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Next Goa Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-07T07:08:09Z

KatharinaFlanery: Added Article

{{Short description|Elections for the 9th Legislative assembly of Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Goa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2022
| next_election =
| next_year = 2032
| election_date = By February 2027
| seats_for_election = All 40 seats in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 21
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Goa.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Goa
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 8th Goa Assembly
| elected_members =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Yuri Alemao during Chieftains Martyrs Day at Cuncolim.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=17|oTop=01}}
| leader2 = [[Yuri Alemao]]
| leader_since2 = 2022
| leaders_seat2 = [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
| last_election2 = 23.5%, 11 seats
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 =
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Goa, Shri Pramod Sawant.jpg
|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| leader_since1 = 2019
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Sanquelim Assembly constituency|Sanquelim]]
| last_election1 = 33.3%, 20 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 28
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 3
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 18
}}

Legislative assembly elections are expected to be held in [[Elections in Goa|Goa]] in [[2027 elections in India|February 2027]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|40 members]] of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. [[Pramod Sawant]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]] of [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP will win more than 27 seats in 2027 assembly elections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bjp-will-win-more-than-27-seats-in-2027-assembly-elections-cm/articleshow/111615435.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Damu Naik's elevation and BJP's 2027 election target|url=https://www.thegoan.net/letters-to-the-editor/damu-naiks-elevation-and-bjps-2027-election-target/124863.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Goan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Back into BJP Deepak Pauskar keen on contesting 2027 Goa assembly poll from Sanvordem|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/back-into-bjp-deepak-pauskar-keen-on-contesting-2027-goa-assembly-poll-from-sanvordem/articleshow/114469666.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP Accelerates Campaign for Goa 2027 Elections; Congress Still in deep slumber |url=https://goemkarponn.com/bjp-accelerates-campaign-for-goa-2027-elections-congress-still-in-deep-slumber/|access-date=2025-01-27|website=Goemkarponn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SPOTLIGHT EYE ON 2027, BJP TAKES FRESH GUARD |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFspotlight-eye-on-2027-bjp-takes-fresh-guard/124857.html|access-date=2025-01-27|website=The Goan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nitin Gadkari gives ‘mantra’ to Goa CM for 2027 victory|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/nitin-gadkari-gives-mantra-to-goa-cm-for-2027-victory-891555|access-date=2025-01-27|website=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party/Alliance
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|TBD
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Yuri Alemao]]
| TBD
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
|[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
|TBD
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol football.jpg|50px]]
|[[Manoj Parab]]
|TBD
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[File:AAP English Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
|Amit Palekar
|TBD
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
| [[File:Goa Forward Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol Coconut.svg|50px]]
| [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| TBD
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|50px]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px]]
|Mariano Rodrigues
|TBD
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|District
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|rowspan="23"|[[North Goa district|North Goa]]
!1
| [[Mandrem Assembly constituency|Mandrem]]
|-
!2
| [[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]] (SC)
|-
!3
| [[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]]
|-
!4
| [[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]]
|-
!5
| [[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]]
|-
!6
|[[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]]
|-
!7
|[[Saligao Assembly constituency|Saligao]]
|-
!8
|[[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]]
|-
!9
|[[Porvorim Assembly constituency|Porvorim]]
|-
!10
|[[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]
|-
!11
|[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]
|-
!12
|[[Taleigao Assembly constituency|Taleigao]]
|-
!13
|[[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|Santa Cruz]]
|-
!14
|[[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre]]
|-
!15
|[[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]
|-
!16
|[[Maem Assembly constituency|Maem]]
|-
!17
|[[Sanquelim Assembly constituency|Sanquelim]]
|-
!18
|[[Poriem Assembly constituency|Poriem]]
|-
!19
|[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
|-
!20
|[[Priol Assembly constituency|Priol]]
|-
!21
|[[Ponda Assembly constituency|Ponda]]
|-
!22
|[[Siroda Assembly constituency|Siroda]]
|-
!23
|[[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]
|-
|rowspan="17" | [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
!24
|[[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]
|-
!25
|[[Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency|Vasco Da Gama]]
|-
!26
|[[Dabolim Assembly constituency|Dabolim]]
|-
!27
|[[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]
|-
!28
|[[Nuvem Assembly constituency|Nuvem]]
|-
!29
|[[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|-
!30
|[[Fatorda Assembly constituency|Fatorda]]
|-
!31
|[[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]]
|-
!32
|[[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]]
|-
!33
|[[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]
|-
!34
|[[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
|-
!35
|[[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]]
|-
!36
|[[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]
|-
!37
|[[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]]
|-
!38
|[[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]]
|-
!39
|[[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
|-
!40
|[[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]]
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100%
! —
!
!40
! —
|-
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Others
|-
![[North Goa district|North Goa]]
!23
|
|
|
|-
![[South Goa district|South Goa]]
!17
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!40
!
!
!
|}

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan="23"|[[North Goa district|North Goa]]
!1
| [[Mandrem Assembly constituency|Mandrem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!2
| [[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
| [[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!4
| [[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
| [[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|[[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!7
|[[Saligao Assembly constituency|Saligao]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|[[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!9
|[[Porvorim Assembly constituency|Porvorim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
|[[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!11
|[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!12
|[[Taleigao Assembly constituency|Taleigao]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!13
|[[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|Santa Cruz]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!14
|[[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
|[[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Maem Assembly constituency|Maem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!17
|[[Sanquelim Assembly constituency|Sanquelim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!18
|[[Poriem Assembly constituency|Poriem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!19
|[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!20
|[[Priol Assembly constituency|Priol]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!21
|[[Ponda Assembly constituency|Ponda]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!22
|[[Siroda Assembly constituency|Siroda]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!23
|[[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="17" | [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
!24
|[[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!25
|[[Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency|Vasco Da Gama]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!26
|[[Dabolim Assembly constituency|Dabolim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!27
|[[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!28
|[[Nuvem Assembly constituency|Nuvem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!29
|[[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!30
|[[Fatorda Assembly constituency|Fatorda]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!31
|[[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!32
|[[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!33
|[[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!34
|[[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!35
|[[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!36
|[[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!37
|[[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!38
|[[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!39
|[[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!40
|[[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Goa]]
* [[Politics of Goa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Goa elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Goa]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Bidhan Chandra Majhi

