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Painted francolin

2026-05-04T22:04:38Z

KatherinLesina4: Started initial data v1

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Painted francolin
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Francolinus pictus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22678722A92785072 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678722A92785072.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Painted Francolin in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg
| image_caption = in [[Bhigwan]], Maharashtra [[File:Painted Francolin 2 calls.ogg|thumb|Call]]
| genus = Francolinus
| species = pictus
| authority = ([[William Jardine (naturalist)|Jardine]] & [[Prideaux John Selby|Selby]], 1828)<ref>The species was designated as ''Perdix picta'' in Illus. Orn. plate 50. The bird skin came from John Atherton, a nephew of P J Selby and the type locality was designated as Bangalore. The [[holotype]] is in the Selby collection UMZC 14/Pha/22/aa/2.</ref>
| range_map = Francolinus_pictus_map.png
| synonyms = ''Perdix picta'' ''Perdix hepburnii''
}}

The '''painted francolin''' or '''painted partridge''' ('''''Francolinus pictus''''') is a species of [[francolin]] found in grassy areas in central and southern [[India]] and in the lowlands of southeastern [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] noted that the species was found mainly in Central India south of the Narmada and to the east of the Western Ghats as well as the Chota Nagpur and Northern Circars.<ref>{{cite book|page=562|title=The Birds of India. Volume 3|author=Jerdon TC|year=1864|publisher=George Wyman & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein03jerd}}</ref> It partly overlaps with the [[black francolin]] with which it partly overlaps and is said to sometimes hybridize. This species can be so distinguished from a black francolin female by the lack of a rufous hind collar and the white spots on the underside. The face is rufous and there is no dark stripe running behind the eye.

==Description==
[[File:Painted Francolin (Francolinus pictus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
This species is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. It is distributed patchily from [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] south into peninsular India (but not along the Malabar coast and rare south of Coimbatore<ref>{{cite book|title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Fourth Edition.|author=Whistler, Hugh|year =1949|publisher=Gurney and Jackson|url=https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp|page=431}}</ref>) and in Sri Lanka. The species interbreeds with the [[black francolin]] along its northern<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/137/mode/1up/|author=Blanford WT|pages=137–138|year=1898|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4}}</ref> and appears similar to the female of that species but has no rufous hindcollar, instead having a bright rufous face and throat. The underside has white spots while the legs are orange-yellow to red.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|volume=2|pages=120–121}}</ref> It is more arboreal in its habits than the black francolin.<ref>{{cite book|title=A handbook to the Game-Birds. Volume 1.|author=Ogilvie-Grant, WR|year=1895|volume=1|page=106|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktogamebi01ogil}}</ref> The legs of both sexes have no spurs.<ref name=hume>{{cite book|pages=19–26|author1=Hume, AO |author2=CHT Marshall |name-list-style=amp |year=1880|title=The Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Volume 2|publisher=Self published|url=https://archive.org/details/GameBirdsOfIndia2}}</ref>

The species was described by [[Prideaux John Selby|P. J. Selby]] based on a specimen obtained by his nephew John Atherton of [[Bangalore]] (commemorated in ''[[Nyctyornis athertoni]]''). The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] has been designated as Bangalore although the specimen likely came from further north.<ref>{{cite book|first=Christine Elisabeth|last=Jackson|author2=Peter Davis|year=2001|title=Sir William Jardine: a life in natural history|publisher=Continuum International|isbn=0-7185-0164-0|page=208}}</ref>

Three subspecies have been named. The nominate population are from Central and South India south of 20°N while to the north is the form ''pallidus'' (type locality Udaipur). This form is paler on the upperparts.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdulali, Humayun |year=1979|title= On the validity of ''Francolinus pictus pallidus'' (J.E. Gray).|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=76|issue=2|page= 362|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48240749}}</ref> The Sri Lankan race is ''watsoni''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Baker, ECS |year=1922|title= Hand-list of the Birds of India. Part 7.|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=28|issue=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/handlistofgenera00bake#page/203/mode/1up|pages=183–226}}</ref>

Populations change during and after the [[monsoon]]s, and hunters have been known to capture nearly 300 from some areas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdulali, Humayun |year=1943|title= Local movements of the Painted Partridge (''Francolinus pictus'' Jard. & Selby) round Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=43|issue=4|pages= 658–660|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228450}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ogden, FCD |year=1943|title= Local movements of the Painted Partridge ''Francolinus pictus'' - around Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 44|issue=2|page= 299|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294882}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ghate, RW |year=1975|title= The Painted Partridge on grassland round Nagpur airport. |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume= 15|issue=9|page= 7}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The distribution of this species is to the south of the range of the black francolin. It is found patchily distributed in semi-dry undulating grasslands with scrub or cultivation. It is found in drier areas than the black francolin but wetter zones than the [[grey francolin]].<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley |name-list-style=amp | title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 2|year= 1980 |pages =25–27 }}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, it is found in [[Bibila]] and Nilgala forest reserve of [[Gal Oya National Park]] in Uva plains.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rodrigo|first=Malaka|editor-last1=Handunnetti|editor-first1=Dilrukshi|title=An overlooked biocultural landscape in Sri Lanka receives overdue protection|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2025/06/an-overlooked-biocultural-landscape-in-sri-lanka-receives-overdue-protection/|newspaper=Mongabay}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wait, WE|title=The distribution of birds in Ceylon and its relation to recent geological changes in the Island.|journal=Spolia Zeylanica |volume=10|year=1919|url=https://archive.org/details/spoliazeylanica10nati}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Painted Francolin CME1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Painted francolin calling from a perch in Pune, India]]

[[File:Painted Francolin 2 calls sonogram.jpg|thumb|200px|Sonogram of call of painted francolin]]
They are not easy to spot but become vocal during the breeding season after the Monsoons, from June to October. The call is made in the early morning and has been described as guttural broken crow "chee-kee-kerray- Chee-kee-kerray" which is answered by other birds in the vicinity. A preliminary click may be heard when at close range. It is usually seen calling from an elevated position such as a mound, bush or tree stump.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1864|title=The Birds of India. Volume 3.|publisher=Military Orphan Press.|page=561|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein03jerd#page/560/mode/2up}}</ref> During the non-breeding season, they may call at dusk.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Abdulali, Humayun |year=1965|title= Some notes on the Painted Partridge [''Francolinus pictus'' (Jardine & Selby)] around Bombay: a correction. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=62|issue=1|page= 152|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953525}}</ref> The nest is a scrape in the ground.<ref name=pcr/> Six or seven smoky white eggs are laid.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Barnes, HE |year=1886 |title= Birds' nesting in Rajpootana. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=1|issue=2|pages=38–62|url=https://archive.org/details/journalbombayna06socigoog}}</ref><ref name=notes>{{cite journal|author=Abdulali, Humayun |year=1964|title= Some notes on the Painted Partridge [''Francolinus pictus'' (Jardine & Selby)] around Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 61|issue=2|pages=446–449|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073014}}</ref>

They feed on grass seeds (including ''[[Brachiaria ramosa]]'') as well as grains of cultivated rice. Beetles and other insects are also eaten.<ref name=notes/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kaul, Rahul |author2=Howmans |year=1992|title= Distribution and habitat requirements of the Northern Painted Francolin ''Francolinus pictus pallidus'' in Jamnagar, India. |journal=Gibier Faune Sauvage |volume=9|pages= 483–492}}</ref> They also feed on the tuberous roots of ''[[Cyperus rotundus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharma, SC |year=1964|title= Winter food of the Painted Partridge [''Francolinus pictus'' (Jardine & Selby)] in Rajasthan. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=61|issue=3|pages=686–688| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073290}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= David, A |year=1965|title= Winter food of the Painted Partridge [''Francolinus pictus'' (Jardine & Selby)] in Rajasthan. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=62|issue=3|page=557|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47954032}}</ref>

When walking around it sometimes has the habit of cocking up its tail and when disturbed it usually freezes and flushes only when approached very close. It roosts in trees and sometimes also on the ground.<ref name=hbk/>

==In culture==
This bird appears in a 4.50 [[rupee]] [[Sri Lanka]]n postal stamp.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scharning|first=Kjell|title=Birds on stamps: Sri Lanka|url=http://www.birdtheme.org/country/srilanka.html|website=Theme Birds on Stamps}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://search.macaulaylibrary.org/catalog?taxonCode=paifra1 Internet Bird Collection]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1263371}}

[[Category:Francolinus|painted francolin]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1828|painted francolin]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sir William Jardine]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Prideaux John Selby|painted francolin]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]

Nagpur Graduates constituency

2026-04-29T14:26:14Z

KatherinLesina4: new initial article basic info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra Legislative Council}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Nagpur Graduates constituency''' is one of 78 Legislative Council seats in [[Maharashtra]]. This constituency encompasses the entire [[Nagpur division]], which includes the districts of [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress wins Nagpur graduates' constituency after 58 years|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Dec/04/maharashtra-mlc-polls-congress-wins-nagpur-graduates-constituency-after-58-years-2231819.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= MLC elections: Congress defeats BJP in Gadkari's home turf Nagpur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2023/Feb/03/mlc-elections-congress-defeats-bjp-in-gadkaris-home-turf-nagpur-2543920.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=MVA’s Wanjari scores historic victory in BJP citadel|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/12/5/MVA-s-Wanjari-scores-historic-victory-in-BJP-citadel.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-03 |title=MLC elections: Congress defeats BJP in Gadkari's home turf Nagpur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Feb/03/mlc-elections-congress-defeats-bjp-in-gadkaris-home-turf-nagpur-2543920.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Council==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|1978
|rowspan=2|Gangadhar Fadnavis
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1984
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|1990
| rowspan="4"|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|-
|1996
|-
|2002
|-
|2008
|-
|2014
|[[Anil Sole]]
|-
|2020
|[[Abhijit Wanjarri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Maharashtra]]

4 Letters

2026-04-28T18:27:41Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[R. Raghuraj]]
| writer = R. Raghuraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Dommaraju Hemalatha Dommaraju Udayakumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Eswar
* Tuya Chakraborthy
* [[Apsara Rani|Anketa Maharana]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Chitti Babu K.
| editing = R. Raghuraj
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = Om Shri Chakra Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|2|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''4 Letters''''' is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by [[R. Raghuraj]]. The film stars newcomers Eswar, Tuya Chakraborthy and [[Apsara Rani|Anketa Maharana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anketa-maharana-talks-about-her-role-in-4-letters/articleshow/68061550.cms|title=Anketa Maharana talks about her role in '4 Letters'|first=Neeshita|last=Nyayapati|date=19 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504095138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anketa-maharana-talks-about-her-role-in-4-letters/articleshow/68061550.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Eswar as Ajay
* Tuya Chakraborthy as Anjali
* [[Apsara Rani|Anketa Maharana]] as Anupama
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Satya Krishnan]]
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]]
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]]
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]
*Mahesh Vitta
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]. The lyrics are written by Suresh Upadhyaya. In a music review of the film, a reviewer wrote that the album was "atrocious".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-4-letters/articleshow/67794491.cms|title=Music Review: 4 Letters|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=2 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504101425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-4-letters/articleshow/67794491.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Raaye Pilla" - Mounika Reddy
*"Title Song"
*"Undha Ledha" - Athidi Bhavaraju, Eswar Babu
*"Balamani" - Raghuram, Mounika Reddy
*"Raaye Pilla (DJ version)"
*"Title Song (DJ version)"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "The film is called ''4 Letters''. And after watching it, there are four letters that come to mind. It’s one big steaming pile of ... yes, you guessed it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/feb/22/4-letters-review-10244.html|title=4 Letters Review: Insensitive, infuriating and inexplicable|first=Palaparthi|last=Srividya|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511020107/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/feb/22/4-letters-review-10244.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "With an aimless plot laden with vulgar dialogues full of double entendre, ''4 Letters'' is almost unbearable to watch, even if you're a fan of the genre. If you decide to watch the film, keep some aspirin handy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/4-letters/movie-review/68114089.cms|title=4 LETTERS MOVIE REVIEW|first=Paturi|last=Rajasekhar|date=22 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511035941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/4-letters/movie-review/68114089.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/4-letters-movie-review-in-telugu.html|title=సమీక్ష : 4 లెటర్స్ – శృతి మించిన రొమాంటిక్ డ్రామా !|date=23 February 2019|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]|language=te|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511023023/https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/4-letters-movie-review-in-telugu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9815360}}
[[Category:Films directed by R. Raghuraj]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Priyadarshi Pulikonda

2026-04-23T14:55:57Z

KatherinLesina4: Started a post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyadarshi Pulikonda
| birth_name =
| image = Priyadarshi.jpg
| caption = Pulikonda in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|08|25}}
| birth_place = [[Khammam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| alma_mater = [[University of Hyderabad]]
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Prachi Sharma|2018}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2016–⁠present
}}
'''Priyadarshi Pulikonda''' is an Indian actor and comedian who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He gained recognition for his role in ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016). In addition to supporting roles, Priyadarshi played the lead in films such as ''[[Mallesham]]'' (2019), [[Mithai (film)|''Mithai'']] (2019), and [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']] (2023). His performance in ''[[Mallesham]]'' (2019) appeared in the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2019|access-date=2020-11-14|website=[[Film Companion]]|language=en}}</ref>''

==Early and personal life==
Priyadarshi was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Khammam]], India to Pulikonda Subbachary, a professor, and Jayalakshmi.<ref>{{cite news|title=KTR releases song penned by Priyadarshi's father|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ktr-releases-song-penned-by-priyadarshis-father/articleshow/76349253.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=13 June 2020|archive-date=25 August 2024|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825150433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ktr-releases-song-penned-by-priyadarshis-father/articleshow/76349253.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyadarshi's parents shifted to [[Hyderabad]] when he was 2 years old and they have been living there since then. They lived in the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] until he was 10 and later moved to [[Gachibowli]]. He did his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Statistics]] from MNR Degree & PG College and has a postgraduate degree in [[Mass Communication]] from the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/More-than-just-a-funny-guy/article14545933.ece|title=More than just a funny guy|date=1 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|access-date=3 May 2019|language=en|archive-date=14 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214115659/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/More-than-just-a-funny-guy/article14545933.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Priyadarshi married writer Richa Sharma in 2018, who was his senior at the University of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-09|title='It was difficult to get into an industry where nepotism rules': Priyadarshi to TNM|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-was-difficult-get-industry-where-nepotism-rules-priyadarshi-tnm-84460|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Career ==
Priyadarshi played the role of a terrorist in the 2016 film ''[[Terror (2016 film)|Terror]]'' which was met with critical acclaim. He gained significance for his portrayal of Kaushik in the successful 2016 romantic comedy ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|title=Pelli Choopulu Success for Pelli Choopulu Actor|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-01/Pelli-Choopulu-Success-for-Pelli-Choopulu-Actor/355847|access-date=2020-12-10|website=The Hans India|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716115302/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-01/Pelli-Choopulu-Success-for-Pelli-Choopulu-Actor/355847|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was praised for story line, performances and clean humour and Priyadarshi was praised for his speech in [[Telangana dialect]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150820/entertainment-tvmusic/article/hyderabadi-first-web-thriller|title=A Hyderabadi in first web thriller|date=2015-08-20|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-08-26|language=en}}</ref> He has acted in a web series [[Loser (2020)|''Loser'']] in which he played the role of a rifle shooter. His performance was appreciated by critics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-05-16|title='Loser' review: Priyadarshi, Annie and Kalpika walk away with the honours|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/loser-review-priyadarshi-annie-and-kalpika-walk-away-with-the-honours/article31599749.ece|access-date=2020-05-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517220135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/loser-review-priyadarshi-annie-and-kalpika-walk-away-with-the-honours/article31599749.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', he said he was inspired to become an actor after watching ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'', calling it a "paradigm shift". He is a fan of actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Chiranjeevi]], and directors [[K. Balachander]], [[K. Viswanath]], and [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]].<ref name=":0" />

Besides working in several short films, he has appeared in ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'', which stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|NTR Jr.]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] and [[Raashi Khanna]]. He also appeared in the [[Mahesh Babu]] starrer ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'', directed by [[AR Murugadoss]].

== Filmography ==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Terror (2016 film)|Terror]]''
|Terrorist
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|Kaushik
|
|-
|''Bommala Ramaram''
|Ramanna
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2017
|''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]''
|Lt. Nilesh Mishra
|
|-
|''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
|Vipul
|
|-
|''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]''
|Keshava's friend
|
|-
|''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Babu Baga Busy]]''
|Chiru
|
|-
|''[[Darsakudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
|Alex
|
|-
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
|Obulesh ‘Obs’
|
|-
|''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
| Vinay
|
|-
|''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''
|Sathish
|
|-
|''Egise Tarajuvvalu'' || Somaraju ||
|-
|''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
|Darshi
|
|-
|''Idi Maa Prema Katha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2018
| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]''
|Vishnu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Karu (film)|Kanam]]''
|Sub Inspector Agni
|
|-
|''[[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|Tholi Prema]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]''
|Sarath
|
|-
|''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]''
|Nala
|
|-
|''[[Nela Ticket]]''
|Lawyer Yadagiri
|
|-
|''[[W/O Ram]]''
|Police Officer Chary
|
|-
|''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''
|Darshi
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|''[[F2: Fun and Frustration|F2]]''
|Darshi
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]''
|Chitti
|
|-
|''[[Mallesham]]''
|[[Chintakindi Mallesham]]
|
|-
|''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]''
|Chintu
|
|-
|''[[Mithai (film)|Mithai]]''
|Jani
|
|-
|''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
|Rocky
|
|-
|''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]''
|Ramakrishna
|
|-
|''[[Rama Chakkani Seetha]]'' || Pushkar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[World Famous Lover]]''
|Gautham's friend
|
|-
|''[[Bombhaat]]''
|Karun
|
|-
|''[[Guvva Gorinka]]''
| Raghuram
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|[[Mail (film)|''Mail'']]
| Hybath
|
|-
|''[[Naandhi]]''
|Radha Prakash
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-30|title='Naandhi' showcases a new Allari Naresh and glimpses of police brutality|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-teaser-of-telugu-film-naandhi-starring-allari-naresh-is-a-far-cry-from-his-comedies-and-shows-police-brutality/article31952756.ece|access-date=2020-08-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703060654/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-teaser-of-telugu-film-naandhi-starring-allari-naresh-is-a-far-cry-from-his-comedies-and-shows-police-brutality/article31952756.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
| Jogipet Sekhar
|
|-
|''[[A1 Express]]''
| Darshi
|
|-
|''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]''
| Puli
|
|-
|''[[WWW (film)|WWW]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
| Subbarao
|
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| Journalist Marthandam
|
|-
|''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
| Chaitanya "Chaitu"
|
|-
|''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]''
|Dev's friend
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Balagam (2023 film)|Balagam]]''
| Saayilu
|
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|Justin
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-12-02 |title=Nani interview on 'Hi Nanna': I did not want the success of 'Dasara' to dictate what I choose next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-interview-on-hi-nanna-directed-by-shouryuv-and-starring-mrunal-thakur-child-actor-kiara-and-shruti-haasan/article67597377.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208051913/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-interview-on-hi-nanna-directed-by-shouryuv-and-starring-mrunal-thakur-child-actor-kiara-and-shruti-haasan/article67597377.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Thappinchuku Thiruguvadu Dhanyudu Sumathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Vinay Gummadi
|
|-
|[[Darling (2024 film)|''Darling'']]
|Raghava
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-20 |title=Darling glimpse: Priyadarshi plays a man exasperated with his marital life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/20/darling-glimpse-priyadarshi-plays-a-man-exasperated-with-his-marital-life |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| |''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''|| Chanakya Varma ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas starrer 35 completes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/nivetha-thomas-starrer-35-completes-censorship-formalities |work=Cinema Express |date=3 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|Ram's friend
|
|-
|[[Court (2025 film)|''Court'']]
|Surya Teja
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Court – State vs A Nobody Review: A Decent Courtroom Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/court-state-vs-a-nobody-review-a-decent-courtroom-drama-review-118973201/ |work=Times Now |date=13 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[28 Degree Celsius|''28 Degree Celsius'']]
|Karthik's friend
|
|-
|''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''
|Sarangapani
|<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Sarangapani Jathakam’ is set for summer 2025 release |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sarangapani-jathakam-is-set-for-summer-2025-release |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=23 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
| Chaitanya
|
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
| Madhi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Premante Teaser: Priyadarshi and Anandhi navigate a 'thrilling' marriage |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/02/premante-teaser-priyadarshi-and-anandhi-navigate-a-thrilling-marriage |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Suyodhana''
|Varun
|
|}

====Voice actor====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|Gang]]'' || [[RJ Balaji]] || rowspan="2"|Telugu dubbed version || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/gang-review-malayalam-movie-22100|title=Gang Review|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204154744/https://www.indiaglitz.com/gang-review-malayalam-movie-22100|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Frozen 2]]'' || [[Olaf (Frozen)|Olaf]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyadarshi to lend his voice for Olaf in the Telugu version of Frozen 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/priyadarshi-to-lend-his-voice-for-olaf-in-the-telugu-version-of-frozen-2/articleshow/71970437.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910202050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/priyadarshi-to-lend-his-voice-for-olaf-in-the-telugu-version-of-frozen-2/articleshow/71970437.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[The Ghazi Attack (film)|The Ghazi Attack]]''
|Lt. Nilesh Mishra
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|[[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take Off'']]
|Indian in Iraq
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
| Madhu
|rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]''
|Wong
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
| pyaare mohan
| Hindi
|-
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2020{{Ndash}}present
|''[[Loser (2020)|Loser]]''
|Suri Yadav
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parasuraman|first=Prathyush|date=2020-05-18|title=Loser On Zee5 Review: Starring Priyadarshi, This Is A Sterile and Stretched Sports Drama Across Three Generations|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/loser-on-zee5-review-starring-priyadarshi-this-is-a-sterile-and-stretched-sports-drama-across-three-generations/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119111256/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/loser-on-zee5-review-starring-priyadarshi-this-is-a-sterile-and-stretched-sports-drama-across-three-generations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Story Discussion''
|DOP
|Avanti Cinema
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[In the Name of God (TV series)|''In the Name of God'']]
|Aadi
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|-
|''[[Unheard (TV series)|Unheard]]''
|Badri
| rowspan="2" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Plus Hotstar's Telugu series Unheard gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/disneyhotstar-unheard-series-get-streaming-date-7491899/ |website=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913131828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/disneyhotstar-unheard-series-get-streaming-date-7491899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023{{Ndash}}present
|''[[Save the Tigers]]''
|Ghanta Ravi
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2016
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]
|Best Performance In A Comic Role {{Ndash}} Telugu
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner's list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/|publisher=Indian Express|date=30 March 2017|archive-date=29 July 2019|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729094731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Telugu winners list: Jr NTR and Rakul Preet Singh declared best actors|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067|work=International Business Times|date=2 July 2017|archive-date=27 September 2020|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927040942/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Cine Awards S2]]
|Best Comedian
|[[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|''Tholi Prema'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=City-Cine Awards - Radio City|url=https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards/|publisher=Radio City|year=2019|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131301/https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|Best Comedian
|''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/complete-winner-list-of-zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020/|title=Complete winner list of Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020|date=12 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034734/https://www.tollywood.net/complete-winner-list-of-zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Critics' Choice Film Awards
|Best Actor – Male
|''[[Mallesham]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm6419392}}
* {{Twitter|priyadarshi_i}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priyadarshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Khammam]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Gouri Shankar Majhi

2026-04-19T10:17:21Z

KatherinLesina4: Started the entry basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gouri Shankar Majhi
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image = Gourishankarmajhi.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Sadasiva Pradhani
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Gouri Shankar Majhi''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gouri Shankar Majhi Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=185 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nabarangpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Gouri Shankar Majhi of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nabarangpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916927.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha assembly election results: Check the list of winners of 2024 election |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-assembly-election-results-check-the-list-of-winner-of-2024-election/ |website=Kalinga TV |publisher=Subadh Nayak |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Gouri Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jayasimha Siddharaja

2026-04-15T07:15:31Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 1092 to 1142}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayasimha
| title = Maharajadhiraja, Siddharaja
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = {{circa|1092|1142 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Karna I]]
| successor = [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
| spouse = Lilavati-devi
| issue = Kanchana
| house = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = Karna
| mother = Mayanalla-devi
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Jayasiṃha''' ({{reign}} {{circa|1092|1142}}), who assumed the title '''Siddharāja''',{{efn|{{Audio|Udit सिद्धराज जयसिंह.wav|pronunciation|help=no}}}} a [[Chaulukya]] king who in western India. He controlled large parts of present-day [[Gujarat]], where his capital [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan) was located. His control also extended to parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]], where he subdued the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Arnoraja]], and where the former [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Asharaja]] acknowledged his suzerainty. Jayasimha also annexed a part of [[Malwa]], in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], by defeating the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s. He also waged an inconclusive war against the [[Chandela]] king [[Madanavarman]].

Jayasimha's daughter Kanchana married Arnoraja. The couple's son [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] (the father of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]) was brought up by Jayasimha at the Chaulukya court.

== Early life ==

Jayasimha was a son of the Chaulukya king [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] and his Kadamba queen Mayanalladevi.<ref>The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka by [[George M. Moraes]] pg.184 [https://books.google.com/books?id=7_1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mayanalladevi+kadamba]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=mayanalladevi+kadamba&pg=PA325 Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen pg]</ref>{{efn-ua|According to [[Madhusudan Dhaky|M. A. Dhaky]], the correct spelling of her name is {{transliteration|kn|Mailaldevi}} as in [[Kannada language]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dhaky|first=M. A.|url=https://jainelibrary.org/book-detail/?srno=249363|title=Nirgranth Aitihasik Lekh-Samucchay|publisher=Shreshthi Kasturbhai Lalbhai Smaraknidhi|year=2002|editor-last=Shah|editor-first=Jitendra B.|volume=1|location=Ahmedabad|pages=135–139|language=gu|script-title=gu: નિર્ગ્રંથ ઐતિહાસિક લેખ-સમુચ્ચય|chapter='મીનળદેવી'નું અસલી અભિધાન|trans-chapter=Minaldevi's Original Name|access-date=2021-11-15|url-access=registration|via=Jain eLibrary|series=Shreshthi Kasturbhai Lalbhai Series, Book 4}}</ref>}} According to folklore, he was born in [[Palanpur]], but there is no historical evidence of this. Jayasimha ("victory lion") was so named by the old ladies of the Chaulukya palace. He later assumed the title "Siddharaja".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=67}}

The 12th century Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] mentions a legend according to which Karna prayed to the goddess [[Lakshmi]] for a son. He restored a temple of Lakshmi, and [[tapas (Sanskrit)|meditated]] for a long time, overcoming seductive [[apsara]]s and a threatening demon. Ultimately, the goddess Lakshmi appeared before him, and blessed him, as a result of which Jayasimha was born.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=67}}

The 14th century author [[Merutunga]] does not mention Hemachandra's semi-mythical account. But he mentions another legend about Jayasimha's childhood: at the age of 3, Jayasimha climbed on the royal throne, and sat there. The astrologers declared that this had happened at an auspicious moment, so Karna performed his son's coronation ceremony then and there. Merutunga dates this event to 7 January 1094, and therefore, suggests that Jayasimha was born in 1091 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=67}} However, this account does not seem to be accurate as it has not been mentioned by earlier authors such as Hemachandra. In his ''Dvyashraya'', Hemachandra mentions several mythical tales presenting Jayasimha as an epic hero. Had Merutunga's account been historically accurate, Hemachandra would not have failed to mention it.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=67-68}}

According to Hemachandra, Jayasimha's father Karna had a brother named Kshemaraja who renounced his rights to the throne. Kshemaraja's descendants were Devaprasada, Tribhuvanapala and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (who was Jayasimha's successor). When Karna died, Devaprasada left his son Tribhuvanapala in Jayasimha's care and committed suicide by immolating himself on Karna's [[funeral pyre]]. Jayasimha treated Tribhuvanapala like his own son.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=68}}

All other chroniclers state that Jayasimha hated Tribhuvanapala's son Kumarapala. As Hemachandra was a courtier of both Jayasimha and Kumarapala, historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that he created a fictional account to hide an unpleasant truth. According to Majumdar, Karna probably banished Devaprasada to avoid any rival claims to the throne. After Karna's death, Devaprasada tried to usurp the throne, taking advantage of Jayasimha's young age. However, Karna's wife Mayanalla and her loyal minister Santu had Devaprasada killed. Mayanalla then acted as a regent for the young king Jayasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=68}}

== Military career ==
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=== Saurashtra ===

Multiple literary sources as well as inscriptions establish that Jayasimha Solanki defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. According to Merutunga, Khangara was an [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]], which suggests that this is a reference to king [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]] of [[Chudasama dynasty]]. Jayasimha's [[Dahod]] inscription boasts that he imprisoned the king of Saurashtra; this is most probably a reference to his victory over Khangara.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}}

According to bardic legends, Khangara married a woman coveted by Jayasimha, because of which the Chaulukya king invaded Khangara's kingdom. However, this legend is not credible.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}} Jain chronicler Prabhachandra mentions that Siddharaja had first dispatched an army led by Kirtipala (brother of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]) to attack Navaghana. When this army was unsuccessful, another force led by Udayana was dispatched in its support. This joint army defeated Navagaha, but Udayana was killed in the battle. Prabhachandra goes on to mention that Jayasimha later killed Khangara. According to Merutunga, Navaghana was another name of Khangara. So, it appears that Khangara was not completely subdued in the battle in which Udayana was killed.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}}

Merutunga claims that Khangara defeated Jayasimha 11 times, but the Chaulukya king emerged victorious in the 12th battle. Merutunga's claim cannot be taken literally: 12 was a favourite number of the Jain writers, and he may have used the number to emphasize the seriousness of the war. Merutunga's legend also states that Khangara fortified [[Wadhwan|Vardhamana]] and other cities. He did not want to die by weapons, and therefore, asked his nephew to kill him with coins if the enemy succeeded in scaling the [[rampart (fortification)|ramparts]]. As a result, he was beaten to death with boxes full of coins.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}}

According to Jayasimha Suri, after defeating Khangara, Jayasimha appointed Sajjana as the governor of [[Girnar]] (a town in Saurashtra). This is corroborated by an 1120 CE inscription found at Girnar. Merutunga also supports this claim, although he calls Sajjana the governor of Saurashtra. Historical evidence indicates that Jayasimha was unable to capture all of Khangara's territories in Saurashtra: Jayasimha's successor Kumarapala had to send an army against the Abhiras. According to Prabhachandra, Jayasimha was unable to annex Khangara's kingdom because a large number of Khangara's followers continued to offer resistance.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}}

=== Chahamanas of Naddula ===

The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Asharaja]] (alias Ashvaraja) became a vassal of Jayasimha. It appears that Asharaja was dethroned by his rival [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]], because of which he sought Jayasimha's help. Ashraja's 1110 CE and 1116 CE inscriptions do not mention Jayasimha as his overlord. Ratnapala's 1120 CE and 1135 CE inscriptions prove that he was the ruler of Naddula during this period. Thus, Ratnapala must have displaced Asharaja sometime during 1116–1119 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}

Ashraja must have sought help from Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE; his 1143 CE inscription describes him as subsisting on the feet of Jayasimha. The later 1262 CE [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription also states that Asharaja pleased Jayasimha by helping him in a campaign in [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}

Despite gaining Jayasimha's favour, Asharaja was not able to recapture Naddula. This is proved by the fact that Ratnapala's son and successor [[Rayapala]] issued eight inscriptions from Naddula during 1132–1145 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}

=== Chahamanas of Shakambhari ===

Several sources suggest that Jayasimha subdued the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] ruler [[Arnoraja]]. Arnoraja's ancestor [[Vigraharaja III]] had helped the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]] against Jayasimha's father [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]. So, the two kingdoms most probably did not have friendly relations when Jayasimha ascended the throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} The conflict between Arnoraja and Jayasimha may have been triggered by their attempts to control the weakening [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=47}}

The Chaulukya poet Someshvara, in his ''Kirti-Kaumudi'', states that when Arnoraja saw the severed heads of kings lying before his feet, he bowed to Jayasimha out of fear.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Dvyashraya'' also states that Ānā of Sapadalaksha (that is, Arnoraja), bent his head before Jayasimha.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=133-134}} An inscription discovered at the Chahamana capital Shakambhari (modern [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]]) provides a genealogy of the Chaulukya kings, from [[Mularaja]] to Jayasimha. It mentions Shakambhari, which indicates that Jayasimha may have even occupied the Chahamana capital for a brief period.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=47}}

Jayasimha's daughter Kanchana-devi married Arnoraja. The poet Someshvara declares that the only difference between Jayasimha and the deity [[Vishnu]] was that Vishnu took the daughter of the Arno (literally "ocean") as his wife, while Siddharaja gave away his daughter in marriage to Arno-raja. The Chahamana chronicle ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' also states that Jayasimha's daughter was one of the two wives of Arnoraja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} Usually, the defeated kings would give their daughters in marriage to the victor. So, it is not certain why Jayasimha married his daughter to Arnoraja. He probably saw this as a diplomatic way to end the hostility between the two families. This strategy seems to have been successful, as Arnoraja helped him against the Paramara king [[Naravarman]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}}

[[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] (not to be confused with the poet), who later became the Chahamana king, was a son of Arnoraja and Kanchana. According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', some astrologers told Jayasimha that Someshvara's son ([[Prithviraja III]]) would be an incarnation of [[Rama]]. Therefore, Jayasimha brought up Someshvara in his own kingdom.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}}

=== Paramaras of Malwa ===

During the 1130s CE, Jayasimha defeated a [[Parmara dynasty|Paramara]] king of [[Malwa]] (or [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]). The [[Vadnagar]] [[prashasti]] inscription of his successor states that he imprisoned the king of Malwa, which scared all other rulers of the earth.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=72}} The [[Dahod]] inscription also confirms Jayasimha's victory, but doesn't name the Paramara king. The Talwara inscription states that Jayasimha humbled the pride of [[Naravarman]], but the Ujjain inscription states that Jayasimha defeated Naravarman's successor [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=74}} Multiple chronicles also mention this victory. According to the chronicles written by Someshvara, Jinamandana and Jayasimha Suri, the Paramara king was Naravarman. However, other chroniclers such as [[Hemachandra]], Arisimha, and Merutunga state that he was Yashovarman.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=122}}

Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Chaulukya-Paramara war began during the reign of Naravarman (r. c. 1094-1133 CE), and ended during the reign of Yashovarman (c. 1133-1142 CE).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=75}} Jayasimha's title ''Avantinatha'' ("Lord of Avanti") first appears in the 1137 CE Gala inscription. The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler Asharaja as well as the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] ruler [[Arnoraja]] (r. c. 1135-1150 CE) helped Jayasimha in this campaign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=74}} Based on these evidences, Jayasimha's conquest of the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] can be dated to 1135-1136 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=75}}

According to the 12th century chronicler [[Hemachandra]], Jayasimha was the aggressor in this conflict, while the 14th century chronicler Merutunga claims that the war started with a Paramara invasion of the Chaulukya kingdom. Hemachandra claims that some [[yogini]]s once asked Jayasimha to visit [[Ujjain]], and worship the goddess [[Kali]]ka there. Since Ujjain was located in the Paramara territory, Jayasimha invaded the Paramara kingdom. He first marched to Ujjain, and then captured the Paramara capital Dhara. He tied up Yashovarman "like a bird" and subdued the entire [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] region (the Paramara territory). Hemachandra's account features elements of [[fantasy]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=72}}

According to Merutunga's legend, Jayasimha once went on a pilgrimage to [[Somnath]] with his mother. Taking advantage of his absence, Yashovarman invaded the Chaulukya capital. Jayasimha's minister Santu requested Yashovarman to negotiate a peace treaty. Yashovarman replied that he would leave if he was granted all the merits (''[[punya (Hinduism)|punya]]'') gained by Jayasimha during the Somnath pilgrimage. Santu agreed, and conducted a ceremony to symbolically transfer Jayasimha's merits to Yashovarman. The Paramara king then returned to Malwa. When Jayasimha returned to his capital and learned about what had happened in his absence, he became furious. He invaded Malwa, and defeated the Paramara king after a 12-year war.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=73}} Merutunga's account does not seem credible, because the Paramaras were too weak at this time to invade the powerful Chaulukya kingdom.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=74-75}}

The poet Someshvara states that Jayasimha put Naravarman in a wooden [[bird cage|cage]] like a parrot. Balachandra adds that Naravarman was brought to Gujarat in a wooden cage.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=72}} Jayasimha Suri claims that when Siddharaja decided to invade the Paramara kingdom, he took a vow to make a [[scabbard]] for his sword with Naravarman's skin. He defeated Naravarman after a 12-year campaign, and fulfilled this vow. Jina-Mandana repeats the same story, but states that Jayasimha's ministers convinced him to give up this vow.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=73}}

The Ujjain inscription states that Jayasimha appointed one Mahadeva as the governor of Avanti.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=74}} Yashovarman may have also ruled the Paramara kingdom as Jayasimha's vassal. It is not known for how long did Jayasimha control Malwa. Yashovarman's successor [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)]] (r. c. 1142-43) assumed the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'', which indicates that he managed to restore the Paramara ruler in at least a part of Malwa. However, he was dethroned by an usurper named Ballala, apparently after Jayasimha's death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=76}}

=== Chandelas ===

Jayasimha's conquest of Malwa made him a neighbour of the [[Chandela]] kingdom, which was located to the east of Malwa. Several Chaulukya chronicles claim that Jayasimha subdued the Chandela king [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=76}} On the other hand, the [[Kalanjara]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Madanavarman defeated the king of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] (that is, Jayasimha) in an instant, just like [[Krishna]] had defeated [[Kamsa]]. The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' of [[Chand Bardai]] also corroborates this claim. These contradictory claims suggest that the conflict between Jayasimha and Madanavarman was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}}

The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara claims that the Chandela king submitted to Jayasimha, frightened by the Chaulukya conquest of Malwa. Another chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Jayasimha Siddharaja defeated Madanavarman, and took 960 million gold coins from the Chandela king.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=76}} According to Jina Mandana's ''Kumarapala-Prabandha'', a bard once told Jayasimha that Madanavarman was a very wise, generous and pleasure-loving ruler, whose court was as splendid as that of Jayasimha. Jayasimha confirmed the veracity of this claim by sending a person to Mahoba. He then invaded the Chandela kingdom. After reaching the outskirts of Mahoba, he sent an emissary, asking Madanavarman to surrender. Madanavarman was busy celebrating the spring festival, and did not take the demand seriously. When the emissary reminded him about the fate of the Paramaras, he derisively asked his minister to make Jayasimha return by paying him some money. Jayasimha received the money, but when he heard about Madanavarman's nonchalance, he refused to return without meeting the Chandela king. He visited the Chandela palace with a large retinue. Only four of his attendants were allowed to accompany him inside the palace, but Madanavarman offered him a warm reception. Consequently, Jayasimha returned to his capital peacefully. According to [[K. M. Munshi]], this legend is "fanciful", and Jayasimha did not achieve much success against the Chandelas.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=134}}

