Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ramesh Thilak

2026-05-03T21:43:59Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting first data w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramesh Thilak
| image = Ramesh Thilak (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ramesh in 2020
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 
| yearsactive = 2010-present
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage |RJ Navalakshmi|2018}}
}}

'''Ramesh Thilak''' is an Indian radio jockey and actor who has appeared in Tamil films. He made his breakthrough with [[Nalan Kumarasamy]]'s ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013) portraying a kidnapper, before playing a similar role of a thief in [[Alphonse Putharen]]'s bilingual film ''[[Neram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/apr/10/vaibhav-flies-solo-597580.html|title=Vaibhav Flies Solo|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-an-entertaining-watch-tamil-movie-review-news-national-nfdmalfaddhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121095720/http://www.sify.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-an-entertaining-watch-tamil-movie-review-news-national-nfdmalfaddhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-11-21|title='Soodhu Kavvum' an entertaining watch (Tamil Movie Review)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramesh studied for a master's degree in mass communication at the [[University of Madras]]. He worked as a radio jockey with [[Suryan FM 93.5]], and was credited by the radio station as "Thillu Mullu" Ramesh in a reference to his jovial attitude on air.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.indiaeveryday.in/news-ramesh-tilak-from-being-a-rj-to-big-screen-1144-5376602.htm |title=Ramesh Tilak: From being a RJ to big screen! |website=tamilnadu.indiaeveryday.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232005/http://tamilnadu.indiaeveryday.in/news-ramesh-tilak-from-being-a-rj-to-big-screen-1144-5376602.htm |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He then simultaneously worked on his first acting assignment, featuring in the character of Azhagesan alias Al Gates in [[STAR Vijay]]'s college drama serial, ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''.

Ramesh made his breakthrough in films with Nalan Kumarasamy's ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013) portraying a kidnapper, before playing a similar role of a thief in [[Alphonse Putharen]]'s bilingual film ''[[Neram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/soodhu-kavvum/movie-review/19877225.cms|title=Soodhu Kavvum Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Soodhu Kavvum by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He then also featured in [[Balaji Mohan]]'s bilingual film ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]''. He signed on to play his first lead role in [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s maiden production ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/biju-viswanath/orange-mittai-director-biju-viswanaths-interview-on-the-film-vijay-sethupathi-and-many-more.html|title=Orange Mittai director Biju Viswanath's interview on the film, Vijay Sethupathi and many more|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2016, he starred in ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'', in which he reprised his real life role of a radio jockey, and ''Mo'', a "fun entertainer" that had a "ghost factor".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-want-to-do-responsible-roles-Ramesh/articleshow/49712847.cms|title=I want to do responsible roles: Ramesh|website=The Times of India|last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini }}</ref>

He won [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in the film ''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://varnam.my/97298/celebrating-excellence-in-kollywood-the-2023-vikatan-awards/|title=Celebrating Excellence In Kollywood, The 2024 Vikatan Awards|work=varnam}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2010 || ''Thurumbilum Iruppan'' || Moneymax loan officer || Short film || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scmMuFDxmds|title=Thurumbilum Iruppar by Nalan | Naalaiya Iyakkunar 1 | Kalaignar TV|date=20 November 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Mugaputhagam]]'' || Sathish || Short film; credited as Ramesh
|-
|''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Saravanan's friend during carrom ||Uncredited role ||
|-
| ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Arumuga Chettiyar's henchman || Uncredited role||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' || Courier Boy ||||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' || Sekhar ||||
|-
| ''[[Neram]]'' || Lighthouse || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' || Ganesh || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015 || ''[[Mahabalipuram (film)|Mahabalipuram]]''|| Kuppan || ||
|-
| ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || Vimal || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' || Naina || [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor]] ||
|-
| ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' || Sathya || [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Phony Witness || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2016 || ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' || Taxi driver || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || Cab Driver || Cameo appearance||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' || RJ Sathish || ||
|-
| ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' || Pub Guy || ||
|-
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || Passport broker || ||
|-
| ''[[Mo (2016 film)|Mo]]'' || Sathish ||||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Puriyadha Pudhir]]'' || Meera's kidnapper ||||
|-
| ''[[Pichuva Kaththi]]'' || Ramesh ||||
|-
| ''[[12-12-1950]]'' || Muthu ||||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018||''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' || Purushotaman ||||
|-
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' || Press Reporter||||
|-
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' || S. Venkat ||||
|-
| ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' || Vinoth || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Viswasam]]'' || Thookudurai's friend || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmaprabhu]]'' || [[Chitragupta]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' || Velu || ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]'' || Vicky's friend || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || Kadavul's assistant || ||
|-
| ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]'' || Dilli || ||
|-
| ''[[Mamakiki]]'' || Manimaran ||Released on [[ZEE5]]||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Prison warden || ||
|-
| ''[[Laabam]]'' ||Tesla|| ||
|-
| ''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]''|| Venkat || ||
|-
| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''|| Ilango || ||
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham|Kanam]]''|| Paandi || ||
|-
| ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Memories (2023 film)|Memories]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Yaanai Mugathaan]]'' || Ganesan || ||
|-
|''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'' || Ramesh || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Supporting Actor]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/good-night/movie-review/100151118.cms|title=Good Night Movie Review: Good Night: The snoring is loud enough in a very enjoyable way|work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024 || ''[[Yaavarum Vallavare]]'' || Director || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/16/yaavarum-vallavare-movie-review-a-multi-chapter-film-that-lacks-real-cohesion|title=Yaavarum Vallavare' movie review: A multi-chapter film that lacks real cohesion|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boat (2024 film)|Boat]]'' || Rangan || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Petta Rap]]'' || Balu's friend || ||
|-
|''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || Anbu || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2025 || ''Leg Piece'' || Gopi || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talksofcinema.com/?p=35313|title=Leg Piece Movie Review|work=talksofcinema}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tourist Family]]'' || A. Bhairavan || ||
|-
|''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]'' || Chidambaram || Guest appearance ||
|-
|''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' || Venkat || ||
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || Guru || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/love-marriage/movie-review/122112597.cms|title=Love Marriage Movie Review: This pleasant but predictable family drama is fun when it doesn't take itself seriously
|work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Akkenam]]'' || Rathnam || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/akkenam/movie-review/122262719.cms|title=Akkenam Movie Review: Uneven and emotionally distant thriller with a well-written protagonist|work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Blackmail (2025 film)|Blackmail]]'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/blackmail/movieshow/122783334.cms|title=Blackmail|work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaayal (film)|Kaayal]]'' || Sridhar || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaayal/movie-review/123829600.cms|title=Kaayal Movie Review: A heavy idea with soft edges|work=timesofindia}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' || Sabarinathan || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/16/harish-kalyan-says-diesel-was-both-physically-and-mentally-demanding|title=Harish Kalyan says Diesel was both "physically and mentally demanding"|work=cinemaexpress}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]'' || Advocate || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Mask Movie Review: A smartly crafted heist that engages throughout |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/mask-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=Only Kollywood}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''Kadhal Kadhai Sollava'' || || ||
|-
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neram]]'' || Lighthouse ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum|Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' || Murugan aka Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Marconi Mathai]]''|| ||
|-
| 2022 || '' [[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' || Constable Senthil Kumar ||
|-
|2023
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Ashok ||
|}

=== Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Network
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2006 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' || Azhagesan alias Al Gates ||rowspan="2"|Tamil||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]'' || Arul || [[Netflix]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''Masquerade'' || Justine || Malayalam ||[[MX Player]]
|-
| ''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]'' || Pazhanivel || Tamil|| [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5654687}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thilak, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]

Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription

2026-05-02T21:20:37Z

KatherinLigertwo: data

{{Short description|5th-century land grant}}
[[File:Nagajari-khanikargaon-rock-inscription.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription.]]
The '''Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription''' is a 5th-century land grant discovered in the Nagajari area of the [[Golaghat district]].<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=303–305}}</ref> The artifact is fragmentary, with inscriptions in Sanskrit written in the eastern variety of the [[Gupta script|Brahmi script]].<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=303}}</ref> In style, language, and script, the inscription is very similar to the [[Umachal rock inscription|Umachal]] and Barganga rock inscriptions.{{fact|date=May 2026}} Additionally, since it betrays no influence of a local Prakrit, this inscription is often placed earlier than the Umachal rock inscription.{{fact|date=May 2026}} It also indicates that Indo-Aryan culture had spread to the Golaghat region by the 5th century.<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=305}}</ref> It is also speculated that it might belong to a different dynasty unrelated to the [[Varman dynasty|Varman]]s of [[Kamarupa]].<ref>{{harv|Shin|2018|p=29}}: Some stone inscriptions assigned to the fourth and fifth centuries refer to the four names of kings who have possibly ruled over this area. The date of the Nagajari-Khanikargaon fragmentary stone inscription is considered to be earlier than that of the Umachal inscription of the Varmans.{{fact|date=May 2026}} It is nevertheless too early to make any definite conclusion as the archaeological and inscriptional evidences are still limited to date. Furthermore, the absence of large-scale archaeological excavations in the region prevents us from tracing a detailed picture of society in the earlier period.</ref> It's a wonderful Rock which is now kept in Sarupathar College, Golaghat.{{fact|date=May 2026}}

==Text==
The text is fragmentary, with no complete sentence available, though it is believed it was written in the [[sloka meter]].<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=304}}</ref> Since the text is fragmentary, no English translation is available. Nevertheless, it is ascertained that the inscription is related to a grant of land, with the area bounded by "Dibrumukkhada" (a water body) in the east and a Banyan tree in the west.{{fact|date=May 2026}}

==Discovery==
The rock inscription was collected by Luduram Saikia of Khanikargaon among some ruins in the Nagajari area prior to 1972.{{fact|date=May 2026}} Around 1972, this stone fragment was noticed by M K Saikia at Saikia's residence, when it was reported.<ref>{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=303}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last= Sharma
|first=Mukunda Madhava
|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam
|publisher=[[Gauhati University]]
|year=1978
|location=Guwahati, Assam}}
*{{Citation| last = Shin| first = Jae-Eun| contribution = Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa| year = 2018| title = Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation| editor-last = Dzüvichü| editor-first = Lipokmar |editor2-last=Baruah |editor2-first=Manjeet |pages = 23–55| place = London & New York| publisher = Routledge}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Kamarupa inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Golaghat district]]
[[Category:5th-century inscriptions]]

Mohammad Abass Wani

2026-05-02T15:00:56Z

KatherinLigertwo: article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Mohammad Abass Wani''' (born 15 March 1965) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and sportsperson from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Gulmarg Assembly constituency]] in [[Baramulla district]]. He served as president of the Winter Games Association of Jammu and Kashmir. He was the team manager of India's Winter Olympic Team Beijing 2022. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Wani is from Chandilora, [[Tangmarg]], Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohd Abass Wani |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LAEEXP2014/AC14EXP/Mohd-Abass-Wani.pdf |website=ceojk.nic.in}}</ref> He is the son of late Mohammad Akbar Wani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohd Abbas Wani(JKPDP):Constituency- GULMARG(BARAMULLA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=420 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is a passionate sportsperson who excelled in skiing from a young age, Later dedicating himself to promoting winter sports in Jammu and Kashmir.

== Career ==
Wani won from Gulmarg Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 22,957 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ghulam Hassan Mir]] of the JKDPN, by a margin of 2,811 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results in 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/2014-election-results.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

He is currently the CEO of the Winter Games Association of Jammu and Kashmir.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Mohammad Abass}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]

N. Abdul Khader

2026-04-24T13:30:06Z

KatherinLigertwo: put up

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Abdul Khader
| office = Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 10 October 1997
| term_end = 29 July 1998
| party = [[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Valampuri John]]
| birth_date = 1932
| death_date = 2021
}}

'''N. Abdul Khader''' (1932–2021)<ref>{{Cite news | date=2021-04-14 |title=Ex-Congress MP no more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/ex-congress-mp-no-more/article34319919.ece |access-date=2023-01-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was an Indian politician who was [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Member of the Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu]] representing [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] from 10 October 1997 to 29 July 1998. He won in by-election held after disqualification of [[Valampuri John]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1997-10-07 |title=Nominations Filed For Rs Bypolls |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nominations-filed-for-rs-bypolls-197100701133_1.html |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Chrysalis High

2026-04-23T04:00:35Z

KatherinLigertwo: created initial bio basic info

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Chrysalis High
| logo = Chrysalis-logo-new.jpg
| type = ICSE and CBSE school chain
| established = 2010
| director = Sawal Das Jethani
| age_range = 1.9 years - 18 years
| classes = Play school — Grade 12
| ratio = 31/1
| sports = Basketball, Football, Swimming, Skating, Chess, Cricket, Gymnastics, Martial Arts
| affiliations = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[IGCSE]]{{citation needed|reason= can't find any mention of IGCSE on school's website|date=September 2025}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''The Chrysalis High''' is a chain of co-educational [[schools]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 21, 2020|first=Akhila|last=Damodaran|title=Finally, a road to Chrysalis School|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/finally-a-road-to-chrysalis-school/articleshow/74738669.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

==Campuses==
The network of schools comprises 7 campuses following the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) curriculum, 2 campuses following the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) curriculum, and 1 preschool offering classes from Playgroup to Senior KG. Spread across multiple localities in Bengaluru, the schools provide education from early years to senior grades. The campuses are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/ |title=Campuses|website=chrysalishigh.com|publisher=Chrysalis High School |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/varthur/ Chrysalis High, Varthur] is affiliated with ICSE from Nursery to Grade X.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/yelahanka-new-town/ Chrysalis High, Yelahanka, New Town] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/kadugodi/ Chrysalis High, Whitefield Kadugodi Road] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/bannerghatta-road/ Chrysalis High, Bannerghatta Road] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/horamavu/ Chrysalis High, Horamavu] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/marq-kadugodi/ Chrysalis High, Marq, Kadugodi] is affiliated with ICSE from Nursery to Grade X.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/begur-koppa-road/ Chrysalis High, Begur Koppa Road] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/gunjur/ Chrysalis High, Gunjur] is affiliated with CBSE from Nursery to Grade XII.
* [https://chrysalishigh.com/campuses/bangalore/chrysalis-high-budigere-road/ Chrysalis High, Budigere Road] (Will follow CBSE curriculum).
* [https://www.chrysaliskids.com/ Chrysalis Kids, Whitefield] (Playgroup, Nursery to Senior KG).

==Academics==
'''Early Years Program (2–6 years old)'''
* The Early Years Program is a blend of experiential learning and a gradual building up of skills for the Foundation Years.

'''Foundation Years Program (Grade I–IV)'''
* The education is through worksheets, class activities, games and interactive circle time.

'''Middle Years Program (Grade V–VII)'''
* The children are encouraged to compare, critique, question and contribute.

'''Graduating Years Program (Grade VIII–XII)'''
The curriculum aligns with the broad goals of national and international systems of education.

The Individual Support Program (ISP) consists of one-on-one sessions designed to effectively bridge learning gaps.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISP (Individual Support Program) |url=https://chrysalishigh.com/why-chrysalis/isp/ |publisher=Chrysalis High School |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

==Sports==
CHAMP (Chrysalis High Amateur to Masters in Performing Arts & Sports) program starts from Grade I. Activities such as swimming, skating, basketball, gymnastics, yoga, contemporary dance, western music, theatre and chess.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]

N. Kishore Kumar Reddy

2026-04-20T12:22:02Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|date=April 2019|reason=Some internal references, and citations to youtube videos that probably have articles about there content elsewhere}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. Kishore Kumar Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|09|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pileru]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Nallari Thanuja Reddy
| children = 1
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br/>(2017-Present)
| otherparty = [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party]]<br/>(2014-2017)
| website = {{URL|nallarikishorekumarreddy.org|Official website}}
}}
'''Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy''' was (born on 13 September 1965) also known as '''Nallari Kishan Kumar Reddy''' . He inherits political origins from his father Late Amarnath Reddy who served as a minister in the cabinet of [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} during his period of service (1971–1973) as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh between, who also went on to become the Prime Minister of India (1991–1996).{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Kishore Kumar Reddy is the younger brother of former Congress Chief Minister{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]] of Andhra Pradesh.

The Nallari family is a well-known political family in the [[Chittoor district]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The political legacy of the family has continued since the time of Late Amarnath Reddy to the Nallari brothers and their offspring.

Kishore Kumar Reddy is married to N Thanuja Reddy. They have two children, son Nallari Amarnath Reddy<ref name="vaartha1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TG7yA-fglY|title=Nallari Amarnath Reddy Comments on YS Jagan - Vaartha Vaani|last=Vaartha Vaani|date=23 November 2017|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> and a daughter N. Vaishnavi Reddy, who are currently pursuing a career in the medical field. Nallari Amarnath Reddy has been spotted actively supporting his father in his political rallies and campaigns.<ref name="vaartha1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://veblr.com/watch/3218909b7534/nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-son-amarnath-reddy-speech-joins|title=Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy Son Amarnath Reddy Spe... (video id - 3218909b7534)|website=Veblr}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kishore Kumar Reddy has been the Chairman of AP Water Resource Development Corporation. Nallari Kishore Kumar hails from Nagaripalle, [[Chittoor]] District. He completed his schooling from Hyderabad Public School in the year 1984, Intermediate from Nrupthunga Junior College Hyderabad in the year 1987, and Bachelor of Arts from Nizam College, Hyderabad, in the year 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/171117/nallari-kiran-kumar-reddys-brother-breaks-ranks-to-join-tdp.html|title=Former AP CM Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy's brother joins Telugu Desam|first=CH V. M. Krishna|last=Rao|date=17 November 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Political career==
Referring to his elder brother [[Kiran Kumar Reddy|Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy's]] advice Kishore Kumar Reddy entered politics and contested from the Pileru Assembly in 2014 elections representing the [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party]] (JSP) and secured 57,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/gossip/nallari-brother-to-shift-loyalties-to-tdp-85656|title=Nallari Brother To Shift Loyalties To TDP!|last=Venkat|date=16 November 2017|website=greatandhra.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaartha.com/tag/nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy/|title=Nallari Kishore kumar reddy Archives|last=readwhere|publisher=|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315114514/https://www.vaartha.com/tag/nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prideoftelugu.com/telugu/tag/nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy/|title=nallari kishore kumar reddy Archives|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chittoor.suryaa.com/chittoor-841-nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-joins-tdp.html|title=Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy joins TDP|website=chittoor.suryaa.com|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213125430/http://chittoor.suryaa.com/chittoor-841-nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-joins-tdp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The JSP party was floated by his elder brother Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy.

In 2017 Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). Kishore Kumar Reddy kick-started his journey in the TDP party in the presence of the Chief Minister AP Nara [[Chandrababu Naidu]] by draping a yellow scarf on his neck.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-09-12/Nallari-group-likely-to-join-TDP/325875 |title=Nallari group likely to join TDP |publisher=Thehansindia.com |date=2017-09-12 |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

In the 2014 elections, Kishore Kumar Reddy lost in Pileru by a close margin to YSR Congress candidate Chinthala Ramachandra Reddy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pileru.html|title=Pileru Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Pileru, Andhra Pradesh|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] has nominated Kishore Kumar Reddy as the Chairman of AP Housing Development Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nallari-brothers-reaching-out-to-people-for-political-suggestions/article19730413.ece|title=Nallari brothers reaching out to people for 'political suggestions'|first=K.|last=Umashanker|date=21 September 2017|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/grapevine/2017/behind-the-politics-nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-joining-tdp-217249.html|title=నల్లారి కిశోర్ టీడీపీ చేరిక వెనుక: కిరణ్ ఇంట్లో పెద్ద చర్చే!, చాలానే జరిగింది..|first=Mittapalli|last=Srinivas|date=7 December 2017|website=telugu.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLu4i757lA4|title=Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy Takes Charge as AP Housing Corporation Chairman - iNews|last=I News|date=25 April 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> Earlier Kishore Kumar was appointed the Chairman of AP Water Resource Development Corporation. Kishore Kumar Reddy is confident of gaining TDP ticket in Pileru constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/171117/political-life-must-kishore-kumar-reddy.html|title=Political life must: Kishore Kumar Reddy|date=17 November 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-251996-nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-likely-to-join-tdp.html|title=Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy likely to join TDP..|website=ap7am.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://veblr.com/watch/321f9d987934/nallari-kishore-kumar-reddy-praja-sandarshana-yatra-barin-vayal|title=Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy Praja Sandarshana Yatr... (video id - 321f9d987934)|website=Veblr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/11/kirans-brother-chairman-of-andhra-pradesh-irrigation-corporation-1799915.html|title=Kiran's brother chairman of Andhra Pradesh irrigation corporation?|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srisailamonline.com/sri/index.php?r=newsroom/view&id=10657|title=Home - Srisailam Bhramarambha Mallikharjuna Swami Devasthanam|website=www.srisailamonline.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Nallari}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Ramakanta Bhoi

2026-04-20T09:30:33Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting a post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramakanta Bhoi
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Bijaya Shankar Das
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ramakanta Bhoi''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramakanta Bhoi Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1202 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tirtol Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Ramakanta Bhoi of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tirtol-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917277.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramakanta Bhoi, BJD Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/ramakanta-bhoi-18102-4 |website=NDTV |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhoi, Ramakanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Nyapin Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:27Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting new data first draft - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nyapin
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = Nyapin Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurung Kumey district|Kurung Kumey]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = Tai Nikio
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 16,464
}}

'''Nyapin Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kurung Kumey district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Bamang Felix]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Tadar Taniang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Tatar Kipa
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Bamang Felix]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Tai Nikio]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nyapin">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nyapin |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0219.htm |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521124424/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0219.htm |archive-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tai Nikio]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,896 |percentage=54.01% |change={{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Mangku |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=6,714 |percentage=45.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=10 |percentage=0.07% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=8.08% |change= {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,620 |percentage=88.80% |change= {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,464 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bamang Felix]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,517 |percentage=50.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tai Nikio]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,363 |percentage=49.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=12 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=154 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,892 |percentage=84.93% |change= {{increase}}84.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,825 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Bamang Felix]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,795 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,795 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bamang Felix]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,865 |percentage=54.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatar Kipa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,126 |percentage=45.89% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=739 |percentage=8.22% |change= {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,991 |percentage=87.36% |change= {{increase}}23.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,292 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatar Kipa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,794 |percentage=45.77% |change={{decrease}}23.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bamang Felix]] |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=3,615 |percentage=43.61% |change={{increase}}12.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tai Tagak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=881 |percentage=10.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=179 |percentage=2.16% |change= {{decrease}}35.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,290 |percentage=60.64% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,986 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatar Kipa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,231 |percentage=68.87% |change={{increase}}27.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tako Changriang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,365 |percentage=31.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,866 |percentage=37.73% |change= {{increase}}30.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,596 |percentage=69.37% |change= {{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Taniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,062 |percentage=41.05% |change={{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatar Kipa |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,538 |percentage=34.03% |change={{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Tang |party=Janata Party |votes=1,859 |percentage=24.92% |change={{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=524 |percentage=7.03% |change= {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,459 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,608 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nyapin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Taniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,241 |percentage=31.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamen Ringu |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,141 |percentage=30.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tai Nikam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,569 |percentage=22.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadar Tang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,178 |percentage=16.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=100 |percentage=1.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,129 |percentage=74.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,800 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kurung Kumey district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.74|93.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Kurung Kumey district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Naigaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:33Z

KatherinLigertwo: info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naigaon
| constituency_no = 89
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 89-Naigaon.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =310,610
}}
''' Naigaon Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly Naigaum)'' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Nanded district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Umri taluka]], [[Dharmabad taluka]] and [[Naigaon taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259|accessdate=2015-07-22}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan|Vasantrao Chavan]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar|Rajesh Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Naigaon">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Naigaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1389.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216145645/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1389.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 129,192 |percentage = 55.81% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Meenal Patil Khatgaonkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 81,563 |percentage = 35.24% |change={{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Madhav Sambhajirao Vibhute |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 16,043 |percentage = 6.93% |change={{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Shankarrao Chavan |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 2,144 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 743 |percentage = 0.32% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,629 |percentage = 20.58% |change= {{decrease}}5.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 232,219 |percentage = 74.76% |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 231,476}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,610|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 117,750 |percentage = 56.33% |change={{increase}}25.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 63,366 |percentage = 30.31% |change={{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marotrao Vyankatrao Kawale Guruji |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 23,005 |percentage = 11.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 960 |percentage = 0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,384 |percentage = 26.01% |change= {{increase}}20.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 210,142 |percentage = 74.15% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 209,051}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,413|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 71,020 |percentage = 36.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Sambhajirao Pawar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,595 |percentage = 30.76% |change={{increase}}21.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Shriniwas Balajirao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,247 |percentage = 29.06% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyad Ismail S. Khajamiya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,098 |percentage = 1.57% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadwar Babarao Jamanaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,087 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,425 |percentage = 5.29% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,404 |percentage = 70.84% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,997}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,093|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 63,534 |percentage = 37.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Shrinivas Alis Bapusaheb Gorthekar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,414 |percentage = 30.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bachewar Balaji Ganeshrao |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 16,688 |percentage = 9.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakkarwad Laxmanrao Gangaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,788 |percentage = 9.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belkonikar Surendra Balkrishnarao |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,705 |percentage = 3.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sontakke Laxman Kisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,038 |percentage = 3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bodhankar Satishkumar Ambadasrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,313 |percentage = 1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,120 |percentage = 6.51% |change= {{decrease}}23.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,999 |percentage = 70.61% |change= {{increase}}22.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,915}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,163|ref = |change= {{increase}}56.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2006===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2006 elections in India#Maharashtra|2006 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeJan2006/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - January 2006 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,694 |percentage = 59.56% |change={{increase}}29.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shradoha S. Jadhav |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,283 |percentage = 29.70% |change={{decrease}}26.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M.M.Sansare |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,105 |percentage = 5.47% |change={{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jairam Baliram Talake |party=Abhinav Bharat Sangh |votes = 3,044 |percentage = 4.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gandhi Dilip Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 570 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,411 |percentage = 29.87% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,039 |percentage = 48.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,038}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,559|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,353 |percentage = 56.66% |change={{decrease}}4.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rupawate Premanand Dadasaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,495 |percentage = 29.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Martandrao Sansare |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,973 |percentage = 8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabir Shaikh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 2.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sneha Gopichand More |party=Independent politician |votes = 880 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Maruti Tambe |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{decrease}}17.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,858 |percentage = 26.72% |change= {{decrease}}16.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,815 |percentage = 52.76% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,803}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,068|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}4.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,733 |percentage = 61.61% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Pednekar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 13,303 |percentage = 18.32% |change={{increase}}14.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Chadrakant Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,027 |percentage = 9.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Martandrao Sansare |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,269 |percentage = 7.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suhas Shyamrao Kale |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,218 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Laxman Hindlekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,060 |percentage = 1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,430 |percentage = 43.29% |change= {{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,616 |percentage = 48.77% |change= {{decrease}}17.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,903|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 57,383 |percentage = 60.25% |change={{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Vishnu Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,948 |percentage = 27.25% |change={{decrease}}13.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattaram Savalaram Rajeshirke |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,451 |percentage = 4.67% |change={{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Advocate G. D. Ghokshe |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,376 |percentage = 3.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ulhas Achyut Panchal |party=Independent politician |votes = 986 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Ashok Shivram |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 931 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Maruti Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 802 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,435 |percentage = 33.01% |change= {{increase}}25.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,498 |percentage = 67.37% |change= {{increase}}2.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,227|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,415 |percentage = 48.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Vishnu Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,437 |percentage = 40.87% |change={{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Tukaram Tawde |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,379 |percentage = 9.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,978 |percentage = 7.62% |change= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,573 |percentage = 64.26% |change= {{increase}}7.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,054|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Vishnu Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,005 |percentage = 34.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Angre Vishnu |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,049 |percentage = 19.94% |change={{decrease}}10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Naik |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,700 |percentage = 18.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. S. Kulkarni |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,474 |percentage = 12.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sidharth Mainkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,818 |percentage = 8.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Ghokshe |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,337 |percentage = 4.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ayanand B. Mohite |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,956 |percentage = 14.13% |change= {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,315 |percentage = 56.99% |change= {{increase}}11.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,470}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,128|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}19.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Arjun Mahadik |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,784 |percentage = 53.20% |change={{increase}}43.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. K. Sawant |party=Janata Party |votes = 16,624 |percentage = 30.73% |change={{decrease}}13.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shridhar Bhagwan Tarkar |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,529 |percentage = 15.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,160 |percentage = 22.48% |change= {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,777 |percentage = 45.00% |change= {{decrease}}24.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,104}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,733|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=N. K. Sawant |party=Janata Party |votes = 35,031 |percentage = 44.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vamanrao Mahadik |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,883 |percentage = 23.91% |change={{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,659 |percentage = 18.56% |change={{decrease}}25.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Bhau Ramachandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 7,891 |percentage = 9.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Ghokshe |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,526 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,148 |percentage = 20.44% |change= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,149 |percentage = 69.68% |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,990}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,020|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Vishnu Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,880 |percentage = 44.39% |change={{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Arjun Mahadik |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 17,352 |percentage = 26.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambedkar Yashwant Bhimrao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 9,149 |percentage = 14.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Parvatkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,712 |percentage = 13.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dudhnath Jaymangal Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 963 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,528 |percentage = 17.72% |change= {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,581 |percentage = 70.76% |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,056}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,093|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Arjun Mahadik |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,145 |percentage = 28.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. B. Ambedkar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,547 |percentage = 25.82% |change={{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. C. Salve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,245 |percentage = 25.25% |change={{decrease}}14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. T. Barve |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,209 |percentage = 6.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. D. Kamble |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,112 |percentage = 5.93% |change={{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. Mahadeshwar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,710 |percentage = 3.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. P. Fernandes |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 1,303 |percentage = 2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,598 |percentage = 3.05% |change= {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,831 |percentage = 67.03% |change= {{increase}}8.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,460}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,289|ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Naigaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shakuntala Chintaman Salve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,731 |percentage = 39.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wamanrao Siraram Pagare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 16,414 |percentage = 31.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Ganpatrao Bhatankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,645 |percentage = 20.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niwruttinath Krishnaji Rupwate |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,129 |percentage = 7.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulab Trimbak Bhalerao |party=Independent politician |votes = 700 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,317 |percentage = 8.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,267 |percentage = 56.43% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,619}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,171|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.849|77.531|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vanjari caste

2026-04-18T11:15:17Z

KatherinLigertwo: new - done

{{Short description|Farmer castes in Western India}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Vanjari
| image = File:Stamp_of_India_-_2002_-_Colnect_158268_-_Bhagwan_Baba.jpeg
| alt = Shree Sant Bhagwan Baba
| caption = Shree Sant Bhagwan Baba
| varna = Kshatriya
| classification = [[Denotified tribes of India|Denotified Tribe]] in [[Maharashtra]].
| gotra = [[Shaunaka]], [[Atri]], [[Gautam (clan)|Gautam]], [[Kashyap]], [[Bharadwaj]], [[Vashistha]], [[Parashar]], [[Yadav]]
| veda = [[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]]
| kula_daivat = [[Khandoba]]
| kula_devi = Renuka Mata
| guru = [[Sant Bhagwan Baba]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]] <br/>
| populated_states = {{seal|Maharashtra}} <br /> {{seal|Karnataka}} <br /> [[Rajasthan]] • [[Gujarat]] • [[Madhya Pradesh]] • [[Haryana]] • [[Punjab]], • [[Himachal Pradesh]] • [[Uttarakhand]] • [[Uttar Pradesh]] • [[Bihar]]
| region = [[North India|Northern India]] <br/>[[East India|Eastern India]] <br/>[[West India|Western India]]
| ethnicity = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]
| population = 78,00,000
| family_names = [[Bangar (surname)|Bangar]], [[Sanap]], [[Munde (surname)|Munde]]
| feudal_title = [[Deshmukh]],[[Patil (title)|Patil]],[[Naik (surname)|Naik]], [[Zamindar]], [[Mahajan]]
| endogamous =
| notable_members = [[Gopinath Munde]]
| related = [[Banjara]], [[Banjara|Banjari]]
| historical_grouping = [[Rajputana]]
| disputed_grouping = [[Banjara]], [[Banjara|Banjari]]
| status = [[Backward caste]]<br>
|education_reservation = {{seal|Maharashtra}} : [[Denotified tribes of India|Denotified Tribe]]<br />[[file:Emblem_of_India.svg|20x20px]]
:[[Other Backward Class]]
|employment_reservation = {{seal|Maharashtra}} : [[Denotified tribes of India|Denotified Tribe]]<br />
[[file:Emblem_of_India.svg|20x20px]] :[[Other Backward Class]]
|other_reservation = {{seal|Karnataka}}: [[scheduled tribes|ST]]<br />[[File:Emblem_of_Andhra_Pradesh.png|20x20px|]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]: [[scheduled tribes|ST]]<br />
[[Telangana]]: [[scheduled tribes|ST]]<br />
[[File:Seal_of_Odisha.svg|20x20px|]] [[Odisha]]: [[scheduled tribes|ST]]
}}

The '''Vanjari''' (also spelled [[Wanjara]], [[Banjiri]], [[Wanjari]] or [[Vanjiri]]) are a caste community found primarily in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Traditionally associated with trade, transport of goods, and agriculture, the Vanjaris are recognized as a distinct social group with a historical role in commerce and local administration.<ref name="Gazetteer1884">Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. 18: Aurangabad (1884).</ref>

==Origin==
Vanjari Caste Origin can be traced back AD 900 - AD 1120 AD Following are Significant Archaeological Record Traced the origin of vanjaris
===Ladlai stone inscription of Jayapala===
The earliest known epigraphic reference to the Vanjari (Vanajaraka) community occurs in the Rādlai Stone Inscription of [[Jayapala]], dated Vikrama Saṃvat 1202 (AD 1145), discovered near Nadol in Rajasthan and published in Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX. The inscription records that the Vanajarakas (Vanjari merchants) of Abhinavapuri, Badari, and Nagdali had organized themselves into a guild (deśī), and under the authority of the ruler’s envoy Rajadeva, agreed to levy contributions for the sustenance of ascetics in a Jain temple of [[Mahavira]]. A tax of two rupees per twenty loads of bullocks and one rupee per cartload of commodities was stipulated. This reference establishes the presence of the Vanjari as a distinct trading community in western India by the mid-12th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kielhorn |first=F. |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=IX |year=1907 |pages=60–62 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-indica-009/page/n67/mode/2up
}}</ref>

===Copper-plate grant of Tribhuvanapaladeva===
Additional epigraphic references occur under variant spellings such as vanajāraka (Epigraphia Indica, No. XI) and vanjyaraka in a copper-plate grant of Tribhūvanapāladeva, where they are described as merchants whose hereditary calling was the carrying of grain on bullocks.<ref>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=IX |year=1907 |pages=60–61 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> These records establish the Vanjari as a distinct merchant-transporting caste in western India by the 12th century CE.

==Etymology==
The name ''Vanjari'' is believed to derive from the Sanskrit word ''vaṇij'' (merchant or trader), reflecting the community’s early occupational association with trade and transportation. Colonial records and regional gazetteers often describe them as carriers of grain, salt, and other commodities across long distances using pack bullocks.
*'''Vaṇij (Merchant)''': The term Vanjari can be traced to the Sanskrit word vaṇij, which refers to a merchant or trader. This is consistent with the community's historical occupation of vanjari.
*'''Vaṇacara (Wanderer in the Forest)''': Another theory suggests that Vanjari is a corrupt form of vaṇacara, meaning "one who wanders in the forest". This reflects the nomadic lifestyle of the community.
<ref name="Ghurye1969">G. S. Ghurye, ''Caste and Race in India'', Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1969.</ref>

===Banjara and Vanjari differences ===
* ''Vanjari'' have adopted agriculture as their main occupation, while the ''[[Banjara]]'' are still nomads.
* ''Banjaras'' follow the Tanda Culture and are included in the list of ''[[denotified tribes]]''. But Vanjari are farmers and they are similar to [[Kunbis]]
* ''Vanjari'' speech is Marathi while Banjara speak Lamani or Banjari Language
<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=April 30, 1997 |title=The Gazetteers Department - Bhir |url= https://www.gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20II/Footnotes.pdf|website=The Gazetteers Department |location=Mumbai |publisher= Government of Maharashtra |access-date=September 27, 2025}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Vanjari community, traditionally associated with trading and agriculture, possesses a distinctive culture shaped by its occupational history, clan organization, festivals, and social customs. Their culture reflects a blend of agrarian life, martial traditions, and devotional practices, rooted in the regions of Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh where they are concentrated
<ref>{{cite web | title=Culture of People in Maharashtra | url =https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Language%20and%20Literature/chapter_ii.pdf}}</ref>
===Marriage===
Marriage among the Vanjaris follows traditional exogamous clan rules. Cross-cousin marriage is not permitted. Divorce is allowed, and widow remarriage as well as levirate are socially sanctioned. A fine is levied on a widow if she does not marry her deceased husband's brother.<ref name="Russell1916">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=R.V. |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=4 |year=1916 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |pages=145–147 |url=https://archive.org/details/tribesandcastes04russuoft/page/145/mode/2up }}</ref>
===Social Customs ===
In funerary practice, married individuals are cremated, while the unmarried are buried.<ref name="Russell1916" /> The community was historically associated with the cattle trade, preferring the tall and long-legged ''Lamani bullock'' as a pack animal, though many have since taken up settled agriculture.<ref name="Russell1916" />

===Dressing ===
Men traditionally dress like Marathas, while women’s attire resembles that of Malwa and Rajput women. Vanjari women are regarded as skilled needleworkers and are known for their embroidery work on garments and men’s blankets.<ref name="Russell1916" /> Their diet includes fish and the flesh of sheep, goat, hare, and deer. They also consume liquor and a distinctive opium preparation called ''kusumba''.<ref name="Russell1916" />

===Festivals and Gods ===

* Worships They worship the usual local and Brahmanic deities but their house god is Khandoba.They hold the sixth of Margashirsh in November-December sacred to Khandoba, and on that day, before eating, offer him new millet and onions

===Rituals===
*Their staple food is millet, pulse, and vegetables. The men but not the women eat flesh and at marriages flesh is forbidden even to men.

== Regional distribution ==

In the early twentieth century, the Vanjaris were reported mainly from the Central Provinces of India, particularly in districts such as Nagpur, Betul, Chhindwara, and Wardha. They were also found in adjoining areas of Berar and the Deccan, where many had taken up agriculture after giving up their traditional occupation as traders and transporters.<ref name="Russell1916">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=R.V. |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=4 |year=1916 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |pages=145–147 |url=https://archive.org/details/tribesandcastes04russuoft/page/145/mode/2up }}</ref>

By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, census records noted significant concentrations of the community in the Central Provinces, with additional populations spread into Hyderabad State, Berar, and parts of present-day Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Russell1916" />

==Historical distribution==
===British India (1881 AD)===
The Wanjaris/Vanjari communities total Population 767,177; The largest proportion, 521,882, is found in [[Madras Presidency]]; [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad Presidency]] contains 108,644; [[Bombay Presidency]], 108, 359; [[Berar Province]], 27,495; and the [[Central Provinces]], 797. <ref name="The census of british india">{{cite book |last=february-1881 vols i iii |first=R |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=4 |year=1916 |publisher=Britisher Central library |location=London |pages=670 |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/report-on-the-census-of-british-india-taken-on-the-17th-of-february-1881-vols-i-iii/ }}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
Vanjari Community Chiefly concentrated in Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, Buldhana, Latur, Jalna adjoining districts.

A settlement of Vanjari community is called vadi. Each settlement has its hereditary headman known as [[Namadhari Naik|naik]]. He is responsible for the protection of the group and administration of justice. He is a representative and arbitrator in caste disputes and directs the movements of the caravan while travelling. A fresh election is made when the hereditary naik family ceases to have a representative.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=April 30, 1997 |title=The Gazetteers Department - Bhir |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/people_tribes.html |website=The Gazetteers Department |location=Mumbai |publisher= Government of Maharashtra |access-date=September 27, 2025}}</ref>

* [[Dhule]] :According to District Gazetteer of dhule Vanjari community people originally carriers, are very numerous goods in [[Jamner]], [[Varangaon]], [[Dharangaon]], [[Parola, Maharashtra|Parola]], [[Erandol]], and [[Dhulia]]. At present there is no noticeable difference between them and ordinary [[Kunbis]]. As there are Vanjari Patils in Jamner. they have probably long been settled as cultivators. <ref>{{cite web | title=GAZETTEERs OF BOMBAY PRESIDENCY - KHANDESH | url =https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Khandesh%20District/population_race.html#1}}</ref>

===Karnataka===
present in border regions with historical links to caravan trade routes.

===Rajasthan===
Oral traditions connect the community with service under Rajput rulers such as [[Maharana Pratap]].

==Social and cultural status==

===Historical===

In 1880, Mr. Kitts prepared a table showing the relative social position of major castes in [[Berar Province]], distinguishing between those of "good" and "inferior" standing.<ref>Richard Temple (ed.), *Report on the Administration of the Central Provinces, 1879–80*, Nagpur, 1880.</ref>
According to this account, Brahmins were placed at the top of the hierarchy, followed by Kayasthas, Prabhus, and trading castes such as Wanis. Agricultural groups such as Kunbis and Gavlis occupied a middle position. Within this framework, the Vanjari community was described as a well-to-do and respected caste engaged in agriculture. They were noted as being distinct from the [[Banjara]]

===Durga Devi (AD 1396 - AD 1407) ===

The Vanjari story of the great [[Famine in India| Durgadevi famine]], which lasted from 1396 to 1407, is that it was named from Durga a Lad Vanjari woman, who had amassed great wealth and owned a million pack bullocks, which she used in bringing grain from Nepal, Burmah, and China. She distributed the grain among the starving people and gained the honourable title of ' Mother of the World, Jagachi Mata.

