [[VMI–William & Mary football rivalry|rivalry]]
| score = 54–6
| attend = 10,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91787484/william-mary-drubs-keydets-in-homecomi/|work=Daily Press|title=William & Mary drubs Keydets in homecoming tilt, 54–6|date=October 9, 1949|accessdate=January 3, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 15
| w/l = l
| nonconf = y
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Michigan State Spartans football team|Michigan State]]
| opprank = 19
| site_stadium = [[Spartan Stadium (East Lansing)|Macklin Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing, MI]]
| score = 13–42
| attend = 32,655
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-herald-spartans-trim-william/137398960/|work=The Times Herald|title=Spartans trim William & Mary|date=October 16, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 22
| w/l = l
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]
| site_stadium = [[Groves Stadium (1940)|Groves Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Wake Forest, North Carolina|Wake Forest, NC]]
| score = 28–55
| attend = 12,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/asheville-citizen-times-deacons-drub-wil/137399054/|work=Asheville Citizen-Times|title=Deacons drub William and Mary, 55–28|date=October 23, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = October 29
| w/l = w
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Richmond Spiders football team|Richmond]]
| site_stadium = [[City Stadium (Richmond)|City Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond, VA]]
| gamename = [[Capital Cup|rivalry]]
| score = 34–0
| attend = 10,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112720932/wl-victorious/|work=The Daily News Leader|title=W&L victorious|date=October 30, 1949|accessdate=November 7, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 5
| w/l = l
| opponent = [[1949 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]
| site_stadium = Cary Field
| site_cityst = Williamsburg, VA
| score = 14–20
| attend = 21,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-north-carolina-comes-f/137358377/|work=The Baltimore Sun|title=North Carolina comes from behind to beat WIlliam and Mary, 20–14|date=November 6, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 19
| w/l = w
| nonconf = y
| away = y
| opponent = [[1949 Arkansas Razorbacks football team|Arkansas]]
| site_stadium = [[War Memorial Stadium (Arkansas)|War Memorial Stadium]]
| site_cityst = [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock, AR]]
| score = 20–0
| attend = 16,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-razorbacks-lose/137399138/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Razorbacks lose to William and Mary, 20–0|date=November 20, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
|{{CFB schedule entry
| date = November 26
| w/l = w
| opponent = [[1949 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]
| site_stadium = Cary Field
| site_cityst = Williamsburg, VA
| score = 33–7
| attend = 8,000
| source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-lex-paces-indians/137399254/|work=The Charlotte Observer|title=Lex paces Indians to 33–7 victory over N.C. State|date=November 27, 1949|accessdate=December 25, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
}}
}}

== NFL Draft selections ==
{|
|-
|style="background-color:#FFCC00; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
|style="background-color:#CCFFCC; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] ||
|style="background-color:#BFFF7F; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;"|
|= [[College Football Hall of Fame]] ||
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
!style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;" state="collapsed"|NFL Draft Selections 
|-
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
! align="center"| #
! align="center"| Year
! align="center"| Round
! align="center"| Pick
! align="center"| Overall
! align="center"| Name
! align="center"| Team
! align="center"| Position
|- align="center"
|1
|[[1950 NFL Draft|1950]]
|3
|7
|34
|{{sortname|George|Hughes|George Hughes (American football)}}
|[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]
|Guard
|- align="center"
|2
|1950
|6
|3
|69
|bgcolor="#BFFF7F"|{{sortname|"Flyin'" Jack|Cloud|Jack Cloud}}
|[[Green Bay Packers]]
|Back
|- align="center"
|3
|1950
|9
|8
|113
|{{sortname|Vito|Ragazzo}}
|[[Chicago Cardinals]]
|End
|- align="center"
|4
|1950
|10
|12
|130
|{{sort|O'Pella|Frank O'Pella}}
|[[Cleveland Browns]]
|Back
|- align="center"
|5
|1950
|24
|4
|304
|{{sort|McDowell|Jim McDowell}}
|[[Detroit Lions]]
|Guard
|}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{William & Mary Tribe football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1949 William and Mary Indians football team}}
[[Category:1949 Southern Conference football season|William and Mary]]
[[Category:William & Mary Tribe football seasons]]
[[Category:1949 in sports in Virginia|William]]

{{collegefootball-1949-season-stub}}

Mint (newspaper)

2025-12-14T08:24:25Z

KathrinChick016: page edit

{{short description|Indian financial daily newspaper}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Self-published|date=July 2022}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Mint
| logo = [[File:Mint (newspaper) logo.svg|frameless|180px]]
| image = [[File:Mint cover 03-28-10.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = [[HT Media]]
| founder = [[Raju Narisetti]]
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1 February 2007
| language = English
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = <nowiki>199 Street, Floor 18–20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, 110001</nowiki>
| circulation = 133,115 (certified) (Indian Readership Survey, 2013 – MRUC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mint |url=http://www.htmedia.in/brandPage_hindustan.aspx?Page=Page-HTMedia-mint |publisher=HT Media |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809214742/http://www.htmedia.in/brandPage_hindustan.aspx?Page=Page-HTMedia-mint |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]''
| website = {{URL|https://www.livemint.com/}}
}}

'''''Mint''''' is an Indian business and [[financial|financial daily]] [[newspaper]] published by [[HT Media]], a Delhi-based media group which is controlled by the [[K. K. Birla|K. K. Birla family]]. The family also publishes ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ht-media-launches-business-daily/story-I96yMvEYJBQ9FkGDhIQWnM.html |title=HT Media launches business daily |date=31 January 2007 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Mint was launched in 2007 and specializes in business and politics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paradise Papers: Hindustan Times Group set up firm in Bermuda, showed Rs 7 cr loss |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/paradise-papers-shobhna-bhartia-hindustan-times-appleby-bermuda-firm-4925776/ |first=Sandeep |last=Singh |access-date=6 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

It publishes a single national edition distributed in [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Chandigarh]]. Mint is not published on Sunday. Every Saturday, it prints its sister magazine, Mint Lounge. It was India's first newspaper to be published in the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner format]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blog: India’s Mint: Six years later, it’s India’s “best financial newspaper” |url=https://garciamedia.com/blog/pindias_mint_six_years_later_its_indias_best_financial_newspaper_p/ |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=García Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=HT Mint outsources Cornerstone to promote their brand in Tamilnadu and Bangalore |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/ht-mint-outsources-cornerstone-promote-brand-tamilnadu-bangalore/ |access-date=11 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The former editor of ''[[The Wall Street Journal Asia|The Wall Street Journal India]]'', [[Raju Narisetti]] ran ''Mint'' from its founding in 2007 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mint-founding-editor-raju-narisetti-quits-managing-editor-sukumar-to-step-in-his-shoes/403356/ |title=Mint founding editor Raju Narisetti quits, managing editor Sukumar to step in his shoes |date=28 December 2008 |website=The Financial Express |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200637/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mint-founding-editor-raju-narisetti-quits-managing-editor-sukumar-to-step-in-his-shoes/403356/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Narisetti was succeeded by Sukumar Ranganathan, who served as an editor until 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/09/22/mint-editor-sukumar-ranganathan-to-take-over-as-editor-in-chief-of-hindustan-times_a_23219661/ |title=Mint Editor Sukumar Ranganathan To Take Over As Editor-In-Chief Of Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2017 |website=huffingtonpost.in |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200755/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/09/22/mint-editor-sukumar-ranganathan-to-take-over-as-editor-in-chief-of-hindustan-times_a_23219661/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, ''Mint'' and ''The Wall Street Journal'' ended their seven-year editorial partnership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/273501/indias-mint-and-the-wall-street-journal-end-their-seven-year-partnership/ |title=India's Mint and The Wall Street Journal end their seven-year partnership |date=30 September 2014 |website=Quartz |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081122/https://qz.com/273501/indias-mint-and-the-wall-street-journal-end-their-seven-year-partnership/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The companies now have a content syndication agreement as well as a subscriptions bundle. In 2017, former editor of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' Vinay R. Kamat was appointed as Editor, replacing Sukumar Ranganathan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressinstitute.in/News/vinay-kamat-is-new-editor-of-mint/ |title=Vinay Kamat is new editor of Mint |date=27 December 2017 |agency=Press Institute of India |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200712/http://www.pressinstitute.in/News/vinay-kamat-is-new-editor-of-mint/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/shorts/vinay-kamat-sukumar-ranganathan-mint |title=Vinay Kamat to take over from Sukumar Ranganathan as new editor of Mint |date=21 December 2017 |website=newslaundry.com |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151758/https://www.newslaundry.com/shorts/vinay-kamat-sukumar-ranganathan-mint |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, Sruthijith Kurupichankandy, better known as SK, was appointed Editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/sruthijith-kk-appointed-editor-in-chief-of-mint-109069.html |title=Sruthijith KK appointed Editor in Chief of Mint |website=Exchange4media |date=16 November 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
===Launch===
''Mint'' began in collaboration with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' on 1 February 2007, with the ''Journal''{{'}}s former deputy managing editor, [[Raju Narisetti]] as its founding editor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kar |first=Kalyan |title=HT Media to launch business daily; appoints Wall Street Journal's Raju Narisetti as Head of Editorial |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/peoplemovement/movement_fullstory.asp |date=16 April 2006 |website=Exchange4Media}}</ref>