2026-05-06T16:48:03Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a post basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Bidhan Chandra Majhi''' is an Indian politician from [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. In May 2021, he was elected as the member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from [[Nanoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. He won the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2070|title=Bidhan Chandra Majhi(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- NANOOR (SC)(BIRBHUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/bidhan-chandra-majhi-25287-1|title=Bidhan Chandra Majhi Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of West-bengal Assembly|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Bidhan Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Angami Public Organisation

2026-04-25T15:46:20Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting some data basic info

{{Short description|Indian organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Angami Public Organisation
| region_served = [[Angami Naga|Angami Region]], India
| logo = Angami Public Organisation.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| type =
| abbreviation = APO
| headquarters = [[Kohima]]
| native_name =
| method =
| revenue =
| num_volunteers =
| owner =
| founders =
| key_people = Thejao Vihienuo ''President''
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|04|08}}
| focus =
| footnotes = '''Motto:''' ''Right is Might''
}}
The '''Angami Public Organisation''' ('''APO''') is a public organisation based in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. Headquartered in [[Kohima]], it was established on 8 April 1972 and serves as the apex organisation of the [[Angami Naga|Angami]] [[Naga people|Naga]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Medolenuo|first=Ambrocia|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/nagaland/2022/04/06/nagaland-angami-public-organization-to-celebrate-50-yrs-on-april-8/|title=Angami Public Organization to celebrate 50 yrs on April 8|date=6 April 2022|website=[[East Mojo]]|access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/angami-public-organisation-apo-reaffirms-dec-2016-resolution-on-ulb-polls/|title=Angami Public Organisation (APO) reaffirms Dec 2016 resolution on ULB polls|date=19 March 2023|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>

The organisation often engages with government authorities and other tribal bodies on matters such as development, land rights and peace initiatives in the region.

== History ==
Angami Public Organisation was founded on 8 April 1972 with Zapuvisie Lhousa as its first president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpage.com/angami-public-organisation-celebrates-golden-jubilee/|title=Angami Public Organisation celebrates golden jubilee|date=8 April 2022|website=[[Nagaland Page]]|access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>

== Member organisations ==
The Angami Public Organisation comprises several area-based public organisations representing different regions of the Angamis. These constituent bodies form the core structure of the APO and participate in its deliberations and decision-making. They are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/apo-deliberates-with-frontal-organizations|title=APO deliberates with frontal organizations|date=10 September 2012|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>
* Chakhroma Public Organisation
* Northern Angami Public Organisation
* [[Southern Angami Public Organisation]]
* Western Angami Public Organisation

== Frontal organisations ==
The APO works in coordination with various frontal organisations which function as affiliated bodies and assist in addressing issues related to their respective groups. They are:<ref name=":0"/>
* Angami Gazetted Officers' Krotho
* Angami Sports Association
* Angami Students' Union
* [[Angami Women Organisation]]
* Angami Youth Organisation

== Presidents ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | President
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; |
Tenure
! width="250" style="background:#b3d1e3; | Reference
|-
| Thejao Vihienuo || 2024–''Incumbent'' || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/angami-public-organization-inducts-new-executives|title=Angami Public Organization inducts new executives|date=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Razouvotuo Chatsu || 2021–2024 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/cm-rio-graces-apo-golden-jubilee|title=CM RIO GRACES APO GOLDEN JUBILEE|website=DIPR Nagaland|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Kepelhusie Terhüja || 2018–2021 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/angamis-urged-to-uphold-apo-integrity|title=Angamis urged to uphold APO integrity|date=17 January 2018|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Vilhusa Seleyi || 2015–2018 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tiryimyim.in/ayo-jubilee-tembangba-sentong-nung-dr-vilhusa-i-lanurtem-ayongzuk/|title=AYO jubilee tembangba sentong nung Dr. Vilhusa-i lanurtem ayongzük|date=7 November 2016|newspaper=Tir Yimyim Nagaland|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Keneingunyü Sekhose || 2011–2015 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/apo-new-office-bearers-elected|title=APO new office bearers elected|date=12 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Kekhriengulie Linyü || 2008–2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/nagaland-cm-apo-others-condole-demise-of-former-apo-president|title=CM, APO, others condole demise of former APO president|date=4 January 2026|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Mhiesizokho Zinyü || 2005–2008 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/confrontation-over-village-name-resolved|title=Confrontation over Village name resolved|date=13 September 2005|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Vipose Zao || 2002–2005 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/cm-apo-mourn-demise-of-retired-dig-v-zao|title=CM, APO mourn demise of retired DIG V Zao|date=30 September 2022|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Kewhilhou Miachieo || 1999–2002 ||
|-
| Neidilie Kuotsu || 1997–1999 ||
|-
| Krurovi Peseyie || 1996–1997 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/president-of-naga-club-passes-away|title=President of Naga Club passes away|date=12 January 2021|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Abi Yalie || 1992–1996 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/khwuno-thevo-viswe-rachu-reaffirm-historic-brotherhood/|title=Khwüno-Thevo, Viswe-Rachü reaffirm historic brotherhood|date=1 March 2026|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü]] || 1990–1992 ||
|-
| Kerisal Kenna-o || 1988–1990 ||
|-
| P. Vikuolie Pienyü || 1987–1988 ||
|-
| Joshua Kire || 1984–1987 ||
|-
| Thinuoselie Keyho || 1980–1984 ||
|-
| Setu Liegise || 1975–1980 ||
|-
| Zapuvisie Lhousa || 1972–1975 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/old-writer-mezoma-village-0|title=The old writer in Mezoma village|date=18 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Naga Hoho]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kohima]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Angami Naga|Public Organization]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Ukhra Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T15:58:36Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ukhra
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| constituency_no = 263
| established = 1964
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Ukhra''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, Ukhra Assembly constituency ceased to exist and No. 275 Pandaveswar assembly constituency was created from 2011. It covers [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] and [[Faridpur-Durgapur (community development block)|Faridpur-Durgapur]] community development blocks.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}</ref> Pandaveswar assembly segment is part of No. 40 [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency]].