== Vanjari gotra and clans ==

The Vanjari community is divided into several traditional *kuli* (clans), each associated with a Vedic tradition (*Veda*), a *gotra* (lineage), a *devak* (totem), and a set of surnames (*upanāva*). <ref>Source reference here</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No!!!! Clan (Kuli) !! Veda tradition !! Gotra !! Devak (Totem) !! Common surnames!
|-
| rowspan="25" style="background:#cfffcc;" text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Lad Vanjari
|1|| Gambhirrao ([[Shirke]]) || [[Rigveda]] || [[Shaunaka]] || Unknown||Katale, Kaltope, Kukde, Korale, Kalushe, Kavale, Kharmate (Kharmate), Khillare/Khilare, Gandhile (Gandile), Gandas, Gawate, Gas, Gopalghare, Gopalkar, Gomash, Gomase, Charate, Chabukswar, Jare (Jare), Damale, Dukare(Durke), Dhole (Dohale), Tambde, Tadge, [[Darade]], Nakade, Naikwade, Nagargoje, Nagare, Palave, Pote, Pakhare, Kunde, Funde, Phatkal, Phad, Bikkad, Bargaje, Neharkar, Binawade (Binawade), Bhange, Bedade (Bedade), Barke, Bondre (Bondra), Laman, Lendkhaire (Ledkhaire), Lade, Lodag, Landge, Vare, Sangle, Laruk (Saruk), Shelke, Shekde, Hange, Badche, Balge, Gambire, Shekde, Funde, Eid, Bondare, Jawle, Kaje, Kale, Dhundale, Kapse, Gande, Pawal, Thorve, Thorat, Shinde, Pathar, Unhale, Parkhad
|-
|2||Prataprao (Mudha, Munda Bachchav, Badshah), Dhampal||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Atri]]||Unknown|||Arbuj, Katare, Katkhed, Kankase, Katane (Katane), Katkhade, Katkade, Khokle, Khadavgale, Khedkar, Khandare, Garje, Golar, Gandve, Golhar, Gadale ( Gajdale), Gharjale, Chaure (Chavere), Chepte (Chepte), Thobare (Thobare), Thule, Dhule, Dhgar, Tagar, Tole, Toge, Dahiphale, Dagdakhair, Dhas, Dhupare, Nehale, Palavde, Patait (Padhait), Bade (Badhe), Bokare, Balte, Batwade (Vatwade), Vadne (Badne), Batule, Bhatane, Munde, Mundhe, Morale, Madkar, Misal, Lakde (Ladke), Lohare, Lavhare, Holambe, Vagadi (Bagadi), Vighne, Sathe, Sose(Soshe,Zhause), Sonpir, Satbhaye, Shirsath, Kanthale, Sirsath, Ghodke, Gawte, Chaure, Chikhalbhide, Bombde, Jase, Bolambe, Dapkar, Khakunje, Dighe, Habde, Sakhare, Satbhai
|-
|3||Chandrarao (Maurya / More) ||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Gautama Maharishi]]||Unknown|| Igare (Ighare), Umbre, Kakad, Lahane, Sanap, Kharde
|-
|4||Garudrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown||Andhale, Tandale, Kagne (Kangane), Kendra, Kusapate, Bongane (Gongane), Gholve, Chaudar (Chaudhar), Jadhavar, Dudhevarpe, Bhendkar (Bhendekar), Maid (Maind), Gomane, Bhokare
|-
|5||Pawar Rao (Pawar / Pravar)||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Bharadvaja]]||Unknown||Amble (Ambale), Abale, Ugalmugle, Kadpe, Chipate, Bodke, Bargal, Musale, Latpatte, Vanve, Vinchu, Pandit
|-
|6||Jagtaprao (Jagtap)||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Kanva]]||Unknown|||Kande/Kayande, Kute, Gangavane, Daund, Dhatrak, Dhayatidak (Dhayatdak), Murkute, Rakh
|-
|7||Bhalerao (Yadav/Sahdev descendant)||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Parashara]]||Unknown|||Khade, Chole, Dongre, Bangar
|-
|8||Prachandrao (Jadhav)||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kaushik]]||Unknown|||Awhad, Kale, Jayabhai (Jayabhai), Dapurkar, Dombale, Indurkar, Bondar, Shintre, Hadpe (Hadpe), Hadbe, Shatre
|-
|9||Bhagwantrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Jamadagni]]||Unknown|||Kalvaze (Kalvanze), Kaluse ( Kalushe), Tate , Mangar (Magar), Phad, Kade
|-
|10||Balwantrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Ipar, Chakor, Dargunde(Dargude), Latte, Pohche, Hemade, Lodhe, Ugle
|-
|11||Tavarrao / Tavarrao (Taur)||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown||Kekan, Thorve(Thore), Bhabad, Manavate, Mante, Bore
|-
|12||Ankushrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Garkal, Taklas (Takras), Doifode (Doifodi), Dole, Varshid, Hodshil
|-
|13||Sukhsarao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Katkade, Karade(Karad,Ka-Had), Khaple, Khandvekar, Gutte, Gandal, Chakne, Nimonkar, Pansare, Burkule(Burukule), Malv(Malve), Sable, Sonawane, Khambadekar, Chakne
|-
|14||Patangrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Aghav, Gujar, Dighole, Shevgaonkar
|-
|15||Panchmukhrao||[[Yajurveda]]||[[Kashyapa| Kapila (Kashyapa)]]||Unknown|||Qatar, Kapse, Kirtane, Jaware, Dolse, Dhakne, Bodale(Dodale), Lokhande, Wagh, Zade
|-
|16||Haibatrao / Haibrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Kedar, Gamane (Gamani), Gabhane, Gore
|-
|17||Mankarrao / Manakrao||[[Rigveda]]||[[Vasishtha]]||Unknown|||Chate, Vaibhse (Vaibse), Paymashe / Paymase, Pawashe
|-
|18||Yashwantrao (Gaikwad)||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||Gaikwad, Gonge (Goge), Ghuge, Tare, Devaranga, Kurade, Khare, Kharate
|-
|19||Devrai||[[Rigveda]]||[[Vasishtha]]||Unknown|||Ilag , Ghule , Vadne, Dhule, Bhadg
|-
|20||Damade||[[Rigveda]]||[[Shandilya]]||Unknown|||Hushe, Hulule(Hulavale), Lang, Damade, Navale, Pawar
|-
|21||Mouths||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa | (Manaka) (Kashyapa)]]||Unknown|||Tonde
|-
|22||Sultanrao / Chavan||[[Rigveda]]||[[Pulastya]]||Unknown|||Kapade, Kale, Kali, Geete, Budhwant, Shep
|-
|23||Tidke (Tilke)||[[Rigveda]]||[[Durvasa]]||Unknown|||Tidke
|-
|24||Lad||[[Rigveda]]||[[Mandavya]]||Unknown|||Lad
|-
|25||Vedas||[[Rigveda]]||[[Kashyapa]]||Unknown|||
Hushe, Huluke, Lang, Damade, Navale, Pawar Lad Kshatriyas are – Ghayat, Ghyar, Malu, Umte, Ombase, Ambekar, Akhade, Karbhari Nimbhorkar, Kayande Gadale, Karle, Gangone, Kaluse, Kanthale, Kankate, Kapde, Karkhele, Kanhere, Khot, Khurpade, Khogre, Jange, Chaudhary, Jawale, Tadas, Pathar, Targe, Dahatondae, Naik, Paul, Palave, Pandharmise, Bhagat, Lamb, Borgaonkar, Gopa, Varade, Vanjari, Vaidya, Salve, Vyavare, Sonune, Sankhe, Surpade, Helambakar, Ghoge, Aher, Ugle, Mutdak, Morge, Murtadkar, Tapre
|-

|}

''Note: The table cover the all vanjari caste clans and surname. Each clan has multiple associated surnames, and variations exist across regions.''

===Reservation status===
* '''Scheduled Tribe (ST)''': The Vanjari community is classified as a Scheduled Tribe in several states, including Odisha,<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1949 |title= Demographic Profile of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73776/1/SCST_2018_book_0016.pdf |website= Government of Odisha |location=Odisha |publisher=Government of Odisha |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> Telangana,<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1949 |title= Classification of Castes|url=https://www.tsmesa.in/2015BCW_MS16.pdf |website= Government of Telangana |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Government of Telangana |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> Karnataka,<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1994 |title= Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes|url=https://kscbc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/GONoED44TGL77Dated18051977.pdf |website= Government of Karnataka |location=Bengaluru |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1994 |title= Part III|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02adm/Compendium.pdf |website= Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyradbad |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.

* '''Nomadic Tribe (NT-D)''': In Maharashtra, the Vanjari caste has been included in the Nomadic Tribes (NT-D) category since 1993, as per state government classification. which is part of Other Back Work Caste<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1994 |title= BARTI|url=https://ccvis.barti.in/ccvis_pdf/download/caste/caste_list.pdf |website=BARTI |location= Maharashtra |publisher= Government of Maharashtra |access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref>

* '''Other Backward Class (OBC)''': In states such as Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh, the Vanjari community is listed under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category. <ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1984 |title=
National Commision for Backward Classes|url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf |website= |location= India |publisher= Government of India|access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref>

*Inclusion of Vanjari Caste in The List of Vimukta jatis (Nomadic Tribe) : The [[Tribal Research and Training Institute]], conducted a detailed survey, of 13 villages in Palghar Tehsil, with a view to find out whether Wanjaris who are living predominantly in that area are the sub-groups of Banjara Community or otherwise. The following 13 Wanjari villages were visited: (1) Pam-Tembhi, (6) Vengani, (11) Maswan,(2) Kumbhawali, (7) Kurgaon, (12) Dukatan, and(3) Murabe, (8) Dapoli, (13) Bandhan.(4) Boisar, (9) Morekuran,(5) Parmali, (10) Kolgaon, which suggested inclusion of Vanjari Caste in Nomadic Tribe<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=March 30, 1993 |title=
TRTI Classes|url=https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/homepage/images/evaluationreports/35_Inclusion_of_Wanjaris_in_the_List_of_Vimukta_Jatis.pdf |website= |location= India |publisher= Government of Maharashtra|access-date=September 26, 2025}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


===Spiritual===
* [[Sant Bhagwan Baba]]: Revered spiritual leader within the Vanjari community, known for social and religious guidance.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sant Eknath Maharaj | url=https://santeknath.org/shishya%20parampara.html }}</ref>
* [[Namdev Shastri Sanap]]: Prominent saint associated with the Vanjari community, contributing to local devotional traditions<ref>{{cite web | title=Sant Eknath Maharaj | url=http://santeknath.org/shishya%20parampara.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206060026/http://santeknath.org/shishya%20parampara.html | archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Sport ===
* [[Sanjay Bangar]]: former Indian international cricketer and batting coach of the Indian national team.

===Politics===
* [[Jitendra Awhad]]: leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) and former cabinet minister in the Maharashtra government.
* [[Santosh Bangar]]: politician from [[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde faction), Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.
* [[Mohan Fad]]: political representative.
* [[Bhagwat Karad]]: Union Minister of State for Finance, Government of India (BJP).
* [[Manoj Kayande]] : social and political leader [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency]].
* [[Dhananjay Munde]]: politician from Maharashtra, member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), and state cabinet minister.
* [[Gopinath Munde]]: senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader from Maharashtra, former Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Union Minister for Rural Development.
* [[Pankaja Munde]]: politician from Maharashtra, member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and former cabinet minister.
* [[Pritam Munde]]: Member of Parliament [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) from Beed, Maharashtra.
* [[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]]: politician from Maharashtra.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]

Kappalottiya Thamizhan

2026-04-16T01:45:39Z

KatherinLigertwo: put up some stub basic info

{{short description|1961 film by B. R. Panthulu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kappalottiya Thamizhan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| screenplay = Chithra Krishnaswamy
| based_on = {{based on|''Kappalottiya Thamizhan''|[[M. P. Sivagnanam]]}}
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br />[[Gemini Ganesan]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao<br />Karnan
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Padmini Pictures
| released = {{film date|1961|11|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 197 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=369}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kappalottiya Thamizhan''''' ({{Translation|The [[Tamils|Tamilian]] who launched a ship}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama]] film produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. It is based on the 1944 book of the same name by [[M. P. Sivagnanam]], a biography of [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] who founded the Swadeshi Stream Navigation Company to break the monopoly of the [[British Raj|British]] over maritime trade out of India.

''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' was released on 7 November 1961. The film received critical acclaim, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[9th National Film Awards]]. Though it performed poorly at the box office during its initial release, it fared better after receiving tax exemption during its re-release 1967.

== Plot ==
[[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] has devoted himself to the cause of [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom]] from the [[British Empire]]. Chidambaram, appearing for the peasant Madasami, wins a case filed by an agent of a British proprietor. Chidambaram's father, who appeared for the agent, sends his son to [[Thoothukudi]] lest the British proprietor should give him any trouble. Madasami who accompanies Chidambaram, looks after the latter's salt-pan. At Thoothukudi, Chidambaram meets [[Subramaniya Siva]], a freedom fighter and works for the Swadeshi movement.

Chidambaram receives a complaint from some of the local merchants that the British Shipping Company had refused to load their goods. Against great odds, Chidambaram starts the National Shipping Company with Indian Capital to free Indian trade from dependence on foreign liners. The company prospers despite attempts by the British Company to sabotage the ship of the Indian firm. Chidambaram incurs the displeasure of the Government by organising a strike for getting the grievances of the local coral mill workers redressed and by organising public celebrations to mark the release of [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] in contravention of a prohibitory order.

Chidambaram, along with Siva, is invited to Tirunelveli by the District Collector, Winch. The collector directs them not to engage in political activity and also orders them out of the District. They defy the orders and are arrested. In the trial which ensues, Chidambaram is sentenced to 20 years life imprisonment and Siva to 10 years. Chidambaram's sentence is reduced to six years on appeal. The imprisonment of these two leaders sparks off mass unrest which is put down ruthlessly. Some time later, the new District Collector [[Robert Ashe (civil servant)|Ashe]] is shot dead by a patriotic [[Vanchinathan]], who commits suicide before the police can reach him.

The news of the unrelenting struggle outside gives much consolation to Chidambaram and Siva who are treated barbarously in the prison. Chidambaram emerges from the prison a broken man only to witness a series of disappointments – Chidambaram's brother has become insane, Siva is a victim of [[leprosy]] contracted during his term in prison, people have forgotten him and his role in the Indian independence movement, the National Shipping Company is bought by its British rival and leaders like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]] die one after another. Chidambaram devotes the last years of his life to the study of literature and dies still dreaming of the day when India would be free.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break|width=10%}}
;Male cast<ref name="song book" /><ref name="credits" />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]]
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Madasami
* [[T. K. Shanmugam]] as [[Subramaniya Siva]]
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]]
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as [[Vanchinathan]]
* [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] as Ulaganathan Pillai
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Sangan
* [[A. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] as Mannarsami
* [[N. N. Kannappa|M. N. Kannappa]] as Meenakshisundaram
* [[M. R. Santhanam]] as ''Aid'' Ekambaram
* T. N. Sivathanu as Vanchi's father-in-law
* Veerasami as a lawyer
* Eswaran as Neelakanta Brahmachari
* K. V. Srinivasan as Shankara Krishna Iyer
* [[C. R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Judge Pinhe
* Natarajan as Pandit Durai Thevar
* S. A. Kannan as [[C. Vijayaraghavachariar|{{small|Salem}} Vijayaraghavachariar]]
* Nannu as Fakir Muhammed Seth
* Sayeeram as ''Sakshi'' Dharmanayagam Pillai
* Master Thyagarajan as a blind boy
{{col-break|width=15%}}
;Female cast<ref name="song book" /><ref name="credits" />
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] as Kannamma
* [[Kumari Rukmani]] as V. O. C.'s wife, Meenakshi Ammal
* Gemini Chandra as Vanchi's wife, Ponnammal
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as (Sudhandira Devi) Singamma
* S. R. Janaki as Madasami's mother
* Saraswathi as Iyengar's wife
* Sasikala as Bharathiyar's wife, Chellammal
* Radhabhai as Paramayi Ammal
;Guest artists<ref name="song book" /><ref name="credits" />
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Winch
* [[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]] as [[Robert Ashe (civil servant)|Ashe]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Rayar
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Vaduguraman
* Stunt Somu as Sudalai
{{col-end}}
;Supporting cast<ref name="song book" /><ref name="credits" />
* [[Karikol Raju]], Thangaraju, M. S. Karuppaiah, Mani Iyer, Vijayakumar, Kuppusami, V. P. S. Mani, Somanathan, S. A. G. Sami, Harihara Iyer, T. P. Harisingh, Gopraj,<br />V. Mahalingam, Balakrishnan, Natarajan, Raja, Subbaiah, Ramkumar, Ibrahim, Thoothukudi Arunachalam Kuzhavinar, Master Krishna, Seetharaman and Baby Pappi.

== Production ==
On 14 January 1960, ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'', a biopic of [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], was announced, to be produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]] under Padmini Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1960 |title=Kappalottiya Thamizhan |url=http://i1110.photobucket.com/albums/h452/pammalaar/GEDC4975-1.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210706121900/http://i1110.photobucket.com/albums/h452/pammalaar/GEDC4975-1.jpg |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film is based on the 1944 book of the same name by [[M. P. Sivagnanam]], a biography of Chidambaram Pillai.<ref name="Hindu" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=ம.பொ. சிவஞானம் பிறந்த தினம்: 1906 |trans-title=M. P. Sivagnanam's birthday: 1906 |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/timeline/kalasuvadugal/2020/06/26085756/1639941/ma-po-sivanjanam-birthday.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701225430/https://www.maalaimalar.com/timeline/kalasuvadugal/2020/06/26085756/1639941/ma-po-sivanjanam-birthday.vpf |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> During a time when the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] was gaining political ground in [[Tamil Nadu]], a time when there was competition between parties, and films were pitched against each other, the opposition unleashed a malicious propaganda that since Chidambaram belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]], ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' was a film for the Congress. Certain people did not want the masses to be "stirred" by the nationalist spirit.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswamy|2007|p=14}}

[[Sivaji Ganesan]] was hesitant to do the role of Chidambaram Pillai as he doubted whether he could perform the role flawlessly, but later accepted and studied various material to understand Chidambaram Pillai.<ref name="TEAR" /> [[S. V. Subbaiah]] was cast as the poet [[Subramania Bharati]] alias Bharathiyar, taking inspiration from his role as Kavi Anandar from the play ''Kaviyin Kanavu'' (1945).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=1 December 2004 |title=Devarum magizhkindra senthamizh natakam |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2004/12/01/stories/2004120100460400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125185307/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2004/12/01/stories/2004120100460400.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=6 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[V. Nagayya]] who was then in "dire straits", was signed up for a significant role, that of Ulaganathan Pillai, as Panthulu wanted to give him a "break in films".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 February 2012 |title=A 100 goes unsung |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2853657.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105233021/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2853657.ece |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=6 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

According to historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], there is no evidence of any research undertaken for making the film. He stated that the film had no [[prop]]s, apart from the character's costumes and the female characters' ear-lobes, which were done to create a "period effect".{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=132}} Though then known for his theatrical-style acting, Ganesan tried acting naturally during the prison sequences and his character's trauma of disillusionment.{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|pages=131–132}} While primarily in black and white,{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=131}} the film was partly coloured using [[Gevacolor]], and the colour sequences were processed at the Film Centre, [[Mumbai]].<ref name="song book" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref name="song book" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kappalottiya Thamizhan (1961) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001351.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907162823/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001351.html |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> All the songs are based on poems, written by Subramania Bharati.<ref name="Hindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=C. V. |date=31 December 2016 |title=The classic quartet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-classic-quartet/article16969757.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103111356/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-classic-quartet/article16969757.ece |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Chinnakkuzhandaigal" || [[P. Susheela]] || 02:39
|-
| "Endru Thaniyum Indha" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] || 02:18
|-
| "Kaatru Veliyidai Kannamma" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela || 03:43
|-
| "Nenjil Uramumindri" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 02:11
|-
| "Odi Vilaiyadu Paappa" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, V. T. Rajagopalan,<br />[[K. Jamuna Rani]], Rohini || 03:41
|-
| "Paarukkullae Nalla Naadu" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 02:39
|-
| "Thanneer Vittom" || Thiruchi Loganathan || 03:07
|-
| "Vandhae Maatharam Enbom" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 02:44
|-
| "Vellippani Malai" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan|| 03:42
|-
| "Endru Thaniyum Indha" || [[P. Leela]] || 02:18
|-
| "Unavu Sellavillai Sagiyee" || [[L. R. Eswari]], K. Jamuna Rani || 03:18
|}

== Release ==
''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' was released on 7 November 1961,{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=156}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=71-80 |url=http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622042406/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> and failed commercially, losing ₹7 lakh (worth ₹29 crore in 2021 prices).{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswamy|2007|p=148}} Tax exemption was offered during its re-release in 1967,{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=157}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=வெண்ணிற நினைவுகள்: திரையில் கண்ட பாரதி |trans-title=White Memories: Bharati as seen on screen |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/525661-s-ramakrishnan-series.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724160239/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/525661-s-ramakrishnan-series.html |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> making it the first Tamil film to get tax exemption from the [[government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saju |first=M. T. |date=4 August 2011 |title=Government rains on film world tax holiday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Government-rains-on-film-world-tax-holiday/articleshow/9476213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517074200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Government-rains-on-film-world-tax-holiday/articleshow/9476213.cms |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai}}</ref> About the film's initial failure, Ganesan felt that since the Congress did not understand artistic sensitivities, ''Kappalottiya Tamizhan'' was a failure. He also stated that he was not upset for losing money making the film to kindle the national spirit, but rather happy that he could harness the medium to remind people of the Indian freedom fighters of the bygone era.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswamy|2007|p=149}} At the [[9th National Film Awards]], ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |pages=26–27}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The magazines ''Kalai'' and ''Thendral'' gave the film positive reviews, saying every Tamilian should see it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1961 |title=கப்பலோட்டிய தமிழன் |url=http://i1110.photobucket.com/albums/h452/pammalaar/GEDC4997-1.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/BdcII |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |magazine=Kalai |language=ta}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=11 November 1961 |title=திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் {{!}} கப்பலோட்டிய தமிழன் |url=http://i1110.photobucket.com/albums/h452/pammalaar/GEDC4998-1.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/cCZsw |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |magazine=Thendral |language=ta}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Krishnaswamy's writing, and compared the film favourably to ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959), another biopic also directed by Panthulu and starring Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 November 1961 |title=கப்பலோட்டிய தமிழன் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1961-11-19/kalki1961-11-19.pdf |access-date=1 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=27–28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> On Ganesan's performance, Chidambaram's son Subramaniam said it was like seeing his father alive on the screen, a statement Ganesan considered his "highest award".<ref name="TEAR" /> Following Ganesan's death in 2001, S. Viswanathan of ''[[Frontline (magazine)|The Frontline]]'' said, "Critics list several films as his best in terms of performance. However, according to the Ganesan, his career best was ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan''."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Viswanathan |first=S. |date=2001 |title=Tamil cinema's lodestar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30159761.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819114238/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30159761.ece |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|The Frontline]] |volume=18 |issue=16}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=20 December 2014 |title=Blast from the Past – Kappalottiya Thamizhan (1961) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-kappalottiya-thamizhan/article6711018.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141221065342/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-kappalottiya-thamizhan/article6711018.ece |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=18 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="TEAR">{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=27 July 2001 |title=Role that moved him to tears |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/27/stories/09270226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125040229/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/27/stories/09270226.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNRlJobWNDMUZ4SDA/view |title=கப்பலோட்டிய தமிழன் |publisher=Padmini Pictures |year=1961 |language=ta |trans-title=The Tamilian who launched a ship |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Kappalottiya Thamizhan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Padmini Pictures |year=1961 |time=0:52 to 1:40 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayanaswamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |location=Chennai |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{B. R. Panthulu}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
[[Category:1960s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1960s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Epic films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1870]]
[[Category:Films set in 1880]]
[[Category:Films set in 1890]]
[[Category:Films set in 1900]]
[[Category:Films set in 1910]]
[[Category:Films set in 1920]]
[[Category:Films set in 1930]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian history in popular culture]]
[[Category:Sailing films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works about ships]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Nellikanti Satyam

2026-04-11T10:45:27Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting initial pg first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nellikanti Satyam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council <br />Telangana]]
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Elected by MLAs]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| constituency1 =
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|6|6}}
| birth_place = Yelagalagudem, Munugode Mandal, [[Nalgonda]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| other_party =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| parents = Peddayya, Parvatamma
| spouse = Annapurna
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Nellikanti Satyam''' (born 6 June 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He was elected unanimously as Member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] on 13 March 2025.<ref name="Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 March 2025 |title=Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313150415/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

He earlier served as [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] Nalgonda district secretary.

==Political career==
Nellikanti Satyam started his political career with [[Communist Party of India]] and held various position in the party and he was announced as MLC candidate under the MLAs quota on 9 March 2025<ref name="Telangana MLC polls: CPI names Nellikanti Satyam as candidate under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana MLC polls: CPI names Nellikanti Satyam as candidate under MLA quota |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-mlc-polls-cpi-names-nellikanti-satyam-as-candidate-under-mla-quota |accessdate=10 March 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=9 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310041232/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-mlc-polls-cpi-names-nellikanti-satyam-as-candidate-under-mla-quota |archivedate=10 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and filed his nomination on March 10 and was elected unanimously as Member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] on 13 March 2025.<ref name="MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed">{{cite news |date=14 March 2025 |title=MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314070909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="5 Candidates Elected Uncontested To Telangana Legislative Council">{{cite news |title=5 Candidates Elected Uncontested To Telangana Legislative Council |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-candidates-elected-uncontested-to-telangana-legislative-council-7918998 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414145209/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-candidates-elected-uncontested-to-telangana-legislative-council-7918998 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Newly elected MLCs take oath in Telangana Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=7 April 2025 |title=Newly elected MLCs take oath in Telangana Legislative Council |url=https://telanganatoday.com/newly-elected-mlcs-take-oath-in-telangana-legislative-council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414144612/https://telanganatoday.com/newly-elected-mlcs-take-oath-in-telangana-legislative-council |archive-date=14 April 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar Naik, Kethavath}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

Padmaja Rao

2026-04-05T09:28:59Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Indian actress and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmaja Rao
| image = Padmaja Rao (2022).jpg
| caption = Padmaja Rao in 2022
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| years_active = 1996–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television director|television producer|presenter}}
| spouse = Prakash
| children = 1
}}

'''Padmaja Rao''' is an Indian actress, television soap director and producer known for her work Kannada television and [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/490031/driven-dream.html |title=Driven by a dream |date=2015-07-18 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/i-do-not-want-be-slotted-in-the-mother-role-says-actress-padmaja-rao/article6574301.ece |title=I do not want be slotted in the 'mother' role, says actress Padmaja Rao |last=Belgaumkar |first=Govind D. |date=2014-11-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=9213&ptype=News&title=MARCH%252022%2520COMPLETE%2520NEW%2520PATH%2520CINEMA |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - MARCH 22 COMPLETE NEW PATH CINEMA - Chitratara.com |website=chitratara.com |publisher=chitratara.com |location=Karnataka, India |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Ragini-bonds-with-Padmaja-Rao-on-the-set-of-Veera-Ranachandi/articleshow/42252037.cms |title=Ragini bonds with Padmaja Rao on the set of Veera Ranachandi - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/crazy-star-ravichandran-offered-me-hatavaadhi-after-he-watched-me-in-the-serial-moodala-mane/articleshow/61712101.cms |title='Crazy Star Ravichandran offered me Hatavaadhi after he watched me in the serial Moodala Mane' - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> She is a versatile actor known for playing a wide variety of character roles in various film genres. Some of the notable films of Padmaja Rao as an actress include ''[[Hatavadi]]'' (2006) ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006), ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008), ''[[Ugramm]]'' (2014). She has also forayed into tulu film industry with the blockbuster ''[[Chaali Polilu]]'' (2014). Rao has been a part of more than 100 Kannada films and many serial/soaps in Kannada.<ref name=":1"/>

==Career==
Rao first began as an assistant to writer and director T. N. Narasimhan in the mid-1990s. It was then that she was "exposed... to all faculties of film-making — right from acting, handling a camera, up to working in the direction department. He was like an university for me." She also started out as an actress in his [[Serial (radio and television)|television serials]] such as ''Gorur Kathaloka'', ''Ille Swarga'', ''Katha Sangama'' and ''Sathilla''. She was then introduced to popular serial director [[T. S. Nagabharana]] who worked with [[DD Chandana]] during the time. Rao hosted the show ''Bhagini'' on the network. She turned producer next and had Nagabharana direct a children-based talent show, ''Prachanda Pratibhegalu''. Urged by him, she would go on to direct an eight-episode series ''Raja Maaja'', a talk show based on gender equality and social justice titled ''Samarekhegalu'' and a 13-episode series ''Naayi Baala''. She then made a reality singing show ''Sangeeta Sambhrama'', which completed 68 episodes. However, Rao'spopularity grew when she compered another show ''Streeloka'', besides acting in ''[[Mayamruga]]'' and ''Sadhane''. She has also acted in Nagabharana's ''Joku Joke'' and as a mistress in ''O Nanna Belake''.<ref name="DH2002"/>

In 2006, Rao made the teleserial ''[[Moodala Mane]]'' directed by [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] which garnered popularity across [[Karnataka]]. This was followed by ''Preethi Illada Mele'' which had [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Anant Nag]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] playing prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Tv Serial Preethi Illada Mele Synopsis Aired On Colors Kannada Channel |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/kannada/tv-serials/preethi-illada-mele |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

Rao made her Kannada film debut as an actress with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V.Ravichandran]]'s ''[[Hatavadi]]'' (2006). She received recognition for her role in ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' wh released the same year. She was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] three times.<ref name=":1"/>

==Personal life==
Padmaja Rao was born in [[Mysore]]. Her family shifted to [[Mumbai]] where she did her schooling. Growing up in Mumbai, she was fluent in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], apart from her mother-tongue [[Kannada]] and acted in [[Play (theatre)|play]] staged in these languages during her formative years. Rao's family settled in [[Bangalore]] when she was 15, where she completed her [[pre-university course]].<ref name="DH2002">{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=An eye for the camera |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr21/ent5.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=3 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020425091204/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr21/ent5.htm |archive-date=25 April 2002 |date=21 April 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rao was first married at a young age, which resulted in a divorce.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Devadiga |first1=Yashaswi |title=Padmaja Rao: ಆ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಪತಿಗೆ ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ ಕೊಟ್ಟೆ; ಹಿರಿಯ ನಟಿ ಪದ್ಮಜಾ ರಾವ್‌ ಮುಕ್ತ ಮಾತು |url=https://vishwavani.news/movies/padmaja-rao-speaks-openly-about-divorced-my-husband-for-that-reason-74107.html |website=ವಿಶ್ವವಾಣಿ |access-date=5 April 2026 |language=kn |date=3 April 2026 |trans-title=Padmaja Rao: I divorced my husband for that reason; Veteran actress Padmaja Rao speaks openly}}</ref> She had a son, Sanjeev from the first marriage. He is a [[herpetologist]], [[Conservation biology|conservationist]] and [[animal activist]].<ref name=":1"/> Rao stated in an interview that the first marriage proved to be an "escape" for which let her pursue her passion of acting.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Rapid Rashmi]] |date=1 April 2026 |title=From Iconic Roles to Real-Life Struggles: Padmaja Rao’s Journey Beyond the Screen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW9I-GZOGXM |type=Podcast |language=kn |time= |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

Rao then married Prakash, a software engineer.<ref name="DH2002"/>

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Hatavadi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Gunavantha]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Rocky (2008 film)|Rocky]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Madesha]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Psycho (2008 film)|Psycho]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Taj Mahal (2008 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Circus (2009 film)|Circus]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Vayuputra]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Mylari]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Pancharangi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Sri Harikathe]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' (2010)
* ''Silence'' (2010)
* ''[[Vaare Vah]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Panchamrutha]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Aata (2011 film)|Aata]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Parijatha]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bahaddur]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Chaali Polilu]]'' (2014)
* ''Athi Aparoopa'' (2014)
* ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]'' (2014)
* ''Typical Kailas'' (2014)
* ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Daksha (film)|Daksha]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ekka Saka]]'' (2015; Tulu)
* ''[[Vajrakaya]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Muddu Manase]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rocket (film)|Rocket]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Style King]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jai Maruthi 800]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Eradane Sala]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Chowka]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kanaka (film)|Kanaka]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Brahmachari (2019 film)|Brahmachari]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Rustum (2019 film)|Rustum]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Adyaksha in America]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Tom and Jerry (2021 Indian film)|Tom and Jerry]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Body God]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Petromax]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Ambuja (2023 film)|Ambuja]]'' (2023)...Padma
* ''[[Sidlingu 2]]'' (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Sidlingu 2: A clean family entertainer - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-sidlingu-2-a-clean-family-entertainer/articleshow/118261042.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=15 February 2025}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Television ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Gorur Kathaloka''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Ille Swarga''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Katha Sangama''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Sathilla''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Bhagini''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Prachanda Pratibhegalu''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Raja Maaja''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Samarekhegalu''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Naayi Baala''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Sangeeta Sambhrama''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Streeloka''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''[[Mayamruga]]''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Sadhane''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Joku Joke''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''O Nanna Belake''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''[[Moodala Mane]]''
* ''Spurthi''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Uthungada Haadiyalli''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Nannavalu''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Nannavaru''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Hosa Haadi''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Nidhi''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu ([[Zee Kannada]])''
* ''Sama Rekhegalu''
* ''Shikhara''<ref name="DH2002"/>
* ''Aramane Gili''
* ''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''
* ''Hoovi''
* ''Bhagyalakshmi''
{{div col end}}

=== Game shows ===

* ''Savalige Sai ([[Udaya TV]])''
* ''Thutha Mutha ([[Udaya TV]])''
* ''Krazy Couple ([[Zee Kannada]])''
* ''Paddus Kitchen ([[Kalki Kannada]])''

== Short films ==

* ''[https://flixoye.com/chocolate-a-sweet-cute-love-story-kannada-short-movie/ Chocolate] (Kannada)''
* ''Me too (English)''
* ''Oofie (English)''
* ''Ondu Giftina Kathe''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |title=Padmaja Rao’s ‘Ondu Giftina Kathe’ is a light hearted film about love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/padmaja-raos-ondu-giftina-kathe-is-a-light-hearted-film-about-love/article31473148.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=3 April 2026 |language=en-IN |date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2591768|Padmaja Rao}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Padmaja}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

15th Gujarat Assembly

2026-03-31T04:21:49Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Gujarat Assembly
| website = {{URL|www.gujaratassembly.gov.in}}
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Shankar Chaudhary]], BJP
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Purnesh Modi]], BJP
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy speaker
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], BJP
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader5 =
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| membership1 = 182
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| before = [[14th Gujarat Assembly]]
| government = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
| term =
| term_start = 12 December 2022
| meeting_place = Vithalbhai Patel Bhavan, Gujarat Vidhan Sabha, Gandhinagar
| body = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Gujarat Legislative Assembly''' or '''Gujarat Vidhan Sabha''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], in the state capital [[Gandhinagar]]. Presently, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly [[Elections in Gujarat|elected]] from single-member [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] (seats). It has a term of 5 years unless it is dissolved sooner. 13 constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 constituencies for scheduled tribes. From its majority party group or by way of a grand coalition cabinet of its prominent members, the state's Executive namely the [[Government of Gujarat]] is formed.

==History==
The 15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly was constituted following the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, held in two phases on 1 and 5 December 2022, with the results declared on 8 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022  |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Gujarat, 2022 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1873396 |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Election Commission}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) won 156 out of 182 seats, creating a new record of winning the most seats in Gujarat's electoral history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> The previous record for the highest number of seats won in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly was held by the [[Indian National Congress]], which secured 149 seats in the 1985 elections under the leadership of Madhav Singh Solanki.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Ashish |date=10 December 2022 |title=How BJP's triumph and Congress's rout in rural seats led to historic Gujarat verdict |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-triumph-and-congress-wipe-out-in-rural-seats-led-to-historic-gujarat-verdict-2307569-2022-12-10 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> Since 1995 BJP has been in power in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022 Highlights {{!}} BJP retains power for record 7th term; brand Modi shines |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-counting-for-gujarat-to-begin-at-8am-9667981.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian National Congress (INC), which had been the principal opposition party, won only 17 seats.<ref name=":0" /> Aam Adami Party (AAP) won 5 seats, Independent candidates won 3 seats and Samajwadi Party won 1 seat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=19 December 2025 |title=Gujarat Assembly: 182 newly-elected MLAs take oath |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-182-newly-elected-mlas-take-oath/article66281587.ece |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Government formation==
After gaining a super majority in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], the BJP elected [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] as the leader of the legislative party on 10 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |title=Gujarat: Bhupendra Patel elected as leader of BJP legislative party in Gandhinaga, says Harsh Sanghavi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/gujarat-bhupendra-patel-elected-as-leader-of-bjp-legislative-party-in-gandhinaga-says-harsh-sanghavi/videoshow/96137590.cms |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] }}</ref> On 12 December 2022, Bhupendrabhai Patel took oath as Chief Minister of Gujarat by [[Governor of Gujarat|Governor]] [[Acharya Devvrat|Acharya Devavrat]]. Also 8 leaders took oath as cabinet ministers, two as Minister of State with independent charges and six others as Minister of State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat CM oath ceremony Live Updates: PM Modi, Amit Shah on stage, Bhupendra Patel takes oath as Gujarat CM for second time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-election-results-2022-live-updatesdecember-12/liveblog/96160784.cms |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 December 2022, 3 independent candidates decided to support the BJP government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=3 independent MLAs to support BJP in Gujarat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/3-independent-mlas-to-support-bjp-in-gujarat-2307959-2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== First Session and Oath-Taking ==
The first session of the 15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly commenced on 19 December 2022 in [[Gandhinagar]].<ref name=":1" /> Yogesh Patel, a senior BJP legislator, sworn in all 186 members of the assembly. All MLAs took the oath in the name of God except Congress' Jignesh Mevani and BJP's Karan Solanki, who took oath in the name of constitution.<ref name=":1" />

On 20 December 2022, Shankar Chaudhary, a BJP MLA from Tharad, was elected as the Speaker of the House. Jetha Bharwad, a 6 times MLA from Shehra, was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the House.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2022  |title=Shankar Chaudhary elected unopposed as Speaker of Gujarat Assembly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shankar-chaudhary-elected-unopposed-as-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly/articleshow/96363813.cms |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Economic Times |department=Politics |agency=PTI}}</ref>

== Notable positions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Office Taken
|-
!1
| [[List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[File:SC_Pro_Pic_10-04-2016.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Shankar Chaudhary]]
| rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
| 20 December 2022<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shankar Chaudhary took office as Vidhan Sabha speaker |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/shankar-chaudhary-take-chare-as-gujarat-vidhansabha-speaker |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
|
|[[Purnesh Modi]]
|[[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|16 February 2026
|-
!3
|Leader of the House ([[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister]])
|[[File:Bhupendra_PAtel_Sanskrit_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]]
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhupendrabhai Petel to sworn as CM again |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/himachal-election-result-gujarat-election-result-poll-verdict-in-gujarat-himachal-today-bjp-looks-to-defend-strongholds-3587491 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|[[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|12 December 2022<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2022  |editor-last=Sanyal |editor-first=Anindita |title=Gujarat Oath Today, PM, Top Ministers And 200 Saints To Attend: 10 Facts  |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-elections-grand-oath-ceremony-for-bhupendra-patel-in-gujarat-today-pm-narendra-modi-to-attend-3598311  |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
!4
|Deputy Leader of the House ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|Deputy Chief Minister]])
|[[File:Harsh Sanghavi.jpg|100px]]
|[[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|[[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]
|17 October 2025
|-
!5
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition]]
|colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|}