===Relaunch===
In 2016, ''Mint'' changed from the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format it popularised in India and became a [[broadsheet]]. ''Mint'' also publishes ''Mint Lounge'' as a Saturday cultural edition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us : Mint Lounge |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/about-us |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=lifestyle.livemint.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151807/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/about-us |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Livemint website==
After struggling in the initial years, the Livemint website is now the second most read business news website in India, behind ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://the-ken.com/story/mint-beats-et/ |title=Beating ET: Unboxing Mint's defiance of online media |first=Shreedhar |last=Manek |date=10 February 2020 |access-date=10 February 2020 |publisher=[[The Ken]] |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116152557/https://the-ken.com/story/mint-beats-et/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After HT Media Limited acquired VCCircle from News Corp in 2020, the Livemint website also shares content with the VCCircle and TechCircle websites. The Deals, Tech and Startups page on the ''Mint'' newspaper routinely gets content from both VCCircle and TechCircle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=HT Media to acquire VCCircle and TechCircle |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ht-media-to-acquire-vccircle-and-techcircle/article32219721.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116152559/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ht-media-to-acquire-vccircle-and-techcircle/article32219721.ece}}</ref>

==Notable employees (past and present)==
* [[Tamal Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]]
* [[Mitra Kalita]]
* [[Samanth Subramanian]]
* [[Pallavi Singh]]
* [[Sidin Vadukut]], columnist,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cubiclenama |url=https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Author/Sidin%20Vadukut |publisher=Mint |access-date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116152607/https://www.livemint.com/authors/sidin%20vadukut |url-status=live}}</ref> previously managing editor of livemint.com{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* [[Priya Ramani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{official website|https://www.livemint.com/}}
* [http://epaper.livemint.com/ ''Mint'' ePaper] (E-Paper – Digital Replica of the newspaper)
* [http://www.ifra.net/wiki/interview-with-raju-narisetti-mint Interview with Raju Narisetti, ''Mint'']

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Business newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2007]]

Jain temples of Deogarh

2025-11-25T06:18:32Z

KathrinChick016: made basic place needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jain temple complex, Deogarh
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Devgarha2.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shantinath temple
| map_type =
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|31|24.4|N|78|14|14.7|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| deity = [[Shantinatha]]
| sect = [[Digambar]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 31
| creator =
| established = 8th century
| website =
| governing_body = Shri Devgarh Managing Digambar Jain Committee
}}
{{Jainism}}

The '''Jain Temple complex''' is group of 31 [[Jain]] temples located at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] in [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] built around 8th to 17th century CE. The Jain complex in Deogarh are protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and managed through its Northern Circle Office located in [[Lucknow]].<ref name='asi'>{{Citation|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Lucknow Circle, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> ASI maintain an archaeological museum at the Deogarh site, which is noted for its treasured archaeological sculptures.<ref name="asian">{{Cite book|title=Studies in south Asian culture, Part 3|page=1–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ|author=Universiteit van Amsterdam and Institute of South Asian Archaeology|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1958}}</ref>

== History ==

The fort temples are dominated by the Jain temples in the eastern part of the hill fort; the [[Jain]] images here are mostly of the "iconographic and the stylistic variety".{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=103}} The Jain complex was built during period from 8th to 17th century, and consist of 31 Jain temples housing around 2,000 sculptures which are largest such collection in world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-temple|work=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]|title=Jain Temple Complex|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=15 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415190206/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-temple|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jain temples have a large number of panels depicting scenes from Jain mythology, [[tirthankara]] images and [[Ayagapata|votive tablets]]. The pillars are carved with a thousand Jain figures.<ref name=city>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/deogarh.php|title= Deogarh|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref>

There are 31 Jain temples of different sizes, age and character.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sponsored-feature/story/monsoon-paints-vibrant-bundelkhand-heritage-with-glorious-green-strokes-17333-2016-06-30|title=Monsoon paints vibrant Bundelkhand heritage with glorious green strokes|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Deogarh-a-potential-world-heritage-site-in-UP/articleshow/46963930.cms|title=Deogarh, a potential world heritage site in UP|website=[[The Times of India]]| date=18 April 2015 |access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> All these are dated later than the Hindu temples. They are categorized into two distinct periods: the early medieval period and the medieval period. During the [[Islamic]] [[iconoclastic|iconoclastic depredations]] the temples were devastated; this was compounded by the growth of vegetation and neglect of maintenance.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=102}} The Jain community is managing the temples since 1939 and have done some restoration work.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=103-105}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Carvings of [[tirthankara]]s on Shantinath temple wall.]]

The Jain temples have also been examined individually and reports prepared by ASI. The number of images and inscriptions for each temple has been recorded. These findings testify their political history and early medieval status.<ref name="asian"/> Out of the many sculptures in the Jaina compound, more than 400 carvings were worthy of recording for their "stylistic and iconographic variety".{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=103}}

The extravagance of the intricacies of the Jain sculptures is similar to that of nearby [[Gwalior]] in Madhya Pradesh and adjoining areas of [[Bihar]].{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=105}} Jain sculptures lie scattered on both sides of the path from the gate, on the walls of the fort. A notable pillar seen here is called the Manastambha. The complete image of each of the 24 Tirthankaras. Images of [[Yaksha]] and [[Yakshini]] are also part of such depictions.{{Sfn|Elgood|2000|p=144}} Thousands of sculptures are seen embedded in the walls surrounding the complex. A large number of idols lying scattered around the fort area is attributed to the fact that this was the sculptors' workshop.<ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web| author1=Hugh | author2=Colleen |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/08/24/stories/2003082400380800.htm|title=Fortress of the gods|access-date=2010-01-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606121639/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/08/24/stories/2003082400380800.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Worship at some of the Jain temples is still held regularly. The most famous of the Jain temples in the fort is the Shantinath Temple, which was built before 862 AD. It is a testament that a prosperous Jain community lived in this region.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=105}}

== Restoration ==
In 1959, robbers looted several Jain images or even cut off heads of many idols. This resulted in the Jain community of the area taking precautionary action by setting up a temple committee. This temple committee oversees the protection of the monuments and works to improve the ambience of the entire place. However, as per claims the restoration works being carried out on more scientific terms, following guidelines set by "[[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Sites]]".{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=105-106}}
The Jain temple complex in Deogarh is protected by the Department of Archaeology of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name='asi'/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Deogarh1918.png|Deogarh temple complex in 1918
File:Pārśvanāth AS IS.jpg|[[Pārśva]] & [[Supārśva]]
File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex main temple.jpg|Jain sculpture carvings on wall
File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex column.jpg|Detailed carving on Pillar
File:Mini tirthankaras.jpg|Panel with carvings of Tirthankaras
File:Deogarh Jain temples (51).jpg|{{convert|12.3|ft}} Shantinatha statue
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons cat}}
* [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]
* [[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book|last=Lubotsky|first=Alexander|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/2668/1/299_022.pdf|title=Isomorphic Reconstruction Map of Sarvodhbhadra temple or the Vishnu temple of Deogarh}}
* {{cite book|title=Studies in south Asian culture, Part 3|pages=1–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ|author=Universiteit van Amsterdam and Institute of South Asian Archaeology|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1958}}
* {{cite book|last1=Titze|first1=Kurt|first2=Klaus|last2=Bruhn|title= Jainism: a Pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence|pages=102–106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1998|isbn=81-208-1534-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Elgood|first=Heather|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2000|isbn=9780826498656}}

{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Jain temples}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lalitpur district, India]]

Abdus Saleh

2025-11-13T07:32:46Z

KathrinChick016: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Md. Abdus Saleh
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1997
| term_end1 = 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Lok Kindor Hajong]]
| successor1 = [[Nidhu Ram Hajong]]
| constituency1 = [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2013
| predecessor2 = [[Nidhu Ram Hajong]]
| successor2 = [[Dikkanchi D. Shira]]
| constituency2 = [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]]
| term_start3 = 2021
| term_end3 = 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Azad Zaman]]
| successor3 = [[Mizanur Rahman Kazi]]
| constituency3 = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1968 }}
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (present)
| alma_mater = [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St. Edmund's College]]
| relatives = Wife- Sultana Atifa, and 2 daughters
|
}}
'''Md. Abdus Saleh''' ({{langx|bn|মুহাম্মদ আব্দুস সালেহ}}) is an Indian politician and social worker from Meghalaya. He was the former MLA of [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] and former three-time MLA of [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]] in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=my/>

==Early life and education==
Saleh was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the plain region of the [[West Garo Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]] to parents Abdul Gofur and Sahara Begum.
Late Abdul Gofur was also a social worker and political leader of Mahendraganj. Abdul Gafur, who was a close associate of [[Purno A. Sangma]], died due to cardiac arrest while at a meeting with Purno A. Sangma in 1983.