As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, Ukhra Assembly constituency has ceased to be an assembly constituency from 2011. [[Andal, Bardhaman|Andal]] community development block is part of [[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2010-09-18 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! {{Abbr|Con. No.|Constituency Number}}
! {{Abbr|Res.|Reservation}}
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" | 250
| rowspan="11" | SC
| H. Mondal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" | Lakhan Bagdi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Gopal Mondal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="7" |263
| rowspan="5" | Lakhan Bagdi
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madan Bauri (Paschim Bardhaman politician)|Madan Bauri]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|}
==Election results==
===1977-2006===
[[Madan Bauri (MLA)|Madan Bauri]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Ukhra (SC) assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 defeating his nearest rivals Upender Paswan of [[JD(U)]] and Nirmal Maji of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] respectively. Lakhan Bagdi of CPI (M) won the seat in 1996, 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977, defeating Jethu Ram of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Gopal Mondal of Congress in 1991, Haradhan Mondal of Congress in 1987 and 1982, and Gopal Mondal of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp263.htm | title = 263 – Ukhra (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1969-1972===
Gopal Mondal of INC won the seat in 1972. Lakhan Bagdi of CPI (M) won the seat in 1971 and 1969. Prior to that the Ukhra constituency was not there.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp| title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections| access-date = 2010-08-29| work = General Election Results and Statistics| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp| archive-date = 2010-10-05}}</ref>

Ukhra assembly constituency was part of [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|23.655|N|87.243|E|display=title|format=dms|region:IN}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Isabel de Santa Rita Vás

2026-04-20T20:57:08Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting first data with sources!

{{short description|Indian author and playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Isabel de Santa Rita Vás
| image = Shubhankar Shah - Isabel de Santa Rita Vaz 2018.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright = 0.80
| alt = Isabel de Santa Rita Vas in 2018
| caption = Isabel de Santa Rita Vas in 2018
| birth_name = Maria Isabel de Santa Rita Vás
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Playwright
* director
* professor
* author
}}
| notableworks = {{flatlist|
* ''Frescoes in the Womb: Six Plays from Goa''
* ''My Name is Goa''
* ''Who Sits Behind My Eyes''
}}
| awards = {{ubl|Goa Sudharop Fellowship (2003)
|Goa State Cultural Award for Excellence in Drama (2012-2013)}}
}}

'''Maria Isabel de Santa Rita Vás''' is an Indian author, playwright, theatre director and teacher. She is the founder of the Mustard Seed Art Company (an amateur theatre group from [[Goa]]) and has been associated from its inception with the Positive People (an [[NGO]] that spreads awareness on [[HIV/AIDS]] and provides support to its victims). With over 65 theatre productions under the banner of The Mustard Seed Art Company, Vás has written and directed a number of plays in English. She has primarily been an educator for more than 40 years. She is the author of ''Frescoes in the Womb: Six Plays from Goa''.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/the-speakers-of-tedx-panaji/
|title = The Speakers of TEDx-Panaji
|work = [[The Navhind Times]]
|date = Jan 24, 2017
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113413/http://www.navhindtimes.in/the-speakers-of-tedx-panaji/
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list
|last = Noronha
|first = Frederick
|author-link = Frederick Noronha
|mailing-list = GoaNet-News
|url = http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2012-November/011137.html
|title = English theatre in Goa...
|date = Nov 11, 2012
|accessdate = 2018-11-17
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233303/http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2012-November/011137.html
|archivedate = 2018-11-17
|url-status = live
|df =
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://archive.org/details/TheatreInGoa25YearsLater
| title = English theatre in Goa, 25 years later
| website = Archive.org
| date = Nov 10, 2012
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://archive.org/details/IsabelSantaRitaVasSixEnglishPlaysFromGoa
| title = Isabel Santa Rita Vas: Six English Plays from Goa
| website = Archive.org
| date = Nov 11, 2012
}}</ref> She often features as a speaker at the [[Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF)]].<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/All-that-will-happen-at-GALF-2017/123654.html
|title=All that will happen at GALF 2017
|work=oHeraldo
|access-date=2018-11-22
|language=en
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hailing from [[Aldona]], she currently resides in [[Dona Paula]], near the state's capital, [[Panaji]].<ref name="GoaStreetsCutMustard" /> She holds a Doctor of Philosophy ([[PhD]]) from [[Goa University]].<ref name="HeraldSeedToTree">{{cite news|last=D'Cruz|first=Dolcy|date=Sep 24, 2017|title=From a seed to a nourishing tree|work=Herald Goa|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/From-a-seed-to-a-nourishing-tree/120478.html|url-status=live|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112922/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/From-a-seed-to-a-nourishing-tree/120478.html|archive-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref name="Thesis">
{{cite thesis|last=Santa Rita Vas|first=Maria Isabel|author-link=Isabel de Santa Rita Vas|title=Performing Change: Theatre in the Context of Social Transformation in Three Asian Cultures in the Twentieth Century|pages=311|date=Aug 1, 2008|publisher=Goa University|location=Goa|hdl=10603/11937}}</ref>