=== Other conflicts ===

The Talwara inscription of the Chaulukyas boasts that Jayasimha crushed Permardi. "Permardi" was a title used by the contemporary [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] monarch [[Vikramaditya VI]], as well as several other rulers. The Permardi mentioned in the Talwara inscription is unlikely to be Vikramaditya VI, since such a victory would have been the greatest military success of Jayasimha. Jayasimha's victory over Permardi is not mentioned in other records, and finds only a casual mention in the Talwara inscription. This suggests that Permardi was an insignificant ruler. Historian A. K. Majumdar identifies him with Perma-nripa, the son of an obscure king named Pitta, mentioned in a Huli inscription.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=80}}

The Kalyani Chalukya records claim that Vikramaditya VI crossed the [[Narmada River]], and conquered the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] and [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] regions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=79}} This claim is not supported by historical evidence, though it is possible that Vikramaditya raided the territory to the north of Narmada.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=80}}

Jayasimha helped Someshvara, a ruler of the Paramara branch of [[Bhinmal]], regain his lost throne. Someshvara's father Udayaraja claims to have conquered "Choda, Gauda and [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Karnata]]". This probably refers to the wars he fought as one of Jayasimha's generals. In this context, Gauda may refer to eastern Punjab.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=76}}

The 1158 [[Ujjain]] inscription describes Jayasimha as ''Barbaraka-jishnu'' ("conqueror of Barbaraka"), an epithet also used by his successors. According to Hemachandra, Barbaraka was a [[rakshasa]] (demon), who harassed the sages of the hermitage located on the banks of the Sarasvati River at Shristhala (Siddhapura). Jayasimha defeated Barbaraka at the request of the sages, but later released him. Barbaraka then gifted precious jewels to Jayasimha, and became his follower. Later chroniclers also repeat this legendary account with some variations. The historical identification of Barbaraka is not certain, but scholars such as [[Georg Bühler]] and [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] speculated that he was a non-[[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] tribal chief.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=81}}

The [[Dahod]] inscription states that Jayasimha defeated Sindhuraja, who was probably a [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] king of [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=81}}

==Succession==

Jayasimha did not have a son. According to his Jain courtier [[Hemachandra]], he had visited several Hindu and Jain shrines to pray for a male heir, but then came to learn through [[divination]] that he would be succeeded by his grand-nephew [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=88}} According to the legends in the later Jain chronicles, Jayasimha hated Kumarapala, and tried to persecute him during his lifetime. However, Kumarapala escaped, and became the king after his death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=89-96}}

== Diplomatic relations ==

According to Merutunga, the king of Dahala (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri Kalachuri]] ruler) sent a letter of alliance to Jayasimha. This Kalachuri king was probably [[Yashahkarna|Yashah-Karna]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=77}}

Merutunga also claims that Jayasimha had a diplomatic agent at the court of [[Jayachandra]], the king of [[Varanasi]]. However, Jayachandra's reign started in c. 1170 CE, nearly three decades after the end of Jayasimha's reign in c. 1142 CE. During Jayasimha's reign, the king of Varanasi was the [[Gahadavala]] ruler [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]], who was Jayachandra's grandfather. Historian A. K. Majumdar speculates that Jayachandra may have assisted his grandfather in an expedition; Merutunga's claim probably refers to an alliance between the Chaulukyas and the Gahadavalas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=77-78}}

== Cultural activities ==

===Literature===

Jayasimha patronized several scholars, and made Gujarat a noted centre of learning and literature.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=85}}

Most notably, he was a patron of the Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]]. According to the Jain chronicles, when Jayasimha defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]], he brought several Sanskrit manuscripts form Malwa to Gujarat. One of these manuscripts included a treatise on grammar written by the 11th century Paramara king [[Bhoja]]. Impressed by this work, Jayasimha commissioned Hemachandra to write a simpler and more comprehensive treatise on grammar. Hemachandra completed the new treatise after consulting several other works, and included the king's name in the title of the new work,{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=84-85}} ''Siddha Hema Shabdanushasana''.{{sfn|M. M. Jhaveri|1978|p=11}} Jayasimha had the treatise distributed all over India.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=84-85}} Hemachandra also composed other works such as ''Dvyashraya Kavya'', which were completed after Jayasimha's death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=85}}

Jayasimha also patronized the poet Sripala, who composed the [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription after his death. The poet described himself as the king's brother. This is corroborated by the chronicler Somaprabha who mentions that Jayasimha considered Sripala his brother, and bestowed the title of ''Kavindra'' upon him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=85}}

Other poets and writers who flourished during Jayasimha's reign included Hemachandra's disciple Ramachandra, Acharya Jayamangala, (author of ''Kavi-shiksha''), the dramatist Yashahchandra (author of ''Mudrita-Kumudachandra''), the poet Vardhamana (author of ''Siddharaja-Varnana'').{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}}

===Coins===
The gold coins attributed to Siddharaja are found in Pandwaha near [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The gold coins are round weights 65-66 grains and measures 0.8" to 0.9". It has legend ''Shri Siddharajah'' on reverse and obverse. The silver coins attributed to him are found at [[Vanthali]], [[Junagadh]] and Pilwai in North Gujarat. On obverse of these silver coins, the three lines legend ''Shri Jayasimha'' in Nagari script appears; with one more word ''priya'' in some coins. On reverse there is an image of an elephant. These elephant either represents [[Laxmi]] or commemorates victory in war with Avanti in which his beloved elephant Yasahapatala which was killed. They are 20 grains (1.715 gram) in weight and 0.3" in measure. Some small copper coins are also reported.<ref name="Roy1980">{{cite book|author=P. C. Roy|title=The Coinage of Northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA82|date=1 January 1980|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-122-5|pages=81–84}}</ref>

=== Religion and constructions ===
<gallery>
File:Girnar Jain temple - Neminath temple.jpg|[[Neminath Jain Temple, Girnar|Neminath temple]] on Mount [[Girnar]]
File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|Ruins of the [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]]
File:Jasmalnathji Shiva Temple, Asoda, Gujarat.jpg|[[Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple]], Asoda
File:Munsarlake.jpg|Shrine on the banks of [[Munsar Lake]], [[Viramgam]]
File:Madapol Gate.jpg|Madapol gate of [[Jhinjhuwada]] fort
File:Ruins of Shiva temple, Sejakpur, Kathiawar.jpg|Ruins of Shiva temple, Sejakpur
File:Sejakpur - Navlakha Temple.jpg|Navlakha temple, Sejakpur
File:Brahma Kund.jpg|[[Brahma Kund]], Sihor
</gallery>
Jayasimha was a [[Shaivite]], but he showed tolerance to other sects and religions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}} It is believed that people of 98 different faiths and creeds were living peacefully in his capital.<ref>Ejan 15, 115,121;1,7,39</ref> According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', his ancestor Kumara served as a priest (''purohita'') to Jayasimha Siddharaja. Someshvara states that Kumara's blessings helped Jayasimha subjugate the rulers of Sindhu-desha, Malava, and Sapadalaksha.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |pages=45–46 }}</ref>

The king's religious perceptor was [[Bhava Brihaspati]], who originally lived in [[Malwa]], and had been brought to Gujarat after Jayasimha's victory over the Paramaras.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}} Jayasimha either renovated or rebuilt the [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]] at [[Siddhpur|Siddhapura]] (modern Siddhpur).{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=90}} It was the greatest temple of his period, of which only some pillars, shrines and arches survives today. It was completed in 1142 CE.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/> He renovated a lake built by his ancestor [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabha]] in Patan, and named it [[Sahastralinga Tank|Sahastralinga]] ("1000 [[lingam|linga]]s"). The lake was surrounded by 1008 small shrines, each of which housed a linga (symbols of Shiva).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=88}} Jayasimha diverted the flow of the entire Saraswati River into the lake. Many artificial islands were created on which many temples, palaces, and gardens were built. On the banks of this lake were thousands of temples to Shiva. Apart from these, there were 108 temples to Devi, Yagnashala and Matha for pupils. Jayasimha invited 1001 Brahmans from [[Varanasi]] at the time of the renovation of Sahastralinga lake; their successors are known as Audichya Brahmin.<ref>Dryashraya by Hemchandracharya. 15. 115</ref><ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=42–54, 78–79}}</ref> There is a legend of [[Jasma Odan]] associated with the lake who had cursed Jayasimha to remain childless.<ref name="Ray2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA381|title=Different Types of History|author=Bharati Ray|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=978-81-317-1818-6|pages=374, 380–381}}</ref><ref name="Ray2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJFwK8XYQMkC&pg=PA527|title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods|author=Bharati Ray|date=4 October 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3409-7|pages=527–}}</ref> According to Jain sources, he also built Siddhavihara at Siddhpur. The stepwell in Dhandhalpur is also ascribed to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His mother Mayanalladevi is credited for building lakes at [[Viramgam]] and [[Dholka]]. The Minal stepwell in Balej village in [[Sabarkantha district]] are ascribed to her and was built in 1095 CE. A stepwell in [[Nadiad]] and Minaldevi Vav in [[Virpur (Rajkot)|Virpur]] in [[Rajkot district]] are also ascribed to her and has stylistic affinities to Chaulukya architecture.{{sfn | The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective | 1981 |page=20-21}} The fort of [[Jhinjhuwada]] with its well-carved gates as well as the five ''kund''s at [[Sihor]] were built during his period.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

Jayasimha patronized several [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars, and the Jains occupied important positions in his kingdom.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}} The Jain authors show him treating all the different religious communities impartially.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} According to [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Dvyashrya-Kavya'', Jayasimha made arrangements for the maintenance of Jain monks, and also visited the shrine of [[Neminatha]] on his way to [[Somnath|Somanatha]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}} The Jain chronicles state that Sajjana, the governor of Saurashtra, appropriated the state funds to build a temple of Neminatha. However, Jayasimha was so impressed by the temple's beauty that he forgave Sajjana.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=88}}

Some later Jain chronicles claim that Hemachandra convinced Jayasimha that Jainism was superior to Shaivism, and that the king banned animal slaughter for 8 days in each year. However, these stories are apocryphal in nature and were invented several centuries after Jayasimha's death. The 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga]] states that Jayasimha once banned the Jain temples from hoisting their banners, but later revoked it, acknowledging it as a mistake.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=86}}

In Patan, Jayasimha built Rayavihara or Rajavihara, the great temple commemorating victory of [[Shwetambara]] Jain Acharya Vadi Devsuri over [[Digambara]] Jain pontiff Kumudchandra. It was constructed under Minister Ashuka and consecrated in 1127 CE. His minister Udayana built Udayana-vasatika at [[Khambhat]] mentioned by Kavi Dungara's ''Khambhayat-chaitya-paripati''. Minister Solaka built Solaka-vasati at Patan before 1112 CE. Another Shantinath Jain temple was built in Patan somewhere before 1125 CE. His minister and later governor of Sorath, Sajjana built [[Neminath Jain Temple, Girnar|Neminath temple]] on Mount [[Girnar]] which was consecrated in 1129 CE according to Jinaprabha and other sources. Hemchandra also mentions his erection of Mahavira temple at Siddhpur which appears same as the Siddhavihara mentioned in ''Kumarapalapratibodha'' (1185 CE). It was also known as Rai-vihara. This ''chaturmukha'' temple was supervised by Minister Aliga and consecrated by Vadi Devasuri in 1142 CE. Later it was used as a model for [[Ranakpur Jain Temple|Dharana-vihara temple]] at Ranakpur. Other temples mentioned are Ukesha-vasati (before 1109 CE) at Patan, Parshwanath temple (after 1118 CE) by Nittala Devi at Patadi, the Jain temple (1119 CE) at Patan by Dandanayaka Kapardi and installed by Jayasimhasuri, [[Simandhar Swami|Simandhara]] temple (1119 CE) at [[Dholka]] by Minister Udayana and installed by Vadi Devasuri, [[Munisuvrata]] temple (1137 CE) at Dholka by Shreshthi Dhavala. The Neminatha temple at Kumbhariya was consecrated in 1137 CE by Vadi Devasuri. The Bhattarika Temple with Vinayaka-kulika at Gala in Saurashtra as well as Udaleshwara and Kurpaleshwara temples in Bhadravati ([[Bhadreshwar]]) were erected in 1137 CE. The Dahod inscription mentions Goga Narayan temple built by Senapati Keshava in memory of his mother in 1140 CE. Koka-vasati mentioned in ''Vividha-tirthakalpa'' as well as the Jain temple at Bhalej by Shreshti Yashodhana were built during this period.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

The extant temples of his period include [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Parshwanath Jain temple]] at [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], Shrikrishna temple at Valam, [[Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple]] at Asoda near [[Vijapur]], Shitalamata temple at Piludra, small double shrine at Khandoran, the shrines at [[Munsar Lake]] at [[Viramgam]], two temples at Chaubari in Saurashtra, Chandramauli temple at [[Kamboi]], the shrines in compound old Limboji Mata temple and some other shrines in and around Delmal, old Shiva temple at Ruhavi, the triple shrine at Kasara; many of them are in north Gujarat. Other temples include the best surviving Navlakha temple, Shiva shrine opposite it and a small Jain temple at Sejakpur as well as the Navlakha temple at Anandpur.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

Jayasimha extended his religious tolerance to [[Islam]] as well, and the Muslim historian [[Muhammad Aufi]] has recorded stories about his impartiality.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=87}} During his rule, [[Parsis]] had incited some Hindus to destroy a mosque and kill eighty Muslims. A survivor then petitioned to Siddharāja, who then personally made an inquiry at Khambhat. Siddharaja declared it was his duty as king to let his subjects live in peace and practice their religion, and paid 1 lakh of Balotras to rebuild the mosque.<ref>Iliat 2 162-163</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Balachandran|first=Jyoti Gulati|date=2012-01-01|title=Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/89q3t1s0|journal=EScholarship, University of California|language=en|pages=36|via=eScholarship}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=331}} According to a legend, a [[da'i]] named Ahmad once took two Gujarati orphans (Abdullah and Nuruddin) to [[Cairo]], trained them in the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] doctrine, and sent them back to Gujarat as missionary. Abdullah laid the foundation of the [[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]] community.{{sfn|Jonah Blank|2001|p=37}} According to the Bohra myths, Jayasimha sent an army to capture Abdullah, but Abdullah converted him to Islam by performing miracles and by exposing the purported miracles of Hindu [[pandit]]s as fake. There is no evidence that Jayasimha ever gave up Shaivism, but several of the Bohra [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra#The Walī-ul-Hind|Walis and Da'i al-Mutlaqs]] claimed descent from him.{{sfn|Jonah Blank|2001|p=38}} These included [[Ismail Badruddin I|Syedna Ismail]], the 34th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]].{{sfn|Jonah Blank|2001|p=44}} In another Ismaili tradition called [[Satpanth]], it is claimed that Jayasimha was converted to their tradition by their allegedly the first leader, Pir Satgur Nur.<ref name="Kassam">{{cite book|last=Kassam|first=Tazim R.|title=Songs of Wisdom and Circles of Dance: Hymns of the Satpanth Isma'ili Muslim Saint, Pir Shams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBGa1t-f36IC&pg=PA63|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0841-5|pages=63–64}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{citation |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{cite book |author=Jonah Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA44 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0 |page=44 }}
* {{cite book|author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02284-3|pages=19–24| ref={{sfnref | The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective| 1981}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}
* {{cite book |editor=M. M. Jhaveri |title=History of Gujarati Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
{{refend}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century maharajadhirajas]]
[[Category:12th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan

2026-04-04T03:26:28Z

KatherinLesina4: Started some stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan
| office = Member of [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency]] for [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = અર્જુનસિંહ ઉદેસિંહ ચૌહાણ
| native_name_lang = Gj
| constituency = [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Gautambhai Chauhan
| successor =
| term_start = 2022
| office1 = [[Government of Gujarat|Minister of Rural Housing and Rural Development of Gujarat]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| term_end1 = 2022
| source =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1976|06|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vanthali]], [[Kheda district ]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Politician
| father = Udesinh Chauhan
| spouse =
| profession =
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan''' (born 22 June 1976) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency]]. He served as the Minister of Rural Housing and Rural Development in the [[Gujarat government]] from 2021 to 2022.

From 2017 to 2022, he served as an MLA from the [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017/story/mehmedabad-gujarat-assembly-election-live-results-2017-latest-updates-1109424-2017-12-18|publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date= 18 December 2017|title=Mehmedabad election results latest updates: BJP's Chauhan Arjunsinh Udesinh wins|date=18 December 2017 }}</ref> Following the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], he was re-elected as an MLA from the Mehmedabad Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|publisher=news18.com|access-date=8 December 2022|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-elections-2022-full-winners-list-constituency-wise-full-list-of-winners-in-gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/2905484/|publisher=financialexpress.com|access-date=22 December 2022|title=Gujarat Election 2022 Winners list: Full list of winners of BJP, Congress and AAP (Constituency-wise)|date=8 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Gujarat: Nine first-time MLAs are new ministers">{{cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=Gujarat: Nine first-time MLAs are new ministers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-first-time-mlas-are-new-ministers/articleshow/86274232.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020112249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-first-time-mlas-are-new-ministers/articleshow/86274232.cms |archivedate=20 October 2025 |accessdate=20 October 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on 22 June 1976, in [[Vanthali]], [[Junagadh district]] of [[Gujarat]]. He completed his B.Com from the [[Gujarat University]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/arjunsinh-udesinh-chauhan-72019.html|title=Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan'short biography|publisher=oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/gujarat/candidates/arjunsinh-udesinh-chauhan-bjp-2022-mehmedabad-117-gujarat|title=Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan'sProfile|publisher=amarujala.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Arjunsinh Udesinh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Treaty of Poona (1817)

2026-04-01T12:20:48Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{Short description|1817 treaty between the East India Company and Pune}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Poona
| long_name = Treaty between the Honourable East India Company and His Highness Bajee Rao Rughonath Rao Pundit Purdhan, his heirs and successors, concluded at Poona, on the 13th of June, by the Honourable M. Elphinstone on the part of the Honourable Company, and by Moro Dixit and Ballajee Luchmun on the part of the Rao Pundit Purdhan, by virtue of full powers from their respective Governments— 1817.
| date_signed = 13 June 1817
| location_signed = [[Poona]]
| date_ratified = 5 July 1817 by [[Supreme Council of Bengal|Governor-General in Council]]
| signatories = {{flag icon|Maratha Confederacy}} [[Baji Rao II|Peishwa]]<hr>{{ubl|{{flag icon|East India Company}} [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Hastings]]|{{flag icon|East India Company}} [[Neil B. Edmonstone|N. B. Edmonstone]]|{{flag icon|East India Company}} [[Archibald Seton|A. Seton]]|{{flag icon|East India Company}} [[George Dowdeswell|G. Dowdeswell]]}}
| parties = {{blist|{{Flag|Maratha Confederacy}}|{{Flag|East India Company}}}}
| languages = English, Marathi and Persian
}}

The '''Treaty of [[Pune|Poona]]''' was signed on 13 June 1817 between the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] and the [[Peshwa]] (ruler) of [[Pune]], [[Baji Rao II]]. The treaty resulted in the British gaining control of the territory north of the [[Narmada River]] and south of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Baji Rao also had to give up any claim to [[Gaikwad]]. Finally, "he was not to communicate, in any manner, with any other power in India."<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=79–80}}</ref><ref>[[:wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand - Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|A_Collection_Of_Treaties%2CEngagements%2CAnd_Sunnuds%2C_Relating_To_India_And_Neighbouring_Countries._Vol-Iii_%28IA_ACollectionOfTreatiesEngagementsAndSunnudsRelatingToIndiaAndNeighbouringCountriesVolIII%29.pdf|A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements, And Sunnuds, Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries. Vol-III}}
* {{URL|https://ia601507.us.archive.org/27/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.35851/2015.35851.List-Of-Treaties-Engagements.pdf|List of Treaties, Engagements and Sadans in the Custody of the Imperial Record Department}}
* {{URL|https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1266/page/64/mode/2up|Treaties Engagements And Sanads Vol 6 by Aitchison p.64}}

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{Treaty-stub}}

[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:Indian documents]]
[[Category:Treaties of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:1817 treaties]]
[[Category:June 1817]]

Chandralekha (1995 film)

2026-03-28T12:54:41Z

KatherinLesina4: fixed structure after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chandralekha (1995 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[MGR Nambi|Nambirajan]]
| writer = Nambirajan
| producer = N. Sreedevi
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Shri Sairam Arts
| released = {{film date|1995|10|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Chandralekha''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by [[MGR Nambi|Nambirajan]]. Starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] in her debut,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2019 |title=Vanitha Vijayakumar announces her TV debut with Chandralekha; see video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vanitha-vijayakumar-announces-her-tv-debut-with-chandralekha-see-video/articleshow/71808114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Avqj3 |archive-date=23 February 2026 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> the film revolves around an orthodox [[Brahmin]] girl falling in love with a [[Tamil Muslim|Muslim]] boy, Rahim, but their families do not accept it. The lovers try to elope and are caught by militants in the forest. ''Chandralekha'' was released on 23 October 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandralekha ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1868 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407003148/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1868 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |access-date=15 September 2011 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref> during [[Diwali]], and did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaveebeeshika |date=29 October 2018 |title=Sarkar Diwali release: 11 other times Vijay's films released during the festival |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/sarkar-diwali-release-11-other-times-vijays-films-released-during-the-festival/306099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730003025/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/sarkar-diwali-release-11-other-times-vijays-films-released-during-the-festival/306099 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Chandralekha, a sheltered girl from an orthodox [[Brahmin]] community, meets Rahim, a free-spirited [[Muslims|Muslim]] boy, at a local bookstore, and the two form a strong connection. Rahim's friend Salima, who is secretly in love with Rahim, is disappointed to learn of his feelings for Chandralekha. Jealous, Salima confides in her older brother Jamal and asks for his assistance in securing Rahim's love for herself.

Jamal and Mustafa, Rahim's older brother, plan to establish an engagement between Rahim and Salima without Rahim's knowledge. Believing that Rahim would eventually accept the engagement, they thought it was the best way to preserve family honour and preserve the social order.

Rahim and Chandralekha's families discover their relationship and vehemently oppose it. Bound by the traditions and religious beliefs of their respective communities, they refuse to accept an [[interfaith marriage]] between a Brahmin and a Muslim.

Rahim and Chandralekha decide to escape the disapproval of their families and elope. On their journey, Rahim and Chandralekha are captured in the forest by a group of militants. They are eventually freed by the police and return home. Meanwhile, Mustafa, moved by Rahim and Chandra's love, urges the families to accept the marriage.

The pain over Rahim's rejection has pushed Salima to the brink of insanity. Overwhelmed by his sister's suffering, Jamal attacks and kills Rahim and Chandralekha. In her final moments of life Chandralekha expresses her wish to be buried beside Rahim. The policemen, who are present at the murder, shoot and kill Jamal.

The people of the village honour Chandralekha's wish, burying Rahim and Chandralekha side by side.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Rahim Rowther
* [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] as Chandra
* [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Suhara Raziya
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Ibrahim Rowther
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Sathyaraj Iyer
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Mustafa Rowther
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Jamal Rowther
* [[Senthil]] as Ulaganathan
* [[Vadivelu]] as Sundaram Iyer
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Fathima
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Chandralekha's mother
* [[Kamala Kamesh]] as Chandralekha's aunt
* Sri Kala as Chandralekha's friend
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Ramachandran
* [[Pasi Narayanan]] as Village Man
* [[Sanjeev Venkat|Sanjeev]] as Salim, Rahim's friend
* Karnaa Radha
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Delhi, Agra, Kulu Manali, and Talakonam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 October 1995 |title=Big screen bonanza |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222033105/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> Before the filming of the song "Allah Un Unnai", Vijay refused to film due to being discontent over his costume, until his mother [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba]] persuaded him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2020 |title=Vijay refused to come out for shooting, reveals Vanitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-refused-to-come-out-for-shooting-reveals-vanitha/articleshow/76301733.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223124516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-refused-to-come-out-for-shooting-reveals-vanitha/articleshow/76301733.cms |archive-date=23 February 2026 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandralekha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (1995) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/chandralekha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712050136/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/chandralekha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005480 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Adikkadi Thudikum" || [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Kamakodiyan]] || 5:28
|-
| "Adi Aathadi" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 5:03
|-
| "Allah Un Aanai" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Preethi Uttamsingh || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 6:02
|-
| "Anal thanil vaadidum" || [[Bhavatharini]] || Kamakodiyan || 6:00
|-
| "Arumbum Thalire" || [[Arunmozhi]], Geetha || rowspan=2|Vaali || 4:49
|-
| "Arumbum Thalire II" || P. Unnikrishnan || 0:47
|-
| "Sangili" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 5:35
|-
| "Tharai Varamal" || P. Unnikrishnan, Geetha, [[Arunmozhi]] || Vaali || 1:48
|-
| "Vanji Ponnu" || K. S. Chithra || Panchu Arunachalam || 5:19
|}

== Reception ==
Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the director seems to have thought he was dealing with a huge thing. The story is about love beyond religion. In this one thing, the man has felt too happy but left all the other things together with the fort, the wall, and the trench.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=3 December 1995 |title=சந்திரலேகா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-12-03/page/n65/mode/2up |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the director "banks mostly on Vijay [...] to produce the results with his youthful looks and fighting abilities," although Vanitha "does not put sufficient efforts in to acting the role of a heroine".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=3 November 1995 |title=Cinema: Muthu/Chandralekha/Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951104/03/0326b.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222014659/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951104/03/0326b.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by MGR Nambi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films shot in Agra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Missile defense systems by country

2026-03-28T08:24:46Z

KatherinLesina4: new the entry basic info!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Countries with missile defense system.png|thumb|'''Countries which developed missile defence system''']]
'''Missile defense systems''' are a type of [[missile defense]] intended to shield a country against incoming missiles, such as [[intercontinental ballistic missiles]] (ICBMs) or other [[ballistic missiles]]. [[United States]], [[Russia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[France]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Iran]] have all developed missile defense systems.

== Definitions ==
* The term "[[Missile defense|Missile defense system]]" broadly means a system that provides any defense against any missile type (conventional or nuclear) by any country.
* Any mechanism which can detect and then destroy a missile before it can cause any harm is called a missile defence system (MDS).<ref name=IT>{{cite news|title=India 7th nation with ICBM technology|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386217_1_cruise-missile-brahmos-medium-range-ballistic-missile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514140227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386217_1_cruise-missile-brahmos-medium-range-ballistic-missile|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2013|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2012}}</ref>

The role of defense against nuclear missiles has been a heated military and political topic for several decades. However, missile defense is no longer limited to interception of strategic nuclear weapons. The gradual development and proliferation of missile technology has blurred the line between the technologies for the interception of tactical missiles (usually short to intermediate range with non-nuclear payloads) and the interception of strategic missiles (usually long ranged with nuclear payloads). High-performance tactical ballistic missiles carrying non-nuclear payloads now have the ability to affect strategic balance in conflict zones. Likewise, high-performance tactical missile defense systems can now influence force deployment strategies.

== China ==
The [[People's Liberation Army]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] operates multiple layers of missile defense systems.

During the Cold War, China initiated [[Project 640]], a ballistic missile defense project, which resulted in the testing of the experimental [[FJ ABM]] series. The project was ultimately cancelled.

Four versions of the S-300 are in service: the PMU, PMU1 and PMU2, and the navalised S-300FM Rif. Based on the S-300PMU1, the Rif equips the PLAN's two Type 51C Luzhou air-defense destroyers, enabling them to contribute to the protection of a coastal site against SRBM attack.<ref name=APA/> The S-300PMU2 has the best chance of intercepting an SRBM missile as it employs the [[48N6E2]] missile, which has a warhead optimized for destroying ballistic missiles, and better kinematics compared to earlier 48N6 missiles.<ref name="APA" />

The [[HQ-9]] provides terminal interception against short- and medium-range ballistic missile targets.<ref name="ac_2409">{{cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/russian-and-chinese-strategic-missile-defense-doctrine-capabilities-and-development/ |title=Russian and Chinese strategic missile defense: Doctrine, capabilities, and development |website=Atlantic Council |date=10 September 2024 |first=Jacob |last=Mezey }}</ref><ref name="apahq-9">{{cite journal |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo |title=CPMIEC HQ-9/HHQ-9/FD-2000/FT-2000 Self Propelled Air Defence System |url=https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-HQ-9-FD-FT-2000.html#mozTocId527286l |website=Air Power Australia |access-date=18 April 2024 |date=November 2009|pages=1 }}</ref> It entered service in 2001.<ref name="janes_sws_hq9">{{cite web |title=HQ-9/-15, and RF-9 (HHQ-9 and S-300) (China), Defensive weapons |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-915-and-RF-9-HHQ-9-and-S-300-China.html |website=Jane's Information Group |date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102455/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-915-and-RF-9-HHQ-9-and-S-300-China.html |archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> The latest variant, HQ-9C, has a large magazine depth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-builds-own-golden-dome-rival-us-missile-defense-2124240 |title=China Builds Own 'Golden Dome' To Rival US Missile Defense |website=Newsweek |date=4 September 2025 |first=Ryan |last=Chan }}</ref>

The [[HQ-16]] is effective in intercepting tactical ballistic missiles.<ref name="ac_2409"/> The system entered service in 2008.<ref name="Dominguez_2018-01-15">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/77048/plan-inducts-type-054a-frigate-into-north-sea-fleet |title=PLAN inducts Type 054A frigate into North Sea Fleet |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |date=15 January 2018 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116015040/http://www.janes.com/article/77048/plan-inducts-type-054a-frigate-into-north-sea-fleet |archive-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[HQ-19]] is designed to intercept medium,<ref name="dod-china-2018"/> intermediate,<ref name="garamone2020"/> intercontinental ballistic missiles<ref name="ac_2409"/> at terminal or mid-course phase.<ref name="ac_2409"/><ref name="garamone2020">{{cite web |last1=Garamone |first1=Jim |title=Missile Defense Becomes Part of Great Power Competition |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2291331/missile-defense-becomes-part-of-great-power-competition/ |website=DOD News |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=18 April 2024 |date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> The missile system can also target satellites at the lower orbit.<ref name="ac_2409"/> It entered operation in 2018.<ref name="dod-china-2018">{{cite report |author=United States Office of the Secretary of Defense |author-link=Office of the Secretary of Defense |date=2018 |title=Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2018.
|url=https://media.defense.gov/2018/Aug/16/2001955282/-1/-1/1/2018-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193255/https://media.defense.gov/2018/Aug/16/2001955282/-1/-1/1/2018-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |page=60 |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

The [[HQ-22]] can provide interception against short-range ballistic missiles at their terminal phase.<ref name="ac_2409"/> The system entered operation in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2019 |date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1857439885 |page=262}}</ref>

The [[HQ-26]] is a naval-based ballistic missile defense system under development.<ref name="ac_2409"/>

The [[HQ-29]] is designed to intercept intermediate and intercontinental ballistic missiles, as well as targeting satellites. The system was announced in operation in 2025.<ref name="ie_2506">{{cite web|url=https://interestingengineering.com/military/hq-29-china-ballistic-missile-killer |title=Patriot rival: China could debut double-barrel satellite, ballistic missile-killer system |website=Interesting Engineering |date=23 June 2025 |first=Kapil |last=Kajal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3315441/china-preparing-unveil-its-new-hq-29-ballistic-missile-defence-system |title=Is China preparing to unveil its new HQ-29 ballistic missile defence system? |website=South China Morning Post |date=23 June 2025 |first=Enoch |last=Wong }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/chinas-hq-29-missile-defense-system-seen-in-new-imagery/ |title=China's HQ-29 missile defense system seen in new imagery |website=The Defense Blog |date=16 August 2025 |first=Daisuke |last=Sato }}</ref>

The [[Dong Neng-3]] is an experimental mid-course interceptor designed for targeting intercontinental ballistic missiles and satellites under development.<ref name="ac_2409"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Revealed: China Tests Secret Missile Capable of Hitting US Satellites |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/revealed-china-tests-secret-missile-capable-of-hitting-us-satellites/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="PopSci 2018" >{{cite web |last1=LIN |first1=JEFFREY |last2=SINGER |first2=P.W. |title=China shot down another missile in space |url=https://www.popsci.com/china-space-missile-test/ |website=www.popsci.com |date=14 February 2018 |publisher=Popular Science |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

On 11 January 2007 the Chinese successfully performed an [[2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test|anti-satellite missile test]]<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2007 |title=World fury at satellite destruction |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/fury-at-space-destruction/2007/01/19/1169095981210.html |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=The Age}}</ref> using a [[Kaituozhe-1|KT-1]]<ref group="Note">described by the director of United States Defense Intelligence Agency as a SC-19 missile</ref> missile with a [[Kinetic projectile|Kinetic Kill Vehicle]] mounted.<ref name="APA" />

In 2010, China [[2010 Chinese anti-ballistic missile test|successfully tested]] its exoatmospheric interception capabilities, being the second country after the United States to do so. The system was again successfully tested on 27 January 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-05 |title=China carries out land-based mid-course missile interception test – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-01/28/c_124285293.htm |access-date=2024-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905055759/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-01/28/c_124285293.htm |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> and 8 September 2017.

== Europe ==

=== France, Italy, and UK ===
{{Main|Aster (missile family)}}
[[File:HMS Diamond in the Middle East during August 2012.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[HMS Diamond (D34)|HMS ''Diamond'' (D34)]] a [[Royal Navy]] [[Type 45 destroyer]] equipped with the [[Sylver Vertical Launching System|Sylver A-50 VLS]] and Aster 15 and 30 missiles. ''Diamond'' fired her missiles for the first time during May 2012 successfully intercepting a Mirach drone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-fires-sea-viper-missile-for-first-time |title=HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time – Announcements – Inside Government |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>]] The UK, France and Italy developed a programme called [[PAAMS]] (also known as Sea Viper in the UK) in the late 1990s. It was developed to arm the [[Horizon-class frigate|Horizon]]-class frigate (a joint programme between the UK, France and Italy). The UK dropped out of the frigate programme after collective differences remained unsolved, and instead decided to design and build its own [[Type 45 destroyer|Type 45]] destroyer which would still use the PAAMS missile system. France and Italy, following this departure, incorporated a ground-launched anti-ballistic missile system into the plans, and developed [[Aster (missile family)|SAMPT]] – a truck-launched anti-ballistic missile system which used PAAMS technology.

=== Germany and other countries ===
{{Main|European Sky Shield Initiative}}
Since October 2022, 22 European states have joined the German-led [[European Sky Shield Initiative]] for procuring and maintaining air defence systems collectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Push for 'European sky shield' gains momentum: What is it? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/push-for-european-sky-shield-gains-momentum-what-is-it-13774485.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> European NATO members—most notably Germany—have begun adopting more layered and interoperable Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) architectures in response to growing threats from drones, cruise missiles, and ballistic systems. The concept draws from the U.S. IBCS approach but adapts it to a multinational, geographically dispersed alliance framework, often under the umbrella of NATO's Integrated Air and Missile Defence System (NATINAMDS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Strengthening EU Air Defense with NATINAMDS and ESSI Sky Shield |url=https://www.grosswald.org/strengthening-eu-air-defense-natinamds-and-essi-sky-shield/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Großwald {{!}} Structured Intelligence on European Defense |language=en}}</ref> Additional offensive proposals include '''[[European Sky Shield for Ukraine]]''', which would station European fighter jets beyond the frontlines of Ukraine, rather than ground-based systems alone.

== India ==
The Indian air defence network has two principal components – the 'Air Defence Ground Environment System' (ADGES) and the 'Base Air Defence Zones' (BADZ). The ADGES network provides for wide area radar coverage and permits the detection and interception of most aerial incursions into Indian airspace. The BADZ system is considerably more concentrated with [[radars]], [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]], [[Surface-to-air missile|SAMs]] and [[Anti-Aircraft Artillery|AAA]] units working together to provide an intense defensive barrier to attacks on vital targets.<ref name=BR>{{cite web|title=Ballistic Missile Defence for India|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/328-BMD.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802193532/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/328-BMD.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Indian Air Defence is deployed as a tiered system.