==Party wise distribution==

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |[[File:Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly_structure.svg|center]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!No. of MLA's
!Leader of the Party
in Assembly
!Leader's Constituency
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|162
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhupendrabhai to sworn again as Chief Minister |url=https://theprint.in/india/bhupendra-patel-to-continue-as-gujarat-cm-his-oath-taking-ceremony-on-dec-12-to-be-attended-by-pm-paatil |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.theprint.in}}</ref>
|[[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|12
|[[Tushar Chaudhary]]
|[[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbhrama]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|4
|[[Chaitar Vasava]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=28 January 2023 |title=AAP appoints tribal MLA as legislature party leader in Gujarat Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aap-appoints-tribal-mla-as-legislature-party-leader-in-gujarat-assembly-8409981/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|1
|[[Kandhal Jadeja]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Samajwadi Party candidate won from Kutiyana |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/elections/kutiyana-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin|access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref>
|[[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|3
|
* [[Mavji Desai|Mavjibhai Desai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Mavjibhai Desai won Dhanera seat |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/dhanera-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Dhavalsinh Zala]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-07 |title=Independent candidate Dhavalsinh Zala reclaims seat |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/bayad-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15348011.htm |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Umesh Makwana]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-06-26|title=Gujarat AAP MLA resigns from all party posts; suspended|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/gujarat-aap-mla-resigns-from-all-party-posts-suspended-3603810?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=socialshare|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
|
* [[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
* [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
* [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Total no of MLA's
! 182
!
!
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
<section begin="MLA Header"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-<section end="MLA Header"/><section begin="Kutch district"/>
|rowspan="6"|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]
| 1 || [[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|[[Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja|Pradhyumansinh Jadeja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 2 || [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Kachchh)]]
|[[Aniruddha Dave]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|[[Keshubhai Shivdas Patel|Keshubhai Patel]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|[[Chhanga Trikam Bijal|Trikam Chhanga]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]] (SC)
|[[Malti Maheshwari]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|[[Virendrasinh Jadeja]]
|
|-<section end="Kutch district"/> <section begin="Banaskantha district"/>
|rowspan="10"|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]<br/>&<br/> [[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
|Rowspan=2|7
|Rowspan=2| [[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|[[Geni Thakor|Geniben Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Elected to 18th Loksabha
|-
|[[Swarupji Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected on 23 November 2024
|-
| 8 || [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
|[[Shankar Chaudhary|Shankarbhai Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Speaker<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-12-15 |title=Gujarat's former State minister Shankar Chaudhary set to become next Assembly Speaker |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarats-former-state-minister-shankar-chaudhary-set-to-become-next-assembly-speaker/article66266198.ece |access-date=2022-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || [[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|[[Mavji Desai|Mavjibhai Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| 10 || [[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]] (ST)
|[[Kantibhai Kharadi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 11 || [[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]] (SC)
|[[Jignesh Mevani]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|[[Aniket Thakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 13 || [[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|[[Pravinkumar Gordhanji Mali|Pravin Mali]]
|
|-
| 14 || [[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|[[Keshaji Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 15 || [[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|[[Amrutbhai Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-<section end="Banaskantha district"/> <section begin="Patan district"/>
|rowspan="4"|[[Patan district|Patan]]
| 16 || [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|[[Lavingji Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 17 || [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|[[Dinesh Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 18 || [[Patan (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|[[Kiritkumar Patel]]
|
|-
| 19 || [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|[[Balvantsinh Rajput]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-<section end="Patan district"/> <section begin="Mehsana district"/>
|rowspan="9" | [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
| 20 || [[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|[[Sardarsinh Chaudhary]]
|
|-
| 21 || [[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
|K. K. Patel
|
|-
| 22 || [[Visnagar Assembly constituency|Visnagar]]
|[[Rushikesh Patel]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 23 || [[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
|[[Sukhaji Thakor]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|24
| rowspan=2|[[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]] (SC)
|[[Karshan Solanki]]
|Died on 4 February 2025
|-
|[[Rajendra Chavda]]
|Elected on 23 June 2025
|-
| 25 || [[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mahesana]]
|[[Mukesh Patel]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|26
| rowspan=2|[[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
| rowspan=2|[[C. J. Chavda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 19 January 2024 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-congress-mla-cj-chavda-bjp-9116765/|title=Gujarat Congress MLA C J Chavda resigns, likely to join BJP|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=19 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-<section end="Mehsana district"/> <section begin="Sabarkantha district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| 27 || [[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
|[[V. D. Zala|Vinendrasinh Zala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 28 || [[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar]] (SC)
|[[Ramanlal Vora]]
|
|-
| 29 || [[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]] (ST)
|[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Tushar Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-<section end="Sabarkantha district"/> <section begin="Aravalli district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
| 30 || [[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda]] (ST)
|[[P. C. Baranda|Punamchand Baranda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 31 || [[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
|[[Bhikhusinh Parmar]]
|Minister of State
|-
| 32 || [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
|[[Dhavalsinh Zala]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-<section end="Aravalli district"/> <section begin="Sabarkantha district 2"/>
|[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| 33 || [[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
|[[Gajendrasinh Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=19}}
|
|-<section end="Sabarkantha district 2"/> <section begin="Gandhinagar district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| 34 || [[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|[[Balrajsinh Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 35 || [[Gandhinagar South Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|[[Alpesh Thakor]]
|
|-
| 36 || [[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
|[[Ritaben Patel]]
|
|-
| 37 || [[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Jayantibhai Patel]]
|
|-
| 38 || [[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|[[Thakor Laxmanji Punjaji|Laxmanji Thakor]]
|
|-<section end="Gandhinagar district"/> <section begin="Ahmedabad district"/>
|rowspan="21" | [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| 39 || [[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|[[Hardik Patel]]
|
|-
| 40 || [[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
|[[Kanubhai Patel]]
|
|-
| 41 || [[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|Chief Minister <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=10 December 2022  |title=Bhupendra Patel Elected Leader Of BJP Legislative Party, To Take Oath As Gujarat CM On Monday  |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gujarat-government-formation-bhupendra-patel-named-gujarat-cm-again-to-take-oath-on-monday-1568842  |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=ABP Live |location= |agency=Press Trust of India (PTI)}}</ref>
|-
| 42 || [[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
|[[Amit Thaker]]
|
|-
| 43 || [[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|[[Babusinh Jadav]]
|
|-
| 44 || [[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellisbridge]]
|[[Amit Shah (mayor)|Amit Shah]]
|
|-
| 45 || [[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
|[[Jitu Bhagat]]
|
|-
| 46 || [[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|[[Jagdish Vishwakarma]]
|MoS(I/C)
|-
| 47 || [[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|[[Payal Kukrani]]
|
|-
| 48 || [[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|[[Kanchanben Radadiya]]
|
|-
| 49 || [[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|[[Dineshsinh Kushwaha]]
|
|-
| 50 || [[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
|[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukh Patel]]
|
|-
| 51 || [[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
|[[Kaushik Jain]]
|
|-
| 52 || [[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]
|[[Imran Khedawala|Imran Khedavala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 53 || [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|[[Amul Bhatt]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 54 || [[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]] (SC)
|[[Shailesh Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 55 || [[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
|[[Harshad Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=25}}
|
|-
| 56 || [[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]] (SC)
|[[Darshna Vaghela|Darshana Vaghela]]
|
|-
| 57 || [[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
|[[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babubhai Patel]]
|
|-
| 58 || [[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
|[[Kiritsinh Dabhi]]
|
|-
| 59 || [[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|[[Kalubhai Rupabhai Dabhi]]
|
|-<section end="Ahmedabad district"/> <section begin="Surendranagar district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
| 60 || [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]] (SC)
|[[P. K. Parmar]]
|
|-
| 61 || [[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limdi]]
|[[Kiritsinh Rana]]
|
|-
| 62 || [[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|[[Jagdish Makwana]]
|
|-
| 63 || [[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|[[Shamji Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 64 || [[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhangadhra]]
|[[Prakash Varmora]]
|
|-<section end="Surendranagar district"/> <section begin="Morbi district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Morbi district|Morbi]]
| 65 || [[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|[[Kantilal Amrutiya]]
|
|-
| 66 || [[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|[[Durlabhji Dethariya]]
|
|-
| 67 || [[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|[[Jitu Somani|Jitendra Somani]]
|
|-<section end="Morbi district"/> <section begin="Rajkot district"/>
|rowspan="8" | [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| 68 || [[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|[[Uday Kangad]]
|
|-
| 69 || [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|[[Darshita Shah]]
|
|-
| 70 || [[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|[[Ramesh Tilala]]
|
|-
| 71 || [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]] (SC)
|[[Bhanuben Babariya]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 72 || [[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 73 || [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|[[Geetaba Jadeja]]
|
|-
| 74 || [[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Jayesh Radadiya]]
|
|-
| 75 || [[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|[[Mahendra Padalia]]
|
|-<section end="Rajkot district"/> <section begin="Jamnagar district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
| 76 || [[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]] (SC)
|[[Meghji Chavda]]
|
|-
| 77 || [[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
|[[Raghavji Patel]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 78 || [[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
|[[Rivaba Jadeja]]
|
|-
| 79 || [[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
|[[Divyesh Akbari]]
|
|-
| 80 || [[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
|[[Hemant Khava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|AAP Deputy LP Leader
|-<section end="Jamnagar district"/> <section begin="Devbhumi Dwarka district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
| 81 || [[Khambhaliya Assembly constituency|Khambhaliya]]
|[[Mulu Ayar Bera]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|MoS
|-
| 82 || [[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
|[[Pabubha Manek]]
|
|-<section end="Devbhumi Dwarka district"/> <section begin="Porbandar district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
| rowspan=2|83 || rowspan=2|[[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
| rowspan=2| [[Arjun Modhwadia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 4 March 2024<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arjun Modhwadia, Congress leader resigns from Gujarat Assembly, likely to join BJP|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/arjun-modhwadia-congress-leader-resigns-from-gujarat-assembly-join-bjp-lok-sabha-elections-latest-updates-2024-03-04-919845|work=IndiaTV|accessdate=4 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| 84 || [[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|[[Kandhal Jadeja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|SP LP Leader
|-<section end="Porbandar district"/> <section begin="Junagadh district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Junagadh district|Junagarh]]
| rowspan=2| 85 || rowspan=2| [[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
| rowspan=2| [[Arvindbhai Ladani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 6 March 2024
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| 86 || [[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|[[Sanjay Koradiya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2|87
| rowspan=2|[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|[[Bhupat Bhayani|Bhupendra Bhayani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|Resigned on 13 December 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=Gujarat AAP MLA Bhupendra Bhayani resigns, set to join BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-aap-mla-bhupendra-bhayani-resigns-from-legislative-assembly/article67633540.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gopal Italia]]
|Elected on 23 June 2025
|-
| 88 || [[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|[[Devabhai Malam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 89 || [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]]
|[[Bhagvanjibhai Karagatiya]]
|
|-<section end="Junagadh district"/> <section begin="Gir Somnath district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| 90 || [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|[[Vimal Chudasama]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 91 || [[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
|[[Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad|Bhagabhai Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
| 92 || [[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]] (SC)
|[[Pradyuman Vaja]]
|
|-
| 93 || [[Una (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Una]]
|[[Kalubhai Rathod]]
|
|-<section end="Gir Somnath district"/> <section begin="Amreli district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| 94 || [[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
|[[Jaysukhbhai Kakadiya]]
|
|-
| 95 || [[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
|[[Kaushik Vekariya]]
|
|-
| 96 || [[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
|[[Janak Talaviya]]
|
|-
| 97 || [[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|[[Mahesh Kaswala]]
|
|-
| 98 || [[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|[[Hirabhai Solanki]]
|
|-<section end="Amreli district"/> <section begin="Bhavnagar district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| 99 || [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva]]
|[[Shivabhai Gohil]]
|
|-
| 100 || [[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|[[Gautambhai Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 101 || [[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|[[Sudhir Vaghani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| 102 || [[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
|[[Bhikhabhai Baraiya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 103 || [[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
|[[Parshottambhai Solanki]]
|MoS
|-
| 104 || [[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|[[Sejalben Pandya]]
|
|-
| 105 || [[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
|[[Jitu Vaghani|Jitendra Vaghani]]
|
|-<section end="Bhavnagar district"/> <section begin="Botad district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Botad district|Botad]]
| 106 || [[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]] (SC)
|[[Shambhuprasad Tundiya|Mahant Shambhunath Tundiya]]
|
|-
| 107 || [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|[[Umeshbhai Makwana]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-06-26|title=Gujarat AAP MLA resigns from all party posts; suspended|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/gujarat-aap-mla-resigns-from-all-party-posts-suspended-3603810?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=socialshare|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
|Suspended From [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-<section end="Botad district"/> <section begin="Anand district"/>
|rowspan="8" | [[Anand district|Anand]]
| rowspan=2|108
| rowspan=2|[[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
| rowspan=2|[[Chirag Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 19 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Khambhat Congress MLA Chirag Patel resigns |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/12/19/khambhat-congress-mla-chirag-patel-likely-to-resign/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| 109 || [[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
|[[Ramanbhai Solanki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 110 || [[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
|[[Amit Chavda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|CLP Leader
|-
| 111 || [[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
|[[Govindbhai Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
| 112 || [[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
|[[Yogesh Patel]]
|
|-
| 113 || [[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
|[[Kamlesh Patel (politician)|Kamlesh Patel]]
|
|-
| 114 || [[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
|[[Vipul Patel]]
|
|-<section end="Anand district"/> <section begin="Kheda district"/>
|rowspan="6" | [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| 115 || [[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
|[[Kalpeshbhai Ashabhai Parmar|Kalpesh Parmar]]
|
|-
| 116 || [[Nadiad Assembly constituency|Nadiad]]
|[[Pankajbhai Desai]]
|
|-
| 117 || [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
|[[Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan|Arjunsinh Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 118 || [[Mahudha Assembly constituency|Mahudha]]
|[[Sanjaysinh Mahida]]
|
|-
| 119 || [[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
|[[Yogendrasinh Parmar]]
|
|-
| 120 || [[Kapadvanj Assembly constituency|Kapadvanj]]
|[[Rajeshkumar Zala]]
|
|-<section end="Kheda district"/> <section begin="Mahisagar district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
| 121 || [[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
|[[Mansinh Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 122 || [[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]]
|[[Gulabsinh Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 123 || [[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur]] (ST)
|[[Kuber Dindor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=13}}
|MoS
|-<section end="Mahisagar district"/> <section begin="Panchmahal district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
| 124
| [[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]]
|[[Jethabhai Ahir]]
|Deputy Speaker<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-12-15 |title=Gujarat's former State minister Shankar Chaudhary set to become next Assembly Speaker |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarats-former-state-minister-shankar-chaudhary-set-to-become-next-assembly-speaker/article66266198.ece |access-date=2022-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 125 || [[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]] (ST)
|[[Nimisha Suthar|Nimishaben Suthar]]
|
|-
| 126 || [[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]]
|[[C.K Raulji|C. K. Raulji]]
|
|-
| 127 || [[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol (Panchmahal)]]
|[[Fatesinh Chauhan|Fatehsinh Chauhan]]
|
|-
| 128 || [[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]]
|[[Jaydrathsinh Parmar]]
|
|-<section end="Panchmahal district"/> <section begin="Dahod district"/>
|rowspan="6" | [[Dahod district|Dahod]]
| 129 || [[Fatepura Assembly constituency|Fatepura]] (ST)
|[[Ramesh Katara]]
|
|-
| 130 || [[Jhalod Assembly constituency|Jhalod]] (ST)
|[[Mahesh Bhuriya]]
|
|-
| 131 || [[Limkheda Assembly constituency|Limkheda]] (ST)
|[[Shailesh Bhabhor]]
|
|-
| 132 || [[Dahod Assembly constituency|Dahod]] (ST)
|[[Kanaiyalal Kishori]]
|
|-
| 133 || [[Garbada Assembly constituency|Garbada]] (ST)
|[[Mahendra Bhabhor]]
|
|-
| 134 || [[Devgadhbariya Assembly constituency|Devgadhbariya]]
|[[Bachubhai Khabad]]
|
|-<section end="Dahod district"/> <section begin="Vadodara district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| 135 || [[Savli Assembly constituency|Savli]]
|[[Ketan Inamdar]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|136
| rowspan=2|[[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency|Vaghodiya]]
| rowspan=2|[[Dharmendrasinh Vaghela]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Resigned on 24 January 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theblunttimes.in/gujarat-independent-mla-dharmendrasinh-vaghela-joins-bjp-ahead-of-lok-sabha-elections/39564/|title=Gujarat : Independent MLA Dharmendrasinh Vaghela Joins BJP Ahead Of Lok Sabha Elections|work=The Blunt Times|accessdate=24 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-<section end="Vadodara district"/> <section begin="Chhota Udaipur district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur District]]
| 137 || [[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur]] (ST)
|[[Rajendrasinh Rathva]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=12}}
|
|-
| 138 || [[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur (Gujarat Assembly constituency)|Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur]] (ST)
|[[Jayantibhai Rathva]]
|
|-
| 139 || [[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda]] (ST)
|[[Abhesinh Tadvi]]
|
|-<section end="Chhota Udaipur district"/> <section begin="Vadodara district 2"/>
|rowspan="8" | [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| 140 || [[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]]
|[[Shailesh Sotta]]
|
|-
| 141 || [[Vadodara City Assembly constituency|Vadodara City]] (SC)
|[[Manisha Vakil]]
|
|-
| 142 || [[Sayajigunj Assembly constituency|Sayajigunj]]
|[[Keyur Rokadia]]
|
|-
| 143 || [[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota]]
|[[Chaitanya Desai]]
|
|-
| 144 || [[Raopura Assembly constituency|Raopura]]
|[[Balkrishna Khanderao Shukla|Balkrushna Shukla]]
|
|-
| 145 || [[Manjalpur Assembly constituency|Manjalpur]]
|[[Yogesh Patel]]
|
|-
| 146 || [[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]]
|[[Chaitanyasinh Zala]]
|
|-
| 147 || [[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|[[Akshaykumar Patel|Akshay Patel]]
|
|-<section end="Vadodara district 2"/> <section begin="Narmada district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Narmada district|Narmada]]
| 148 || [[Nandod Assembly constituency|Nandod]] (ST)
|[[Darshna Vasava|Darshana Vasava]]
|
|-
| 149 || [[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]] (ST)
|[[Chaitar Vasava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|AAP LP Leader
|-<section end="Narmada district"/> <section begin="Bharuch district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Bharuch district|Bharuch District]]
| 150 || [[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]]
|[[D. K. Swami|Devkishordas Swami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=27}}
|
|-
| 151 || [[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]]
|[[Arunsinh Rana]]
|
|-
| 152 || [[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadiya]] (ST)
|[[Ritesh Vasava]]
|
|-
| 153 || [[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]]
|[[Ramesh Mistry]]
|
|-
| 154 || [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
|[[Ishwarsinh Patel]]
|
|-<section end="Bharuch district"/> <section begin="Surat district"/>
|rowspan="16" | [[Surat district|Surat]]
| 155 || [[Olpad Assembly constituency|Olpad]]
|[[Mukeshbhai Patel|Mukesh Patel]]
|MoS
|-
| 156 || [[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Surat)]] (ST)
|[[Ganpatsinh Vestabhai Vasava|Ganpat Vasava]]
|
|-
| 157 || [[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Surat)]] (ST)
|[[Kunvarji Halpati]]
|MoS
|-
| 158 || [[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]]
|[[Praful Pansheriya|Prafulbhai Pansheriya]]
|MoS
|-
| 159 || [[Surat East Assembly constituency|Surat East]]
|[[Arvind Rana]]
|
|-
| 160 || [[Surat North Assembly constituency|Surat North]]
|[[Kanti Balar]]
|
|-
| 161 || [[Varachha Road Assembly constituency|Varachha Road]]
|[[Kishor Kanani]]
|
|-
| 162 || [[Karanj Assembly constituency|Karanj]]
|[[Pravin Ghoghari]]
|
|-
| 163 || [[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]
|[[Sangita Patil]]
|
|-
| 164 || [[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhana]]
|[[Manu Patel]]
|
|-
| 165 || [[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]
|[[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|MoS(I/C)
|-
| 166 || [[Katargam Assembly constituency|Katargam]]
|[[Vinod Moradiya]]
|
|-
| 167 || [[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|[[Purnesh Modi]]
|
|-
| 168 || [[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]
|[[Sandip Desai]]
|
|-
| 169 || [[Bardoli Assembly constituency|Bardoli]] (SC)
|[[Ishwarbhai Parmar]]
|
|-
| 170 || [[Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Surat)]] (ST)
|[[Mohanbhai Dhodia]]
|
|-<section end="Surat district"/> <section begin="Tapi district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Tapi district|Tapi]]
| 171 || [[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara]] (ST)
|[[Mohan Kokani]]
|
|-
| 172 || [[Nizar Assembly constituency|Nizar]] (ST)
|[[Jayram Gamit]]
|
|-<section end="Tapi district"/> <section begin="Dang district"/>
|[[Dang district, India|Dang]]
| 173 || [[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dangs]] (ST)
|[[Vijaybhai Patel]]
|
|-<section end="Dang district"/> <section begin="Navsari district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| 174 || [[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]
|[[Rameshbhai Patel|R. C. Patel]]
|
|-
| 175 || [[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]
|[[Rakesh Desai]]
|
|-
| 176 || [[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi]] (ST)
|[[Naresh Patel]]
|
|-
| 177 || [[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansda]] (ST)
|[[Anant Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-<section end="Navsari district"/> <section begin="Valsad district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| 178 || [[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur]] (ST)
|[[Arvind Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 179 || [[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
|[[Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel|Bharat Patel]]
|
|-
| 180 || [[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]]
|[[Kanubhai Desai]]
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 181 || [[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]] (ST)
|[[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]
|
|-
| 182 || [[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon]] (ST)
|[[Ramanlal Patkar]]
|<section end="Valsad district"/>
|}<section end="Composition" />

==See also==
* [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[14th Gujarat Assembly]]
* [[Government of Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|G]]
[[Category:Terms of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027| ]]

Sher Singh Rana

2026-03-30T12:27:12Z

KatherinLigertwo: new - done

{{short description|Indian politician and murderer (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Sher Singh Rana
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| trial_end = 24 October 2016
| trial_start = January 2012
| weapon = Pistol
| fatalities = 1
| victims = [[Phoolan Devi]]
| criminal_charges = [[Murder]]<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Rana chargesheeted in 2004 jailbreak case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rana-chargesheeted-in-2004-jailbreak-case/story-qO4xwDA7gZm8QDVAPrR8RN.html |website=Hindustan Times |date= |publisher=HT Media |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> <br />223 (escape from confinement), 224 (resistance to lawful apprehension of another), 419 (personation), 420 (dishonestly inducing delivery of property) and 467 (forgery) of the IPC<br /><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Rana chargesheeted in 2004 jailbreak case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rana-chargesheeted-in-2004-jailbreak-case/story-qO4xwDA7gZm8QDVAPrR8RN.html |website=Hindustan Times |date= |publisher=HT Media |access-date=8 March 2025}}{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Rana chargesheeted in 2004 jailbreak case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rana-chargesheeted-in-2004-jailbreak-case/story-qO4xwDA7gZm8QDVAPrR8RN.html |website=Hindustan Times |date= |publisher=HT Media |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>
| birth_name = Pankaj Singh Pundir<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/18/india.georgewright|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Bandit Queen murder suspect escapes from jail|date=18 February 2004 |access-date=3 December 2020|last1=Wright |first1=George }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| other_names = S. Rana
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| organization = Rashtravadi Janlok Party (R.J.P)
| spouse = Pratima Singh
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Pankaj Singh Pundir''' (born 17 May 1976), popularly known as '''Sher Singh Rana''' or '''S. Rana''', is an Indian politician<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2022-04-04 |title=Phoolan murder, jailbreak, 'Prithviraj's ashes': Life of Sher Singh Rana, coming soon as biopic |url=https://theprint.in/india/phoolan-murder-jailbreak-prithvirajs-ashes-life-of-sher-singh-rana-coming-soon-as-biopic/899696/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> who was sentenced for the 2001 [[Feud|vendetta]]-related assassination of [[India]]n [[Dacoity|dacoit]]-turned-[[Parliament of India|parliamentarian]] [[Phoolan Devi]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2006|title=Phoolan Devi's killer arrested in Kolkata|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-25/india/27798096_1_phoolan-devi-bandit-turned-politician-sher-singh-rana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-25/india/27798096_1_phoolan-devi-bandit-turned-politician-sher-singh-rana|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref> In August 2014, Rana was sentenced to life imprisonment and a fine of ₹100,000 (approximately US$1,600) for Devi's assassination, as well as charges of conspiracy, after a 10-year trial.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 2014|title=Killer of Phoolan Devi, India's 'Bandit Queen', given life sentence|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/sher-singh-rana-murderer-phoolan-devi-bandit-queen-life-sentence|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023060740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/sher-singh-rana-murderer-phoolan-devi-bandit-queen-life-sentence|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> He was released from jail in 2016 after the court granted him bail.<ref name="r266">{{cite web | last=Reporting | first=Covers | title=Sher Singh Rana, convicted of Phoolan Devi's murder, gets married | website=The Times of India | date=2018-02-20 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/-sher-singh-rana-convicted-of-phoolan-devis-murder-gets-married/articleshow/63003156.cms | access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sher Singh Rana was born as Pankaj Singh Pundir in a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Rajput]] family in [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] on 17 May 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=कौन है फूलन का क़ातिल शेर सिंह राणा|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/08/140814_sher_singh_rana_dil|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203041900/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/08/140814_sher_singh_rana_dil|archive-date=3 December 2019|access-date=21 July 2020|website=BBC News हिंदी|date=14 August 2014 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cityairnews |date=2021-10-29 |title=Witness story of Sher Singh Rana who brought back remains of Prithviraj Chauhan- directed by Shree Narrayan Singh |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/witness-story-of-sher-singh-rana-who-brought-back-remains-of-prithviraj-chauhan-directed-by-shree-narrayan-singh |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Cityairnews |language=en}}</ref>

==Phoolan Devi assassination==
Rana, along with two other men, murdered [[Phoolan Devi]] outside her home in [[New Delhi]] in July 2001. At the time of her assassination, Phoolan Devi was a sitting [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[13th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Who Is Sher Singh Rana? Know The Real Story Of Phoolan Devi's Assassin Here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-sher-singh-rana-check-the-real-story-of-phoolan-devis-assassin-here-1648641281-1 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> Rana claims he was motivated to take revenge upon her for her actions as a leader of a bandit gang that acted primarily against the higher castes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Rana was arrested and confessed to the murder.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2001|title=Man arrested for murder of 'Bandit Queen'|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1335484/Man-arrested-for-murder-of-Bandit-Queen.html|url-status=live|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212140847/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1335484/Man-arrested-for-murder-of-Bandit-Queen.html|archive-date=12 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2001|title=Profile of Sher Singh Rana|newspaper=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Profile-of-Sher-Singh-Rana/articleshow/1154821372.cms|url-status=live|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426132452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Profile-of-Sher-Singh-Rana/articleshow/1154821372.cms|archive-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

==Escape from jail and rearrest==
Rana escaped from Tihar jail, a high-security prison facility in Delhi on 17 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Raj Shekhar|date=Aug 9, 2014|title=How Phoolan's killer Rana just walked out of jail with fake cop {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/How-Phoolans-killer-Rana-just-walked-out-of-jail-with-fake-cop/articleshow/39903726.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/How-Phoolans-killer-Rana-just-walked-out-of-jail-with-fake-cop/articleshow/39903726.cms|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He went to [[Moradabad]] and checked into a hotel. He then contacted relatives who sent him [[Indian rupee|₹]]1 [[lakh]]. From [[Ranchi]] he applied for a passport in the name of Sanjay Gupta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Daniyal|first=Abhishek Dey & Shoaib|title=Dalit man's death in UP puts spotlight on Phoolan Devi's killer and his rise as a Thakur icon|url=https://scroll.in/article/879367/how-phoolan-devis-killer-escaped-from-tihar-jail-went-to-afghanistan-and-became-a-rajput-hero|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511065233/https://scroll.in/article/879367/how-phoolan-devis-killer-escaped-from-tihar-jail-went-to-afghanistan-and-became-a-rajput-hero|archive-date=11 May 2019|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=22 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the two-month wait for the passport, he visited [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Benaras]]. Rana then went to [[Kolkata]], where he obtained a three-month Bangladesh visa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tihar goes hi-tech to prevent Sher Singh Rana style escape|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tihar-goes-hi-tech-to-prevent-sher-singh-rana-style-escape/273373|access-date=3 December 2020|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> Rana claimed that he took a house for rent at [[Khulna]] and lived there, posing as Sanjay. After he fled to [[Bangladesh]], he bought a satellite phone for ₹16,500 so that he could contact his relatives and friends without being tracked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tihar jailbreak: Fake cop held|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/29phoo.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701195903/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/29phoo.htm|archive-date=1 July 2015|access-date=3 December 2020|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Throughout his journey — from [[Moradabad]] to [[Ranchi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Dubai]] and later to [[Afghanistan]] from where he is said to have brought back the ashes of the Rajput king [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |last2=ThePrint |date=2022-04-04 |title=Phoolan murder, jailbreak, 'Prithviraj's ashes': Life of Sher Singh Rana, coming soon as biopic |url=https://theprint.in/india/phoolan-murder-jailbreak-prithvirajs-ashes-life-of-sher-singh-rana-coming-soon-as-biopic/899696/?amp |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

He received approximately ₹15,000 to ₹20,000 per month and visited Kolkata often to get his visa extended. At times, he did this in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2007|title=Tihar break case: Two get lighter term|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/tihar-break-case-two-get-lighter-term/story-eWX9k18TM2NPRurJyJCrSK.html|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 25 April 2006, he was re-arrested from [[Kolkata]] by [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]], who tracked him down by his subscription to a Hindi newspaper, one of the few people in the [[Dharmatala]] area who did so.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2014|title=Hindi newspaper subscription gave Rana away in Kolkata, say police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hindi-newspaper-subscription-gave-rana-away-in-kolkata-say-police/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043049/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hindi-newspaper-subscription-gave-rana-away-in-kolkata-say-police/|archive-date=9 March 2016|access-date=3 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2006|title=Phoolan murder accused arrested in Kolkata|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-phoolan-murder-accused-arrested-in-kolkata-1025995|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203044547/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-phoolan-murder-accused-arrested-in-kolkata-1025995|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
A trial court in January 2012 allowed Sher Singh Rana, to file his nomination papers from Tihar to contest [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Phoolan-killer-to-fight-UP-polls-from-Tihar/articleshow/11622816.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706143006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-25/delhi/30662667_1_phoolan-devi-nomination-papers-phoolan-killer | url-status=live | archive-date=6 July 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Phoolan 'killer' to fight UP polls from Tihar | date=25 January 2012}}</ref> The Delhi High Court has granted [[bail]] to Sher Singh Rana and he was released on 24 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sher Singh Rana Gets Bail In Phoolan Devi Murder Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sher-singh-rana-gets-bail-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-1477819|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823103221/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sher-singh-rana-gets-bail-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-1477819|archive-date=23 August 2019|access-date=3 December 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
He married with Pratima Singh on 28 February 2018, who is the daughter of Pratap Singh. Some newspapers wrongly mentioned Pratap Singh as a former [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]. In Fact [[Rekha Yadav]] was the MLA from Malhara in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results | url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/INDEX-2008/DetailedResults.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125094053/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/INDEX-2008/DetailedResults.pdf | archive-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> Sher Singh married by taking a [[shagun]] of only a silver coin and refusing the [[dowry]] of 10 crore rupees worth property and 31 Lakh rupees cash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2018|title=दहेज में 10 करोड़ की प्रॉपर्टी लेने से किया इनकार, चर्चा में है इस शख्स की शादी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-LCL-marriage-of-phoolan-devi-murderer-sher-singh-rana-5816616-PHO.html/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042617/https://www.bhaskar.com/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-LCL-marriage-of-phoolan-devi-murderer-sher-singh-rana-5816616-PHO.html/|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tapan Susheel|date=Feb 21, 2018|title=Sher Singh Rana: Sher Singh Rana, convicted of Phoolan Devi's murder, gets married {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/-sher-singh-rana-convicted-of-phoolan-devis-murder-gets-married/articleshow/63003156.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/-sher-singh-rana-convicted-of-phoolan-devis-murder-gets-married/articleshow/63003156.cms|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sher Singh Rana Biopic: He Avenged Murder Of 22 Thakurs By Killing Phoolan & Brought Prithviraj's Ashes From Afghanistan To India - EBNW Story |url=https://ebnw.net/entertainment/sher-singh-rana-biopic-he-avenged-murder-of-22-thakurs-by-killing-phoolan-brought-prithvirajs-ashes-from-afghanistan-to-india/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> In the year 2019, he formed his own political party, Rashtravadi Janlok Party (RJP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sher Singh Rana, key accused in Phoolan Devi murder case, joins hands with UKD to contest Delhi polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/19/sher-singh-rana-key-accused-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-joins-hands-with-ukd-to-contest-delhi-poll-2091650.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120123503/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/19/sher-singh-rana-key-accused-in-phoolan-devi-murder-case-joins-hands-with-ukd-to-contest-delhi-poll-2091650.html|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 January 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rediff.com/news/phoolan.htm The Phoolan Devi Murder]

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]

Alaknanda River

2026-03-27T17:09:35Z

KatherinLigertwo: quick add content for clarity and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Alakanandā
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Alaknanda devprayag.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = The sediment-laden Alaknanda river flowing into [[Devprayag]], Uttarakhand.
| map = HeadwatersGanges1.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption = The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges river in the [[Garhwa]]l region of [[Uttarakhand]], India. The Alaknanda is the left bank tributary of the Ganges at Devprayag.
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Garhwal division]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]], [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|195|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|439.36|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Confluence of [[Satopanth Glacier]] and Bhagirathi Kharak Glacier
| source1_location = [[Uttarakhand]]
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|30.7841|79.4385|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=i}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|3880|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Ganges River|Ganges]]
| mouth_location = [[Devprayag]], Uttarakhand, India
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30.1453|78.5979|format=dms|region:IN|display=it}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|475|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|10882|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Saraswati River (Uttarakhand)|Saraswati]], [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]], [[Nandakini]], [[Pindar River|Pindar]]
| tributaries_right = [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Alaknanda''' is a [[Himalaya]]n river in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]] and one of the two [[headstream]]s of the [[Ganges]], the major river of [[Northern India]] and a river considered holy in [[Hinduism]]. In [[hydrology]], the Alaknanda is considered the [[headstream|source stream]] of the Ganges on account of its greater length and discharge;<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/65 65]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> while, in Hindu tradition and culture, the other headstream, the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], is considered the source stream.

==Course==
The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and foot of the [[Satopanth Glacier|Satopanth]] and Bhagirath Kharak [[glacier]]s in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/alaknanda-river |title=eUttaranchal |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183432/https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/alaknanda-river |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>In Hindu culture {{cite web |url=https://omshivam.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/the-story-of-ganga-the-river-goddess/ |title=The Story of Ganga : The River Goddess|date=25 January 2010 }}</ref> From its origin, it travels to the village of [[Mana, India|Mana]], meets with the [[Saraswati River (Uttarakhand)|Saraswati River]], a left bank [[tributary]] at Keshav Prayag and continues downstream through narrow valleys. It reaches the Badrinath valley, arrives at Hanumanchatti, and meets with the Ghrit Ganga, a right bank tributary. From Hanumanchatti, the river goes to Pandukeshwar and flows through wide valleys and steep terrains.

At [[Vishnuprayag]] it meets [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]], a left bank tributary, and travels west to the town of [[Joshimath]]. From Joshimath, the Alaknanda crosses the [[Main Central Thrust]] near Helang. It then meets with Birahi Ganga, a left bank tributary at Birahi. The river reaches the town of [[Nandaprayag|Nandprayag]] and joins with the [[Nandakini|Nandakini River]], a left bank tributary. At [[Karnaprayag|Karanprayag]], the [[Pindar River]], a left bank tributary, meets with the Alaknanda River. At [[Rudraprayag]], it meets with the [[Mandakini River]], a right bank tributary. As the Alaknanda flows past Rudraprayag, it enters a wide valley near [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar, Garhwal]]. At [[Devprayag]] the Alaknanda River converges with the Bhagirathi River and travels onward as the Ganges River.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Sandeep |title=Alakhnanda–Bhagirathi River System |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2984-4_8 |work=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects |series=Springer Hydrogeology |pages=107–108 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2984-4_8 |isbn= 978-981-10-2983-7|access-date=2022-04-13|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Alaknanda contributes a significantly larger portion to the flow of the Ganges than the Bhagirathi.<ref name=":0" /> The Alaknanda system drains parts of [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri]], and [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri]] districts.<ref name=singh>Singh Negi, Sharad (1995). ''Uttarakhand: Land and People'', page 6. MD Publications Pvt Ltd. {{ISBN|81-85880-73-5}}.</ref>

==Religious significance==
In ancient Hindu texts, the Alaknanda river has been used synonymously with the Ganges river. In the [[Vishnu Purana]], the Ganges river which surrounds the city of [[Brahma]] divides into four and one of rivers is called Alaknanda, which flows south to India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hinduism/DH0vmD8ghdMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Alaknanda+river+hinduism&pg=PA19&printsec=frontcover |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn= |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

Five rivers merge with the Alaknanda and are referred to as prayag or 'holy confluence of rivers' and are places of [[pilgrimage]] in Hinduism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sati |first=Vishwambhar Prasad |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Towards_Sustainable_Livelihoods_and_Ecos/qD-3BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Alaknanda+river+hinduism&pg=PA95&printsec=frontcover |title=Towards Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mountain Regions |date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> '''Panch Prayag''' (Pañcha prayāga) is an expression in [[Hindu]] religious ethos, specifically used to connote the five sacred [[confluence|river confluence]]s in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. The five ''prayag''s - ''prayaga'' meaning "place of confluence of rivers" in [[Sanskrit]] - also termed as "Prayag pentad". These in the descending flow sequence of their occurrence include [[Vishnuprayag]], where the Alaknanda meets the [[Dhauliganga River]], [[Nandaprayag]], where it meets the [[Nandakini]] River, [[Karnaprayag]], where it meets the [[Pindar River]], [[Rudraprayag]], where it meets the [[Mandakini River]], and [[Devprayag]], where it meets the [[Bhagirathi River]] and officially becomes the [[Ganges]].<ref name="kapadia">Kapadia, Harish (2001). ''Trekking and Climbing in the Indian Himalaya'', page 89. Stackpole Books. {{ISBN|0-8117-2953-2}}.</ref>

Alaknanda + Dhauliganga = Vishnu Prayag

Alaknanda + Nandakini = Nand Prayag

Alaknanda + Pindarganga = Karna Prayag

Alaknanda + Mandakini = Rudra Prayag

Alaknanda + Bhagirathi = Dev Prayag

The Alaknanda also flows through other important places of pilgrimage such as [[Badrinath]] and [[Joshimath]].<ref name=":1" />

==Recreation==
The Alaknanda river is known for river [[rafting]] due to its high rafting grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travelnewsindia.com/11-top-destinations-river-rafting-india/|title=11 Top Destinations for River Rafting in India - Travel News India|publisher=travelnewsindia.com|date=2017-01-31|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311111842/http://travelnewsindia.com/11-top-destinations-river-rafting-india/|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Dams==
There are 37 [[hydroelectric]] [[dam]]s in operation, under construction or planned to harness the energy of the Alaknanda river and its tributaries and generate electricity.<ref>[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zQ_61cHYdhs/SvpwSYCKkPI/AAAAAAAAAJA/Ey81qwD6atk/s1600-h/Alaknanda+070808.jpg Hydroelectric Projects on Alaknanda River Basin], by South Asia Network on Dams Rivers and People, www.sandrp.in</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Name !! Electrical output capacity (MW) !! Status !! Dam height (m) !! Full reservoir level (MSL) (m) !! River bed level at dam site (MSL) (m) !! Head race tunnel length (km) !! Tail race tunnel length (m) !! Tail water level (MSL) (m)
|-
| 1 || Badrinath || 1.25 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 2 || Tapovan || 0.8 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 3 || Tharali || 0.4 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 4 || Tilwara || 0.2 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 5 || Urgam || 3 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 6 || Vishnuprayag || 400 || operational || 14 || || || 11.323 || ||
|-
| 7 || Kaliganga-I || 4 || under construction || || || || || ||
|-
| 8 || Kaliganga-II || 6 || under construction || || || || || ||
|-
| 9 || Koti Bhel IB || 320 || under construction || 90 || 521 || 452.5 || || 230 || 463.2
|-
| 10 || Koti Bhel II || 530 || under construction || 82 || 458.5 || 401.4 || || 390 || 411.1
|-
| 11 || Madhamaheshwar || 10 || under construction || || || || || ||
|-
| 12 || Tapovan Vishnugad || 520 || under construction || 22 || 803.5 || || || 513 || 1267
|-
| 13 || [[Srinagar Hydroelectric Project|Srinagar]]|| 330 || operational || || || || || ||
|-
| 14 || Singoli Bhatwari || 99 || under construction || || || || || ||
|}
There are 23 other proposed projects in the Alaknanda river basin through which the power-potential of the Alaknanda and its tributaries can be harnessed. The proposed 23 hydel-projects are as follows -
# Alaknanda ([[Badrinath]]) (300 MW)
# Bagoli (72 MW)
# Bowla Nandprayag (132 MW)
# Chuni Semi (60 MW)
# Deodi (60 MW)
# Devsari Dam (255 MW)
# [[Gauri Kund|Gaurikund]] (18.6 MW)
# Gohana Tal (60 MW)
# Jelam Tamak (60 MW)
# Karnaprayag (160 MW)
# Lakshmanganga (4.4 MW)
# Lata Tapovan (310 MW)
# Maleri Jelam (55 MW)
# Nandprayag Langasu (141 MW)
# Padli Dam (27 MW)
# Phata-Byung (10.8 MW)
# Rambara (24 MW)
# [[Rishiganga]] I (70 MW)
# Rishiganga II (35 MW)
# Tamak Lata (280 MW)
# Urgam II (3.8 MW)
# Utyasu Dam (860 MW)
# Vishnugad Pipalkoti (444 MW)

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image: Rudraprayag - Confluence of Alaknanda and Mandakini.JPG|[[Rudraprayag]] - [[confluence]] of Alaknanda and [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]]
Image:Alaknanda near Srinagar.JPG|Alaknanda river near the town of Srinagar in Uttarakhand
Image: Devprayag - Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.JPG|Alaknanda joins [[Bhagirathi]] at [[Devprayag]] to form the [[Ganges]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[2013 North India floods]]
* [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12086/Alaknanda-River Alaknanda River] ''[[Britannica.com]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520150732/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/districts/chamoli/prayags.aspx Prayags] at ''GMVN''

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Rafting]]
[[Category:Adventure tourism in India]]
[[Category:Rudraprayag district]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]

Religion in Arunachal Pradesh

2026-03-26T10:41:51Z

KatherinLigertwo: fixed citations further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Religious beliefs in Arunachal Pradesh (India)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Arunachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |accessdate=25 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/12-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Christianity]]
|value1 = 30.26
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 29.04
|color2 = Dark Orange
|label3 = [[Donyi-Polo]]
|value3 = 26.2
|color3 = Brown
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 11.76
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 1.9
|color5 = Green
|label6 = Other
|value6 = 0.84
|color6 = Gray
}}

Owing to its ethnic and cultural diversity, '''religion in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]''' has been a spot for the [[syncretism]] of different traditional religions. Much of the native Tani populations follow an indigenous belief which has been systematised under the banner "[[Donyi-Polo]]" (Sun-Moon) since the spread of [[Christianity]] in the region by Christian missionaries in the second half of the 20th century. The province is also home to a substantial [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] population in the north and northwest who follow [[Tibetan Buddhism]], of ethnic groups who subscribe to [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna }}</ref> and other religious populations. Christianity is followed by over 30.26% of the population, mostly by natives.

==Statistics==
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left"
|+ Religious Statistics of Arunachal Pradesh
! rowspan="2" |Religion !! colspan="2" | 1971<ref name="Rel1981"/> !! colspan="2" | 1981<ref name="Rel1981">{{cite web|title=Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Series-1, Paper 3 of 1984, India - Census 1981 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30879/download/34060/26795_1981_HH.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 1991<ref>{{cite web|title=C-9 Religion , INDIA - 1991 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/35737/download/39400/1991-C09T-0100.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Arunachal Pradesh - 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21474/download/24606/PC01_C01_12.xls |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || %
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 61,400 || 13.13 || 86,483 || 13.69 || 111,372 || 12.88 || 143,028 || 13.03 || 162,815 || 11.77
|-
| [[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Christianity]] || 3,684 || 0.79 || 27,306 || 4.32 || 89,013 || 10.30 || 205,548 || 18.72 || 418,732 || 30.26
|-
| [[Hinduism]] || 102,832 || 22.00 || 184,732 || 29.24 || 320,212 || 37.04 || 379,935 || 34.6 || 401,876 || 29.04
|-
| [[Islam]] || 842 || 0.18 || 5,073 || 0.80 || 11,922 || 1.38 || 20,675 || 1.88 || 27,045 || 1.95
|-
| [[Jainism]] || 39 || 0.01 || 42 || 0.01 || 64 || 0.01 || 216 || 0.02 || 771 || 0.06
|-
| [[Sikhism]] || 1,255 || 0.27 || 1,231 || 0.19 || 1,205 || 0.14 || 1,865 || 0.17 || 3,287 || 0.24
|-
| {{abbr|ORP|Other Religions and Persuasions}} || 296,674 || 63.46 || 326,000 || 51.6 || 313,118 || 36.22 || 337,399 || 30.73 || 362,553 || 26.2
|-
| Not stated || 785 || 0.17 || 972 || 0.15 || 17,652 || 2.04 || 9,302 || 0.85 || 6,648 || 0.48
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || 467,511 || 100 || 631,839 || 100 || 864,558 || 100 || 1,097,968 || 100 || 1,383,727 || 100
|}

==Hindu influence on Donyi Poloism==
Ever since the founding of the [[Donyi Polo]] religion by Daadi Botté [[Talom Rukbo]], the indigenous religious movement has been heavily influenced by Hinduism.<ref name=B1>{{Cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/elections-2014/rss-turns-arunachal-tribals-towards-hinduism-114042900231_1.html|title=RSS turns Arunachal tribals towards Hinduism|date=1 May 2014|first=Nitin|last=Sethi|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=2 February 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite news|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india/target-northeast-how-rss-plans-to-make-region-saffron/story-YZGPkOBXb6tS301BvpunpJ.html|title=Target northeast: How RSS plans to make region saffron|date=2014-12-13|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-11-13|language=en}}</ref> Donyi Poloism, along with other ancient religions, such as Hinduism, share a common belief on nature and the philosophy of maintaining the balance of nature. There was a fear among the followers in the early days of the movement that the religion would be incorporated into Hinduism as a result. This was refuted by Daadi Botté Talom Rukbo himself in a religious conference <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dc2AwAAQBAJ&q=talom+rukbo+speech&pg=PA55|title=On Top of the Old Tak|last=Kumar|first=Dr N. Dilip|date=2014-03-20|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|isbn=9781480906518|language=en}}</ref> when he established similarities between Donyi Polo and [[Bon|Bön]], ancient [[Maya religion]], Egyptian [[Ra]] Sun Worship, [[Tengrism|Tengri]] Worship & Japanese [[Shinto]] religion; and as such, all the world's ancient religions share a singular philosophy and are a part of a [[Mitakuye Oyasin|world community]] of nature worshippers and thus, asserted the need for a more independent approach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://arunachalobserver.org/2017/06/19/donyi-poloism-taking-roots-arunachal-pradesh/|title=Donyi-Poloism taking roots in Arunachal Pradesh {{!}} Arunachal Observer|date=2017-06-19|work=Arunachal Observer|access-date=2017-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref> A prominent Donyi Polo worship place in [[Aalo]] town is reminiscent of a Hindu temple. External influence upon the local indigenous religious traditions has been met with increasing opposition and severity among the [[Abotani|Tani]] intellectuals.<ref name=B1 />

However a large number of the Donyi Polo followers still identify themselves as Hindu in the Census because the poll does not recognise the indigenous religion and thus, avoid selecting the "others" option.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

== Buddhism ==
Buddhism arrived in Arunachal Pradesh in 8th century CE from Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | title=Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture }}</ref>

== Christianity ==
{{main|Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Christians comprise about one-third of the total population of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="census_2011_religion"/> Most of these are [[Roman Catholic]]s, while some are [[Baptists]]. There has been a rise in the Christian population of the state. Some say that this is due to conversions, while experts attribute this to the effect of migration on the small population of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|title=Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh|date=8 March 2017|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=9 February 2019}}</ref>

== Islam ==
History of the Muslims in Arunachal Pradesh unknown but it is believed that it start from the arrival of Muslims from neighbouring state of [[Assam]], constituting both [[Islam in Assam|Assamese]], [[Bengali people]], and some small number of local converts.<ref name=":0" /> Currently there are 1.95% Muslims reside in Arunachal Pradesh according to the latest [[2011 census of India|2011 population census]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Arunachal Pradesh Hindu Muslim Population
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/12-arunachal-pradesh.html
| date = 2024-08-25
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20240825050242/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/12-arunachal-pradesh.html
| archivedate = 2024-08-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Muslims in Arunachal Pradesh disband 'Tribal Muslim Youth Forum' - The Kashmir Times.
| url = https://kashmirtimes.com/muslims-in-arunachal-pradesh-disband-tribal-muslim-youth-forum/
| date = 2024-08-25
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20240825044205/https://kashmirtimes.com/muslims-in-arunachal-pradesh-disband-tribal-muslim-youth-forum/
| archivedate = 2024-08-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ORGI |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034625/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=2019-11-14 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> Recently there is a self dissolution of ''All Arunachal Pradesh Tribal Muslim Youth's Forum'' because of sharp unacceptence about indigenous Muslim community which has resulted a big criticism from others.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
| title = Org expresses concern over tribal Muslim youth forum - The Arunachal Times
| url = https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/08/10/org-expresses-concern-over-tribal-muslim-youth-forum/
| date = 2024-08-25
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20240825045447/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/08/10/org-expresses-concern-over-tribal-muslim-youth-forum/
| archivedate = 2024-08-25 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai]]
* [[Tawang Monastery]]
* [[Si-Donyi Festival]]
* [[Rangfrah]], revivalist movement of [[Tangsa]] traditional spirituality
* [[Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religion in Arunachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Religion in India by state or union territory|Arunachal Pradesh]]

Maritime history of Odisha

2026-03-24T14:15:25Z

KatherinLigertwo: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|250px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]]
[[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]]
The '''Maritime history of Odisha''',{{efn|"Odiya:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ [''Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa'']}} known as [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] in ancient times, started much before 800 BC according to early sources. The people of this region of eastern [[India]] along the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]] sailed up and down the [[Coastal India|Indian coast]]. They travelled to [[Indo China]] and throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Indosphere|introducing elements]] of [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|their culture]] to the [[Greater India|people with whom they traded]]. The 6th century ''[[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Manjusrimulakalpa]]'' mentions the [[Bay of Bengal]] as ''Kalingodra'' and in ancient [[Classical India]], the Bay of Bengal was known as ''Kalinga Sagar'' (Kalinga Sea),<ref>{{citation|title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=52 |last=Agarwala |first=Nitin | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies |date=2020 | volume=7 | issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205043038/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> indicating the importance of Kalinga in the [[Indian maritime history|maritime trade]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13–15 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |year=1995 |page=54 }}</ref> The old traditions are still celebrated in the annual [[Boita Bandana]] festival including its major celebration at [[Cuttack]] on the banks of [[Mahanadi]] river called [[Bali Jatra]], and is held for seven days in October–November at various coastal districts, most famous at Cuttack though.<ref name=orissatourism/>

==Location==
Located on the eastern coast of India, the ancient state of Kalinga extended from the [[Ganges]] to the [[Godavari River]], including parts of modern [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and surrounding areas.<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |page=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> The navigable rivers, including the [[Ganges]], [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], [[Vamsadhara]] and Godavari provided access to the interior, where precious and semi-precious stones were found, and their deltas provided natural harbours. From these harbours, the people of the region traded by sea with [[Ceylon]] in the south, with [[Burma]] in the east, and further afield with the states of the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Indochina]], and [[China]]. The maritime activity of Kalinga was so extensive that what is now called the [[Bay of Bengal]] was once called the Sea of Kalinga.<ref name=Tripati/>

The coastline is unstable. The southwest monsoon carries sediment along the coast, at times forming bars and spits that protect the harbours, at other times eroding the protective breakwaters. The rivers carry silt, extending their deltas and filling the former harbours.
For this reason, some of the ports named in ancient times no longer exist or have greatly declined.<ref name=Tripati/>
For example, [[Chilika Lake]] was an important harbour but later became unusable for deep-water vessels due to silting.<ref name=Tripati2/>

==Ports==
There were two types of ports in Early Odisha. The categorisation was based on location.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> They are the following:
*Pattana- These ports were situated on the sea coast where cargoes were loaded and unloaded.
*Dronimukha- These ports were situated near the confluence of the river and sea.