==Career==
===Teaching===
Currently a guest faculty at the Department of English, [[Goa University]], Vás lectures MA students on creative writing. Prior to this, she worked as the head of the English Department, Dhempe College of Arts and Science, [[Panaji]], and retired after almost 40 years of service.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=29282
|title = Have you met TED?
|work = The Goan
|date = Jan 26, 2017
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113133/http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=29282
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Holding an MA degree and a PhD, she specialises in [[Drama]], [[British literature|British]] and [[American Literature]].<ref>
{{Citation
|title=Self Study Report - DHEMPE COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
|date=January 2015
|url=https://www.dhempecollege.edu.in/ssr.pdf
|page=294
}}</ref>

===Theatre===
In 1987, Vás was approached by some students outside of school to help them in producing and performing plays. The result was an amateur theatre group, ''The Mustard Seed Art Company''.<ref name="GoaStreetsCutMustard" /> Initially, her theatre group staged plays, based on social issues, by well-known playwrights. In 1992, she wrote and produced her first own original play, ''A Leaf in the Wind'', after being inspired by the hardships faced by her friend, [[Dominic D'Souza]], the first person to be diagnosed with HIV in Goa and India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrão |first=R. Benedito |date=2021-05-27 |title=40 years after AIDS, remembering Dominic D’Souza, the first Indian diagnosed with HIV infection |url=https://scroll.in/article/995839/40-years-after-aids-remembering-dominic-dsouza-the-first-indian-diagnosed-with-hiv-infection |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> She then started writing her own scripts, some of which were loosely based upon her own experiences: ''A Harvest of Gold'' (based on the exploitation of farmers), ''Who Killed the Ministers'' (a play about corruption in politics), ''Unmask the Mask'' (a play about social responsibility) and ''Little Boxes'' (a story about child labour). Her play, ''My Name is Goa'', was performed entirely in mime, and touched upon alcoholism and the culture and history of Goa. Subsequently, she and the Company won a prize for her play, ''Who Sits Behind My Eyes''. This play was about the life of a woman living in a fishing village, and reminded the modern generation to not forget or ignore its own traditions and community. It was inspired by a Tagore poem.<ref name="OutlookMustard">{{cite magazine
| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-universe-in-a-mustard-seed/220318
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181118200320/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-universe-in-a-mustard-seed/220318
| archive-date = 18 November 2018
| title = The Universe In A Mustard Seed
| magazine = Outlook India
| first = Maria
| last = Cardoso
| date = June 2, 2003
| access-date = November 16, 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2016, she wrote a play titled ''All Those Pipe Dreams'', which revolved around a typically Goan family who had just bought and moved into an old mansion.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/for-the-love-of-theatre/
|title = For the love of theatre
|date = Feb 25, 2016
|work = The Navhind Times
|first = Janice
|last = Rodrigues
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113404/http://www.navhindtimes.in/for-the-love-of-theatre/
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2017, the group presented ''Hold Up the Sky'', which was a fictional dramatisation on the life of [[Madame Mao]], the wife of [[Mao Zedong]], [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] (in this work of historical fiction, she found her freedom in theatre).<ref name="HeraldSeedToTree" /> In 2018, she wrote the group's 66th play, ''Famous Nobodies''. In this fictional play, museum exhibits of spouses of famous personalities from history strike up a conversation. It focused on individuals like [[Kasturba Gandhi]], [[Eva Braun]], [[Marilyn Monroe]] and the wife of the Pulitzer Prize winner [[Arthur Miller]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Are-you-a-second-choice/135665.html
|title = Are you a second choice?
|date = Sep 4, 2018
|work = Herald Goa
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115153507/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Are-you-a-second-choice/135665.html
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list
|last = Noronha
|first = Frederick
|author-link = Frederick Noronha
|mailing-list = GoaNet-News
|title = Isabel Santa Rita Vas: How green is my theatre...
|date = Apr 15, 2011
|url = https://goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com/U9PQaaze/isabel-de-santa-rita-vas-how-green-is-my-theatre
|accessdate = 2018-11-15
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113143/https://goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com/U9PQaaze/isabel-de-santa-rita-vas-how-green-is-my-theatre
|archivedate = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
|df =
}}</ref>

Her Doctor of Philosophy ([[PhD]]) thesis, titled ''Performing Change: Theatre in the Context of Social Transformation in Three Asian Cultures in the Twentieth Century'', explores theatre in China, India (specifically, West Bengal) and Sri Lanka from 1950 to 2000.<ref name="Thesis"/>

===Other works===
The 250th birth anniversary of [[Abbé Faria]], the noted Goan hypnotist, was celebrated in [[Candolim]] in 2006. For this occasion, Vás made a video titled ''In Search of Abbé Faria'' and wrote a dramatization on the life of Faria, titled ''Kator Re Bhaji'' ({{Translation|''Cut the vegetables''}}).<ref>
{{Citation
| first = Lee
| last = Siegel
| author-link = Lee Siegel (professor and novelist)
| title = Trance-Migrations: Stories of India, Tales of Hypnosis
| place = Chicago | publisher = The University of Chicago Press
| year = 2014
| page = 103
| isbn = 9780226185323
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nC-OBAAAQBAJ&q=Trance-Migrations:+Stories+of+India,+Tales+of+Hypnosis
}}</ref>