# [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
# Long-range Air Defence – [[S-400 missile system|S-400]], [[Project Kusha]]
# Medium-range Air Defence – [[Barak 8]], [[Akash-NG|Akash NG]]
# Short-range Air Defence ([[Point-defence|point defence]]) – [[QRSAM]], [[Akash (missile)|Akash]], [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|S-125 Pechora]],[[SPYDER]] and others

=== Ballistic missile defence ===
[[File:AAD Test Crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Launching of Advanced Air Defense (AAD) missile]]
{{main|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program}}

The '''Indian''' '''Ballistic Missile Defence Program''' is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered [[ballistic missile defense]] system to protect India from [[ballistic missile]] attacks.<ref name="IHT">{{cite news|last=Pollack |first=Andrew |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |title=India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205131117/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2006 |title=India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles |date=3 December 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

India was a pioneer in [[South Asia]] to commence development of a defence dome system.The program was launched in year 1999 after [[Kargil War|Kargil war]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html }}</ref>

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,<ref>[http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20061211/defence.shtml&SET=T The New Guardian] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202110808/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20061211/defence.shtml%26SET%3DT |date=2 February 2008 }}''India unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a Pakistani nuclear weapons attack''</ref> it is a double-tiered system consisting of two [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the [[Prithvi Air Defence|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)]] missile for high-altitude interception, and the [[Advanced Air Defence (AAD)]] Missile for lower altitude interception. The missiles mentioned was developed as a part of Phase 1. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept an incoming missile having a range of up to 2,000 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310155431/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2009 |title=India tests interceptor missile |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Development of Ballistic Missile Defence System: Year End Review | publisher = [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] | date = 28 December 2007 | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34262 | access-date = 26 January 2008 }}</ref> On 6 March 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which a test "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pollack |first=Andrew |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |title=India successfully tests missile interceptor |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

On 6 May 2012, it was announced that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajat Pandit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |title=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |title=Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> [[New Delhi]], the national capital, and [[Mumbai]], had been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| title= Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield|date=24 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |title=Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield |publisher=NDTV |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles with range up to 2,000 km. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to range 5,000 km both at exo- and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions.<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=More Teeth to Defence System|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126110114/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=27 July 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |title=Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield |work=The Economic Times |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

Apart from DRDO's endeavour to develop a potent missile defense, India is reportedly examining the [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Israeli Arrow]], the Almaz design bureau's [[S-300 (missile)|S-300 PMU-1/-2]] and [[S-400 (missile)|S-400]] and the Antey design bureau's [[Antey 2500]]/[[S-300VM]].<ref name=BR /> India has procured a squadron of S-300V systems which are in use as an 'anti-tactical ballistic missile screen'.<ref name=BR-2>{{cite news|title=Strategic Air Defences in a Nuclear South-Asia|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/325-SAD.html|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=Bharat-Rakshak|date=2 July 2009|archive-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804052802/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Contemporary/325-SAD.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DNews>{{cite news|title=India To Boost Airfield Defenses|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120410/DEFREG03/304100001/India-Boost-Airfield-Defenses|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121102531/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120410/DEFREG03/304100001/India-Boost-Airfield-Defenses|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=DefenceNews}}</ref>

India also purchased [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] system from Russia for US$5.4 billion in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/india-russian-signs-dollar-5-billion-deal-5-s400-missile-systems/story/283970.html|title=India signs $5.4-billion deal to buy 5 S-400 missile systems from Russia|website=businesstoday.in|date=5 October 2018 |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Cruise missile defence ===
{{See also|Advanced Air Defence (AAD)}}

Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system.<ref name=IT />

In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD).<ref name=IBNLIVE>{{cite news|title=India discovers methods to face missile wars|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/missile-wars-india-prepares-itself-after-cruise-missile-tests-by-pak/54298-3.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126025050/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/missile-wars-india-prepares-itself-after-cruise-missile-tests-by-pak/54298-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=8 August 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=16 December 2007}}</ref>
DRDO Chief, Dr [[V K Saraswat]] stated in an Interview "Our studies have indicated that this [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD)|AAD]] will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept,"<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

[[Barak-8]] is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system which has been developed and tested successfully by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India. The Indian Army has inducted a variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range [[surface-to-air]] air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.<ref name=IANS>{{cite news|title=February trial for naval air defence missile|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|access-date=8 August 2012|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=16 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614193055/https://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> India has a joint venture for this missile with Israel.<ref name=NT>{{cite news|title=Naval Barak-8 Missiles, Israel, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles/|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Naval Technology}}</ref>

On 17 November 2010, in an interview [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]]'s Vice President [[Mr. Lova Drori]] confirmed that the [[David's Sling]] system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces. But, as of July 2024, India does not have plans to acquire the system.<ref name=IDefence>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |title=Rafael Confirms Offer of Iron Dome, David's Sling to Indian Armed Forces |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514002646/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Iran ==
{{main|Bavar-373}}

After the Russian ban on exporting S-300 to Iran (which was lifted in 2015), Iran decided to develop a similar system domestically: "We have planned to build a long-range air defence missile system similar to S-300. By God's grace and by the Iranian engineers' efforts, we will reach self-sufficiency in this regard."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Iran's Rocket and Missile Forces and Strategic Options | isbn=978-1-4422-4066-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBeMBgAAQBAJ&q=By+God%27s+grace+and+by+the+Iranian+engineers%27+efforts%2C+we+will+reach+self-sufficiency+in+this+regard&pg=PA35 | last1=Cordesman | first1=Anthony H. | date=23 January 2015 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref>

=== [[Khordad 15 (air defense system)|Khordad 15]] ===
[[File:7-15 Khordad air missile system-سامانه موشکی هوایی ۱۵ خرداد.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Iranian Khordad 15]]
The Khordad 15 is an Iranian designed and built [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) system.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Iran Displays New Khordad 15 Missile Defense System" |date=10 June 2019 |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/iran-displays-new-khordad-15-missile-defense-system/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Iran unveils new Khordad 15 air defense missile system" |date=9 June 2019 |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/iran_unveils_new_khordad_15_air_defense_missile_system.html}}</ref> The system was unveiled to the public on 9 June 2019 in an address made by [[Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Iranian Defence Minister]] [[Amir Hatami]] in [[Tehran]], Iran. The system was developed by the [[Iran Aviation Industries Organization]] (IAIO). It shall have the capability to detect and intercept [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jets]], [[Stealth aircraft|stealth targets]], [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]s (UCAV) and [[cruise missile]]s. It operates in conjunction with [[Sayyad-3]] missiles. The surface-to-air missile system was developed in order to counter missiles and other aerial threats presented by the presence of extra-regional forces at military bases in countries around Iran.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} It was unveiled amid escalating tensions with the United States and Europe's failing attempts at upholding its commitments to the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|2015 Iran nuclear deal]].

=== [[Bavar-373]] ===
[[File:2019_Sacred_Defence_Week_parade_(1243).jpg|thumb|Bavar 373]]
Bavar-373 is an Iranian long-range road-mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] system unveiled in August 2016. Iran describes it as a competitor with the [[S-300 missile system]]. It is manufactured by the [[Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Iranian Defence Ministry]] in cooperation with unspecified local manufacturers and universities.

The system was formally unveiled during a ceremony attended on 22 August 2019, and was declared operational the same day.

An upgraded version was unveiled in 2022. Iran described it as a competitor with the [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] and said it is capable of shooting down [[Fifth-generation fighter]] aircraft.

The first prototype was built on 22 November 2011. Iran announced that the system was designed and built by defense ministry, domestic industries and some Iranian universities. Esmaieli said that Iran doesn't even think about S-300 anymore as Bavar-373 was much more capable. Iranian sources suggest that the Bavar 373 will be mobile, with four missiles loaded on each mobile truck launcher.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== [[Arman (missile system)|Arman]] ===
The Arman missile system (full name: Arman long-range anti-ballistic missile system) is an anti-ballistic defense system built by the Iranian Ministry of Defense.
There are two versions of the Iranian defense system, each equipped with different radars. One version utilizes a passive radar carrier, while the other model features an active radar. The Arman system employs Sayad-3F missiles.

== Israel ==

[[File:Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch.jpg|200px|thumb|An Arrow anti-ballistic missile interceptor.]]
{{Main|Israeli Air Defense Command}}

Israel has multiple missile defense systems, covering the wide range of missile threats.

=== Arrow ===
{{Main|Arrow (missile family)}}

The Arrow or ''Hetz'' ({{langx|he|חֵץ}}, {{IPA|he|ˈχet͡s|pron}}) is an Israeli family of [[anti-ballistic missile]]s, partially funded by the US.<ref group="Note">Dr. Uzi Rubin: "The Arrow program used practically no U.S. technology, just U.S. money. It was almost entirely based on Israeli technology, though we bought some components in the U.S. because they were cheaper." (2003) —[http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm source] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023003/https://jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm |date=11 February 2021 }}</ref> It was designed to fulfill an Israeli requirement for a [[missile defense|theater missile defense system]]. Undertaken by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) and [[Boeing]], it is overseen by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Defense's]] "''Homa''" ({{langx|he|חומה}}, {{IPA|he|χoma|pron}}, "[[Defensive wall|rampart]]") administration and the U.S. [[Missile Defense Agency]].

The Arrow system consists of the joint production [[hypersonic]] Arrow anti-missile interceptor, the [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2080 Green Pine|EL/M-2080]] "Green Pine" [[Early warning radar|early-warning]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] [[radar]], the [[Tadiran Telecom]] "Golden Citron" ("Citron Tree") [[C4ISTAR|C3I]] center, and the [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] "Brown Hazelnut" ("Hazelnut Tree") launch control center. The system is transportable, as it can be moved to other prepared sites.

Following the construction and testing of the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator, production and deployment began with the [[Arrow (Israeli missile)#Arrow 2|Arrow 2]] version of the missile. The Arrow is considered one of the most advanced missile defense programs currently in existence.<ref name=mstrt>{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.10/system_detail.asp |publisher=[[Claremont Institute]] MissileThreat.com |title=Missile defense systems: Arrow |access-date=19 August 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014103446/http%3A//missilethreat%2Ecom/missiledefensesystems/id%2E10/system_detail%2Easp |archive-date=14 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is the first operational missile defense system specifically designed and built to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles.<ref name="nti">{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/index.html |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |title=Israel profile: missile overview: Arrow anti-ballistic missile defense system |date=October 2008 |access-date=19 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208120729/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/index.html |archive-date=8 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="aipac">{{cite web |url=http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications/Policy%20and%20Politics/AIPAC%20Analyses/Issue%20Memos/2006/12/U_S_Israel_Missile_Defense_Cooperation.pdf |publisher=[[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] |title=U.S.–Israel missile defense cooperation |date=21 December 2006 |access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> The first Arrow battery was declared fully operational in October 2000. Although several of its components have been exported, the [[Israeli Air Defense Command]] within the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) is currently the sole user of the complete Arrow system. [[Arrow 3]] was declared operational on Wednesday, 18 January 2017.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-missiles-idUSKBN15229U Israel deploys 'Star Wars' missile killer system]</ref> Development of the Arrow 3 began in 2008, and it was declared operational in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-18 |title=Israel deploys 'Star Wars' missile killer system|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-missiles-idUSKBN15229U |access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> It flies at greater speeds,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Jeremy M. |date=22 December 2016 |title=CRS report for Congress: U.S. foreign aid to Israel |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20161222_RL33222_38d8a59f2caabdc9af8a6cdabfabb963ae8b63ae.pdf}}</ref> and has greater range and altitude compared to the Arrow 2, intercepting ballistic missiles during the space-flight portion of their trajectory. According to the chairman of the [[Israel Space Agency|Israeli Space Agency]], Arrow 3 may serve as an [[anti-satellite weapon]], which would make Israel one of the world's few countries capable of shooting down satellites.{{cquote|The design of [[Arrow 3]] promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs. [...] This has to do with the seekers that have greater flexibility and other aspects, such as propulsion systems – it will be an extremely capable system.<ref name=dua3>{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/products/a/arrow3.html |work=Defense Update|title=Israel, U.S. to embark on collaborative 'upper-tier' missile intercept program to include Arrow 3 and land-based SM-3 missiles |access-date=2009-08-19}}</ref>}}
[[File:David-Sling-0001.jpg|thumb|David's Sling Stunner missile launch during final test]]

=== David's Sling ===
{{Main|David's Sling}}

David's Sling ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: קֶלַע דָוִד, [[Romanization of Hebrew|romanized]]: ''Kela David'') is an [[Israel Defense Forces]] military system that was jointly developed by the Israeli [[defense contractor]] [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] and the American defense contractor [[Raytheon]], designed to intercept enemy planes, [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], [[tactical ballistic missile]]s, medium- to long-range [[rocket]]s and [[cruise missiles]], fired at ranges from 40 km (24.85 miles) to 300 km (186.41 miles). Development began in 2009, and it was declared operational in April 2017 with the Israel Defense Forces.

=== Barak 8 ===
{{Main|Barak 8}}

Barak 8 ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: בָּרָק, lit. "Lightning"), also known as '''LR-SAM''' or '''MR-SAM''', is an Indo-Israeli jointly developed [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) system, designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, [[anti-ship missile]]s, and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] as well as [[ballistic missile]]s, cruise missiles and combat jets. Both maritime and land-based variants of the system exist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-29 |title=The Barak Connection- India and Israel |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/the-barak-connection--india-and-israel/15774020.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035431/http://www.merinews.com/article/the-barak-connection--india-and-israel/15774020.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> It was developed by [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], [[Elta Systems]], [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] and India's [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|Bharat Dynamics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=India-Israel co-developed Barak-8 missile successfully test-fired |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indiaisrael-codeveloped-mrsam-missile-successfully-testfired-1467289609-1 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> Currently, it is deployed by Israel solely in the [[Israeli Navy]], though land-based versions do exist and have been deployed by the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=8 September 2021 |title=First Medium Range Surface to Air Missile developed jointly by IAI & DRDO to be handed over to IAF tomorrow |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/first-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-developed-jointly-by-iai-drdo-to-be-handed-over-to-iaf-tomorrow/809492 |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=India deploys MRSAM near northwestern borders with Pakistan |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-deploys-mrsam-near-northwestern-borders-with-pakistan#:~:text=AFS%20Adampur%20is%20located%20nearly,MRSAM%20firing%20from%20INS%20Mormugao%20. |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force's indigenous MRSAM Air Defence System deployed at Western Front to thwart enemies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/indian-air-forces-indigenous-mrsam-air-defence-system-deployed-at-western-front-to-thwart-enemies/videoshow/104241205.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Iron Dome ===
{{Main|Iron Dome}}
[[File:IDF Iron Dome 2021.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Iron Dome battery firing]]
Iron Dome ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: כִּפַּת בַּרְזֶל, [[Romanization of Hebrew|romanized]]: ''Kippat Barzel'') is a short-range artillery and rocket interception system jointly developed by the Israeli [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] and [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]. Development began in 2005, and it was declared operational in March 2011. It intercepted its first rocket from [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] in April of that year, and since then has had a success rate of over 90%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-10 |title=Iron Dome ups its interception rate to over 90% |url=https://www.jpost.com/defense/iron-dome-ups-its-interception-rate-to-over-90-percent |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref>

=== Iron Beam ===
{{Main|Iron Beam}}

Iron Beam ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: קֶרֶן בַּרְזֶל, ''Keren Barzel''), officially אור איתן (M''agen Or'', lit. "Light Shield"), is a [[directed-energy weapon]] [[Missile defense|air defense system]] which was unveiled at the [[Singapore Airshow]] on 11 February 2014 by Israeli [[defense contractor]] [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]]. The system is designed to destroy short-range rockets, artillery, and [[mortar bomb]]s; it has a range of up to 7 km (4.3 mi), too close for the [[Iron Dome]] system to intercept projectiles effectively. In addition, the system could also intercept [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshel |first=Tamir |date=2014-01-19 |title=RAFAEL Develops a New High Energy Laser Weapon – Defense Update |url=https://defense-update.com/20140119_rafael-develops-new-high-energy-laser-weapon.html,%20https://defense-update.com/20140119_rafael-develops-new-high-energy-laser-weapon.html |access-date=2023-02-21 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The system is projected to cost under $3 US per interception, and become operational by October 2025.

== Japan ==
[[File:Stations radars JFPS-3 et JFPS-5.jpg|thumb| [[J/FPS-3]] and [[J/FPS-5]] distribution as of 2012]]
{{Main|RIM-161 Standard Missile 3|J/FPS-5}}
Since 1998, when North Korea launched a [[Taepodong-1]] missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface-to-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) with the US. So far tests have been successful, and there are planned 11 locations that the PAC-3 will be installed. A military spokesman<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7188698.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Japan plans Tokyo missile shield | date=15 January 2008}}</ref> said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya – a site not far from the Imperial Palace.
Along with the PAC-3, Japan has installed the US-developed Aegis ship-based anti-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007. The missile was launched from a Japanese warship, in partnership with the US Missile Defense Agency and destroyed a mock target launched from the coast.

In the 2010s, Japan consulted with the United States to possibly deploy the [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] (THAAD) system and a ground-based version of the Standard Missile-3 interceptors mounted on Aegis destroyers. In a joint US-Japan test of Standard Missile-3 Block IIa, a medium-range ballistic missile was successfully intercepted on 3 February 2017.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3MSLqqDLe8 US-Japan military successfully intercept a ballistic missile target with SM-3 Block IIA]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hookelenews.com/success-u-s-japan-conduct-intercept-test | title=Success! U.S., Japan conduct intercept test | publisher=Ho'okele | date=10 February 2017 | access-date=8 January 2019 | archive-date=9 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155619/http://www.hookelenews.com/success-u-s-japan-conduct-intercept-test/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Japan's intention is to create a four-stage anti-missile shield.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/21/national/defense-ministry-to-study-new-missile-defense-systems/ | work = The Japan Times | title = Defense Ministry to study new missile defense systems | date = 21 June 2014 | access-date = 27 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140623143210/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/21/national/defense-ministry-to-study-new-missile-defense-systems/#.U6y2EM3rxbw | archive-date = 23 June 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/12125625-74/as-n-korea-fires-missiles-some-in-japan-want-the-ability-to As N. Korea fires missiles, some in Japan want the ability to launch strikes] accessdate=2017-03-27</ref> In 2020, Japan scrapped plans to buy the land-based Aegis Ashore system from the US, stating the system would be too costly and time-consuming.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan backs out of costly US missile system despite 'imminent threat' from North Korea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/26/japan-backs-out-of-costly-us-missile-system-despite-imminent-threat-from-nk |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=The Guardian|location=London |date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

The [[J/FPS-5]] radar system was adopted by Japan in the 2000s in response to growing North Korean capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 2013 |title=宇宙ごみ:衝突なら衛星被害監視、空自レーダーで防衛省が検討 |url=http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20130402ddm001040049000c.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130501143811/http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20130402ddm001040049000c.html |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |access-date=April 2, 2013 |work=[[毎日新聞]]}}</ref>

A U.S. plan to increase PAC-3 Patriot missile production in Japan is delayed due to a critical seeker component shortage from Boeing. Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries can double its PAC-3 output to 60 per year, but expansion hinges on additional seeker supplies, highlighting supply chain challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kubo |first1=Nobuhiro|last2=Kelly |first2=Tim|date=20 July 2024 |title=Exclusive: US-Japan Patriot missile production plan hits Boeing component roadblock'|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/poland-calls-eu-stress-ties-with-us-counter-russian-disinformation-2024-07-20/ |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

== Pakistan ==
Pakistan maintains a '''multi-layered missile and air defence architecture''', largely procured from China and supplemented by indigenous systems:

* '''Long‑range / High‑to‑Medium SAMs''': Pakistan inducted the '''[[HQ-9#Pakistan|HQ‑9 P (HIMADS)]]''' in October 2021, covering approximately 125 km, followed by newer variants '''[[HQ-9#Variants|HQ‑9BE]]''' (up to ~260 km) and export variant '''FD‑2000''', forming the backbone of high-altitude defence. These systems leverage HT‑233 and JSG‑400 phased-array radars and can track multiple targets simultaneously.
* '''Medium-range SAMs''': The '''[[HQ-16|LY‑80 / HQ‑16FE]]''' family provides a mid-tier layer with ranges between 40 and 160 km and altitudes up to ~27 km, utilizing semi‑active/adsa technology.
* '''Short-range & MANPADS''': Coverage against low-flying threats is delivered via the '''[[HQ-7|FM‑90 (HQ‑7 variant)]]''' and assorted MANPADS including '''[[FN-6|FN‑6]]''', '''[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/fn-16.htm#google_vignette FN‑16]''', and indigenous '''[[Anza (missile)|Anza Mk II/Mk III]].'''
* '''Indigenous radar''': Deployment of the '''[[SR-3D Radar|SR‑3D S‑band AESA radar]]''' since early 2024 enhances local target detection and tracking capability up to ~80 km for both short‑ and mid‑range systems.
* '''Emerging high-altitude / exo‑atmospheric layer''': Pakistan is reportedly in advanced negotiations for the Chinese '''[[HQ-19|HQ‑19]]''' ABM system (comparable to U.S. THAAD), offering exo-atmospheric interception capability with an estimated range of 1,000–3,000 km and high-altitude engagement up to ~150 km.
* '''[[AM-350S|AM‑350S]]''' (under development by NRTC and Blue Surge): an S‑band, truck-mounted AESA 3D air‑surveillance radar unveiled at IDEAS 2024, with a detection range of ~350 km (engaging fighter-sized targets) and altitude coverage up to 60,000 ft. It features GaN TRMs, digital beamforming, full 360° azimuth, rapid 6 rpm refresh, and strong anti-jamming capabilities. It can be deployed within ~30 minutes

Together, these components form a '''Comprehensive Layered Integrated Air Defence (CLIAD)''' structure designed to counter a broad spectrum of aerial threats—from low-altitude cruise missiles and UAVs to long-range ballistic missiles.

== Russia ==
[[File:S-300PMU2 complex.jpg|200px|right|thumb|S-300PMU-2 vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.]]
[[File:S-400 Triumf with 96L6.jpg|200px|right|thumb|S-400 vehicles. From left to right: 6P80 TEL, 65N6 detection radar.]]


The Russian [[A-135 anti-ballistic missile system]] is currently operational only around the city of [[Moscow]], the national capital, and is being augmented to protect major cities in Russia. The '''A-135''' [[anti-ballistic missile]] system is a Russian military complex deployed around [[Moscow]] to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It became operational during 1995. It is a successor to the previous [[A-35 anti-ballistic missile system|A-35]], and compliant with the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] from which the US unilaterally withdrew in 2002.<ref name=APA>{{cite journal|title=China's Cruise and Ballistic Missile Defence|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2010-02.html#mozTocId243268|journal=A Strategic Assessment of PLA Theatre Missile and ASAT Capabilities|date=2 December 2010|volume=VII|issue=2|page=1|publisher=Air Power Australia|access-date=6 August 2012|last1=Andrew|first1=Martin}}</ref>

The A-135 system attained "alert" (operational) status on 17 February 1995. It is currently operational although its [[53T6]] (NATO:SH-11) component is deactivated (as of February 2007). A newer missile is expected to replace it. There is an operational test version of the system at the test site in [[Sary Shagan]], Kazakhstan.

The S-300PMU1 and PMU2 can intercept SRBMs, and the S-300V and S-400 Triumf systems are capable of intercepting a multiple IRBM attack by all DF-21 model IRBMs.<ref name=APA/> These air-defense systems have been purchased by Turkey, India, China, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea. Other countries which have also expressed interest include Iran and Belarus.

The enhanced S-300VM/VMK is capable of intercepting ballistic missiles with a range of 2,500 km re-entry speeds of 4.5 km/s, whereas the S-400 is claimed to be capable of intercepting ballistic missiles with a range of 3,500 km which equates to re-entry speeds of 4.8 to 5 km/s. A system designed to intercept warheads at 5 km/s has the ability to act as a point system against simple ICBM warheads which have a typical re-entry speed of 7 km/s.<ref name=APA/> Apart from the main Moscow deployment, Russia has striven actively for intrinsic ABM capabilities of its late model SAM systems. Russian ground based theatre defence against ballistic and cruise missiles are centered on the in-service
*[[S-300 (missile)|S-300]]P (SA-10)
*[[S-300V]] (SA-12A/B Giant/Gladiator)
*[[S-300 (missile)|S-300PMU-1/2]] (SA-20A/B Gargoyle)
*[[S-400]] (SA-21)
*[[S-500 missile|S-500]] (In development)

== South Korea ==
{{main|Korean Air and Missile Defense}}

Like the UAE (see below), South Korea has agreed to deploy THAAD systems.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-usa-thaad-idUSKCN0ZO084 South Korea, U.S. agree to deploy THAAD missile defense to counter North Korea threat] (7 July 2016)</ref> The agreement was announced in July 2016.<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/03/07/2016030701491.html S.Korea, U.S. Officially Start THAAD Talks] (10 July 2016)</ref>

A kinetic-kill defense such as [[THAAD]] destroys high-value incoming missiles by colliding with them. The agreement came after a North Korean intermediate-range ballistic missile launch in June 2016; China has rebuked the actions of the involved parties,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160708155531/http://in.reuters.com/article/southkorea-usa-thaad-deploy-idINKCN0ZO07N S.Korea, U.S. to deploy THAAD missile defence, drawing China rebuke] (7 July 2016)</ref> as destabilizing. South Korean military sources responded that a 12 February 2017 launch by North Korea represented a new technology, a 'cold launch' using compressed gas before the solid-fuel rocket ignition.<ref name=SLBM /> This type of launch is a submarine-launched ballistic missile ([[SLBM]]) technology.<ref name=SLBM>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-coldeject-idUSKBN15S064?il=0 Reuters World News (12 Feb 2017) "South Korea says North Korea missile used 'cold eject' launch system"] accessdate=2017-02-19</ref> China responded to the North Korean launch by cutting off their import of North Korean coal, which is 50% of North Korea's income.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-02-19/china-s-message-to-trump-with-north-korea-coal-ban-let-s-deal Bloomberg Politics (18 Feb 2017) "China's Message to Trump With North Korea Coal Ban: Let's Deal"] accessdate=2017-02-19</ref><ref>[https://wwwJapan PM Abe: North Korea launched four ballistic missiles .nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/north-korea-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-test-kim-jong-un.html Choe Sang-Hun, (1 Jan 2017) "North Korea Will Test Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, Kim Says" ''New York Times'']{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 6 March 2017, North Korea launched four missiles from Tongchang-ri,<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN16C0YUJapan PM Abe: North Korea launched four ballistic missiles]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} accessdate=2017-03-05</ref> a known long-range missile site at 7:36 a.m. local time, one of which landed in the [[Sea of Japan]] (East Sea of Korea), with the remaining three missiles landing in Japan's economic zone.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/north-korea-launches-another-missile-perhaps-one-that-can-reach-us/2017/03/05/943010ee-96e2-4ff4-83aa-2fe09cd65831_story.html ''Washington Post'' North Korea launches another missile, perhaps one that can reach U.S.] A fifth North Korean missile failed its launch.
*[http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/05/asia/north-korea-projectile/ North Korea fires four ballistic missiles into Sea of Japan, PM Abe says] accessdate=2017-03-05
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN16C0YU More detail on the launch of 4 North Korean missiles ] accessdate=2017-03-06</ref> A fifth North Korean missile failed to launch.<ref name=NbcNews />

That day, the first vehicles of a THAAD battery deployed to South Korea. Two launcher trucks arrived at [[Osan Air Base]], South Korea, on 6 March 2017.<ref name=NbcNews>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-promises-response-severe-threat-north-korean-missile-launches-n729846 U.S. Begins Shipping Controversial Anti-Missile System to South Korea] accessdate=2017-03-06</ref><ref>[http://www.usfk.mil/Media/News/Article/1104317/thaad-arrives-on-the-korean-peninsula/ THAAD arrives on the Korean Peninsula] accessdate=2017-03-06</ref> By 6 September 2017 the [[AN/TPY-2]] radar, the fire control system, and all six launchers (with 48 [[THAAD]] interceptors) were fully deployed.<ref name=6sep17>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-system/south-korea-deploys-anti-missile-system-as-u-s-seeks-tough-north-korea-sanctions-idUSKCN1BI07P Reuters: (6 September 2017) South Korea deploys anti-missile system as U.S. seeks tough North Korea sanctions]</ref>

South Korea is also developing several indigenous short-range BMD systems, under its Korean Air and Missile Defense (KAMD) system scheduled to be deployed by the early 2020s. KAMD is a multi-platform, short-range air and missile defense concept that South Korea has been developing since 2006 to enhance its protection against DPRK SRBMs, cruise missiles, and light aircraft. South Korea is developed the Cheongung Korean medium-range surface-to-air missile ([[KM-SAM]]), intended to intercept DPRK SRBMs and MRBMs at a relatively low altitude, similar to PAC-3. The Korean long-range surface-to-air missile ([[L-SAM]]), under development until 2023, will reportedly be similar to THAAD, operating in a high-altitude, terminal-phase intercept role against SRBMs and MRBMs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/us-allied-ballistic-missile-defenses-asia-pacific-region|title=U.S. And Allied Ballistic Missile Defenses in the Asia-Pacific Region | Arms Control Association}}</ref>

== Taiwan ==
Taiwan operates the [[Sky Bow]] family of BMD systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tien-Kung (Sky Bow) |url=http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/tien-kung-sky-bow/ |website=missiledefenseadvocacy.org |publisher=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> Development of Sky Bow I began in 1981 with deployment beginning in 1993. The Sky Bow II is an improved version of the Sky Bow I. Both the Sky Bow I and Sky Bow II use a common silo launch system.

In 2001 development of the completely new Sky Bow III system began with flight testing commencing in 2009 and deployment soon after. The Sky Bow III has a top speed of Mach 7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BC%93%E4%B8%89-%E7%AA%81%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84-%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%8D%E5%A8%81%E8%84%85-141029725.html|title = 「天弓三」突神秘發射反制共軍威脅| date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> A naval variant of the Sky Bow III has also been developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan's NCSIST Successfully Tested a Ship-based Variant of Tien Kung III BMD Interceptor |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2017/taiwan-s-ncsist-successfully-tested-a-ship-based-variant-of-tien-kung-iii-bmd-interceptor |website=navyrecognition.com |date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Navy Recognition |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>

In addition to the BMD force the Army operates the [[Antelope air defence system]] which has a significant anti-cruise missile capability.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Antelope |url=http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/the-antelope/ |website=missiledefenseadvocacy.org |publisher=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Republic of China Armed Forces|ROCAF]] also operates imported [[Patriot PAC-3]] batteries.

== Turkey ==
{{Main|Hisar (missile family)|SİPER}}
Turkey is developing and operating multiple missile defense system families.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Turkey's long-range SİPER Block-1 air defense system with a range of over 100 kilometers has entered service. |url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2024/11/05/turkeys-long-range-siper-block-1-air-defense-system-with-a-range-of-over-100km-has-entered-service/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Overt Defense |language=en-CA}}</ref> These initiatives gained further momentum after the tensions with the United States over the acquisition of S-400's, and further disputes regarding the F-35 deal between the two country. In response, Turkey accelerated its efforts to strengthen domestic defense capabilities and reduce dependence on foreign technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kasapoğlu |first=Can |date=2018 |title=Is Turkey sleepwalking out of the Alliance? An assessment of the F-35 deliveries and the S-400 acquisition. |url=https://edam.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Is-Turkey-sleepwalking-out-of-NATO.pdf |journal=Edam |issue=2018/6}}</ref>

The first noteworthy effort began in 2007 with the [[Hisar (missile family)|Hisar]] program, followed by more advanced [[SİPER]] project in 2018 and the launch of the SUNGUR in 2022, with the collaboration of multiple Turkish defense companies including [[Aselsan]] and [[Roketsan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Next-gen air defense shield achieves full integration milestone |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/243460.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasci |first=Ufuk Necat |title=The indigenous HISAR-A+ missile launches successfully in Turkey |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/the-indigenous-hisar-a-missile-launches-successfully-in-turkey-46473 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=The indigenous HISAR-A+ missile launches successfully in Turkey |language=en}}</ref> All mainly aimed at achieving greater economic and strategic autonomy over the [[East Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea]] regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guvenc |first1=Serhat |last2=Mevlutoglu |first2=Arda |date=2024-01-01 |title=From Client to Competitor: The Rise of Turkiye's Defence Industry |url=https://www.academia.edu/118416935 |journal=IISS Research Papers |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.15922.00962}}</ref>

In 2024, Turkey announced its own integrated defense network called [[Steel Dome]], which combines missile defense systems, anti-aircraft weaponry, incorporating a mix of conventional arms, laser technology, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helou |first=Agnes |date=2025-03-27 |title=Turkey's Aselsan receives $616 million investment for Steel Dome-related tech facilities |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2025/03/turkeys-aselsan-receives-616-million-investment-for-steel-dome-related-tech-facilities/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== United Arab Emirates ==
United Arab Emirates (UAE) has graduated its first two American Terminal High Altitude Air Defense ([[THAAD]]) unit classes at [[Fort Bliss]] in 2015, and in 2016.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160701232647/http://fortblissbugle.com/uae-graduates-second-class-of-thaad-air-defenders/ UAE graduates second class of THAAD air defenders]}}</ref> Its first live-fire exercises with missiles took place in 2014. The UAE is "the first GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) partner to possess an upper tier ballistic missile defense capability the THAAD weapon system," stated the US Army general who addressed this graduating class.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160112222338/http://fortblissbugle.com/uae-air-defenders-graduate-thaad-course-make-bmd-history/ UAE air defenders graduate THAAD course, make BMD history]}} accessdate=2016-01-07</ref>

== United States ==
[[File:EKV prototype launch.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A Payload Launch Vehicle (PLV) carrying a prototype exo-atmospheric kill vehicle is launched from Meck Island at the Kwajalein Missile Range on 3 December 2001, for an intercept of a ballistic missile target over the central Pacific Ocean.]]
{{main|United States national missile defense}}

The U.S. Sentinel program was a planned national missile defense during the 1970s, but was never deployed. Elements of Sentinel were actually deployed briefly as the [[Safeguard Program]], although it was not national in scope.
United States has had in development a nationwide antimissile program since the 1990s. After the renaming in 2002, the term now refers to the entire program, not just the ground-based interceptors and associated facilities.

Other elements yet to be integrated into National Missile Defense (NMD) may include anti-ballistic missiles, or sea-based, space-based, laser, and high-altitude missile systems. The NMD program is limited in scope and designed to counter a relatively small ICBM attack from a less sophisticated adversary. Unlike the earlier Strategic Defense Initiative program, it is not designed to be a robust shield against a large attack from a technically sophisticated adversary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zmne.hu/aarms/docs/Volume6/Issue4/pdf/05riem.pdf |title=Missile Defense revisited: Has Europe already lost strategic track?|access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113847/http://www.zmne.hu/aarms/docs/Volume6/Issue4/pdf/05riem.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2012, this system is operational with limited capability. In early April 2013, the Pentagon announced plans to deploy 14 more [[Ground-Based Interceptor]] (GBI) missiles to Alaska in response to the North Korean threats to deliver nuclear weapons to the United States.<ref name=Bell20130414 >{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/04/14/the-ultimate-north-korean-missile-threat-to-america-a-nuke-power-grid-attack/ |title=The Ultimate North Korean Missile Threat To America: A Nuke Power Grid Attack |work=Forbes |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> A [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] (THAAD) battery was deployed to Guam as well.<ref name=Stewart20130403>{{cite news|last=Stewart |first=Phil |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-idUSBRE93002620130403 |title=U.S. to send missile defenses to Guam over North Korea threat |work=Reuters|access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Bruno Gruselle, in 2010, noted that French policymakers considered the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty|Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty]] and the doctrine of [[mutual assured destruction]] to be the cornerstones of [[strategic stability]].<ref name="Gruselle2010">"... Missile defense would become a reality and that systems would eventually be deployed. Paris realized that it needed to adjust policy to these realities to avoid risking the credibility of the French nuclear deterrent. " Nonetheless, Gruselle concedes in the same work that "Paris realized that it needed to adjust policy to these realities to avoid risking the credibility of the French nuclear deterrent.", as well as the fact that "France recognized the necessity of missile defense to protect deployed French troops." That is to say, French policy makers realized that the increasing performance and reliability of missile defense systems could reduce its own nuclear deterrence, and was also necessary to maintain its foreign military deployment [http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/files/publication_pdfs/403/ACUS_Gruselle_FrenchMDPerspective_Nov2010.pdf Bruno Gruselle (Nov 2010) "Missile Defense in NATO: a French Perspective" ''Lisbon NATO Summit, Nov 2010''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180215/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/files/publication_pdfs/403/ACUS_Gruselle_FrenchMDPerspective_Nov2010.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> Some French analysts, notably Camille Grand,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiss.org/en/events/eu%20conference/sections/eu-conference-2014-4706/introduction-and-keynote-adress-94a5/camile-grand-2691 |title=Camille Grand, Director, FRS; Chair, EU Non-Proliferation Consortium |access-date=30 April 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033515/http://www.iiss.org/en/events/eu%20conference/sections/eu-conference-2014-4706/introduction-and-keynote-adress-94a5/camile-grand-2691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> view missile defense as jeopardizing both the doctrine and the treaty, as well as risking a new [[arms race]],<ref name="Gruselle2010"/> which is reflected in the development of advanced missile defense counter measures and decoys as well as a higher number of and more [[Maneuverable reentry vehicle|maneuverable independently targetable reentry vehicles]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Yeaw%20USCC%20Testimony%201%20Apr%202015.pdf |title=Prepared Statement by Dr. Christopher Yeaw, Director, Center for Assurance, Deterrence, Escalation, and Nonproliferation Science & Education at the Louisiana Tech Research Institute, Before The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China's Offensive Missile Forces Wednesday, April 1st, 2015 |access-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020071126/http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Yeaw%20USCC%20Testimony%201%20Apr%202015.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>—as well as the intercept systems designed to defeat them.

Additionally, experts such as L. David Montague, retired U.S. Air Force General [[Eugene E. Habiger]] and Harvey L. Lynch question the reliability of these systems.<ref>[http://graphics.latimes.com/missile-defense/ The Pentagon’s $10-billion bet gone bad], ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> Beyond the technical difficulties, which have been described as more challenging than hitting one bullet with another, all performance data is derived from experiments and scripted tests. Their effectiveness in an actual all-out war situation is uncertain.<ref name=IT /> However, non-nuclear ballistic and conventional missiles have been used in recent limited regional conflicts to strategic effect. Several [[Houthi]]-fired ballistic missiles in Yemen have been intercepted by Saudi [[MIM-104 Patriot]] batteries, and Russian [[cruise missile]]s have been notably used in the [[Syrian Civil War]].