Saleh graduated from [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St. Edmund's College]] (affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University]]) in 1989 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree.<ref name=my>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/2008Meghalaya/candidate.php?candidate_id=5|title=Abdus Saleh|website=My Neta|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=myneta>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/meghalaya2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=336|title=Abdus Saleh (Independent)|website=My Neta|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

In 1999, Abdus Saleh married Sultana Atifa, with whom he has two daughters.

==Career==
Saleh began his political career in the 1997 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election where he won as an Independent candidate. In 1998 he contested and won as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]] constituency. He was unsuccessful as an independent candidate during the [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]. He rejoined the Congress party for the [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] and was successful once again.<ref name=result>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mahendraganj-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Mahendraganj Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

After reservation of the Mahendraganj Constituency, Saleh joined the fray for the [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] constituency in 2013, but was unsuccessful in both the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]s, in both of which he stood as an Independent candidate. The sudden demise of Dr. Azad Zaman necessitated a by-election for the Rajabala seat, which was held at the end of October 2021. Abdus Saleh, competing as the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] candidate emerged successful.<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajabala-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Rajabala Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

In a historical feat, Saleh has become the only person in Meghalaya to have won two separate by-elections, from two separate constituencies, almost 25 years apart.

Saleh has held important portfolios of the Meghalaya Government. He was the Minister of State in charge of Finance, Agriculture and Health under E.K. Mawlong's leadership in 2001. He was the Minister of State in charge of Power and PHC in 2002 under the leadership of Dr. F.W. Khonglam. Under Mukul Sangma's leadership, Saleh was the Parliamentary Secretary of Home, Transport and Taxation from 2009 to 2013. He has also served as the Chairman of Meghalaya Government Construction Corporation from 1999, and the co-chairman of Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation from 2014. He was also Chairman of Minority in Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee, and the Chairman of the Meghalaya State Waqf Board.

Currently, Abdus Saleh is serving as the Chairman of the [[Meghalaya State Planning Board]] under the leadership of Conrad K. Sangma.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saleh, Abdus}}
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category: Muslims from Meghalaya]]

Zarwani

2025-10-15T19:15:36Z

KathrinChick016: adding first entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zarwani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8053|N|73.7037|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narmada district|Narmada]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
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| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 393155
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Zarwani''' is a village in [[Narmada district|Narmada]] district of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFvyoPbFVXsC |title=The Gujarat Government Gazette |year=1963 |language=gu}}</ref> It is located within [[Nandod Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Zarwani Pin Code - 393155, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search narmada Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/gujarat/narmada/zarwani-pincode-393155.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The pincode is 393155.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Zarwani Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Zarwani, Narmada, Gujarat, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/gujarat/narmada/zarwani |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Zarwani Waterfalls and Zarwani Eco-campsite are located in the area and attract visitors.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Places that you can visit near Statue of Unity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/places-that-you-can-visit-near-statue-of-unity/photostory/81839919.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The government has made efforts to increase tourism in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Rs 1,670-cr corridor to link SoU, Shabri Dham |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/rs-1670-cr-corridor-to-link-sou-shabri-dham-7720447/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Narmada district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Jaikara

2025-10-15T18:13:10Z

KathrinChick016: made a entry needs work

{{Short description|Religious slogans in Indic religions}}
'''Jaikara''' is a term used to refer to religious slogans practiced in [[Indian religions|Indic religions]]. They are usually shouted in a group-setting as a devotional practice. Jaikaras can be found in both [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]].

== Hinduism ==
In [[Hinduism]], there are [[Shaktism|Shaktist]] jaikaras to pay deference to specific [[Hindu deities|Indic goddesses]], known as ''Maa Aap Bulandi''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. |title=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |date=Jun 26, 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811615986 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Abha |pages=165–166 |chapter=8: Mata's Call and Sacred Slogans (''Jaikara'')}}</ref> They are often shouted together as a group amongst devotees and sometimes in specific scenarios, such being in the midst of a religious trek.<ref name=":0" /> They are believed to encourage the congregation and strengthen their resolve, it is also way of expressing devotion to a particular deity.<ref name=":0" /> However, jaikaras can also be chanted when alone or when two groups of pilgrims cross paths with one another.<ref name=":0" />

Common Hindu jaikaras are as follows:

* ''Jai mata di'' ("victory of the Mother Goddess")<ref name=":0" />
* ''Jaikara sheranwali da'' ("salutations to the Divine Mother whose mount is a lion")<ref name=":0" />
* ''Sanchey Darbar Ki Jai'' ("obeisance to the sacred court")<ref name=":0" />

== Sikhism ==
Amongst [[Sikhs|Sikh]], the jaikaras function as a [[Battle cry|battle-cry]], described as being a "shout of victory" or "war-cry" slogan, also referred to as a ''fateh''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lum |first=Kathryn |title=Young Sikhs in a Global World: Negotiating Traditions, Identities and Authorities |date=Mar 9, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |others=Knut A. Jacobsen, Kristina Myrvold |isbn=9781134790883 |pages=187 |chapter=8: Caste, Religion, and Community Assertion: A Case Study of the Ravidasias in Spain}}</ref>{{Rp|page=187}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2009 |isbn=9788171427543 |pages=74}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |last2=Singh |first2=Pashaura |date=Feb 1, 2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791482001 |editor-last=Raj |editor-first=Selva J. |pages=206–207 |chapter=Vows in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Harman |editor-first2=William P.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bassi |first=Tripti |title=A Study of the Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya: Education, Religion and Gender Issues |date=Jul 1, 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811632198 |pages=144 |chapter=8: Gurmat: Religious Pedagogy and Socialization}}</ref> Jaikaras are said to conclude Sikh religious services.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> They are used as phrasal slogans of respect, appraise, or obeisance and its purpose is a mixture of spirituality, euphoria, and preparation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=The Sikh Educational Trust |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |edition=1st |pages=42, 52}}</ref> A common Sikh jaikara is: ''[[Bole So Nihal|Jo bole So Nihal]]'', ''[[Sat Sri Akaal|Sat Sri Akal]]'' ("Blessed is the person who says God is Truth") and was used in-battle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> They are often uttered as a huzza shouted together in a group.<ref name=":2" /> Jaikara slogans are called-out at the end of a Sikh religious service, being a critical part of them to mark an end of the program.<ref name=":3" /> It additionally functions as an pledge to follow the path of truth.<ref name=":3" /> A common practice during Sikh deliberations is to close the debate and go with the last suggestion after a particularly lively jaikara is shouted.<ref name=":3" /> Jaikaras can also function as greetings.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

According to [[Harjinder Singh Dilgeer]], the original form of the ''bole so nihal'' jaikara may have been: ''Jo jaikara bulaavai guru de man nun bhaavai; gaij ke bolnaa ji Akaal! Akaal! Akaal!''<ref name=":5" /> He further claims this original phrase was shorterned simply to ''(Jo) bole so nihal, sat sri akal'' and that it should not be used as a greeting.<ref name=":5" /> Another Sikh jaikara, used to greet another Sikh, is ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru ji ka (da) Khalsa Waheguru ji ki (di) Fateh]]''.<ref name=":5" /> Banda Singh Bahadur is charged with attempting to change the standard Sikh jaikara to ''Fateh Darshan''.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

Some other popular Sikh jakaras are as follows:{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