She knows [[Portugal|Portuguese]] language, culture and its theatre and has been featured as a guest speaker on the topic of theatre in Portuguese in 20th century Goa.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.uniindia.com/seminar-on-cultures-language--literature-of-goa-held-in-goa/states/news/1120539.html
|title = Seminar on cultures, languages & literature of Goa held in Goa
|work = United News of India
|date = Jan 29, 2018
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115153439/http://www.uniindia.com/seminar-on-cultures-language--literature-of-goa-held-in-goa/states/news/1120539.html
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2017, she translated the play ''No Flowers, No Wreaths'' written by [[Orlando da Costa]], current [[Portuguese Prime Minister]] [[António Costa]]'s late father, into English. In a ceremony, she was given the opportunity of personally presenting her translation of the work to the prime minister, who is of [[Goan]] origin.<ref name="GoaStreetsCutMustard">{{cite web
|url = http://goastreets.com/maria-isabel-de-santa-rita-vas-cutting-the-mustard/
|title = Maria Isabel de Santa Rita Vas: Cutting the Mustard
|website = Goa Streets
|date = Jan 19, 2017
|last = Lapedis
|first = Hilary
|access-date = 2018-11-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154747/http://goastreets.com/maria-isabel-de-santa-rita-vas-cutting-the-mustard/
|archive-date = 2018-11-15
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Community work==
Apart from theatre, Vás has been actively involved in community work.

===Positive People===
She was a close friend of the late [[Dominic D'Souza]], Goa's first documented HIV patient (having worked with him on Mustard Seed plays). Together, they founded Positive People — Goa's first counselling group, an [[NGO]], to raise awareness on HIV/AIDS. The discrimination and hardship faced by Dominic because of his disease inspired her to write and produce the Company's first original play in 1992, titled, ''A Leaf in the Wind''.<ref name="OutlookMustard" /><ref name="Firstpost">
{{cite web
|title = Students discriminated: Goa has always treated HIV positive patients badly
|url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/students-discriminated-goa-has-always-treated-hiv-positive-patients-badly-1633795.html
|date = Jul 25, 2014
|access-date = 17 August 2014
|first = Mayabhushan
|last = Nagvenkar
|work = Firstpost
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728201233/http://www.firstpost.com/india/students-discriminated-goa-has-always-treated-hiv-positive-patients-badly-1633795.html
|archive-date = 2014-07-28
|url-status = live
}}</ref> The 2005 Indian film ''[[My Brother…Nikhil]]'', directed by [[Onir]], was based on D'Souza's life although this fact goes unmentioned in the credits.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/100517/remembering-dominic-dsouza.html
| title = Remembering Dominic D'Souza
| date = May 10, 2017
| work = The Asian Age
| first = Dhaval
| last = Roy
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181119172753/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/100517/remembering-dominic-dsouza.html
| archive-date = 19 November 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrão |first=R. Benedito |date=2021-05-27 |title=40 years after AIDS, remembering Dominic D’Souza, the first Indian diagnosed with HIV infection |url=https://scroll.in/article/995839/40-years-after-aids-remembering-dominic-dsouza-the-first-indian-diagnosed-with-hiv-infection |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Other ventures===
In 2016, she joined a new project called "Play Fools", where artistes and theatre personalities from different backgrounds (both, linguistic and professional) came together under a common banner to learn out of each other's experience.<ref name="ToIWorldStage" />

==Works==
===Books===
* ''Frescoes in the Womb: Six Plays from Goa'' (2012)

===Plays===
* ''A Leaf in the Wind'' (1992)
* ''A Harvest of Gold''
* ''Who Killed the Ministers''
* ''Unmask the Mask''
* ''Little Boxes''
* ''My Name is Goa''
* ''Who Sits Behind My Eyes''
* ''Kator Re Bhaji'' (2006)
* ''All Those Pipe Dreams'' (2016)
* ''Hold Up the Sky'' (2017)
* ''Famous Nobodies'' (2018)

===Other works===
* ''No Flowers, No Wreaths'' (by Orlando Costa, translated into English)
* ''In Search of Abbé Faria'' (2006, video)

==Awards==
* Goa Sudharop Fellowship (awarded by an NGO working for the betterment of Goa) in 2003<ref name="OutlookMustard" />
* Goa State Cultural Award for Excellence in Drama for the year 2012-13<ref
name="ToIWorldStage">
{{cite news
| title = For this teacher, all the world's a stage
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/52274315.cms
| date = May 15, 2016
| work = The Times of India
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181119172328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/For-this-teacher-all-the-worlds-a-stage/articleshow/52274315.cms
| archive-date = 19 November 2018
| url-status = live
| access-date = 15 November 2018
}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Goa Arts and Literature Festival|Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{YouTube|tiu9OrwGmZM|Flying together with theatre {{!}} Isabel De Santa Rita Vas {{!}} TEDxPanaji}}
* {{YouTube|t1PBrcPxAWQ|Isabela Santa Rita Vas: How green is my theatre...}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vas, Isabel de Santa Rita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]

Mangu Khilla

2026-04-20T01:55:26Z

KatharinaFlanery: Made New Post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mangu Khilla
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Purna Chandra Baka
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Mangu Khilla''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangu Khilla Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=59 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrakonda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Mangu Khilla of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chitrakonda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917597.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congress wins 1 Assembly seat in Odisha, leading in 14 constituencies |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/national/congress-wins-1-assembly-seat-in-odisha-leading-in-14-constituencies-788479 |website=DT Next |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khilla, Mangu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Lata Wankhede