Gruselle noted most French security experts doubted the technological feasibility of intercontinental ballistic missile defense. Some thought it foolish to spend huge amounts of money on unproven technologies that lacked operational or political usefulness. Instead, the French defense policy community viewed missile defense merely as an American "economic weapon" used to defeat the [[Soviet Union]] and win the [[Cold War]].<ref>[http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/issue-briefs/missile-defense-in-nato-a-french-perspective Bruno Gruselle (2010) "Missile Defense in NATO: A French Perspective"]</ref>

The extant missile defenses are currently vulnerable to [[hypersonic weapon|maneuverable hypersonic vehicles]], which can maneuver at speeds high enough to defeat missile defenses. China is among the countries pursuing hypersonic vehicles as warhead delivery systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hypersonic arms race: China tests high-speed missile to beat U.S. defenses|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/13/hypersonic-arms-race-china-tests-high-speed-missil/|date=13 January 2014}}</ref>

Yousaf Butt, a critic of missile defense, states in ''The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' that "just as with nuclear weapons, the U.S. infatuation with missile defense will cause other nations to desire this expensive technology".<ref name=bulletin>{{Cite web |url=http://thebulletin.org/myth-missile-defense-deterrent |title=05/08/2010 – 07:49 "The myth of missile defense as a deterrent" |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723002746/http://thebulletin.org/myth-missile-defense-deterrent |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Russia's top military officer has threatened to carry out a pre-emptive strike on U.S.-led [[NATO missile defence system|NATO missile defense facilities]] in Eastern Europe if Washington goes ahead with its plan to build a missile shield.<ref name="Huffington post">{{cite news|title=Russia Threatens Pre-Emptive Strike on NATO Missile Defense Shields|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/03/russia-missile-defense-pre-emptive-strike_n_1473593.html|work=HuffPost|access-date=6 August 2012|first=Ryan|last=Craggs|date=3 May 2012}}</ref> Russian Defense Minister [[Anatoliy Serdyukov]] also warned that talks between Moscow and Washington on the topic are "close to a dead end."<ref name="Huffington post" /> U.S. State Department special envoy [[Ellen Tauscher]] responded that neither country could afford another arms race.<ref name="Huffington post" />

== See also ==
*[[Anti-ballistic missile]]
*[[Anti-submarine missile]]
*[[Ballistic missile]]
*[[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]]
*[[Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems]]
*[[Nuclear strategy]]
*[[Missile Defense Agency]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=Note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183352/http://www.thediplomat.ro/articol.php?id=554 Article on Missile Threat Shift to the Black Sea region]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2723153636466253240 Video of the Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor missile system test by India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140208/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2723153636466253240 |date=16 July 2011 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061219195340/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/27568/india-unveils-missile-interceptors.html Video of the Exo-Atmospheric interceptor missile system test by India]
* The [http://www.cdi.org Center for Defense Information] has many resources on ABMs and NMD.
* The [https://fas.org/ssp/bmd/index.html Federation of American Scientists] A resource for technical data, full-text of key documents, and analysis.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120720083017/http://missilethreat.com/systems/ MissileThreat.com], a listing and descriptions of ABM systems around the world.
* [http://www.srmsc.org/ The unofficial website of the Stanley R. Mickelson Safeguard complex] contains relevant images and history of the Safeguard program.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051229203013/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/vigilant/intro.html History of U.S. Air Defense Systems]

{{Missile types}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Missile defense systems}}
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles|*]]
[[Category:Missile defense|*]]
[[Category:Technological races]]

Sun Group

2026-03-18T08:44:44Z

KatherinLesina4: started a info

{{Short description|Indian media conglomerate}}
{{For|the Vietnamese company|Sun Group (Vietnam)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sun Group
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| caption =
| image = File:SUN_network_office.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Murasoli Maran Towers in [[Chennai]]
| type = [[Corporate group]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1992}}
| location = Murasoli Maran Towers, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| founders =
| key_people = {{Ubl|[[Kalanithi Maran]] (Chairman & founder)|Kavery Maran (Executive director)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Media conglomerate]]
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Publishing]]
*[[Broadcasting]]
*[[Cable television]]
*[[Professional sports league organization]]
*[[Radio]]
*[[Film]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| owner = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
| divisions =
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[Sun TV Network]]
*[[Sun Direct]]
*[[Sun Pictures]]
*[[Sun NXT]]
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]]
*[[Suryan FM]]
*[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
*[[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]]
*[[Sunrisers Leeds]]
*[[Dinakaran]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.sun.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sun Group''' is an Indian [[media conglomerate]], based in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/from-cable-tv-to-aviation-biz-marans-march-continues/645471/2 |title=From cable TV to aviation biz, Maran's march continues |work=The Financial Express |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=8 August 2010 |archive-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909031352/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/from-cable-tv-to-aviation-biz-marans-march-continues/645471/2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/apr/24sun-zee-tv-top-profitability-chart.htm |title=Sun, Zee remain top on profitability charts |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=8 August 2010 |archive-date=15 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115115947/http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/apr/24sun-zee-tv-top-profitability-chart.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was founded by [[Kalanithi Maran]] in 1992.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/southern-titans/kalanithi-maran-defying-the-odds/41601/1|title=Kalanithi Maran: Defying the odds|work=Forbes|date=25 November 2015}}</ref> The Sun Group, besides television media, operates 48 FM radio stations,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahluwalia |first=Harveen |date=2016-10-28 |title=I&B ministry allows Sun Group to launch five new FM stations |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8zGvlGq5jMUXW3YYOjODnN/IB-ministry-allows-Sun-Group-to-launch-five-new-FM-stations.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128092716/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8zGvlGq5jMUXW3YYOjODnN/IB-ministry-allows-Sun-Group-to-launch-five-new-FM-stations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> two daily newspapers, five magazines, a DTH satellite service and [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]] franchises.

== Subsidiaries ==

===Television===
In 1990, Kalanithi Maran started a monthly video (VHS) news magazine in Tamil called ''Poomaalai''. [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] is the first and flagship channel of the group started on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sun-tv-network-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-17994.cms|title=Sun TV history|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606014829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sun-tv-network-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-17994.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Jaya|title=Karunanidhi pulls out stake in Sun TV|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=81585|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 November 2005|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=12 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612120632/http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=81585|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/1130/india-richest-09-maran-sun-television-strong-signal.html |title=Strong Signal |work=Forbes |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=8 August 2010 |first=Naazneen |last=Karmali |archive-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829105224/http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/1130/india-richest-09-maran-sun-television-strong-signal.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/28spec.htm |title=Rediff India Abroad, April 28, 2006 – Kalanithi Maran: A 'Sunshine' story, by Sanjiv Shankaran and S. Bridget Leena in New Delhi |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083603/http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/28spec.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun TV was listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] on 24 April 2006 upon raising $133 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bharatan |first=Shilpa |url=https://variety.com/2006/tv/news/sun-tv-looks-to-raise-coin-with-ipo-1117940460/ |title=Variety.com, Monday, April 24, 2006, 6:36pm PT – Sun TV shines on Exchange |work=Variety |date=27 March 2006 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229062659/http://variety.com/2006/tv/news/sun-tv-looks-to-raise-coin-with-ipo-1117940460/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun Group owns [[Sun TV Network]]'s 37 TV Channels across four [[South India]]n languages [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and the company's first step of TV Channel segment in North India is [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language and in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language the company launched TV Channel on 17 October 2021, the Group's second step of TV channel segment in North India. Sun TV Network launched its first Hindi Entertainment Channel language, on June 16, 2024, aiming to capture the Hindi-speaking market

===DTH and Cable Provider===
[[Sun Direct]] is a [[Satellite television|DTH]] service provider established in December 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-16/news/28551941_1_astro-sun-direct-tv-dth-services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192704/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-16/news/28551941_1_astro-sun-direct-tv-dth-services|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2011|title= Sun, Astro deny media reports of impropriety in deal|publisher=The Economic Times|date=16 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/29/stories/2007092961350600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018015700/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/29/stories/2007092961350600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=PIL plea against Sun DTH services|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Sun Direct is the fourth largest [[Satellite television|DTH]] service provider in India as of March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/airtel-digital-tv-crosses-1-crore-active-users-claims-25-market-share/46758215|title=Airtel DTH crosses 1 crore users|access-date=28 November 2015|publisher=Economic Times|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134718/http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/airtel-digital-tv-crosses-1-crore-active-users-claims-25-market-share/46758215|url-status=live}}</ref> From its launch Sun Direct DTH continue to be the Market Leader of [[South India]].

===Radio===
The group owns 70 [[FM broadcasting|FM Radio]] stations across [[India]] broadcasting under the names [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]],<ref name="Forbes"/> [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM]], Magic FM 106.4.

===Newspapers and magazines===
SUN Group owns two daily newspapers and five magazines in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. [[Dinakaran]] was founded in 1977 by [[K. P. Kandasamy]] and was acquired from [[K. P. K. Kumaran]] by Sun Network in 2005.<ref name="Robin Jeffrey">{{cite book | title=India's newspaper revolution| first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |author-link=Robin Jeffrey | date=24 March 2000| publisher=C. Hurst & Co| isbn=978-1-85065-383-7|page=79,80,114,135}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/17sun.htm|title=Sun acquires Dinakaran newspaper|work=rediff.com|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322045241/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/17sun.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second largest circulated Tamil daily in India after [[Dina Thanthi]], back in 2010. {{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} [[Tamil Murasu (India)|Tamil Murasu]] is an evening newspaper. The group owns magazines [[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]], Kumguma Chimizh, Kungumam Thozhi, Aanmigam, Mutharam and Vannathirai.

===Film production===
[[Sun Pictures]] is a film production and distribution company established in 2000. It produced the TV film ''[[Siragugal]]'' and [[Rajinikanth]] starrer ''[[Enthiran|Endhiran]]''. It has distributed more than 20 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] starting from ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-03/endhiran-17-12-08.html|title=Sun TV bails out Endhiran|access-date=28 November 2015|publisher=behindwoods.com|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226185235/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-03/endhiran-17-12-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Narasimhan">{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2020-11-13|title=Sun TV to invest around Rs 600 cr in movies and content for OTT platform|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/entertainment/sun-tv-to-invest-around-rs-600-cr-in-movies-and-content-for-ott-platform-120111300383_1.html|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref>

=== OTT Platform ===
[[Sun NXT]] is a global online audio/video streaming platform owned and operated by Sun Group's, [[Sun TV Network]] established in June 2017. It has more than 4000 movie titles including movies like Vijay's ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' Ajith Kumar's ''[[Mankatha]]'', and Rajinikanth's ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''. Sun TV Network is planning to invest more in its OTT Platform, Sun NXT, by making original web series and original OTT movies from mid-2022.<ref name="Narasimhan"/>

===Television Production Company===
Sun Entertainment is Television production Company, which produces small budget movies for [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] Direct TV Premier, after movie released in TV it will be available only on [[Sun NXT]] OTT App, also co-producing all upcoming web series in [[Sun NXT]] OTT Platform which are coming soon in mid 2022 and also co-producing the serials which are showing in their TV Channels.

===Sports===
[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] is a cricket franchise based in the city of [[Hyderabad]] that plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-risers-represent-hyderabad-ipl/40723| title= Sun Risers to represent Hyderabad in IPL| publisher= Wisden India| date= 18 December 2012| archive-date= 25 June 2017| access-date= 28 November 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170625164705/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-risers-represent-hyderabad-ipl/40723| url-status= live}}</ref> The team was bought by [[Kalanithi Maran]] in October 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-tv-network-win-hyderabad-ipl-franchise/32100| title= Sun TV Network win Hyderabad IPL franchise| publisher= Wisden India| date= 25 October 2012| archive-date= 25 June 2017| access-date= 28 November 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170625142249/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-tv-network-win-hyderabad-ipl-franchise/32100| url-status= live}}</ref> [[Daniel Vettori]] is the head coach and [[Pat Cummins]] is the captain of the team.
They also own the [[SA20]] cricket franchise the [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] and [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] franchise [[Sunrisers Leeds]].

===Aviation===
SUN Group acquired 37.7% stake in Indian low-cost carrier [[SpiceJet]] in June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Kalanithi-Maran-to-buy-37-stake-in-SpiceJet/articleshow/6037165.cms |title=Kalanithi Maran to buy 37% stake in SpiceJet |work=The Economic Times |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718072031/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Kalanithi-Maran-to-buy-37-stake-in-SpiceJet/articleshow/6037165.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Kalanidhi Maran buys 37.7 p.c. stake in SpiceJet |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article454226.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=8 August 2010 |archive-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824055836/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article454226.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Despite the losses, Kalanithi Maran increased his stake in Spicejet by investing {{INRConvert|1|b}} in the airline.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marans to pump Rs 100 cr into SpiceJet, up stake to 48.6 pc|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kalanithi-maran-to-pump-rs-100-cr-into-spicejet/235608-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019064950/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kalanithi-maran-to-pump-rs-100-cr-into-spicejet/235608-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN (India)|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> In January 2015, the Sun group sold its entire shareholding back to the airline's founder Ajay Singh and transferred control.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/kalanithi-maran-transfers-spicejet-ownership-to-founder/article6792400.ece | title=SpiceJet changes hand | work=The Hindu | date=15 January 2015 | access-date=15 January 2015 | author=Mishra, Laltendu | archive-date=15 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115140046/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/kalanithi-maran-transfers-spicejet-ownership-to-founder/article6792400.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Corporate social responsibility ==
In 2018, the Sun Group donated ₹2 crore to support the relief efforts in the [[cyclone]]-affected districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title=Sun Group donates 2 crores for Gaja cyclone relief work |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/sun-group-donates-rs-2-crore-for-gaja-cyclone-relief-work/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128092717/https://thecsrjournal.in/sun-group-donates-rs-2-crore-for-gaja-cyclone-relief-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [http://www.sun.in/ Official website]

{{Sun TV Network}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sun Group| 01]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]

Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

2026-03-15T12:52:50Z

KatherinLesina4: revise

{{Short description|Rulers of northern India (c. 1206–1290)}}
{{for|the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt|Mamluk Sultanate}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Mamluk
| native_name = مملوک
| year_start = 1206
| year_end = 1290
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = Tomara dynasty
| flag_p2 =
| p3 = Ghurid Sultanate
| flag_p3 =
| p4 = Sena dynasty
| flag_p4 =
| p5 = Khalji dynasty of Bengal
| flag_p5 =
| s3 =
| flag_s3 =
| s1 = Khalji dynasty
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag_type = Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375).<ref>Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' of {{circa}} 1375: [[File:Flag of the Delhi Tughlaq Sultanate according to the Catalan Atlas.jpg|60px]] in [[:File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |s2cid=263250872 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref><ref>Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] flag, and the red [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in {{cite book |last1=Qurashi |first1=Ishtiyaq Hussian |title=The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi |date=1942 |publisher=SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF |location=Kashmiri Bazar Lahore |page=143 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up|quote=""}}, also in {{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Sadan |title=Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag |date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11887-4 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en}}, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in {{cite book |last1=Thapliyal |first1=Uma Prasad |title=The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study |date=1938 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-092-0 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 |language=en}}</ref>
| coa_size =
| image_map = Map of the Mamluk Dynasty.png
| image_map_caption = Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (h)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=185#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = [[Turkics|Turks]] {{small|(central powers)}}
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Lahore]] (1206–1210)
*[[Badayun]] (1210–1214)
*[[Delhi]] (1214–1290)}}<ref name=vsoxford2>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911}}, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press</ref>
| government_type = [[Sultanate]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Sultan]] & [[Sultana (title)|Sultana]]
| leader1 = [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 1206–1210
| leader2 = [[Aram Shah]] {{small|(second)}}
| year_leader3 = 1211–1236
| leader3 = [[Iltutmish]] {{small|(third)}}
| year_leader4 = 1236
| leader4 = [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] {{small|(fourth)}}
| year_leader5 = 1236–1240
| leader5 = [[Razia Sultana]] {{small|(fifth)}}
| year_leader6 = 1240–1242
| leader6 = [[Muiz ud din Bahram]] {{small|(sixth)}}
| year_leader7 = 1242–1246
| leader7 = [[Masud Shah]] {{small|(seventh)}}
| year_leader8 = 1246–1266
| leader8 = [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Mahmud]] {{small|(eighth)}}
| year_leader9 = 1266–1287
| leader9 = [[Balban]] {{small|(ninth)}}
| year_leader10 = 1287–1290
| leader10 = [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]] {{small|(tenth)}}
| year_leader11 = 1287–1290 • 1290
| leader11 = [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]] {{small|(eleventh)}} [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]] {{small|(twelfth & last)}}
| year_leader2 = 1210–1211
| common_languages = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (main)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |pages=48–49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP37 |language=en}}</ref>
 [[Persian language|Persian]] (administration)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2010-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="RE31"/>
| today = *[[India]]
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Qutb Minaret
| image1 = Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg
| caption1 = Minaret
| image2 = Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg
| caption2 = Base with inscriptions
| footer=The [[Qutb Minar]], started by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law [[Iltutmish]] in 1220, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works. It is somewhat similar to the earlier [[Minaret of Jam]] in [[Afghanistan]].
}}
The '''Mamluk dynasty''' ({{lit|Slave dynasty}}), or the '''Mamluk Sultanate''', is the [[historiographical]] name or [[umbrella term]] used to refer to the three dynasties of [[Mamluk]] origin who ruled the [[Ghurids|Ghurid territories]] in India and subsequently, the [[Sultanate of Delhi]], from 1206 to 1290<ref name=JE_Walsh_68-70>Walsh, pp. 68-70</ref><ref name=C_Anzalone_100>Anzalone, p. 100</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=72–80}}</ref> — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266–1290).<ref>{{cite book|quote=they actually belonged to three distinct ruling houses-the Qutbi dynasty (1206-11) founded by Qutubuddin Aibek, the first ilbari or shamsi dynasty (1211-66), known after Shamsuddin Iltutmish, and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266-90), founded by Ghiasuddin Balban.|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1979 |page=87|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 }}</ref>

Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]]'s tenure as a [[Ghurid dynasty]] administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into the [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] and established control over some of the new areas.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=123-126}}<ref name="RE39">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |pages=39–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref> The last ruler, [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]], an infant, was murdered by [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]], a nobleman who then established the [[Khalji dynasty]].

==History==
The Mamluk dynasty was founded by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk]] slave-general of the [[Ghurid Empire]] from [[Central Asia]]. [[Mamluks]] were soldiers of slave origins who had converted to [[Islam]]. The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military class in various Muslim societies. Mamluks held political and military power most notably in [[Egypt]], but also in the [[Levant]], [[Iraq]], and [[India]].

In 1206, [[Muhammad of Ghor]], the Sultan of the [[Ghurid Empire]], was assassinated.<ref name="Islam at War: A History">{{cite book | first1=George F. | last1=Nafziger | first2=Mark W. | last2=Walton | title=Islam at War: A History | url=https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz | url-access=registration | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=2003 | page=[https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz/page/56 56]| isbn=9780275981013 }}</ref> Since he had no male heirs, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals. [[Tajuddin Elduz|Taj-ud-Din Yildoz]] became the ruler of [[Ghazni]], [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]] got [[Bengal]] and [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]] became the sultan of [[Multan]]. [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] became the sultan of [[Delhi]], establishing the Mamluk dynasty.<ref name=JE_Walsh_70>Walsh, p. 70</ref> However, his reign as the [[Sultan of Delhi]] was short-lived with his death in 1210. His successor [[Aram Shah]] rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by [[Iltutmish]] in 1211.

The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Mongol invasion of India|his successors]].<ref name=C_Anzalone_100/> Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from [[Rukn ud din Firuz]] to [[Razia Sultana]] until [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] invasions and internal threats from the rebellious sultanate nobles.<ref name=C_Anzalone_100/><ref name=JE_Walsh_70/>

At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the Mamluk Sultanate in India, the Ghurid Turks maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".<ref name="RE31">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |pages=48–49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en|quote="The ethnicity of Turkish slaves, the earliest generation of whom dated to the Ghurid invasions of India, survived well into the thirteenth century. For a time, even Persian-speaking secretaries had to master Turkish in order to function. There persisted, more-over, deep cultural tensions between native Persian-speakers – whether from Iran, Khurasan or Central Asia – and ethnic Turks. Nizam al-Din Auliya (d. 1325), Delhi’s renowned Sufi shaikh, characterized Turks as rude, bellicose and vain, reflecting a view, prevalent among many native Persians of the day, that Turks were uncultured boors who had illegitimately monopolized power and privilege. Such animosities were amplified by the asymmetrical power relations between ethnic Turks and Persians, often depicted in the literature as ‘men of the sword’ and ‘men of the pen’ respectively."}}</ref>

The [[Khalji dynasty]] came into being when [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]], the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.<ref name=C_Anzalone_101>Anzalone, p. 101</ref>

==Sultans==
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad. Governor, AH 614-616 AD 1217-1220. Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.jpg|thumb|250px|Gold coin of [[Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad]], Governor of [[Bengal]] (AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of [[Iltutmish|Shams al-Din Iltutmish]], Sultan of Dehli.]]
The first Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty was [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], who had the titular name of [[Sultan]] and reigned from 1206 to 1210. He temporarily quelled the rebellions of [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]] of [[Multan]] and [[Tajuddin Yildoz]] of [[Ghazni]].<ref name="RE48">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |pages=45–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP35}}</ref> Making [[Lahore]] his capital, he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over [[Delhi]]. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]] and the [[Qutb Minar]].<ref name="RE48"/> In 1210, he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game of [[polo]] in Lahore; his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near the [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in Lahore.<ref name="RE48"/>

The second Sultan was [[Aram Shah]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1210 to 1211. An elite group of forty nobles named ''Chihalgani'' ({{lit|the Forty}}) conspired against Aram Shah and invited [[Shams ud din Iltutmish|Shams-ud-din Iltutmish]], then Governor of [[Badaun]], to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. It is not quite certain what became of Aram.<ref name="RE48"/>

The third Sultan was Shams-ud-din [[Iltutmish]], who had the titular name of ''Nasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin'' and reigned from 1211 to 1236. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer.<ref name="RE48"/> He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni, who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi.<ref name="RE48"/> The [[Mongols]] encroached into India in pursuit of the last [[Khwarazmshah]] [[Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni]], who was defeated at the [[Battle of the Indus]] by [[Genghis Khan]] in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death, Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories. [[Bengal]], which had been held by the Turko-Afghan general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] and his successors of the [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]], was finally incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1227.<ref name="Islam at War: A History"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=43–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref> In 1230, Iltutmish built the [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] reservoir in [[Mehrauli]], and in 1231 he built [[Sultan Ghari]], which was the first Islamic mausoleum in [[Delhi]].<ref name="RE48"/>

[[File:Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg|thumb|left|Tomb of [[Iltutmish]] (r. 1211–1236) in the [[Qutub Minar]] complex.]]
The fourth Sultan was [[Rukn ud din Firuz|Rukn-ud-din Feroze]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from April 1236 to November 1236. He ruled for only seven months and his mother, [[Shah Turkan]], for all practical purposes was running the government. He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On 9 November 1236, both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani.

The fifth Sultana was [[Razia Sultana|Razia al-Din]], who had the titular name of ''Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana'' and reigned from 1236 to 1240. As the first female Muslim ruler in India, she initially managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well. However, she began associating with the African [[Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut]], provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy, who were primarily Central Asian Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful nobleman [[Malik Altunia]] whom she agreed to marry. Her half-brother [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz-ud-din Bahram]], however, usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband. The couple fled and reached [[Kaithal]], where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of [[Jat people|Jats]] and were robbed and killed on 14 October 1240.<ref name="RE48"/>

The sixth Sultan was [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz-ud-din Bahram]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1240 to 15 May 1242. During his reign, the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore. Muiz-ud-din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them, and the Chihalgani besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242.<ref name="RE48"/>

{{South Asia in 1250||South Asian polities, circa 1250 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|88|57|[[File:Emojione BW 2694.svg|7px]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|72|55|[[Battle of Beas River|Beas 1285]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}}}
The seventh Sultan was [[Ala ud din Masud|Ala-ud-din Masud]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1242 to 1246. He was effectively a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs had become upset with Ala-ud-din Masud's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousin [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], who was another grandson of Iltutmish.<ref name="RE48"/>

The eighth Sultan was Nasiruddin Mahmud, who had the titular name of ''Nasir-ud-din Feroze Shah'' and reigned from 1246 to 1266. As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. It was his Deputy Sultan, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath-ud-din Balban]], who primarily dealt with state affairs.<ref name="RE48"/>

The ninth Sultan was [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath-ud-din Balban]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1266 to 1287. Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen. He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outposts with garrisons of soldiers in areas where there had been disorder. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system. He also fought against the Mongols and repelled many invasions by them. He lost his favourite son Prince Muhammad in the [[Battle of Beas River]] against the Mongols.<ref name="RE48"/>

The tenth and final Sultan was [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad]], who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1287 to 1290. Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by a [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] chief. His three-year-old son Kayumars nominally succeeded him, but the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khaljis.<ref name="RE48"/>

==Architecture==
The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes:<ref name="RE48"/>
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Gandhak ki Baoli
| image1 = Gandhak ki Baoli, Mehrauli.jpg
| caption1 = Empty
| image2 = Gandhak-ki-baoli 004.jpg
| caption2 = Filled with water
| footer=The [[Baolis of Mehrauli|Gandhak Ki Baoli stepwell]], built by [[Iltutmish]] (r. 1211–1236).<ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows" />
}}

===Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1150–1210)===
* The [[Qutb Minar]], built by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], founder of the dynasty, in 1192 AD in the [[Qutb complex]] in [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]]
* The [[Qutb Minar complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam]] ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the [[Qutb complex]] in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by [[Qutb-ud-din-Aibak]] to mark his victory over the Rajputs
* The tomb of Qutb ud-Din Aybak, in [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in [[Lahore]]

===Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236)===
* The [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the [[madrasa]] (school) around it, built by Iltutmish.
* The ''[[Baolis of Mehrauli#Gandhak ki Baoli|Gandhak ki Baoli]]'', a [[stepwell]] for the Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]].<ref name="The Delhi that No-one Knows">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Ronald Vivian |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-8028-020-7 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cN7-8ZwviRgC&pg=PA12 |language=en}}</ref>
* The tomb of [[Iltutmish]], second [[Sultan of Delhi]] (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, and part of the [[Qutb Minar]] Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi.
* The Mausoleum of Prince [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud]], eldest son of [[Iltumish]], known as ''[[Sultan Ghari]]'' near [[Vasant Kunj]], built in 1231

===Other rulers===
* [[Balban's tomb]], in the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Quwwat-al-Islam Mosque, Delhi.jpg|The [[Qutb Minar complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam]] ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the [[Qutb complex]] in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by [[Qutb-ud-din-Aibak]] to mark his victory over the Rajputs
File:Intricate stone carvings in the cloister of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque, near Qutub Minar.jpg|Intricate stone carvings on the [[cloister]] columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi. These are recycled Hindu temple pillars displaying Hindu iconography.
File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall (6133975257).jpg|The [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque in [[Ajmer]] was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
File:Inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari.jpg|Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab at ''[[Sultan Ghari]]''
</gallery>

== Family tree ==
The first Sultan [[Qutbuddin Aibak]] (r. 1206-10) was succeeded by a certain [[Aram Shah]], who was then deposed by [[Iltutmish]], Aibak's son in law.
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Descendents of Iltutumish}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | A01 |A01='''[[Iltutmish]]''' (3) r. 1211–1236}}
{{Tree chart| | | ,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | |A04|A01=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] (heir apparent, died before his father)|A02='''[[Razia Sultana|Razia]]''' (5) r. 1236–1240|A03='''[[Firuz I]]''' (4) r. 1236|A04='''[[Muiz ud din Bahram|Bahram]]''' (6) {{nowrap|r. 1240–1242}}}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | | | | |!}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | | | | | A02 |A01='''[[Mahmud I, Sultan of Delhi|Mahmud I]]''' (8) r. 1246–1266 |A02='''[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah|Masud Shah]]''' (8) r. 1242–1246 }}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
Iltutmish's descendents ruled until 1266, when Mahmud I's father-in-law and vizier, [[Ghiyasuddin Balban]] usurped the throne.
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Descendents of Balban}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| A01 |A01='''[[Balban]]''' (9) {{nowrap|r. 1266–1287}}}}
{{Tree chart|!}}
{{Tree chart| A01 |A01=[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]] (Sultan of Bengal)}}
{{Tree chart|!}}
{{Tree chart| A01 |A01='''[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Qaiqabad]]''' (10) r. 1287–1290}}
{{Tree chart|!}}
{{Tree chart| A01 |A01='''[[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Kayumars]]''' (11) r. 1290}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
{{Delhi Sultanate|Mamluk}}
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
*[[Tughlaq Dynasty]]
*[[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor]]
*[[Persianate|Persianate states]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia
| title = Delhi Sultanate
| volume = 2
| last = Anzalone
| first = Christopher
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World History
| pages = 100–101
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0-8160-6386-4
| publisher = Facts on File
| editor = Ackermann, M. E. etc}}
* {{cite book
| last = Walsh
| first = J. E.
| title = A Brief History of India
| url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Facts on File
| year = 2006
| isbn = 0-8160-5658-7}}
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Srivastava
| first = A. L.
| title = The History of India, 1000–1707 A.D.
| publisher = Shiva Lal Agarwala
| url = http://lccn.loc.gov/sa%2065000828
| year = 1967}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)| ]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1206]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1290s]]
[[Category:1290 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1206 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]

Fayez al-Sarraj

2026-03-10T21:31:02Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{Short description|Libyan politician and architect}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name = Fayez al-Sarraj
| image = Fayez al-Sarraj (2016).jpg
| caption = Al-Sarraj in 2016
| office = [[List of heads of state of Libya|Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya]] ([[Government of National Accord]])
| vicepresident = [[Ahmed Maiteeq]]
| primeminister = Himself
| term_start = 30 March 2016
| term_end = 15 March 2021*
| predecessor = [[Nouri Abusahmain]] {{small|(As President of the General National Congress)}} [[Aguila Saleh Issa]] {{small|(As Speaker of the House of Representatives, internationally recognized)}}
| successor = [[Mohamed al-Menfi]] {{small|(under the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]])}}
| office1 = [[List of heads of government of Libya|Head of Government of Libya]]
| status1 = As [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Chairman of the Presidential Council]] ([[Government of National Accord]])
| president1 = Himself
| deputy1 = [[Ahmed Maiteeq]]
| term_start1 = 5 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rulers.org/rull.html#libya |title=Countries L |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416083419/http://rulers.org/rull.html#libya |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 15 March 2021**
| predecessor1 = [[Abdullah al-Theni]] [[Khalifa al-Ghawil]] {{small|(As Prime Ministers)}}
| successor1 = [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]] {{small|(As Prime Minister under the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]])}}
| office2 = [[Minister of Defence (Libya)|Minister of Defense]]
| term_start2 = 6 September 2018
| term_end2 = 29 August 2020
| president2 = Himself
| predecessor2 = [[Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi]]
| successor2 = Salah Eddine al-Namrouch
| office3 = Minister of Housing and Utilities
| term_start3 = 25 May 2014
| term_end3 = 9 June 2014
| president3 = [[Nouri Abusahmain]]
| primeminister3 = [[Ahmed Maiteeq]]
| predecessor3 = Ali Al-Sharif
| successor3 = Zuhair Mahmoud
| birth_name = Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Kingdom of Libya]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Libyan people|Libyan]]
| citizenship = [[Libyan nationality law|Libya]]
| education = [[University of Tripoli]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = {{ubl |{{Marriage|Fatima Al-Tarhuni|1985|1995|end=div}} |{{Marriage|Samera Trabelsi|1998|2003|end=div}} |{{Marriage|Nadia Refaat|2005}}}}
| footnotes = {{small|*Sarraj's position as head of state was disputed by [[Aguila Saleh Issa]].}} {{small|**Sarraj's premiership was disputed by [[Abdullah al-Theni]] and [[Khalifa al-Ghawil]].}}
| signature = Fayez al-Sarraj signature.svg
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|فايز السراج}}}}
}}

'''Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj''' ({{langx|ar|فائز السراج}} or {{lang|ar|فايز السراج}}; born 20 February 1960) is a [[Libya]]n politician who served as the [[List of heads of state of Libya|Chairman]] of the [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council of Libya]] and [[List of heads of government of Libya|head of government]]<ref name=20160331theguardian>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli |title=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli |first=Chris |last=Stephen |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=31 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331020606/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Government of National Accord]], which was formed on 17 December 2015 under the [[Libyan Political Agreement]], from 2016 to 2021. He has been a member of the Parliament of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref name=guard>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/libya-national-unity-government-announced-by-un-after-months-of-talks |title=Libya national unity government announced by UN after months of talks |work=The Guardian |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122075140/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/libya-national-unity-government-announced-by-un-after-months-of-talks |archive-date=22 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Fayez Mustafa was born on 20 February 1960 in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Gillon|first=Jihâd|date=2018-12-04|title=Libye: dix choses à savoir sur Fayez al-Sarraj – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/675888/politique/libye-dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-fayez-al-sarraj/|magazine=[[Jeune Afrique]]|language=fr|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref> He comes from a wealthy family of [[Kouloughlis|Kouloughli]] descent which owned shops and vast amount of land.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pouvreau|first=Ana|title=Les ressorts de l'engagement de la Turquie en Libye|date=2020-02-13|url=http://fmes-france.org/les-ressorts-de-lengagement-de-la-turquie-en-libye|access-date=2020-06-08|author-link=Ana Pouvreau}}</ref><ref name="Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj" /> Al-Sarraj is said to be of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=1 January 2020|title=Outrage, Rift and Resignations Over Erdogan's Libya Plan|url=https://www.insideover.com/politics/outrage-rift-and-resignations-over-erdogans-libya-plan.html|magazine=InsideOver|language=en}}</ref> His father, Mostafa al-Sarraj was a minister during the [[Kingdom of Libya|Libyan monarchy]].<ref name="Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj">{{cite news|date=8 April 2016|title=Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj|language=fr|work=[[France 24]]|url=http://france24.com/fr/20160408-libye-premier-ministre-fayez-al-sarraj-gouvernement-tripoli-tobrouk|url-status=live|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922145339/http://france24.com/fr/20160408-libye-premier-ministre-fayez-al-sarraj-gouvernement-tripoli-tobrouk|archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=economist21698322>{{cite news |date=5 May 2016 |title=Italy ponders military intervention in Libya |url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21698322-carabinieri-may-not-be-marching-tripoli-just-yet-italy-ponders-military-intervention |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193524/http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21698322-carabinieri-may-not-be-marching-tripoli-just-yet-italy-ponders-military-intervention |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fayez al-Sarraj trained as an architect, and during the [[Muammar Gaddafi|Colonel Muammar Gaddafi]] era he was employed at the Housing Ministry.<ref name="Mezran">{{cite web |author=Mezran, Karim |date=9 October 2015 |title=The Libyan Agreement: The First Step in a Long Journey |publisher=Atlantic Council |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-libyan-agreement-the-first-step-in-a-long-journey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185211/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-libyan-agreement-the-first-step-in-a-long-journey |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, he served as the minister of housing and utilities in the [[Maiteeq Cabinet]] of the [[General National Congress|GNC]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=GNC-approved Maetig cabinet revealed |date=29 March 2014 |newspaper=Libya Herald |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/29/gnc-approved-maetig-cabinet-revealed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530081757/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/29/gnc-approved-maetig-cabinet-revealed/ |archive-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His opponents criticized his political appointment as a foreign imposition.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROFILE Fayez Sarraj: A Libyan leader with a tough job |website=Europe Online Magazine |url=http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/profilefayez-sarraj-a-libyan-leader-with-a-tough-job_447307.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185557/http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/profilefayez-sarraj-a-libyan-leader-with-a-tough-job_447307.html |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2016 article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' quoted Guma el-Gamaty, a member of Libya Dialogue, the UN-chaired body that created the new government, as saying that al-Sarraj was "expected to ask for help to combat [[ISIS]] and train Libyan units."<ref name=20160303theguardian>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli |title=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli |last=Stephen |first=Chris |website=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli |publisher=The Guardian Newspaper |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331020606/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following [[2014 Libyan parliamentary election|Libya's 2014 elections]], the government became split between the [[New General National Congress]] in Tripoli and the internationally recognized legislature of the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] in [[Tobruk]].<ref name=guard />

=== Presidency ===
In early October 2014, the [[United Nations]] envoy to Libya, [[Bernardino León]], proposed a National Unity Government for Libya, to be led by the Presidential Council of Fayez al-Sarraj, as prime minister, three deputies from the country's eastern, western, and southern regions, and two ministers.<ref name=aljazeera1510082236>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/libya-unity-government-151008223631097.html |title=UN proposes unity government to end Libya conflict |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605105300/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/libya-unity-government-151008223631097.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, this national unity government was rejected by the internationally recognized legislature in Tobruk and the rival government in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan officials reject UN-proposed unity deal with rival government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/libya-un-unity-government-power-sharing-rejection |website=The Guardian |access-date=19 November 2015 |first=Associated Press in |last=Benghazi |date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118161758/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/libya-un-unity-government-power-sharing-rejection |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fayez al-Sarraj, and six members of the Presidential Council and proposed cabinet arrived in Tripoli on 30 March 2016.<ref name=afp3518986>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/support-grows-libyas-unity-government-000257765.html|title=Support grows for Libya's new unity government |access-date=11 June 2016|agency=AFP }}</ref> The following day, it was reported{{undue weight inline|date=April 2017}} that the GNA had taken control of the prime ministerial offices and that the GNC appointed prime minister [[Khalifa al-Ghawil]] had fled to [[Misrata]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/31/rebel-tripoli-administration-vanishes-ghwell-flees-to-misrata/ |title=Rebel Tripoli administration vanishes | |date=31 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410013608/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/31/rebel-tripoli-administration-vanishes-ghwell-flees-to-misrata/ |archive-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} On 14 October 2014, forces loyal to [[General National Congress (2014)|GNC]] [[2016 Libyan coup d'état attempt|took over]] the building of the [[High Council of State (Libya)|High Council of State]] and announced the comeback of Ghawil cabinet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gnc-retakes-parliament-compound-high-council-state-condemns |title=GNC retakes parliament compound, High Council of State condemns | The Libya Observer |publisher=Libyaobserver.ly |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011431/http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gnc-retakes-parliament-compound-high-council-state-condemns |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=trtworld207539>{{cite web |url=http://www.trtworld.com/mea/rival-group-seizes-libyas-un-backed-government-offices-207539 |title=Rival group seizes Libya's UN-backed government offices |publisher=TRT World |date=15 October 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022054456/http://www.trtworld.com/mea/rival-group-seizes-libyas-un-backed-government-offices-207539 |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then, fighting occurred between Sarraj loyalists and Ghawil forces.<ref name=ahram245898>{{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/245898/World/Region/Clashes-erupt-in-Libyan-capital-Tripoli.aspx |title=Clashes erupt in Libyan capital Tripoli – Region – World – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=16 October 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012511/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/245898/World/Region/Clashes-erupt-in-Libyan-capital-Tripoli.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Musa |first=Rami |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-concerned-about-use-of-force-in-libyas-capital/2016/10/16/a26658c4-9386-11e6-9cae-2a3574e296a6_story.html |title=Clashes erupt in Libyan capital |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016175054/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-concerned-about-use-of-force-in-libyas-capital/2016/10/16/a26658c4-9386-11e6-9cae-2a3574e296a6_story.html |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Al-Sarraj was accused of obtaining [[Ni-Vanuatu nationality law|ni-Vanuatu citizenship]] for himself and his family in January 2020 by ''The Guardian''. In April 2023, ''The Guardian'' retracted the claim, and apologized for the mistake. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-14 |title=Who's buying Vanuatu's passports? Crypto moguls, wanted men and even a prime minister |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/15/whos-buying-vanuatus-passports-crypto-moguls-wanted-men-and-even-a-prime-minister |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-17 |title=L'ancien Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj abandonne sa nationalité libyenne |url=https://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/lancien-premier-ministre-fayez-al-sarraj-abandonne-sa-nationalite-libyenne/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Maghreb Intelligence |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13|title=Corrections and clarifications Mr Faiez Sarraj – apology|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/apr/13/corrections-and-clarifications|access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 September 2020, al-Sarraj stated that he will be stepping down from his position by the end of October 2020, following [[2020 Libyan protests|a month of protests in Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya's Tripoli-based PM Al-Sarraj to stand down |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1735646/middle-east |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=Arab News |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Libya's UN-backed PM al-Sarraj says he plans to quit {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.09.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/libyas-un-backed-pm-al-sarraj-says-he-plans-to-quit/a-54955557 |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=DW.COM}}</ref> On 31 October 2020, al-Sarraj rescinded his decision to resign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/31/libyan-prime-minister-takes-back-decision-to-resign|title= Libyan PM al-Serraj takes back resignation}}</ref> Following the [[Libyan Political Dialogue Forum]], he transferred his powers on 15 March 2021.