Some of the ports mentioned by the geographer [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century AD were Nanigaina ([[Puri]]), Katikardama ([[Kataka (city)|Kataka]]) and Kannagara ([[Konark|Konarak]]). The important ports on the Kalinga coastline were [[Tamralipta]], [[Khalkatapatna]], [[Manikapatna]] ([[Chelitalo]]), Palur (Dantapura), [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] (Mansurkota), Dosarene, Sonapur, [[Baruva]] (Barua), [[Kalingapatnam]], [[Pithunda]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158798 |publisher= Indian History Congress |last=Patra |first=Benudhar | title=Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 | volume=74 | pages=54–63 | jstor=44158798 }}</ref> Later in the 9th and 10th centuries CE, [[Arab]] sources mention [[Ganjam]], [[Kalinganagar]], Keylkan, Al-Lava and Nubin. After the 15th century, ports included [[Balasore]], [[Pipili]], [[Ganjam]], [[Harishapur]], [[Chandabali]] and [[Dhamra]].<ref name=Tripati/>

==Early history==
{{main|History of Odisha}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|right|250px|Roman trade with India according to the ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' (1st century CE).<ref>{{cite book
| title = Maritime History of Odisha: A Primer
| author = Ananta Narayan Mishra
| editor = Pradeep Kumar Panda
| publisher = Kunal Books
| location = New Delhi, India
| year = 2018
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFjVvQEACAAJ
| isbn = 978-93-86714-28-2
| lccn = 2019328238
| oclc = 1066122739
| ol = OL44033769M
}}</ref>]]
Excavations at [[Golbai Sasan]] have shown a [[Neolithic]] culture dating to as early as ca. 2300 BC, followed by a [[Chalcolithic]] (copper age) culture and then an [[Iron Age]] culture starting around 900 BC.
Tools found at this site indicate boat building, perhaps for coastal trade.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>
Fish bones, fishing hooks, barbed spears, and harpoons show that fishing was an important part of the economy.<ref name=Tripati/>
Some artefacts from the Chalcolithic period are similar to those found in [[Vietnam]], indicating possible early contact with Indochina.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

Texts like the [[Jatakas]] and [[Sri Lankan culture|Ceylonese]] chronicles mention [[Dantapura]] and [[Simhapura]], with Dantapura being a notable port. The Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang referred to a coastal city called Che-li-ta-lo, identified as modern Puri.<ref>{{cite book
| title = The Forgotten Army: A Saga of Expatriate Indians in South East Asia During the Second World War
| author = G. Hemant Kumar
| publisher = Notion Press
| year = 2021
| page = 212
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mJNREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212
| isbn = 9781685387853
| quote = The existence of seaports greatly encouraged navigation and maritime contact of Orissa. Buddhhist Jatakas and Ceylonese Chronicle cited the two cities of Kalinga viz., Dantapura and Simhapura, out of which Dantapura was famous sea-ports of Kalinga. Chinies traveler Hiuen-tsang, who travelled extensively through Odisha has mentioned a city on the sea coast in the southeast of 'Odradesh' as Che-li-ta-lo, identified as Charitra or Puri.}}</ref>
Early historical sources record that Kalinga became subject to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in 362 BC, regained independence during a civil war in Magadha around 320 BC, but around 261 BC was conquered by the Maurya emperor [[Ashoka]] (269 BC to 232 BC).<ref name=OrissaGov/>
The site at Sisupalagarh, occupied from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD, has been identified with Tosali, the provincial capital of Ashoka, and with [[Kalinganagara]], the capital city of Kalinga after it regained independence from Mauryan empire early in the 1st century BC during the reign of Kharavela.<ref name=OHRJPatra/> The history of the following centuries is complex. At times, the north and south of Kalinga were separate states; at other times, they were united. Sometimes Kalinga was independent, sometimes it was a tributary to a more powerful neighbour.<ref name=OrissaGov/>

The [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] dynasty ruled over [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkal]], as the northern and eastern part of Odisha was then known, from the 8th to 10th centuries AD.<ref name=OrissaGov/>
These rulers paid tribute to Gaudeshwar [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] (810–850 AD), ruler of the [[Pala Empire]] of [[Bengal]]<ref name=IndiaTimes2006/> For a period, the rulers of Utkal were forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Chola dynasty]] under their king [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044), with whom they became allied by marriage.<ref name=OrissaGovGangas/>
After regaining independence, Anantavarma Chodagangadeva (1078–1191) established control over a wide region from the Ganges to the Godavari,<ref name="rcm"/> moving his capital from Kalinganagar to [[Cuttack]]. The power of Odisha waxed and waned over the following centuries, but it was not until 1568 that Odisha finally lost its independence.<ref name=OrissaGov/>

==Ships==
[[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|thumb|Model of a Boita at Konark ASI Museum]]
[[File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|Sculptured frieze depicting two Boitas found near Brahmeswara Temple]]
[[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|Terracotta seal depicting ship found in West Bengal, dated between 400 BCE and 100 BCE]]
{{Main|Boita}}
Rules and regulations regarding the construction of ships were recorded in the [[Sanskrit]] ''Juktikalpataru'' (''[[Ancient technology#Indian subcontinent|Yukti Kalpa Taru]]''). The ''Madalapanji'' records that king [[Bhoja]] built many ships with local wood.<ref name=Mahalik2004/> The recovery of many woodworking adzes and other artefacts from [[Chilika Lake]] shows that [[Golabai]] was a boat-building center.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

Terracotta seals from [[Bangarh]] and [[Chandraketugarh]] (400 BC to 100 BC) depict seagoing vessels containing corn. The ships have a single mast with a square sail.<ref name=Tripati/> The earliest depiction of ships in Odisha is in a sculptured frieze showing two ships, found near the [[Brahmeswara Temple]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and now preserved in the Odisha State Museum.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147748 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1029 |last=Nayak |first=Ajaya Kumar | title=A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2009–2010 | volume=70 | jstor=44147748 }}</ref> The first ship has standing elephants in the front part, two people seated in the center and two sailor with oars at the rear steering the ship.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

==Sea routes==
[[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 1.jpg|thumb|Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia mentioned at Odisha Maritime museum (Part-1)]]
From June to September the summer [[monsoon]]s blow from the southwest, from Ceylon towards Kalinga. From December to early March, the retreating monsoon blows in the opposite direction.<ref name="ICTWM" />
Southeast Asia has similar seasonal wind patterns.<ref name="BluePlanet" />
[[File:Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia 2.jpg|thumb|Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia mentioned at Odisha Maritime museum (Part-2)]]
Over Indonesia, in July and August, the winds blow from Australia in a northwesterly direction, shifting towards a northeasterly direction as they cross the equator. The pattern reverses during January and February.<ref name="PhotiusCoutsoukis" />
Early navigators would have exploited these seasonal winds, navigating by the stars, the color of the water, the presence of sea snakes, and observation of the flights of sea crows and other homing birds.<ref name="Ray2003" />

The ships of Kalinga were not able to make long sea voyages without stopping along the way for food and water. Ships outbound from [[Tamralipta]] would have followed the Burmese coast, stopping at the [[Nicobar Islands]], a one-month journey. From there, they continued to the southeast, then sailed down the [[Malay Peninsula]] and through the [[strait of Malacca]], and onward to Java or Bali, or headed northeast to Indochina or China.
An alternative route was southward down the coast of India, perhaps stopping in Ceylon, then southeast to [[Sumatra]].<ref name=Tripati/>

==Trade==
Palur, near the [[Rushikulya River]] in the [[Ganjam district]], was an important port in the 2nd century AD.
Archaeological exploration has unearthed fragments of Chinese [[celadon]] ware, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rouletted [[Ancient Roman pottery|pottery]], and [[amphora]] pieces, indicating that the port engaged in significant international trade.
An unusual medallion has a [[Kushana]]-style king with a [[Brahmi]] inscription on one side, and a Roman head with a Roman inscription on the other.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>
A Roman coin of the emperor [[Tiberius]] has been found at [[Salihundam]], and other Roman coins have been found at other sites, giving further evidence of trade with the Roman Empire.<ref name=Tripati/>

Trade with Southeast Asia was established by the 1st century AD, and may have had much earlier origins. Later findings include 12th-century Ceylonese coins and 14th-century Chinese coins. Similar coins from Kotchina in [[Sumatra]] point to a triangular trade between Odisha, Ceylon, and Sumatra.<ref name=Tripati/> Trading was not without risks. The kings of Kalinga, [[Siam]] and [[Java]] had to periodically mount expeditions to put down [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and [[Bugis]] pirates operating in the [[Strait of Malacca]] and throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.<ref name=NZ1873/>

Manikapatna was a port on the banks of Chilika that flourished from early historical times until the 19th century AD. Excavations have found many types of pottery from different parts of India, and coins from Ceylon and China. The more modern levels contain Chinese celadon and porcelain and Arabic-glazed pottery. An 18th-century Mosque has an inscription saying sailors and traders prayed there before setting out on their voyages.<ref name=Tripati2/>

According to a 6th-century AD source, Kalinga was famous for its elephants, for which it found a market in Ceylon, as well as for precious stones, ivory, pepper, betel nuts, and fine textiles. In return, Kalinga imported pearl and silver from Ceylon.<ref name=OHRJPatel/>
Corn and rice were also exported.
Traders imported spices and sandalwood from the east, some of it destined for onward transport to the [[Mediterranean]] market.<ref name=Tripati/>
A boat depicted in the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple of Konarak]] in the 13th century contains a giraffe, indicating trade with Africa, presumably carried on Arab vessels.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

==Overseas contacts==
===Burma===
Burma was known as Kalingarat (Kalinga Rastra) in the 7th century BC. There is evidence of very early settlement in the southern [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]] region.{{cn|date=May 2025}} By the 2nd century AD, the Kalingans were ruling [[Kalaymyo]], the [[Arakan River]] valley and [[Pegu]], around the gulf of [[Martaban]].
The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near [[Yangon]], are thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders.
Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the gulf of Bengal.<ref name=PatraNov2005/>
The Buddhagat, the sacred scripture of Burma, describes trade with the Buddhist merchants of Kalinga, leading to missionaries coming to propagate the faith, and then to Kalinga's political domination of parts of coastal Burma during the 4th to 7th centuries AD. Coins with Hindu symbols found in [[Pegu]] confirm this contact.<ref name=Mookerji2006/>

===Cambodia===
[[File:Angor Wat NW Cnr.jpg|thumb|[[Angkor Wat]] viewed from the northwest]]
Emigrants from Kalinga came to Cambodia in the 3rd century BC, fleeing Emperor Ashoka.
However, after Ashoka had converted to Buddhism and sent missionaries to Cambodia, they accepted the teachings and helped establish the religion in the region.<ref name=Jermsawatdi1979/>
The early monuments of the [[Khmers]] (of modern Cambodia) appear to be of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] origin rather than from Kalinga.<ref name=Dutt1993/>
However, although some of the inscriptions at [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia are in Sanskrit, others are in the Kalinga script.<ref name=Cust1880/>
The design of the Angkor Wat temple shows influences from the Jagannath Puri temple of Odisha.<ref name=Freeman1999>{{cite book
|author1=Freeman, Michael |author2=Jacques, Claude
|name-list-style=amp |year=1999
|title=Ancient Angkor
|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free |url-access=registration |publisher=River Books
|isbn=0-8348-0426-3
|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free/page/48 48]}}</ref>

===China===
The first record of trade with China is found in the account of [[Fa Hien]] (399–411 AD), who sailed in a merchant vessel from the port of Temralipti back to China.<ref name=Patnaik1997/>

The Chinese pilgrim [[Hieun Tsang]] (645 CE) tells of sea voyages from the ports of [[Tamralipta]] (modern [[Tamluk]]) and Chelitalo to [[Simhala]] (modern [[Sri Lanka]]) and China.<ref name=Panda1997/> A former king of Odra (Odisha) named Subhakararisha, who had abdicated to become a monk, voyaged to China in 716 AD. and introduced [[Tantric Buddhism]].<ref name=Donaldson2001/> There is an account of the carriage by sea in 794 AD of a present by the King of Udra to the Emperor of China.<ref name=Panda1997/>

Odisha imported silk from China, and a Chinese coin from the 8th century has been found at [[History of Kalahandi#Sirpur|Sirpur]].<ref name=Patnaik1997/> Between 813 and 818, three missions were sent from the Javanese nation of Kalinga to the court of [[Xianfeng Emperor|Hsien Tung]] in China, bringing rarities such as a live rhinoceros, a five-coloured parrot and some black boys and girls from East Africa.<ref name=Schafer1963/>

===Sri Lanka===
[[File:Zahntempel Kandy.jpg|thumb|right|The Temple of the Tooth Relic in [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka]]
Kalinga had strong ties with Simhala ([[Sri Lanka]]).
Some scholars say that the first king of Simhala, [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]], came from [[Simhapura]] in eastern India, the capital of Kalinga, and that his grandmother was the daughter of Kalinga's king. The emperor Ashoka sent his son to Ceylon to establish Buddhism, and later sent his daughter [[Sanghamitra]] to organise the nuns. The ''[[Samantapasadika]]'' says that eight families from Kalinga accompanied her. The ''Dathavamsa'' talks of the friendship between king Guhasiva of Kalinga and king [[Mahasena of Sri Lanka|Mahasena]] of Ceylon (277 – 304 AD). It also mentions the king of Kalinga giving the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth relic]] of [[Gautama Buddha]] as a dowry to Dantakumara upon his marriage to the king's daughter. Dantakumara took the relic to Ceylon, where it was enshrined in a [[stupa]].<ref name=OHRJPatel/>

[[Hinayana|Hinayanic]] Buddhism flourished in Ceylon in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, and the influence of Ceylonese scholars spread through Burma, Siam, and Cambodia, establishing the beliefs and practices that continue in these countries today. Kalinga was also strongly influenced by Ceylonese culture, particularly the [[Theravada]] teachings of [[Buddhaghosa]], since it lay along the route taken by pilgrims from Ceylon visiting holy places in India. Pilgrims from Kalinga sailed to Ceylon to honour the sacred tooth and visit the monasteries.<ref name=OHRJPatel/> The Chinese pilgrim [[Hieun Tsang]] describes these sea voyages from the port of Tamralipta and Chelitalo to Simhala.<ref name=Panda1997/>

According to the ''[[Chulavamsa]]'', the king of Kalinga visited Ceylon during the reign of [[Aggabodhi II]] (610–611 AD). King [[Vijayabahu I]] of Ceylon (1055–1110 AD) married the daughter of the king of Kalinga. [[Nissanka Malla]], son of king Gaparaja of Kalinga became ruler of Ceylon (1187–1196 AD). A prince of Kalinga named [[Kalinga Magha|Magha]] invaded Ceylon with a fleet carrying 24,000 soldiers and ruled the island from 1214 to 1235 AD.<ref name=OHRJPatel/>

==Later history==
Between the 11th and 16th centuries CE, the name Kalinga was gradually replaced by Odra Desa, Uddisa, and eventually Odisha.<ref name=Tripati/>
During the rule of [[Kapilendradeva]] (1435–1466 AD), the Odia kingdom established political supremacy over a vast territory beyond the geographical limits of Odisha, ruling from the Ganges to [[Arcot]] in the south. His successors retained their hold over an extensive territory. During the rule of Prataprudradeva, from 1497 AD to 1541 AD, the kingdom extended from the Hooghly and Midnapore districts of West Bengal to the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=OrissaGov/>
[[File:Odisha State Maritime Muesuem.JPG|thumbnail|Odisha State Maritime Museum, Cuttack]]

Arabian sailors began to intrude into the Bay of Bengal as early as the 8th century, and later Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French ships became dominant, reducing the sailors of Odisha to the coastal trade.<ref name=Panda1997/>
In 1568, the Muslim ruler of Bengal, [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] and then the [[Mughal Empire]] succeeded in conquering the land, ending its independence.
Odisha was subsequently ceded to the [[Maratha]]s in 1751, and came under British rule during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805).<ref name=OrissaGov/>

Maritime trade declined after the reign of the [[Gajapati Empire]] and with the rising dominance of European naval powers in Asia. However, minor contacts continued under the reign of [[Bhoi dynasty]] at Khurda such as noted from the Manchu language memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of [[Qing dynasty]] in China, when the [[Qianlong Emperor]] received a gift from the Brahmin (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg'ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence, referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793), who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the [[gosains]] entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne|author1-link=Anne Cheng |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> With the defeat of the Marathas in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> and the resulting annexation of Odisha into the British Empire, ended whatever remained of the maritime trade links.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Indian maritime history]]
*[[Sadhaba]]s, ancient mariners from the Kalinga empire in eastern India

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name=BluePlanet>{{cite web
|url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/se_asian_rnfrstclimate.htm
|title=Southeast Asian Climate
|work=Blue Planet Biomes
|access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Cust1880>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticandor02custgoog
|page=[https://archive.org/details/linguisticandor02custgoog/page/n416 406]
|title=Linguistic and oriental essays: Written from the year 1840 to 1903
|author=Robert Needham Cust
|publisher=Trübner & Co.
|year=1880}}</ref>
<ref name=Donaldson2001>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA6
|page=6
|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text
|author=Thomas E. Donaldson
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|year=2001
|isbn=81-7017-406-6}}</ref>
<ref name=Dutt1993>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTLE-pvn-lQC&pg=PA45
|page=45
|title=Yayoi people and ancient Indo-Japanese relations
|author=Nadimpalli Venkata Bala Subrahmanya Dutt
|publisher=Northern Book Centre
|year=1993
|isbn=81-7211-048-0}}</ref>
<ref name=ICTWM>{{cite web
|publisher=International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons
|url=http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf
|title=The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast
|access-date=20 November 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205356/http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf
|archive-date=8 April 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=IndiaTimes2006>{{cite web
|url = http://o3.indiatimes.com/singurkatha/archive/2009/03/27.aspx
|date = 21 May 2006
|title = The Eastern Regions
|work = India Times
|access-date = 19 November 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091128112153/http://o3.indiatimes.com/singurkatha/archive/2009/03/27.aspx
|archive-date = 28 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=Jermsawatdi1979>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O9je9dECH8C&pg=PA24
|page=24
|title=Thai art with Indian influences
|author=Promsak Jermsawatdi
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|year=1979
|isbn=81-7017-090-7}}</ref>
<ref name=Mahalik2004>{{cite web
|url=http://kalyan96.googlepages.com/maritimeorissa.pdf
|title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Orissa
|author=Nirakar Mahalik
|work=Orissa Review
|date=September 2004
|access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Mookerji2006>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gajpz1q57cQC&pg=PA145
|page=145ff
|title=Indian Shipping – A History of the Sea-Borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times (1912)
|author=Radhakumud Mookerji
|publisher=READ BOOKS
|year=2006
|isbn=1-4067-0123-8}}</ref>
<ref name=NZ1873>{{Cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQqyvesgLGoC&pg=PA136
|page=136
|title=Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 5
|author=Royal Society of New Zealand
|year=1873}}</ref>
<ref name=Patnaik1997>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA133
|page=133
|title=Economic history of Orissa
|author=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik
|publisher=Indus Publishing
|year=1997
|isbn=81-7387-075-6}}</ref>
<ref name=PatraNov2005>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/or-nov-2005.pdf
|title=Kalinga and Burma – A Study in Ancient Relations
|author= Benudhar Patra
|work=Orissa Review
|date=November 2005
|access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=OHRJPatel>{{cite web
|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-017.pdf
|title=MARITIME RELATION OF KALINGA WITH SRILANKA
|author= Kandarpa Patel
|work=OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
|access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=OHRJPatra>{{cite web
|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf
|title=ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA
|author1=Sushanta Ku. Patra |author2=Benudhar Patra
|name-list-style=amp |work=OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
|access-date=16 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=OrissaGov>{{cite web
|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/brief_history.pdf
|title=BRIEF HISTORY OF ORISSA
|work=ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL – 2005
|publisher=Orissa Government
|access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=OrissaGovGangas>{{cite web
|url = http://og.csm.co.in/ogv8/orissaprofile/historyr6.asp?img=history
|title = History of Orissa: The Imperial Gangas
|publisher = Orissa Government
|access-date = 19 November 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721153420/http://og.csm.co.in/ogv8/orissaprofile/historyr6.asp?img=history
|archive-date = 21 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web
|url=http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html
|title=Bali Yatra
|work=Orissa Tourism
|access-date=16 November 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html
|archive-date=21 July 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Panda1997>{{cite book
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA117
|page=117ff
|chapter=Maritime Activities of Orissa
|author= Bhagaban Panda
|title=Economic history of Orissa
|publisher=Indus Publishing
|year=1997
|isbn=81-7387-075-6}}</ref>
<ref name=PhotiusCoutsoukis>{{cite web
|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/indonesia/climate/indonesia_climate_climate.html
|title=Indonesia Climate
|work=Photius Coutsoukis
|access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Ray2003>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA70
|page=70
|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=2003
|isbn=0-521-01109-4}}</ref>

<ref name=Schafer1963>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA47
|page=47
|title=The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics
|author=Edward H. Schafer
|publisher=University of California Press
|year=1963
|isbn=0-520-05462-8}}</ref>
<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web
|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf
|title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments
|author=Sila Tripati
|publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa
|access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Tripati2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1175.pdf
|title=Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline
|author1=Sila Tripati |author2=K. H. Vora
|name-list-style=amp |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa
|access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
*[http://www.odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/ Odisha State Maritime Museum]

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Maritime history of India|Odisha]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]

Duraundha Junction railway station

2026-03-23T04:54:16Z

KatherinLigertwo: created the post from scratch

{{Short description|Railway station in Siwan, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Duraundha Junction
| native_name = दुरौंधा जंक्शन
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Duraundha Junction.jpg
| caption =
| address = [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH-85]], [[Daraundha]], [[Siwan district]], [[Bihar]], 841235
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.51309|84.27322|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{cvt|64.2|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Barauni–Gorakhpur line]]<br>[[Duraundha–Maharajganj line]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Duraundha to Maharajganj line - System Maps - North Eastern Railway |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1408621267170-BSB%20Div%20-%20System%20Map.pdf |website=ner.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
| platform = 3<ref name="Maps">{{cite web |title=Maps for Duraundha Junction - North East Railways |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1725704788541-DDA-MP.dwg1-Model.pdf |website=ner.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>
| tracks = 5
| other =
| accessible = Available {{rint|wheelchair}}
| bicycle = yes
| parking = [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]] & Bicycle {{rint|park}}
| connections = {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)/[[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| classification = '''NSG-4'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Detail of Block Station Category - North East Railways |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1730701680686-stn%20category%202024.pdf |website=ner.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>
| code = {{Indian railway code |code=DDA<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Details - Wayback Machine |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1309864585858-importantinfo.pdf |website=ner.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways}}</ref> |zone = [[North Eastern Railway zone]] |division = {{rwd|Varanasi}} }}
| status = Active/Operational
| closed =
| former = Daronda <br/>[[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1907|4|1}}<ref name="history" />
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|2006}} <small>(Broad Gauge Conversion)</small>
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|18px]] {{start date and age|2018}}<ref name="Electrified">{{cite web |title=Electrified System Maps - North Eastern Railway |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Maps/Systemmaps/NER.pdf |website=elocos.railnet.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chhapra people get first electric train |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chhapra-people-get-first-electric-train/articleshow/49915041.cms |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|header=|system=Indian Railways|line=North Eastern Railway zone|left1=Siwan Junction|right1=Chhapra Junction|right2=Duraundha Junction|left2=Maharajganj Junction|type1=[[Barauni–Gorakhpur line]]|type2=[[Duraundha–Maharajganj line]]}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| map_locator =
| map_dot_label = Duraundha Junction
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| route_map =
{{switcher
|{{Barauni–Gorakhpur line|inline=y}}
| Barauni–Gorakhpur line
|{{Duraundha–Masrakh section|inline=y}}
| Duraundha–Masrakh section
}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom =
}}

'''Duraundha railway station''' (also known as '''Duraundha Junction''')<ref name="Maps" /> is a railway station located in the city of [[Daraundha]], district of [[Siwan, Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yappe.in/bihar/duraundha/duraundha-junction/1049884 |title=Duraundha Junction |date= |publisher=Yappe |access-date=25 June 2025 |trans-title = |language = }}</ref> The short code for the railway station is '''[[List of railway stations in India#D|DDA]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/duraundha-jn-dda |title=Duraundha Junction |date= |publisher=Rail Yatri |access-date=25 June 2025 |trans-title = |language = }}</ref>

==History==
Duraundha Junction<ref>{{cite web |title=Duraundha Jn (DDA) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/duraundha-jn-dda |website=www.railyatri.in |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> embodies a microcosm of India's railway heritage. Earlier when its name was Daronda, then it was in the [[Bengal and North Western Railway#Bengal & North Western Railway Loop line|Bengal & North Western Railway Loop line]] which was started in 1882 as [[Bengal and North Western Railway]] by the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railways]]. Then when the fight for independence was going on, it was changed to [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]] on 1 January 1943. After independence, zone jurisdiction was imposed and now it is in the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] from 14 April 1952.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History of Indian Railways Supplement (Simla, 1968) |url=https://indianrailwaynotes.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |website=indianrailwaynotes |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Railway Administration
!Notes
|-
|'''1882'''
|Bengal & NW Railway
|Station established on metre-gauge branch
|-
|'''1943'''
|Oudh & Tirhut Railway
|Amalgamation expanded operational network
|-
|'''1952'''
|North Eastern Railway
|Present-day jurisdiction established
|}

==Rail services==
[[File:Platform 1 duraundha junction.jpg|thumb|Platform No. 1, Duraundha JN.]]

The [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] runs local trains in between [[Chhapra]] to [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] via [[Duraundha]] and [[Maharajganj, Siwan|Maharajganj]].<ref name="railway zone">{{cite web|title=Railway Station List Zone Wise|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=सारण DRM ने मशरख जंक्शन का किया निरीक्षण, अधिकारियों को दिए अहम निर्देश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/saran/saran-drm-visited-mashrak-junction/bh20220208212623178 |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=8 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways: More than broad, metre and narrow gauges |url=https://www.firstpost.com/budget/budget-2013-budget/indian-railways-more-than-broad-metre-and-narrow-gauges-638762.html |website=firstpost.com |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=9 July 2025 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2013 |quote=''<small>When you travel between Duraundha and Maharajganj, do not worry about a pantry car. Because you won't need it as you are travelling in the shortest railway route in India. The distance between the two points is 6 km.</small>''}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
It belongs to the [[Varanasi railway division]] of the [[North Eastern Railway Zone]] of [[Siwan district]] in [[Bihar]].<ref name="divn">{{cite web|title=Division at a Glance|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637|website=[[North Eastern Railway Zone]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=6 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> The station code is DDA.<ref name="tt">{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|access-date=6 August 2016|page=2}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The major facilities are mechanised cleaning, available are waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking, electrified double track<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Year Books 2018-19 |url=https://ircep.gov.in/files/IR-Year%20Book_2018-19.pdf |website=ircep.gov.in |publisher=Directorate of Statistics and Economics, [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> and ATVM ([[Ticket machine|Automatic Ticket Vending Machines]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Use ATVM |url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1431600878110-atvm.pdf |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=38 ATVM kiosks installed at 25 railway stations |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/india/38-atvm-kiosks-installed--at-25-railway-stations.html |website=The Pioneer |publisher=dailypioneer.com |access-date=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Platforms===
There are three platforms<ref name="Maps" /> which are interconnected with [[foot overbridge]] (FOB) including five rail tracks.

==Line==
These are the line in which Duraundha Junction comes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Route Plan for Gorakhpur to Chhapra Section |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1666340997094-GKP%20TO%20CPR%20OFC%20%206QUAD%20%20CABLE.pdf |website=ner.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>

* [[Barauni–Gorakhpur line]]
* Siwan-Gorakhpur Line
* Siwan-Chhapra-Patliputra Line
* Siwan-Thawe-Kaptanganj Line
* [[Duraundha–Maharajganj line]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Report No.8 of 2005 (Railways) - Leasing, Licensing and Management of Railway Land - Duraundha-Maharajganj Section |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_compliance/2004_2005/Railways/Report_No_8/chapter5.pdf |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] |access-date=9 July 2025 |pages=113 |language=English}}</ref>

==Trains==
The names of some trains that stop here are as follows.<ref>{{cite web |title=DURAUNDHA JN (DDA) - Railway Station Trains Schedule |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/duraundha-jn-dda-railway-station.html |website=www.makemytrip.com |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trains from Duraundha Junction (DDA) |url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/duraundha-jn-dda-railway-station |website=yatra.com |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Duraundha Junction (DDA) Trains Schedule |url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/duraundha-junction-dda-stn/ |website=goibibo.com |publisher=[[Ibibo|goibibo]] |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Duraundha Jn (DDA) Railway Station - Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry {{!}} ixigo |url=https://www.ixigo.com/train-stations/duraundha-jn-dda-railway-station |website=www.ixigo.com |publisher=[[ixigo]] |access-date=9 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Express/Mail Trains ===
* [[Lichchavi Express]]
* [[Maurya Express]]
* [[Barauni–Gwalior Mail]]
* [[Bagh Express]]
* [[Purnia Court–Amritsar Jan Sewa Express]]

=== Passenger/DMU ===
* Samastipur Siwan Passenger
* Chhapra Gorakhpur Passenger
* Chhapra Kacheri Thawe Passenger
* Chhapra Kacheri Mau Passenger
* Mashrakh Thawe Passenger
* Samastipur Siwan DEMU
* Chhapra Thawe DEMU

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.allindiagovtjobs.in/ North Eastern Railway Recruitment]
* [http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/ North Eastern Railway Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023022835/http://www.nerailway.gov.in/ North Eastern Railway]
* {{IndiaRailInfo|938}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}
{{Siwan}}
[[Category:Railway stations in Siwan district]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Siwan district|Siwan geography stubs]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Dhee (film)

2026-03-22T08:14:37Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Telugu movie by Srinu Vytla}}
{{About||the Sri Lankan singer|Dhee (singer)|TV show|Dhee (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhee
| image = Dhee.jpg
| writer = [[Kona Venkat]] <small>'''(Dialogue)'''</small>
| screenplay = Srinu Vaitla
| story = [[Kona Venkat]]<br><small>'''Additional Story:'''</small><br>[[Gopimohan]]
| starring = [[Vishnu Manchu]]<br>[[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]]<br>[[Srihari]]<br>[[Brahmanandam]]<br> [[Jai Akash]]
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = Mallidi Satyanarayana Reddy
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Siri Venkateswara Films
| cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2007|4|13}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹11 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2007 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2007/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Dhee''''' ({{lit|''Clash''}}) (alternatively spelled as '''''Dee''''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/dee-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/931225494|title=Dee (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Album by Chakri|website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action comedy]] film directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]] and produced by Siri Venkateswara Films. The film stars [[Vishnu Manchu]] and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] while [[Srihari]] and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/25ssvishnu.htm|title = Meet the star of Dhee|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The film was remade into [[Oriya language|Oriya]] as ''Tu Mo Girlfriend'' (2011), in ''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'' as ''[[Khokababu]]'' (2012) and in Tamil as ''[[Mirattal]]'' (2012). A sequel titled ''D and D: Double Dose'' has been announced in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title='Daring and Dashing' title confirmed for Dhee Sequel! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/daring-and-dashing-title-confirmed-for-dhee-sequel-626918 |agency=thehansindia}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]]. [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] worked as an assistant director in this film before making his acting debut 2 years later in ''[[Ashta Chamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Actor Nani as 'Clap Assistant' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-nani-as-clap-assistant/articleshow/17966749.cms |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri''.

== Plot ==
Srinivas "Babloo" Rao ([[Vishnu Manchu]]) is a happy-go-lucky guy who likes to have fun with his friends and always gets into trouble. Because of this, his father Narayana Rao ([[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]) gets him a job with Shankar Goud ([[Srihari]]), a local mafia head don leader. Shankar and Ballu ([[Supreeth]]), a dreaded local goon, are rivals, and Ballu is determined to kill Shankar's sister Pooja ([[Genelia D'Souza]]) to avenge his son's ([[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]) death because he murdered the couple, and now he is killed by Shankar. Babloo falls in love with Pooja, but Shankar is planning an arranged marriage for her with Ajay ([[Jai Akash]]), an NRI doctor. Babloo and Pooja elope to get married, and Babloo later saves Pooja from Ballu. The rest of the story tells how Babloo marries Pooja and how Shankar finishes Ballu to protect his sister.

In the end, Shankar lets Ajay marry another girl, and Ajay agrees and goes back to the USA. When Shankar finds out that Babloo and Pooja are falling in love with each other, Shankar and his henchmen badly beat Babloo. Srirangam Sheshadri Chary ([[Brahmanandam]]), one of Shankar's employees, calls Narayana and tells him that Shankar is trying to kill Babloo. Narayana comes and tells the goons to let Babloo go. One of Shankar's henchmen, who is also his right hand ([[Brahmaji]]), cheats him. Shankar fires Babloo and tells him to never come back because he thinks that Babloo and Pooja fell in love with each other. On the way to the wedding, one of Ballu's henchmen blocks five cars of Shankar's henchmen, and now Shankar, Pooja, and Brahmaji are trapped. When Ballu and his henchmen are there, Brahmaji gives Shankar a gun to shoot him, and he does. However, the gun does not have bullets, and Shankar is shocked to see that Brahmaji has been working for Ballu all along. Ballu tricks Shankar, and according to his plan, he planned to handover Shankar & pooja. Shankar, in a fit of rage, kills almost all of Ballu's henchmen, including Brahmaji, but he is brutally injured, and Ballu finally kidnaps Pooja.

Chary knows about this and tells Babloo that Shankar is injured and Pooja is abducted by Ballu. Ballu calls Shankar on the phone and tells them that he will kill Pooja if he couldn’t find a way to rescue pooja in three hours. Shankar tells Babloo that Babloo could marry Pooja if he kills all of Ballu's henchmen, to which he agrees. Shankar and Babloo find out that Pooja is held captive in an almost abandoned building. Babloo fights Ballu's henchmen, while Shankar fights Ballu. Shankar finally defeats Ballu. The film ends with Shankar letting Pooja marry Babloo and them doing so. Pooja also gives birth to a first child.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Manchu Vishnu]] as Srinivas "Babloo" Rao
* [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] as Pooja Goud (Voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Srihari]] as Shankar Goud
* [[Bramhanandam]] as Srirangam Sheshadri Chary
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Narayana Rao, Babloo's father
* [[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Ajay
* [[Supreeth]] as Ballu, Shankar Goud's rival
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ballu's brother
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Katthi
* [[Santhoshi]] as Kumari
* Delhi Rajeswari as Babloo's mother
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Shankar Goud's henchman
* [[Suma Kanakala]] as Shankar Goud's henchman's wife
* [[Brahmaji]] as Shankar Goud's right-hand who is revealed to be Ballu's henchmen
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Corporator Krishna, Ballu's brother-in-law
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Pedhanarayana, Shankar and Pooja's uncle
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Shankar Goud's wife
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as a Professional Killer
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Babloo's friend
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as Babloo's friend
* [[Bharath Raju]] as Ballu's henchmen
* [[Master Bharath]] as Mani Ratnam
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Rowdy
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Police officer
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Kanupapa Edhi
| extra1 = Chakri, Suda
| length1 =

| title2 = Thodasa Ullasam
| extra2 = Venu, Revathi
| length2 =

| title3 = Kikku Ledura
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Jathara
| length4 =
| extra4 =

| title5 = Em Maayo Maayo
| extra5 = Chakri, [[Suchitra (singer)|Suchitra]]

| title6 = Koncham Koncham
| extra6 = Chakri, [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length6 =

| title7 = Mirchi Mirchi
| length7 =
| extra7 =
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "On a whole, ''Dhee'' is an entertaining film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dhee.html|title=Dhee - Telugu cinema Review - Vishnu & Genelia|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|date=13 April 2007}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Dhee'' is worth your money".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16ssdhee.htm|title=Review: ''Dhee'' is a good entertainer|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=G. P. Aditya|last=Vardhan|date=16 April 2007}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
Director Vaitla announced the sequel of the film with Vishnu reprising his character in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Dhee sequel is titled D and D|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/dhee-sequel-is-titled-d-and-d|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Telugu Cinema|language=en-US}}</ref> The film is titled as ''D and D: Double Dose.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-11-23|title=Dhee sequel titled as 'Double Dose'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dhee-sequel-titled-as-double-dose-657926|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - [[Sreenu Vaitla]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master|Best Fight Master]] - [[Ram Lakshman (Stunt choreographers)|Ram-Lakshman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0807943|Dhee}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

Charles Todhunter

2026-03-22T06:18:18Z

KatherinLigertwo: improve section and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|British civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Charles Todhunter
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image =
| order =
| office1 = Governor of Madras (acting)
| governor-general1 = [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]]
| premier1 = [[Raja of Panagal]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|df=yes|1924|4|12}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|df=yes|1924|4|14}}
| predecessor1 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| successor1 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1869|2|16|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|3|01|1869|2|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
| religion =
}}

'''Sir Charles George Todhunter''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} (16 February 1869 – 1 March 1949) was a British [[civil servant]] in [[British India]].

Todhunter was of New Zealand background and educated in [[England]] at [[Aldenham School]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=TDHR888CG|name=Todhunter, Charles George}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1888 and was assigned to the [[Madras Presidency]].

He was Deputy Commissioner for [[salt]], ''abkari'' ([[excise duties]]) and [[Customs duties|customs]], and then Secretary of the Board of Revenue. He was then responsible for the reorganisation of customs and excise arrangements in much of India and was then appointed Director-General of Excise and Salt of the [[British Raj|Government of India]].

Returning to Madras, he was successively a member of the Board of Revenue, Chief Secretary to the Government, and a member of the [[Governor of Madras|Governor's]] Executive Council. From 1924 he was president of the Indian Taxation Inquiry Committee. On his retirement from the ICS he became private secretary to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], holding the post for sixteen years until the [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|maharaja's]] death in 1940, when he settled down on his farm in the [[Kenjari]] district of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]].