2026-04-19T23:55:35Z

KatharinaFlanery: Made New Details

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lata Wankhede
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|24 February 1970}}
| birth_place = Pathariya, [[Damoh district|Damoh District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Rajbahadur Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Nandkishor Wankhede (m.30 May 1990)
| children =
| occupation = Agriculture
| parents = Keshavrao Bodh, Leela
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Lata Wankhede''' ({{IPA|hi|lət̪aː ʋaːn̪.kʰeːɽeː}}) is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="c382">{{cite web | title=Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Lata Wankhede wins race with 752640 votes | website=India Today | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/sagar-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547780-2024-06-04 | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Arshdeep kaur | title=Madhya Pradesh Election results 2024: Full list of winners in Lok Sabha election | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-election-11717486187348.html | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

She defeated INC candidate Chandra Bhusan Singh Bundela (Guddu Raja) by 471222 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/sagar-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 5 - SAGAR (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S125.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref name="Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|accessdate=7 August 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071147/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|archivedate=7 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wankhede, Lata}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Mukesh Thali

2026-04-19T23:36:29Z

KatharinaFlanery: Made Bio!

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1963)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mukesh Thali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Writer, translator, [[lexicographer]], broadcaster
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| genre = Essays, plays, translations
| notable_works = ''Rangtarang'', ''Hansdhwani'', ''Do re ma fa – Sa re ni sa''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2024)
}}

'''Mukesh Thali''' (born 1963)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Our Contributors |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27291817 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=67 |issue=3 (335) |pages=205–215 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> is an Indian writer, translator, and former broadcaster from [[Goa]]. He is best known for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]], for which he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2024.<ref name="TOIThali">{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=19 December 2024 |title=Goan writer Thali bags Sahitya award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goan-writer-thali-bags-sahitya-award/articleshow/116448883.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Thali began his career as a research assistant at [[Goa University]], where he worked for six years in the Department of Konkani Encyclopedia.<ref name="TheGoanThali">{{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Thali elated over Akademi award for Konkani book |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/thali-elated-over-akademi-award-for-konkani-book/123507.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref> In 1993, he joined [[All India Radio]] (AIR) at the Panaji station, serving as a news reader and translator for over 30 years before retiring in 2023.<ref name="TheGoanThali" /><ref name="TOIThali" /> He became a well-known voice in Konkani broadcasting, noted for his unique style of news presentation.<ref name="TheGoanThali" />

==Literary work==
Thali is a prolific writer in Konkani and has also written in Marathi, English, and Hindi.<ref name="TheGoanThali" /> His literary repertoire includes several collections of essays, such as ''Velsar'', ''Hansdhwani'', ''Jeevangandh'', ''Aksharbrahm'', and ''Shivranjani''.<ref name="TOIThali" /> His 2019 book, ''Rangtarang'' (also written as ''Ranga Tarang''), is a collection of essays and pen-portraits focusing on 25 personalities from the field of performing arts and theater.<ref name="TheGoanThali" /><ref name="DainikGomantakThali">{{Cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=ज्येष्ठ कोकणी साहित्यिक मुकेश थाळी यांच्या 'रंगा तरंग' पुस्तकाला साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार जाहीर |url=https://dainikgomantak.esakal.com/goa/sahitya-akademi-award-declared-for-noted-konkani-writer-mukesh-thali-for-his-book-ranga-tarang-smp90 |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Dainik Gomantak |language=mr}}</ref>

As a playwright, he wrote ''Do re ma fa – Sa re ni sa'' (also cited as ''Doremifa'' and ''Sarenisa''), which earned recognition at the Goa Kala Academy's Konkani Drama Competition.<ref name="TheGoanThali" /><ref name="TOIThali" /> Thali is also a prominent translator, having translated approximately 60 fictional works into Konkani. In the field of lexicography, he co-authored a Konkani-English dictionary.<ref name="TOIThali" /><ref name="TheGoanThali" />

==Personal life and influences==
A resident of [[Panaji]], Thali spent his childhood in the village of Priol, where he was groomed by the [[Jnanpith Award]]-winning writer [[Ravindra Kelekar]].<ref name="TOIThali" /><ref name="DainikGomantakThali" /> During his youth, he was exposed to literary stalwarts such as [[B. B. Borkar]] and [[Manohar Rai Sardesai]]. His family background also influenced his artistic interests; his grandfather was a noted percussionist and stage actor.<ref name="TOIThali" />

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Konkani (2024) for his essay collection ''Rangtarang''.<ref name="TOIThali" />
* Goa Konkani Akademi State Award for his book ''Hansdhwani''.<ref name="TOIThali" />
* Goa Kala Academy State Award.<ref name="TheGoanThali" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thali, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Uklana Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:46Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Uklana Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Uklana Assembly constituency map.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Naresh Selwal]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alliance = 
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Hisar district]]
|division =
|loksabha_cons =Hisar
|constituency_no = 48
|established = 
| electors = 2,16,019
| reservation = SC
|abolished = 
}}