== Government of National Accord ==
[[File:Secretary John Kerry Sits With Libyan Prime Minister al-Sarraj at the Bristol Hotel in Vienna (27048565825).jpg|thumb|Sarraj with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], 16 May 2016]]
Sarraj has been Prime Minister of the Government of National Accord since its installment in December 2015 as part of a [[United Nations]]-led political agreement.

Prior to his initial arrival in Tripoli in March 2016, Sarraj survived two separate assassination attempts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/libyan-prime-minister-survives-assassination-attempt-b897nr5dh |title=Libyan prime minister survives assassination attempt |last=Cairo |first=Bel Trew |date=21 February 2017 |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=7 November 2017 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221352/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/libyan-prime-minister-survives-assassination-attempt-b897nr5dh |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the past two years, the GNA has struggled to gain a foothold as a legitimate institution of authority inside the country, and Libya has remained divided.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/libya/faces/fayez-al-sarraj/ |title=Libyan PM Fayez al-Sarraj: Can Former Architect Rebuild a Shattered Country? |work=Fanack.com |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705122347/https://chronicle.fanack.com/libya/faces/fayez-al-sarraj/ |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government's initial proposed group of ministers was rejected by the House of Representatives (HoR), leading Sarraj to form a government that received a no confidence vote from the HoR.<ref name=aljazeera1608221502>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/libya-backed-government-confidence-vote-160822150247789.html |title=Libya's UN-backed government gets 'no confidence' vote |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023092407/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/libya-backed-government-confidence-vote-160822150247789.html |archive-date=23 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Infighting among rival militias has only intensified, and Libyan citizens have faced economic hardships, including inflation, corruption, and smuggling, that are "melting away the country's cash reserves".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2016-09-06/coming-fall-libyas-gna |title=The Coming Fall of Libya's GNA |last=Muntasser |first=Emadeddin Zahri |date=6 September 2016 |work=Foreign Affairs |access-date=7 November 2017 |issn=0015-7120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021021/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2016-09-06/coming-fall-libyas-gna |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-serraj-experiment-of-libya |title=The Failed Serraj Experiment of Libya |last=Pusztai |first=Wolfgang |work=Atlantic Council |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221521/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-serraj-experiment-of-libya |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The United Nations representatives who initially formed the unity government have since expressed concern over its ability to make progress. In December 2016, the Security Council noted the "limited authority" of the GNA and stated that "the Libyan Political Agreement did not fulfill the expectations. The implementation has stalled."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55730 |title=UN News – Libyan political accord 'stands firm, but stuck' – UN envoy tells Security Council |date=6 December 2016 |website=UN News Service Section |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630012914/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55730#.WdOyTltSyUk |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2017 }}</ref>

Months following this statement, an April 2017 [[United Nations Security Council|U.N. Security Council]] meeting summary cautioned that "Libya could relapse into conflict" and said the government has struggled to "deliver basic services while endeavoring to fight terrorism, illegal migration and oil smuggling."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12799.doc.htm |title=Libya Could Relapse into Conflict, Secretary-General's Special Representative Warns, Citing Volatile Security, Human Rights Situation {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|publisher=United Nations|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025014558/http://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12799.doc.htm|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an attempt to make the government more effective, reports have surfaced throughout 2017 of a consensus to restructure the GNA and overall Libyan Political Agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-un/support-growing-for-amending-libya-government-leadership-u-n-official-idUSKBN15O083 |title=Support growing for amending Libya government leadership: U.N. official |date=9 February 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025416/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-un/support-growing-for-amending-libya-government-leadership-u-n-official-idUSKBN15O083 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/will-libyas-government-of-national-accord-fall/ |title=Will Libya's Government of National Accord fall? |date=13 September 2017 |work=Libyan Express – Libya News, Opinion, Analysis and Latest Updates from Libya |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014013/http://www.libyanexpress.com/will-libyas-government-of-national-accord-fall/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2018, Libya rejected [[European Union]]'s plan aimed at stopping [[Immigration to Europe|migration from Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya rejects EU plans for migrant centers on its territory |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya/libya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3 |work=Reuters |date=20 July 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212223/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya/libya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 April 2019, United Nations chief [[António Guterres]] said, at the UN headquarters, that he still hopes to avoid a "bloody battle for Tripoli". Two days before that, troops loyal to [[Khalifa Haftar]] began moving toward the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/04/1036481 |title='Still time' to stop a 'bloody battle' for Libya's capital, insists Guterres |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411210849/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/04/1036481 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pm.gov.ly/ Government of National Accord – Office of the Prime Minister]
* [https://twitter.com/faiezserraj Official Twitter feed]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aguila Saleh Issa]] | as=President of the House of Representatives of Libya}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of Libya|Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council]] | years=2016–2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohamed al-Menfi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdullah al-Thani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister of Libya]] | years=2016–2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Hamid Al-Dabaib]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{LibyaHeadsofState}}
{{LibyaPMs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarraj, Fayez}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Libya]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tripoli, Libya]]
[[Category:Libyan architects]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Libya]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Libya]]
[[Category:Libyan people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Presidential Council (Libya)]]

Chandrakant Sampat

2026-03-06T06:55:08Z

KatherinLesina4: Started basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian investor (1929–2015)}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrakant Sampat
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year |1929}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2015|1929}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Investor
| years_active =
| known_for = Being the father of value investing in India
| notable_works =
}}

'''Chandrakant Sampat''' (1929–2015) was an Indian investor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute to the Father of Value Investing in India |url=https://bltpindia.com/wordpress/index.php/2023/02/01/tribute-to-father-of-value-investing-in-india/#:~:text=Late%20Shri%20Chandrakant%20Sampat%20was,for%20his%20successful%20investment%20strategies.|access-date=Mar 5, 2019|website=bltpindia.com/|language=en}}</ref> He amassed his fortune by picking up multinational companies before other investors realized the true value in the 1970s and became known as the "Father of [[Value Investing]] in India".

== Early life ==
He was born in 1929 in a Gujarati family. After leaving his family business in the 1950s, he started investing in the Indian market at the age of 26.

== Career ==
After the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) came into effect in the 1970s, he amassed a fortune by picking up multinational companies before other investors realized the true value of companies that reduced their equity to below their intrinsic value.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cred.club/articles/meet-chandrakant-sampat |title=Meet Chandrakant Sampat |date=July 4, 2021 |publisher=CRED }}</ref> Known as the "Father of Value Investing in India", Chandrakant Sampat inspired an entire generation of investors. He was a man of determination and strict discipline, which made him one of the biggest investors in India.

He is said to have inspired and guided many Indian investors, including the founder and owner of D-Mart retail chain and value investor [[Radhakishan Damani]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://medium.com/@samvitpatel17/chandrakant-sampat-856f7f880b69 |title=Chandrakant Sampat |date=February 2, 2023 |publisher=Medium |last=Patel |first=Samvit }}</ref> He was compared to [[Warren Buffett]] for his successful investment strategy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/remembering-chandrakant-sampat-indias-original-value-investor/39507/1 |title=Remembering Chandrakant Sampat: India's original value investor |date=February 2, 2015 |publisher=Forbes India }}</ref>

==Death==
The 86-year-old investor led an active, simple life. Sampat died in 2015 at the age of 86.<ref>{{Cite news|title= chandrakant sampat died at 86|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/when-dalal-streets-original-value-investor-prophesied-doom-for-indias-capital-markets/articleshow/68265532.cms?from=mdr|access-date=Mar 5, 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times| date=5 March 2019 |language=en | last1=Nagar | first1=Anupam }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Stock Market Crash]]
*[[List of economic crises]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampat, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Gaja (film)

2026-03-03T21:41:33Z

KatherinLesina4: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gaja (film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = K. Madesh
| writer = K. V. Raju 
{{small|(Dialogues)}}
| screenplay = K. Madesh
| story =
| based_on = [[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]] (2005)
| producer = S Srinivasa Murthy Suresh Gowda
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] 
[[Navya Nair]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = T. Shashi kumar
Deepu. S. Kumar
| studio = Sri Seetha Byraveshwara productions
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|2008|01|11|df=y}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Gaja''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama]] film directed by K. Madesh. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in the titular lead role alongside [[Navya Nair|Navya nair]]. The producers of the film claimed it is based on a story by novelist P. Ramachandra Rao (Chandu).<ref name="Gaja">{{cite web |title=Gaja |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gaja-review-kannada-14588859.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409103023/http://www.sify.com/movies/gaja-review-kannada-14588859.html |archive-date=9 April 2014 |accessdate=27 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2005 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]''.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
Gaja (Darshan) and Krishna are close friends. Gaja visits Krishna's village for a holiday but encounters some startling events. He discovers that Krishna's brother, Devendra, is embroiled in a feud with a rival faction, which has strained the relationship between the two families. Despite this, Gaja becomes a favorite of Devendra's family and also develops a liking for Shwetha ([[Navya Nair]]), Devendra's sister.

In a faction fight, Devendra and his wife are killed. Gaja tries to defuse the situation, but when he realizes that Devendra's entire family is being targeted, he decides to escape with Krishna and Shwetha. However, the rival faction leader's brother kills Krishna. In retaliation, Gaja kills him and flees to Bangalore with Shwetha. A cat-and-mouse game ensues as Gaja is pursued by the faction leaders. Ultimately, Gaja emerges victorious.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Gajendra "Gaja" Moorthi
*[[Navya Nair]] as Shwetha
*[[Devaraj]] as Devendra, Shwetha's eldest brother
*Sourav as Krishna, Shwetha's brother
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Soorappa
*[[Shobaraj (actor)|Shobaraj]] as Shivanna, Devendra's brother
*[[Bhavya]]
*Ashalatha
*Deepa Iyer
*Sangeetha
*Nischitha Gowda as Gaja's cousin
*[[Thejaswini]]
*Ravi Chetan
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Gaja's friend
*[[Ekta Khosla]] as Satya
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Master Hirannaiah]] as Gaja's grandfather
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Gaja's father
*[[Subbaraju]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*Ravi Varma
*Chinnayya
*Tharakesh Patel
*[[Aruna Balraj]]
*Jaidev
*Bhanu Prakash
*Rakhi Savanth
*Bhavya Bhuvanahalli Chandre Gowda as Suma
*Stunt Siddu
*[[Lambu Nagesh]]
*Hulivana Gangadharayya
*Malathi Sardeshpande
*Shobha Raghavendra
}}

== Production ==
As of October 2007, the shooting for the film was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gaja-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/2474274.cms|title=Gaja comes to an end|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 October 2007|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. All the lyrics were written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].<ref name="Nagendra2">{{cite web|url=http://kannadasonglyrics.com/lyricist/v-nagendra-prasad/|title=V. Nagendra Prasad|publisher=kannadasonglyrics|date=2 May 2005}}</ref><ref name="Nagendra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/artists/dr-v-nagendra-prasad/110036|title=Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad Biography|publisher=Hungama.com|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:59
| title1 = Aitalakadi
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length1 = 4:56
| title2 = Bangari Yare Nee
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Du Du Duniya
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Lambuji
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length4 = 4:14
| title5 = Mathu Nannolu
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 5:12
| title6 = O Manase
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length6 = 4:37
| title7 = Srikarane
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length7 = 2:02
}}

== Release ==
''Gaja'' was released on 11 January 2008. It was certified 'A' by the censor board.

The songs "Bul Bul" ("Bangari Yare Nee") and the ''Gaja'' title track became chartbusters. The former song inspired a film [[Bulbul (2013 film)|of the same name]].

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 4/5, praising the acting, music, and cinematography.<ref name="Gaja" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2008-07-11 |title=Gaja Movie Review |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/777-gaja-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504111933/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/777-gaja-review.html |archive-date=4 May 2022 |accessdate=2022-08-23 |publisher=chitraloka.com}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy|R G Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, stating, "''Gaja'''s main strength is the music of Harikrishna and rich production values. Cameraman Ramesh Babu has to be complimented for his efforts. [...] The only thumbs down to Gaja is the director and producer's claim that their film is an original."<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Gaja is a good entertainer |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/14ssgaja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726045114/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/14ssgaja.htm |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=14 January 2008 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film completed 100 days in theatres and became successful at the box office and marking a hit for Darshan career <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title='Gaja is the biggest hit of my career' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17ssdarshan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122223958/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/17ssdarshan.htm |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>
<ref name="bb">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2008-Top-5-films-at-the-box-office-imagegallery-kannada-jdwmUxcjhci.html?html=5 |title=2008- Top 5 films at the box-office |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617065810/http://www.sify.com/movies/2008-Top-5-films-at-the-box-office-imagegallery-kannada-jdwmUxcjhci.html?html=5 |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9881364}}

[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]

Three Roses

2026-03-03T04:40:21Z

KatherinLesina4: started info

{{Redirect|3 Roses|the TV series|3 Roses (TV series)}}
{{For|the America song|America (America album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Three Roses.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswar]]
| writer = K. Jayapandian C. B. Anand Punitha Prakash (dialogues)
| screenplay = Parameshwar
| story = Infocus
| producer = Usha Rani Vasu
| starring = [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Jyothika]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan Nirav
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = Infocus Ltd Parijay Creators
| released = {{film date|df=y|2003|9|27}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''3 Roses''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-adventure film]] directed by [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswar]], starring [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Jyothika]] and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]. The film features [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]] in supporting roles. [[Karthik Raja]] composed the music and Rajarajan handled the camera. It was released on 27 September 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Roses (2003) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/three-roses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250419011548/https://screen4screen.com/movies/three-roses |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Screen4Screen}}</ref> and became a box office failure.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2025}}
Charu, Nandhu and Pooja are friends who study music abroad. On their return they become embroiled in a case involving their friend Asha, who travels with her lover to [[Chennai]] from [[Dubai]] on a false passport. She is imprisoned and the three girls garner support for Asha who would be executed if sent back to Dubai.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Charulatha
* [[Jyothika]] as Pooja
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Nandhini aka Nandhu
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Shankar / Bala Mani Bharathi
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Chandralekha
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]] as Asha
* [[Vijay Adhiraj]] as Saleem
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as a politician
* [[Vijay Krishnaraj]]
* [[Manobala]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Meera Krishnan]]
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]]
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]]
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Police officer
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as himself (guest appearance in the song "Meiyanadha")
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Charulatha's fiancé (guest appearance)
* [[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Akash (guest appearance)
* [[Mumtaj]] as herself (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Actress [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] along with her brother, Srinivas alias Vasu, agreed to produce a Tamil film along the lines of the American franchise, ''[[Charlie's Angels]]'', and hired leading actresses [[Jyothika]] and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] to appear in key roles alongside her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avijit |first=Anshul |date=8 October 2001 |title=Rambha's debut home production 'Three Roses' to star Laila, Jyothika too |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20011008-rambhas-debut-home-production-three-roses-to-star-laila-jyothika-too-774382-2001-10-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418170723/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20011008-rambhas-debut-home-production-three-roses-to-star-laila-jyothika-too-774382-2001-10-07 |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=3 October 2001 |title=Rambha up against Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/03rambha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228185520/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/03rambha.htm |archive-date=28 February 2005 |access-date=5 December 2007 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswaran]] was signed as director. Initially the producers had approached [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] to play one of the lead roles, but she rejected the opportunity; in one interview she cited scheduling conflicts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2002 |title=Interview: Simran's Answers |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/24-01-02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611000233/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/24-01-02.html |archive-date=11 June 2002 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> but in another, attributed it to its similarities to ''Charlie's Angels''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Actress Simran |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/simran.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215165711/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/simran.shtml |archive-date=15 February 2005 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film began its first schedule on 21 November 2001 in [[Chennai]] with the producers also revealing they managed to get Hindi actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] to make a guest appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2001 |title=Rambha's Three Roses start blooming |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/20011126-0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014052553/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/20011126-0.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=ApunKaChoice}}</ref> He shot for a song in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=17 April 2003 |title=Govinda, now in Tamil |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/17news.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127005427/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/17news.htm |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] agreed to play a supporting role in the film, but later left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2003 |title=Arjun Cheats Ramba's 3 Roses! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/07102003-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121183219/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/07102003-3.shtml |archive-date=21 November 2003 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

During the shoot of the film, there was reportedly a clash of opinions between Jyothika and Laila in January 2002, with the pair having to be restrained by Rambha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2002 |title=Warring Jyothika, Laila ruin Rambha's peace of mind |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/20020109-0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121026/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/20020109-0.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=ApunKaChoice}}</ref> Problems continued as the careers of Laila and Rambha began to peter out, prompting distributors to back away from the film, leading to further delays.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Three roses |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/THREE%20ROSES.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101237/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/THREE%20ROSES.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=Cinematoday3.itgo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=17 April 2003 |title=Rambha relieved |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700590201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104162604/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700590201.htm |archive-date=4 November 2003 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Prior to release, the team of the film collaborated with prominent tea brand, 3 Roses, for their media campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2003 |title=3 Roses tea, Tamil movie in promo tie-up |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/11/stories/2003041101090600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912031210/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/11/stories/2003041101090600.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Karthik Raja]] and lyrics were by Paarthi Bhaskar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Roses (2003) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302222136/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000459 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The film marked the full-fledged singing debut of [[Shweta Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Lakshmy |date=19 November 2022 |title=I am always under pressure: Swetha Mohan on her 12-year-long musical journey |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/11/19/shwetha-mohan-singer-12-years-ar-rahman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250419011741/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/11/19/shwetha-mohan-singer-12-years-ar-rahman.html |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meiyanadha
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title2 = Oh Oh Sexy
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Rohini, [[Bhavatharini]]
| title3 = Oh Dil Se Pyar
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Karthik
| title4 = Anbal Unnai
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Bhavatharini, Annupamaa, [[Febi Mani]]
| title5 = Sevvai Desam
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Karthik, Shweta Mohan
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "a frivolous storyline, a lackadaisical approach to the screenplay and inept direction mar ''Three Roses''", adding that "after all the hype and hoopla, speculation and delay, arrives ''Three Roses'', and ironically it is focus that the film lacks."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 October 2003 |title="Three Roses" |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001150200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031026103203/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001150200.htm |archive-date=26 October 2003 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt this version of ''Charlie's Angels'' lacked the art direction, graphics and background score of the original. Dasan also panned the music but praised Vivek's humour and added the first half which wobbles like a pit, gains speed after Dalal Azmi's love affair comes up.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=19 October 2003 |title=த்ரீ ரோஸஸ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-19/page/n79/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201150754/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-19/page/n79/mode/2up |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=79 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "The trio lack the [[chutzpah]] to carry the film on their shoulders. Rambha is no more the oomph girl she once was, Laila never had it, and Jyotika for all her sincerity is clearly out of place in the entire film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=14 October 2003 |title=Three Roses |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov303.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331103732/http://archives.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov303.asp |archive-date=31 March 2009 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Post-release ==
Rambha suffered losses from the film and fell heavily into debt, being forced to sell her property. A [[Dishonoured cheque|cheque bounce]] case was filed against her as she borrowed a large sum of money but failed to return it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2005 |title="Vengeance is Mine"- Ramba Ready for Legal Battle |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/29012005-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204113600/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/29012005-4.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2009 |title=Rambha to wed on December 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Nov/25/rambha-to-wed-on-december-27-107268.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250419013750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Nov/25/rambha-to-wed-on-december-27-107268.html |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The failure of the film also led to Rambha taking an extended break from Tamil language films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2003 |title=Rambha eyes Hindi films again |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WkEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3HsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4849%2C3824295 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418123753/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WkEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3HsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4849%2C3824295 |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Vasu went on to produce Rambha's thriller film ''Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru''. However, the film never saw a release date.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=27 August 2009 |title=Rambha ho! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rambha-ho/article16877298.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414045735/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rambha-ho/article16877298.ece |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2000s action adventure films]]
[[Category:2000s female buddy films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian female buddy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Exodia

2026-03-02T02:07:21Z

KatherinLesina4: Started basic pg and citations

{{Short description|Festival in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{About||Exodia the Forbidden One|Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game|a time slot in ancient Roman theater|exodium}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=May 2020}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{infobox recurring event
|name = Exodia
|logo = Logo Exodia IIT Mandi.jpg
|logo_size = 220
|logo_caption = Logo of Exodia
|genre = techno-cultural festival
|filing = Student Run, Non-Profit Organization
|founded = {{Start date|2012}}
|location = [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], India
|coordinates =
|sponsor = [[IIT Mandi|Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]]
|events = Technical, Cultural, Literary, Informal and Online events
|participants_title = Guests
|participants = [[Richard Stallman]], [[Vic Hayes]], [[Mark Tully]]
|website = {{URL|https://exodia-iitmandi.org/}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Exodia''' is the annual techno-cultural fest of [[IIT Mandi|Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]]. It is a three-day-long event held every year. The first edition was held in 2012 and since then it has grown to be one of the largest student-run college fests of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite web|last=IIT Mandi|title=Exodia-2013, a big hit!|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/exodia-2013.html|publisher=IIT Mandi|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=CollegeKhabar|title=Exodia'13|url=http://www.collegekhabar.com/event/view/EXODIA-13|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref>
It is one of the biggest events of the Himalayan region and attracts crowds from throughout northern India. The fest also tries to promote the Himalayan region and showcase its culture and beauty by orchestrating some of its events for the same.<ref>{{cite web|title=IITT Students rock Exodia|url=http://iitt.edu.in/resources/news/all-news/engineering-(pb)-news/iitt-students-rock-iit-mandi.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140227121500/http://iitt.edu.in/resources/news/all-news/engineering-(pb)-news/iitt-students-rock-iit-mandi.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2014|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref>

==Inception==
[[IIT Mandi]] is the newest of the new [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s. The year 2011, fueled by the immense desire of the students saw major growth in the cultural activities of the Institute, which ultimately culminated in Exodia 2012, the first major event as well as the first techno-cult fest of the Institute. For its first two years, the fest was organized on the transit Campus. The year 2014 saw for the first time, the fest moving to the permanent campus at Kamand, [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. This provides an opportunity for scaling the fest, as well as for proper exposure to the scenic beauty that exists in the Himalayas.

[[File:Exodia 2012 synchronians.jpg|thumb|Synchronians in Exodia 2012]]
[[File:Adventure at Exodia.jpg|thumb|right| An Adventure Event in Exodia]]
[[File:"Astitva"_The_Band.jpg|thumb|right| Pronite@Exodia 2016]]

==Events==
As a college fest, the main participants of Exodia are the youth, and so the event is primarily centered on them. The fest encompasses a variety of events, ranging from literary, cultural, and technical, to online and informal events. There is I-Magination, the online photography contest as well as the Meme Challenge. There is a plethora of events catering to the dance fanatics, the singers and youths who love to groove to the music, like Bandslam, Synchronians, Groove Fanatics, and also, the Exodia Idol.<ref>{{cite web|last=Youtube|title=Synchronians at Exodia IIT Mandi|website=[[YouTube]] |date=21 March 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cApPCf7kZX8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/cApPCf7kZX8| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Abhiruchi Singh performing at Exodia| date=21 March 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnclI_qynns |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/WnclI_qynns| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|publisher=Youtube|access-date=26 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The event does not hold back when it comes to literary events, offering a "No holds barred" heated debate in the form of "The Devil's Advocate", extempore based "React and Act" and an all-time classic "The Biggest Liar". Being primarily a technology college, it also offers a platform for the tech enthusiasts to showcase their skills in programming, research, and robotics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Festpav|title=Exodia 2014 description|url=http://festpav.com/fest/view/787/Exodia_2014-IIT_Mandi|publisher=festpav|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

==Notable personalities==
Exodia has witnessed many influential personalities since its inception. [[Richard Stallman]], founder of the [[Free Software Foundation]], was present at the first edition of Exodia, and left a lasting impression. The event has also seen [[Vic Hayes]], known as the father of the [[WiFi]], and [[Mark Tully]]. The last held edition of the fest, in 2018 witnessed the performance of [[Progressive Brothers]] as one of the Pro-nite headlines.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iitmandi.ac.in IIT Mandi – official website]
*[https://exodia-iitmandi.org/ Exodia – the official website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Exodia.IITMandi Exodia – the official Facebook Page]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:IIT Mandi]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2012]]

List of sultans of Malwa

2026-03-01T10:58:51Z

KatherinLesina4: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of kings of Malwa|List of Kings of Malwa]]

{{R from alternative name}}

Subhash Gangoli

2026-02-24T13:05:56Z

KatherinLesina4: started new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhash Gangoli
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = [[Jind]], [[Haryana]]
| constituency = [[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| successor = [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| predecessor = Jasbir Deswal
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
}}

'''Subhash Gangoli''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician who had served as a Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected from the [[Safidon Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhash Gangoli(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SAFIDON(JIND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7639 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Safidon Election Results 2019 Live Updates (सफीदो): Subhash Gangoli of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/safidon-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359371.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> in 2019 in the first election of his life. He lost in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shantanu |date=2022-08-29 |title=विधायक सुभाष गांगोली से चौथ मांगने का मामला, गिरफ्तार 6 आरोपियों को रिमांड पर भेजा |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/haryana/case-of-demanding-chauth-from-mla-subhash-gangoli-6-arrested-accused-sent-on-remand-1516765 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safidon Assembly Election Result 2019 Live {{!}} Assembly Elections 2019 News and Result Updates |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/haryana-assembly-election-result-2019/safidon-election-result-2019-s07a035 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Subhash Gangoli was born in 1968 Gangoli Village Safidon Constituency in [[Jind]] District, Her Father is Raldu Ram Deswal . Subash Gangoli born in (Deswal) Jat Family.

Gangoli did M. A In Hindi from [[Kurukshetra University]] in 1989.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:People from Jind]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]

N. S. Narendra

2026-02-16T19:07:36Z

KatherinLesina4: new new info first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N S Narendra
| image = N S Narendra .jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = Coorg, Karnataka
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur|Founder]] of [[FirePro Systems]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
}}

'''N S Narendra''' is the chairman and managing director of [[Firepro Systems Private Limited (India)|FirePro Systems]]. He founded Firepro in 1992 with the intent of providing a professional platform in the Fire Solutions{{buzzword inline|date=July 2019}} and Security space.<ref name="Firepro">{{cite web|last=Narendra|first=N S|title=N. S. Narendra|url=http://www.fireprosystems.com/aboutUs/leadership01.htm|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> He is a first-generation entrepreneur and has scaled up Firepro Systems to a leadership position in the Fire Safety and Security industry in less than decades.<ref name="Firepro"/>

==Early life==

Narendra's father was an engineer in the [[Karnataka Electricity Board|KEB]].<ref name = "Forbes"/> Narendra was an Electronics engineering graduate from Mysore University's National Institute of Engineering in the year 1990, specialising in electronics.<ref name="Firepro"/><ref name = "Forbes">{{cite web|title=N.S. Narendra: The Fire Fighter|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/ns-narendra-the-fire-fighter/23912/1|work=Forbes India|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> Narendra had been selected to join the army but he chose not to join at the last moment.<ref name = "Forbes"/><ref name="Financial Express">{{cite web|title=All fired up about his next move|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/all-fired-up-about-his-next-move/292138|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

==FirePro==

Firepro is a company that has been providing integrated solutions{{buzzword inline|date=July 2019}} for fire protection, security and building management systems. It takes an integrated approach towards providing fire protection and security and was catering to a fast-moving construction industry.<ref name = "FirePro">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.fireprosystems.com/aboutUs/introduction.htm|publisher=FirePro|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> Narendra says, "I started with just Rs 10,000 which were my savings. It was just less money and a lot of ambition."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bagchi|first=Subroto|title=Zen Garden: Conversations with Pathmakers|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin|location=UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmZBAgAAQBAJ&q=%22N+S+Narendra%22&pg=PT65|accessdate=11 May 2014|isbn=9789351185741}}</ref>

In 2008 when the real estate market suffered a setback, FirePro was affected. But in 2011, with N.S. Narendra as the chairman of Firepro Systems, the company became a leader in its sector. It had 1,300 employees and a business of Rs. 700 crore.<ref name = "Forbes"/> The company went global early and used to get 25% of its revenues from overseas.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Hidden Gems|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/02/16/forbes-india-entrepreneurs-hidden-gems_slide_3.html|work=Forbes|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> However that same year, the company ran into a financial crisis and was unable to pay some of its employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=FirePro Systems facing financial crisis|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/FirePro-Systems-facing-financial-crisis/articleshow/11277521.cms|publisher=Times Of India|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> On 11 May 2012, [[Panasonic]] announced plans to acquire a 76.2% stake in Firepro Systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/electronics/panasonic-acquires-76-stake-in-firepro-systems/articleshow/13094230.cms|title=Panasonic acquires 76% stake in Firepro-Systems|publisher=Economoctimes.indiatimes.com|date=11 May 2012|accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref> Ever since Firepro is a part of Panasonic Corporation, Japan.<ref name="Firepro"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narendra, N S}}
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kochu Preman

2026-02-07T23:39:05Z

KatherinLesina4: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actor (1955–2022)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Premkumar, or by his stage name Kochu Preman|Kalaramathil Shivaraman}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kochu Preman
| image =
| birth_name = K. S. Premkumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1955|06|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Valiyavila]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Travancore–Cochin]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|12|03|1955|06|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram, [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]]
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{Marriage|Girija Preman|1984-2022}}<ref name="onmanorama.preman.2022.12.03"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=4&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=K|script-title=ml:കൊച്ചുപ്രേമന്‍ |trans-title=Kochu Preman |website=CiniDiary|language=ml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611123203/https://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=4&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=K |archive-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| parents =
| children = 1
}}

'''Kalaramathil Shivaraman Premkumar''' (1 June 1955 – 3 December 2022), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Kochu Preman''', was an Indian actor who worked in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He acted in more than 250 films, mainly in supporting and comedy roles, and also appeared in television.<ref>{{cite interview|last1=Preman |first1=Kochu |interviewer=Shaji Karatupara|script-title=ml:കൊച്ചുപ്രേമന്‍ എന്ന 'വലിയ' പ്രേമന്‍|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/215806-interviews.html|access-date=15 May 2018|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|date=10 May 2018|language=ml|trans-title=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184242/http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/215806-interviews.html|archive-date=15 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Kochu Preman was born K. S. Premkumar on 1 June 1955 to Kalaramathil Shivaraman Shasthri and T. S. Kamalam at [[Peyad]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India. He has six siblings. Preman had his primary education from Government school, Peyad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=25&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|title = CiniDiary}}</ref> He completed college education from [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He has worked in drama troupes such as [[Kalidasa Kalakendram]], Kerala Theaters, and Sanghachethana. In 1996, he debuted in the Malayalam film ''[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]''. He adapted the stage name Kochu Preman because he believed that the name suits his short stature.

==Personal life and death==
Preman married cine-serial actress Girija Preman in 1984. They had a son named P. G. Harikrishnan.

Preman died on 3 December 2022, at the age of 67 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He was suffering from lung related issues prior to his death.<ref name="onmanorama.preman.2022.12.03">{{cite news |title=Malayalam fim actor Kochu Preman passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/12/03/malayalam-fim-actor-kochu-preman-passes-away.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=3 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2022/12/03/actor-kochu-preman-passes-away.html|script-title=ml:യത് മലയാളിക്ക് ചിരിവിരുന്നൊരുക്കിയ നടൻ |language=ml |trans-title=Kochu Preman passes away; The actor who gave a laugh feast to The Malayalees is remembered |date=3 December 2022 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=3 December 2022 |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2022-12-03|title=നടൻ കൊച്ചു പ്രേമൻ അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-kochu-preman-passes-away-rmb99e|access-date=2022-12-04|website=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1979 || ''Ezhunirangal'' || || Debut Film<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/05/05/actor-kochu-preman-s-response-on-troll.html |title=മച്ചമ്പിയേ ഞാൻ പണ്ടേ ഫ്രീക്കൻ ആയിരുന്നു കേട്ടോ ട്രോളിനു കൊച്ചുപ്രേമന്റെ മറുപടി |date=5 May 2021 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Manorma Online}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1996 || ''[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]'' || Balan's father ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997 || ''[[Katha Nayakan|Kathanayakan]]'' || Vamanan Nampoothiri ||
|-
| ''Rajathanthram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]]'' || Valiyakulam Swamy ||
|-
|''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]'' || Valsalan ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1998 || ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' || Kurupp ||
|-
|''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' || Shankarankutty || [[Cameo Appearance]]
|-
| ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' || Indhumathi's father ||
|-
|''Illamura Thampuran'' || ||
|-
| ''Ayushmanbava'' || ||
|-
| ''Panjaloham'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || The Policeman ||
|-
| ''Indulekha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2000 || ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' || Rengarajan ||
|-
|''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Captain ||
|-
|''Indriyam'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaathara'' || ||
|-
| ''Neelathadakathile Nizhalpakshikal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2001 || ''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]'' || Padmanabhan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]'' || Kurupu Mash ||
|-
| ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || M. L. A.'s husband ||
|-
| ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || Peethambharan ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Nadu Innale Vare]]'' || Divakaran ||
|-
| ''Sravu'' || ||
|-
| ''Korappan The Great'' || Police Constable Kuttan Pilla ||
|-
| ''Pranayakalathu'' || ||
|-
|''Chethaaram'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || U. P. P. Menon ||
|-
| ''India Gate'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2003 || ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Swaminathan, the oracle ||
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Santhosh Menon, Bank Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Arimpara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Varum Varunnu Vannu'' || Jayan ||
|-
| ''Swantham Malavika'' || Thampi ||
|-
|rowspan="6" | 2004 || ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Balan, the palace sectary ||
|-
|''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' || Arjunan, the policeman ||
|-
|''Kaakkakarumban'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''Kusurti'' || The Circus Manager ||
|-
| ''Kottaram Vaidhyan'' || Chetti ||
|-
| ''Maaratha Naadu'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="10" | 2005 || ''[[Udayon]]'' || Kangaroo, bus conductor ||
|-
| ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' || Doctor Satheeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Immini Nalloraal]]'' || The Barber ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || Pankajakshan ||
|-
|''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''The Campus'' || "Vodka" Pathrose ||
|-
| ''Banglawil Oudha'' || Varkkichan ||
|-
| ''OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai'' || Thommi ||
|-
| ''Vacation'' || Mooppan ||
|-
|''Twinkle Twinkle Little Star'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2006 || ''[[Chakkaramuthu]]'' || Ramendran, Lottery Agent ||
|-
| ''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]'' || Chinnakeshav Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Aravindan ||
|-
| ''Mouryan'' || ||
|-
| ''Anuvaadamillaathe'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2007 || ''[[Changathipoocha]]'' || Purushothaman Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Premachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Shivan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'' || Nakulan ||
|-
| ''[[Ayur Rekha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2008 || ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' || Diwakaran ||
|-
| ''[[College Kumaran]]'' || Sudhakarn ||
|-
| ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' || Vasudeva Valyathaan ||
|-
| ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2008 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || Sasidharan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Apoorva'' || The Principal ||
|-
| ''Kovalam'' || Mathan ||
|-
| ''Robo'' || Vaidyar ||
|-
|rowspan="13" | 2009 || ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' || Jaffer ||
|-
| ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || Chandykunju ||
|-
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Kunjukuttan ||
|-
| ''Dalamarmarangal'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Preman ||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Keshananda Swamikal ||
|-
| ''[[Samastha Keralam PO]]'' || Velichappadu ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]'' || Kuruvila ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Cheriyachan ||
|-
| ''Patham Adhyayam'' || Bharathan Ashari ||
|-
| ''Sanmanasullavan Appukuttan'' || Unnithan ||
|-
| ''Bharya Swantham Suhurthu'' || Kochunarayanan ||
|-
|rowspan="22" | 2010 || ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' || Chandykunju ||
|-
| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Charlie ||
|-
| ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'' || Keshavan ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Ayyappan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan – Ladies Only]]'' || Bhakhtavalsalan ||
|-
| ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'' || Cleetus ||
|-
| ''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || Napoleon ||
|-
| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaksham]]'' || Sugunan Mundakayam ||
|-
| ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' || A man near the temple ||
|-
| ''[[Raama Raavanan]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || The School Security ||
|-
| ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chaverpada]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kausthubham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aathmakatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Rhythm'' || Udhuppu ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2011 || ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Ravindran Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' || Kochugovindan ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' || Secratriat Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' || Naryanan Kochettan ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaja Talkies]]'' || Kamalasanan ||
|-
| ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' || Abdul Gafoor ||
|-
| ''[[Ven Shankhu Pol]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sthalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Happy Durbar'' || Gunalan ||
|-
| ''Ramayanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Umma'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2012 || ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' || Peethambaran ||
|-
| ''[[Poppins]]'' || Hari's senior officer || [[Cameo Appearance]]
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Pappan Parapokkara ||
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || Dr. Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Ajayan ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Lawrence ||
|-
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'' || Sadanandan ||
|-
| ''[[Ardhanaari]]'' || The school teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]]'' || Aravindan ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || The District Education Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]'' || Plapparambil Kuriyachan ||
|-
| ''[[Madirasi]]'' || Nambheeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Josettante Hero]]'' || Sreedharan Parasala ||
|-
| ''[[Cinema Company]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ozhimuri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Pulivaal Pattanam'' || Flat security ||
|-
| ''Ennennum Ormakkayi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2013 || ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || Achankunju, the sexton ||
|-
| ''[[Tourist Home (film)|Tourist Home]]'' || The Money Lender ||
|-
|''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Kuttan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Hospital Attender ||
|-
| ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' || Chandrappan the Lift Mechanic ||
|-
| ''[[Radio (2013 film)|Radio]]'' || Zahir Hussain ||
|-
| ''[[God for Sale]]'' || Soman Pilla ||
|-
|''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || The School Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Good Bad & Ugly]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Mr. Bean'' || Colonel Lambo ||
|-
| ''For Sale'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''Maanikkathamburaattiyum Kristhumas Kaarolum'' || ||
|-
| ''Thekku Thekkoru Deshathu'' || ||
|-
| ''Bunty Chor'' || ||
|-
| ''Njan Anaswaran'' || ||
|-
| ''Malayalanaadu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2014 || ''[[Manja (film)|Manja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || Flat Secretary ||
|-
| ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' || Advocate Eeppan ||
|-
| ''[[Money Ratnam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]'' || Peethambara Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Aamayum Muyalum]]'' || Sexton Ouseppu ||
|-
| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Sukumaran's aide ||
|-
| ''[[Maramkothi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Korean Padam]]'' || || Uncredited role<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/oru-korean-padam-by-filmmaker-sujith-s-nair/article6594831.ece|title=Copy, paste script and story|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2014|first=athira|last=M.|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127052057/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/oru-korean-padam-by-filmmaker-sujith-s-nair/article6594831.ece|archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Persiakaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Color Baloon'' || Vishwambharan ||
|-
| ''Kalyanism'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''Ottamandaram'' || A drunkard ||
|-
| ''Call me@'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''Garbhasreeman'' || Mammoottikka ||
|-
| ''My Dear Mummy'' || Bheeran ||
|-
| ''Life Full of Life'' || ||
|-
| ''Mizhi Thurakku'' || ||
|-
| ''Educational Loan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2015 || ''Roopantharam'' || Raghavan || Lead Role<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98This-opportunity-at-IFFI-is-reassuring%E2%80%99/article16644558.ece |title=This opportunity at IFFI is reassuring |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochu-preman-to-debut-as-a-hero/articleshow/49596868.cms |title=Kochu Preman To debut as a hero | date=30 October 2015 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Issac Eeppan ||
|-
| ''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]'' || Chandranandhan ||
|-
| ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' || School Headmaster ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamanasam]]'' || || [[Sanskrit]] movie
|-
| ''[[Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Smart Boys'' || ||
|-
| ''Aval Vannathinu Sesham'' || Premachandran ||
|-
| ''Thaarakangale Saakshi'' || A Money Lender||
|-
| ''Compartment'' || Sukathan ||
|-
| ''Ente Padam Ninte Katha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2016 || ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Leela (2016 film)|Leela]]'' || Dr. Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Purushothaman ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Prakashan's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Dum (2016 film)|Dum]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''Moonnaam Naal Njaayaraazhcha'' || Sudheer J Nair ||
|-
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettennam Pinnale'' || Vellichapaadu ||
|-
| ''Calling Bell'' || Kochettan ||
|-
| ''Ghost Villa'' || A Warlock ||
|-
| ''Popcorn'' || ||
|-
| ''Paris Payyans'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadha Parayum Muthachan'' || ||
|-
| ''Taka Toka Tanka'' || ||
|-
| ''Oravasaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Aneesya'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhramsam'' || ||
|-
| ''Maayavanam Bunglow'' || ||
|-
| ''Snehapoorvam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2017 || ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]'' || Legal Aid Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' || Dr. Jayamurugan ||
|-
| ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || Ulahannan || In the segment ''Badar''
|-
| ''[[Ayaal Sassi]]'' || Sathyaneshan ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Joothan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Sooryan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Six Feet'' || Pastor Lasor ||
|-
| ''Gandhinagarile Unniyarcha'' || Kochettan ||
|-
| ''Kuppivala'' || ||
|-
| ''Hello Dubaikkaran'' || ||
|-
| ''Pakal Pole'' || ||
|-
| ''Njaanaara Mon'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaviyude Osyath'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2018 || ''[[Varathan]]'' || Oanth ||
|-
| ''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]'' || The Cameraman ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Peter's Relative ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' || Missionary Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || Kumarashanan ||
|-
| ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' || Balan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Padayottam (2018 film)|Padayottam]]'' || Ponappan Sir ||
|-
| ''[[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Chandragiri'' || WhatsApp Maash ||
|-
| ''Swarmappathaayam'' || ||
|-
| ''Samadhanathinte Vellaripraavukal'' || ||
|-
| ''Theneechayum Peerangippadayum'' || ||
|-
| ''Pranayatheertham'' || ||
|-
| ''Ulkaazhcha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2019 || ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Fr. Stephen Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbathin Kunjabdulla]]'' || The grocery shop owner ||
|-
| ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]'' || Vasukkuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Cheriyan ||
|-
| ''[[Shibu (film)|Shibu]]'' || Eastman Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Caribbean Udayippu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Freakens]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Lessons'' || || In the segment ''Choolam''
|-
| ''Vaarthakal Ithuvare'' || ||
|-
| ''Hridyam'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''British Bungalaw'' || Thankappan, Tea shop owner ||
|-
| ''Poovalliyum Kunjadum'' || Lasor ||
|-
| ''1948 - Kalam Paranjathu'' || ||
|-
| ''Thelivu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020 || ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' || School Peon || [[Cameo Appearance]]
|-
| ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || Ramendran's father || [[Cameo Appearance]] Released in [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
| ''Vrithaakrithiyilulla Chathuram'' || Rajappan Holiyappa ||
|-
| ''Oru Pappadavada Premam'' || Kunjappan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2022 || ''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of movie 'Karnan Napoleon Bhagat Singh' creating ripples on social media |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/01/23/trailer-karnan-napoleon-bhagat-singh.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Hari, the pachayath President ||
|-
| ''[[Kaduva]]'' || Ithakk ||
|-
| ''[[Last 6 Hours]]'' || || Bilingual Film
|-
| ''Kochaal'' || ||
|-
| ''King Fish'' || ||
|-
| ''Vellarikapattanam'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''Ulkkanal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]'' || Sasipillai || Posthumously Released<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/thankam/actor-kochu-preman-last-movie-thankam-1.8262511 |title=കൊച്ചു പ്രേമന്റെ അവസാന ചിത്രം; 'തങ്കം' അതുല്യ നടനുള്ള ഒരു സമര്‍പ്പണം |date=29 January 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Mullai]]'' || Hotel Owner ||Posthumously Released Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' || Churchyard keeper ||Posthumously Released<ref>{{Cite web |title=First single from Pookkaalam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/18/first-single-from-pookkaalam-out-41219.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024|| ''Makudi'' || ||Posthumously Released
|-
|}