* ''Bolna[[-ji|ji]]'' (Respectfully Utter) – ''Waheguru'' ([[Waheguru|Wondrous Enlightener]]){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg Teg Fateh]]'' (Victory to Charity and Arms) – ''Birdh ki Paij'' ''Panth ki jit'' ([[Rout]] of the Enemy Victory of the Sikh [[Panth|Path]]){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''[[Bole So Nihal]]...[[Sat Sri Akaal]]'' ("Shout Aloud in Ecstasy... True is the Great [[Akal Purakh|Timeless One]]"){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''Nanak naam [[Charhdi Kala|charhdi kalaa]]'' (May [[God in Sikhism|Thy]] name be exalted O [[Nanak]]) – ''Tere'' ''bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa'' (and all people prosper by Thy grace){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru ji ka Khalsa]]'' (the Community of the [[Khalsa|Pure]] belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener) – [[Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh|''Waheguru ji ki Fateh'']] (Victory belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''[[Raj Karega Khalsa]]'' – (The Khalsa will rule) Aaakki Rahe Na Koye (And no opponent will remain)<ref>{{cite web |title=ਆਕੀ - Meaning in English - ਆਕੀ Translation in English |url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80-meaning-in-english}}</ref>
* ''Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae, Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal''|| (excerpt from [[ardas]] of ''[[Nihang|Buddha Dal]]'' prayerbook (gutka) praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* ''[[Fateh Singh Ke Jathe Singh]]''
* ''Fateh Darshan'' (meaning 'bear witness to the victory'), historical jaikara used by the Bandai sect (followers of Banda Singh Bahadur)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Bandai Sikhs |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/bandai.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Division of Religion and Philosophy - University of Cumbria (www.philtar.ac.uk) |quote=Some Bandai Sikhs believed Banda to be the eleventh Guru. ... His followers were known as Bandai Sikhs. Some sources indicate that an argument arose within the Panth between Bandai Sikhs and Mata Sundari (Gobind's widow who represented the Tat Khalsa), implying that Banda wanted to introduce a new slogan 'Fateh Darshan' (victory to the Presence), change the Khalsa's blue clothing for red and an insistence on vegetarianism.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singh Madra |first=Amandeep |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves : Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |others=P. Singh |isbn=978-1-137-11998-8 |location=New York |pages=11 |oclc=1083462581 |quote=Banda Bahadur clearly riled the Mughal authorities with his peasant revolution but he also antagonized large numbers of the Khalsa. He was accused, in his own lifetime, of creating a schism within the united Khalsa by his innovations of the accepted doctrine. To some, this was too much and they vigorously fought against him. One of these innovations was the adoption of the war cry "Fateh Darshan." This literally translates as "bear witness to the victory," an enormously haughty statement especially given that Guru Gobind Singh claimed "Vahiguru ji ki Fateh" (lit. "Victory belongs to the creator"). Not unsurprisingly, this change caused great agitation amongst the Khalsa. Wendel in his writings incorrectly, but consistently, refers to Banda Bahadur as Fateh Darshan or "Fate-dersan."}}</ref>

== Ad-Dharmis ==
The [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad-Dharmi movement]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|colonial Punjab]] adopted the salutation ''Jai Guru Dev'' ("victory to the great God").<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Kalsi |first=Sewa Singh |url=https://crp.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2015/09/kalsi1992.pdf |title=The Evolution of a Sikh Community in Britain: Religious and Social Change Among the Sikhs of Leeds and Bradford |publisher=Community Religions Project Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds |year=1992 |isbn=9781871363036 |pages=125–147 |chapter=6. Caste and the Ravidasi Sikhs in Bradford}}</ref>

== Ravidassia ==
The [[Ravidassia]]s, a splinter-movement from Sikhism, have their own jaikara which differs from the mainstream Sikh one, which is as follows: ''Jo bole so nirbheh, Shri Guru Raviassi Ki Jai'' ("whoever utters the following phrase shall be fearless, victory to Guru Ravidas").<ref name=":1" /> The separatist faction of Ravidassias have coined their own jaikaras to mark their desired separateness from mainstream Sikhism.<ref name=":1" /> In Ravidassia temples, some orthodox Sikhs and Sikh-affiliated Ravidassias have criticized their adoption of a unique jaikara that is different from the mainstream Sikh one, leading to tensions and incidents.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Religious formulas]]

Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo

2025-10-08T06:51:05Z

KathrinChick016: Stub!

{{orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1977)}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| name = Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo
| image = File:PKSAHOO.jpg
| caption = Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo in his office at BITS, Pilani, 2025
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Mathematician, professor
| title =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|7|17}}
| birth_place =
| employer = BITS Pilani
| education = M. Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. (Mathematics), Sambalpur University
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo''' (born 17 July 1977), also known as '''P. K. Sahoo''', is an Indian academic, mathematician and researcher, currently profes,sor at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo | url= https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/hyderabad/pradyumn-kumar-sahoo/ | website= BITS Pilani | date= 5 December 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref>

== Education and Career ==

Sahoo was born on 17 July 1977. He completed M. Sc., M. Phil., and Ph. D. in Mathematics, all three from [[Sambalpur University]]. He started his career as a lecturer in 2002. He joined Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in 2007. Currently, he is a professor at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad, Campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo| url= https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/230880#education_information_panel
| website= Inflibnet | date= 8 October 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Prof. P K Sahoo is an elected member of the [[International Astronomical Union]] ([[IAU]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Member Information | url=https://www.iau.org/Profile?ID=42122 | website= IAU |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> Associate Member of the [[Institute of Physics]] (IOP), Associate Member of [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA)<ref>{{cite web |title= Visiting Associates | url= https://web.iucaa.in/attachments/associateship-program/ASSO-CURRENT-LIST.pdf | website= IUCAA |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> and Council Member of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] (IMS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Council | url=https://indianmathsoc.org/pdf/Council.pdf | website= Indian Math Soc |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani Prof elected Council Member of Indian Mathematical Society| url= https://telanganatoday.com/bits-pilani-prof-elected-council-member-of-indian-mathematical-society | website= Telangana Today | date= 18 January 2025 |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref>

He is an editor for various journals including [[International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial Board | url=https://www.worldscientific.com/page/ijgmmp/editorial-board | website= World Scientific |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> [[Open Physics]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Physics| url= https://www.degruyterbrill.com/journal/key/phys/html#editorial | website= De Gruyter Brill |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> [[Scientific Reports]] (Nature)<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial Board | url=https://www.nature.com/srep/about/editors | website= Nature|access-date=September 30, 2025}}</ref> and other reputed journals. He is the editorial board member of [[Universe (journal)|Universe]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Topical Advisory Panel| url= https://www.mdpi.com/journal/universe/topical_advisory_panel?page_no=2 | website= MDPI|access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> international advisory board member of Trends in Sciences<ref>{{cite web |title=Trends in Sciences| url= https://tis.wu.ac.th/tishome/about/InterBoard.php| website= TISI|access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> and reviewer for journals such as Europhysic Letters ([[EPL (journal)|EPL]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Distinguished referees| url=https://www.epletters.net/distinguished-referees | website= EP Letters|access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> [[Canadian Journal of Physics]] and [[Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences]].

His research focuses on theoretical cosmological models in modified gravity theories. astrophysical objects, cosmic observations, relativity, dark energy, and observational datasets.<ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani Hyderabad professor among highly cited researchers globally | url= https://telanganatoday.com/bits-pilani-hyderabad-professor-among-highly-cited-researchers-globally | website= Telangana Today| date= 22 September 2024 |access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=miEMkCMAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]
* [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=36938196700 Scopus Profile]
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-8832 ORCID ]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Pradyumn Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Sambalpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]

Sanpada, Navi Mumbai

2025-09-11T21:25:47Z

KathrinChick016: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Sanpada railway station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sangeet Sharada

2025-08-26T11:58:55Z

KathrinChick016: adding some article basic info

{{Short description|1899 Marathi play}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Sangeet Sharada
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| writer = [[Govind Ballal Deval]]
| chorus =
| characters = {{plainlist|
*Bhujanganath
*Bhadreshwar Dixit
*Kodand
*Sharada
*Kanchanbhat
*Indirakaku
}}
| setting =
| premiere = 1899
| place =
| orig_lang = Marathi
| series =
| subject = [[Child marriage]]
| genre = Social
}}

'''''Sangeet Sharada''''' is an 1899 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Sangeet Natak]] (Musical play), written and directed by playwright [[Govind Ballal Deval]].<ref name="mirror"/> The play is considered as the first play in Marathi to showcase the social problems and broke the norms by dealing with the subject of [[child marriage]] when dramatic literature in India mainly focused on historical-mythological narrations.<ref>{{cite book |title= Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher= South Asia Books |author= Datta, Amaresh |year=1988 |isbn= 978-8172016494 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=sangeet+sharada+1899&pg=PA1088 |accessdate=17 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |author= Kasbekar Richards, Asha |year=2006 |pages=336 |isbn= 978-1851096367 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=sangeet+sharada+1899&pg=PA53 |accessdate= 17 June 2012}}</ref>

Over the period of time, various stage actors like [[Bal Gandharva]], Vishnupant Pagnis,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/cinema/person/stars/pagnis.htm|title=Stars: Vishnupant Pagnis (1892-1943)|accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> Bhalchandra Pendharkar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhalchandrapendharkar.com/bapurao.htm|title=Bapurao Pendharkar|accessdate=17 June 2012}}</ref> have performed the lead role of Sharada. Going with the format of Sangeet Natak, play had more than 50 songs, penned and composed by Govind Ballal Deval himself and music attained a cult status over the period of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/play-on/444064/0|title=Play on|date=7 April 2009|agency=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 June 2012|author=Priya, Shashi}}</ref>

The play "is considered to be a pioneer in social drama in India"<ref name="IndianExpress"/> and gained the popularity in such a way that when the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act]], proposed by Haribilas Sarda, also known "Sarda Act", was passed in 1929; it was mistaken to be named after the play as "Sharada Act".<ref name="mirror"/>

== Plot ==
Bhujanganath, a geriatric widower, wants to marry one more time so that he can have heir to his property, thus befriends Bhadreshwar Dixit, a middleman, who would help him in finding a young bride. Though a well known person in the village, Dixit finds difficulties in getting a bride for Bhujanganath, as nobody agrees for the proposal because of his old age. Dixit convinces Bhujanganath to visit other villages to search for brides and advises him to behave like a wealthy person, which would make it easier to get a bride for Bhujanganath.