'''Uklana Assembly constituency''' is a reserved constituency in [[Hisar district]]. It is one of the 90 [[Haryana]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |title=Haryana |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=HsrLS>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/haryana/hisar.html |title=Hisar Lok Sabha |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317112623/http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/haryana/hisar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uklana Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/uklana.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614231956/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/uklana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Naresh Selwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Anoop Dhanak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Naresh Selwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uklana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Selwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=78,448 |percentage=54.21% |change={{increase}}45.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anoop Dhanak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,356 |percentage=34.80% |change={{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balraj Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=11,447 |percentage=7.91% |change={{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Khanna |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,050 |percentage=1.42% |change={{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,218 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}46.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=627 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,092 |percentage=19.41% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,715 |percentage=67.03% |change= {{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,019 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uklana<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2 February 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317132523/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hr>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/hansi.html 2014 Haryana Results]</ref><ref name=ceo3>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |title=CEO results |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616183617/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/MLADetails.aspx?MLAID=794|title=MLA Details|work=haryanaassembly.gov.in|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823021801/https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/MLADetails.aspx?MLAID=794 |archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=HarVBW>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haryanaassembly.gov.in/SearchMLAInformation.aspx |title=Haryana Assembly website, 13th House MLAs |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018141835/http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/searchmlainformation.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anoop Dhanak]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=65,369 |percentage=46.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha Khedar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,676 |percentage=29.87% |change={{increase}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bala Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,573 |percentage=8.29% |change={{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Selwal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,353 |percentage=7.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Bhajan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,206 |percentage=3.01% |change={{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalita Taank |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,873 |percentage=1.34% |change={{decrease}}39.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Ranga |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,132 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,693 |percentage=16.98% |change= {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,545 |percentage=71.10% |change= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,278 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uklana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anoop Dhanak]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=58,120 |percentage=41.28% |change={{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seema Gaibipur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,193 |percentage=28.55% |change={{increase}}25.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Selwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,535 |percentage=18.85% |change={{decrease}}22.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brijlal |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=8,555 |percentage=6.08% |change={{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharti Uklana |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=3,662 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Kumar Nangthala |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,910 |percentage=1.36% |change={{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,927 |percentage=12.73% |change= {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,781 |percentage=78.45% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,446 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uklana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Selwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,973 |percentage=41.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seema Devi |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=42,235 |percentage=37.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbala |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=14,820 |percentage=13.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,469 |percentage=3.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narsingh Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,911 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavita |party=Smast Bhartiya Party |votes=881 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghuvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,738 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,709 |percentage=73.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,276 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Elections in Haryana]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ceoharyana.nic.in Chief Election Officer, Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091833/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/ |date=13 August 2011 }}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Hisar district topics}}
{{coord|29.52|75.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Rinchenpong Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:00:49Z

KatharinaFlanery: Added Data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 5
| name = Rinchenpong
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[West Sikkim district|West Sikkim]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 1979
| electors = 14,756<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| reservation = BL
}}
'''Rinchenpong''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Rinchenpong is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/ Sitting and previous MLAs from Rinchenpong Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks]</ref>

This constituency is reserved for members of the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Katuk Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Ongdi Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Chong Lamu Bhutia
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Phur Tshering Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Ongden Tshering Lepcha
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dawcho Lepcha
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Dawa Norbu Takarpa
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Karma Sonam Lepcha]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=9,624 |percentage=68.91% |change={{increase}}25.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norden Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,224 |percentage=23.08% |change={{decrease}}29.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Ongdi Lepcha |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=552 |percentage=3.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sancho Lepcha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=328 |percentage=2.35% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=239 |percentage=1.71% |change={{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,400 |percentage=45.82% |change= {{increase}}37.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,967 |percentage=87.16% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,024 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}16.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karma Sonam Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,582 |percentage=52.24% |change={{decrease}}16.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,513 |percentage=43.76% |change={{increase}}16.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sancho Lepcha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=303 |percentage=2.40% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=109 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurchung Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=92 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,069 |percentage=8.48% |change= {{decrease}}32.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,599 |percentage=85.38% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,756 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}16.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karma Sonam Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,347 |percentage=68.37% |change={{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Kinzang Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=2,891 |percentage=26.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laten Tshering Sherpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=186 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karsang Sherpa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=132 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}22.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=97 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=93 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,456 |percentage=41.47% |change= {{decrease}}7.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,746 |percentage=85.86% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,515 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Norbu Takarpa |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,438 |percentage=72.69% |change={{decrease}}8.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Kinzang Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,145 |percentage=24.22% |change={{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Sherpa |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=160 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karsang Sherpa |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=114 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,293 |percentage=48.47% |change= {{decrease}}16.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,857 |percentage=86.96% |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,185 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}8.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawcho Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,303 |percentage=81.58% |change={{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Kinzang Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,061 |percentage=16.32% |change={{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=57 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,242 |percentage=65.26% |change= {{increase}}37.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,500 |percentage=81.78% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,948 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ongden Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,640 |percentage=61.44% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Kinzang Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,001 |percentage=33.78% |change={{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=283 |percentage=4.78% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,639 |percentage=27.67% |change= {{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,924 |percentage=82.15% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,326 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,181 |percentage=60.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Sherpa |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,456 |percentage=27.64% |change={{decrease}}42.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kintup Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=482 |percentage=9.15% |change={{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawagyatso Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deoman Lama |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,725 |percentage=32.75% |change= {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,267 |percentage=78.51% |change= {{increase}}12.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,859 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chong Lamu Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,914 |percentage=70.05% |change={{increase}}24.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,011 |percentage=24.30% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Palzor Gyalsten |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=127 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Wongdi Funpo |party=Denzong Peoples Chogpi |votes=89 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,903 |percentage=45.75% |change= {{increase}}21.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,160 |percentage=66.13% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}24.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ongdi Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,418 |percentage=45.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Degay Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=21.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=384 |percentage=12.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Chuden |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=10.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Lhendup Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=8.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=760 |percentage=24.62% |change= {{increase}}19.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,087 |percentage=62.53% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,105 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rinchenpong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Katuk Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=598 |percentage=27.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Degey Bhutia |party=Janata Party |votes=480 |percentage=22.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loday Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=457 |percentage=21.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=415 |percentage=19.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gompoo Namgyal Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=6.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lako Tshering Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=57 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=118 |percentage=5.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,145 |percentage=62.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,677 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Richenpong]]
* [[West Sikkim district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord|27.24|88.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gyalshing district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Jalna Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-14T03:52:54Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting initial entry initial version!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalna Lok Sabha constituency {{Small|MH-18}}
| type = LS
| map_image = File:18 Jalna - जालना - جالنا.png
| map_caption = Dark green area is Jalna Lok Sabha
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]] [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]] [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]] [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Kalyan Kale]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = 19,67,574
| incumbent_image =
| preceded_by = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
}}

'''Jalna Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in Western [[India]].