He was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in the 1920 [[New Year Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |page=4 |supp=y}}</ref> and [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in the [[1921 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32346|supp=y|page=4533|date=4 June 1921}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 7 March 1949

{{DEFAULTSORT:Todhunter, Charles}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:New Zealand expatriates in India]]
[[Category:People educated at Aldenham School]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:New Zealand knights]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)

2026-03-04T04:53:35Z

KatherinLigertwo: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raman Thediya Seethai
| image = Raman Thediya Seethai 1972.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Neelakantan]]
| producer = N. Kanagasabai
| screenplay = Sornam
| story = Maa. Raa.
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Jayanthi Films
| released = {{film date|1972|4|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raman Thediya Seethai''''' ({{translation|The Seetha that Raman sought}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller film]], directed by [[P. Neelakantan]] and written by Sornam from a story by Maa. Raa. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]. It is a remake of the 1969 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandondu Hennaru]]''.{{Cn|date=April 2024}} The film ran for more than 100 days in theatres and it became a box office success. Jayalalithaa won the Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2023}}
S. J. Raman, a rich industrialist tries to find his soul mate. His future ideal wife has to possess absolutely six virtues, which a nice old couple revealed to him in the bend of a way. Raman already knows the one who could fill his heart, and make it happy. Her name is Seetha, a charming representative in cosmetics. But regrettably, during the preparations of their marriage, outer elements apparently annoyed by this union, do everything to prevent it from occurring. Provided with his invaluable notebook containing six criteria, the odyssey of Raman is only the beginning.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as S. J. Raman<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2008 |title=MGR Triple Treat |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/07/04&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03600 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082749/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2008%2F07%2F04&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03600 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=27 June 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Seetha, Rambha and Rani
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Babu Bhairavan
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Godhanraj
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Siva Shankar
* [[Nagesh]] as Krishnan (Kishtan)
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Karmeghan, Seetha's father
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Singamuthu, the retired military man
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Samoundhi
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as The aunty
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] (Guest-star) as the actress and the dancer of the play, disguised as a man ("''Yea Annaa...''")
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Krishnan's love interest
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Police inspector
* [[Usilai Mani]] as Housekeeper
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj|Selvaraj]] as Barber
* [[Karikol Raju]]
* Gundu Karuppaiah as Housekeeper
}}

== Production ==
''Raman Thediya Seethai'' is the second film produced by the Madurai-based Jayanthi Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 December 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 54 {{!}} An Overview of the Final 31 movies of 1970s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005730/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> Some scenes were shot in [[Kashmir]], including the song "Nalladhu Kanne".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=காஷ்மீரில் எடுக்கப்பட்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் என்னென்ன? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-49289233 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923071016/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-49289233 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=ஜெயலலிதா - எம்ஜிஆர் நடிப்பில் கட்டாயம் பார்க்க வேண்டிய 7 படங்கள் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/jayalalithas-super-hit-movies-paired-with-mgr/articleshow/74279252.cms?story=7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923071016/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/jayalalithas-super-hit-movies-paired-with-mgr/articleshow/74279252.cms?story=7 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[Samayam Tamil]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raman Thediya Seethai (1972) (1972) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816011700/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001470 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=9 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "En Ullam Unthan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || [[Kannadasan]] || 04:29
|-
| "Machchana Mamavaa" || L. R. Eswari || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:28
|-
| "Nalladhu Kanne" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]] || Kannadasan || 04:34
|-
| "Padaar Padaar Padaar" || T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:43
|-
| "Thiruvalar Selviye" || T. M. Soundararajan, B. Vasantha || Kannadasan || 04:09
|-
| "Yea Annaa" || L. R. Eswari, Saibaba, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || Vaali || 04:42
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Raman Thediya Seethai'' was released on 13 April 1972,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114041813/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref> and ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=ஒரு பேனாவின் பயணம் – 57 – சுதாங்கன் {{!}} எம்.ஜி.ஆர். துவக்கிய அரசியல் பரபரப்பு! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8407 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923071017/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8407 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' favourably reviewed the film, saying its flaws would appear only if viewers start thinking deeply.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 April 1972 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ராமன் தேடிய சீதை |url=https://www.vikatan.com/humour-and-satire/cinema/43645--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240405135405/https://www.vikatan.com/humour-and-satire/cinema/43645--2 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Jayalalithaa won the Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=6 December 2016 |title=Ten films to remember Jayalalithaa by |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HBRowwXn0V9dbNFA10vNfL/Ten-films-to-remember-Jayalalithaa-by.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911045023/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HBRowwXn0V9dbNFA10vNfL/Ten-films-to-remember-Jayalalithaa-by.html |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0248347}}

{{P. Neelakantan}}

[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 romance films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Neelakantan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Madmast Barkhaa

2026-03-02T10:04:51Z

KatherinLigertwo: enhanced content additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madmast Barkhaa
| image = Madmast Barkhaa poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Jaspal Singh
| producer = Jaspal Singh
| writer = Sundip Rale
| starring =[[Leena Kapoor]]<br>Ekaansh Bhaardwaaj<br>Ashish Joshi<br>Zoya Rathore<br>[[Mushtaq Khan]]<br>[[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]]<br>Farida Dadi <br> Prakash B kashyap
| music = [[Raj Verma]]
| cinematography = Pramod Pandey
| editing = Dharam Soni
| studio = Singh Multimedia Creation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|05|29}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Madmast Barkhaa''''' is a 2015 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[thriller film]] directed by Jaspal Singh and produced by Sundip Rale under the Singh Multimedia Creation banner. The film was scheduled for release on 29 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4123593|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410071250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4123593|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|title=Madmast Barkhaa|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Ekaansh Bhaardwaaj as Akaash
*Leena Kapoor as Barkhaa
*Ashish Joshi as Ranbir
*Zoya Rathore as Neetu
*[[Mushtaq Khan]]
*[[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]]
*[[Baby Farida|Farida]]
*Prakash B. Kashyap

==Plot==
The story revolves around Leena Kapoor, who is married to a military man named Ranbir, who has to leave, leaving Barkhaa alone. Now lonely, she begins an affair with her husband's friend Akaash. Ranbir's sister Neetu then discovers Barkhaa's affair with Akaash.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oyetimes.com/cinema/previews/80272-movie-preview-madmast-barkhaa|title=Movie Preview Madmast Barkhaa|newspaper=Oye! Times|date=7 April 2015|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|madmast-barkhaa}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2015 thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-thriller-film-stub}}

Sakas in the Mahabharata

2026-03-02T04:40:38Z

KatherinLigertwo: #redirectMahabharata It's just a FORK

#redirect[[Mahabharata]]

Parvathipuram Manyam district

2026-02-23T16:37:25Z

KatherinLigertwo: added lead and improved wording

{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parvathipuram Manyam district
|other_name = Manyam district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kamalingeswara Temple, Gallavilli, Andhra Pradesh - 01.jpg
|photo1b = Pedda gedda dam front look - panoramio.jpg
|photo2a = Palakonda.jpg
|photo2b = Teak Plantations at salur 03.jpg
|photo3a = A view of Eastern Ghats from outskirts of Parvathipuram.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Kamalingeshwara Temple in Gallavilli, Pedda Gedda Dam, Teak plantations near [[Salur]], View of [[Eastern Ghats]] from [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]], View near [[Palakonda]]
| image_map = Parvathipuram Manyam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Parvathipuram Manyam district in Andhra Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarandhra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]]
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]]
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = A. Shyam Prasad, I.A.S <ref>{{Cite web | title=Parvathipuram Manyam District Web Site {{!}} Welcome to Parvathipuram Manyam District {{!}} India | url=https://parvathipurammanyam.ap.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410105546/https://parvathipurammanyam.ap.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-08-28 | archive-date=2022-04-10}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Araku (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|04]]
| native_name = 
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3659
| population_total = 925340
| population_urban = 124104
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="dch1"/><ref name="dch2"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://parvathipurammanyam.ap.gov.in/}}
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8|83.4|display=title,inline}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}

'''Parvathipuram Manyam district''' is a [[district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. With [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]] as its administrative headquarters, it became functional from 4 April 2022. The district was formed from [[Parvathipuram revenue division]] from [[Vizianagaram district]] and part of [[Palakonda revenue division]] of [[Srikakulam district]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331140112/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]]|language=te}}</ref> The district was once part of ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. The famous Kamalingeswara swamy temple was built in the regin of King Rajaraja Deva of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] of [[Odisha]] in 11th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |publisher=Odisha State Museum |year=1960 |volume=3 - Part I |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=23 |chapter=No 1 - Gallavalli CP grant of Devendra Varma Rajaraja|author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |publisher=Odisha State Museum |year=1960 |volume=2|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=206 |chapter=No 1 - Gallavalli plates of Manujendravarman, son of Devendra Varman|author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref>

==Geography==
This district is located between Northern latitude of 18.8, Eastern longitude of 83.4. This district is bounded by North of [[Koraput district]] of [[Odisha|Odisha state]] And surrounded by South of [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Srikakulam district]] and west of [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] and east of [[Rayagada district]] of [[Odisha|Odisha state]] .

== Politics ==

There are one parliamentary and 4 assembly constituencies in Parvathipuram Manyam district. The parliamentary constituencies are {{bulleted list
|[[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
}}
The assembly constituencies are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for<br/>([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Lok Sabha constituency
|-
|10
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]
|[[Dalit|SC]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|-
|11
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]]
|[[Adivasi|ST]]
|-
|12
|[[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]]
|[[Adivasi|ST]]
|-
|13
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]]
|[[Adivasi|ST]]
|}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Parvathipuram Manyam.png|alt=Parvathipuram Manyam District|thumb|Satellite view of Parvathipuram Manyam district]]

The district is divided into 2 revenue divisions: [[Palakonda revenue division|Palakonda]] and [[Parvathipuram revenue division|Parvathipuram]], which are further subdivided into a total of 15 [[Tehsil|mandal]]s, each headed by a sub-collector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Mandals ===
The list of 15 mandals in Parvathipuram Manyam district, divided into 2 revenue divisions, is given below.
{{Div col}}
# [[Palakonda revenue division]]
## [[Jiyyammavalasa mandal|Jiyyammavalasa]]
## [[Gummalakshmipuram mandal|Gummalaxmipuram]]
## [[Kurupam mandal|Kurupam]]
## [[Palakonda mandal|Palakonda]]
## [[Seethampeta mandal|Seethampeta]]
## [[Bhamini mandal|Bhamini]]
## [[Veeraghattam mandal|Veeraghattam]]
# [[Parvathipuram revenue division]]
## [[Parvathipuram mandal|Parvathipuram]]
## [[Seethanagaram mandal, Parvathipuram district|Seethanagaram]]
## [[Balijipeta mandal|Balijipeta]]
## [[Salur mandal|Salur]]
## [[Pachipenta mandal|Panchipenta]]
## [[Makkuva mandal|Makkuva]]
## [[Komarada mandal|Komarada]]
## [[Garugubilli mandal|Garugubilli]]
{{Div end}}

== Cities and towns ==
{{Largest cities
| country = Parvathipuram Manyam District
| stat_ref = As per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of towns in Parvathipuram Manyam District
| div_name = Division
| div_link = List of towns in Parvathipuram Manyam District{{!}}Division

| city_1 = Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh{{!}}Parvathipuram
| div_1 = Parvathipuram revenue division {{!}} Parvathipuram Division
| pop_1 = 53,844

| city_2 = Salur
| div_2 = Parvathipuram revenue division{{!}}Parvathipuram Division
| pop_2 = 49,500

| city_3 = Palakonda
| div_3 = Palakonda revenue division{{!}}Palakonda Division
| pop_3 = 20,760
| city_4 = | div_4= | pop_4=
| city_5 = | div_5 = | pop_5 =
| city_6 = | div_6 = | pop_6 =
| city_7 = | div_7 = | pop_7 =
| city_8 = | div_8 = | pop_8 =
| city_9 = | div_9 = | pop_9 =
| city_10 = | div_10 = | pop_10 =
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Parvathipuram Manyam district (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.78}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
At the time of the 2011 census the district had a population of 9,25,340, of which 124,104 (13.41%) live in urban areas. Parvathipuram Manyam district has a sex ratio of 1035 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 50.90%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1,10,169 (11.91%) and 2,60,419 (28.14%) of the population respectively.<ref name="dch1">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/144/download/226/DH_2011_2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref name="dch2">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Vizianagaram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/156/download/274/DH_2011_2812_PART_A_DCHB_VIZIANAGARAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Parvathipuram Manyam district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 89.00 |color1 = yellow
|label2 = [[Sora language|Sora]] |value2 = 5.86 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]] |value3 = 2.15 |color3 = lightblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 2.99 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 89.00% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 5.86% [[Sora language|Sora]] and 2.15% [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Parvathipuram Manyam district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714856}}
{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Parvathipuram Manyam district| ]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Narasimharaja

2026-02-17T02:38:06Z

KatherinLigertwo: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Narasimharaja''' is a locality in Mysore. It hosts one of the constituencies of Karnataka State Legislative Assembly.

Elections were first held here for this seat in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/photos/news/in-photos-grand-dasara-celebrations-at-mysore-palace/photostory/71503435.cms |title=In photos: Grand Dasara celebrations at Mysore Palace {{!}} Bangalore Mirror |website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010160831/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/photos/news/in-photos-grand-dasara-celebrations-at-mysore-palace/photostory/71503435.cms |archive-date=2019-10-10}} </ref>

[[Tanveer Sait]] is from the [[Indian National Congress]] and represents Narasimharaja constituency of [[Mysore]], Karnataka. The constituency has been served by the Sait's family for over three decades,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/narasimharaja-remains-a-sait-stronghold/article4706682.ece | title=Narasimharaja remains a Sait stronghold | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=2016-11-06}}</ref> Sait's father [[Aziz Sait]] was a veteran congress leader and held the Narasimharaja Assembly seat six times from 1967 to 1999,After the demise of [[Aziz Sait]] in December 2001<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/12/29/stories/2001122903040300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Azeez Sait is dead | date=2001-12-29 | accessdate=2016-11-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> his political legacy the Narasimharaja assembly seat led to a family feud in the Sait family as Tariq Sait grandson of [[Aziz Sait]] and nephew of Tanveer Sait campaigned for the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] candidate Maruthi Rao Pawar in the 2002 [[Karnataka]] assembly election against his uncle Tanveer Sait.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Chacha-bhatija-fight-for-Aziz-Saits-legacy/articleshow/10397690.cms | title=Chacha, bhatija fight for Aziz Sait's legacy | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=2016-11-05}}</ref> In the 2002 By-election Sait won the Narasimharaja Assembly seat by above 10,000 votes against Maruthi Rao Pawar from the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2975.htm 8th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile AZEEZ, SATT SHRI</ref> In the following election of 2004 Sait won the assembly seat by above 20,000 against Maruthi Rao Pawar from the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].In the 2008 assembly election Sait beat S.Nagaraju (Sandesh) of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] by about 6000 vote. [[Tanveer Sait]] is the sitting member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from Narasimharaja constituency as he retained the seat again in the 2013 assembly election winning against Abdul Majeed K H of the [[Social Democratic Party of India]] by about 8370 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/narasimharaja.html | title=Narasimharaja (Karnataka) Assembly Constituency Elections | work=elections.in | accessdate=2016-11-06}}</ref> Sait won the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election from the Narasimharaja constituency defeating the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate by about 18127 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narashimaraja-election-results-2018-live-updates-1748631.html |title=Narashimaraja Election Results 2018 Live Updates: Congress's Tanveer Sait Won |website=News18 |access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
[[Narasimharaja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Sarala Birla

2026-02-16T16:43:21Z

KatherinLigertwo: update page further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (1923–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = Sarala Birla
| image = Sarala_Birla_0079.JPG
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1923|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Kuchaman City|Kuchaman]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur (Marwar)]], [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|3|28|1923|11|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| known_for = Educationist
| spouse = [[Basant Kumar Birla]]
| children = 3 including [[Aditya Vikram Birla]]
| father = [[Brajlal Biyani]]
| relations =
}}

'''Sarala Birla''' (23 November 1923 – 28 March 2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sarala-birla-passes-away/article7044629.ece | title=Sarala Birla passes away | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 March 2015 | accessdate=28 June 2018 }}</ref> was an Indian businesswoman and a prominent member of the [[Birla family]] of Indian industrialists. She took an interest in public education and, along with her husband, is credited with having co-founded about 45 educational institutions supported by her family's conglomerate.

==Biography==
Sarala Birla was born into a traditional [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] Hindu family, the daughter of [[Gandhianism|Gandhian]] educationist and [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] worker [[Brijlal Biyani]] and his wife Savitri Devi Biyani. She was born in [[Kuchaman City|Kuchaman]], [[Rajasthan]], at the residence of her maternal grandmother. Her family hailed from [[Rajasthan]], but her father had settled in [[Akola]], [[Maharashtra]], and it was in Akola that Sarla grew up. She studied in a local government school, and the medium of instruction was [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. As a result, she grew fluent in that language, while retaining her native tongue, [[Marwari language|the Marwadi dialect]] of Hindi. English was taught at the school beginning from class six, and Sarla also learned the standard register of the Hindi language at this time. Sarla grew up amid a number of spoken languages, and this made it easy for her to pick up new tongues. In older age, she made decided to learn French as well.

On 28 March 2015, she was in Delhi to attend a function marking the 121st anniversary of [[GD Birla]]. She was injured in a minor accident involving her wheelchair and the lift ([[elevator]]) and died as a result of old-age related heart failure. She was 91.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=सरला बिड़ला की संदिग्ध परिस्थिति में मौत |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-12210482.html |access-date= |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Menaka and Sakunthala (1891).jpg|thumbnail|right| Raja Ravi Varma, Menaka and Sakunthala (1891), Birla Academy of Art and Culture in Kolkata]]
She had made notable contributions through her social and institutional activities and took an active part in their working. She had been associated as governor, [[trustee]], or in another manner with the following institutions:

*[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]], [[Pilani]]
*[[BK Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani]]
*[[BK Birla College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Kalyan]]
*[[BK Birla Public School, Kalyan]]
*[[Mahadevi Birla World Academy]]
*Mahadevi Birla Shishu Vihar
*Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Calcutta
*Swar Sangam, Calcutta
*Sangit Kala Mandir, Calcutta
*Sangit Kala Mandir Trust, Calcutta
*Birla Bharati, Calcutta
*Birla Vidya Niketan, Delhi,saket

Her collection of Indian art, including that on display at the Birla Academy of Art and Culture in Kolkata, ranks amongst India's notable private collections. The Sangit Kala Mandir, besides the [[Birla Academy of Art and Culture]], were both set up by the couple.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sarala-birla-wife-of-bk-birla-passes-away-2072687 Sarala Birla, Wife of BK Birla, passes away, DNA India, 28 March 2015 ]</ref>

==Personal life==
In April 1941, she married [[Basant Kumar Birla]], the son of [[GD Birla]], in an [[arranged marriage]] after having been introduced to each other by [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Story of India's prominent family |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/book-review/storyoneindias-prominent-business-families-_267930.html}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Sarala recalled:<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6KNLrws_-g The Story Of Basant And Sarala Birla, Aaj Tak, 5 April 2015 ]</ref>

: "I was studying in Pune, Ferguson College, and I got a message that I have to go to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], to Birla house, to see the boy. I went there, I was there for one night and there were so many boys there, I did not know who was who; I stayed there and I came back. After two-three months, I got a call from [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]] and my father-in-law telling me to come to [[Wardha]]. I went there from [[Pune]] and father ([[Ghanshyam Das Birla]]) asked me, 'you have seen Basant and you have not yet replied whether you are ready to marry him or not.' I said, 'No, there were eight-ten boys, so I didn't know who was who.' Then I said that I won't marry a boy unless I see him and I know who he is. Gandhiji said, 'she is perfectly right,' and then he said that we will arrange a meeting between you-you please come again. So I said, 'when I have my holidays, only then will I come.' [[Ghanshyam Das Birla|Father]] was so nice, he said, 'alright.' So, when I had my holidays, I went, and we met on November 8."

Eventually after this marriage, Birla became the matriarch of a large family. They are sometimes referred to as the "first couple of Birla empire".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/unfolding-the-fascinating-story-of-birlas/article2437958.ece Unfolding the fascinating story of Birlas, Basant Kumar and Sarala Birla: Life Has No Full Stops released in Delhi, 9 September 2011]</ref> They had a son, [[Aditya Vikram Birla]], who died early in 1995.

Sarala was with her husband for 73 years. She was 91 years old, but it was a familiar sight to see her holding her husband's hand during family functions, and accompanying him to the annual general meetings of various group companies.<ref name=":1">[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sarala-birla-a-businessman's-wife-who-won-hearts-with-her-humanity/articleshow/46741619.cms Sarala Birla A businessman's wife, who won hearts with her humanity, ET Bureau, 30 March 2015 ]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Birla Family]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6KNLrws_-g The Story Of Basant And Sarala Birla, Aaj Tak, 5 April 2015 ]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNmKhuYPC7M The XII Science Assembly, Sarala Birla Academy, 20 June 2013]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birla, Sarla}}
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Birla family|Sarla]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century women philanthropists]]

Koshta

2026-02-13T14:05:34Z

KatherinLigertwo: enhance intro additionally for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{unreliable sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group= Koshta
|poptime =
|popplace = [[India]]
|langs = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
|related= [[Panika]], [[Devanga]]
}}
'''Kosta''' (also spelt as Kosti) are a [[Hindu]] [[caste]] found in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Mahendra Lal Patel">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&q=Ahir+sub+caste&pg=PA33 | title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. | author=Mahendra Lal Patel | year=1997 | pages=34 | isbn=9788175330290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/handloom-communities-india-1502670307.html|title=National Handloom Day {{!}} The handloom communities of India|date=2018-08-07|work=The Statesman|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Koshta (Koshti) are Dewangans who are into Kosa silk business where they manufacture silk [[Sari|saree]] all across Chhattisgarh region. Koshta claim to be descendants of [[Markandeya]] Rishi.<ref name="Tushar">Encyclopaedia Indica, Volume 2 by Tushar Dewangan, p. 639</ref>
Subdivisions - The main origin of dewangan is from Raigarh Chhattisgarh where they started manufacturing silk saree as per legacy knowledge from Markandey Rishi. After successful trading to different cities of Chhattisgarh they started trading to other states as well like the neighboring Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha etc. and later all across India started Silk business and some of them converted into Koshta(Dewangan), Somewhere they known as Koshti. The caste have several subdivisions of different types. The Lad Koshtis come from Gujarat, the Gadhewal from Garha or Jubbulpore, Koshtis from Nagpur are Cultivators, Tailors and Potters, the Deshkar and Maratha from the Maratha country, while the Dewangan probably take their name from the old town of that name on the Wardha river. The Patwis are dyers, and colour the silk thread which the weavers use to border their cotton cloth. It is usually dyed red with lac. They also make braid and sew silk thread on ornaments like the separate Patwa caste. And the Onkule are the offspring of illegitimate unions. In Berar there is a separate subcaste named Hatghar, which may be a branch of the Dhangar or shepherd caste. Berar also has a group known as Jain Koshtis, who may formerly have professed the Jain religion, but are now strict Sivites. The Salewars are said to be divided into the Sutsale or thread-weavers, the Padmasale or those who originally wove the lotus flower and the Sagunsale, a group of illegitimate descent. The above names show that the caste is of mixed origin, containing a large Telugu element, while a body of the primitive Halbas has been incorporated into it. Many of the Maratha Koshtis are probably Kunbis(Cultivators) who have taken up weaving. The caste has also a number of exogamous divisions of the usual type which serve to prevent the marriage of near relatives.<ref name="R.V.Russell">The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India Vol. III, 1916, page 582,</ref>

== Language ==
The [[Koshti language]] is a distinct [[Indo-Aryan language]] with words derived from Sanskrit in either their ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava'' form.<ref name="vishvesh">Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volumes 2-3, pp. 43–48</ref>
Koshti also contains words borrowed from languages like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Khariboli dialect|Khari-boli]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and variants of [[Hindi]].<ref name="jssharma">Encyclopaedia Indica, Volume 2 by J.S. Sharma, p. 639</ref><ref name="masica">The Indo-Aryan Languages By Colin P. Masica, p. 435</ref><ref name="andhra-census">Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh, pp. 189–200</ref>

==Occupation==
The majority of Koshta today are Darji, Potter and Cultivators and some of them have started employment other than their main occupation like in cotton and silk mills of both the public and private sectors.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} They have also begun to work in bidi making, brass cutlery and utensil manufacturing, tile and brick making and construction work.<ref name="nanekar">Handloom industry in Madhya Pradesh by K.R. Nanekar, p. 13</ref>{{Request quotation|date=August 2018}}<ref name="Patel1997">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Lal Patel|title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA34|access-date=17 August 2018|year=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-029-0|pages=34–}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Raja (Telugu actor)

2026-02-10T02:47:54Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting first stub w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raja
| image =
| birth_name=Raja Abel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|11|9}}
| birth_place = [[Vishakapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2002–2014
| spouse = {{marriage|Amritha Vincent|2014}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Raja Abel ''' is an Indian actor who worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He is best known for his role in the Telugu film ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raja/20060531.htm|title=Looking for Ms Right!|author=Radhika Rajamani|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

He debuted in 2002, playing a small role in the romantic comedy ''[[O Chinnadana]]''. Since entering the industry, he has appeared in the successful films like ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'', ''[[Aa Naluguru]]'', ''[[Vennela]]'', and ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]''.

==Early and personal life==

Raja was born as Raja Abel in [[Visakhapatnam]]. He was born to a Telugu-speaking father, who was a [[Brahmin]], and a British mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raja.html|title = Raja - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actor}}</ref>

He canvassed in support of [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]], in the [[2014 elections in India|Indian elections of 2014]]. He quit cinema and is currently serving as a [[pastor]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ali-tho-saradaga-actor-turned-pastor-raja-abel-reveals-why-he-quit-the-industry-and-would-discourage-acting-aspirants/articleshow/79677024.cms|title=Ali tho Saradaga: Actor-turned-pastor Raja Abel reveals why he quit the industry and would discourage acting aspirants|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
|2002||''[[O Chinnadana]]''||Srinivasa Sastri||Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003||''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]''|| Raja||
|-
|''[[Appudappudu]]''|| Sandeep||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004||''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''|| Anand||
|-
|''Kala''|| Raja||
|-
|''[[Aa Naluguru]]''|| Raja||
|-
|''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''||Uday||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005||''[[Vennela]]''||Naveen||
|-
|''[[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]]''||Moorti||
|-
|''[[Oka Oorilo]]''||Ravi||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006||''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]''||Vinay||
|-
|''Kokila''||Rahul||
|-
|''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]''||Raja||
|-
|''[[Mayabazar (2006 film)|Mayabazaar]]''||Srinivas||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007||''[[Toss (2007 film)|Toss]]''||Parasuram||
|-
|''[[Kanna (film)|Kanna]]''||Kanna||[[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]
|-
|''[[Veduka]]''||Srikar||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008||''Andamaina Abaddham''||Pradeep||
|-
|''Bhadradri''||Siddhu||
|-
|''[[Idi Sangathi]]''||Clover King ||cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''||Viswaksen||
|-
|''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Koruthunna]]''||Madhu||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009||''[[Sontha Ooru]]''|| Bujjigaadu||
|-
|''Samarthudu''||Raja||
|-
|''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]''||Jagathalapradhapan||Tamil film
|-
|2010||''[[Inkosaari]]''||Ajay||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012||''[[Mr. Nookayya]]''||Kiran||
|-
|''[[Nuvva Nena]]''||Raja||
|-
|''Hostel Days''||||
|-
| 2013 ||''Oh My Love''||||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm2190556|name=Raja}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Yuva Kabaddi Series Monsoon Edition 2023

2026-02-05T04:55:14Z

KatherinLigertwo: stub - done

{{Infobox kabaddi league|next=|website={{URL|yuvakabaddi.com}}|champions=Aravalli Arrows|participants=16|country=India|most raid points=Arjun Rathee|most tackle points=Sonu Rathee}}

The '''CARS24''' '''Yuva Kabaddi Series Monsoon Edition 2023''' ('''YKS Monsoon Edition 2023''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series set for dazzling return with power packed Monsoon edition in 2023 |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/articles/yuva-kabaddi-series-set-dazzling-return-power-packed-monsoon-edition-2023 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022192007/https://www.kabaddiadda.com/articles/yuva-kabaddi-series-set-dazzling-return-power-packed-monsoon-edition-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the sixth edition of the tournament, and took place from 24 September to 22 October in [[Madurai, Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SportzConnect |date=2023-09-25 |title="We are committed to nurturing young talent for the sport" - Yuva Kabaddi Series CEO Vikas Gautam on shaping the future of Indian Kabaddi |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/news-we-committed-nurturing-young-talent-sport-yuva-kabaddi-series-ceo-vikas-gautam-shaping-future-indian-kabaddi |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Eight Teams Vie for CARS24 Yuva Kabaddi Title in Madurai Playoffs |work=MyKhel |url=https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/eight-teams-vie-for-cars24-yuva-kabaddi-title-in-madurai-playoffs-239741.html}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series 2023: Eight Teams Qualify For Playoffs; Title Race Begins In Madurai {{!}} Live Streaming Details |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/yuva-kabaddi-series-2023-eight-teams-qualify-for-playoffs-title-race-begins-in-madurai-live-streaming-details-10108080 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> Aravalli Arrows defeated Murthal Magnets 48-30 in the final.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Rohit Yadav Helps Aravalli Arrows To Yuva Kabaddi Series Monsoon Edition 2023 Crown |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/rohit-yadav-helps-aravalli-arrows-to-yuva-kabaddi-series-monsoon-edition-2023-crown-10108960 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Format ==
16 teams will advance through 6 rounds to the final, which are the Challenger Round, Promotion/Relegation Round, Survival Round, Booster Round, and the 8-team Summit Round.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-18 |title=Indian sports news wrap, October 18 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/indian-sports-news-wrap-october-18-score-results-updates-highlights/article67434189.ece |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> The last-placed teams are eliminated at the end of each round.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series Monsoon Edition 2023: Know schedule and watch live streaming in India |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/kabaddi/news/yuva-kabaddi-series-monsoon-edition-2023-schedule-watch-live-streaming-india |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> 132 matches will be contested.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SportzConnect |date=2023-09-25 |title="We are committed to nurturing young talent for the sport" - Yuva Kabaddi Series CEO Vikas Gautam on shaping the future of Indian Kabaddi |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/news-we-committed-nurturing-young-talent-sport-yuva-kabaddi-series-ceo-vikas-gautam-shaping-future-indian-kabaddi |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

Teams will earn five or six points for a win depending on their margin of victory, and a tie gives a team three points. If a team loses by a narrow margin, they earn one point.<ref name=":1" />

The tournament is taking place at Fatima College Indoor Stadium.<ref name=":0" /> The winner earned {{INRConvert|20|l}}, while the runner-up earned {{INRConvert|10|l}}.<ref name=":3" />

== Teams ==
The teams are Aravalli Arrows, Himalayan Tahrs, Sindh Sonics, Kaziranga Rhinos, Hampi Heroes, Chambal Challengers, Maurya Mavericks, Panchala Pride, Tadoba Tigers, Maratha Marvels, Palani Tuskers, Periyar Panthers, Chola Veerans, Murthal Magnets, Vijayanagara Veers, and Nilgiri Knights.<ref name=":1" />

== Results ==
Teams that made it to the Summit Round: Palani Tuskers, Chola Veerans, and Nilgiri Knights, Aravalli Arrows, Murthal Magnets, Panchala Pride, Vijayanagara Veers, and Hampi Heroes.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Yuva Kabaddi Series]]

2013 Indian Premier League final

2026-01-31T06:14:52Z

KatherinLigertwo: Creating a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2013 Indian Premier League final
| image =
| event = [[2013 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team1score = 148/9
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2score = 125/9
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = [[Mumbai Indians]] won by 23 runs
| date = 26 May 2013
| stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Kieron Pollard]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)<br />[[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| attendance = 61,619
| television = [[SET Max]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/330881.html |title=Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 August 2012|date=14 January 2008}}</ref>
| previous = [[2012 Indian Premier League final|2012]]
| next = [[2014 Indian Premier League final|2014]]
}}

The '''2013 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] match played between the [[Chennai Super Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] on 26 May 2013 at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] to determine the winners of the [[2013 Indian Premier League]], the sixth annual season of the professional Twenty20 cricket tournament in [[India]]. Mumbai defeated Chennai by 23 runs, attributed to [[Kieron Pollard]]'s unbeaten innings of 60 runs from 32 balls which earned him the [[man of the match]] award.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208345-ipl-2013-final-mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630000745/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208345-ipl-2013-final-mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2013 |title=Mumbai Indians defeat Chennai Supeer Kings by 23 runs to win maiden title |date=27 May 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

Mumbai won their first IPL title playing in their second IPL Final, after losing to Chennai in 2010. Chennai were playing their fifth IPL Final, attempting to win their third title. It was also the final match where Mumbai's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] was an IPL cricketer, although he did not participate in the match due to injury. He announced his retirement from the IPL at the conclusion of the match.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208365-i-am-forty-have-to-accept-reality-sachin-tendulkar-retires-from-ipl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629233548/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208365-i-am-forty-have-to-accept-reality-sachin-tendulkar-retires-from-ipl |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Sachin Tendulkar retires from IPL, says I am forty, have to accept reality |date=27 May 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Road to the final==
{{main|2013 Indian Premier League}}
Heading into the tournament, as with the previous seasons, both the [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Mumbai Indians]] were considered to be amongst the favourites due to their past performances and squads. Chennai were the runners-up of [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] and twice IPL champions before.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/preview/two-time-winners-favourites/56625 |title=Two-time winners, always favourites |first=Manoj |last=Narayan |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=Wisden India |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510063759/http://www.wisdenindia.com/preview/two-time-winners-favourites/56625 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mumbai had made playoff-stage appearances in each of the past three years and were runners-up in [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] when they lost to Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/preview/mumbai-juggernaut-set-roll/56721 |title=Mumbai juggernaut looks set to roll |first=Saurabh |last=Somani |date=2 April 2013 |publisher=Wisden India |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410113511/http://www.wisdenindia.com/preview/mumbai-juggernaut-set-roll/56721 |archive-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Group stage===
Chennai and Mumbai were dominant throughout the group stage. At the end of the group stage, they were ranked first and second respectively and each had 11 wins from 16 matches. Apart from losing their first match, which was against Mumbai, and an upset against [[Pune Warriors India]], Chennai started their season strong with consistent batting from [[Michael Hussey]] and [[Suresh Raina]]. [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] formed a strong middle order as they scored quickly late in their innings to help Chennai while chasing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/ipl-chennai-captain-ms-dhoni-is-master-finisher-again-as-hyderabad-fade-out-1.438533/ |title=IPL: Chennai captain MS Dhoni is master finisher again as Hyderabad fade out |first=Sidhant |last=Patnaik |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=The National |access-date=28 April 2013 }}</ref> Chennai's bowling attack continued to be considered their one weakness. While the inclusion of [[Dirk Nannes]] and [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], both purchased at this year's [[List of 2013 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]], produced a few successes, the best bowling performances came from [[Dwayne Bravo]] and [[Mohit Sharma]]. Sharma, an uncapped Indian player playing in his debut IPL season, took the most wickets in powerplays in the first half of the season.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/629241.html |title=Morris sheds nerves for debut success |date=10 April 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/633939.html |title=The modest Super King |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |date=4 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref> For most of the season's second half, Chennai held the top position on the points table with an IPL record-equalling seven-match winning streak.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/news/207437-chennai-super-kings-look-to-bounce-back-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad |title=IPL preview: Chennai Super Kings look to bounce back vs Sunrisers Hyderabad |date=8 May 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510144529/http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/news/207437-chennai-super-kings-look-to-bounce-back-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hussey and Raina continued their prolific run-scoring. Hussey was frequently the season's highest run-scorer while Raina made his maiden IPL century and another score of 99.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/csk-vs-sunrisers-suresh-raina-one-short-hyderabad-well-short/1113270/ |title=CSK vs Sunrisers: Suresh Raina one short, Hyderabad well short |date=9 May 2013 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref> They, however, finished the group stage with three losses from five matches, including another against Mumbai.

Mumbai began the season with the new opening batting partnership of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Ricky Ponting]], who was acquired in the auction and took on the captaincy. This partnership failed to produce runs and Ponting was benched after five matches. Instead, Mumbai's batting solely depended on [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Kieron Pollard]] and they could only win three of their first six matches. Mumbai were at the middle of the points table halfway through the season.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/T20/Chunk-HT-UI-T20-TopStories/T20-Gayle-RCB-sink-in-a-flood-of-runs-by-Mumbai-Indians/SP-Article10-1051399.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428113843/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/T20/Chunk-HT-UI-T20-TopStories/T20-Gayle-RCB-sink-in-a-flood-of-runs-by-Mumbai-Indians/SP-Article10-1051399.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2013 |title=T20: Gayle, RCB sink in a flood of runs by Mumbai Indians |first=MVL |last=Manikantan |date=27 April 2013 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 April 2013 }}</ref> As the tournament progressed, they had a more consistent top order with [[Dwayne Smith]] replacing Ponting and an improved bowling attack that included [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]], in his first IPL season, [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Lasith Malinga]] and [[Pragyan Ojha]]. Sharma, who took over the captaincy from Ponting, continued his form while Karthik began to struggle. Pollard only made one more significant contribution when he scored 66 runs from 27 balls. Towards the end of the group stage, Tendulkar suffered a wrist injury. This did not hamper the team as his replacement, [[Aditya Tare]], showed promise with a score of 59 runs in his first innings.<ref name=mi_rr>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/news/39309805_1_mumbai-indians-rajasthan-royals-lasith-malinga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609134926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/news/39309805_1_mumbai-indians-rajasthan-royals-lasith-malinga |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 |title=Rajasthan Royals lose steam to leave Mumbai Indians on top |first=Nitin |last=Naik |date=16 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref> Mumbai only lost two of their last ten matches, both due to batting collapses.

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression|create
| caption = Group stage progression
| teams = Chennai Super Kings, Mumbai Indians
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 16
| matchReportArticle = 2013 Indian Premier League

| L5, W11, W16, L19, W24, W26, W30, W34, W38, W42, W45, L49, W54, L61, W64, L70
| W73, U, L76

| L2, W5, W10, W15, L23, L28, W33, W37, W41, L43, W49, W53, W58, W62, W66, L69
| L73, W75, W76
}}
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

====Group stage series====
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 6 April | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] | team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 148/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 139/9 (20 overs)
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598002.html Scorecard]
| round = Match 5
| result = [[2013 Indian Premier League#match5|Mumbai won by 9 runs]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | date = 5 May | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Mumbai Indians]] | team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 139/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 79 (15.2 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598046.html Scorecard]
| round = Match 49
| result = [[2013 Indian Premier League#match49|Mumbai won by 60 runs]]
}}

In the two group stage matches between Mumbai and Chennai, Mumbai won both. In the first, Mumbai initially struggled and were 83 for 6 after 12 overs before Pollard's unbeaten innings of 57 runs from 38 balls lifted them to a total of 148 for 6. Chennai suffered a similar collapse to lose the match by 9 runs despite a valiant innings of 51 runs from Dhoni.<ref name=mi_rr/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/ipl2013/pollard-powers-mumbai-indians-to-victory/article4588960.ece |title=Pollard powers Mumbai Indians to victory |first=S. |last=Dinakar |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> In their second encounter, Mumbai struggled to a below-par total of 139 for 5 with Sharma having the top score of 39. Chennai was then bowled out for 79, the lowest total of the season, and lost by 60 runs. Only three of their batsmen made scores of double figures, including Hussey who was dropped by Pollard in three successive deliveries off Johnson's bowling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news/39041736_1_chennai-super-kings-mumbai-indians-skipper-ipl-match |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508074255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news/39041736_1_chennai-super-kings-mumbai-indians-skipper-ipl-match |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2013 |title=A forgettable 'hat-trick' for Kieron Pollard |date=5 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Dhoni described the match as "a comedy of errors" and explained the cause of the defeat to be complacency and a lack of focus as they had won their past seven matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/634326.html |title='Mentally we were not into this game' – Dhoni |date=6 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref>

===Playoff stage===
The playoff stage is played according to the [[Page playoff system]] and provided Mumbai and Chennai, being the top- and second-ranked teams, with two ways of qualifying for the Final. They first faced each other in Qualifier 1 where the winners would qualify for the Final. The losers of Qualifier 1 would play against the winners of the Eliminator in Qualifier 2, the winners of which would also qualify for the Final.

{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 21 May | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 192/1 (20 overs)
| score2 = 144 (18.4 overs)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598070.html Scorecard]
| round = Qualifier 1
| result = [[2013 Indian Premier League#match73|Chennai won by 48 runs]]
}}

In Qualifier 1, Chennai chose to bat first. Both captains wished to bat first and believed the flat pitch and quick outfield would favour batsmen and produce a high-scoring match. Chennai's innings began steady before a 140-run partnership between Raina and Hussey boosted their total to 192 for 1. They scored 123 runs from the last 10 overs against Mumbai's formidable bowling attack. Malinga and Johnson, two of Mumbai's key bowlers, conceded 45 and 40 runs each without taking a wicket. Harbhajan, with figures of 0 for 26, was the only bowler to concede less than 9 runs an over. The chase started promisingly as Smith propelled them to 86 for 1 after 8 overs. Jadeja was then introduced into the attack and took the wickets of Smith, Karthik and Pollard. Mumbai did not recover as Bravo helped remove the remaining batsmen, finishing with figures of 3 for 9. Mumbai was bowled out in 18.4 overs and lost the match by 48 runs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/Chennai-Super-Kings-beat-Mumbai-Indians-reach-IPL-finals/2013/05/21/article1599992.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523102131/http://newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/Chennai-Super-Kings-beat-Mumbai-Indians-reach-IPL-finals/2013/05/21/article1599992.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2013 |title=Chennai Super Kings beat Mumbai Indians, reach IPL finals |first=N Jagannath |last=Das |date=21 May 2013 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/469686/20130521/ipl-2013-results-csk-mumbai-indians-raina.htm |title=IPL 2013 Results: CSK Thrash Mumbai Indians to Enter Fifth Final in Six Seasons |first=Deepak |last=Vikraman |date=21 May 2013 |work=International Business Times |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref>

{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee | date = 24 May | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 165/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 169/6 (19.5 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598072.html Scorecard]
| round = Qualifier 2
| result = [[2013 Indian Premier League#match75|Mumbai won by 4 wickets]]
}}

Qualifier 2 was between Mumbai and the [[Rajasthan Royals]]. Rain delayed the game by an hour but it remained a full-length match. Rajasthan captain [[Rahul Dravid]] won the toss and elected to bat. Both captains wanted to bat, stating it appeared to be a good pitch to bat on. Dravid and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] provided a solid but slow start to reach 42 without loss after 6 overs. Harbhajan then entered the attack and took the wickets of Rahane and [[Shane Watson]], Royals' top scorer of the season, in his first two overs. Apart from Dravid, who also fell to Harbhajan for 43 runs, only [[Stuart Binny]] and [[Dishant Yagnik]] made good scores. Yagnik's quick scoring helped Rajasthan get 46 runs from the last 3 overs and finish with 165 for 5. Mumbai were confident in their chase as Smith helped them reach 125 for 1 after 14 overs. Wickets were then lost at regular intervals but the required rate remained manageable and Mumbai won by 4 wickets with one ball remaining. Smith was again the top scorer for Mumbai with 62 runs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208257-ipl-2013-rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-qualifier-2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615163531/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/208257-ipl-2013-rajasthan-royals-vs-mumbai-indians-qualifier-2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=IPL 2013: Mumbai Indians beat Rajasthan Royals by 4 wickets, set final date with Chennai |date=25 May 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news/39502546_1_mumbai-indians-rajasthan-royals-rayudu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526031334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news/39502546_1_mumbai-indians-rajasthan-royals-rayudu |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2013 |title=MI vs RR: Mumbai Indians beat Rajasthan Royals to enter IPL 6 final |date=25 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Team history==
Both the [[Chennai Super Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] were a part of the original eight teams of the [[Indian Premier League]] when its first season was held in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]. From the first season, Chennai had been a formidable, well-balanced team with a strong lineup of Indian players, including the captain of [[India national cricket team|India]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]. Dhoni was bought for [[United States dollar|US$]]1.5 million, the highest of the 2008 auction, and appointed their captain.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7252238.stm |title=Dhoni tops Indian auction bidding |date=20 February 2008 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> They immediately became runners-up in [[2008 Indian Premier League final|2008]] and had continued to appear in every knockout/playoff stage since. They were the most successful IPL team, being twice champions and twice runners-up in the IPL and also the winners of the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]]. Apart from Dhoni, their most recognised player is [[Suresh Raina]], who has played in every one of Chennai's matches and holds the record for most career runs in the IPL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/news/207095-ipl-stats-suresh-raina-scores-16th-fifty-in-ipl |title=IPL stats: Suresh Raina scores 16th fifty in IPL |first=Rajesh |last=Kumar |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503101408/http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/news/207095-ipl-stats-suresh-raina-scores-16th-fifty-in-ipl |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chennai's squad is batting oriented, largely consisting of specialist batsmen and all-rounders in favour of specialist bowlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/features/205699-chennai-super-kings-a-mini-india-with-large-dreams |title=Chennai Super Kings – a mini India with large dreams! |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404001039/http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/features/205699-chennai-super-kings-a-mini-india-with-large-dreams |archive-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.khelnama.com/130330/cricket/news/ipl-2013-strengths-and-weakness-chennai-super-kings-csk-team |title=IPL 2013: Strengths and weakness of Chennai Super Kings (CSK) team |first=Gautham |last=Sethuraman |date=30 March 2013 |publisher=Khelnama |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605192819/http://www.khelnama.com/130330/cricket/news/ipl-2013-strengths-and-weakness-chennai-super-kings-csk-team |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In contrast, Mumbai struggled in their first two seasons and failed to make the knockout stage in both. The team began with the notoriety of being the most expensive team in the league and the team with cricket legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. The team was bought for $111.9 million by [[Reliance Industries]], one of India's largest private sector enterprises.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/will-crickets-new-czars-make-money.html/1/2188.html |title=Will cricket's new czars make money? |first1=Shamni |last1=Pande |first2=Tejeesh |last2=Behl |date=1 June 2008 |publisher=Business Today |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/418277/20121226/eight-indians-harvard-business-review.htm |title=Eight Indians Among World's Best Performing CEOs |first=Nimisha |last=Nair |date=26 December 2012 |work=International Business Times |access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> In [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], the team began to shed its problems of inconsistency and unsettled squad composition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/405294.html |title=Delhi's chance to regain momentum |first=S |last=Rajesh |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> The team perpetuated their reputation of being big spenders as they signed [[Kieron Pollard]] at the [[List of 2010 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2010 auction]] for an undisclosed amount after reaching the maximum open-auction bid of $750,000.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22686928/kieron-pollard-shane-bond-attract-maximum-bids-ipl-auction| title = Kieron Pollard, Shane Bond attract maximum bids at IPL auction}}</ref> Mumbai reached the Final that year, where they lost to Chennai. They then made the playoff stage every year since with the staple of their squad comprising Tendulkar, Pollard, [[Lasith Malinga]] and [[Rohit Sharma]], who was acquired in 2011. Pollard and Malinga are amongst the most sought out players of the format for their big-hitting and death-over bowling respectively. Despite their lineup, they had yet to become IPL champions but did win the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/627708.html |title=Big spenders still searching for returns |first=Abhishek |last=Purohit |date=2 April 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Match==

===Background===
The Final was at the neutral venue of [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] and saw Chennai and Mumbai face each other for the fourth time this season in a rematch of the 2010 Final, won by Chennai. In 14 previous encounters between the two teams, Mumbai had won 8 and Chennai had won 6. In knockout/playoff stage matches, the record was 3–0 in favour of Chennai. In all three matches, Chennai batted first and restricted Mumbai to totals in the 140s. While both had the same win–loss record in the group stage this season, Mumbai's record was attributed to their undefeated record at their home ground. Chennai had the best record playing away from home in this season's group stage, winning 5 of 8 matches. Chennai had the tournament's highest run-scorer in [[Michael Hussey]] and joint-top wicket-taker in [[Dwayne Bravo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/current/story/637697.html |title=A final fighting for relevance |first=George |last=Binoy |date=25 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ipl-final-mumbai-indians-elect-to-bat-against-super-kings-113052600563_1.html |title=IPL final: Mumbai Indians elect to bat against Super Kings |date=26 May 2013 |work=Business Standard|location=India|access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

The final weeks of the tournament were shrouded by controversies involving corruption. It began with the arrest of three players from the [[Rajasthan Royals]] by the [[Delhi Police]] on allegations of [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing case|spot fixing]]. Two days before the Final, [[Gurunath Meiyappan]], a top official of the Chennai Super Kings, was arrested by [[Mumbai Police]] on charges of cheating, forgery and fraud. His arrest also implicated [[N. Srinivasan]], the president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] and Meiyappan's father-in-law.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/ipl-spot-fixing-bcci-suspends-gurunath-meiyappan-pending-inquiry/articleshow/20271199.cms |title=IPL spot-fixing: BCCI suspends Gurunath Meiyappan pending inquiry |date=26 May 2013 |work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/637612.html |title=Gurunath Meiyappan arrested in Mumbai |date=24 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

===Report===
The toss was won by Mumbai. Their captain [[Rohit Sharma]] described the pitch as being drier than the previous match and predicted it would slow down as the match progressed. Chennai captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] also wanted to bat first as it would have put pressure on the team chasing. Both squads were unchanged from their respective previous matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/Mumbai-Indians-thrash-Chennai-Super-Kings-by-23-runs-to-win-maiden-IPL-title/articleshow/20276599.cms |title=Mumbai Indians thrash Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs to win maiden IPL title |date=26 May 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

Mumbai's innings began poorly as [[Mohit Sharma]] and [[Albie Morkel]] troubled their batsmen with straight deliveries. Both opening batsmen, [[Dwayne Smith]] and [[Aditya Tare]], and Rohit Sharma lost their wickets within the first four overs for 16 runs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.emirates247.com/sports/cricket/ipl-6-final-mumbai-indians-are-the-new-champions-2013-05-26-1.507868 |title=IPL 6 Final: Mumbai Indians are the new champions |date=26 May 2013 |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> [[Dinesh Karthik]] and [[Ambati Rayudu]] attempted to build a partnership but also struggled and Karthik was dismissed after they added 36 runs. In came [[Kieron Pollard]] in the tenth over and immediately played aggressively. Pollard and Rayudu were able to score more freely against [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] to lift Mumbai to 100 for 4 after 15 overs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ipl-6-mumbai-indians-crush-csk-to-lift-maiden-title/394109-78.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619175655/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ipl-6-mumbai-indians-crush-csk-to-lift-maiden-title/394109-78.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2013 |title=IPL 6: Mumbai Indians crush CSK to lift maiden title |date=27 May 2013 |publisher=IBNLive |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> The following delivery, Rayudu fell to [[Dwayne Bravo]] for 37 runs and Mumbai was left with only Pollard and their bowlers. [[Harbhajan Singh]] briefly provided support for Pollard with boundaries coming from the edges of his bat before he fell to Bravo off a mishit. The remaining batsmen only made minimal contributions and most were dismissed by Bravo, who finished with figures of 4 for 42. Despite Pollard getting his third half-century of the season, Mumbai could only achieve a total of 148 for 9.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports-bytes/ipl-final-chennai-restrict-mumbai-to-1489.html |title=IPL Final: Chennai Restrict Mumbai to 148/9 |date=26 May 2013 |work=The Pioneer|location=India |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

[[Michael Hussey]] and [[Murali Vijay]] opened in the chase. In the first over, [[Lasith Malinga]] took the wickets of Hussey and [[Suresh Raina]] in two successive deliveries. [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] was dismissed in the following over and Chennai's score was 3 for 3. Vijay and Bravo attempted to target [[Pragyan Ojha]] and [[Rishi Dhawan]] but wickets continued to fall due to poor shot selection and Chennai was reduced to 39 for 6 in the eighth over. This forced Dhoni to bat earlier than his preference of late in the innings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/637854.html |title=Aggressive Mumbai end title drought |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |date=26 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> Dhoni attempted to rescue the innings but wickets continued to fall around him. Chennai's innings finally improved in the ninth-wicket partnership between Dhoni and Ashwin, during which Dhoni hit three boundary sixes off the bowling of Ojha and Pollard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/indian-premier-league-2013/ipl-2013-mumbai-beat-chennai-to-lift-maiden-ipl-title_762083.html |title=IPL 2013: Mumbai beat Chennai to lift maiden IPL title |date=27 May 2013 |publisher=Zee News |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> The asking rate slowly became unmanagable and Ashwin was dismissed in the 18th over. Dhoni finished with an unbeaten 63 runs and Chennai lost by 23 runs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/ipl2013/the-wait-finally-ends-for-mumbai-indians/article4753387.ece |title=The wait finally ends for Mumbai Indians |first=S. |last=Sabanayakan |date=26 May 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

===Summary===
In a match that resembled their first group stage encounter, Mumbai defeated Chennai by 23 runs. The top run-scorers of the season for both teams failed to make high scores while Rayudu and Malinga produced one of their best performances of the season. These performances, along with Pollard's 60 runs, helped Mumbai better Chennai's lone resistance from Dhoni. Pollard's good innings had only come sporadically before and his contribution earned him the [[man of the match]].