Both along with Kodand, a young orphaned [[Purohit]], visit Gangapur and manage to convince people in the village that Bhujanganath is a rich and young man. Kanchanbhat who wishes to marry his young teenage daughter, Sharada, to a rich person hears about Bhujanganath's arrival in the village. He approaches Dixit with the help of one of his friends, Suvarnashastri and readily accepts the proposal when Dixit proposes {{INR}} 5000 as [[dowry]] in marriage. Indirakaku, Kanchanbhat's wife and Sharada's mother, disagrees for the marriage when she learns the truth about Bhujanganath. When Kodand visits Kanchanbhat's house along with Dixit, he opposes the marriage and threatens Dixit and Bhujanganath that he will tell the truth and will also lodge a complaint in the police station as the proposed marriage is planned between an old person and a teenager. Frightened Dixit locks Kodand in the basement.

With Kodand missing, villagers start inquiring about Bhujanganath and Dixit. Sharada, after meeting Bhujanganath in person, opposes for the marriage but her father Kanchanbhat does not pay any heed and starts the preparation for the marriage. With the help of a friend, Kodand manages to escape from the custody.

On the day of marriage, Kodand accompanied by police, reaches the marriage venue and exposes Bhujanganath and Dixit. Police arrests both of them. Sharada runs away from the venue and decides to commit suicide. But Kodand convinces Sharada and proposes her for the marriage. Sharada accepts the proposal and both of them decides to get married.

== Characters ==
The play had number of characters. Some of them even had songs which were rendered by themselves.

{{colbegin}}
* Bhujanganath (Shrimant): a 75-year-old widower
* Kodand: an orphaned [[Purohit]] and male protagonist
* Kanchanbhat: Sharada's father
* Janhavi, Sharayu, Vallari, Mandakini, Triveni and Tunga: Sharada's friends
* Bhadreshwar Dixit: a middleman
* Sharada: a teenager, young bride and female protagonist
* Indirakaku: Sharada's mother
* Jayant: Sharada's younger brother
{{colend}}
* Hiranyagarbha (Shyamsundar), Suvarnashastri, Shitikanth, Pushkarbhat, Kaustubh, Upadhyay, Kotwal, Bimbacharya, Vetalik, Ramanandcharya, Jagadguru: villagers and other characters

== List of songs ==
The play, being a musical, had plenty of songs. All the songs were penned and composed by [[Govind Ballal Deval]].

; Act One

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;" | Track # !! style="width:300px;" | Title !! style="width:100px;" | Character !! style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
| 01 || "Shankarpad Vandi Aadhi" || Chorus || Naandi; Raag: [[Hameer]]; Taal: Chautal
|-
| 02 || "Saukhya Purna Devo Tumha" || Chorus || Naandi; Raag: [[Bahar (raga)|Bahar]]; Taal: [[Tintal]]
|-
| 03 || "Abhiruchi Kona Shringarachi" || Narrator || Saki
|-
| 04 || "Parichit Jo Ya Rasikjana" || Narrator || Saki
|-
| 05 || "Ajuni Khula Ha Naad" || Narrator || Raag: Jhinjoti; Taal: [[Tintal]]
|-
| 06 || "Adoor Darshitwane Kewal" || Narrator || Saki
|-
| 07 || "Kaay Purush Chalale Bai" || Narrator || Raag: [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]]; Taal: [[Tintal]]
|-
| 08 || "Jarath Ituka Tari" || Narrator || Dindi
|-
| 09 || "Porasah Thor Kiti" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 10 || "Nivartali Ti, Tevhapasuni" || Bhujanganath || Katav
|-
| 11 || "Sundar Khashi Subak Thengani" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 12 || "Paushtik Balviryajanak Aushadhe" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 13 || "Pratakale Shiva Drushtava" || Bhadreshwar || Shlok
|-
| 14 || "Name Bramhan, Khara" || Kodanda || Saki
|-
| 15 || "Jatharanal Shamavaya Neecha" || Kodanda || Raag: [[Adana (raga)|Adana]]; Taal: [[Tintal]]
|-
| 16 || "Jo Bhed Vidhine" || Kodanda|| {{dash}}
|-
| 17 || "Ye Kaal Kasa Viparit" || Kodanda|| {{dash}}
|-
| 18 || "Ha Jarathkumarivivah" || Kodanda|| {{dash}}
|-
| 19 || "Anyadharmi Bhoopal Aaryabhucha" || Kodanda || Dindi
|-
| 20 || "Swarthi Ji Preeti Manujachi" || Kodanda || {{dash}}
|-
| 21 || "Wani Taishi Karni" || Kodanda || Saki
|-
| 22 || "Jari Karin Sakal Khalkarya" || Kodanda || {{dash}}
|-
| 23 || "Jari Varun Dhuvat Sovala" || Kodanda || {{dash}}
|-
| 24 || "Baghuni Tya Bhayankar" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 25 || "Jan Khulawale, Sakal Ulat Chalale" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 26 || "Ish Chinta Nivaril Saari" || Sharada || Taal: Deepchandri
|-
| 27 || "Jaagrut Theva, Lagnachi Hi Smriti" || Kodanda || Taal: [[Dadra]]
|-
| 28 || "Jay Krishnatatvasa" || Sharada || Raag: Sarang; Taal: [[Dadra]]
|}

; Act Two

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;" | Track # !! style="width:300px;" | Title !! style="width:100px;" | Character !! style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
| 01 || "Balpanich Kaal Sukhacha" || Sharada || Taal: Dhumali
|-
| 02 || "Kadhi Karti Lagna Majhe" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 03 || "Jari Kuna Shrimantachi" || Indirakaku || {{dash}}
|-
| 04 || "Tarun Kulin Gora" || Indirakaku || {{dash}}
|-
| 05 || "Sawala Var Bara" || Kanchanbhat || {{dash}}
|-
| 06 || "Agadich Tu Vedi" || Kanchanbhat || {{dash}}
|-
| 07 || "Nako Vivahchi Majala" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 08 || "Madhyasthachi Ase Kushalata" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 09 || "Mee Nase Jari Bhyaad Jaaticha" || Bhujanganath || Kamada
|-
| 10 || "Maj Game Aisa" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 11 || "Bimbadhara, Madhura" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 12 || "Bhetato Me Jaavoni Bhrujangala" || Kodand || Dindi
|-
| 13 || "Man Kiti Utavil" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 14 || "Naka Karu Avichar" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 15 || "Bal Jyache Tyas Te" || Kanchanbhat || {{dash}}
|-
| 16 || "Swanahun Ati Neech Tumhi" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 17 || "Tu Papi Adhamadham Khalakshaay" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 18 || "Bhare Kapre, Bhrame Drushti" || Kanchanbhat || Saki
|}

; Act Three

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;" | Track # !! style="width:300px;" | Title !! style="width:100px;" | Character !! style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
| 01 || "Gheuni Ye Pankha Valyacha" || Vallari || {{dash}}
|-
| 02 || "Shrimant Patichi Rani" || Janhavi || {{dash}}
|-
| 03 || "Tu Shrimantin Khari Shobashil" || Janhavi || {{dash}}
|-
| 04 || "Mhatara Na Ituka" || Vallari || {{dash}}
|-
| 05 || "Jarathas Tarun Ho Stree Jari" || Tunga || {{dash}}
|-
| 06 || "Murtimant Bhitee Ubhi" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 07 || "Lagna Hoy Char Diwas" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 08 || "Yeil Majhi Bhavi Kanta" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 09 || "Kanthi Jhalake Angathi" || Bhujanganath || Dindi
|-
| 10 || "Vaatu Na Yaava Vishad Chitta" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 11 || "Khachit Khachit He Nashibanche" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 12 || "Drushti Bhare Jalbhor" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 13 || "Jo Lokakalyan" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 14 || "Kakdrushti Bhadreshwar Ghatak" || Kodand || Saki
|-
| 15 || "Radasi Kaay Mhanuni" || Indirakaku || {{dash}}
|-
| 16 || "Aamhi Gaayi Jaatichya" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 17 || "Tumhi Garib Mhanuni Jari Majha" || Sharada || Raag: [[Jog (raga)|Jog]]; Taal: Dhumali
|-
| 18 || "Yamapasha, Galyashi Jyas Lagala" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 19 || "Maya Jalali Ka" || Indirakaku || Raag: [[Mand (singing style)|Mand]]; Taal: [[Dadra]]
|-
| 20 || "Dilya Taruna Tari Hoti" || Kanchanbhat || Dindi
|-
| 21 || "Tu Taak Chiruni Hi Maan" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|}