==Television==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Cinemala]] ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Calling bell ([[Surya TV]])
* Chakkarabharani ([[Surya TV]])
* Chila kudumba chitrangal ([[Kairali TV]])
* Culcutta hospital ([[Surya TV]])
* Devimahathmyam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Dream City ([[Surya TV]])
* Jwalayayi ([[DD Malayalam]])
* [[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]] ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* [[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]] ([[Surya TV]])
* Kanthari
* Koodevide ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Kunnankulathangaadi ([[Media One]])
* [[Laughing Villa]] ([[Surya TV]])
* Life is beautiful ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Life is Beautiful Season 2 ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Moonumani ([[Flowers (TV channel)]])
* Mr & Mrs Comedy ([[YouTube]])
* [[Mrs. Hitler]] ([[Zee Keralam]])
*Ningalude Swantham Chanthu ([[DD Malayalam]]) Double Role
* Prekshakare Avashyamunde ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Rahasya Sancharangal ([[Asianet Plus]])
* Shivakami ([[Surya TV]])
* Sneham ([[Surya TV]])
* Sreemahabhagavatham ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]] ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* [[Thatteem Mutteem]] ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Urulakku Upperi ([[Amrita TV]])
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Kochupreman-193#Biography%20 Kochupreman profile]
*{{IMDb name|1432283}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Kochu%20Preman&limit=80 Kochu Preman at MSI]
*{{IMDb name|1432283}}
*[https://promzybestmedia.com/kochu-preman-biography/ Kochu Preman at PBM]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Preman, Kochu}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Mark Fernandes

2026-01-28T23:11:49Z

KatherinLesina4: new basic info nd citations

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1926–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mark Agostinho Fernandes
| image = Mark Agostinho Fernandes.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|5|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|8|20|1926|5|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Independence activist
| known_for = [[Goa liberation movement]]
}}

'''Mark Agostinho Fernandes''' (28 May 1926 – 20 August 1978) was an Indian independence activist who participated in the [[Goa liberation movement]]. He was a prominent member of several nationalist organizations, including the [[National Congress (Goa)]] and the United Front of Goans.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=100}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Fernandes was born on 28 May 1926 in [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]]. He was the son of Anselmo Estevão Fernandes.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol2.pdf/923 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=923–924 |volume=2 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> He received his education in Karachi, where he completed his Senior [[Cambridge]] exams.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In his early professional life, Fernandes worked for an oil corporation in [[Kuwait]]. However, he was eventually expelled by the Kuwaiti authorities for his activities in organizing the Kuwaiti Goan Workers' Union.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Activism ==
Following his expulsion from Kuwait, Fernandes moved to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1946. In Bombay, he established the Young Pioneers Literary Club and became a member of the Goan Youth League (GYL) in 1951.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> By 1951, he was also serving as the joint secretary of the Goan Youth League as well as the joint secretary of the United Front of Goans (UFG).<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Fernandes later joined the [[National Congress (Goa)]] (NCG). He worked under the leadership of [[Peter Alvares]] and was a member of the executive committee of the NCG in 1952.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

He was actively involved in [[Satyagraha]] actions against Portuguese colonial rule. On 15 August 1954, he led a group of 12 Satyagrahis into [[Goa]] via the border towns of Banda and Torshem (also known as Torshe or Terem) in [[Pernem]] taluka.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He was arrested alongside his associates at Naibag and taken to the Panaji police station.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Trial and imprisonment ==
Fernandes was tried by the [[Territorial Military Tribunal]] (TMT) on 18 April 1955. He was sentenced to eight years of rigorous imprisonment, followed by two years of detention as a security measure. Additionally, his political rights were suspended for 15 years.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He was initially held at [[Aguada jail]] before being transferred to [[Reis Magos Fort|Reis Magos jail]] on 3 June 1955. He was eventually released on 16 October 1959.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Among his associates during this period were Anthony D'Souza, Alfred Afonso, S.S. Carvalho, Kanta Hegde Desai, Shashikant Narvekar, and Flaviano Dias.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Later life and death ==
[[File:Key Figures in Goa Independence Mark Fernandes.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Fernandes at the [[Goa State Museum]]]]
After his release, Fernandes worked in service.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Fernandes was killed in a freak accident in [[Panaji]] on 20 August 1978 when a bus lost control and killed him and [[Evágrio Jorge]]. Fernandes was a member of the [[Janata Party]] at the time of his death.<ref name="ToIDeath">{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Chinu |date=Sep 30, 1978 |title=Buses run amok in Goa, two prominent Goan leaders latest victims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780930-buses-run-amok-in-goa-two-prominent-goan-leaders-latest-victims-823041-2014-04-28 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today}}</ref>

On 18 June 1984, he was honored posthumously by the Government of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] with a citation (''Manpatra'').<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Mark}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Goghat I

2026-01-27T06:30:32Z

KatherinLesina4: cleaned up article for accuracy and added references

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goghat I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Goghat-I in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.875244|N|87.703736|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 186.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 140,030
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712614 (Goghat)
| area_code = 03211
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 78.70%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Goghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goghat]]
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Goghat I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Arambag subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
The Goghat I CD Block is part of the western uplands, which is an extension of the rocky uneven physiography found in the adjoining Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-24|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
[[File:Goghat-I CD block map.svg|thumb|right|Goghat CD block map Sowing GP areas]]
Goghat is located at {{coord|22.875244|N|87.703736|E|format=dms|}}.

Goghat I CD Block is bounded by the [[Raina II]] CD Block, in the Bardhaman district, in the north, the [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]] CD Block in the east, the [[Chandrakona I]] and [[Ghatal (community development block)|Ghatal]] CD Blocks, in the Paschim Medinipur district, in the south, and the [[Goghat II]] CD Block in the west.

It is located 82 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Goghat I CD Block has an area of 186.32 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 107 gram sansads (village councils), 99 [[mouza]]s and 97 inhabited villages. [[Goghat#Police station|Goghat]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Goghat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/goghat_I.html | title = Goghat I | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Goghat I block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Bali Dewanganj|Bali]], Bhadur, Goghat, Kumursha, Nakunda, Raghubati and Seorah.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Goghat I CD Block had a total population of 140,030, all of which were rural. There were 71,804 (51%) males and 68,226 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 14,581. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 54,321 (38.79%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 8,415 (6.01%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Goghat I block had a total population of 125,277, out of which 64,162 were males and 61,115 were females. Goghat I block registered a population growth of 14.36 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Goghat I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Goghat]] (5,495), Kumursa (4,449), Nakunda (4,228), Saora (4,290), Syamballabpur (4,985) and [[Bali Dewanganj|Bali]] (4,063).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Goghat I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Bhadur (2,898), Raghunathbati (1,785), Mandalghanti(1627) and [[Adra, Hooghly|Adra]](481) <ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Goghat I CD Block was 98,732 (78.70% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 55,063 (85.64% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 43,669 (71.41% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.24%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Goghat I block had a total literacy of 51.15 per cent. While male literacy was 72.72 per cent, female literacy was 40.69 per cent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/goghat_I.html | title = Goghat I | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Goghat I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|9.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.54}}
|background-color=White}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 125,620 and formed 89.71% of the population in Goghat I CD Block. Muslims numbered 13,655 and formed 9.75% of the population. Others numbered 755 and formed 0.54% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Goghat I block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.21 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 4.71 |color2 = mediumturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.08 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.21% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 4.71% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Goghat I CD Block was 29.97%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Goghat I CD Block'''
|value1 = 27.87
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 41.68
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.18
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 27.28
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Goghat I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 27.87%, agricultural labourers 41.68%, household industry workers 3.18% and other workers 27.28%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 97 inhabited villages in Goghat I CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 59 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 2 villages have only tube well/ borewell and 31 villages have only hand pump. 11 villages have post offices, 5 villages have sub post offices and 3 villages have post and telegraph offices. 63 villages have landlines, 40 villages have public call offices and 80 villages have mobile phone coverage. 48 villages have pucca roads and 51 villages have bus service (public/ private). 33 villages have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages have commercial/ co-operative banks.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-rightH: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important Handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari Work on Sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon Embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and Cotton Printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and Bell Metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch Shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute Diversified Product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67
|}

===Agriculture===
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Though potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Goghat, Pursurah, Haripal, Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Pandua and Singur contributed much of its production of this district.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Goghat I and Goghat II CD Blocks are: Amar hat, Baddangang hat, Bengali market, Ballihat, Goghat market, Hazipur hat, Khatul hat, Kamarpukur, Madina market, Shyambazar hat, Shyamballabhpur market, Badanganj hat and Dewagang hat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 2009-01-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | archive-date = 2009-07-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The [[Tebhaga movement]] launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Goghat I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8.12%, patta (document) holders 17.96%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.00%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 26.26% and agricultural labourers 44.65%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Goghat I CD Block had 69 fertiliser depots, 8 seed stores and 44 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Goghat I CD Block produced 34,577 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 12,992 hectares, 17,589 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,491 hectares, 3,063 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 1,170hectares and 84,730 tonnes of potatoes from 4,724 hectares. It also produced oilseeds .<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Goghat I and Goghat II CD Blocks was 27,605 hectares, out of which 10,300 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 4,270 hectares by tank water, 870 hectares by river lift irrigation, 840 hectares by deep tube wells and 11,325 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Goghat I CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Goghat I CD Block has 3 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Electrical Multiple Unit|EMU]] services, earlier operating from Howrah to Tarakeswar, was extended to Goghat railway station, after completion of the electrified broad gauge Tarakewar-Goghat sector of the Tarakeswar-Bishnupur extension of the [[Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-goghat-local-37365-hwh-to-ambg/14418/1/9838 |title = 37365 Howrah Goghat Local|publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 6 September 2016}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)]] running from Bankura to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

From Arambagh bus stand many buses go directly to Goghat.

== Education==
In 2013-14, Goghat I CD Block had 127 primary schools with 9,226 students, 7 middle schools with 1,060 students, 14 high schools with 8,200 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 8,139 students. Goghat I CD Block had 243 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,612 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Goghat I CD Block, amongst the 97 inhabited villages, 6 villages had no school, 44 villages had more than 1 primary school, 55 villages had at least 1 primary school, 36 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 25 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Culture==
The Goghat I CD block has one prominent location with several heritage temples.
[[File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (07).jpg|thumb|left|300 px]] '''[[Bali Dewanganj]]''': Shiva Durga temple (in picture), a ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|Jor Bangla]]'' with a ''nava ratna'' tower, built in 19th century, Vishnu temple (partly in picture), Damodar temple, built in 1822, Lakshmi Janardan temple, Mangal Chandi temple and others, many with extensive terracotta design work.

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Goghat I CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 1 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] with total 10 beds and 1 doctor (excluding private bodies). It had 22 family welfare subcentres. 1,397 patients were treated indoor and 148,051 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Goghat I CD Block has Goghat Block Primary Health Centre (with 10 beds) at [[Goghat]] and Nakunda [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Goghat I CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by moderate level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Goghat I CD Block is 147 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Arambag subdivision]]

Rohan Jaitley

2026-01-23T16:52:43Z

KatherinLesina4: Started initial entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Resume-like|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohan Jaitley
| image =
| caption = President of the Delhi & District Cricket Association (DDCA)<ref name="Indian Express1" />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = Law Degree, Master of Laws (LL.M.) from [[Cornell University]]<ref name="Zee News"/>
| alma_mater = Amity University, [[Cornell University]]
| occupation = {{hlist |Lawyer| cricket administrator|}}
| organization = Delhi & District Cricket Association
| known_for = President of the Delhi & District Cricket Association (DDCA)<ref name="Hindustan times"/>
| title = President, Delhi & District Cricket Association
| mother = Sangeeta Jaitley<ref name="Nation English"/>
| father = [[Arun Jaitley]]<ref name="Nation English"/>
| website = https://rohan-jaitley.com/
}}

'''Rohan Jaitley''' is an Indian lawyer and administrator. He is currently the President of the [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]] (DDCA).<ref name="Indian Express1">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Rohan Jaitley elected unopposed president of Delhi and District Cricket Association |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ddca-elections-rohan-jaitley-president-treasurer-post-fight-6759119/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=As Delhi team stares down barrel, DDCA president Rohan Jaitley blames selectors for lack of planning, mud-slinging and street-fighting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/as-delhi-team-stares-down-barrel-ddca-president-rohan-jaitley-blames-selectors-for-lack-of-planning-mud-slinging-and-street-fighting-8364178/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan times">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Rohan Jaitley retains DDCA presidency; Siddharth Verma becomes secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rohan-jaitley-retains-ddca-presidency-siddharth-verma-becomes-secretary-101635473047806.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Jaitley was born in New Delhi, [[India]]. He is the son of the late [[Arun Jaitley]], a prominent lawyer and politician who served as India's Finance Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Jaitley dies at 66: A look into the family life of the former finance minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-jaitley-family-wife-son-daughter-1591140-2019-08-24 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=India Today |date=24 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faridi |first=Shahid |date=2023-07-24 |title=Power Games: Rohan Jaitley faces grave charges in bitterly split DDCA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jul/24/power-games-rohan-jaitley-faces-grave-charges-in-bitterly-split-ddca-2598005.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-05 |title=Rohan Jaitley set to file nomination for DDCA president's post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/rohan-jaitley-set-to-file-nomination-for-ddca-presidents-post/articleshow/78499309.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rohan Jaitley obtained a law degree in India and a [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M.) from [[Cornell University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-27 |title=Arun Jaitley family tree: Know about his father, mother, wife and children |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/from-wife-to-children-arun-jaitleys-family-tree-explained/466406 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nation English">{{Cite web |title=From wife Sangeeta to children, Arun Jaitley's family tree explained |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/from-wife-sangeeta-to-children-arun-jaitleys-family-tree-explained-235257.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref>

===Career===
Jaitley is a practicing lawyer who primarily focuses on cases before the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohan Jaitley Member of Della Leaders Club, Delhi Chapter |url=https://www.dellaleaders.com/profile/rohan-jaitley/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.dellaleaders.com}}</ref> In March 2024, he was appointed as a Central Government Standing Counsel for the Delhi High Court.<ref name="Zee News">{{Cite web |title=Rohan Jaitley Appointed As Central Government Standing Counsel In Delhi High Court |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rohan-jaitley-appointed-as-central-government-standing-counsel-in-delhi-high-court-2731142.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

Jaitley is also involved in cricket administration. He was elected unopposed as the President of the Delhi & District Cricket Association (DDCA) in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2020-10-17 |title=Late Arun Jaitley's Son Rohan Jaitley Elected Unopposed President Of Delhi And District Cricket Association |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/rohan-jaitley-elected-unopposed-president-of-ddca-delhi-and-district-cricket-association-1367166 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-17 |title=DDCA elections: Rohan Jaitley set to be elected unopposed, two-way fight for treasurer's post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/rohan-jaitley-elected-unopposed-president-of-ddca/articleshow/78720281.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
As president of the Delhi and District Cricket Association (DDCA), Rohan Jaitley successfully turned around the association's financial health. When he assumed leadership, [[Delhi & District Cricket Association|DDCA]] had just Rs 85 lakh in reserves and outstanding dues of Rs 22 [[crore]]. Under his guidance, the association's finances improved significantly, including a Rs 100-crore fixed deposit and the investment of over Rs 70 crore to renovate the stadium for the 2023 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Rohan Jaitley? Man In Fray For DDCA President Post, Touted As Successor Of Jay Shah At BCCI |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/who-is-rohan-jaitley-man-in-fray-for-ddca-president-post-touted-as-successor-of-jay-shah-at-bcci-2824064.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

Under Jaitley’s leadership, cricket now accounts for over 95% of DDCA's budget, and annual T20 revenues reached Rs 65 crore, highlighting a successful financial and operational turnaround.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Pavan |title=Who is Rohan Jaitley, frontrunner to replace Jay Shah as BCCI secretary? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-who-is-rohan-jaitley-frontrunner-to-replace-jay-shah-as-bcci-secretary-3116370 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, Jaitley supported the Indian cricket team for the Physically Disabled (PD) Champions Trophy 2025. At a send-off ceremony in New Delhi, he distributed essential cricketing gear to the players, emphasizing their resilience and dedication.<ref name="updated Source">{{Cite web |title=India squad leaves for Physically Disabled Champions Trophy in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2025/01/07/spd17-spo-cri-ct-disabled.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2022, Jaitley faced allegations of sexual assault from a model who approached him for an emcee job during the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). These allegations have not been proven in court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=N. H. |date=2023-02-24 |title=DDCA President Rohan Jaitley accused of sexual assault |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/ddca-president-rohan-jaitley-accused-of-sexual-assualt |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=TenNews |date=2023-02-25 |title=Arun Jaitley's Son Rohan Faces Sexual Assault Charges |url=https://tennews.in/arun-jaitleys-son-rohan-faces-sexual-assault-charges/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=tennews.in: National News Portal - Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rohan-jaitley.com/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaitley, Rohan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New Delhi]]

Kuthi Valley

2026-01-20T21:17:16Z

KatherinLesina4: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Valley in the Himalayas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Kuthi Valley
| other_name = Kuti Valley
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| translation =
| photo =
| photo_caption =

| map = India Uttarakhand#Nepal Sudurpashchim Province
| map_image =
| map_caption =

| location =
| country = India
| region = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| city =
| relief =
| label =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.31|80.76|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =

| elevation =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 12300
| elevation_ref = {{sfnp|Almora: A Gazetteer|1911|p=230}}
| length =
| length_mi =
| length_km = 30
| length_orientation =
| length_note =
| width =
| width_mi =
| width_km =
| width_orientation =
| width_note =
| area =
| area_mi2 =
| area_km2 =
| depth =
| depth_ft =
| depth_m =
| type =
| age =
| border =
| topo =
| traversed =
| river = Kuthi Yankti

| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

'''Kuthi Valley''' (or '''Kuti Valley''') is a [[Himalaya]]n valley situated in the [[Pithoragarh District]], [[Kumaon division]] of the [[Uttarakhand]] state of [[India]]. Located in the eastern part of Uttarakhand at an elevation of {{convert|12300|ft|m}}, it is the last valley before the border with [[Tibet]]. It runs along a northwest–southeast axis, and houses the river '''Kuthi Yankti''', which drains into the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]] near the village of [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]].

In May 2020, Nepal laid claim to the northeastern half of the valley, claiming that Kuthi Yanki represented the Kali River and it was meant to be Nepal's border as per the 1816 [[Sugauli Treaty]]. It has also published a new map of its territories including the Kuthi Valley. India rejected the Nepalese claims.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

This Kuthi valley is mainly populated by [[Byansi people|Byansi]]s, one of the four [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]] communities of Kumaon, with the others being [[Gori Ganga|Johar]], [[Darma Valley|Darmiya]] and [[Chaudansi people|Chaudansi]].{{sfnp|Bergmann, Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties|2016|p=89}}<ref>{{harvp|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976|pp=8–9}}: "[...] the four Kumaon Bhotia communities, viz., the Johar, the Darma, the Chaudans and the Byans, share greater similarities among themselves"</ref>

== Kuthi Yankti ==
{{OSM Location map
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| float = right
| zoom = 9
| width = 380
| height = 390
| caption = {{center|[[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhot Pradesh]] of [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]]}}
| nolabels = 1
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| mark-coord1 = {{coord| 30.2328|81.0284}}
| mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 se.svg
| mark-size1 = 12
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| label-color1 = hard red
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| mark-title1 = [[Lipulekh Pass]]
| mark-description1 = China–India border pass, 5061 m

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|30.2234|80.9123}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = Kalapani
| label-size2 = 10
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = top |label-offset-x2 = -10 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Kalapani village
| mark-description2 =

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|30.4608|80.6121}}
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| label-size3 = 10
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| label4 = Kuthi
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| mark-title4 = Kuthi
| mark-description4 =

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|30.1860407|80.8515430}}
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| mark-size5 = 6
| label5 = Gunji
| label-size5 = 10
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| mark-title5 = [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]]
| mark-description5 =

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|29.95834|80.59983}}
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 6
| label6 = Tawaghat
| label-size6 = 10
| label-color6 = hard red
| label-pos6 = top |label-offset-x6 = -15 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = [[Tawaghat]]
| mark-description6 = The junction of Dhauliganga with Kali

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|29.7524071|80.3762870}}
| mark7 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size7 = 6
| label7 = Jauljibi
| label-size7 = 10
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| mark-title7 = [[Jauljibi]]
| mark-description7 = The junction of Goriganga with Kali

| mark-coord8 = {{coord| 29.8491|80.5415}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
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| label8 = Dharchula
| label-size8 = 11
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| label-pos8 = right |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 0
| mark-title8 = [[Dharchula]]
| mark-description8 =

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|29.7645899|80.3346048}}
| mark9 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size9 = 8
| label9 = Askot
| label-size9 = 11
| label-color9 = hard red
| label-pos9 = top |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0
| mark-title9 = [[Askot]]
| mark-description9 =

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|30.0655|80.2345}}
| mark10 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size10 = 8
| label10 = Munsyari
| label-size10 = 11
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| label-pos10 = bottom |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = [[Munsyari]]
| mark-description10 =

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|30.4355|80.1504}}
| mark11 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size11 = 6
| label11 = Milam
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = hard red
| label-pos11 = bottom |label-offset-x11 = 0 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = [[Milam, Pithoragarh|Milam]]
| mark-description11 =

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|30.5763|80.1725}}
| mark12 = Mountain pass 12x12 n.svg
| mark-size12 = 10
| label12 = Unta Dhura
| label-size12 = 10
| label-color12 = hard red
| label-pos12 = bottom |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = [[Unta Dhura]]
| mark-description12 = Mountain pass to the Barahoti bowl, 5360 m.

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|30.6249|80.2127}}
| mark13 = Mountain pass 12x12 e.svg
| mark-size13 = 10
| label13 = Kungribingri La
| label-size13 = 10
| label-color13 = hard red
| label-pos13 = right |label-offset-x13 = 0 |label-offset-y13 = 0
| mark-title13 = [[Kungribingri La]]
| mark-description13 = China-India border pass, 5548 m.


| mark-coord20 = {{coord|30.23565|80.94821}} 
| mark20 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size20 = 11
| label20 = Kalapani |labela20 =
| label-size20 = 10
| label-color20 = hard blue
| label-pos20 = bottom |label-offset-x20 = 10 |label-offset-y20 = 0
| mark-title20 = [[Kalapani River]]
| mark-description20 = Also called Lipu Gad, headwater of Kali

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|30.1355|80.9848}}
| mark21 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size21 = 11
| label21 = Tinkar |labela21 = Khola
| label-size21 = 10
| label-color21 = hard blue
| label-pos21 = right |label-offset-x21 = 0 |label-offset-y21 = 0
| mark-title21 = Tinkar Khola
| mark-description21 = Tributary of Kali in Nepal

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|30.323|80.7229}}
| mark22 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size22 = 11
| label22 = Kuthi | labela22 = Yankti
| label-size22 = 10
| label-color22 = hard blue
| label-pos22 = top |label-offset-x22 = 0 |label-offset-y22 = 0
| mark-title22 = Kuthi Yankti
| mark-description22 = Headwater of Kali

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|30.3727|80.5179}}
| mark23 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size23 = 11
| label23 = Darma | labela23 =
| label-size23 = 10
| label-color23 = hard blue
| label-pos23 = top |label-offset-x23 = 0 |label-offset-y23 = 0
| mark-title23 = [[Darma River]]
| mark-description23 = Tributary of Kali

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|30.4445|80.3925}}
| mark24 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size24 = 11
| label24 = Lasser | labela24 = Yankti
| label-size24 = 10
| label-color24 = hard blue
| label-pos24 = left |label-offset-x24 = 0 |label-offset-y24 = 0
| mark-title24 = [[Lasser Yankti]]
| mark-description24 = Tributary of Darma

| mark-coord25 = {{coord|30.2039|80.5584}}
| mark25 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size25 = 11
| label25 = Darma / | labela25 = Dhauli
| label-size25 = 10
| label-color25 = hard blue
| label-pos25 = right |label-offset-x25 = 0 |label-offset-y25 = 0
| mark-title25 = [[Darma River]]
| mark-description25 = Tributary of Kali

| mark-coord26 = {{coord|30.1638|80.2497}}
| mark26 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size26 = 11
| label26 = Gori | labela26 = Ganga
| label-size26 = 10
| label-color26 = hard blue
| label-pos26 = right |label-offset-x26 = 0 |label-offset-y26 = -5
| mark-title26 = [[Gori Ganga]]
| mark-description26 = Tributary of Kali

| mark-coord27 = {{coord|29.9572|80.6705}}
| mark27 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size27 = 13
| label27 = Kali | labela27 = River
| label-size27 = 12
| label-color27 = hard blue
| label-pos27 = top |label-offset-x27 = 0 |label-offset-y27 = 0
| mark-title27 = [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]]
| mark-description27 = Headwater of Kali


| mark-coord30 = {{coord|30.26|80.40}}
| mark30 = red pog.svg
| mark-size30 = 0
| label30 = KUMAON |labela30 = (INDIA)
| label-size30 = 14
| label-color30 = dark grey
| label-pos30 = top |label-offset-x30 = 0 |label-offset-y30 = 0
| mark-title30 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| mark-description30 = Part of [[Uttarakhand]]

| mark-coord31 = {{coord|29.9|80.95}}
| mark31 = red pog.svg
| mark-size31 = 0
| label31 = NEPAL
| label-size31 = 14
| label-color31 = dark grey
| label-pos31 = top |label-offset-x31 = 0 |label-offset-y31 = 0
| mark-title31 = [[Nepal]]
| mark-description31 =

| mark-coord32 = {{coord|30.44|80.90}}
| mark32 = red pog.svg
| mark-size32 = 0
| label32 = TIBET |labela32 = (CHINA)
| label-size32 = 14
| label-color32 = dark grey
| label-pos32 = top |label-offset-x32 = 0 |label-offset-y32 = 0
| mark-title32 = [[Tibet]]
| mark-description32 = Autonomous region of [[China]]
}}

Kuthi Yankti is one of the two headwaters of the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]], the other being the [[Kalapani River]] that flows down from the [[Lipulekh Pass]].{{sfnp|Hoon, Living on the Move|1996|loc=p. 48: "The river Kaliganga forms a natural boundary between India and Nepal. It has two headwaters: the eastern one Kalapani is a collection of springs, and the western one Kutiyankti rises from the snow fields of the Himadri near Kuti, the last Bhotiya village in Vyas [Byas]."}}

Kuthi Yankti emerges from slopes near Wilsha, below the Limpiyadhura range, and passes Lake Jolingkong at an altitude of 4,630 m, to the Kuti village. It flows southeast to merge with the [[Kalapani River]] near the [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]] village to form the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]] (or Sharada River). High Himalayan passes of '''Mangsha Dhura''' (5,490 m) and '''Limpiya Dhura''' (5,530 m) are situated along the northern border of the Kuthi valley joining it with Tibet. Shin La pass and Nama pass join [[Darma Valley]] to Kuthi valley from the south. Jolingkong and Parvati are main alpine lakes.<ref>{{citation |first1=Arnold |last1=Heim |first2=August |last2=Gansser |title=The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas |publisher=Macmillan |date=1939 |url=http://www.perrelet.gr/abacus/dox/TheThroneOfTheGods.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939}}}}</ref>

[[Sangthang|Sangthang Peak]] is the highest along the line of peaks forming the northern boundary of the valley with Tibet. Among the peaks forming the southern boundary of the valley, notable peaks are [[Brammah Parvat]] (6,321 m), Cheepaydang (6,220 m) and Adi Kailash (5,945 m).

== Byans and Byansis ==
Kuthi Valley is part of the Byans ethnographic region, which comprises Kuthi valley as well as the Kali River valley within its vicinity and the [[Tinkar Valley]] in Nepal.{{sfnp|Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc.|1848|loc=pp. 112–113: "Changrew and Tinkar belong geographically to Byans, and are inhabited by Bhotias, the same in every respect as the other Byansis, and sharing in the traffic with Purang by the Lipu pass. It was a mistake leaving this little valley to the Gorkhas, when the rest of the district was brought under British rule; the true frontier line was the range of snowy mountains on the East, Tinkar, Nampa, and Api, on the other side of which lies the district of Marma, the northernmost division of Doti, and the inhabitants of which, like those of Dung, next south, are Khasia and not Bhotia."}} The people of this region are called [[Byansi people|Byansis]], who speak a distinctive [[Byangsi language]]. There are five Byans villages in the Kuthi valley (Gunji, Nabi, Rongkang, Napalchu and Kuti), with a combined population of 968 people.<ref name="census">
[https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29727/download/32908/25252_1971_PIT.pdf Pithoragarh District Census Handbook], Director of Census Operations, Pithoragarh, 2011, p. 74.
</ref> There are two further villages along the Kali River (Budi and Garbyang), with a population of 1091 people,<ref name="census"/> and two in Nepal's Tinkar valley (Chhangru and Tinkar). In later times, two new villages were founded in Nepal (Rapla and Sitaula).{{sfnp|Nagano & LaPolla, New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages|2001|p=499}} Kuti is the last village in the Kuthi valley, at an elevation of {{convert|12300|ft|m}}. Garbyang, at the junction of Tinkar River with Kali, is the largest.{{sfnp|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976|p=9}}

== Nepalese claims ==
{{Main|Kalapani territory}}

The Byans region was originally part of Kumaon and the whole of Kumaon was under rule of Nepal ([[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]]) for 25 years. After the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] and the ensuing [[Treaty of Sugauli]], the Kali River was agreed as the border between Kumaon and Nepal. In 1817, the Nepal Darbar claimed the villages of Tinkar and Chhangru as per the terms of the treaty, and the [[Governor General of India|British Governor General]] acquiesced. The Nepalese then made the further claim that the Kuthi valley also belonged to them on the grounds that Kuthi Yankti was the main headwater of Kali. This claim was rejected by the British on the grounds that, by tradition and convention, the Kali River is taken to begin at the Kalapani village, where the dark-coloured springs flowing into the river give it the name "Kali". ("Kali" means black in Hindi.)<ref>{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}}: "Captain Webb and others showed that the lesser stream flowing from the sacred fountain of Kalapani had always been recognised as the main branch of the Kali and had in fact given its name to the river during its course through the hills. The Government, therefore, decided to retain both Nabhi and Kunti, which have ever since remained attached to British Byans."</ref>

The claim to the Kuthi Valley was revived by the Nepalese geographer [[Buddhi Narayan Shrestha]] in 1999, who, after studying old maps of the early 19th century, came to the conclusion that "the origin of Mahakali River lies almost 16 kilometres northwest of Kalapani at Limpiyadhura".<ref>{{citation |last=Śreshṭha |first=Buddhi Nārāyaṇa |chapter=Maps show Kalapani belongs to Nepal |title=Border Management of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W31uAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Bhumichitra |isbn=978-99933-57-42-1 |pages=126–129 |orig-year=first published in 1999 in ''Sunday Despatch'' Weekly}}</ref>

In May 2020, the Nepalese government made an official claim to the Kuthi Valley and endorsed a new map of Nepal that showing it as part of Nepal. The Prime Minister [[K. P. Sharma Oli]] declared that the country would "reclaim" it.<ref name=":0">PTI, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-approves-new-map-including-lipulekh-kalapani-limpiyadhura-amidst-border-row-with-india/article31621475.ece Nepal approves new map including Lipulekh, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura amidst border row with India], The Hindu, 19 May 2020.</ref> India responded that this was a unilateral act that was "not based on historical facts and evidence".<ref name=":1">[https://english.onlinekhabar.com/india-nepal-map-is-artificial-enlargement-of-territorial-claims-wont-accept-it.html India: Nepal map is ‘artificial enlargement of territorial claims’, won’t accept it], online khabar, 21 May 2020.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{clear}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bergmann |first1=Christoph |title=Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties: Britain's nineteenth-century Indian empire in the Kumaon Himalaya |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=51 |year=2016 |pages=88–98 |issn=0305-7488 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2015.06.015 |doi-access=free |ref={{sfnref|Bergmann, Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties|2016}}}}
* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pages=3–16 |jstor=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoon |first=Vineeta |title=Living on the Move: Bhotiyas of the Kumaon Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-9325-9 |ref={{sfnref|Hoon, Living on the Move|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Nagano |first1=Yasuhiko |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. |title=New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages: Bon Studies 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCMOAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=National Museum of Ethnology |ref={{sfnref|Nagano & LaPolla, New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeQy9ZuvA5sC&pg=PA19 |year=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-101-6 |ref={{sfnref|Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya|1999}}}}
* {{citation |first=Lieut. H. |last=Strachey |title=Narration of a Journey to Cho Lagan, (Rakas Tal), Cho Mapan (Manasarowar), and the valley of Pruang in Gnari, Hundes, in September and October 1846 |editor=James Prinsep |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic172asia |date=September 1848 |pages=98–120, 127–182, 327–351 |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc.|1848}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Varma |first1=Uma |title=Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, Dept. of District Gazetteers}}
* {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Almora: A Gazetteer|1911}}}}

[[Category:Valleys of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Nepal]]

1998 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh

2026-01-08T17:26:01Z

KatherinLesina4: made a data...