It was Mumbai's first IPL title and Chennai's second consecutive time as runners-up. It was the second IPL title for Rohit Sharma and Ojha, who were with the [[Deccan Chargers]] when they won the [[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009 Final]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/ipl/ipl-6-final-will-chennai-super-kings-overcome-controversy-to-beat-mumbai-indians-816327.html |title=IPL 6 Final: Will Chennai Super Kings overcome controversy to beat Mumbai Indians? |date=26 May 2013 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> Bravo's four wickets made him the top wicket-taker of the season with 32 wickets, unprecedented for an IPL season. Hussey remained the top run-scorer of the season with 733 runs. They were awarded the Purple Cap and Orange Cap awards respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/ipl-mumbai-beat-chennai-by-23-runs-to-lift-trophy/articleshow/20281367.cms |title=IPL: Mumbai beat Chennai by 23 runs to lift trophy |date=27 May 2013 |work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Scorecard==
{{plainlist|
* '''On-field umpires:''' [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
* '''TV umpire:''' [[Chettithody Shamsuddin]] (Ind)
* '''Reserve umpire:''' [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''Match referee:''' [[Ranjan Madugalle]] (SL)
}}
'''Toss:''' Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=[[Mumbai Indians]] innings<ref name=scorecard>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598073.html |title=Final: Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians at Kolkata – May 26, 2013 |date=26 May 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Dwayne Smith]]|status=lbw b M Sharma|runs=4|balls=4|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Aditya Tare]]|status=b Morkel|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Dinesh Karthik]]<sup>†</sup>|status=b Morris|runs=21|balls=26|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=80.76}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]]*|status=c & b Morkel|runs=2|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=40.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ambati Rayudu]]|status=b Bravo|runs=37|balls=36|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=102.77}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kieron Pollard]]|status=not out|runs=60|balls=32|4s=7|6s=3|strike_rate=187.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Harbhajan Singh]]|status=c Hussey b Bravo|runs=14|balls=8|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=175.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rishi Dhawan]]|status=run out (M Sharma/Morris)|runs=3|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]|status=c <sup>†</sup>Dhoni b Bravo|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Lasith Malinga]]|status=c <sup>†</sup>Dhoni b Bravo|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Pragyan Ojha]]|status=not out|runs=1|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 2, w 3)|runs=5|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(9 wickets; 20 overs)|runs='''148'''|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–4 (Smith, 0.4 ov), 2–8 (Tare, 1.1 ov), 3–16 (R Sharma, 3.2 ov), 4–52 (Karthik, 9.3 ov), 5–100 (Rayudu, 15.1 ov), 6–125 (Harbhajan Singh, 17.5 ov), 7–133 (Dhawan, 18.4 ov), 8–135 (Johnson, 19.1 ov), 9–135 (Malinga, 19.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=[[Chennai Super Kings]] bowling<ref name=scorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohit Sharma]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=26|wickets=1|econ=6.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Albie Morkel]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=12|wickets=2|econ=4.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=25|wickets=1|econ=6.25|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=22|wickets=0|econ=7.33|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|overs=2|maiden=0|runs=19|wickets=0|econ=9.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Dwayne Bravo]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=42|wickets=4|econ=10.50|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=[[Chennai Super Kings]] innings<ref name=scorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Michael Hussey]]|status=b Malinga|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Murali Vijay]]|status=c R Sharma b Johnson|runs=18|balls=20|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=90.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Suresh Raina]]|status=c Smith b Malinga|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]|status=c <sup>†</sup>Karthik b Johnson|runs=0|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Dwayne Bravo]]|status=c Johnson b Dhawan|runs=15|balls=16|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=93.75}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|status=c Pollard b Harbhajan Singh|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]*<sup>†</sup>|status=not out|runs=63|balls=45|4s=3|6s=5|strike_rate=140.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Albie Morkel]]|status=b Ojha|runs=10|balls=10|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]|status=c <sup>†</sup>Karthik b Harbhajan Singh|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]|status=c sub ([[Akshar Patel]]) b Pollard|runs=9|balls=18|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohit Sharma]]|status=not out|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 2, w 7)|runs=9|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(9 wickets; 20 overs)|runs='''125'''|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–2 (Hussey, 0.4 ov), 2–2 (Raina, 0.5 ov), 3–3 (Badrinath, 1.4 ov), 4–35 (Bravo, 5.6 ov), 5–36 (Jadeja, 6.4 ov), 6–39 (Vijay, 7.3 ov), 7–57 (Morkel, 10.6 ov), 8–58 (Morris, 11.3 ov), 9–99 (Ashwin, 17.4 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=[[Mumbai Indians]] bowling<ref name=scorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Lasith Malinga]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=22|wickets=2|econ=5.50|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=19|wickets=2|econ=4.75|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Pragyan Ojha]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=28|wickets=1|econ=7.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Rishi Dhawan]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=6|wickets=1|econ=6.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Harbhajan Singh]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=14|wickets=2|econ=4.66|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kieron Pollard]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=34|wickets=1|econ=8.50|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

==See also==
* [[2013 Champions League Twenty20]]
*[[Chennai Super Kings-Mumbai Indians rivalry]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricketinhindi.in/2020/02/ipl-latest-news-rcb-4-ipl-2020.html|title=IPL NEWS: RCB टीम ने कीए 4 बड़े बदलाव, अब पक्का जीतेगी IPL|last=Mahajan|first=Devendra|website=Cricket in Hindi|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598073.html Match scorecard on ESPNcricinfo]
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/637854.html Match report on ESPNcricinfo]
*{{YouTube|id=4DPYK_wbFxI|title=CSK vs MI Pepsi IPL 2013 Full Match Replay}}

{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2013 Indian Premier League|Final]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Rekha: The Untold Story

2026-01-25T09:58:06Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting first article initial version - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian biographical book by Yasser Usman}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Rekha: The Untold Story
| image = Rekha, The Untold Story.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Yasser Usman]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Rekha]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Juggernaut Books]]
| published = 29 August 2016
| media_type = Print
| pages = 231<ref name="book" />
| isbn = 978-81-93284-18-6
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Rekha: The Untold Story''''' is a 2016 Indian biographical book by [[Yasser Usman]], detailing the life of Indian film actress [[Rekha]]. The book chronicles her birth to South Indian actors [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Pushpavalli]], which generated rumors in the media at the time, her well-publicised marriage to [[Delhi]]-based industrialist Mukesh Agarwal, who died by suicide in seventh months of marriage, and her fifty-year-long acting career.

After the success of his first book, ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'' (2014), Usman was motivated to write a biography about Rekha. He collected archives of pre-2000s magazines and her interviews at the [[National Film Archive of India]]. While writing the book, Usman faced difficulties since mostly Rekha's collaborator forgot or refused to talk about her; it took more than a year for him to finish it. ''Rekha: The Untold Story'' was released on 29 August 2016 by [[Juggernaut Books]], and was critically praised.

== Summary ==
[[File:Rekha in 2019.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The book focuses on the life and career of Indian actress [[Rekha]]]]
''Rekha: The Untold Story'' opens with [[Rekha]]'s marriage to [[Delhi]]-based industrialist Mukesh Agarwal (1953–1990)<ref name="book">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=29 August 2016 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6 |location=New Delhi, India |author-link=Yasser Usman}}</ref><sup>:3–4</sup> in March 1990, which lasted only seven months after her husband died by suicide, and the media's controversies that generated after this. It follows by her birth to unmarried couple [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Pushpavalli]]—both were South Indian actors—in 1954, which was followed by rumors in the media. The book chronicles her acting career, including her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut, the commercially successful social drama ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1966),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 November 2008 |title=Tale of a celluloid poet |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112851140100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034341/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112851140100.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> in which she made a cameo appearance as a child artist, and ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970). She was initially planned to made her Hindi debut with ''[[Anjana Safar]]'' (1979), which was delayed for ten years due to censorship problems. It then extensively examines several successful films of Rekha in Hindi cinema, including ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980) and ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actress|National Film Award]] for Best Actress, respectively.<ref name="book" /><sup>:12–114</sup>

The book investigates controversies generated by Rekha's collaboration with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and his wife [[Jaya Bachchan]], for the 1981 romantic drama ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'', after the media reported an affair rumor between Rekha and Amitabh. This follows by the information about her failed relationship with several actors, and her setback in the early 1990s, when her later films poorly received by both audiences and critics. It continues with her resurgence with ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]'' (1991), ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Aastha: In the Prison of Spring]]'' (1997), all of which were success at the box office and received positive reviews from critics. Her acting career from the 2000s to 2010s and her term of office as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha's member]] also chronicled. It tells several journalists' interviews of Rekha and a number of critics' and her contemporaries' opinion about her. The book ends with her meeting with Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan at the [[Screen Awards]] ceremony in 2016.<ref name="book" /><sup>:122–204</sup>

== Background ==
In the foreword of ''Rekha: The Untold Story'', [[Yasser Usman]] said, "I grew up [...] when her career was on the downslide. But I certainly love some of her performances from that decade and have always especially enjoyed her interviews."<ref name="Scroll.in" /> After publishing ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'' in 2014,<ref name="Interview by Eekta Malik">{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Eekta |date=10 August 2018 |title='I am so tired of goody-goody hagiographies' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605161135/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |archive-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Usman was continuously getting handwrite letters and e-mails from his fans. He revealed that "some still find their way into my inbox", and they expressed how they "were distressed, and surprised, to learn Rajesh Khanna's loneliness, little known about before."<ref name="book" /><sup>:ix</sup> It motivated Usman for knowing other popular film stars' life, and he decided to write his second book on Rekha, whom he called an "eternal fighter".<ref name="book" /><sup>:ix</sup><ref name="The Asian Age" /> ''Rekha: The Untold Story'' marked the second book on the actress after [[Mohan Deep]]'s ''[[Eurekha!]]'' (1999), which garnered negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |date=27 February 2000 |title=Tale of two authors, three books |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101011624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

== Development and writing ==
{{quote box
| quote="It's a story close to my heart. When I began writing it, many people told me—What's there to write? We know her story! That is true to an extent. But I want to present her complete story—her struggles, her pain, her rise, her downfall and then the phenomenal fightback—so that her life is understood in a new perspective."
| source =—Usman on ''Rekha: The Untold Story''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Swati |date=21 May 2020 |title=The enigmatic erstwhile queen of Bollywood |page=4 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EYhaGyrXgAYkt2X?format=jpg&name=large |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121405/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EYhaGyrXgAYkt2X?format=jpg&name=large |archive-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}
''Rekha: The Untold Story'' was the second book of Usman's "untold" trilogy.<ref name="Interview by Eekta Malik" /> While working on ''Rajesh Khanna'', he got to know several facts about Rekha but felt hesitant to discuss it. He needed around three years to decide to write the biography, saying, "Rekha is mostly talked with relation to her association with Amitabh Bachchan—as if she has only one aspect to her personality. This one-sided narrative had to be changed."<ref name="The Asian Age">{{Cite news |last=Kotnala |first=Stutee |date=11 September 2016 |title='Rekha was glamorous, wild she wanted marriage' |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-was-glamorous-wild-she-wanted-marriage-763 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814021447/https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-was-glamorous-wild-she-wanted-marriage-763 |archive-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> The media often more focused on them when they attended same award ceremonies to increase the [[target rating point]]. Usman wanted a book on Rekha "that would make the reader think differently about Rekha".<ref name="Majumdar, Anushree">{{Cite news |last=Majumdar |first=Anushree |date=9 September 2016 |title=I wanted to make the reader think differently about Rekha, says Yasser Usman on his latest book |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/rekha-the-untold-story-bollywood-yasser-usman-books-3021017/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026093749/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/rekha-the-untold-story-bollywood-yasser-usman-books-3021017/ |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> He compared Khanna's to her life and found them to be "similar", stating that "their on-screen personas are difficult to reconcile with their loneliness."<ref name="Scroll.in">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 September 2016 |title='Rekha was honest about everything and Bollywood tried to tame her': biographer Yasser Usman |url=https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217084335/https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

Usman took more than one year to write ''Rekha: The Untold Story''. He collected several archives of magazines—such as ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'', ''Star & Style'' and ''Super''—and interviews on Rekha from the late 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s at the [[National Film Archive of India]] in [[Pune]].<ref name="Scroll.in" /><ref name="Majumdar, Anushree" /> According to [[Scroll.in]], "This strategy gives [it] the same breathlessly gossipy quality of the smouldering actress' numerous interviews."<ref name="Scroll.in" /> Apart from that, Usman spoke of how "she used to give very lively interviews in those days, before she came to be known as a reclusive diva".<ref name="Majumdar, Anushree" /> He also approached around 40 to 50 people who worked with Rekha and close to her, including [[Gulzar]], [[Muzaffar Ali]], [[Shyam Benegal]] and several other journalists; he spoke of his confusion when most of them reacted, "Why Rekha?", and talked about her in sexist ways. In 2016, he revealed that they called Rekha an "unprintable name" and mocked her relationships and affairs,<ref name="book" /><sup>:x–xi</sup> adding that most of her collaborators also forgot their experiences with her or they did not want to talk about her.<ref name="A star like none other" />

Usman, who also works as a television producer and journalist, has heard much news about alleged involvement by Rekha and her co-stars.<ref name="book" /><sup>:xi</sup> After a series of failed telephone call for her, he finally sent a recording message to her, saying, "I genuinely want to write about you, about your own story", which she did not respond to. However, between three and four days later, her secretary Farzana called him and asked what he wrote. Farzana said that she would call him again, but did not.<ref name="A star like none other">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Bishakha De |date=11 September 2016 |title=Rekha: A star like none other |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/39-you-humiliated-this-woman-you-abused-her-and-now-she-has-become-what-she-has-a-star-39/cid/1315081 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220034333/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/39-you-humiliated-this-woman-you-abused-her-and-now-she-has-become-what-she-has-a-star-39/cid/1315081 |archive-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> Usman stated that it was hard to write a biography on Indian celebrities from the 1970s and 1980s,<ref name="Scroll.in" /> noting that her interviews "have become philosophical and abstract".<ref name="book" /><sup>:xiii</sup> When asked by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' about the book's writing process, he personally answered that Rekha's marriage to Agarwal was the most shocking part, which made him placed it in the first chapter of the book.<ref name="Majumdar, Anushree" />

== Critical reception ==
''Rekha: The Untold Story'' was positively received by critics. Sanjukta Sharma from ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' called it "a riveting book" that "taps into that irresistible fancy of knowing the different aspects of a star as mythologized as Rekha".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=8 September 2016 |title=For Rekha, the show won't end |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6jk9CyIjPlULAtjqhxcuVM/For-Rekha-the-show-wont-end.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909171820/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6jk9CyIjPlULAtjqhxcuVM/For-Rekha-the-show-wont-end.html |archive-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Asian Age]]''{{'s}} reviewer Nayare Ali praised Usman for "garnishes it with some juicy masala and re-serves it as a contemporary read", adding, "[It] is a book that anyone who is a fan or even fascinated by the star, would be tempted to read."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Nayare |date=11 September 2016 |title=Rekha, the eternal fighter |work=The Asian Age |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-eternal-fighter-689 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219024731/http://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-eternal-fighter-689 |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> Soumyadip Choudhury of [[News18]] found the book "actually the Rekha story re-told but all the material at one place together helps the reader make more sense of the actress who went through numerous ups and downs and whose resplendent presence still make the cameras zoom in."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Soumyadip |date=12 September 2016 |title='Rekha: The Untold Story' Review: Tale of the 'Lady Amitabh' Re-told |work=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/rekha-the-untold-story-review-tale-of-the-lady-amitabh-1291720.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918152616/http://www.news18.com/news/books/rekha-the-untold-story-review-tale-of-the-lady-amitabh-1291720.html |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'' was impressed with the narrative and noted that the book's "different transitions ... feel smooth and credible" and added, "He has an eye for human drama, cleverly defining what's at stake in different phases of Rekha's life, so that we are constantly intrigued by and care about her story. But, most importantly, Usman does something more valuable: he shows empathy, something Rekha has been denied for long, both by journalists and those who were once close to her."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |date=14 September 2016 |title=Rekha: Missing From the Frame |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/rekha-missing-from-the-frame/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809173443/https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/rekha-missing-from-the-frame/ |archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

An [[Indo-Asian News Service]] critic observed that "Usman brings out the sad cost of movie stardom, especially for women, who are expected to be larger-than-life, engage in all kinds of exploits and controversies ... but judged harshly for all this when they seek a normal life and fail."<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=9 September 2016 |title=Review: Rekha – The Untold Story |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Review-Rekha-The-Untold-Story/articleshow/54227940.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910031902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Review-Rekha-The-Untold-Story/articleshow/54227940.cms?utm_source=TOInewHP_TILwidget&utm_medium=ABtest&utm_campaign=TOInewHP |archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Gargi Gupta of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' described the book as "an image that speaks far more than Usman's words".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Gargi |date=11 September 2016 |title=Book review — Rekha: The Untold Story |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-book-review-rekha-the-untold-story-2253969 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324021319/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-book-review-rekha-the-untold-story-2253969 |archive-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran from ''[[The News Minute]]'' called it "fast-paced and lucidly written with plenty of spice, making it a perfect airplane read".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=11 September 2016 |title=Want to know how Bollywood treats its women? This book on actor Rekha's life is an eye-opener! |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/want-know-how-bollywood-treats-its-women-book-actor-rekhas-life-eye-opener-49704 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811040127/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/want-know-how-bollywood-treats-its-women-book-actor-rekhas-life-eye-opener-49704 |archive-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', Mohini Chaudhari stated that the book was "a fascinating tale, and author Yasser Usman does well in documenting the tumultuous journey."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhari |first=Mohini |date=15 September 2016 |title=Book Review: Rekha: The Untold Story |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/diva-rebel-recluse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012305/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/diva-rebel-recluse/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of [[Bollywood Hungama]], who gave a rating of three and a half stars, found the book to be "entertaining" and appreciated it for "really well in sourcing a lot of quotes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=20 September 2016 |title=Book Review: Yasser Usman's Rekha – The Untold Story |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-yasser-usmans-rekha-untold-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710002207/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-yasser-usmans-rekha-untold-story/ |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In a review carried by ''[[Firstpost]]'', Rohini Nair concluded: "Usman's writing of Rekha's story doesn't flag at any point. It is crisp, it is well-paced, it draws on numerous sources to make its point."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Rohini |date=6 September 2016 |title=Rekha's biography claims to tell the enigmatic star's 'untold story': Does it? |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rekhas-biography-claims-to-tell-the-enigmatic-stars-untold-story-does-it-2992356.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095302/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rekhas-biography-claims-to-tell-the-enigmatic-stars-untold-story-does-it-2992356.html |archive-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

== Publication history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Region
! scope="col"|Release date
! scope="col"|Language
! scope="col"|Format
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |India
|29 August 2016
|English
|Hardcover<ref name="book" />
|-
|15 November 2016
|Hindi
|[[Amazon Kindle]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=रेखा: एक अनकही कहानी |date=15 November 2016 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |language=hi |trans-title=Rekha: The Untold Story |id={{ASIN|B084SRLSP5|country=in}}}}</ref>
|-
|31 March 2020
|English
|Paperback<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=31 March 2020 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-53450-51-9}}</ref>
|-
|29 May 2020
|English
|Amazon Kindle<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=29 May 2020 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |id={{ASIN|B0821CLFF7|country=in}}}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Biography|Books}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoJoDwAAQBAJ ''Rekha: The Untold Story''] on [[Google Books]]
* [http://www.yasserusman.com/about-yasser-usman/ Yasser Usman's official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Books by Yasser Usman]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Juggernaut Books books]]
[[Category:Unauthorized biographies]]

Vincent Lobo

2026-01-24T19:54:25Z

KatherinLigertwo: updated details per sources

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{morefootnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Vincent Lobo
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|8|16}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| height = 1.74 m
| weight =
| event =
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| country = [[India]]
| coach =
| handedness = Right
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Men's badminton}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Kuala Lumpur]] | Men's team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 12593
| bwf_id = 56893F5A-A9A2-4C24-B3C4-806AB33DE035
}}

'''Vincent Lobo''' (born 16 August 1977) is a former Indian [[badminton]] player. He has won numerous local, state and national level titles. At the national level, he has won eight Indian badminton national championship titles over his career.

His first two Indian national titles came in 1989 at Bangalore when he was 12 years old and coached by his father Derrick Lobo. Vincent won the Under 12 Boys Singles and Doubles Indian National titles, partnering Advait Maniar.

During his teenage years he was coached by both Uday Pawar and Leroy D’sa and was consistently ranked nationally in the top 10 in his respective age groups in both the singles and doubles.

The next 2 Indian national titles came at the Under 22 Doubles Nationals in 1996 where he won the Boys Doubles partnering Sachin Ratti and Mixed Doubles partnering Larissa Sadarangani.

At the senior level he was the Indian National Mens Doubles and Mixed Doubles Champion in both 1999 and 2001. The Mens doubles he partnered with Jaseel Ismail for both titles while in mixed doubles he partnered with Archana Deodar and Madhumita Bisht respectively.

In 2000 Vincent was part of the Indian Mens Badminton Team that qualified to play in the Thomas Cup finals. He partnered with Pullela Gopichand in doubles to clinch the crucial match to beat Thailand (3-1) and move India to the finals stage at Kuala Lumpur. India reached the finals stage after a gap of 12 years when taken there in 1988 led by the renowned Prakash Padukone.

In addition to his multiple national championship titles <ref>{{cite web |url=https://badmintonnation.in/senior-national-championship-winners-list/ |title=Senior Nationals winners list |publisher=Badmintion.in |accessdate=12 July 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195407/http://badmintonnation.in/senior-national-championship-winners-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
he was the silver medalist in [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games |badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in the Men's Team event]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/41858 |title=Marcos Bristow |publisher=Commonwealth sport |accessdate=12 July 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712152635/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/41858 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/arvind-anup-chetan-and-jwala-in-bais-coaches-panel/articleshow/59368463.cms |title=Arvind, Anup, Chetan and Jwala in BAI's coaches panel |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 June 2017 |accessdate=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Prakash2010">{{cite book |author=Pranav Prakash |title=Badminton: Shuttling Across the Net |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvcHKJaWSYUC |accessdate=12 July 2021 |year=2010 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1650-4 |page=120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/jun/04/shuttle-strikes-a-popular-chord-in-ernakulam-621053.html |title=Shuttle Strikes a Popular Chord in Ernakulam |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2001 at the age of 23 years, Vincent decided to retire from competitive badminton to pursue his MBA studies in America and has settled in the Philadelphia Area.

== Achievements ==
=== IBF International ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Men's doubles
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaseel P. Ismail]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Jeremy Gan]] <br /> {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Chong Ming]]
| align="left" | 10–15, 15–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Jaseel P. Ismail
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajeev Bagga]] <br /> {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinod Kumar (badminton)|Vinod Kumar]]
| align="left" | 15–4, 17–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Mixed doubles
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. V. Lakshmi]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinod Kumar (badminton)|Vinod Kumar]] <br/> {{flagicon|IND}} [[Madhumita Bisht]]
| align="left" | 12–15, 14–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BWFB|12593}}
* {{BWFT|56893F5A-A9A2-4C24-B3C4-806AB33DE035|member_id=12593}}
* {{CGF profile}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobo, Vincent}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]

Ranganathaswamy temple, Karamadai

2026-01-24T03:31:49Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting new place added tags - done

{{Other uses|Ranganathaswamy Temple (disambiguation)}}{{Short description|Hindu temple in Coimbatore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ranganathaswamy Temple
| image = Ranganathaswamy temple karamadai2.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|14|32|N|76|57|37|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Karamadai temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| location = [[Karamadai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Ranganathaswamy ([[Vishnu]]), <br />Ranganayaki Thayar ([[Lakshmi]]), <br />Bettadamman ([[Bhudevi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ranganathaswamy temple''' (also called '''Karamadai Temple''') in [[Karamadai]], a town panchayat in [[Coimbatore district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. It is located 23 km from [[Coimbatore]] in the Coimbatore–Mettuplayam highway. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ranganathaswamy and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as [[Ranganayaki]] in this temple. It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition and also one among the Pancharanga Kshetrams in Coimbatore, other four are (1) Melmudi Ranganathar near Thadagam, (2) Palamalai Ranganathar near Kovanur, (3) Thandigai Ranganathar on Kataanji hills near Selvapuram and (4) Thogaimalai Ranganathar near Dhayanur.

As per Hindu legend, the face of Ranganatha was found under an anthill in the place where the Kattariyar tribe was residing. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a seven-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower.

The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the fifteen-day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Maasi'' (February–March), Vaikunta Ekadasi and Ramanuja Jayanti being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple karamadai1.JPG|left|200px|thumb|Image of the entrance]]
As per Hindu legend, the place was once a forest with Karai trees. A tribe named Kottariyar inhabited the region, whose main profession was herding cattle. One day a herdsman found that his cow was not giving him any milk and emptied all its milk in an anthill. He dug up the anthill, but was astonished to see blood coming out of it. After spiritual advise of a priest named Vedavyasabhattar, a temple was erected around the anthill. Vishnu is said to have appeared in the dreams of Pitchu Mandarayar, one of the inhabitants.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=89–95|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

As per a modern legend, a British general was trying to build a railway line bisecting the temple. The people of the village prayed for divine intervention. It is believed that Vishnu appeared in the dream of the General, who later withdrew his plans to demolish the temple. He also gifted a festive image of a horse to be used during divine procession.<ref name=hindu/>

==History==
The temple is originally believed to have been built during the [[Chola]] Empire during the 10–11th centuries.<ref name=hindu/> [[Tirumalai Nayakar]] (1623–59 CE) expanded the temple during his regime and built the walls and halls in the temple. [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] (1940–1950) built a set of other halls in the temple. [[Ramanuja]] (1017–1137 CE), the expounder of Vaishnadvaita philosophy is believed to have visited the temple on his way to [[Melkote]] from [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]]. The northern temple tower was built during 1944, while the seven-tiered {{convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on}} Eastern tower was built during 2013. Some of the old halls were also renovated during 2013.<ref name=hindu/> [[File:Ranganathar Karamadai.jpg|frame|alt=Karamadai Ranganathaswamy|Karamadai Ranganathaswamy]]

==Administration==
The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple karamadai5.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Image of shrines in the temple]]
Ranganathaswamy temple is constructed in the Tamil architecture. The temple occupies an area of {{convert|1|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and is surrounded by granite walls. The seven tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, has seven kalasam at the top. Unlike the sanctum houses the image of Ranganathaswamy, where the image is sported in standing, sitting and reclining posture, only the face of Ranganathar is seen in the temple.<ref name=M/> The Ardha mandapa is guarded by two [[Dvarapala|Dvarapalas]] on either sides. The shrine of Soundaravalli is located closed to the eastern gateway. There Mahamandapa houses the images of Vedanta Desikar, Manavala Mamunigal, [[Azhwars|Alvars]], and [[Ramanuja]]. There are separate shrines for [[Rama]] housing [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]] and [[Hanuman]]. There are a number of smaller shrines and halls in the precincts of the temple.<ref name=K>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=Betrayaswami&pg=PT459|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009|isbn=9788184950243|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|pages=428–30}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festival==
[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple karamadai3.JPG|200px|thumb|The temple tree]]
The temple is one of the prominent landmarks of Karamadai and one of the most visited tourist destinations in the region.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=With rich historical background|last=S.|first=Prabhu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/with-rich-historical-background/article4676813.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2 May 2013|accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref> The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai]] sect of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] tradition and follows ''Pancharathra aagama''. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Aravanai Pooja'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Ranganathaswamy and Ranganayagi. There are various daily, weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, of which fifteen-day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Maasi'' (February–March), [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] and Ramanuja Jayanti being the most prominent. During the Brahmotsavam, the temple car is drawn around the streets of temple with the festival images housed in it.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Aranganathaswami temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=45|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> Southern railways used to operate free services from Coimbatore to Mettupalayam till 1983 during the annual chariot festival.<ref name=hindu/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Orlando Gomes

2026-01-22T03:51:27Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting the pg initial version

{{Short description|Indian theatre critic and writer (1925–2003)}}
{{about|an Indian theatre critic|the Puerto Rican baseball player|Orlando Gómez}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Orlando Gomes
| image = Orlando Gomes.jpg
| caption = Gomes in his later years
| birth_name = Orlando Jeremias Gomes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| other_names = Orlando J. Gomes
| citizenship = {{ubl|
* [[British Raj]] (until 1947
* India (from 1947)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|8|5|1925|1|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chira Bazaar]], Mumbai, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Theatre critic|writer}}
| employer = ''[[The Times of India]]''
}}

'''Orlando Jeremias Gomes''' (17 January 1925 – 5 August 2003), was an Indian [[theatre critic]] and writer known for his work on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. While employed by ''[[The Times of India]]'', he contributed to English and [[Konkani language]] publications such as ''Evening News'', ''The Goa Times'', ''Gulab'', and ''The Goan Review''. His contributions included [[Trailer (promotion)|previews]], [[reviews]], and free advertisements of Konkani ''[[tiatr]]s''.

==Early life==
Orlando Jeremias Gomes was born on 17 January 1925 in his ancestral Gomes building, Vijaywadi (formerly Dukhorwadi), [[Chira Bazaar]], [[Bombay]], which was part of [[Bombay Presidency]] during [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India), into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. Gomes' ancestral roots can be traced back to Gomes Vaddo in [[Majorda]], [[Salcete]], Goa, then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India). His father, Joao Francisco Gomes, hailed from the village of Majorda, whereas his mother, Maria Paula Estifania Rodrigues, hailed from the coastal village of [[Anjuna]], Goa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

Despite his birth in Bombay, Gomes' birth was later registered in his parents' home state of Goa in 1949.<ref name=":2" /> From an early age, Gomes developed a deep appreciation for ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. He had a clear recollection of the well-known ''[[tiatrist]]s'' from previous times and their commitment to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater.<ref name=":1" /> Gomes pursued his education in Bombay, completing both his schooling and graduation there.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Gomes embarked on his professional journey in the advertising department of ''[[The Times of India]]'' publications subsequent to his education in [[Bombay]]. Ascending the ranks, he eventually assumed the position of senior advertisement officer before retiring. Gomes harbored an affinity for ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]], and undertook a significant role in its propagation within Bombay. Through his critical assessments and advance coverage of ''tiatrs'' in ''The Times of India'' and ''Evening News'', he introduced the art form to a broader audience, extending beyond the Goan community. During the zenith of the ''tiatr'' movement, spanning from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, Gomes made substantial contributions to the advancement and popularity of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatrs'' in Bombay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=265}}</ref> He upheld an inclusive stance, supporting both commercial and non-commercial ''tiatrs'', as well as related forms like ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatrs]]'' and non-stop shows. Gomes exhibited impartiality, refraining from discriminating between various genres. In his assessment of Goan art, he showed a positive interest while maintaining an impartial stance, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of ''tiatrs'' and ''khell-tiatrs'' in a manner that appealed to a broad range of viewers. Leveraging his position as a member of the staff of the English daily in India, ''The Times of India'', Gomes strategically used his influence to bolster the Konkani ''tiatr'' scene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=349–351 |language=en}}</ref>

Gomes played a pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Man of the Year]] award, an annual accolade presented to the outstanding ''tiatr'' performance held in Bombay for a period of time. This recognition was made possible through the collaborative efforts of influential figures such as [[Murli Deora]], the former [[Mayor of Bombay]] and ex-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[MP (India)|MP]], and Nolasco da Gama, a former Goan [[corporator]] in Bombay. Gomes, in addition to his involvement with ''tiatr'', made contributions as a writer, regularly contributing articles on ''tiatrs'' and various other Goan subjects of interest to Konkani publications including ''The Goa Times'', ''Gulab'', and ''The Goan Review''. Beyond Gomes, there existed a cadre of journalists who undertook the regular [[review]] of ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" /> Among these individuals were those who not only reviewed the scripted and directed performances but also displayed their acting prowess. Their multifaceted involvement played a significant role in the advancement of ''tiatr''. Among these influential figures were Dr. [[Simon C. Fernandes]], Evagrio Jeorge, Elliot de Elly, Anthony Fernandes, Zito Almeida, Ervell Menezes, Alfred D'Cruz, John Gomes (Kokoy), and Fr. Lactancio Almeida [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]], among others. The contributions of these artists to the evolution of ''tiatr'' have been documented in the ''125th Tiatr Commemorative Volume'' book. Writer [[Wilson Mazarello]] aptly acknowledged Gomes' dedication to the Konkani ''tiatr'' in his capacity as a journalist for the English newspaper, ''The Times of India'', stating that his contributions surpassed those of any other individual during that time.<ref name=":1" />

Gomes played a significant role in bolstering the presence and reputation of ''[[tiatr]]s'' in [[Bombay]]'s theatrical landscape. His contributions were inclusive and impartial, extending support to both established and aspiring actors, as well as to ''[[tiatrist]]s'' and [[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatr]]ists alike. Gomes' assiduity to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] was evident through his proactive efforts, such as organizing previews, securing free advertisements, and generating favorable [[review]]s for these performances. His influence transcended regional boundaries, as his previews and reviews served as a gateway for non-[[Goans]] to discover and appreciate the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr''. In his writings, Gomes exhibited a marked positive inclination towards this form of theater, ensuring that his previews were filled with enthusiasm and his reviews offered [[constructive criticism]]. His goal was to highlight the ''tiatr'''s strengths while providing suggestions to address any shortcomings, all delivered in a manner that was respectful and non-detrimental. Author Wilson Mazarello aptly noted Gomes' affection for the Konkani ''tiatr'', emphasizing that his previews and reviews consistently reflected this sentiment. As of 1995, despite retiring from ''[[The Times of India]]'', Gomes continued to support his cause by collaborating with the media to offer [[insights]] and [[critiques]] for every ''tiatr'' performance in Bombay.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Gomes was an advocate and enthusiast of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', a theatrical art form. He displayed an ardor for the genre and actively contributed to its development and welfare. Gomes willingly extended his support and guidance to aspiring ''tiatrists'', offering them insights into the ethical aspects of pursuing a successful stage career. Gomes was also an admirer of several ''tiatrists'', who were performers in the [[Goan]] traditional theatre form known as ''tiatr''. In 1995, Gomes resided with his family in Vijaywadi, situated off [[Girgaum]] Road in Bombay.<ref name=":1" /> On 5 August 2003, Gomes died at the age of 78 in his ancestral Gomes building located in [[Chira Bazaar]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes, Orlando}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian theatre critics]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]

Black stork

2026-01-18T15:22:21Z

KatherinLigertwo: created basic stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{about|the bird|the 1917 film|The Black Stork|the Pakistani special operations force|Special Services Group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{featured article}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ciconia nigra -Kruger National Park-8.jpg
| image_caption = In [[Kruger National Park]], [[South Africa]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Ciconia nigra'' |amends=2016 |article-number=e.T22697669A111747857 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697669A111747857.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Ciconia
| species = nigra
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map = CiconiaNigraIUCN2019 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. nigra'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = ''Ardea nigra'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
}}

The '''black stork''' ('''''Ciconia nigra''''') is a large bird in the [[stork]] family Ciconiidae. It was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. Measuring on average {{convert|95|to|100|cm|abbr=on|in}} from beak tip to end of tail with a {{convert|145|to|155|cm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} wingspan, the adult black stork has mainly black [[plumage]], with white underparts, long red legs and a long pointed red beak. A widespread but uncommon species, it breeds in scattered locations across Europe (predominantly in Portugal and Spain, and central and eastern parts), and east across the [[Palearctic]] to the Pacific Ocean. It is a long-distance [[bird migration|migrant]], with European populations wintering in tropical Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asian populations in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. When migrating between Europe and Africa, it avoids crossing broad expanses of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and detours via the [[Levant]] in the east, the [[Strait of Sicily]] in the center, or the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in the west. An isolated non-migratory population lives in Southern Africa.

Unlike the closely related [[white stork]], the black stork is a shy and wary species. It is seen singly or in pairs, usually in marshy areas, rivers or inland waters. It feeds on [[amphibian]]s, small [[fish]] and [[insect]]s, generally wading slowly in shallow water stalking its prey. Breeding pairs usually build nests in large forest trees—most commonly [[deciduous]] but also [[conifer]]ous—which can be seen from long distances, as well as on large boulders, or under overhanging ledges in mountainous areas. The female lays two to five greyish-white [[egg]]s, which become soiled over time in the nest. [[Egg incubation|Incubation]] takes 32 to 38 days, with both sexes sharing duties, and [[fledging]] takes 60 to 71 days.