; Act Four

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;" | Track # !! style="width:300px;" | Title !! style="width:100px;" | Character !! style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
| 01 || "Lagna Navhe Maran Udya" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 02 || "Maagil Janmiche, Atache" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 03 || "Koni Kahi Naka Shikavu Aata" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 04 || "Pal Ghadi, Ghadi Din Bhasatase" || Bhujanganath || {{dash}}
|-
| 05 || "Bhalya Manasa, Daslakhachi Goshta" || Bhujanganath || Fatka
|-
| 06 || "Himnag Jo Pashanhriday" || Vallari || {{dash}}
|-
| 07 || "Vruddhapani Ti Navadara" || Janhavi || {{dash}}
|-
| 08 || "Jhala Sang Vivah" || Chorus || Sholk
|-
| 09 || "Bramhan Saare Jamala" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 10 || "Aadhi Tujhya Ya Dukhane" || Indirakaku || {{dash}}
|-
| 11 || "Mee Samaju Tari Kaay" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 12 || "Mya Lotali Sankati" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|}

; Act Five

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;" | Track # !! style="width:300px;" | Title !! style="width:100px;" | Character !! style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
| 01 || "Ghat Teen Dhanane Bharale" || Kanchanbhat || {{dash}}
|-
| 02 || "Haal Ikadache Pahavaya Ka" || Indirakaku || {{dash}}
|-
| 03 || "Nashibi Ase Nach Te Tale" || Indirakaku || Raag: [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]; Taal: [[Tintal]]
|-
| 04 || "Te Kutil Kapati" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 05 || "Bhumisadan Dhanahin Asa Mee" || Kodand || Saki
|-
| 06 || "Naagini Chapal Khaljivha" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 07 || "Saday Shant Asasi Marana" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 08 || "Jee Mala Janm De" || Sharada || {{dash}}
|-
| 09 || "Thamb, Thamb, Karisi Asa" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 10 || "Kaay Me Abhagini" || Sharada || Raag: [[Kanada (raga group)|Kanada]]; Taal: [[Dadra]]
|-
| 11 || "Ghei Mam Vachan He" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 12 || "Haa Baldiwakar Kari" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 13 || "Jevha Vaad Bhara Aala" || Hriranyagarbha || {{dash}}
|-
| 14 || "Gruhalakshmi Hi Stree" || Jagadguru || Saki
|-
| 15 || "Jarathe Na Vivaha Karava" || Kodand || {{dash}}
|-
| 16 || "Sumantrimandal Saarvabhaumini" || Chorus || {{dash}}
|}

== In society ==
Prior to staging of ''Sangeet Sharada'', plays with historical and mythological stories were popular in Marathi theater. With a message to abolish child marriage from society, the play became "a pioneer in social drama in India" in 1899.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-revival-drama/815594/0|title=The Revival Drama|date=11 July 2011|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 June 2012|author=Sahani, Alaka}}</ref> The show gained popularity in such a way that when [[Child Marriage Restraint Act]], also known as "Sarda Act" was passed, it was mistaken to be named after the play as "Sharada Act". Passed on 28 September 1929, the act was proposed by Haribilas Sarda and was actually called so after his surname.<ref name="mirror">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=57&contentid=2009041520090415023739989aeb54aa1|title=Beyond entertainment: Sangeet Sharada|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=15 April 2009|agency=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 June 2012|author=Gokhale, Shanta|location=Mumbai|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222607/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article|archivedate=2 July 2010}}</ref>

The songs of the drama still remain popular. The song "Mhatara Ituka na" was used in 2011 Marathi film ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''. Recently in January 2012, a modern version of the play ''Sangeet Sharada - A Reality Show'' was staged in [[Mumbai]]. The revived play gave a modern perspective to the play. All songs from the original drama were used; some used the new genre of music in them. The play was staged by employees of [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/11482563.cms|first=Manisha Nitsure|last=Joshi|title=आजची 'शारदा' येतेय!|newspaper=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=Marathi|location=Mumbai|date=13 January 2012|accessdate=25 June 2012|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116184334/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/11482563.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the play was also transliterated into [[Braille]] script.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/compilation-of-five-classic-marathi-plays-in-braille-script-released/884550/0|title=Compilation of five classic Marathi plays in Braille script released|author=Chatterjee, Swasti|date=6 December 2011|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 June 2012|location=Pune}}</ref>

Incidentally, on 21 December 1909 while the play was being performed at the Vijayanand Natyagruha, [[Nashik]], the then British Collector of Nashik, [[A. M. T. Jackson]] was shot dead by the freedom fighter [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53437:2010-03-09-15-29-28&Itemid=1 |title=अनंत कान्हेरे पराक्रम दिनाची परिणामकारकता |publisher=[[Loksatta]] |author=Dr. Saral Dharankar |language=Marathi |location=Nasik |accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> The play was being performed by [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]]'s ''Kirloskar Natak Mandali'' where the lead role of Sharada was being played by [[Bal Gandharva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2962453.cms|first=Y. D.|last=Phadke|title=कारनामा क्रांतिकारक कान्हेरेंचा...|newspaper=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=Marathi|location=Mumbai|date=18 April 2008|accessdate=25 June 2012|archive-date=5 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505120810/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2962453.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcelang|mr|संगीत शारदा (नाटक)|संगीत शारदा (नाटक)}}
* [http://www.marathipustake.org/Books/sangeet.pdf Sangeet Sharada: Complete Script]
* [http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Natak/Sangeet_Sharada Songs of the play]
{{Marathi Theatre}}


[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:1899 plays]]
[[Category:History of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Marathi-language plays]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak]]

Arthur Wilson (judge)

2025-07-27T10:29:03Z

KathrinChick016:

{{Short description|British judge in India and Britain (1837–1915)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Arther Wilson
| honorific_suffix = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Arther Wilson CU.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1837}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|12|28|1837|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England
| occupation = Judge, lawyer, academic
}}
'''Sir Arthur Wilson''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100%|KCIE|PC}} (1837– 28 December 1915) was an English lawyer and judge. After practising as a barrister in the English courts, he served as a judge of the [[High Court of Calcutta]] in colonial India, and was later a member of the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].

== Career ==
Wilson was [[called to the Bar]] by the [[Inner Temple]] in 1862 and rapidly advanced in the profession. One judge of the English High Court, [[James Charles Mathew|Lord Justice Mathew]], said that Wilson would certainly have been raised to the bench in Britain, had he not accepted an appointment to the [[High Court of Calcutta]] in 1878 (at that time, known as the High Court of Judicature, Fort Williams, Bengal).<ref>''[[The Edinburgh Gazette]]'', [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/8919/page/597 no. 8919, p. 597, 6 August 1878.]</ref><ref name="Times">''The Times'', 29 December 1915.</ref>

In 1880, Wilson was elected Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]], a position he held until 1884.