{{one source|date=March 2024}}
{{Short description|General Election in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh, 1998
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh, 1999
| next_year = 1999
| election_date = Feb 1998
| seats_for_election = 40 seats
| leader1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 30
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 3
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=70|width=80}}
| image1 = {{eppt|Bharatiya Janata Party|height=70|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 10
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 2
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| before_party = Janata Dal
| after_election = [[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats_before1 = 27
| seats_before2 = 8
}}
In the [[1998 Indian general election]] for [[Madhya Pradesh]] polls were held for 40 seats in the state. The result was a major victory for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ]] which won 30 seats. The remaining 10 seats were won by [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]].

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|40
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| 40
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
!colspan="2"|Party
! flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Mayawati]]
| 35
|-
| {{party color cell|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
| [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[Hira Singh Markam]]
| 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px|center]]
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| 12
|}

==Result==
{{election table|title=Results of Indian general election, 1998 in Madhya Pradesh|sortable=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/98_Vol_I.pdf
|website=CEO Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413155035if_/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in:80/Links/Books/98_Vol_I.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 40
| '''30'''
|{{increase}} 3
| 1,23,15,405
| '''45.73%'''
|{{Increase}} 4.41%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 40
| '''10'''
|{{increase}} 2
| 1,06,11,317
| '''39.4%'''
|{{increase}} 8.38%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 35
| '''0'''
| -
| 23,43,027
|'''8.7%'''
|{{increase}} 0.52%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
| 18
| '''0'''
| -
| 3,28,989
| '''1.22%'''
|{{Increase}} 1.14%
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| 12
| '''0'''
| -
| 1,75,461
| '''0.65%'''
|{{Increase}} 0.57%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}" |
|[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]
| 12
| '''0'''
| -
| 1,78,447
| '''0.66%'''
|{{increase}} 0.62%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independents}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| 128
| '''0'''
| -
| 3,55,110
| '''1.32%'''
| {{decrease}} 8.25%
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|40
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 2,69,30,007
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Invalid votes
|6,06,377
|2.2
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Votes cast / turnout'''
|'''2,75,41,607'''
|'''61.74'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Registered voters'''
| '''4,46,07,368'''
| 100.00
|-
|}

== Constituency-wise results ==
'''Keys: '''
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (30) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<ref>{{cite web |title=1998 Lok Sabha election results for Madhya Pradesh [1947 - 1999] |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1998/madhya-pradesh%20[1947%20-%201999]/12/4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401041321/https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1998/madhya-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/12/4#expand |archive-date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=indiavotes.com}}</ref>
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Morena Lok Sabha constituency | Morena (SC)]]
|Ashok Chhabiram
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,77,499
|43.44
|Pritam Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|2,09,378
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|68,121
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.67
|-

!2
|[[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency | Bhind]]
|Dr. Ram Lakhan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,92,682
|42.27
|Kedar Nath Kachhi
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,93,774
|27.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|98,908
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|14.28
|-

!3
|[[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency | Gwalior]]
|Madhavrao Scindia
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,84,365
|39.77
|Jaybhan Singh Pavaiya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,58,086
|36.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,279
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.68
|-

!4
|[[Guna Lok Sabha constituency | Guna]]
|Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,36,151
|46.67
|Devendra Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,33,153
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,02,998
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|14.30
|-

!5
|[[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency | Sagar (SC)]]
|Virendra Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,36,638
|56.99
|Nandlal Parmanand Choudhary
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,88,234
|31.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,48,404
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|25.12
|-

!6
|[[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency | Khajuraho]]
|Uma Bharti
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,51,607
|43.40
|Shriram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,47,760
|30.58
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,03,847
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.82
|-

!7
|[[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency | Damoh]]
|Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,12,057
|44.40
|Nareshchand
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,81,459
|25.82
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,30,598
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|18.58
|-

!8
|[[Satna Lok Sabha constituency | Satna]]
|Ramanand Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,63,011
|36.58
|Rajendra Kumar Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,18,526
|30.39
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|44,485
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.19
|-

!9
|[[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency | Rewa]]
|Chandramani Tripathi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,76,367
|36.68
|Bhim Singh Patel
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|2,07,394
|27.53
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|68,973
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.15
|-

!10
|[[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency | Sidhi (ST)]]
|Jagannath Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,75,803
|38.89
|Tilak Raj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,29,271
|32.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|46,532
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.56
|-

!11
|[[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency | Shahdol (ST)]]
|Gyan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,96,764
|43.76
|Dalveer Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,57,030
|37.90
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|39,734
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.86
|-

!12
|[[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja (ST)]]
|Larang Sai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,95,452
|44.48
|Khel Sai Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,74,832
|41.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20,620
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.11
|-

!13
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency | Raigarh (ST)]]
|Ajit Jogi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,25,112
|48.27
|Nandkumar Sai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,20,730
|47.62
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,382
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.65
|-

!14
|[[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
|Charandas Mahant
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,90,175
|40.50
|Manharan Lal Pandey
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,45,589
|34.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,586
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.22
|-

!15
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency | Bilaspur (SC)]]
|Punnulal Mohle
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,74,793
|47.60
|Kanya Kumari Alias Tanya Anuragi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,26,178
|39.18
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|48,615
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.42
|-

!16
|[[Sarangarh Lok Sabha constituency | Sarangarh (SC)]]
|Paras Ram Bharadwaj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,17,558
|34.62
|P. R. Khute
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,11,171
|33.60
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,387
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.02
|-

!17
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency | Raipur]]
|Ramesh Bais
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,44,380
|49.42
|Vidyacharan Shukl
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,61,001
|37.46
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|83,379
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|11.96
|-

!18
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency | Mahasamund]]
|Chandrashekhar Sahu (Champu)
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,32,874
|49.76
|Pawan Diwan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,85,142
|42.62
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|47,732
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.14
|-

!19
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency | Kanker (ST)]]
|Sohan Potai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,70,121
|45.97
|Mahendra Karma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,15,751
|36.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|54,370
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.25
|-

!20
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency | Bastar (ST)]]
|Baliram Kashyap
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,51,484
|42.27
|Mankuram Sodi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,34,603
|37.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16,881
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.71
|-

!21
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency | Durg]]
|Tarachand Sahu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,84,901
|50.45
|Jageshwar Sahu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,16,183
|41.45
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|68,718
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.00
|-

!22
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency | Rajnandgaon]]
|Motilal Vora
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,04,709
|50.61
|Ashok Sharma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,52,468
|41.93
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,241
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.68
|-

!23
|[[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency | Balaghat]]
|Gaurishankar Chaturbhuj Bisen
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,40,066
|40.27
|Vishaveshwar Bhagat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,14,535
|35.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|25,531
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.28
|-

!24
|[[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency | Mandla (ST)]]
|Faggan Singh Kulaste
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,68,739
|47.74
|Chhote Lal Uike
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,55,227
|45.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13,512
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.40
|-

!25
|[[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency | Jabalpur]]
|Dada Baburao Paranjpe
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,00,584
|46.86
|Dr. Alok Chansoria
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,16,469
|33.75
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|84,115
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.11
|-

!26
|[[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency | Seoni]]
|Vimla Varma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,12,097
|47.88
|Prahlad Singh Patel
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,88,376
|44.24
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,721
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.64
|-

!27
|[[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency | Chhindwara]]
|Kamalnath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,06,249
|58.40
|Sundarlal Patwa
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,52,851
|36.35
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,53,398
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.05
|-

!28
|[[Betul Lok Sabha constituency | Betul]]
|Vijay Kumar Khandelwal (Munni Bhaiya)
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,84,091
|50.54
|Dr. Ashok Sable
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,44,425
|43.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|39,666
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.06
|-

!29
|[[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency | Hoshangabad]]
|Sartaj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,87,395
|53.15
|Arjun Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,18,414
|43.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|68,981
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.47
|-

!30
|[[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency | Bhopal]]
|Sushil Chandra Verma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,94,481
|57.44
|Arif Baig
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,00,549
|34.91
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,93,932
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22.53
|-

!31
|[[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency | Vidisha]]
|Shivraj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,74,406
|56.99
|Ashutosh Dayal Sharma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,36,548
|36.01
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,37,858
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.98
|-

!32
|[[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency | Rajgarh]]
|Laxman Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,52,289
|50.13
|Kailash Joshi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,96,055
|42.12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|56,234
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.01
|-

!33
|[[Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency | Shajapur (SC)]]
|Gehlot Thavarchand
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,71,571
|49.03
|Sajjansingh Verma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,52,577
|46.52
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|18,994
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.51
|-

!34
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency | Khandwa]]
|Nandkumar Singh Chouhan (Nandu Bhaiya)
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,34,340
|51.80
|Tha. Mahendra Kumar Singh (Manne Bhaiya)
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,89,820
|44.90
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|44,520
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.90
|-

!35
|[[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency | Khargone]]
|Rameshwar Patidar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,11,394
|48.31
|Bondarsingh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,90,715
|45.11
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20,679
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.20
|-

!36
|[[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency | Dhar (ST)]]
|Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,44,858
|51.29
|Hemlata Chhatar Singh Darbar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,23,765
|48.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,093
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.13
|-

!37
|[[Indore Lok Sabha constituency | Indore]]
|Sumitra Mahajan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,40,047
|52.00
|Pankaj Sanghvi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,90,195
|46.11
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|49,852
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.89
|-

!38
|[[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency | Ujjain (SC)]]
|Dr. Satyanarayan Jatiya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,48,405
|56.07
|Dr. Avantika Prasad Marmat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,54,518
|40.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|93,887
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.11
|-

!39
|[[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua (ST)]]
|Kantilal Bhuriya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,07,735
|53.05
|Dilip Singh Bhuriya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,25,362
|38.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|82,373
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.20
|-

!40
|[[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency | Mandsaur]]
|Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,12,849
|49.43
|Narendra Bhanwarlal Nahata
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,95,147
|47.31
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17,702
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.12
|-

|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Madhya Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1
|Sikander Bakht
|Rajya Sabha
|rowspan="2"|Cabinet Minister
|Industry
|rowspan="3"|19 March 1998
|rowspan="6"|13 October 1999
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|2
|Satyanarayan Jatiya
|Ujjain (SC)
|Labour
|-
|rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|Uma Bharti
|rowspan="2"|Khajuraho
|MoS
|Human Resource Development
|-
|MoS (I/C)
|Department of Youth Affairs, Sports, Women and Child Development
|1 March 1999
|-
|rowspan="2"|4
|rowspan="2"|Ramesh Bais
|rowspan="2"|Raipur
|rowspan="2"|MoS
|Steel
|rowspan="2"|19 March 1998
|-
|Mines
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian General Election In Madhya Pradesh, 1998}}
[[Category:Indian general elections in Madhya Pradesh|1998]]
[[Category:1990s in Madhya Pradesh|1998]]
[[Category:1998 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

Ambika Markam

2025-12-14T23:18:50Z

KatherinLesina4: Started the article first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Ambika Markam''' is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sihawa Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Ambika Markam wins Sihawa with 84891 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sihawa-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470874-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], she was elected in the [[Sihawa Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sihawa Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sihawa-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687399.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[6th Chhattisgarh Assembly]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Markam, Ambika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Durbar Rajshahi

2025-11-09T09:39:26Z

KatherinLesina4: made article

#REDIRECT [[Rajshahi Warriors]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from former name}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Lalgudi Rajalakshmi

2025-10-06T03:32:15Z

KatherinLesina4: new basic details initial version!

{{short description|Indian violinist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2019}}
{{Third-party|date=July 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Lalgudi Rajalakshmi''' is a violinist in the Indian classical [[Carnatic music|Carnatic style of music]]. She performs the violin in the Lalgudi tradition.

==Early life and training==

Lalgudi Rajalakshmi hails from a family of musicians. Her siblings are veena maestro [[Padmavathy Ananthagopalan|Padmavathi Ananthagopalan]], and violinists [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] and [[Srimathi Brahmanandam]]. Her initial training was with her father, Lalgudi Gopala Iyer. She also learnt later from her elder brother, [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com/p/legacy.html|title=Legacy|website=www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakshmi |first1=C.S. |title=The Singer and the Song |date=2000 |publisher=Kali for Women |location=New Delhi |pages=195–211}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhakthavatsalam |first1=Sindhuja |title=My Guru. Lalgudi Rajalakshmi |journal=Sruti Magazine |date=July 2014 |pages=34–36}}</ref>

==Performance==

Lalgudi Rajalakshmi started performing at the age of 10. Since that time, she has had both solo performances and performed as an accompanist to several artistes including [[Aruna Sairam]], [[D.K. Pattammal]], [[Mandolin Srinivas]], [[Mani Krishnaswami]], [[M.L. Vasanthakumari]], [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], [[N. Ramani]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi|Radha and Jayalakshmi]], Saroja and Lalitha, [[Sudha Raghunathan]], her daughter [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]] and grandson [[Abhishek Raghuram]], among others. She has performed in India and in several other countries including Malaysia, Singapore and the US. Lalgudi Rajalakshmi has also served as a staff artiste for [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com/p/the-artist.html|title=The Artist|website=www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com}}</ref>

==Awards==

The awards conferred upon Rajalakshmi include "Kala Jyothi" by Sri Thyagaraja Bhajana Sabha, "Sangeetha Bhushana" by Ramakrishna Bhajana Sabha, "Swarabhushani" by Gayana Samaja (2013) and the Music Academy's prestigious Pappa Venkatramaiah award (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/musicseason/awards1415.html|title=Indian Heritage - December Madras (Chennai) Music Season - Awards 2014-2015|website=www.indian-heritage.org}}</ref>

==Teaching==
A highly regarded teacher,{{according to whom|date=August 2023}} Lalgudi Rajalakshmi has trained students in the violin, veena and in vocal music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com/p/the-guru.html|title=The Guru|website=www.lalgudirajalakshmi.com}}</ref> Her students include the veena artiste [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalgudi, Rajalakshmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Indian women violinists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Koujeng Leima

2025-09-27T20:45:55Z

KatherinLesina4: minor adjusted formatting after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Ancient Meitei Goddess}}
{{About|a minor consort of God [[Koupalu]]|the chief consort of Koupalu|Kounu}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Koujeng Leima
| deity_of = Goddess
| member_of = [[Lairembi]]s
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| other_names = Koujeng Lairembi ({{langx|omp|Koucheng Lailempi}})
| hiro =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation =
| cult_center = 
| abode = 
| planet = 
| weapon = 
| battles =
| artifacts = 
| animals =
| symbol = 
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consort = [[Koupalu]] ([[Koubru]])
| parents =
| siblings =
| offspring = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount =
| texts = [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puya]]s
| gender = Female
| Greek_equivalent =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent =
| Hinduism_equivalent =
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Koujeng Leima''' {{meitei|ꯀꯧꯖꯦꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ}} is a goddess in [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of [[Manipur]]. She is a wife of God [[Koupalu]]. She was a tribal woman, but later worshipped by the [[Meiteis]] as a goddess.<ref name=devi>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA55|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|page=55-58|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11.06.2017-B3.pdf|title=সেকমাইগী কৌজেং লৈমা, খুরখুল লমখায়, লোইতাং খুনৌ, ফুল্লৌ, কদাংবন্দ পার্টটু|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref>
She is one of the nine goddesses (laibenthous) who participated in the festival of God [[Thangjing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phamlons of God Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 15|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Phamlons_of_God_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_15|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
Legends say that Koujeng Leima is a tribal woman, so she has a separate home and is not allowed to participate in the assembly of the gods and goddesses at the [[Lai Haraoba]] of God [[Koubru]]. In the evening of the day of the ''Lai Lamthokpa'' ceremony, the God [[Koubru]], his wife, his son, and his daughter-in-law visited the shrine of goddess Koujeng Leima.<ref name=devi />

== Worship ==
One day of the [[Lai Haraoba]] of God [[Koubru]] is especially shifted to the abode (pantheon) of Goddess Koujeng Leima. It is done in her honor. In the shrine of goddess Koujeng Leima, every single events done at other days will be re-enacted.<ref name=devi />

During the period of political turmoil in September, 2009, many pilgrims offered prayers to Koujeng Leima in her sacred shrine of the ''Koujeng Leima Lairembi Laiphamlen'' in [[Sekmai]]. They invoked her for the success of the movement led by the ''Apunba Lup'' and for the restoration of peace in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prayer for blessing to Ibobi removal : 27th sep09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..270909.sep09|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Namesake ==
The ''"Koujeng Leima Youth Development Organisation"'' is an active youth group in [[Sekmai]] region of [[Manipur]]. It functions in the actions against drugs and intoxicants. On 31 December 2013 and the New Year Day of 2014, the organization imposed a ban on [[picnicking]] in [[Sekmai]]. Later, the ban was lifted. However, they cautioned people not to drink alcohol and become drunk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ban on Sekmai picnic lifted : 25th dec13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp7..251213.dec13|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kounu]]
* [[Nungthel Leima]]
* [[Loyalakpa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|Koujeng Leima}}
* Division, India Census (1969). Minapur. Office of the Registrar General. p. 15.
* Lancha, Ningthouja. KANGLA LANPUNG Volume VIII Issue II: Summer 2014. RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal.
* General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications. p. 48.
{{Sanamahi1}}
[[Category:Meitei goddesses]]

Dhulsiras

2025-09-21T18:07:31Z

KatherinLesina4: improve lead per sources for clarity

{{Short description|Urbanised village in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=June 2009}}
{{update|date=August 2021}}
}}

'''Dhool Siras or Dhul Siras''' is a [[village]] which is located in [[South West Delhi district|South-West Delhi district]] of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Dhool Siras is an urbanised village as per [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government's]] notification u/s 507. <ref>(No.F.33/Engg/TP (DP)/11424/94 dt 24.10.1994)</ref> It is bounded by [[Dwarka Sector 25 (Delhi Metro)|Dwarka Sector 25]] in the East, Village Chawla in the west, Dwarka sector 19 in the North and [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Bamnoli Village]] in South.

It has a total area of {{convert|72|acre|m2}} and is surrounded by [[Lal Dora]] road. The settlement of Dhool Siras dates back to around 1100 AD, after it has separated from village Bharthal. It is one of the most peaceful villages in Delhi with high literacy rate and very low [[crime rate]] with about 2250 registered voters.
The main source of income for the people of Dhool Siras is [[agriculture]], Grocery Stores, Services and rent from [[warehouse]]s of retail stores.

The [[Delhi Development Authority]] has various plans around the village including a [[golf course]] on the northern side of the village. A new diplomatic enclave is also planned near the village with a greater number of embassies than [[Chanakyapuri]]. The recently inaugurated Yasho Bhumi [[India International Convention and Expo Centre|India International Convention & Expo Center]] for hosting [[exhibition]]s, [[trade fair]]s, and national and international summits, planned on an area of 221.37 acres, in Sector 25 will commence near the village in the near future. Phase one of the IICC will be completed in December 2023. The [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express (Orange Line)]] of [[Delhi Metro]] will extend its services to the IICC, also to benefit the village in the near future.

Apart from [[Metro station|Metro Station]] (Sector 21, 4 km from Dhool Siras), [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|International Airport]] (15 minutes via road or 10 minutes via road and Airport Express Metro), an [[Inter State Bus Terminals|inter-state bus]] terminal is also planned in Sector 26, [[Dwarka]] (approx. 3 km). The [[Dwarka Expressway]] will also directly benefit the residents near of Dhool Siras, which will connect Dwarka to [[Gurugram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South West Delhi district]]

Mukunda (soundtrack)

2025-08-16T23:52:51Z

KatherinLesina4: new initial data w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Mukunda
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover = Mukunda album cover.jpg
|border=yes
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 3 December 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio = * RMP, [[Hyderabad]]
* Moksha Studios, Hyderabad
* [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios|Rama Krishna Studios]], Hyderabad
* Inspire Studios, Hyderabad
* Vault Mastering Studios, [[New York City]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
26:12
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Chakkiligintha]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Kerintha]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|JyfwpOUl9Ec|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

'''''Mukunda''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] for the 2014 Telugu-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] [[Mukunda|of the same name]] starring [[Varun Tej]], and [[Pooja Hegde]] in lead roles, directed by [[Srikanth Addala]]. The film marks Meyer's third collaboration with Srikanth after ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' (2008) and ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013). The film featured seven tracks with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The soundtrack album was released by [[Aditya Music]] on 3 December 2014. The release coincided with a promotional event held at the [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Hyderabad.

The soundtrack received positive reviews from the critics, who were appreciative of the lyrics and Meyer's instrumentation in tune with the film's setting. Upon the release, the song "Gopikamma" topped the charts and increased the buzz for the film.

== Production ==
In February 2014, [[Mickey J. Meyer]] was selected to compose the film's soundtrack and background music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/varun-tej-launched-in-grandeur-telugu-news-104095|title=Varun Tej Launched In Grandeur - Telugu News|date=27 February 2014|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014054150/https://www.indiaglitz.com/varun-tej-launched-in-grandeur-telugu-news-104095|url-status=live}}</ref> This marked his continuous third association with Srikanth Addala after ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' (2008) and ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mickey-j-meyer-defends-his-style-of-music.html|title=Mickey J Meyer defends his style of music {{pipe}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{pipe}} Movie reviews {{pipe}} OTT Updates, OTT|date=26 April 2014|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119145901/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mickey-j-meyer-defends-his-style-of-music.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-first-look-from-mukunda-mukunda/articleshow/40616376.cms|title=Varun Tej's first look from Mukunda Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014194152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Varun-Tejs-first-look-from-Mukunda-Mukunda/articleshow/40616376.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] penned the lyrics of all the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-years-of-varun-tej-in-telugu-film-industry-take-a-look-at-the-actors-journey-in-the-showbiz/articleshow/68187086.cms|title=5 Years of Varun Tej in Telugu Film Industry: Take a look at the actor's journey in the showbiz|work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522223521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-years-of-varun-tej-in-telugu-film-industry-take-a-look-at-the-actors-journey-in-the-showbiz/articleshow/68187086.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mukunda-audio-launched-in-style.html|title=Mukunda audio launched in style|date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]] in mid August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Aditya Music bags Varun Tej's debut film audio rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aditya-Music-bags-Varun-Tejs-debut-film-audio-rights/articleshow/40270011.cms |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623190836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aditya-Music-bags-Varun-Tejs-debut-film-audio-rights/articleshow/40270011.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Composition ==
The first track "Chesededo" had the lyrics written by Sastry and was sung by [[Rahul Nambiar]] and [[L. V. Revanth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=bxs9NsVT7gQ|title=Chesededo|website=YouTube Music|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141228/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=bxs9NsVT7gQ|url-status=live}}</ref> The second song "Daredumdadum" was sung by Anjana Sowmya and Mickey J. Meyer himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/special-column-telugu-paata.html|title=Telugu Paata : Exploring Daredumdadum song lyric from Mukunda|date=9 December 2016|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211141401/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/special-column-telugu-paata.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hegde praised the flute piece of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-reveals-her-favourite-song-in-mukunda/articleshow/45575153.cms|title=Pooja Hegde reveals her favourite song in Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-reveals-her-favourite-song-in-mukunda/articleshow/45575153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The next song "Chaala Bagundi" was recorded by [[Haricharan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=590_prfqBgI|title=Chaala Bagundi|website=YouTube Music|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141230/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=590_prfqBgI|url-status=live}}</ref> [[K. S. Chithra]] lend her voice to the song "Gopikamma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/singer-ks-chitra-beats-s-janakis-record-malayalam-news-200876|title=Singer KS Chitra beats S Janaki's record - Malayalam News|date=17 November 2017|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025706/https://www.indiaglitz.com/singer-ks-chitra-beats-s-janakis-record-malayalam-news-200876|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pooja-hegde-grooves-on-the-sets-of-mek/articleshow/45776313.cms|title=Pooja Hegde grooves on the sets of MEK|work=The Times of India |date=6 January 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306184549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pooja-hegde-grooves-on-the-sets-of-mek/articleshow/45776313.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Arere Chandrakala" was sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and Sai Shivani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/check-out-popular-telugu-music-video-song-jukebox-of-pooja-hegde/videoshow/78656229.cms|title=Check Out Popular Telugu Music Video Song Jukebox Of 'Pooja Hegde' {{pipe}} Telugu Video Songs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110174328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/check-out-popular-telugu-music-video-song-jukebox-of-pooja-hegde/videoshow/78656229.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shweta Pandit]] gave her voice for the sixth song "Nandalaala".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=BRPrs2zlD7s|title=Nandalaala|website=YouTube Music|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141237/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=BRPrs2zlD7s|url-status=live}}</ref> The theme track "Mukunda Theme" song was performed by Meyer himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=8aesxPzeiGg|title=Mukunda Theme|website=YouTube Music|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141230/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=8aesxPzeiGg|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The soundtrack was expected to be launched in September 2014 initially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=Mukunda's audio to be launched in September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Mukundas-audio-to-be-launched-in-September/articleshow/40607692.cms |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114084927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Mukundas-audio-to-be-launched-in-September/articleshow/40607692.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The release was postponed to November 2014 and then to early December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=Varun Tej's Mukunda audio to release in Nov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Varun-Tejs-Mukunda-audio-to-release-in-Nov/articleshow/44774961.cms |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014194149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Varun-Tejs-Mukunda-audio-to-release-in-Nov/articleshow/44774961.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/varun-tejs-mukunda-audio-and-release-dates--news-118682|title=Varun Tej's 'Mukunda' audio and release dates - News|date=15 November 2014|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141230/https://www.indiaglitz.com/varun-tejs-mukunda-audio-and-release-dates--news-118682|url-status=live}}</ref> In late-November, the release date was later finalized as 3 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2014 |title=Mukunda's audio to be unveiled on Dec 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Mukundas-audio-to-be-unveiled-on-Dec-3/articleshow/45318897.cms |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015074428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Mukundas-audio-to-be-unveiled-on-Dec-3/articleshow/45318897.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mukunda-to-have-a-christmas-release/articleshow/45269773.cms|title=Mukunda to have a Christmas release|work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812002038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mukunda-to-have-a-Christmas-release/articleshow/45269773.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers released "Chesededo" song's teaser on 2 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/song-teaser-varun-tejs-mukunda/articleshow/45345497.cms|title=Song teaser: Varun Tej's Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/song-teaser-varun-tejs-mukunda/articleshow/45345497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's songs were leaked online before its official release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-12-03/Varun-Tejs-Mukunda-songs-leaked-Audio-track-list/119214|title=Varun Tej's Mukunda songs leaked; Audio track list|first=Gossip|last=Girl|date=3 December 2014|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141734/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-12-03/Varun-Tejs-Mukunda-songs-leaked-Audio-track-list/119214|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio launch event was held on 3 December 2014 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2014 |title=All eyes on Mukunda's audio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/All-eyes-on-Mukundas-audio/articleshow/45347124.cms |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014074527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/All-eyes-on-Mukundas-audio/articleshow/45347124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/varun-tejs-mukunda-audio-launch-watch-live-event-video-615967|title=Varun Tej's 'Mukunda' Audio Launch: Watch Live Event [VIDEO]|first=Sangeetha|last=Seshagiri|date=3 December 2014|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401125314/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/varun-tejs-mukunda-audio-launch-watch-live-event-video-615967|url-status=live}}</ref> [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Sai Dharam Tej]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[Naga Babu]], Padmaja, [[Varun Tej]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Srikanth Addala]], [[Mickey J. Meyer]] and film's cast and crew were also present at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=Chiranjeevi unveiled Mukunda audio albums |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chiranjeevi-unveiled-mukunda-audio-albums-news-telugu-omeloJeeicaeh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208084743/http://www.sify.com/movies/chiranjeevi-unveiled-mukunda-audio-albums-news-telugu-omeloJeeicaeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/video-chiranjeevi-speech-at-mukunda-audio-launch/articleshow/45374910.cms|title=Video: Chiranjeevi speech at Mukunda audio launch|work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/video-chiranjeevi-speech-at-mukunda-audio-launch/articleshow/45374910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> All the tracks were performed by Meyer and respective singers of the tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-croons-a-song-from-mukunda/articleshow/45373007.cms|title=Pooja Hegde croons a song from Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127184136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-croons-a-song-from-mukunda/articleshow/45373007.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music videos ==
Music videos were choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/3100/mukunda-varun-tej-pooja-hegde-srikanth-addala.aspx|title=Mukunda {{pipe}} Cast & Crew {{pipe}} News {{pipe}} Galleries {{pipe}} Movie Posters {{pipe}} Watch Mukunda Movie Online|website=www.ragalahari.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227204644/https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/3100/mukunda-varun-tej-pooja-hegde-srikanth-addala.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Varun Tej said "dance was a quite a challenge for me, but I think I have managed well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/varun-tej-reveals-his-favourite-song-from-mukunda/articleshow/45613581.cms|title=Varun Tej reveals his favourite song from Mukunda|date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=5 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105144834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Varun-Tej-reveals-his-favourite-song-from-Mukunda/articleshow/45613581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Gopikamma" video song featuring Hegde was shot at ancient temple at [[Samarlakota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She said "we've shot in [[Bhimavaram]], [[Kakinada]] and [[Amalapuram]] to name a few. Also I love the food served there and those beautiful girls in the village".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hyderabadfirst.in/?p=12861|title=Pooja Loves The Food & Places In Godavari {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Distrcits}} {{pipe}} Andhra Pradesh First|date=30 December 2014|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013131030/http://www.hyderabadfirst.in/?p=12861|url-status=live}}</ref> Music video of "Daredumdadum", featuring Tej and Hegde was shot in early-September 2014, in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/varun-tej-pooja-hegde-groove-in-switzerland-for-mukunda/articleshow/41937894.cms|title=Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde groove in Switzerland for Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014080524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/varun-tej-pooja-hegde-groove-in-switzerland-for-mukunda/articleshow/41937894.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While shooting the song in Switzerland, the entire unit got stuck in hailstorm. Although no one was injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mukunda/articleshow/45631308.cms|title=Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mukunda/articleshow/45631308.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Tracklist
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| all_writing = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| title1 = Chesededo
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[L. V. Revanth]]
| length1 = 04:24
| title2 = Daredumdadum
| extra2 = [[Mickey J Meyer]], Anjana Sowmya
| length2 = 03:55
| title3 = Chaala Bagundi
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 04:45
| title4 = Gopikamma
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 04:21
| title5 = Arere Chandrakala
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sai Shivani
| length5 = 03:26
| title6 = Nandalaala
| extra6 = [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length6 = 04:09
| title7 = Mukunda Theme
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 01:05
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| all_writing = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title1 = Veshum Pona
| extra1 =
| length1 = 04:24
| title2 = Daredumdadum
| extra2 =
| length2 = 03:55
| title3 = Yennil Vandhaale
| extra3 =
| length3 = 04:45
| title4 = Gopivanedhey
| extra4 =
| length4 = 04:21
| title5 = Arere Raakshasiye
| extra5 =
| length5 = 03:26
| title6 = Nandalaala
| extra6 =
| length6 = 04:09
| title7 = Mukunda Theme
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 01:05
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| all_writing =
| title1 = Karmam Cheyyum
| extra1 =
| length1 = 04:24
| title2 = Daredumdadum
| extra2 =
| length2 = 03:55
| title3 = Maayaaman Pole
| extra3 =
| length3 = 04:45
| title4 = Gopike Nin
| extra4 =
| length4 = 04:21
| title5 = Arere Chandrakala
| extra5 =
| length5 = 03:26
| title6 = Nandalaala
| extra6 =
| length6 = 04:09
| title7 = Mukunda Theme
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 01:05
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| all_writing = Raqueeb Alam
| title1 = Kehte He Kuch Bhi
| extra1 =
| length1 = 04:24
| title2 = Daredumdadum
| extra2 =
| length2 = 03:55
| title3 = Chaahaba Jisko
| extra3 =
| length3 = 04:45
| title4 = Gopiyaan Ke
| extra4 =
| length4 = 04:21
| title5 = Arere Chandrakala
| extra5 =
| length5 = 03:26
| title6 = Nandalaala
| extra6 =
| length6 = 04:09
| title7 = Mukunda Theme
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 01:05
}}

== Reception ==
The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics, praising Meyer's composition, and Sastry's lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mukunda-movie-review-roundup-decent-debut-varun-tej-618196|title='Mukunda' Movie Review Roundup: Decent Debut for Varun Tej|first=Sangeetha|last=Seshagiri|date=24 December 2014|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014054150/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mukunda-movie-review-roundup-decent-debut-varun-tej-618196|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reviewing the soundtrack album, ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that the soundtrack has some peppy and melodious tunes, calling "Dumdaredum" and "Chala Bagundi" as the best songs of the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=Music review: Mukunda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-review-Mukunda/articleshow/45478061.cms |access-date=11 December 2014 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-review-Mukunda/articleshow/45478061.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' wrote "Mickey J Meyer's imprint is write over the album. It's a mix of melody and youthfulness. Sirivennela writes all the songs to a profound effect. Getting choicest of singers on board, Mickey delivers a music lover's album."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=Mukunda Music Review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mukunda-songs-review-telugu-movie-18484 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827002602/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/18484.html |url-status=live |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Avad M of ''[[123Telugu]]'' selected "Nandalaala" and "Chaala Bagundi" as the picks of the album and wrote "Mickey J Meyer once again proves that he is a class apart and provides a chart topping romantic album which is quite soothing and melodious".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Music Review : Mukunda – Classy Album |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/audio-reviews/music-review-mukunda-classy-album.html |access-date=5 December 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |archive-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208081609/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/audio-reviews/music-review-mukunda-classy-album.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing the soundtrack, Karthik of ''Milliblog'' wrote "Chaala baagundi, with its brilliant vocal plus guitar interplay, is the soundtrack's best, with Haricharan proving his value again! Mickey on top of his game, again!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=Mukunda (Music review), Telugu – Mickey J Meyer |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/12/04/mukunda-music-review-telugu-mickey-j-meyer/ |access-date=5 December 2014 |publisher=Milliblog |archive-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208233816/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/12/04/mukunda-music-review-telugu-mickey-j-meyer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' wrote "Background music by Micky J Meyer is nice. Songs carry his signature. A couple of duets (one foreign song and a set song) act as speedbreaker for narration."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mukunda.html|title=Mukunda review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615060143/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mukunda.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted "Micky J. Mayer provided soothing music and a couple of songs have turned up very nicely."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-mukunda-rao-ramesh-surprise-element|title=Movie Review 'Mukunda': Rao Ramesh is the surprise element|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=25 December 2014|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014054153/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-mukunda-rao-ramesh-surprise-element|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
"Gopikamma" topping the charts had significantly helped the pre-release hype and buzz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/gopikamma-generates-huge-buzz-from-mukunda/articleshow/45594035.cms|title=Gopikamma generates huge buzz from Mukunda|work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818114701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Gopikamma-generates-huge-buzz-from-Mukunda/articleshow/45594035.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[K. S. Chithra]] won her 11th [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Gopikamma", surpassing the [[S. Janaki]]'s record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2017/11/15/ks-chitra-nandi-award-janaki-record.html|title=KS Chitra walks away with yet another award, beats Janaki's record|website=OnManorama|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141736/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2017/11/15/ks-chitra-nandi-award-janaki-record.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |2014
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="5" |[[K. S. Chithra]] (for "Gopikamma"
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[CineMAA Awards]]
| Best Female Playback Singer Telugu
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
| Best Female Playback Singer Telugu
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[CineMAA Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |2015
| Best Female Playback Singer Telugu
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="3" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards|siima.in]] |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] (for "Nandalala")
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mickey J. Meyer}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Mickey J. Meyer soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Crime film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]

List of Bahmani Sultans

2025-08-10T08:42:32Z

KatherinLesina4: new basic data added tags

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Map of the Bahmani Sultanate.png|thumb|Maximum expansion of Bahmani Sultanate]]
The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (c. 1347–1527) was a Muslim empire that ruled the [[Deccan Plateau]] in [[Southern India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181 |language=English|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref>

The kingdom came to power in 1347, when it was established by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]]. The Bahmani Sultanate shared border with neighboring rival [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&q=bahmani+vijayanagar+war&pg=PT597 |title= Dictionary of Wars |author= George C. Kohn |year= 2006 |publisher= Infobase Publishing |isbn= 9781438129167 }}</ref>
The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmood Shah]]. In 1518, the Bahmani Sultanate split up into the [[Deccan sultanates]], ending its 180-year rule over the [[Deccan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989/page/n1|title=The Cambridge History of India (Volume III)|last=Haig|first=Sir Thomas Wolseley|author-link=Wolseley Haig|year=1925|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=425–426}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16 |title= History of the Deccan |volume=1 |author=J.D.E. Gribble |editor=M. Pendlebury |page= 15 |location=New Delhi |publisher= Mittal Publications |date= 1990 }}</ref>

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Bahmani dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Ala ud-Din Bahman Shah I]]''' (1) r. 1347-1358|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | |A02 | | | | | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammad Shah I]]''' (2) r. 1358-1375|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Mahmud|
A03=Dawud}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | |A05 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid Shah]]''' (3) r. 1375-1378|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''Dawud Shah''' (4) r. 1378|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''Muhammad Shah II''' (5) r. 1378-1397|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04='''[[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]]''' (8) r. 1397-1422|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700|
A05='''[[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah I Wali]]''' (9) r. 1422-1436|boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''Ghiyath ud-Din Shah''' (6) r. 1397|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''Shams ud-Din Shah''' (7) r. 1397|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Mubarak|
A04='''Ala ud-Din Ahmad Shah II''' (10) r. 1436-1458|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Nargis Begum|
A02='''Humayun Shah Zalim''' (11) r. 1458-1461|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam ud-Din Ahmad Shah III]]''' (12) r. 1461-1463|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III Lashkari]]''' (13) r. 1463-1482|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmud Shah]]''' (14) r. 1482-1518|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''Ahmed Shah IV''' (15) r. 1518-1520|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''Waliullah Shah''' (17) r. 1523-1526|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''Kalimullah Shah''' (18) r. 1526-1527|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''Ala ud-Din Shah II''' (16) r. 1520-1523|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== List of Bahmani Shahs ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| Independence from [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]].
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah''
|align="center"| [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] I
|align="center"|3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
|-
|align="center"| ''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mohammed Shah I|Mohammad Shah I]]
|align="center"|11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mujahid Shah]]
|align="center"|21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
|-
|align="center"| ''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Daud Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"|16 April 1378 – 21 May 1378
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Mohammad Shah II
|align="center"| 21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ghiyath-ad-din Shah
|align="center"|20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
|-
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Shams-ud-Din Shah Puppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk
|align="center"| 14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah'' 
|align="center"| [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Feroze Shah]]
|align="center"| 24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah''
|align="center"| [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah|Ala-ud-Din II Ahmed Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah''
|align="center"| [[Humayun Shah|Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Nizam Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Muhammad Shah Lashkari''
|align="center"|[[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah Bahmani III]]
|align="center"| 30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
|-
|- bgcolor="#A7BFA3"
|align="center"|''Vira Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] Puppet King Under [[Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri]]
|align="center"| 26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ahmed Shah Bahmani II Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani II Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 28 December 1520 – 5 March 1522
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Waliullah Shah Bahmani Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 5 March 1522 – 1526
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 1525–1527
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| Dissolution of the Sultanate into five Kingdoms namely; [[Bidar Sultanate]]; [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]; [[Bijapur Sultanate]]; [[Golconda Sultanate]] and [[Berar Sultanate]].
|}

== See also ==
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
* [[Deccan Sultanates]]
* [[List of Vijayanagara emperors]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[History of Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bahmani Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Bahmani rulers]]

Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy

2025-07-31T08:28:56Z

KatherinLesina4: new first bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| successor = [[Vemireddy Prashanti Reddy|Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| successor1 = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| constituency1 = [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]]
| successor2 = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| constituency2 = [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
}}
'''Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a six-time MLA from [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur Assembly Constituency]] in [[Nellore district|Nellore District]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=siva |date=2019-06-12 |title=Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy makes his entry into AP assembly for the sixth time |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/nallapareddy-prasanna-kumar-reddy-makes-his-entry-into-ap-assembly-for-the-sixth-time-537088 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He is nominated again by YSRCP to contest the Kovur seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=TDP pulls all stops to end YSRCP legislator's winning streak at Kovur assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/tdp-pulls-all-stops-to-end-ysrcp-legislators-winning-streak-at-kovur-assembly/articleshow/110008294.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-26 |title=Lok Sabha election: Intense face off in Kovur assembly constituency elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/accusations-and-counter-accusations-heat-up-kovur-assembly-poll-battle/articleshow/109617260.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Hyderabad]]. His mother is Srilakshmamma and his late father [[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy|Nallapareddy Srinivasulu Reddy]] was a four-time MLA and also served as chairman of Andhra Pradesh Road Transport Corporation. Reddy completed his B.A from [[Nizam College]], Osmania University in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy(TDP):Constituency- KOVUR(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1856 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married N. Geetha Reddy and has a son Rajat Kumar Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nallapareddy Prasannakumar Reddy |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Bye_Elections_2012/Affidavits/235_Kovur/235_006_Nallapareddy_Prasannakumar_Reddy.pdf |website=ceotelangana.nic.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy began his political career in 1993, stepping into the shoes of his father who died in February 1993. He became MLA for the first time winning the 1993 byelection<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-06-15 |title=By-election trend dismays Congress(I) camp |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930615-by-election-trend-dismays-congress-i-camp-811188-1993-06-14 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Nephew, uncle come face to face in Kovur Bypoll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/Feb/22/nephew-uncle-come-face-to-face-in-kovur-bypoll-342555.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and retained it in the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] from Kovur Assembly Constituency. He won again on TDP ticket in 1999 but lost the next election in 2004. He regained his Kovur seat again in 2009 once again on TDP ticket. Later, he shifted to [[YSR Congress Party]] and won the [[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections]] defeating his maternal uncle Chandramohan Reddy.<ref name=":0" /> He won as MLA for the fourth time in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSR Congress Party defeating Polam Reddy Srinivasulu Reddy of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 39,891 votes. Later, he served as a Minister of Sugar Industries, Commerce, and Exports in [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|YS Jagan Mohan Reddy]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-03-29 |title=Will continue to serve YSRC till my last breath: Kovur MLA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Mar/29/will-continue-to-serve-ysrc-till-my-last-breath-kovur-mla-2560584.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nallapareddy, Prasanna Kumar Reddy}}
[[Category:Politicians from Nellore district]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Raksha (Vedic)

2025-07-30T09:34:15Z

KatherinLesina4: added info

{{Short description|Sanskrit term associated with protection}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Raksha''' ({{langx|sa|रक्षा}}, {{IAST3|rakṣā}}, {{IAST|rakshas}}, {{IAST|rakshah}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] word associated with protection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Hp1MX8d8osC&dq=raksha+sanskrit+protection&pg=PA825 |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: ...with Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-saxon... |date=1872 |publisher=Clarendon |pages=825 |language=en}}</ref> Raksha and its various derivatives which occur predominantly in the [[Vedas]] and auxiliary texts means – to protect, guard, take care of, tend, rule, govern, to keep, not to divulge, to preserve, save, keep away from, spare, to avoid, to observe or to beware of, an evil spirit, a demon, an imp and is the root of numerous words.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S.Apte|publisher=The Digital Libraries of South Asia|page=1322|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.apte.2839823}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the Vedas it refers to the evil tendencies that continuously afflict humanity.