The black stork is considered to be a [[species of least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], but its actual status is uncertain. Despite its large range, it is nowhere abundant, and it appears to be declining in parts of its range, such as in India, China and parts of Western Europe, though increasing in others such as the Iberian Peninsula. Various conservation measures have been taken for the black stork, like the Conservation Action Plan for African black storks by [[Wetlands International]]. It is also protected under the [[African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement]] and the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]]. On 31 May 1968, South Korea designated the species as natural monument 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=금덕천 검은황새(金德川 검은황새) Geumdeokcheon Black Stork |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/E0007664 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and etymology==
English naturalist [[Francis Willughby]] wrote about the black stork in the 17th century, having seen one in Frankfurt. He named it ''Ciconia nigra'',<ref name=willughby>{{cite book|last=Willughby|first=Francis|title=The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick, esq. ...|publisher=A.C. for John Martyn|location=London|date=1681|page=286|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41442085|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060506/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41442085|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|1=The universally accepted starting point of modern taxonomy for animals is set at 1758, with the publishing of Linnaeus' [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']], although scientists had been coining names in the previous century.<ref>{{cite book | title=Systema Naturae 250 – The Linnaean Ark |first=Andrew |last=Polaszek |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |date= 2010 | isbn=978-1-4200-9502-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ReWP31_IJSIC&pg=PA34 | page=34}}</ref>}} from the [[Latin]] words for "stork" and "black" respectively.<ref name=Lewis1918/> It was one of the many [[Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|species originally described]] by Swedish [[Zoology|zoologist]] Carl Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', where it was given the binomial name of ''Ardea nigra''.<ref name="Linnaeus1758" /> It was moved to the new [[genus]] ''[[Ciconia]]'' by French [[zoologist]] [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] two years later.<ref name="Brisson1" /> The word ''stork'' is derived from the [[Old English]] word ''storc'', thought to be related to the [[Old High German]] ''storah'', meaning "stork", and the Old English ''stearc'', meaning "stiff".<ref name=Merriam-Webster/>
[[File:Black Stork Manas Assam India December 2018.jpg|thumb|left|From Manas Tiger Reserve, [[Assam]], India.]]
The black stork is a member of the genus ''Ciconia'', or typical storks, a group of seven [[extant taxon|extant]] species, characterised by straight bills and mainly black and white [[plumage]].<ref name=kahl/> The black stork was long thought to be most closely related to the [[white stork]] (''C. ciconia'').<ref name=wood/> However, genetic analysis via [[DNA–DNA hybridization]] and mitochondrial [[cytochrome b]] DNA by Beth Slikas in 1997 found that it was [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (an early offshoot) in the genus ''Ciconia''.<ref name=Slikas1997/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Mengyao|last2=Kang|first2=Chunlan|last3=Yan|first3=Chaochao|last4=Huang|first4=Ting|last5=Song|first5=Xuhao|last6=Zhang|first6=Xiuyue|last7=Yue|first7=Bisong|last8=Zeng|first8=Tao|date=2016-01-02|title=Phylogenetic analysis of the Black Stork Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) based on complete mitochondrial genome|journal=Mitochondrial DNA|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=261–262|doi=10.3109/19401736.2014.883616|pmid=24571406|s2cid=29890119|issn=1940-1736}}</ref> [[Fossil]] remains have been recovered from [[Miocene]] beds on [[Rusinga Island|Rusinga]] and [[Maboko Island]]s in Kenya, which are indistinguishable from the white and black storks.<ref name=Dykes2008/>

==Description==
[[File:Ciconia nigra -Dierenrijk Europa, Nuenen, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands-8a.jpg|left|thumb|Adult in a Dutch zoo]]
The black stork is a large bird, measuring between {{convert|95|and|100|cm|abbr=on|in}} in length with a {{convert|145|to|155|cm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} wingspan,{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} and weighing around {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ehPAAAAYAAJ|title=Birds of the Soviet Union: (Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soyuza)|last1=Dementʹev|first1=Georgiĭ Petrovich|last2=Institution|first2=Smithsonian|last3=(U.S.)|first3=National Science Foundation|date=1966|publisher=Israel Program for Scientific Translations|location=Jerusalem|page=406|language=en}}</ref> Standing as tall as {{convert|102|cm|in|abbr=on}},<ref name=Stevenson2001/> it has long red legs, a long neck and a long, straight, pointed red [[beak]].{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} It bears some resemblance to [[Abdim's stork]] (''C. abdimii''), which can be distinguished by its much smaller build, predominantly green bill, legs and feet, and white rump and lower back.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|last1=Ali|first1=Salim|last2=S. Dillon|first2=Ripley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1979|isbn=978-0-19-565934-4|volume=1|place=New Delhi, India|pages=102–104|language=en}}</ref> The plumage is black with a purplish green sheen, except for the white lower breast, belly, armpits, [[Glossary of bird terms#axillaries|axillaries]] and [[Covert feather|undertail coverts]].{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6X10o1QrR4C&pg=PA32|title=Sasol Southern African Birds: A Photographic Guide|last=Sinclair|first=Ian|date=2006|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-77007-244-2|location=Cape Town, South Africa|page=32|language=en|orig-date=1995}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The breast feathers are long and shaggy, forming a ruff which is used in some courtship displays.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} The black stork has brown [[Iris (anatomy)|irises]], and bare red skin around its eyes.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00john|url-access=registration|title=A Field Guide to the Birds of China|last1=MacKinnon|first1=John Ramsay|last2=MacKinnon|first2=John|last3=Phillipps|first3=Karen|last4=He|first4=Fen-qi|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-854940-6|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00john/page/243 243]|language=en}}</ref> The sexes are identical in appearance, except that males are larger than females on average.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} [[Moulting#Birds|Moulting]] takes place in spring, with the iridescent sheen brighter in new plumage.<ref name=":6"/> It walks slowly and steadily on the ground and like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaCbUACCTjAC&pg=PA47|title=The Illustrated Atlas of Wildlife|last=Bambaradeniya|first=Channa N. B.|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25785-6|location=Berkeley|page=47|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Juvenile (organism)|juvenile]] resembles the adult in plumage, but the areas corresponding to the adult black feathers are browner and less glossy. The scapulars, wing and upper tail coverts have pale tips. The legs, bill and bare skin around the eyes are greyish green.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} It could possibly be confused with the juvenile [[yellow-billed stork]], but the latter has paler wings and mantle, a longer bill and white under the wings.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=322}}

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Black stork (Ciconia nigra).jpg|thumb|Black stork in flight]]
During the summer, the black stork is found from Eastern Asia ([[Siberia]] and northern China) west to [[Central Europe]], reaching Estonia in the north, Poland, [[Lower Saxony]] and [[Bavaria]] in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy and Greece in the south,{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} with an outlying population in the central-southwest region of the Iberian Peninsula ([[Extremadura]] and surrounding provinces of Spain, plus Portugal).<ref name="canoalonso06">{{cite journal|last1=Cano Alonso|first1=Luis Santiago|last2=Franco|first2=Cláudia|last3=Pacheco|first3=Carlos|last4=Reis|first4=Susana|last5=Rosa|first5=Gonçalo|last6=Fernandez-Garcia|first6=Manuel|year=2006|title=The breeding population of black stork ''Ciconia nigra'' in the Iberian Peninsula|url=http://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-33469/2006_Biota_7_15.pdf|journal=Biota|volume=7|issue=1/2|pages=15–23|access-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730154457/http://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-33469/2006_Biota_7_15.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering in tropical Africa and Asia, although certain populations of black storks are sedentary or dispersive.<ref name=":6" /> An isolated population exists in [[Southern Africa]], where the species is more numerous in the east, in eastern South Africa and Mozambique, and is also found in Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Botswana and less commonly Namibia.<ref name=sabap2>{{cite web | url=http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/084.pdf | title=Black Stork | work=Second Southern African Bird Atlas Project | publisher=Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town | access-date=12 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106203837/http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/084.pdf | archive-date=6 January 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of the black storks that summer in Europe migrate to Africa,<ref name=":6" /> with those from western Germany and points west heading south via the Iberian Peninsula and the rest via Turkey and the Levant. Those flying via Spain spend winter in the [[Falémé River]] basin of eastern Senegal, Guinea, southern Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and western and central Mali, while those flying via the Sinai end up in northern Ethiopia, the [[Kotto River]] basin in the Central African Republic, the [[Mbomou River|Mbokou river basin]] in Chad and northeastern Nigeria.<ref name="bobek08" /> Black storks summering in [[West Asia]] migrate to [[North India|northern]] and [[Northeast India|northeastern]] India,<ref name=":6" /> ranging mainly from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] south to [[Karnataka]],<ref name="pande07">{{cite journal|last1=Pande|first1=Satish|last2=Pawashe|first2=Amit|last3=Deshpande|first3=Prashant|last4=Sant|first4=Niranjan|last5=Kasambe|first5=Raju|last6=Mahabal|first6=Anil|year=2007|title=Recent records, review of wintering distribution, habitat choice and associations of Black Stork (''Ciconia nigra'') in India and Sri Lanka|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232724277|journal=Biota|volume=7|issue=1–2|pages=65–75}}</ref> and Africa.<ref name=":1" /> They are occasional visitors to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUViK6y8RM8C&pg=PA36|title=A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka|last=Harrison|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-958566-3|location=Oxford|page=36|orig-date=1999}}</ref> Those summering further east in eastern Russia and China winter mainly in [[South China|southern China]], and occasionally in Hong Kong, Myanmar, [[northern Thailand]], and Laos.<ref name=":6" /> They were first recorded in western Myanmar in 1998.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robson|first1=C. R.|last2=Buck|first2=H.|last3=Farrow|first3=D. S.|last4=Fisher|first4=T.|last5=King|first5=B. F.|year=1998|title=A birdwatching visit to the Chin Hills, West Burma (Myanmar), with notes from nearby areas|url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Robson-Chin.pdf|journal=Forktail|volume=13|pages=109–120|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202821/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Robson-Chin.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The black stork prefers more wooded areas than the better-known white stork, and breeds in large marshy [[wetland]]s with interspersed [[conifer]]ous or [[Flowering plant|broadleaved]] [[woodland]]s, but also inhabits hills and mountains with sufficient networks of [[creek (stream)|creeks]].{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} It usually inhabits ponds, rivers, edges of lakes, estuaries and other freshwater wetlands.<ref name=":1" /> The black stork does inhabit more agricultural areas in the [[Caspian Depression|Caspian lowlands]], but even here it avoids close contact with people.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} Its wintering habitat in India comprises reservoirs or rivers with nearby scrub or forest, which provide trees that black storks can roost in at night.<ref name="pande07" /> In southern Africa it is found in shallow water in rivers or lakes, or swamps, but is occasionally encountered on dry land.<ref name="sabap2" />

After disappearing from Belgium before the onset of the 20th century, it has returned to breed in the [[Ardennes|Belgian Ardennes]], Luxembourg and [[Burgundy]], France, by 2000.<ref name="waza">{{cite web|url=http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/waza-conservation-projects/overview/black-stork-reintroduction|title=Black Stork Reintroduction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726155342/http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/waza-conservation-projects/overview/black-stork-reintroduction|archive-date=26 July 2017|access-date=26 July 2017|author=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums}}</ref> It appears to be increasing in numbers in Spain and Portugal, where the population was estimated at 405 to 483 pairs in 2006.<ref name=canoalonso06/> The black stork is a rare vagrant to the [[British Isles]], turning up in the warmer months—particularly in spring—generally in the south and east. Sightings have become more common since the 1970s as its breeding range moves northwards.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAHVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|title=Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland |last1=Dymond|first1=J. N.|last2=Fraser|first2=P. A.|last3=Gantlett|first3=S. J. M.|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3962-2|location=London|pages=40–41}}</ref> It has been recorded in [[Scotland]] six times between 1946 and 1983, including from Shetland, Orkney and the Highlands, as well as the Scottish Borders ([[Peebles]]).<ref>{{cite book | title=Birds in Scotland |last=Thom | first= Valerie M. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 | page=90 | publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London| year= 2010 |orig-date=1986 | isbn=978-1-4081-3835-9}}</ref> It is not abundant in the western parts of its distribution, but more densely inhabits eastern [[Transcaucasia]].{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} Further east, it has been recorded from locations across Iran, though little is known about its habits there; breeding has been recorded from near Aliabad in [[Fars province]], [[Baft#Khabr National Park|Khabr National Park]] in [[Kerman province]], [[Karun]] river in [[Khuzestan province]], Qaranqu River in [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azarbaijan]] province, and Aliabad river in [[Razavi Khorasan province]].<ref name=Qashqaei>{{cite journal | title=Further breeding records of Black Stork ''Ciconia nigra'' in Iran | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312661384 | journal=Sandgrouse | volume= 39 |year=2017|pages=48–52 | first1=Ali Turk| last1=Qashqaei | first2= Parham | last2=Dibadj | first3=Shahrokh | last3=Sadeghpour | first4=Mehdi | last4=Jomehpour | first5=Javad | last5=Aslani | first6= Mahmood | last6=Kolnegari | first7=Jafar | last7=Gholami | first8=Hamid | last8=Akefi | first9=Ebrahim | last9=Sakhi | first10=Mohammad | last10=Alavi | first11=Farshad | last11=Nejat | first12=Panteha | last12=Ardani | first13=Setareh | last13=Babaki | first14=Reihaneh Saberi | last14=Pirooz | first15=Ashkan | last15= Ashariuon | first16=Faraham | last16=Ahmadzadeh }}</ref> The population has declined in Iran due to draining of wetlands.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Complete Fauna of Iran | first= Eskandar |last=Firouz| publisher= I.B. Tauris |location=London |year= 2005 |page=120 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PA120 | isbn=978-1-85043-946-2 }}</ref> East of the [[Ural Mountains]], the black stork is patchily found in forested and mountainous areas up to [[60th parallel north|60°]]‒[[63rd parallel north|63° N]] across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. South of Siberia, it breeds in [[Xinjiang]], northwestern China, northern Mongolia south to the [[Altai Mountains]], and northeastern China south to the vicinity of Beijing. In the [[Korea]]n peninsula, the black stork is an uncommon summer visitor, no longer breeding in the south since 1966. Birds have been seen in the northeast but it is not known whether they breed there. Similarly it has been seen in the summer in Afghanistan, but its breeding status is uncertain.<ref name=":6" />

===Migration===
[[File:Ciconia nigra Eurasian Migration.png|thumb|''' Red line''': Migration border<br /> '''Orange arrow''': Western migration<br />'''Yellow arrow''': Eastern migration<br />'''Blue''': Winter location]]
Migration takes place from early August to October, with a major exodus in September.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2lCFQ7-Il8C&pg=PA71|title=Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World|last1=Hancock|first1=James|last2=Kushlan|first2=James A.|last3=Kahl|first3=M. Philip|date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3499-3|location=London |pages=70–74|language=en}}</ref> Some of the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] populations, and also those in southern Africa, are essentially non-migratory, though they may wander freely in the non-breeding areas.<ref name=":6" /> A broad-winged soaring bird, the black stork is assisted by thermals of hot air for long-distance flight, although is less dependent on them than is the white stork.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPizZeq1wasC|title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Birds and Bird Migration|last1=Perrins|first1=Christopher M.|last2=Elphick|first2=Jonathan|date=2003|publisher=Chartwell Books|isbn=978-0-7858-1667-6|location=Edison, New Jersey |pages=93–94|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiQb4GcuDx8C&pg=PA179|title=Weather and Bird Behaviour|last=Elkins|first=Norman|date=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-2822-0|location=United Kingdom|pages=179–180|language=en}}</ref> Since thermals only form over land, the black stork, together with large [[Bird of prey|raptors]],<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yffUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|title=Birds of the Strait of Gibraltar|last=Finlayson|first=Clive|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3694-2|location=London|page=33|language=en}}</ref> must cross the [[Mediterranean]] at the narrowest points, and many black storks travel south through the [[Bosphorus]] and on through the Sinai,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> as well as through Gibraltar. The trip is around {{convert|5667|km|mi|abbr=on}} via the western route and {{convert|7000|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} via the eastern route, with satellite tracking yielding an average travel time of 37 and 80 days respectively.<ref name=bobek08>{{cite journal | last1=Bobek| first1=Miroslav | first2=Radek | last2=Hampl| first3= Lubomír | last3=Peške| first4= František | last4=Pojer| first5=Jaroslav | last5=Šimek | first6=Stanislav | last6=Bureš |title=African Odyssey project–satellite tracking of black storks ''Ciconia nigra'' breeding at a migratory divide |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=39|issue= 5 |year=2008|pages= 500–506 | doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04285.x}}</ref> The western route goes over the [[Rock of Gibraltar]] or over the [[Bay of Gibraltar]], generally on a southwesterly track that takes them to the central part of the strait, from where they reach Morocco.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgIzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|title=The Birds of the Iberian Peninsula|last1=Juana|first1=Eduardo de|last2=Garcia|first2=Ernest|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-0591-8|location=United States|pages=162–163|language=en}}</ref> Many birds then fly around the [[Sahara]] next to the coast.<ref name=":3" /> About 10% of the western storks choose the passage between [[Sicily]] (Italy) and [[Cap Bon]] (Tunisia), crossing the 145 km wide [[Strait of Sicily]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bRPAAAAYAAJ|title=The birds of Tunisia: an annotated check-list and a field-guide to bird-watching|last1=Thomsen|first1=Peter|last2=Jacobsen|first2=Peder|date=1979|publisher=Nature-Travels|isbn=978-87-980764-1-4|location=Copenhagen|pages=17–18|language=en}}</ref>

Spain contains several important areas—[[Monfragüe]] National Park, [[Sierra de Gredos Regional Park]], [[National Hunting Reserve in Cíjara]], [[Natural Park of the Sierra Hornachuelos]] and [[Doñana National Park]]—where black storks stop over on the western migration route. Pesticide use has threatened birdlife in nearby Doñana. Further south, [[Lake Faguibine]] in Mali is another stopover point but it has been affected by drought in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Chevallier |first1=Damien|first2=Yvon | last2=Le Maho|first3= P. | last3=Brossault|first4= François | last4=Baillon |first5=Sylvie | last5=Massemin |title=The use of stopover sites by Black Storks (''Ciconia nigra'') migrating between West Europe and West Africa as revealed by satellite telemetry|journal = Journal of Ornithology |volume=152 |issue= 1 |year=2011|pages= 1–13| doi=10.1007/s10336-010-0536-6|bibcode=2011JOrni.152....1C |s2cid=21513063}}</ref>

== Behaviour ==
A wary species, the black stork avoids contact with people.<ref name=":1" /> It is generally found alone or in pairs, or in flocks of up to 100 birds when migrating{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=326}} or during winter.<ref name=":1" />

The black stork has a wider range of calls than the white stork, its main call being a ''chee leee'', which sounds like a loud inhalation. It makes a hissing call as a warning or threat.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=327}} Displaying males produce a long series of wheezy raptor-like squealing calls rising in volume and then falling.<ref>{{cite book|page=63|author1=Rasmussen, Pamela C.|author2=Anderton, John C.|year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions| place=Washington, DC and Barcelona}}</ref> It rarely indulges in mutual bill-clattering when adults meet at the nest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbDGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|title=RSPB Pocket Birds of Britain and Europe|author=Anonymous|date=2017|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-0-241-30278-1|location=London|page=133|language=en}}</ref> Adults will do so as part of their mating ritual or when angered. The young clatter their bills when aroused.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=327}}

The ''up-down display'' is used for a number of interactions with other members of the species. Here a stork positions its body horizontally and quickly bobs its head up from down-facing to around 30 degrees above horizontal and back again, while displaying the white segments of its plumage prominently, and this is repeated several times. The display is used as a greeting between birds, and—more vigorously—as a [[threat display]]. The species' solitary nature means that this threat display is rarely witnessed.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=326}}

===Breeding===
[[File:Black storks (Ciconia nigra) on nest.jpg|thumb|pair with eggs in nest; Salto Del Gitano, Cáceres, Spain]]
[[File:Geringde zwarte ooievaar in sloot-4961971.webm|thumb|[[Bird ringing|Ringed]] black stork foraging in a ditch in the Netherlands]]
[[File:Ciconia nigra 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|thumb|Black stork foraging]]

The black stork breeds between April and May in the Northern Hemisphere,<ref name=":6" /> with eggs usually laid in late April.<ref name=":4" /> In southern Africa, breeding takes place in the months between September and March, possibly to take advantage of abundant water prey rendered easier to catch as the rivers dry up and recede—from April and May in Zimbabwe, Botswana and northern South Africa, and as late as July further south.<ref name="sabap2" />

Pairs in courtship have aerial displays that appear to be unique among the storks. Paired birds soared in parallel, usually over the nest territory early in the mornings or late afternoons with one bird splaying the white undertail coverts to the sides of the narrowed black tail and the pair calls to each other. These courtship flights are difficult to see due to the densely forested habitat in which they breed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sack, Peter|year=2000|title=Form and function of aerial courtship displays in Black Storks Ciconia nigra|journal=Acrocephalus|volume=21|pages=223–229}}</ref> The nest is large, constructed from sticks and twigs, and sometimes also large branches, at an elevation of {{convert|4|-|25|m|abbr=on|ft}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=":6" /> The black stork prefers to construct its nest in forest trees with large canopies where the nest can be built far from the main trunk—generally in places far from human disturbance.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=":6" /> For the most part, deciduous trees are chosen for nesting sites, though conifers are used as well.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} A 2003 field study in Estonia found that the black stork preferred oak (''[[Quercus robur]]''), European aspen (''[[Populus tremula]]''), and to a lesser extent Scots pine (''[[Pinus sylvestris]]''), and ignored Norway spruce (''[[Picea abies]]''), in part due to the canopy structure of the trees. Trees with nests averaged around {{Convert|25.6 ± 5.2|m|ft}} high and had a [[diameter at breast height]] of {{Convert|66 ± 20|cm|in}}. Furthermore, 90% of the trees chosen were at least 80 years old, highlighting the importance of conserving old-growth forests.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lõhmus|first1=Asko|last2=Sellis|first2=Urmas|year=2003|title=Nest trees – a limiting factor for the Black Stork (''Ciconia nigra'') population in Estonia|url=http://www.aves.be/fileadmin/Aves/Bulletins/Articles/40_1-4/40_1-4_84.pdf|journal=Aves|issue=1–4|pages=84–91|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730112553/http://www.aves.be/fileadmin/Aves/Bulletins/Articles/40_1-4/40_1-4_84.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2004 field study of nesting sites in Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park in north-eastern Greece found that it preferred the Calabrian pine (''[[Pinus brutia]]''), which had large side branches that allowed it to build the nest away from the trunk, as well as black pine (''[[Pinus nigra]]'') and to a lesser extent Turkey oak (''[[Quercus cerris]]''). It chose the largest trees in an area, generally on steeper ground and near streams. Trees chosen were on average over 90 years old.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Vlachos |first1= Christos G.|first2= Dimitrios E. |last2=Bakaloudis|first3= Olga G. |last3=Alexandrou|first4= Vasileios A.|last4=Bontzorlos|first5= Malamati A. |last5=Papakosta |title=Factors affecting the nest site selection of the black stork, Ciconia nigra in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park, north-eastern Greece |journal= Folia Zoologica |volume=57 |issue= 3 |year=2008|pages= 251–257| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230753443}}</ref> In the Iberian peninsula it nests in pine and cork oak (''[[Quercus suber]]'').<ref name="canoalonso06" />

In steeply mountainous areas such as parts of Spain, South Africa and the [[Carpathian Mountains]] it nests on cliffs, on large boulders, in caves and under overhanging ledges.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=323}} The black stork's solitary nests are usually at least 1 km (0.6 mi) apart, even where the species is numerous.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=326}} Although newly constructed nests may be significantly smaller, older nests can be {{convert|1|-|2|m|abbr=on|ft}} in diameter. In southern Africa, the black stork may occupy the nests of other bird species such as [[hamerkop]] (''Scopus umbretta'') or [[Verreaux's eagle]] (''Aquila verreauxi'') and commonly reuses them in successive years.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They are repaired with earth and grass, and lined with leaves, [[moss]], grass, animal fur, paper, clay and rags.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />[[File:Ciconia nigra MWNH 0881.JPG|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]] In a clutch, there are two to five, or rarely even six large oval grey-white eggs, which become soiled during incubation.<ref name=":6" /> They can be {{convert|64|-|70|mm|abbr=on|in}} long and {{convert|50|-|53|mm|abbr=on|in}} wide, averaging about {{convert|68|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in length and {{convert|52|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in width.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCXA0Od1XMUC&pg=RA23-PA8|title=A History of the Birds of Europe: Including All the Species Inhabiting the Western Palaeactic Region|last=Dresser|first=Henry Eeles|date=1881|publisher=author|page=8|language=en}}</ref> The eggs are laid with an interval of two days.<ref name=":6" /> Hatching is asynchronous,<ref name=":6" /> and takes place at the end of May.<ref name=":4" /> [[Egg incubation|Incubation]] takes 32 to 38 days, with both sexes sharing duties, which commence after the first or second egg is laid.<ref name=":6" /> The young start flying by the end of July.<ref name=":4" /> [[Fledging]] takes 60 to 71 days, after which the young joins the adults at their feeding grounds.<ref name=":6" /> However, for another two weeks, the young continue to return to the nest, to be fed and to roost at night.<ref name=":6" />

At least one adult remains in the nest for two to three weeks after hatching to protect the young. Both parents feed the young by regurgitating onto the floor of the nest.<ref name=":6" /> Black stork parents have been known to kill one of their fledglings, generally the weakest, in times of food shortage to reduce brood size and hence increase the chance of survival of the remaining nestlings. Stork nestlings do not attack each other, and their parents' method of feeding them (disgorging large amounts of food at once) means that stronger siblings cannot outcompete weaker ones for food directly, hence parental infanticide is an efficient way of reducing brood size. This behaviour has only rarely been observed in the species, although the shyness of the species and difficulties in studying its nesting habits mean that it might not be an uncommon phenomenon.<ref name="Zielinski2002" />

Ringing recovery studies in Europe suggests that nearly 20% of chicks reach the breeding stage, around 3 years, and about 10% live beyond 10 years and about 5% beyond 20 years. Captive individuals have lived for as long as 36 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamás|first=Enikő|date=2011-01-01|title=Longevity and survival of the black stork Ciconia nigra based on ring recoveries|journal=Biologia|volume=66|issue=5|pages=912–915|doi=10.2478/s11756-011-0090-6|issn=1336-9563|doi-access=|bibcode=2011Biolg..66..912T }}</ref>

===Feeding===
The black stork mainly [[Piscivore|eats fish]],<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> including small [[Cyprinidae|cyprinids]], [[Esox|pikes]], roaches, [[eel]]s, budds, [[perch]]es, [[burbot]]s, [[stickleback]]s and muddy [[Cypriniformes|loaches]] (''[[Misgurnus]]'' and ''[[Cobitis]]'').<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55SzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42|title=Naliboki Forest: Wild animals|last=Sidorovich|first=Vadim|date=2016|publisher=Chatyry Chverci|isbn=978-985-581-035-4|location=Belarus|pages=494–498|language=en}}</ref> It may feed on [[amphibian]]s, small [[reptile]]s, [[crab]]s, [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s, and invertebrates such as [[snail]]s,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> [[Mollusca|molluscs]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> [[earthworm]]s, and [[insect]]s like [[water beetle]]s and their [[larva]]e.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2G8DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|title=Black Stork – White Shadow|last1=Pottetz|first1=Liselotte|last2=Barowski|first2=Anatol|date=2016|publisher=Edition digital|isbn=978-3-95655-749-1|page=3|language=de}}</ref>

Foraging for food takes place mostly in fresh water, though the black stork may look for food on dry land at times.<ref name=":6" /> The black stork wades patiently and slowly in shallow water, often alone or in a small group if food is plentiful. It has been observed shading the water with its wings while hunting.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=326}} In India, it often forages in mixed species flocks with the white stork, [[woolly-necked stork]] (''Ciconia episcopus''), [[demoiselle crane]] (''Grus virgo'') and [[bar-headed goose]] (''Anser indicus''). The black stork also follows large mammals such as deer and livestock, presumably to eat the invertebrates and small animals flushed by their presence.<ref name="pande07" />

===Parasites and symbionts===
More than 12 species of parasitic [[helminth]] have been recorded from black storks with ''[[Cathaemasia hians]]'' and ''[[Dicheilonema ciconiae]]'' reported to be the most dominant. The juvenile black stork, although having a less diverse helminth population, is parasitized more frequently than the adult.<ref name="Sitko & Heneberg 2015"/> A species of ''[[Corynebacterium]]''—''C. ciconiae''—was isolated and described from the trachea of healthy black storks, and is thought to be part of the natural flora of the species.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Fernández-Garayzábal|first1=J. F.|first2=A. I. | last2=Vela|first3= R. | last3=Egido|first4= R. A. | last4=Hutson|first5= M. P. | last5=Lanzarot|first6= M. | last6=Fernández-García |first7=M. D. | last7=Collins |title=''Corynebacterium ciconiae'' sp. nov., isolated from the trachea of black storks (''Ciconia nigra'')| journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume= 54|issue= 6 |year=2004|pages= 2191–2195|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63165-0|pmid = 15545457|doi-access=free}}</ref> A herpes virus is known from black storks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaleta|first1=E.F.|last2=Mikami|first2=T.|last3=Marschall|first3=H.-J.|last4=Heffels|first4=Ursula|last5=Heidenreich|first5=M.|last6=Stiburek|first6=B.|date=1980|title=A new herpesvirus isolated from black storks ( Ciconia Nigra )|journal=Avian Pathology|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=301–310|doi=10.1080/03079458008418415|pmid=18770269|issn=0307-9457}}</ref> Birdlice that have been recorded on the species include ''Neophilopterus tricolor, Colpocephalum nigrae,'' and ''Ardeicola maculatus.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ilieva|first=Mihaela|date=2009-06-22|title=Checklist of the chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from wild birds in Bulgaria|url=https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/6589|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=2138|issue=1|pages=1–66|issn=1175-5334|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2138.1.1|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lanzarot|first1=M. P.|last2=Martín-Mateo|first2=M. P.|last3=Merino|first3=S.|last4=Fernández-García|first4=M.|date=2005-12-23|title=A redescription of Neophilopterus tricolor (Burmeister, 1838) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from the black stork Ciconia nigra (L.) (Aves) with notes on its prevalence|journal=Journal of Natural History|language=en|volume=39|issue=39|pages=3471–3480|doi=10.1080/00222930500392766|bibcode=2005JNatH..39.3471L |s2cid=86148714|issn=0022-2933|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5220617 }}</ref> A diverse array of predatory [[mesostigmatid]] mites—particularly the genera ''[[Dendrolaelaps]]'' and ''[[Macrocheles]]''—have been recovered from black stork nests. Their role is unknown, though they could prey on parasitic arthropods.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Błoszyk| first1=Jerzy| first2=Dariusz J.| last2=Gwiazdowicz| first3=Bruce| last3=Halliday| first4=Paweł T.| last4=Dolata| first5=Bartłomiej| last5=Gołdyn| title=Nests of the black stork ''Ciconia nigra'' as a habitat for mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata)| journal=Biologia| volume=64| issue=5| year=2009| pages=962–968| url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/biolog.2009.64.issue-5/s11756-009-0146-z/s11756-009-0146-z.pdf| doi=10.2478/s11756-009-0146-z| bibcode=2009Biolg..64..962B| s2cid=34665485| access-date=22 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005046/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/biolog.2009.64.issue-5/s11756-009-0146-z/s11756-009-0146-z.pdf| archive-date=7 February 2018| url-status=live}}</ref>

== Status and conservation ==
Since 1998, the black stork has been rated as a species of [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List of Endangered Species]]. This is because it has a large range—more than 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> (7,700 mi<sup>2</sup>)—and because its population is thought not to have declined by 30% over ten years or three generations and thus is not a rapid enough decline to warrant a [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] rating. Even so, the state of the population overall is unclear,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> and although it is widespread, it is not abundant anywhere.<ref name=":6" /> Black stork numbers have declined for many years in western Europe, and the species has been extirpated as a breeding bird from the northwestern edge of its range, including the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scandinavia]] (for example, small numbers used to breed in Denmark and Sweden, but none verified after the 1950s).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=Nyegaard2014>{{cite journal | last1=Nyegaard | first1=T. | last2=Meltofte | first2=H. | last3=Tofft | first3=J. | last4=Grell | first4=M.B. | year=2014 | title=Truede og sjældne ynglefugle i Danmark 1998-2012 | url=https://pub.dof.dk/artikler/650/download/doft-108-2014-1-144-truede-og-sjaeldne-ynglefugle-i-danmark-1998-2012 | journal=Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift | volume=108 | issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Svart stork | url=https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/Ciconia-nigra-100032 | publisher=Artdatabanken ([[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]]) | access-date=29 June 2022 }}</ref> The population in India—a major wintering ground—is declining.<ref name=pande07/> Previously a regular winter visitor to the [[Mai Po Marshes]], it is now seldom seen there, and appears to be in decline in China overall.<ref name=":1" /> Its habitat is changing rapidly in much of eastern Europe and Asia.<ref name=":6" /> Various conservation measures have been taken, including [[Wetlands International]]'s Conservation Action Plan for African black storks, which focuses on improving the wintering conditions of the birds which breed in Europe.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> It is protected by the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) and the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] (CITES).<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

Hunters threaten the black stork in some countries of southern Europe and Asia,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> such as Pakistan, and breeding populations may have been eliminated there.<ref name=":6" /> The black stork vanished from the [[Ticino River]] valley in northern Italy, with hunting a likely contributor. In 2005, black storks were released into the [[Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino|Parco Lombardo del Ticino]] in an attempt to re-establish the species there.<ref name=waza/>

Since October 2021, the black stork has been classified as Moderately Depleted by the [[IUCN Green Status of Species]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=Brisson1>{{cite book |last=Brisson |first=Mathurin Jacques |title=Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espéces & leurs variétés. &c |volume=1 |trans-title=Ornithology; or, The Division of Birds into Orders, Sections, Genera, Species, and Varieties, etc. |year=1760 |location=Paris |language=fr |publisher=C.J.B. Bauche |page=48 |doi= 10.5962/bhl.title.51902 |url= https://archive.org/details/ornithologieoumt01bris }} rotate clockwise on page 91 of 802 in the PDF link</ref>

<ref name=Dykes2008>{{cite journal |last1=Dykes |first1=Gareth J. |last2=Alexander |first2=Cyril Walker |year=2008 |title=New Records of Fossil 'Waterbirds' from the Miocene of Kenya |pages=1–10 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3610 |issn=0003-0082 |hdl=2246/5906 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3610[1:nrofwf]2.0.co;2|citeseerx=10.1.1.1001.5321 |s2cid=53518113 }}</ref>

<ref name=kahl>{{cite journal |last=Kahl |first=M. Philip |year=1987 |title=An overview of the storks of the world |journal=Colonial Waterbirds |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=131–134 |doi=10.2307/1521251|jstor=1521251 }}</ref>

<ref name=Lewis1918>{{cite book |title=An Elementary Latin Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/anelementarylat01kinggoog |first1=Charlton Thomas |last1=Lewis |first2=Hugh Macmaster |last2=Kingery |location=New York |publisher=American Book Company |year=1918 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anelementarylat01kinggoog/page/n134 126] |isbn=978-0-19-910205-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata |publisher=(Laurentii Salvii) |location=[[Stockholm|Holmiae]] |language=la |year=1758 |page=142 |url=https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisy00gesegoog#page/n151/mode/1up |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927230014/http://www.archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisy00gesegoog#page/n151/mode/1up |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Merriam-Webster>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stork |title=Stork |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=1 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610213113/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stork |archive-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Sitko & Heneberg 2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Sitko |first1=J. |last2=Heneberg |first2=P. |year=2015 |title=Composition, structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with central European storks (Ciconiidae) |journal=Parasitology International |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=130–134 |doi=10.1016/j.parint.2014.11.004|pmid=25462710 }}</ref>

<ref name=Slikas1997>{{cite journal |last=Slikas |first=Beth |year=1997 |title=Phylogeny of the Avian Family Ciconiidae (Storks) Based on CytochromebSequences and DNA–DNA Hybridization Distances |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=275–300 |issn=1055-7903 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0431 |pmid=9417889|doi-access=free |bibcode=1997MolPE...8..275S }}</ref>

<ref name=Stevenson2001>{{cite book |title=Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi |last1=Stevenson |first1=Terry |first2=John |last2=Fanshawe |publisher=Elsevier Science |page=28 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-85661-079-0}}</ref>

<ref name=wood>{{cite journal |last=Wood |first=D. Scott |year=1984 |title=Concordance between classifications of the Ciconiidae based on behavioral and morphological data |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=25–37 |doi=10.1007/BF01652936|bibcode=1984JOrni.125...25W |s2cid=32520110 }}</ref>

<ref name=Zielinski2002>{{cite journal |last=Zielinski |first=Piotr |year=2002 |title=Brood reduction and parental infanticide – are the White Stork ''Ciconia ciconia'' and the Black Stork ''C. nigra'' exceptional? |journal=Acta Ornithologica |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=113–119 |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201600008842 |access-date=14 February 2011 |doi=10.3161/068.037.0207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060409/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201600008842 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

===Cited texts===
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Stanley |editor-last=Cramp |year=1977 |title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic |title-link=Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic |volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-857358-6 }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202063048/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/45_BlackStorkCnigra.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{InternetBirdCollection|black-stork-ciconia-nigra}}
* {{VIREO|Black+stork}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Ciconia|nigra|Black stork}}

{{Storks}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25398}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ciconia|black stork]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|black stork]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|black stork]]
[[Category:Natural Monuments of South Korea]]

Pua Mora Bhola Sankara

2026-01-09T04:34:49Z

KatherinLigertwo: Starting basic data w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pua Mora Bhola Sankara
| image = Pua Mora Bhola Sankara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Hara Patnaik]]
| writer = Subodh Pattanaik (dialogue)
| screenplay = Subodh Pattanaik
| story = Hara Patnaik
| based_on = 
| producer = Sailabala Lenka
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]
*[[Rachana Banerjee]]
*[[Mihir Das]]
*Priyanka Mohapatra
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Dilip Ray
| editing = Deben Misra
| music = Swarup Nayak<br />Subash Ram
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|6|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Odia
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pua Mora Bhola Sankara''''' is a 1996 Indian Odia-language film directed by [[Hara Patnaik]] starring [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachna Banerjee]] and [[Mihir Das]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odialive.com/ollywood-legendary-actor-director-hara-pattnaik-is-no-more/|title=Ollywood legendary actor director Hara Pattnaik is no more|work=OdiaLive|last=Mohapatra|first=Mrudu Malay|date=13 January 2015}}</ref> The film was a box office success and made Mihir Das popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/fans-bid-tearful-adieu-to-mihir-das/|title=Fans bid tearful adieu to Mihir Das|work=OrissaPost|date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/entertainment-news/veteran-odia-film-actor-mihir-das-passes-away-at-63-while-undergoing-treatment/|title=Veteran Odia Film Actor Mihir Das Passes Away At 63 While Undergoing Treatment|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|via=Koimoi|date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] as Kumar Rai
*[[Rachana Banerjee]] as Geetha
*[[Mihir Das]] as Sankar
*Priyanka Mohapatra as Shanti
*[[Hara Patnaik]] as Ajay Patnaik
*[[Debu Bose]] as Tara Sankar Patnaik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/jun/29/man-of-many-characters-381846.html|title=Man of many characters|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|first=Diana|last=Sahu|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
*[[Jayiram Samal]] as Dhadi
*Bina Moharana

== Production ==
The film is produced by Pradyumna Lenka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mycitylinks.in/80s-90s-were-the-golden-era-of-odia-cinema/|title=‘80s & 90s Were the Golden Era of Odia Cinema’|date=22 July 2018|work=My City Links}}</ref> Rakhee Dash dubbed for Rachna Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2008/dec/26/her-voice-reigns-supreme-13484.html|title=Her voice reigns supreme|date=26 December 2008|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Mihir Das]] was cast as an innocent servant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mycitylinks.in/i-dont-think-i-can-ever-call-myself-successful-says-actor-mihir-das/|title=I Don’t Think I Can Ever Call Myself Successful, Says Actor Mihir Das|date=29 July 2018|work=My City Links}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dharitri.com/what-was-mihir-dass-last-wish/|title=କ’ଣ ଥିଲା ମିହିର ଦାସଙ୍କ ଶେଷ ଇଚ୍ଛା….|date=12 January 2022|work=[[Dharitri (newspaper)|Dharitri]]|language=Odia}}</ref> This is Priyanka Mohapatra's first film and she was cast opposite Das.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/deepuollywood/history|title=SOME HISTORY BEHIND OUR OLLYWOOD }}</ref><ref name="D"/> The fight sequences were choreographed by Rama Murthy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mycitylinks.in/we-work-and-the-hero-takes-the-credit-thats-how-it-works/|title=‘We Work And The Hero Takes The Credit… That’s How It Works’|date=31 December 2018|work=My City Links}}</ref> Chandi Parija worked an associate director in this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mycitylinks.in/actors-need-to-listen-to-directors-for-films-to-do-well-says-chandi-parija/|title=Actors Need To Listen To Directors For Films To Do Well, Says Chandi Parija|date=9 December 2018|work=My City Links}}</ref> In an interview, Mihir Das called this film his best work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissacinema.com/interviews/mihir_das.html|title=Interview: Mihir Das|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|via=OrissaCinema}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Swarup Nayak and Subash Ram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odiafresh.com/category/887/Pua-Mora-Bhola-Shankara-(1996).html|title=Pua Mora Bhola Shankara (1996)|work=Odiafresh}}</ref>
*"Daiba Hatare Manisa Jibana" - Subhash Ram
*"Tutamu Tutamu Tanana Tike Kahi Dia Na" - Bibhu Das, Gita Das
*"E Mani E Sanga Bayata" - Debasish Mohapatra
*"Jay Jay Bhola Sankara Bhola Maheswara" - Subas Das
*"Sukha Dukha Duniara" - Trupti Das

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6"|[[Orissa State Film Awards]] 1996
| Best Actor
| [[Mihir Das]]
| {{ Won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/jan/12/end-of-an-era-versatile-actor-mihir-das-no-more-2405861.html|title=End of an Era: Versatile actor Mihir Das no more|date=12 June 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1449238}}
[[Category:1990s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]

Nainital Bank

2025-12-23T20:13:21Z

KatherinLigertwo: improve references for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Public Bank in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Nainital Bank Ltd
| type = Scheduled commercial bank
| logo = Nainitalbank Logo.svg
| key_people = 1. Sushil Kumar Lal<br/>([[Managing director|MD]] & CEO)

2.Kuldeep Singh<br/>([[Executive Director]])<ref name="ED"/>

3. Dr. Deepak Pant<br/>([[Chief Operating Officer]])<ref name="CEO"/>

4. Mahesh Kumar Goyal<br/>([[Chief Financial Officer]])<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| industry = Banking<br />[[Financial services]]<br />[[Investment|Investment services]]
| products = [[Finance and insurance]]<br />[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]<br />[[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]]<br />[[Investment banking]]<br />[[Investment management]]<br />[[Private banking]]
| parent = [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]],
[[Government of India]]<ref name=bob/>
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|751.85|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet">[http://www.nainitalbank.bank.in/pdf/Fin_results_2017.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2017"]. nainitalbank.bank.in (15 March 2018).</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|89.02 |c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|50.61|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|9360.48|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| equity =
| ratio =
| num_employees = 1188<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| foundation = 1922
| location = [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| branches =
| homepage = {{URL|www.nainitalbank.bank.in}}
}}

'''The Nainital Bank Limited''' (NTB) (known as '''Nainital Bank''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nainitalbank.bank.in |title=Nainital Bank}}</ref> is a scheduled commercial bank founded in 1922. The bank is a [[subsidiary]] of [[Bank of Baroda]] which is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] of the [[Government of India]]. The bank has expanded to [[Uttar Pradesh]],[[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]] and has 173 branches.<ref name=bob/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Views/Recommendations/articleshow/5985388.cms |title=Growth potential for Bank of Baroda is pretty high: Arihant Capital Markets|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=28 May 2010 |access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=etnaini/>

==Overview==
Nainital Bank was founded by [[Govind Ballabh Pant]].<ref name=finaex>{{cite news |title=BoB to merge its associate bank |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bob-to-merge-its-associate-bank/172293/0 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=25 July 2006 }}</ref> In 1922, the government-owned [[Bank of Baroda]] (BOB), the second largest bank in India, acquired a 98.6% (around 99%) stake in the bank and made it a subsidiary.<ref name=bob>{{cite web |title=Domestic: Subsidiary |url=http://www.bankofbaroda.com/subsidiaries_jv.asp |publisher= [[Bank of Baroda]] }}</ref><ref name=finaex/>

The bank had a net worth of around Rs 8.37  billion on as on 31 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banks struggle with RBI norms|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-01/india-business/27804597_1_ratnakar-bank-centrum-finance-sangli-bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927184850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-01/india-business/27804597_1_ratnakar-bank-centrum-finance-sangli-bank |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 October 2006 }}</ref> It bank launched its [[rights issue]] in September 2009, to expand its [[capital adequacy ratio]] (CAR) to 14 per cent, this came after it previously withdrew its plans for an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] due to adverse market conditions in 2007; by April 2010, the right issue had raised {{INRConvert|300|m}}.<ref name=etnaini>{{cite news |title=Nainital Bank drops plan for public issue |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-21/news/28436108_1_public-issue-parent-bank-private-bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527150124/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-21/news/28436108_1_public-issue-parent-bank-private-bank |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 June 2007 }}</ref><ref name=bs>{{cite news |title=Nainital Bank raises Rs 30 cr.|url=http://www.business-standard.com/power/news/nainital-bank-raises-rs-30-cr/12/05/390349/ |work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India |date=1 April 2010}}</ref>

Nainital bank is associated with [[Bank of Baroda]],
Currently, NBL has 173 branches in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan.<ref name=finaex/><ref name=br/> It also provide online facilities, apart from Personal Banking, Business Banking, Rural and Agricultural Banking.
The Nainital Bank Limited is registered as scheduled commercial bank with [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[central bank]] of India.<ref name=rbi>.{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=Indian.htm |title= RBI Private Bank-Indian Bank|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Deleveraging: Economic Growth and Investing Strategies for the Future|chapter=List of Banks in India (2009)|author= Chip Dickson|author2=Oded Shenkar|publisher=FT Press|year= 2009|isbn=978-0-13-235810-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatdeleveragin0000dick/page/217 217] |url=https://archive.org/details/greatdeleveragin0000dick |url-access=registration|quote=Nainital Bank.|ref=Di }}</ref>

In December 2024, Nainital Bank upgraded its RTGS, NEFT, and net-banking systems to comply with RBI and IFTAS guidelines, aiming to provide customers with faster, more secure, and seamless online fund transfer services using advanced encryption technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-14 |title=Nainital Bank's fund transfer technologies updated - Pioneer Edge {{!}} Uttarakhand News in English {{!}} Dehradun News Today{{!}} News Uttarakhand {{!}} Uttarakhand latest news |url=https://www.pioneeredge.in/nainital-bank-adopts-latest-fund-transfer-technologies/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=www.pioneeredge.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Branch Locations==
The Nainital Bank Limited has 173 branches presently in the following Indian states.<ref name=br>[http://www.nainitalbank.co.in/branches.htm Branches] NBL</ref>
*[[Uttarakhand]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Haryana]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Bank of Baroda]]
[[Category:Nainital]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1922]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1922]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{Asia-bank-stub}}

IOF .315 sporting rifle

2025-12-15T14:12:53Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Infobox weapon
| name = IOF .315 sporting rifle
| image =
| image_size = 350px
| alt =
| caption =
| origin = India
| type = [[Bolt-action]] [[rifle]]

| is_ranged = yes

| service =
| used_by =
| wars =

| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 1956<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html|archivedate=2019-03-06|url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2018-04-15}}</ref>
| number =
| variants =

| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|3.34|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (without magazine)<ref name="ofb">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729014641/http://www.ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/5.htm|archivedate=2019-07-29|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/5.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board: 0.315" Sporting Rifle|accessdate=4 February 2011|publisher=[[Indian Ordnance Factory]]}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|1117|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| part_length = {{convert|640|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| cartridge = 8mm BSA<ref>{{cite web |title=I Have This Old Gun: Lee-Speed Sporting Rifle |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2016/8/5/i-have-this-old-gun-lee-speed-sporting-rifle/ |website=American Rifleman |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502134910/https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2016/8/5/i-have-this-old-gun-lee-speed-sporting-rifle/|archivedate=2019-05-02|accessdate=2020-02-22}}</ref> ([[8×50 mmR Mannlicher]])
| action = [[Bolt-action#Lee–Enfield|Bolt-action]]
| rate =
| velocity = {{convert|610|m/s|ft/s}}
| range = {{convert|275|m|yd}}<ref name="ofb"/>
| max_range =
| feed = 5 round [[Box-type magazine|box type]] magazine
| sights = Open sight with two leaves, graduated to {{convert|100|yd|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="SRRFI stats">{{cite web |url=https://ofbindia.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/315-sporting1 |title=315 Sporting &#124; RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE &#124; Government of India |website=ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151350/https://ofbindia.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/315-sporting1 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />Riflescope can be fitted.<ref name="SROFT stats">{{cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/-315-sporting-rifle |title=..315" SPORTING RIFLE &#124; ORDNANCE FACTORY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI &#124; Government of India |website=ofb.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151140/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/-315-sporting-rifle |archive-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

The '''IOF .315 sporting rifle''' is a civilian version of the British military [[Lee–Enfield|Lee–Enfield rifle]], chambered in the [[8×50 mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge rather than the [[.303 British]] military cartridge due to [[Gun laws in India|Indian gun control laws]].