In 1888–89, Wilson was president of a Commission of Inquiry which sat at [[Poona]], to investigate corruption allegations which had been made against [[Arthur Crawford]], the Commissioner of the Central Division of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. The lengthy hearings attracted considerable public attention in both India and Britain. After sixty-seven public sittings, the Commission found Crawford not guilty of the more serious charges of taking bribes, but guilty of borrowing money from his Indian subordinates.<ref name="Times" />

In 1892, Wilson resigned his position on the Calcutta High Court<ref>''[[The London Gazette]]'', [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26287/page/2829 no.26287, p. 2829, 13 May 1892.]</ref> and returned to Britain. He was appointed Legal Adviser and Solicitor to the [[Indian Office]], and in 1898 was appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE).<ref>''[[The London Gazette]]'', [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26925/page/1 no. 26925, p. 1, 1 January 1898].</ref>

In March 1902, Wilson was sworn a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]],<ref>''[[The London Gazette]]'', [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27414/page/1615 no. 27414, p. 1615, 17 March 1902.]</ref> and the following month took his place on the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27429 |page=2860 |date=29 April 1902}}</ref> at that time the highest court for the Empire. By that time, he was physically weak, having trouble even walking across the room at committee meetings, but he retained his intellectual vigour.<ref name="Times" /> He sat on the Judicial Committee for nine years, retiring in 1911.<ref>''The Times'', 22 June 1911.</ref>

Wilson died on 28 December 1915, at the Moorings, Heathside, [[Woking]].<ref name="Times" />

== Personal life ==
Wilson had a family of two sons and one daughter. Both sons were in the Army. One of them drowned while crossing a river in India, and the other was killed campaigning in South Africa.<ref name="Times" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Arthur}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]

1999–2000 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2025-07-13T18:21:53Z

KathrinChick016: pg

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999/2000 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999/2000 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=10th - 13th February 2000
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series=
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Jadeja]]
|runs1= [[VVS Laxman]] (201)
|runs2= [[Sridharan Sharath]] (155)
|runs3= [[Mohammad Kaif]] (183)
|wickets1= [[Sunil Joshi]] (6) [[Nikhil Chopra]] (6)
|wickets2= [[Amit Bhandari]] (7)
|wickets3= [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]] (3)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1998-99|1998–99]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2000-01|2000–01]]
}}

The 6th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Ahmedabad]] from 10 February to 13 February 2000. The series involved the domestic and national players from India who were allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors defeated India A by 84 runs in the final to become the champions of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-vs-india-a-final-87367/full-scorecard|title=India Seniors triumph in the final|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/SQUADS/CHLNGR_1999-200_IND-SQUADS.html|title=India Seniors Squad - India Seniors Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1999/2000 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/SQUADS/CHLNGR_1999-2000_IND-A-SQUADS.html|title=India A Squad - India A Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1999/2000 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/SQUADS/CHLNGR_1999-2000_IND-B-SQUADS.html|title=India B Squad - India B Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1999/2000 Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[SS Das]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]]
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Nikhil Chopra]]
* [[Sunil Joshi]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harvinder Sodhi|Harvinder Singh Sodhi]]
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
|
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[J. Arunkumar|Jagadeesh Arunkumar]]
* [[Sridharan Sharath]]
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Amit Bhandari]]
* [[Sanjay Bangar]]
* [[Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran|T Kumaran]]
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
* [[Niraj Patel]]
* [[Amit Dani]]
|
* [[Ajay Jadeja]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nikhil Haldipur]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Anup Dave]]
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]]
* [[Devendra Bundela]]
* [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]]
* [[Dodda Ganesh]]
* Rashmi Parida
* [[Ajay Ratra]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Debashish Mohanty]]
|}

==Points Table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India Seniors|team2=India A
|team3=India B

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India Seniors=2 |loss_India Seniors=0 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=+0.633
|win_India A=1 |loss_India A=1 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=-0.120
|win_India B=0 |loss_India B=2 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=-0.516

|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 10 February 2000
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 279 (50 overs)
| score2 = 227 (47.3 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[SS Das]] 73 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Sanjay Bangar]] 3/54 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[J. Arunkumar|Jagadeesh Arunkumar]] 72 (90)
| wickets2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/34 (9 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 52 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-vs-india-a-87326/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A 1999/2000 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] (IND) and [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Seniors 2, India A 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 11 February 2000
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 274/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 275/4 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 90 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Nikhil Chopra]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vinod Kambli]] 78* (86)
| wickets2 = [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 6 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-vs-india-b-87345/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India B 2000/01 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Ivaturi Shivram]] (IND) and [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V.K Ramaswamy]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 12 February 2000
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 295/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 255 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Niraj Patel]] 70* (62)
| wickets1 = [[Dodda Ganesh]] 1/51 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 93 (117)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Bhandari]] 3/52 (9.5 overs)
| result = India A won by 40 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-a-vs-india-b-87354/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B 1999/00 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] (IND) and [[Krishna Hariharan]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 2, India B 0
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 February 2000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-vs-india-a-final-87367/full-scorecard | title=India vs India a Scorecard 1999/2000. Cricket Scorecard }}</ref>
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 320/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 236/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[SS Das]] 114 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Bhandari]] 4/53 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sridharan Sharath]] 61 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 84 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-1999-00-570580/india-vs-india-a-final-87367/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A Final 1999/2000 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] (IND) and [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = India Seniors became the winners of the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999/2000.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 1999-2000}}
[[Category:1999 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2000 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1999–2000]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Ashoknagar

2025-05-18T14:46:31Z

KathrinChick016: done

'''Ashoknagar''' may refer to these places in India:

== Places ==
* [[Ashok Nagar (Delhi)]], neighborhood of West Delhi, Delhi, India
** [[New Ashok Nagar metro station]]
* [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh]], city in Madhya Pradesh
** [[Ashoknagar district]], district of Madhya Pradesh centred on the city
*** [[Ashoknagar tehsil]], subdisctrict in the district
** [[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
** [[Ashoknagar railway station]]
* [[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]]
** [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
** [[Ashoknagar Road railway station]]
* [[Ashok Nagar, Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ashok Nagar, Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
** [[Ashok Nagar metro station]], Chennai
* [[Ashok Nagar, Eluru]], West Bengal
* [[Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad]], Telangana
* [[Ashok Nagar, Mumbai]], Maharashtra
* [[Ashok Nagar Ajmer]], Rajasthan

== See also ==
* [[Ashok (disambiguation)]]
* [[Nagar (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Bhiku Ramji Idate

2025-05-13T20:25:22Z

KathrinChick016: done

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use indian english|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhiku Ramji Idate
| image = Bhiku Ramji Idate (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|06|2}}
| birth_place = [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = Social worker
| known_for = Work for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
}}

'''Bhiku Ramji Idate''' (born 2 June 1949), also known as '''Dada Idate''', is an Indian social worker who was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2023 for his contributions in the field of social work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |access-date=13 May 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |language=en}}</ref> He is recognized for his extensive work towards the welfare and upliftment of [[Denotified Tribes|denotified]] and [[Nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Bhiku Ramji Idate awarded Padma Shri for Social Work - India CSR |url=https://indiacsr.in/bhiku-ramji-idate-awarded-padma-shri-for-social-work/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born in a village in [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri District]] of [[Maharashtra]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shri Bhiku Ramji Idate - Icon Detailed Description |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/inspirational-icons/shri-bhiku-ramji-idate |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Drishti IAS}}</ref> Idate began his career as a teacher. However, motivated by the condition of poor nomadic tribes, he left teaching to dedicate himself to social work.<ref name=":0" /> He has since worked for over five decades for the socio-economically oppressed communities.<ref name=":0" />

Idate has played a significant role in advocating for the rights and development of denotified and nomadic tribes. He founded the Bhatke Vimukta Vikas Parishad and other organizations focused on these communities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=The President also conferred Padma Shri to Shri Bhiku Ramji Idate in field of Social Work |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1909685 |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=Ministry of Home Affairs—PIB Mumbai}}</ref> He also established the Savitribai Phule Shikshan Prasarak (SPSP) Mandal in 1992, which has been instrumental in providing educational opportunities through colleges, schools, and hostels in backward areas of Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

He chaired the Idate Committee constituted by the Government of Maharashtra in 1999.<ref name=":0" /> Later, as the Chairperson of the National Commission for Denotified Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNT) in 2015,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Scheme for Economic Empowerment of DNTs (SEED) - JournalsOfIndia |url=https://journalsofindia.com/scheme-for-economic-empowerment-of-dnts-seed/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> he made several important recommendations for the upliftment of these communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-17 |title=DNT Commission to submit interim report in two months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/commission/article17522646.ece |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> He also served as the former chairperson of the Union Development and Welfare Board for Denotified Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities.<ref name=":2" />

Idate has written over seven books and is a follower of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ideology.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=Denotified nomadic tribes may come under SC/ST Act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/denotified-nomadic-tribes-may-come-under-sc-st-act-dalit-5157803/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Bhiku Ramji Idate has received numerous awards from various institutions and organizations for his social work, including:<ref name=":3" />

* Madhukarrao Deval Samajik Award (1991)
* Swami Vivekanand Seva Sanman Samajik Award (2005)
* KARMAVEER (2006)
* Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Prabodhan Award (2010)
* Rashtriya Gaurav Award
* Gunvant Nagarik Award
* Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Excellence Award
* Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Ratna Award
* Best Citizen of India
* Glory of India Award
* Baba Amte Prerana Award
* Samajik Award
* Atal Samaj Bhushan Award
* Jivan Gaurav Award
* Mahatma Phule Award
* Seva Ratna Rashtra Gaurav Award
* [[Padma Shri]] (2023)<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]

A. Perumal (artist)

2025-03-19T12:51:10Z

KathrinChick016: pg

{{Short description|Indian artist (1915–2004)}}

{{Not to be confused with|A. Perumal|Azhagam Perumal}}'''A. Perumal''' (1915 – 2004) was an Indian artist associated with the [[Bengal School of Art]]. Known for his efforts to make art accessible to tribal communities in and around [[Shantiniketan]], he worked extensively as a painter and sculptor.