Raksha is also a feminine name that is often given to girls in families that value protection and security. It is associated with the Hindu goddess Durga, who is the protector of the universe.

== Literature ==

In Sukta 53 of the VII Mandala of the Rig Veda in the 4th and 5th mantra addressed to Surya (Sun) beginning-

अदा॑भ्यो॒ भुव॑नानि प्र॒चाक॑शद्व्र॒तानि॑ दे॒वः स॑वि॒ताभि र॑क्षते प्रास्रा॑ग्बा॒हू भुव॑नस्य प्र॒जाभ्यो॑ धृ॒तव्र॑तो म॒हो अज्म॑स्य राजति.

त्रिर॒न्तरि॑क्षं सवि॒ता म॑हित्व॒ना त्री रजां॑सि परि॒भूस्त्रीणि॑ रोच॒ना ति॒स्रो दिवः॑ पृथि॒वीस्ति॒स्र इ॑न्वति त्रि॒भिर्व्र॒तैर॒भि नो॑ रक्षति॒ त्मना॑.

The god of the suns protects the worlds from the sun. Prasragbahu bhuvanasya prajabhyo dhritavrata maho ajmasya rajati.

The sun is the greatness of the three spaces, the three dusts, the three lights. The three heavens and the earth protect us with three vows<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Rig Veda|page=293|url= http://www.sanskritweb.net/rigveda/griffith.pdf }}</ref>

Rishi Vasishthahmaitravaruni refers to the ''Rakshas'' (रक्षस्) as groups of evil tendencies ([[vritti]]), having base animal qualities stemming from the rajas and tamas (gunas), modes of being: viz. 1) ''ulookavritti'', owl tendency, attachment, 2) ''shushlookavritti'', wolf tendency , anger, 3) ''shvavritti'', dog tendency, envy, 4) ''kokavritti'', goose tendency, lustfulness, 5) ''suparnavritti'', kite tendency, ego, and 6) ''grddhavritti'', vulture tendency, greediness.

Raksha, the demon, is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. She is the female leader of the wolf pack who adopts Mowgli.

==References==
<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/yajurveda029670mbp/yajurveda029670mbp_djvu.txt |title=Yajurveda Chapter I.7 |publisher=Chand,Devi. |year=1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Swami Vidyanand Videh |title=The Exposition of the Vedas 1964 Edition |publisher=The Veda Samsthana, Ajmer |page=23 |oclc=45897479}}</ref>{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Upanishadic concepts]]
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Laxman Tudu

2025-07-15T02:30:24Z

KatherinLesina4: brief refined references after review after review

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxman Tudu
| image = File:The Member of Parliament, Mayurbhanj constituency, Shri Laxman Tudu and the National Hockey player, Shri Dilip Tirkey holding the Queen’s Baton 2010 Delhi, at Jamshedpur on August 08, 2010.jpg
| caption = Shri Laxman Tudu (left) and the National Hockey player, Shri Dilip Tirkey (right) in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|5|16}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| constituency = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]
| predecessor = [[Sudam Marndi]]
| successor = [[Rama Chandra Hansdah]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| otherparty = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_place = Bada Badtalia, Mayurbhanj, [[Odisha]], India
| nationality =
| religion =
| spouse = {{marriage|Basanti Tudu|1998}}
 ''Late.'' Jamuna Hansdah
| children =
| education = Graduation
| alma_mater = MPC college, Baripada ([[Utkal University]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4354&lastls=15 loksabhaph.nic.in
}}
'''Laxman Tudu''' (born 16 May 1965) is an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] of [[Lok Sabha]] during [[15th Lok Sabha]] where he represented [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]. In 2018, he quit [[Biju Janata Dal]] and joined [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/former-mayurbhanj-mp-laxman-tudu-joins-jmm/|title = Former Mayurbhanj MP Laxman Tudu Joins JMM|date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Indian general election in Orissa, 2009]]
* [[Biju Janata Dal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{15th Lok Sabha MP from Orissa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Laxman}}
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Neha

2025-07-04T15:22:05Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{Short description|Female given name}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Neha
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Female
| meaning = love
| region = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Sanskrit]]
| origin = India
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names = [[Nehal]], [[Nahla (name)|Nahla]], [[Nina (name)|Nina]]
| name day =
| derived =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Neha''' ([[Hindi]] and {{langx|sa|नेहा}}; {{IPA|hi|neː.ɦɑː}}) is a popular [[Hindu|Hindi]]/ [[Sanskrit]] [[India]]n feminine [[given name]], often found in the [[Hindus|Hindu]] community. It means '[[Lové|love]]' / '[[affection]]', '[[rain]]' / '[[monsoon|downpour]]', and is sometimes translated as '[[eye contact|beautiful eyes]]'.

== Etymology ==
The name Neha has multiple origins. It may mean one of the following:

* 'love' or 'affection', when derived from ''[[Sneha]]'' ({{langx|sa|स्नेह|links=no}});
* 'rain' or 'downpour', when derived from ''[[Nehal]]'' ({{langx|sa|नेहल|links=no}}); or
* 'beautiful eyes', when referencing common beliefs across Indian baby naming sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Name Girl Neha Gender, Meaning, Numerology |url=https://a2zbabyname.com/sikh-name/girl/neha?id=570570 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=a2zbabyname.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Neha Name Meaning, About English Girl Name Neha |url=https://namesfolder.com/english-girl-name/neha |website=NamesFolder.com }}</ref>

== Notable people named Neha ==
* [[Neha Aggarwal]] (born January 11, 1990), Indian table tennis player.
* [[Neha Ahuja]] (born September 27, 1981), Indian alpine skier.
* [[Neha Joshi]], (born 7 December 1986), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Bamb]] (born May 9, 1985), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Bhasin]] (born November 18, 1982), Indian musician and presenter.
* [[Neha Devi Singh]] (born August 9, 1981), Indian actress and writer.
* [[Neha Dhupia]] (born August 27, 1980), Indian actress and model.
* [[Neha Hinge]] (born 1986), Indian actress, model and software engineer.
* [[Neha Janpandit]] (born June 8, 1988), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Jhulka]] (born 1984), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Kakkar]] (born June 6, 1988), Indian singer.
* [[Neha Kapur]] (born 1984), Indian actress, model and winner of the 2006 Femina Miss India pageant.
* [[Neha Lakshmi Iyer]] (born 1990), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Mankani]], Pakistani midwife
* [[Neha Marda]] (born September 23, 1985), Indian actress and model.
* [[Neha Mehta]] (born June 9, 1988), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Nair]] (born September 14, 1989), Indian composer and singer.
*[[Neha Narang]] (born August 4, 1987), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Oberoi]] (born September 15, 1980), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Pendse]] (born November 29, 1984), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Rajpal]] (born June 23, 1978), Indian anchor, composer, producer and singer.
* [[Neha Ratnakaran]] (born March 24, 1997), Indian actress and model.
* [[Shabana Raza]] (born April 18, 1975), Indian actress.
* [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]] (born 1989), Indian film actress.
* [[Neha Sharad]] (born October 6, 1992), Indian actress and poet.
* [[Neha Sharma]] (born November 21, 1987), Indian actress and model.
* [[Neha Sharma (cricketer)]] (born June 9, 1988), Emirati cricketer.
* [[Neha Shetty]], Indian actress
* [[Neha Sillay]] (born May 19, 2006), Indian footballer.
* [[Neha Tanwar]] (born August 11, 1986), Indian cricketer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

The Nowhere Son

2025-06-22T17:54:48Z

KatherinLesina4: started new data

{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

'''''The Nowhere Son''''' is an Indian/American independent film written, shot and directed by [[San Banarje]] starring [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Trisha Ray]], San Banarje and [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]. The film, produced by Next Actor Studio, Houston, was shot in India and United States in cities such as Calcutta, [[Varanasi|Kashi]], Houston, [[Galveston]] and New Orleans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/soumitra-chatterjee-will-begin-shooting-for-nowhere-son-on-september-3-san-is-trying-to-work-differently-and-his-style-is-different-from-what-we-get-to-see-in-kolkata-it-will-be-interesting-to-shoot-this-indie-i-will-be-shooting-in-the-city-on-september-3-and-4-soumitra-says-/articleshow/9826756.cms|title=Soumitra Chatterjee will begin shooting for "Nowhere Son" on September 3. "San is trying to work differently and his style is different from what we get to see in Kolkata. It will be interesting to shoot this indie. I will be shooting in the city on September 3 and 4," Soumitra says.|date=1 September 2011|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
[[File:San Banarje in "The Nowhere Son".jpg|San Banarje in "The Nowhere Son".|thumbnail|right]] The film is listed in movie critic [[Joe Leydon]]'s list of 'Five movies not to miss at Worldfest Houston'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.culturemap.com/news/entertainment/04-14-13-an-insiders-guide-to-houstons-international-film-festival-five-dont-miss-movies-at-worldfest/|title=An insider's guide to Houston's international film festival: Five don't-miss movies at WorldFest|accessdate=16 August 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Physician Sanjay Chakroborty (San Banarje) lives in Calcutta with his professor father Anil ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]]) in a centrally located house owned by their family for decades. The corrupt minister Maity ([[Biswajit Chakraborty]]) wants to acquire their plot for making a luxury hotel. However, the professor is against selling the house. Within a few days, Anil goes missing. Now Sanjay gives up everything in search of his father.

==Production==
While filming in [[Kashi (Varanasi)|Kashi]] (Varanasi), director San Banarje was detained by the local police for pointing the camera at a Hindu temple without permit. He was released after two hours.This is the third film that San Banarje and Trisha Ray shot with [[Soumitra Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMS8wOS8wMiNBcjAyODAw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910231703/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMS8wOS8wMiNBcjAyODAw|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2012|title=Soumitra in indie film|website=The Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2018}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* [[San Banarje]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
* [[Trisha Ray]]
* Samba Banerjee
* Sankar Roy Chowdhury
* Dibyaroop Roy
* Ramasankar Paul
* Suman Nandy
* Sukanto Bhattacharya
* Shahab Peer
* Thiago Paes

== Crew ==
* Producers : San Banarje and Trisha Ray
* Writer : San Banarje
* Director : San Banarje
* Cinematographer : San Banarje
* Editor : Trisha Ray
* Sound : Gautam Nag
* Music : Gianmarco Leone
* Production Manager : Sambhu Munshi

== Screenings ==

The film first premiered in Houston at the Worldfest Houston International Film Festival in April 2013 where it was named as "Top Five Not to Miss Movies at Worldfest" by critic [[Joe Leydon]]. In June 2013, it played at the [[Hoboken International Film Festival]] in New York. Writer-Director San Banarje was interviewed by Garden State Journal prior to the screening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gardenstatejournal.com/content/garden-state-journal-qa-san-banarje-director-producer-actor-writer-of-the-nowhere-son-8728.html|title=GARDEN STATE JOURNAL Q&A San Banarje, Director/Producer/Actor/Writer of The Nowhere Son-GSJ Staff- Garden State Journal|website=gardenstatejournal.com|accessdate=16 August 2018}}</ref> In November 2013, the film was screened at Alexandria, Virginia for Alexandria Film Festival.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2069956}}
* [http://www.nowheresonthefilm.com The Nowhere Son Official Site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nowhere Son, The}}
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]

Rajoana

2025-05-12T18:03:00Z

KatherinLesina4: Started some details v1

{{for|the person|Balwant Singh Rajoana}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Rajoana Kalan''' and '''Rajoana Khurd''' are villages in the [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Rajoana Kalan ==

Rajoana Kalan has an official area of 562 Hectares and a population of 1,239 persons in 1991, and is in the local administration ward of Sudhar, 18 km from [[Mullanpur Dakha|Mullanpur]] and not far from the towns of [[Jagraon]] and [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]].

Rajoana Kalan is off the main road from Mullanpur to [[Raikot]], between the River/Canal at Sudhar and Raikot, approximately two or three miles from Sudhar. [[Halwara]] village and the Halwara Air Force Base is even closer to village of Rajoana Kalan. Rajoana Kalan is located to the West of Ludhiana in Punjab. For directions from Ludhiana, turn left off the [[Firozepur]] Road at the town of Mullanpur to Raikot. The road to Rajoana Kalan is the turning to the right at a brick kiln works off the main road running between Mullanpur to Raikot, after passing through the village of Halwara and the Indian Air force base located there, and passing through the village/township of Sudhar.

== Rajoana Khurd ==

Rajoana Khurd has an official area of 389 Hectares and a population of 1,616 in 1991, and is in the same local administration ward of Sudhar.

The ancestry of the village and the people is of [[Jat Sikhs]] bearing the family name or surname of Natt. Natt’s of Rajoana Kalan, can be traced back to a woman known as Mai Bhatti.

Mai Bhatti was daughter of a rich landowner – zamindar or Sardar – who gave her and her husband large areas of land surrounding the present village. Mai Bhatti and her husband had three sons. Reference to her husband and what happened to him is yet to be determined. She lived during the life and times of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. History has it that when Guru Gobind Singh was engaged in the guerrilla war with the ruling [[Mughals]] in [[Delhi]], he came to the place where Mai Bhatti lived with her three sons.

He was without horse and or any carriage, and requested one to be found for him. He spent the night there and the next morning Mai Bhatti together with her three sons gave a lift to Guru Gobind Singh on a Manji (a small light cot / bed). This was a form of transport carriage in those days.

Guru Gobind Singh found that one end of the Manji dipped lower than the other three, but could not see the reason for this. He asked the oldest son what the reason was and was told that it was because his mother, Mai Bhatti was bearing that end of the Manji.

Guru Gobind Singh was extremely pleased and impressed with this demonstration of support from Mai Bhatti, and told her to ask for any reward she may wish for. Being a simple person, she asked that each of her sons find a bride and get married.

Guru Gobind Singh was amused by the simplicity of her wishes and said that the sons would marry not only once but twice! He told Mai Bhatti to ask for something else – probably expecting a materialistic request – but keeping to her simple lifestyle, she said that once the sons were married if they could be blessed to be able to earn a living for their family.

Guru Gobind Singh was once again pleased with the simple demand and blessed her sons with the prophecy that they would settle a village each.

Today there are three villages originating from that one family – firstly, Rajoana Kalan (the main village), secondly Chotta Rajoana (small Rajoana) also known officially as Rajoana Khurd, and thirdly the village of Tugal.

There is a memorial plaque with details of Mai Bhatti’s place in [[Sikhs|Sikh]] history at the entrance to the Kila (the castle) in Rajoana Kalan.

Initially all the families and descendants of Mai Bhatti’s sons lived within the Kila. This was in tradition of living in the large household of the ruling Sardars and in times of conflict back during the village’s history, it was a prudent thing to do.

In the passage of time and as the size of the family increased, segments of the families slowly started to take up residence in the village, outside the Kila. This was a practical proposition, however it probably led to the relaxing of relationships and weakening of them.

[[Balwant Singh Rajoana]], convicted in the killing of [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]], belongs to village Rajoana Kalan.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

{{Ludhiana district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]

Dwarka Courts Complex

2025-03-27T20:38:23Z

KatherinLesina4: Started initial data w/ sources...

{{Short description|District Court}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Dwarka District Court (South West Delhi)''' is one of the seven [[Subordinate Courts Of Delhi High Court|District Courts]] in [[Delhi|the National Capital Territory of Delhi]] that function under [[Delhi High Court|the Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/about-dwarka-court-complex#:~:text=The%20District%20Courts%20Complex%2C%20Dwarka,Balakrishanan. |title= About Dwarka Court Complex |work= districts.ecourts.gov.in | access-date=}}</ref> The Dwarka District Courts Complex is situated at Sector- 10, Dwarka, New Delhi Near by Dwarka Sector 10 Metro Station.

==Information==
The Dwarka District Courts Complex was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Chief Justice of India, [[K. G. Balakrishnan|Sh. K.G. Balakrishanan]] in the year of the 2008 on 6 September. Its functioning started since 08.09.2008 with its first district judge Sh.Inder Singh Mehta (I.S. Mehta).<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/farewell.asp |title= Farewell |work= Delhi High Court| access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://delhidistrictcourts.nic.in/jmfc/hmjISMehta.pdf |title= SPEECH OF HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE INDER SINGH MEHTA|work= Delhi High Court| access-date=}}</ref> Apart from various Civil, Criminal, Motor accident and family Courts the functioning of 8 evening court is also operational. The Dwarka District Courts Complex includes two seven storied court room blocks building and one admin block building which are interconnected it also includes one 8 storied lawyers chamber block building.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/dwarka-court |title= Dwarka court topic |work= NDTV News | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/09/06/5th-district-court-complex-inaugurated-at-dwarka-1220715266.html?story=1 |title= 5th district court complex inaugurated at Dwarka |work= Oneindia| access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/12-evening-courts-opened/articleshow/4067255.cms |title= 12 evening courts opened |work= Times of India | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/dwarka-court-enforces-dress-code/story-YAuQvMzvZSWqe4g9GudfeN.html |title= Dwarka court enforces dress code |work= Hindustan Times | access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://services.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindia/cases/dailyboard.php?state=D&state_cd=26&dist_cd=7 Delhi District Courts: Dwarka Courts Complex]

{{coord|28.5808|77.0595|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Courthouses in India]]

Gehraiyaan (web series)

2024-10-23T19:51:51Z

KatherinLesina4: Started basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Horror web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gehraiyaan (2017 web series).jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = Horror 
| creator = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Sidhant Sachdev<ref>{{cite web |url =https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikram-bhatt-web-show-gehraiyaan-spotlight-first-look-watch-video-pics-4576158/lite/|title=Vikram Bhatt Web Show Gehraiyaan Spotlight|work=New Indian Express|date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] 
| judges = 
| voices = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Harish Sagane]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme = Gehraiyaan Title Song
| composer = Harish Sagane
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 10 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camara]]
| runtime = 20 minutes approx
| company = VB On The Web
| budget =
| network = [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|04|12}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|06|14}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Gehraiyaan''''' is a horror [[web series]] created by [[Vikram Bhatt]], starring [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-07|title=Sanjeeda Sheikh on working in webseries Gehraiyaan: Television doesn't offer you variety|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanjeeda-sheikh-on-working-in-webseries-gehraiyaan-4644871/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Vatsal Sheth]] in lead role. It is directed by Sidhant Sachdev.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-21|title=Watch: 'Gehraiyaan' trailer starring Sanjeeda Sheikh and Vatsal Sheth will give you goosebumps!|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/gehraiyaan-trailer-video-sanjeeda-sheikh-vatsal-sheth-vikram-bhatt-bollywood-news/18093166|access-date=2020-09-22|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref> It is a love story that unfolds between a 26-year-old researcher Reyna Kapoor, at a Mumbai hospital, and her surgeon friend Shekhar, amidst mysterious and dark occurrences in her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/gehraiyaan/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550393700/channelid-10000000000690000/starttime-201712031900|title=Gehraiyaan TV Serial & New Episodes On Zoom – Latest News, Photos & Videos|website=The Times of India|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikram Bhatt's Gehraiyaan will definitely give you the chills|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/vikram-bhatts-gehraiyaan-will-definitely-give-you-the-chills|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story begins with construction workers trying to uproot a tree, which causes a dead body to hang out of the tree. Postmortem reveals the body to be at least a year old and hence in very bad shape and it can't be identified. It is taken to a hospital. At night, the dead body opens its eyes, causing all lights in the hospital to explode.

The story moves on to Reyna Kapoor ([[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]), who used to be an excellent surgeon ( according to her, surgery is her first love). An incident that happened in her life had caused her to get [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] and hence she is unable to do surgeries.

At the beginning of the series, she has recovered and is planning to take a test to confirm that she is ready to go back to surgery. But as she begins to take the test, a power outage occurs, with the lights exploding. The test is rescheduled for another week.

Reyna meets with her friend Dr. Shekhar (Trishaan Singh Maini), who is shown to have the interest to pursue a relationship with her. When Reyna returns to her apartment, she experiences paranormal activity in the lift, scaring her. This occurs multiple days, with a ghost-like entity appearing and scaring her at times.

She shares it with her friends Dr. Shekhar and Dr. Meghna who don't believe her and instead convinced her that she is hallucinating as a result of the high dosage medication she takes for her PTSD.

Reyna meets a man Sahil Arora ([[Vatsal Sheth|Vatsal Seth]]) in the lift, who befriends her. He invites her to his home for coffee, where it is shown to the viewers that he keeps dead bodies in his fridge and drinks blood.

Meanwhile, the haunting incidents surrounding Reyna increase and as no one believes her, she argues with her friends and asks them to stay away, which upsets them. Dr. Shekhar discusses this with Dr. Shetty who advises him to pretend as if he has believed Reyna, as it might help her cope better.

So, Dr. Shekhar brings in a psychic Mukherjee (whom he had bribed to tell Reyna that there is nothing wrong with her or her house). Mukherjee sees the ghost, but on cue from Shekhar, tells Reyna that nothing was wrong, which relaxes her. Later, Mukherjee texts Shekhar about the presence of an entity in Reyna's home, which Shekhar ignores and warns Mukherjee to be quiet.

Reyna asks Shekhar out on a dinner date and reveals that she is finally ready to commit. Before she could propose to Shekhar, she goes to the washroom to prepare herself, where she receives a call from the ghost (shown to be Sahil) who warns her not to believe Shekhar. He also asks her to check Shekhar's phone, which scares her. Then she goes to meet with Shekhar and checks his phone about conversation him and Mr. Mukherjee when he is called away on an issue about his car. She finds out that he hid the truth from her. Then she goes to her apartment where she meets Sahil and Sahil informs her that there is a spirit in her house and tells her that for her safety, she needs to stay away from that house. This way they can find out if there's a problem with her or the apartment. So she moves into a hotel room. In other side, Shekhar tries to call her but she won't pick up the call. Then Shekhar informed Dr. Meghna about what happened and asked her to call Dr. Reyna. Dr. Reyna receives a call from Dr. Meghna asking her where she is. In the hotel room, she reveals the truth about how Shekhar bribed Mr. Mukherjee to lie about the spirit's presence. That night, Dr. Meghna also sees the spirit and finally believes her friend. Sahil then pretends to help Reyna and along with Dr. Meghna they perform [[Seance]] a way to communicate with spirits. During the [[Seance]] Sahil gets injured. When Dr. Meghna treats his wounds she notices that there is no blood or DNA in the glasses she took out from his wounds. She becomes suspicious and contacts Mr. Mukharjee. Mr. Mukherjee tells her that Sahil's body is being used by an evil spirit. He tells her to warn Reyna. But the evil spirit kills Dr. Meghna before that. Reyna after the death of her best friend gets exhausted and Sahil trying to pacify her ultimately ends up sleeping together. Before that Reyna tells Sahil about the incident that caused the PTSD. One-night man comes carrying his pregnant wife and shouting for help in the hospital where she worked in Bengulru. Reyna attends the case and the man ask her to get his wife and child back with health while his wife asks Reyna to let her die as she wants freedom from her husband. After completing the sentence she dies. A nurse informs this to the man and out of anger and madness he threatens to kill Reyna. In a stunt, the security guards shoot him to save Reyna after which Reyna faints. The next day Reyna goes to Sahil's flat and from the security guard there she finds out that the flat was not in use for some time now, which shocks her. Now Shekar also started believing her with learning the fact that Sahil was dead a month ago and his body went missing and the duo finds out that it was actually the spirit using Sahil's body. They meet Sahil's wife Avni and learn about the accident. Reyna tells Shekhar that they should go to Mr. Mukherjee for help. Shekhar then informs her that Mr. Mukherjee is dead. During this conversation, they were attacked by the spirit. After that, they go to the hospital where a lady, Roshni comes to help Reyna. They soon find out that Reyna is pregnant with 3 weeks old baby which shocks them with the fact that it has been only less than a week since she met Sahil. This news actually makes Shekar devastated and he suddenly takes a leave. The duo, Roshini and Reyna go to the horror house where the man and his wife used to live. There Reyna gets an ultimatum that the baby will kill her and she has time only till its birth. She comes back and finds Shekar waiting outside her flat. The duo patches up. Roshini, Reyna, and Shekar together decide to set up an operation theater in the church but was unable to do because the spirit kills the nurse and the attenders accompanying them. The opt for the alternative, the pooja. They perform it and in between the doll goes missing and after a fight with the spirit of the man they are able to burn the doll. Roshini falls through the window after the doll is burned. Sometime later Reyna opens her eyes and feels sad that for her Roshini died. Shekar tells her that someone wants to meet them . The duo goes to meet Roshini's husband who reveals to them that Roshni was dead some days ago and her body went missing and sometimes early he got a call from the hospital that his wife's body is there and so he was able to do her last rites. The story ends with Reyna returning to normal life.

==Cast==
* [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as Reyna Kapoor
* [[Vatsal Sheth]] as Sahil Arora
* [[Trishaan Singh Maini]] as Shekhar
* [[Shruti Srivastava]] as Roshni
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Surya
* [[Vidur Anand]] as Dr. Kashyap
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] Dr. Shetty
* [[Rrahul Sudhir]] as Mr.Mukherjee
*[[Radhika bangia]] as Dr.Meghna
*[[Kajal Pisal]] as Avni

== Production ==
The first look posters featuring [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] and trailer of Gehraiyaan were released on 19 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-19|title=Vikram Bhatt's new web shows Gehraiyaan and Spotlight are bound to grab attention. Watch videos, pics|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikram-bhatt-web-show-gehraiyaan-spotlight-first-look-watch-video-pics-4576158/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Main |List of Hindi horror shows}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=ELrFxUOftQO2mbfJvD5I-ckA Gehraiyaan]'' on [[YouTube]] {{dead link|date=October 2020}}
*''[https://www.viu.com/ott/in/hindi-en/tag-gehraiyaan-playlist-24435137 Gehraiyaan]'' on [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
*{{IMDb title|7166738}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Horror fiction web series]]
[[Category:2017 web series endings]]

Raj Khand

2024-09-10T05:01:24Z

KatherinLesina4:

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Raj Khand
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|15|05|N|85|40|20|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| subdivision_name3 = Aurai
| elevation_ft = 56
| population_total = 19,296
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 843312
}}

'''Raj Khand''' is a village in [[Aurai Block]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located on Northern Bihar, about 45 kilometres northeast of the district capital [[Muzaffarpur]], and 14 kilometres southeast of the block capital Aurai. As of the year 2011, it is home to 19,296 inhabitants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Raj Khand is located on the north of [[Bagmati River]]. To its north is the village of Pahsaul; to its east is the village of Inglish Az Rakbe Bhagwanpur; to its south is the village of Khangura Dih urf Lakmipur; and to its west is the village of Chak Mohiuddin urf Bishunpatti. Majhila Pond is in the northwest of the village. Its average elevation is at 17 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Khand topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-zjk73q/Raj-Khand/?center=26.36242,85.55504 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Raj Khand has a [[Humid subtropical climate|Humid Subtropical Climate]] (Cwa). Its wettest month is July, with an average rainfall of 364 mm; and the driest month is November, with an average rainfall of 4 mm.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Raj Khand
| Jan high C = 22.3
| Feb high C = 26.2
| Mar high C = 32.2
| Apr high C = 36.5
| May high C = 36
| Jun high C = 34.3
| Jul high C = 31.6
| Aug high C = 31.7
| Sep high C = 31
| Oct high C = 30
| Nov high C = 27.9
| Dec high C = 24
| Jan mean C = 16.2
| Feb mean C = 19.7
| Mar mean C = 25.3
| Apr mean C = 29.8
| May mean C = 30.4
| Jun mean C = 29.9
| Jul mean C = 28.3
| Aug mean C = 28.2
| Sep mean C = 27.5
| Oct mean C = 25.5
| Nov mean C = 21.9
| Dec mean C = 17.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 10.4
| Feb low C = 13.3
| Mar low C = 18.1
| Apr low C = 23
| May low C = 25
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 21.3
| Nov low C = 16.1
| Dec low C = 12
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12
| Feb rain mm = 16
| Mar rain mm = 16
| Apr rain mm = 24
| May rain mm = 70
| Jun rain mm = 204
| Jul rain mm = 364
| Aug rain mm = 290
| Sep rain mm = 241
| Oct rain mm = 62
| Nov rain mm = 4
| Dec rain mm = 6
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Khand climate: Temperature Raj Khand & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/bihar/raj-khand-175029/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
In 2011, the village has a total of 4,141 households and 19,296 residents. Among all the residents, 10,224 are male and 9,072 are female. The total literacy rate is at 44.36%, with 5,299 of the male population and 3,260 of the female population being literate. The census location code is 228985.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Muzaffarpur district]]

Lovat Fraser

2024-03-01T02:55:33Z

KatherinLesina4: new first pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|British journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Lovat Fraser.jpg|thumb|Lovat Fraser in 1911]]

'''Lovat George Fraser''' (18 November 1871 – 20 April 1926) was a British journalist who was the editor of ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Mr. Lovat Fraser – A Well-Known Journalist |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/793614084/?article=dc34fe1a-8937-4231-ba6b-7cec69d4081f&focus=0.012227684,0.6389986,0.21314168,0.89919275&xid=3355 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=The Citizen |date=20 April 1926 |page=6 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Natarajan p. 203">{{cite book | last=Natarajan | first=J. | title=History of Indian Journalism | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | isbn=978-81-230-2638-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1c-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT203 | access-date=6 Apr 2023 | page=203}}</ref><ref name="Malhan 2013 p. 212">{{cite book | last=Malhan | first=S.P.M. | title=The TOI Story | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-5029-664-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybzjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | access-date=6 Apr 2023 | page=212}}</ref><ref name="Ṭikekara University of Bombay University of Mumbai 2006 p. 77">{{cite book | last=Ṭikekara | first=A. | author2=University of Bombay | author3=University of Mumbai | title=The Cloister's Pale: A Biography of the University of Mumbai | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7991-293-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC&pg=PA77 | access-date=6 Apr 2023 | page=77}}</ref><ref name="Bromley OMalley 1997 p. 74">{{cite book | last1=Bromley | first1=M. | last2=O'Malley | first2=T. | title=A Journalism Reader | publisher=Routledge | series=Communication and society | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-415-14135-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig6c1JBBPcoC&pg=PA74 | access-date=6 Apr 2023 | page=74}}</ref><ref name="Naqvi 2007 p. 58">{{cite book | last=Naqvi | first=H. | title=Journalism and Mass Communication | publisher=Upkar Prakashan | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7482-108-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 | access-date=6 Apr 2023 | page=58}}</ref>

He also contributed to ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'', ''[[The Gloucestershire Echo]]'', ''The Somerset County Herald'', and the ''[[Western Daily Press]]''.<ref name="obit"/>

Fraser was born in the parish of [[St George Hanover Square]], London, to Donald Fraser, a Scottish merchant, and Mary Gascoyne.<ref>''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813–1919''</ref> He died in [[Slough]].<ref name="obit"/>

==Works==

*''At Delhi'' (1903)
*''India under Curzon & After'' (1911)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fraser, Lovat}}
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from London]]
[[Category:20th-century British journalists]]

Murukeri

2024-02-18T18:47:18Z

KatherinLesina4: new first article basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Murukeri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|12|11|N|79|50|15|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Villupuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Murukeri''' is located in [[Viluppuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011 - Town and villages directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42648/download/46323/PC11_TV_DIR.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> It is a small village in [[Tindivanam]] town, but a famous one around neighbouring villages. The people in this village usually perform agriculture to survive.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Viluppuram district]]

{{Viluppuram-geo-stub}}

List of electric locomotives of India

2024-01-09T16:14:03Z

KatherinLesina4: redirect fix

#redirect[[Locomotives of India#Electric]]

Kushabhau Thakre Marg

2022-12-30T08:41:43Z

KatherinLesina4: expanded content as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| type =
| route =
| maint =
| length_km = 12
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = Luv Kush Square
| junction =
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = Gandhi Nagar Square
}}

'''Kushabhau Thakre Marg''' commonly known as Super Corridor (MR10) is a road that connects [[AH47|AH47 Agra - Mumbai National Highway]] with [[Madhya Pradesh State Highway 27|MP SH 27]] and [[Indore Airport]]. Kushabhau Thakre Marg is one of the busiest roads of the city of [[Indore]] and has become a new hub in the city.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/super-corridor-to-be-unveiled-as-financial-tech-hub-ida/story-3qVU6XD30rnzTtQHpDQFsJ.html Super Corridor to be unveiled as financial-tech hub: IDA]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-super-corridor-fails-to-give-returns-but-future-is-bright/story-9IRFKhF9gl2ZUuXnUZNBNJ.html Indore Super Corridor fails to give returns, but future is bright]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/major-roads-discussed-in-the-meet/articleshow/57350753.cms Major roads discussed in the meet]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indore Super Corridor fails to give returns, but future is bright |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-super-corridor-fails-to-give-returns-but-future-is-bright/story-9IRFKhF9gl2ZUuXnUZNBNJ.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2016}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
===Metro===
The work for the Phase-1 of the [[Indore Metro]] is currently in full swing slated to be operational by late 2023. A depot is also being developed near Gandhi Nagar Square.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indore: First phase of metro rail to be operational in Sept, 2023, says Minister Bhupendra Singh |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-first-phase-of-metro-rail-to-beoperational-in-sept-2023-says-minister-bhupendra-singh |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=7 Oct 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indore: MPMRCL faces hectic work schedule ahead of PBD, GIS |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pbd-indore/indore-mpmrcl-faces-hectic-workschedule-ahead-of-pbd-gis |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=15 Dec 2022 |location=Indore, MP}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Rail construction: Segment work for viaduct between Super Corridor 3 and Super Corridor 2 started |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/metro-rail-construction-segment-work-for-viaduct-between-super-corridor-3-and-super-corridor-2-started |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=23 Oct 2022 |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Indore]]
[[Category:Roads in Indore]]

Sultanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T20:06:28Z

KatherinLesina4: quick enhance formatting per standard format to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Sultanganj Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}