The rifle is manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]] which manufactured Lee–Enfield rifles for the British colonial Indian Army and post-independence Indian forces. It's also made in Rifle Factory Ishapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |title=Our History &#124; RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE &#124; Government of India |website=ofb.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151343/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/our-history1 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

It has a [[box-type magazine]] which holds 5 rounds and uses an 8&nbsp;mm cartridge based on the 8x50 mmR Mannlicher, but is loaded with hunting-type bullets rather than military ones.

The Rifle has a modernised version, which has a wire folding stock, picatinny rails, a carrying handle and a skeletonized pistol grip. The factory has added sling swivels on the grip and at the base of the fore-end. The stock folds to the left via a push button on the right side. For a sporting rifle the stock doesn’t look comfortable, it has just a single metal rod curved to give a shape of butt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bringing the Lee Enfield into the 21st Century, Indian style|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/02/10/bringing-the-lee-enfield-into-the-21st-century-indian-style/|work=The Firearm Blog|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{Ordnance Factories Board}}

[[Category:Bolt-action rifles of India]]
[[Category:8×50mmR Mannlicher rifles]]

{{Rifle-stub}}

Cantonment Railway Station metro station

2025-12-05T09:06:35Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Cantonment Railway Station
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink|line2=Aqua}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Sulthangunta, Shivaji Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560051
| coordinates = {{coord|12.99142|77.60606|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Inner Ring|croute}}
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br>
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} <br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''</small>
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Bangalore Cantonment}}
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Pottery Town|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Shivaji Nagar|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Cantonment Railway Station''' is an upcoming important underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station will consist of the main [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] railway station for passengers heading towards the city ([[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]), [[Kengeri railway station|Kengeri]], [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]], [[Hosur railway station|Hosur]] or [[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Junction]]. It will also include many prime locations such as the main '''Coles Park''', Karnataka Badminton Association, '''St. Mary's Basilica''' and residential suburban areas like [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]] and Richards Town.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total underground distance of 13.8 km ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Cantonment Railway Station metro station along the 2.88 km Shivaji Nagar - Shadi Mahal Ramp stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]] emerged as the lowest bidders for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Cantonment Railway Station track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Pottery Town}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Shivaji Nagar}} **
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br/>** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Bangalore)|Shivaji Nagar]]</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span>
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Pottery Town metro station|Pottery Town]]</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==Connections==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Narmada Seva Yatra

2025-11-25T06:54:59Z

KatherinLigertwo: done

[[File:Narmada River at Nasrullagunj.jpg|thumb|The [[Narmada River]] at [[Nasrullaganj]]]]
Namami Narmade program

== Components ==
[[File:Narmadarivermap.jpg|thumb|Map of the Narmada River and its tributaries' course]]
The primary component of the campaign is a [[yatra]] or pilgrimage. The yatra ran for 148 days from December 11, 2016, to May 15, 2017, and began and ended at [[Amarkantak]], the origin of the Narmada river in [[Anuppur district]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/19/india-needs-to-showcase-how-people-with-different-religious-affiliations-live-harmoniously-says-dal-1583223.html|title=India needs to showcase how people with different religious affiliations live harmoniously, says Dalai Lama|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> after traveling around Madhya Pradesh. Smaller "sub-yatras" covered areas not in the main route.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/sub-yatra-of-bhopal-district-to-join-main-yatra-at-narmada-ghat-budni-on-march-24.html|title=Sub Yatra of Bhopal District to join main yatra at Narmada Ghat-Budni on March 24|website=The Pioneer|location=India|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> The total length of the yatra was {{convert|2930|km}}, with {{convert|1077|km}} being along the Narmada itself. The campaign covered 962 villages in 16 districts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/narmada-sewa-yatra-bjp-leaders-to-gather-in-shahganj-for-2018-poll-strategy/articleshow/57829843.cms|title=Narmada Sewa Yatra : BJP leaders to gather in Shahganj for 2018 poll strategy|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref>

Members of the public were encouraged to participate in the yatra. Cultural and religious programs were organized at various points throughout the yatra.<ref name=":0" /> Prominent members of the public were present during these programs. Some of the attendees included spiritual leaders [[Jaggi Vasudev|Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/run-campaign-for-conservation-of-rivers-sadguru-vasudev-897035-2017-03-26|title=Run campaign for conservation of rivers : Sadguru Vasudev|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> and the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/dalai-lama-arrives-in-bhopal-to-take-part-in-narmada-yatra/articleshow/57709031.cms|title=Dalai Lama arrives in Bhopal to take part in Narmada Yatra |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> actors [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Suzanne Bernert]], and classical musicians [[Sonal Mansingh]] and [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="GovindaSuzanne">{{Cite web|url=http://www.windowtonews.com/news.php?id=47104|title=Govinda spends time with fans at Bhopal station|website=windowtonews.com}}</ref>

The campaign also included a group of 50 public representatives and other volunteers who accompanied the yatra to raise awareness about ecologically friendly farming practices, pollution, water conservation, and forest conservation.<ref name=":1" />

The campaign also includes planting 60 million trees along the river's banks<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2017/4/28/%E2%80%98Historic-Narmada-Yatra-has-become-public-movement-with-support-of-Jabalpurians-Staff-Reporter.aspx|title=‘Historic Narmada Yatra has become public movement with support of Jabalpurians’Staff Reporter|publisher=thehitavada.com|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> and the promotion of fruit tree cultivation among farmers. Farmers would be financially supported for three years while the trees mature and bear fruit. Water treatment plants for sewage treatment at cities along the river and the establishment of "mukti dhams" or crematoriums to prevent the release of corpses into the river are also planned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/narmada-seva-yatra-will-give-message-of-river-conservation-to-the-world-cm/story-4BQp7MJfwsgwOkJQYnMnuJ.html|title=Narmada Seva Yatra will give message of river conservation to the world: CM|date=2016-12-01|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
By November 2016, 11,834 people had registered to participate in the yatra.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/narmada-pilgrimage-programme-is-an-opportunity-to-free-river-from-pollution-cm/story-nutNvdkgVha6ORxBaRHaVK.html|title=Narmada pilgrimage programme is an opportunity to free river from pollution: CM|date=2016-11-18|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2017-05-21|language=en}}</ref> As of March 2017, the campaign was estimated to have reached 30 million people in 584 villages.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, 37,349 saplings were planted by 118,000 farming families over an area of {{convert|144000|ha}}.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
The Dalai Lama has said that the government's conservation efforts were "laudable" and will "go a long way in conserving environment and water."<ref name=":2" /> Sadhguru said on [[Twitter]] that this "seva" or service should be the "sacred duty of every citizen of Madhya Pradesh"{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} and called for a similar river conservation program that would be nationwide.<ref name=":3" /> The initiative to promote fruit sapling plantation and stop fertilizer use has found approval among environmental experts in India.<ref name=":1" /> A petition was filed in the Madhya Pradesh high court against the yatra, regarding the amount of money being spent on the campaign. The petition alleged that money was being used on publicity rather than cleaning the river.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/hc-petition-against-narmada-seva-yatra/articleshow/57722270.cms|title=High court petition against Narmada Seva Yatra |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref>

== Organizing committee ==
A committee was constituted to oversee the campaign. [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], is the chairman of the committee, and Minister for Forest, Planning, Economics and Statistics, Dr.[[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]] is vice-chairman. Minister of State for Narmada Valley Development, Lal Singh Arya and Chairman of State Mineral Development Corporation, Shiv Choubey, are also on the committee. The committee also includes ministers overseeing the 16 districts that lie along the rivers banks, as well as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] of Madhya Pradesh, commissioners and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] chairmen of the districts. Additionally, 18 [[Spiritual Leader]]s, social activists and experts in relevant subjects are part of the committee. Additional Chief Secretary Planning, Economic and Statistics serves as a member secretary and the Executive Director Madhya Pradesh Jan Abhiyan Parishad serves as a member assistant secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/committee-constituted-for-narmada-seva-yatra.html|title=Committee constituted for Narmada Seva Yatra|website=The Pioneer|location=India|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Water in India]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]

Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama

2025-11-01T19:27:37Z

KatherinLigertwo: Creating a entry!

{{Short description|Shrine in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Aasatani Aaliya Shahi Hamdan Pethmakhama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.07|74.5947|region:IN_type:village|format=dms}}
| map_caption = Location within Jammu and Kashmir##Location within India
| location = [[Pethmakhama]]
| rite =
| cercle =
| sector =
| municipality = [[Magam]]
| district = [[Budgam District]]
| territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| region = [[Kashmir Valley]]
| country = [[India]]
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership = Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Waqf Board
| patron =
| website = {{URL|http://www.wakf.gov.in/jammukashmir/}}
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Islamic architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Classical]]
| founded_by =
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The '''Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: آثارِ شريف پؠٹھہٕ مَكهوٗم), popularly called '''Ziyarat Makhama''' ("Makhama Shrine"), is a [[Dargah|Muslim shrine]] located in [[Pethmakhama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jkpwdrb.nic.in/pdfs/CitiesTownsJK.pdf|date=July 30, 2021|access-date=1 May 2023|website=nic.in|title=Work wise details (Cities & Towns)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-05|title=EID NIMAZ TIMING IN SRINAGAR|url=https://jkalerts.com/eid-nimaz-timing-srinagar-2/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Govt Private Jobs updates Jammu, Kashmir, JKSSB, JKALERTS|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126084410/https://jkalerts.com/eid-nimaz-timing-srinagar-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DDC Budgam takes stock of Milad arrangements at Ziyarat Sharif Makhama - Jammu Links News|url=http://www.jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/207404/Jammu-Links-News-DDC_Budgam_takes_stock_of_Milad_arrangements_at_Ziyarat_Sharif_Makhama|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.jammulinksnews.com}}</ref> [[Magam]], [[Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It contains a relic, ''Moi-e-Muqqadas'', which is widely believed to be the hair of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. It is situated at Pethmakhama which is nearest to Magam Town of Budgam District and is considered to be one of the [[Kashmir]]'s holiest Muslim shrine.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Aasar-i-Shareef is a two-storey building with four minarets and one central [[dome]] built on typical Kashmiri style of rooftop woodwork. The building can host approximately 2000 people at a time for prayers. It has a small [[mosque]] connected internally with the shrine building. There were 3 major [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]] trees in and around the shrine but one of them was later halved and remains there without branches. The courtyard of the [[shrine]] is made of carved stones and a large park area with inbuilt pathways leading to the shrine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DC Budgam takes stock of Milad arrangements at Ziyarat Sharif Makhama - The News Now|url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=65466|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref>
[[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] guards the shrine with some 4-5 of its personal as security.
The [[Jammu and Kashmir Waqf Board]] remains the caretaker of the Shrine.<ref>http://waqf.gov.in/jammukashmir/ {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>

==History==

The [[relic]]s of [[Muhammad]] brought in here on 17th Rajab-Ul-Murajab as per lunar calendar which as per Gregorian calendar was on 16-Nov-1932.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hijri.habibur.com/1351/7/ | title=Islamic Hijri Calendar for Rajab - 1351 Hijri }}</ref> from [[Saudi Arabia]] via the then [[Amritsar]] [[Punjab]] currently [[Pakistan]]. Some historians claim that the relics was brought on horse cart Up to Village Mazhama from Srinagar with a huge gathering of Kashmiri People reading verses and Naats on Prophet. The ''Moi-e-Muqadas'' has a long history dating back 1400 years as written in the Sanad (documentary proof) of Relics of Pethmakhama preserved along with it. The relics is preserved inside the building in a centralized space called as Noor Khwan. The relics of Muhammad at Pethmakhama is also mentioned in the books like ''Imam Ul Asar'' written by [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] during 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ImamUlAsarAllamaKashmiriRa|title=Imam Ul Asar Allama Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri r.a By Maulana Abdul Haleem Chishti ra|accessdate=1 May 2023|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

It is displayed to devotees on festive occasions like ''Mehraj ul-Alam'' and other festivals at Pethmakhama. This Dargah is one of the prolific historical monuments in District Budgam.<ref>[https://kashmiruzma.news/NewsList?CID=55&PDate=04-21-2019 News List] {{dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref>

Lot of [[Ulama]] from all over Kashmir mostly from Sunni Aitiqadi sects like [[Karwan-I-Islami]], [[Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya]], Tehreek Minhaj ul Islam Kashmir, [[Barelvi]] and other sects deliver sermons here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wilayattimes.com/unification-and-awakening-among-muslim-ummah-obligatory-and-essentialallama-ghulam-rasool-hami/|title=Unification and Awakening among Muslim Ummah obligatory and Essential:Allama Ghulam Rasool Hami|website=Wilayat Times|accessdate=1 May 2023}}</ref>
It is managed by Jammu and Kashmir Waqf Board and protected by [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].

Molvi Niyaz Hamdani Sahab is the one who is current authoritative person to display the relics given that he his forefathers had brought it to this place.

==Overview of Aasar-i-Shareef==

Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama is very famous in all corners of Kashmir because in this village shahi Hamdan has prayed for about 2 months<ref>https://mykashmirvalley.wordpress.com/history-of-kashmir/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and also there is beard of Muhammad is kept in the building. Thousands of people come to Pethmakhama during Mehraj un-Nabi and Miladunnabi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/207404/Jammu-Links-News-DDC_Budgam_takes_stock_of_Milad_arrangements_at_Ziyarat_Sharif_Makhama|title=DDC Budgam takes stock of Milad arrangements at Ziyarat Sharif Makhama - Jammu Links News}}</ref> The Building at Aasar-i-Shareef holds congregations of Fridays and special occasions on Eid and other Islamic festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibkashmir.blogspot.com/2015/09/eid-nimaz-timing.html|title = Ib Kashmir: EID NIMAZ TIMING|date = 22 September 2015}}</ref> During the festivals like ''Shab-i Mehraj'' and ''Shab-i Milad a Mela'' is celebrated in and around the shrine whereby lot of artisans, craftsmen and traders come to sell their items to the devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2018/11/20/dc-budgam-takes-stock-of-milad-arrangements-at-ziyarat-sharif-makhama/|title = DC Budgam takes stock of Milad arrangements at Ziyarat Sharif Makhama}}</ref> The main attraction for the devotees is Tilla Munji, the famous Kashmiri snack and Paratha which they take along with as a blessing.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

[[Category:Muslim shrines in India]]

Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple

2025-09-13T16:11:26Z

KatherinLigertwo: new

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Somanatheeswarar Temple, [[Somangalam]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.945135|N|80.038025|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = Somangalam
| elevation_m = 35.87
| deity = Somanatheeswarar
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| inscriptions = Chollha, Pandiya, Vijayanagara inscriptions
| year_completed = 1073
| creator = Kulothunga Chollha
}}

'''Somanatheeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] at [[Somangalam]] in [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|12.945135|N|80.038025|E}}) at Somangalam in [[Kanchipuram district]].

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = violet
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|12.945135|N|80.038025|E}}
}}
== Details ==
The main deity in this temple is Somanatheeswarar and goddess is Meenakshi amman. This temple was built in the year about 1073 A.D. by Kulothunga Chollha.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Dhivya Dharsanam |title=Somangalam Sri Somanaadheeswarar |url=https://www.dharsanam.com/2008/04/somangalam-sri-somanaadheeswarar.html?m=1 |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
== Sanctum sanctorum ==
The sanctum sanctorum of this temple is in Gajaprishtam shape which means it appears as the back of an elephant in sleeping posture.<ref>{{Cite web |author=K. Narayanan |date=22 July 2012 |title=chandran sthalam |url=http://templesoftamilnadu.co.in/somangalam-chandran-sthalam/ |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Temples of Tamilnadu |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Inscriptions ==
Inscriptions of Rajadhiraja Chollha II in the year 1174 CE, inscriptions of Kulothunga Chollha III in the year 1192 CE, inscriptions of Kulothunga Chollha III in the years 1206 & 1207 CEs, inscriptions of Kulothunga Chollha III in the year 1209 CE, inscriptions of Rajaraja Chollha III in the year 1223 CE, inscriptions of Jatavarma Pandiya I in the years 1260, 1261, 1262 & 1263 CEs and inscriptions of Mallikarjuna (Vijayanagara king) in the 15th century CE are found in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple |url=https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2021/08/Soma.html?m=1 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple}}</ref>
== Sub deities==
[[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Dakshinamurti|Dakshinamurthy]], [[Durga]], [[Ganesha]], Balavinayagar, Balamurugan, Balasubramanian, [[Kartikeya|Subramaniar]] with [[Valli]] and [[Devasena]], Nandeeswarar, Sun, Moon, Chandikeswarar and Navagraha are the sub deities in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somanatheswarar Temple, Somangalam, Chennai suburb |url=https://greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/s/somangalam_somanatheswarar_temple.php |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=greenmesg.org}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital, Jajpur

2025-09-13T12:41:42Z

KatherinLigertwo: put up new info v1.

{{Short description|Government medical college and hospital in Jajpur, established in 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name =Maharaja Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital, Jajpur
| other_name = Jajpur Medical College
| image =
| type = [[Medical school|Medical College]] and [[Hospital]]
| mottoeng =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2024}}
| director =
| principal = Dr. Sitaram Mahapatra
| city = [[Jajpur]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size =
| language =
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Odisha University of Health Sciences|OUHS]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]}}
| website = {{URL|jkmchjajpur.odisha.gov.in}}
}}
'''Maharaja Jajati Keshri Medical College and Hospital, Jajpur''' (also known as '''Jajpur Medical College'''), is a Government medical college and hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jajpur Government Medical College and Hospital receives NMC approval|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jul/10/jajpur-government-medical-college-and-hospital-receives-nmc-approval|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Located at [[Jajpur]] in [[Jajpur]] district, [[Odisha]], the college offers the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) and associated degrees.

==Affiliates==
The college is affiliated with [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Medical Commission Approves 50 MBBS Seats For New Medical College In Odisha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/national-medical-commission-approves-50-mbbs-seats-for-new-medical-college-in-odisha-6136214|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Odisha University of Health Sciences}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]

2023–24 Futsal Club Championship

2025-09-01T23:46:07Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Third edition of Hero Futsal Club Championship}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=May 2024}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title= Futsal Club Championship
|year= [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
|other_titles=
|country= India
|city= [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|dates= 22 June–5 July 2024
|num_teams= [[#Teams|19]]
|venue= [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
|champions= [[Corbett FC]]
|count= 1
|runner-up= [[Golazo FC]]
|matches=
|goals=
|attendance=
|top_goal_scorer= [[PC Lalruatsanga]]
|player= [[Lalsangkima]]
|goalkeeper= [[Ozen Vivian Silva]]
|fair_play=
|prevseason= [[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship|2022–23]]
|nextseason= [[2024–25 Futsal Club Championship|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 Futsal Club Championship''' was the 3rd edition of the [[Futsal Club Championship]], an annual [[futsal]] club tournament in [[India]], organised by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) and held in [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF Futsal Club Championship will start from June 22 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-futsal-club-championship-will-start-from-june-22 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Format ==
The Futsal Club Championship 2023–24 features a total of 19 teams, who were divided into four groups, and play in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The semi-final stage is played in a knockout format between the top group stage teams.<ref name=":0" />

== Teams ==
{{location map+|India3|width=365|float=right|caption=Locations of Futsal Club Championship teams <br> [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Group A <br> [[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] Group B <br> [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Group C <br> [[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] Group D|places={{location map~ |India |lat=19.0760|long=72.8777|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Millat FC|Millat]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=20.2961|long=85.8245|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Sports Odisha]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=24.8170|long=93.9368|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Classic}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=28.9873|long=79.4045|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=26.271559|long=94.831384|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Nyenshen}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9716|long=77.5946|mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Bangalore Arrows}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=28.8955|long=76.6066|mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Satvir}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=30.7046|long=76.7179|mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=22.3072|long=73.1812|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Baroda FA|Baroda]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=17.3850|long=78.4867|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Speed Force}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=26.1445|long=91.7362|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Guwahati City}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=15.2374|long=73.9601|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Ambelim}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=31.2184|long=75.7717|mark=Green pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[JCT FC|JCT]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=31.6842|long=76.5215|mark=Green pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Golazo}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=22.0333|long=74.8991|mark=Green pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Casa Barwani}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=28.56633|long=77.23107|mark=Black pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:4px;"> '''Delhi'''
</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=13.0 |long=85.0 |label=<div style="font-size:75%;"> '''[[Delhi]] teams''': <br />
[[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] {{nowrap|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}} <br />
[[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] {{nowrap|Goal Hunterz}}<br />
</div>
|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.727222|long=92.717778|mark=Black pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:4px;"> '''Aizawl'''
</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=17.0 |long=85.0 |label=<div style="font-size:75%;"> '''[[Aizawl]] teams''': <br />
[[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] {{nowrap|Electric Veng}} <br />
[[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] {{nowrap|Thrystior}}<br />
</div>
|position=right}}}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Team
!State
!City
|-
|[[Millat FC]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Sports Odisha]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Bhubaneshwar]]
|-
|Classic FA
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]]
|-
|[[Corbett FC]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
|-
|Nyenshen FC
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Tuensang]]
|-
|Electric Veng FC
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|-
|Bangalore Arrows FC
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|-
|Satvir FC
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Rohtak]]
|-
|Goal Hunterz FC
|[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Baroda FA]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|-
|FC Thrystior
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|-
|Speed Force FC
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|Guwahati City FC
|[[Assam]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|-
|Ambelim SC
|[[Goa]]
|[[Ambelim]]
|-
|[[JCT FC|JCT FA]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Phagwara]]
|-
|Golazo FC
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|Casa Barwani SC
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Barwani]]
|-
|[[Delhi FC]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|}

== Group stage ==

=== Group A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=CFC
|team2=MFC
|team3=CFA
|team4=NFC
|team5=SO


|result1=Q
|result2=Q

|win_MFC = 3 |draw_MFC = 0 |loss_MFC = 1 |gf_MFC = 22 |ga_MFC = 15
|win_SO = 0 |draw_SO = 0 |loss_SO = 4 |gf_SO = 7 |ga_SO = 28
|win_CFA = 2 |draw_CFA = 0 |loss_CFA = 2 |gf_CFA = 22 |ga_CFA = 16
|win_CFC = 4 |draw_CFC = 0 |loss_CFC = 0 |gf_CFC = 28 |ga_CFC = 8
|win_NFC = 1 |draw_NFC = 0 |loss_NFC = 3 |gf_NFC = 13 |ga_NFC = 25


|name_MFC =[[Millat FC]]
|name_SO = [[Sports Odisha]]
|name_CFA = [[Classic FA]]
|name_CFC = [[Corbett FC]]
|name_NFC = [[Nyenshen FC]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

=== Group B ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=MAFC
|team2=EVFC
|team3=GHFC
|team4=BAFC
|team5=SFC


|result1=Q
|result2=Q

|win_EVFC = 2 |draw_EVFC = 1 |loss_EVFC = 1 |gf_EVFC = 21 |ga_EVFC = 15
|win_BAFC = 1 |draw_BAFC = 1 |loss_BAFC = 2 |gf_BAFC = 24 |ga_BAFC = 16
|win_SFC = 0 |draw_SFC = 0 |loss_SFC = 4 |gf_SFC = 6 |ga_SFC = 44
|win_GHFC = 2 |draw_GHFC = 0 |loss_GHFC = 2 |gf_GHFC = 15 |ga_GHFC = 10
|win_MAFC = 4 |draw_MAFC = 0 |loss_MAFC = 0 |gf_MAFC = 27 |ga_MAFC = 8


|name_EVFC = [[Electric Veng FC]]
|name_BAFC = [[Bangalore Arrows FC]]
|name_SFC = [[Satvir FC]]
|name_GHFC = [[Goal Hunterz]]
|name_MAFC = [[Minerva Academy FC]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]

}}

=== Group C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=FCT
|team2=ASC
|team3=SFFC
|team4=BFA
|team5=GCFC


|result1=Q
|result2=Q

|win_BFA = 1 |draw_BFA = 0 |loss_BFA = 3 |gf_BFA = 11 |ga_BFA = 17
|win_FCT = 3 |draw_FCT = 0 |loss_FCT = 1 |gf_FCT = 25 |ga_FCT = 10
|win_SFFC = 3 |draw_SFFC = 0 |loss_SFFC = 1 |gf_SFFC = 18 |ga_SFFC = 21
|win_GCFC = 0 |draw_GCFC = 0 |loss_GCFC = 4 |gf_GCFC = 10 |ga_GCFC = 24
|win_ASC = 3 |draw_ASC = 0 |loss_ASC = 1 |gf_ASC = 17 |ga_ASC = 9


|name_BFA = [[Baroda FA]]
|name_FCT = [[FC Thyrstior]]
|name_SFFC = [[Speed Force FC]]
|name_GCFC = [[Guwahati City FC]]
|name_ASC = [[Ambelim SC]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]

}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=GFC
|team2=DFC
|team3=JCT
|team4=CBS


|result1=Q
|result2=Q

|win_JCT= 1 |draw_JCT = 0 |loss_JCT = 2 |gf_JCT = 10 |ga_JCT = 9
|win_GFC = 3 |draw_GFC = 0 |loss_GFC = 0 |gf_GFC = 26 |ga_GFC = 2
|win_CBS = 0 |draw_CBS = 0 |loss_CBS = 3 |gf_CBS = 4 |ga_CBS = 29
|win_DFC = 2 |draw_DFC = 0 |loss_DFC = 1 |gf_DFC = 17 |ga_DFC = 17


|name_JCT = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|name_GFC = [[Golazo FC]]
|name_CBS = [[Casa Barwani SC]]
|name_DFC = [[Delhi FC]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]

}}

== Knockout stage ==

=== Bracket ===
<onlyinclude>
<section begin=bracket />{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|style=white-space:nowrap
|widescore=yes
|bold_winner=high|3rdplace=no
|RD1=Quarter-finals
|RD2=Semi-finals
|RD3=[[#Final|Final]]


|3 July|[[Corbett FC]]|11|[[Delhi FC]]|1
|3 July|[[Minerva Academy FC]]|2|[[Ambelim SC]]|8
|3 July|[[FC Thyrstior]]|6|[[Electric Veng FC]]|3
|3 July|[[Golazo FC]]|8|[[Millat FC]]|0

|3 July|[[Corbett FC]]|6|[[Ambelim SC]]|5
|3 July|[[FC Thyrstior]]|3|[[Golazo FC]]|5

|3 July|[[Corbett FC]]|3|[[Golazo FC]]|2
}}<section end=bracket />
</onlyinclude>

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{football box
| date = 3 July 2024
| time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Corbett FC]]
| score = 11-1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35322
| team2 = [[Delhi FC]]
| goals1 =
* Aaron Dcosta {{goal|2||5||17}}
* Pratik Swami {{goal|8}}
* Lalbiakzuala {{goal|10||15}}
* Pc Lalruatsanga {{goal|16||19||28||29}}
* Malsawmtluanga Pautu {{goal|40}}
| goals2 =
* Kh Azlaan Shah {{goal|36}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----{{football box
| date = 3 July 2024
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Minerva Academy FC]]
| score = 2-8
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35323
| team2 = [[Ambelim SC]]
| goals1 =
* Thongkhongmayum Naoba {{goal|37}}
* Samson Keishing{{goal|40}}
| goals2 =
* Fredsan Marshall {{goal|6||34}}
* Clive Miranda {{goal|13}}
* Michael Silva {{goal|17}}
* Ronaldo Rosebud Pereira {{goal|28||29}}
* Lyndon Cardoso {{goal|30}}
* Fraizer Xavier Cardozo {{goal|33}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----{{football box
| date = 3 July 2024
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thyrstior]]
| score = 6-3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35324
| team2 = [[Electric Veng FC]]
| goals1 =
* C Lalrinhlua {{goal|5}}
* Laltluangzela {{goal|15||38}}
* K Roluahpuia {{goal|32}}
* Peter Lalrinhlua {{goal|37}}
* Lalhmangaiha {{goal|40}}
| goals2 =
* Lalremtluanga {{goal|3||10||11}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----{{football box
| date = 3 July 2024
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Golazo FC]]
| score = 8-0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35325
| team2 = [[Millat FC]]
| goals1 =
* Clinton Rosario D'souza {{goal|10||12}}
* Sachin Patil {{goal|16||18}}
* Stephen Satarkar {{goal|22||22}}
* Lalsangkima {{goal|26}}
* Augustin Savio D'mello {{goal|38}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
| date = 5 July 2024
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Corbett FC]]
| score = 6-5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35358
| team2 = [[Ambelim SC]]
| goals1 =
* Pc Lalruatsanga {{goal|6}}
* Pratik Swami {{goal|11}}
* Lalbiakzuala {{goal|19}}
* Malsawmtluanga Pautu {{goal|21}}
* Aaron Dcosta{{goal|31}}
| goals2 =
* Savan Shamrao Lotlikar {{goal|20}}
* Michael Nevil Dias {{goal|26||36}}
* Clive Miranda {{goal|28}}
* Ronaldo Rosebud Pereira {{goal|31}}
* Fredsan Marshall{{goal|35}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----{{football box
| date = 5 July 2024
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thyristor]]
| score = 3-5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35359
| team2 = [[Golazo FC]]
| goals1 =
* K Roluahpuia {{goal|3||6}}
* Lalawmpuia{{goal|36}}
| goals2 =
* Stephen Satarkar {{goal|1}}
* Jayesh Sutar {{goal|15||19}}
* Clinton Rosario D'souza {{goal|31}}
* Sachin Patil {{goal|32}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}
----

=== Final ===
{{football box
| date = 7 July 2024
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Corbett FC]]
| score = 3-2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35404
| team2 = [[Golazo FC]]
| goals1 =
* Lalbiakzuala {{goal|9}}
* Pc Lalruatsanga {{goal|37||50}}
| goals2 =
* Stephen Satarkar {{goal|13}}
* Jayesh Sutar {{goal|37}}
| stadium = [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| attendance =
}}

== Top scorers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[PC Lalruatsanga]]
| align="left" |[[Corbett FC]]
|17
|-
|2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stephen Satarkar]]
| align="left" |[[Golazo FC]]
|14
|-
|3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[K Roluahpuia]]
| align="left" |[[FC Thyristor]]
|12
|-
|4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Ayyappa Nunna]]
| align="left" |[[Bangalore Arrows FC]]
|9
|-
|5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ibrahim Ali (futsal)|Ibrahim Ali]]
| align="left" |[[Speed Force FC]]
|8
|}

== See also ==

* [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy|2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
* [[2024 National Beach Soccer Championship]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Futsal in India}}{{Football in India}}

[[Category:AIFF Futsal Club Championship]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football leagues]]

Second pledge at al-Aqabah

2025-08-27T05:58:27Z

KatherinLigertwo: general improve references per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Medinan pledge to the Prophet of Islam}}
{{See also|Diplomatic career of Muhammad}}
[[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 252v Quraysh leaders discuss the second pledge at al-Aqabah.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic miniature]] depicting [[Iblis]] (top-left) plotting against Muhammad watching over a meeting by the leaders of the Quraysh (Among them [[Umayya ibn Khalaf]], [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyān]], [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khālid ibn al-Walīd]], [[Amr ibn al-As|Amr ibn al-‘Āṣ]]) discussing the second pledge at al-Aqabah, being spied on by the anti-Islamic zealot "the Monk" [[Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar|Abu ʿĀmir al-Rāhib]], who is part of Iblis' plan.]]
The '''second pledge at al-ʿAqabah''' ({{langx|ar|بيعة العقبة الثانية|bayʾa al-ʿaqaba al-thaniya}}) was an important event in [[Islam]] where 75 residents of the city of [[Medina]] pledged their loyalty to [[Muhammad]] as their leader in an [[oath of allegiance]] known as a ''[[bay'ah]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tyan |first1=E. |title=Bayʿa |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/baya-COM_0107?s.num=1&s.au=%22Tyan%2C+E.%22 |website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |access-date=28 April 2022 |language=en |date=24 April 2012}}</ref> It preceded the [[Hijrah]], or migration of Muhammad and his supporters from [[Mecca]], where they were persecuted, to [[Medina]], where Muhammad became ruler. The pledge occurred in 622 CE at a mountain pass (''al-ʿaqabah'') five kilometers from Mecca.

==Event==
{{Muhammad}}

Converts to Islam came from both non-Jewish [[tribes of Arabia]] present in Medina, such that by June of the subsequent year seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad. Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the Second Pledge of al-ʿAqaba, where the pledge was made. The guarantee of protection led (orientalist)people who studied the language,culture,history or custom of countries in eastern asia and [[ulema]] to describe it as the "Pledge of War".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shawkiy Abu Khalil |author1-link=Shawkiy Abu Khalil |title=Atlas of the Prophet's Biography: Places, Nations, Landmarks |date=2004 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-897-71-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA85 |language=en |quote=The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those and peace with you.}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2023}}<ref name="watt83">Watt (1974) p. 83</ref> Conditions of the pledge, many of which similar to the first, included obedience to Muhammad, [[enjoining good and forbidding wrong]], as well as responding to the call to arms when required.<ref>[[Ibn Hisham]], [[Sirah Rasul Allah]], Vol. I p. 454</ref>

==See also==
*[[Timeline of early Islamic history]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist |32em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Treaties of Muhammad]]

Bhojasar Bara, Churu

2025-08-14T11:55:40Z

KatherinLigertwo: Creating new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Other uses|Bhojasar (disambiguation){{!}}Bhojasar}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhojasar Bara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|28.68|N|74.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m = 249
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 1700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331411
| area_code = 91-1564
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-10
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Churu district|Churu]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = 40-44 °C
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Sardarshahar]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|55|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|110|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = 4-8 °C
}}
'''Bhojasar Bara''' or '''Bara Bhojasar''' is a village within the [[Sardarshahar]] [[Tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Churu district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village lies {{Convert|110|km}} west of [[Churu district|Churu]] and {{Convert|55|km}} west from [[Sardarshahar]].

The {{convert|4869|hectare|km2}} village has an overall population of about 1700.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojasar Bara Village Population - Sardarshahar - Churu, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/70293-bhojasar-bara-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1035/download/3154/DH_2011_0804_PART_B_DCHB_CHURU.pdf |title=Census of India 2011: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS |year=2011 |pages=114 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Nearby other villages are [[Bhojasar Chhota, Churu|Bhojasar Chhota]] (south), Panchara (west), Sumeria (north) and Tolasar (east).

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Villages in Churu district]]
{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

Indian Super League Player of the League

2025-08-01T00:10:37Z

KatherinLigertwo:

{{Short description|Annual award given to the best player in the Indian Super League}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Indian Super League Player of the season
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best player of a given Indian Super League season
| sponsor =
| country = India
| presenter = Indian Super League
| year = 2014
| holder = [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (1st title)
| most_wins =
}}
The '''Indian Super League Player of the League''' is an annual [[association football]] award presented to the best player in the [[Indian Super League]] each season. The winner is presented with the '''Golden Ball'''.

The Indian Super League was founded in 2013 and played its [[2014 Indian Super League|inaugural season]] in 2014. It became the joint top-tier of the [[Indian football league system]] by the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18 season]] and has been the top-tier since the [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 season]]. The first Player of the League (then known as the Hero of the League for sponsorship reasons) was awarded to [[Iain Hume]] in 2014. [[Sunil Chhetri]] is the first Indian player to have won the award in the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]] season.

==Winners==
[[File:Iain Hume photo by Djuradj Vujcic.jpg|200px|thumb|upright|[[Iain Hume]] won the inaugural Indian Super League Hero of the League in 2014.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Key
!scope="row"|'''Player {{small|(X)}}'''
|Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one)
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb"|{{dagger}}
|Denotes the club were [[List of Indian football champions|ISL Shield winners or ISL Trophy winners]] in the same season
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Indian Super League Hero of the League Winners
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Nationality
!scope="col"|Club
!scope="col"|Ref(s)
|-
| [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]
!scope="row"|[[Iain Hume]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2014">{{cite news|title=ISL 2014: Full list of award winners|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/isl-2014-full-list-award-winners-elano-blumer-takes-golden-boot-1598802.html|access-date=14 December 2022|website=oneindia.com|publisher=OneIndia|date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727023939/http://www.oneindia.com/sports/isl-2014-full-list-award-winners-elano-blumer-takes-golden-boot-1598802.html|archive-date=27 July 2015|author=Aprameya |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
!scope="row"|[[Stiven Mendoza]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Colombia}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Live-ISL-2015-final-Chennaiyin-FC-vs.-FC-Goa/article60227693.ece |title=Last-minute Mendoza blitz gives Chennai the title |date=20 December 2015 |website=thehindu.com |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214185526/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Live-ISL-2015-final-Chennaiyin-FC-vs.-FC-Goa/article60227693.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
!scope="row"|[[Florent Malouda]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Delhi Dynamos]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2016">{{cite news |title=Marcelinho wins Golden Boot, Florent Malouda Hero of the League |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2016-marcelinho-wins-golden-boot-florent-malouda-hero-of-the-league/story-975jRAUqweyfY1ofZq7FaJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219215626/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2016-marcelinho-wins-golden-boot-florent-malouda-hero-of-the-league/story-975jRAUqweyfY1ofZq7FaJ.html |archive-date=19 December 2016 |accessdate=3 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
!scope="row"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|India}}
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2017–18">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/sunil-chhetri-named-hero-of-indian-super-league-ferran-corominas-wins-golden-boot/story-0DrkyJekuBHtDAG1jLJCvO.html |title=Sunil Chhetri named ‘Hero’ of Indian Super League, Ferran Corominas wins Golden Boot |date=18 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319032412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/sunil-chhetri-named-hero-of-indian-super-league-ferran-corominas-wins-golden-boot/story-0DrkyJekuBHtDAG1jLJCvO.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
!scope="row"|[[Coro (footballer)|Coro]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2018–19">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/creme-de-la-creme-hero-isl-2018-19-season-award-winners-and-their-contributions |title=Creme de la creme: Hero ISL 2018-19 Season Award winners and their contributions |date=18 March 2019 |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214195530/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/creme-de-la-creme-hero-isl-2018-19-season-award-winners-and-their-contributions |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
!scope="row"|[[Hugo Boumous]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|France}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| [[FC Goa|Goa]]{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2019–20">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/creme-de-la-creme-hero-isl-2019-20-season-award-winners-and-their-contributions |title=Creme de la creme: Hero ISL 2019-20 Season Award winners and their contributions |date=14 March 2020 |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018130410/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/creme-de-la-creme-hero-isl-2019-20-season-award-winners-and-their-contributions |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
!scope="row"|[[Roy Krishna]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2020–21">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/top-notch-performers-hero-isl-2020-21-season-award-winners |title=Top-notch performers: Hero ISL 2020-21 season award winners |date=13 March 2021 |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804115442/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/top-notch-performers-hero-isl-2020-21-season-award-winners |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
!scope="row"|[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Scotland}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="isl2021–22">{{cite web |title=Standout performers: Hero ISL 2021–22 season awards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |date=21 March 2022 |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322105100/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/end-of-season-awards-2021-22-greg-stewart-named-hero-of-the-league-roshan-naorem-the-best-emerging-player |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
!scope="row"|[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|India}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="sawards">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hero-isl-2022-23-a-list-of-all-individual-and-team-awards-at-the-end-of-the-season |title=Hero ISL 2022-23: A list of all individual and team awards at the end of the season |author=ISL Media Team |website=indiansuperleague.com |publisher=Indian Super League |date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134947/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hero-isl-2022-23-a-list-of-all-individual-and-team-awards-at-the-end-of-the-season |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
!scope="row"|[[Dimitri Petratos]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Australia}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |title=Report: Mumbai City FC come from behind to win ISL Cup |date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504182931/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |archive-date=4 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=5 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
!scope="row"|[[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
!scope="row"|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United FC]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isl-2024-25-full-list-of-award-winners</ref>
|}

==Awards won by nationality==
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Players
!scope="col"|Total
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|France}}
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|India}}
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Canada}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Colombia}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Fiji}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Scotland}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|}

==Awards won by club==
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Club
!scope="col"|Total
|-
!scope="row"|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|align="center"|2
|-
!scope="row"|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|align="center"|2
|-
!scope="row"|[[NorthEast United FC]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|align="center"|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|align="center"|1
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian Super League]]
* [[Indian Super League Golden Boot]]
* [[Indian Super League Golden Glove]]
* [[Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League]]
* [[Indian Super League Winning Pass of the League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League website]

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian Super League Hero of the League}}

[[Category:Indian Super League trophies and awards|Hero of the League]]
[[Category:Association football player of the year awards by competition|India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]

National Highway 99 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T00:13:28Z

KatherinLigertwo: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 22 (India)]]

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{{R with history}}
}}

Badhra tehsil

2025-07-22T02:29:14Z

KatherinLigertwo: Creating a article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badhra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.509|N|75.937|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Badhra
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,333
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Badhra Sub-division''' is one of the sub-district and a potential future district in [[Bhiwani district]] of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=TT1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-panel-proposes-3-dists-major-rejig/225377.html Haryana panel recommends new districts, sub-divisions, tehsils and blocks]</ref>

==Overview==
Badhra is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Bhiwani district]].<ref name="ceo1"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
Badhra is the seat of [[Badhra (Haryana Assembly constituency)]].
*2014: Sukhvinder Singh, [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]

==See also==
* [[Bhiwani]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwani district topics}}
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]