Perumal was born in Ammapatti, a village near [[Uthamapalayam]] in [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-25 |title=The Artist whom Madurai Forgot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-artist-whom-madurai-forgot/article7916058.ece |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After losing his parents at a young age, he faced significant challenges but excelled in his studies. At 16, he was sent to Shantiniketan by a local freedom fighter.<ref name=":0" /> At Shantiniketan, he studied under [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and received training from artists [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]] and [[Nandalal Bose]].<ref name=":0" />

Perumal’s body of work included paintings, sculptures, murals, and frescoes created using various media such as watercolors, tempera, ink, wood, and ceramic tiles. His art often depicted Indian landscapes, rural life, and tribal culture, reflecting the stylistic influences of the Bengal School.<ref name=":0" />

Committed to making art accessible, Perumal painted murals on the walls of tribal huts in [[Santal people|Santhal]] villages, creating what his mentor Nandalal Bose referred to as a "wayside gallery." These murals were intended to integrate art into the daily lives of local communities.<ref name=":0" /> Perumal did not hold formal exhibitions or sell his work, as he believed his art belonged to the public rather than private collectors.<ref name=":0" /> His works were preserved posthumously, primarily through the efforts of the [[Aravind Eye Hospitals|Aravind Eye Hospital]] in [[Madurai]].<ref name=":0" />

He spent much of his career at [[Kala Bhavana|Kalabhavan]], Shantiniketan’s art school, where he served as a faculty member for nearly four decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isvarmurti |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIDmAAAAMAAJ |title=Life and Art of C.N. Vasudevan, Tamil Dancer, and Tagore |date=1986 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-2838-9 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to his visual art, Perumal contributed to art literature by translating Nandalal Bose’s book on art into Tamil under the title ''Theneer Kalai''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-02 |title=A people's painter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-peoples-painter/article7940863.ece |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

One of Perumal’s significant contributions is his involvement in the illustrations for the ''[[Constitution of India]]''. Part 19 of the Constitution, which deals with Miscellaneous provisions, features an illustration of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] saluting in military attire, surrounded by troops. The artwork includes Nandalal Bose's signature, with Perumal's signature visible in the lower-left corner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhawat |first=Gajendra Singh |date=2024-12-04 |title=Indian Constitution as an aesthetic document |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indian-constitution-as-an-aesthetic-document-101733323546574.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 1999, poet and art critic Indran published ''Taking His Art to Tribals: Art and Life of A. Perumal of Santiniketan'', documenting his contributions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtUjAQAAMAAJ |title=Kisan World |date=1999 |publisher=Sakthi Sugars, Limited |pages=1999–47 |language=en}}</ref> Perumal died in 2004.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perumal, A.}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Dooradarshana

2025-03-05T16:16:47Z

KathrinChick016: Details...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian Kannada-language comedy-drama Family film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dooradarshana
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| writer = Sukesh Shetty
| producer = Rajesh Bhat
| director = Sukesh Shetty
| starring = [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] Sundar Veena Ayaana Harini Shreekanth
| music = Vasuki Vaibhav
| cinematography = Arun Siresjh
| editing = Pradeep R Rao
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|03}}<ref name=":0" />
| distributor =
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' Dooradarshana''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written and directed by Sukesh Shetty, and produced by Rajesh Bhat. The film stars [[Pruthvi Ambaar]], Ayaana, Sundar, Veena and [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini Shreekanth]], with a music score by [[Vasuki Vaibhav]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |title=Exclusive: Pruthvi Ambaar plays a simple village lad in his next that is set in the 80s |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-pruthvi-ambaar-plays-a-simple-village-lad-in-his-next-that-is-set-in-the-80s/articleshow/91597340.cms |access-date=2023-03-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dooradarshana gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dooradarshana-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97837329.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pruthvi Ambaar's Dooradarshana is set in 1986 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/mar/09/pruthvi-ambaarsdooradarshanais-set-in-1986-2427855.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/mar/04/dooradarshana-movie-review-nostalgia-elevates-this-decent-period-drama-2552888.html|title='Dooradarshana' movie review: Nostalgia elevates this decent period drama|date=4 March 2023|work=The New Indian Express|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Manu
* Ayaana as Mythri
* Sundar Veena as Ramakrishna Bhat
* Raghu Ramanakoppa as Srinivas
* Ugram Manju as Kitty
* Harini Shreekanth as Sulochanna
* Deepak Rai Panaje as Pandu
* Huli Kartik as Pradeep
* Suraj Comedy Kiladigalu as Dinesh
* Surya Kundapur as D'Souza
{{colend}}

==Release==
''Dooradarshana'' was released on 03 March 2023 in India.<ref name=":0" />

==Reception==
[[Vijaya Karnataka]] gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "The film talks about TV days people who lived around the '90s this movie is guaranteed to relive the excitement and desires of the wonder of TV in their hometowns."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dooradarshana Movie Review: ದೂರ ಆದವರನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿರವಾಗಿಸುವ 'ದೂರದರ್ಶನ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/pruthvi-ambaar-ugramm-manju-ayaana-starrer-doordarshan-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/98396836.cms |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt24055330}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Government Dental College, Bengaluru

2024-12-02T15:54:28Z

KathrinChick016: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Short description|Dental College in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
The '''Government Dental College''', was the first [[dental college]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
It is an autonomous institute of government of India. The college is located in [[K. R. Market|K.R. Market]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Dental College, Bangalore |url=https://gdcrib.karnataka.gov.in/english}}</ref> This college was established in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/government-dental-college-and-research-institute-bangalore |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked the institute 19th in its dental ranking 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_D_2024=19}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|12|57|50.3|N|77|34|34.0|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Dental colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}
{{dentistry-stub}}

Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line

2024-08-18T09:36:28Z

KathrinChick016:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Nanjangud Oldest Bridge.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Oldest rail bridge in India at Nanjangud
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Karnataka]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} '''(MYS)'''
| end = {{stnlnk|Chamarajanagar}} '''(CMNR)'''
| stations = 12
| routes = 1
| daily_ridership =
| website = {{URL|www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| open = {{start date and age|df=yes|2008|11|12}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot = {{abbrlink|Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram railway station}}
| stock = [[WDM-2]] [[WDM-3A]] [[WDP-4D]] [[WDP-4]] [[WDG-3A]] [[WDG-4]]
| linelength = {{convert|61|km}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| old_gauge = {{track gauge|1000mm}}
| load_gauge = {{convert|4725|x|3660|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (BG)<ref name=gauge>{{cite book|title=Railway Track Engineering|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-07-068012-8|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|author=J S Mundrey|edition=Fourth|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|90|km/h|abbr=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| routenumber = 84<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Time Table|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-l8jSp_Iw8BeXRNX1RPWFZWWXBwaEJIOHAwWGstVkdydl9Z/view|website=[[South Western Railway zone]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=14 August 2016|page=258|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref>
| map = {{Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line''' is an Indian [[railway line]] from {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} to [[Chamarajanagar]].

== History ==
It was inaugurated on 12 November 2008 when the Nanjangud–Chamarajanagar line was also opened to the public.

== Construction ==
The project cost {{INRConvert|313|c}}. The gauge conversion work of the {{convert|61|km}} stretch was completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nanjangudchamarajanagar-rail-line-inaugurated/article1374377.ece|title=Nanjangud-Chamarajanagar rail line inaugurated|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=14 August 2016|location=[[Chamarajanagar]]}}</ref>

==Stations en route==
*{{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Chamarajapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Ashokapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Kadakola}}
*{{stnlnk|Tandavapura}}
*{{stnlnk|Sujathapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Nanjangud Town}}
*{{stnlnk|Chinnadagudihundi}}
*{{stnlnk|Narasambudhi}}
*{{stnlnk|Kavalande}}
*{{stnlnk|Konanur}}
*{{stnlnk|Badanaguppe}}
*{{stnlnk|Mariyala Gangavadi}}
*{{stnlnk|Chamarajanagar}}

==Background==
The only town between Mysore and Chamarajanagar is [[Nanjangud]]. All other railway stations cater to small villages or hamlets. There are six trains running on this route. Five of them are slow moving passenger trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Work-on-new-railway-line-will-begin-this-month/articleshow/29982356.cms|title=Work on new railway line will begin this month|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2014|access-date=14 August 2016|location=[[Mysore]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Chamarajanagar line}}
[[Category:Mysore railway division]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2008]]