==Assembly Segments==
Presently, after the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Jalna Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|101
|[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
| [[Arjun Khotkar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|102
|[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]])
|[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche|Narayan Kuche]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|103
|[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
|[[Santosh Danve]]
|-
|104
|[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|106
|[[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
|[[Anuradha Chavan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|110
|[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
|[[Vilas Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]]
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Hanumantrao Vaishnav{{efn|Ambad seat}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Saif Tyabji]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|1957^
|A. V. Ghare
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
|1960^
|Ramrao Narayan Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Maharashtra State]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Ramrao Narayan Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|V. N. Jadhav
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Baburao Kale]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Pundlik Hari Danve|Pundlik Danve]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Balasaheb Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Pundlik Hari Danve|Pundlik Danve]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ankushrao Tope]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Uttamsingh Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Raosaheb Danve]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kalyan Kale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalna">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalna |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1318.htm |accessdate=1 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601180248/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1318.htm |archivedate=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kalyan Vaijinathrao Kale]]
| votes = 6,07,897
| percentage = 44.59
| change = {{increase}}14.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Raosaheb Dadarao Danve]]
| votes = 4,97,939
| percentage = 36.52
| change = {{decrease}}21.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Mangesh Sabale
| votes = 1,55,930
| percentage = 11.44
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
| candidate = Prabhakar Devgan Bakale
| votes = 37,810
| percentage = 2.77
| change = {{decrease}}3.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,537
| percentage = 0.26
| change = {{decrease}}1.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 1,09,958
| percentage =8.06
| change ={{down}}19.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 13,63,409
| percentage =69.29
| change ={{up}}4.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| votes = 6,98,019
| percentage = 57.78
| change = {{increase}}2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vilas Autade
| votes = 3,65,204
| percentage = 30.23
| change = {{decrease}}5.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = Sharadchandra Wankhede
| votes = 77,158
| percentage = 6.39
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 15,637
| percentage = 1.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 3,32,815
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 12,09,096
| percentage = 64.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
|votes = 5,91,428
|percentage = 48.95
|change = +11.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vilas Autade
|votes = 3,84,630
|percentage = 31.84
|change = -6.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sharadchandra Wankhede
|votes = 67,300
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = M. Javed A. Wahab
|votes = 7,704
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,06,798
|percentage = 19.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,66,259
|percentage = 67.44
|change = +11.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
|votes = 3,50,710
|percentage = 44.00
|change = -4.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kalyan Vaijinath Kale]]
|votes = 3,42,228
|percentage = 42.93
|change = +1.17
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,482
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,97,127
|percentage = 55.89
|change = -4.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| votes = 3,69,630
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Uttamsingh Pawar
| votes = 3,08,298
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 61,332
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 7,56,365
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ankushrao Tope]]
| votes = 257,837
| percentage = 47.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janta Party
| candidate = [[Pundlik Hari Danve|Pundlik Hari]]
| votes = 189,630
| percentage = 34.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Pataprao Ramrao Ghare
| votes = 57,844
| percentage = 10.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Kharat Narayan Ganpatrao
| votes = 4,981
| percentage = 0.9%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Vaishnav Ramdas Bajrangdas
| votes = 4,358
| percentage = 0.8%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kharat Madhukar Nathuji
| votes = 4,071
| percentage = 0.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jharkhand Party
| candidate = Mundhe Inderrao Hiraman
| votes = 3,898
| percentage = 0.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ramchandra Kondiram Tribhuvan
| votes = 2,855
| percentage = 0.5%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Shinde Babasaheb Uttamrao
| votes = 2,719
| percentage = 0.5%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 68,207
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 546,193
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<ref name="GE1957V2">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-II |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=11 July 2015 |work=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saif Tyabji|Saif Faiz Tyabji]]
|votes = 76,468
|percentage = 64.31%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[B. D. Khobragade]]
|votes = 42,430
|percentage = 35.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,038
|percentage = 28.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191006082646/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/jalna/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jalna lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Jalna district topics}}
{{coords|19.8|75.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalna Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalna district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]

Bahalda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:38Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting some article v1

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahalda
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 1,27,993{{efn| as on 2004}}
}}

'''Bahalda''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="dpaco1951ac">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951/page/n213/mode/1up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=9}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 2008. It was subsumed by the [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency]].<ref name=dpaco2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribes]].

== Historical Extent ==
*1973: Tiring and Bahalda police stations and Badmouda and Guhaldangiri grama panchayats in Gorumohisani police station in Bamanghaty subdivision.<ref name=dpaco1973>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/1973-1974-delimitation-notifs/page/n266/mode/1up |title=S.O. 801(E) Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=31 December 1973|place=New Delhi |page=2968}}</ref>
*1965: Bahalda and Tiring police stations in Bamanghaty subdivision.<ref name=dpaco1965>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967/page/862/mode/1up |title=S.O. 2916. Notification of the Delimitation Commission |place=New Delhi |date=1965-09-16|page=862}}</ref>
*1956: Bahalda and Tiring police stations in Bamanghaty sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1956>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956/page/541/mode/1up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956|page=541}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1961>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961/page/n416/mode/1up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1961|page=16}}</ref>
*1951: Bahalda police station of Bamanghati sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1951ac/><ref name=dpaco1953-55>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/final-order-dc-1953-55/page/367/mode/1up |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=1954-08-30|place=New Delhi |page=367}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=270px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|25.10}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|32.47}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Jharkhand People's Party}}|30.39}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Independent politician}}|42.22}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|62.34}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|35.89}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|59.19}}
{{bar percent|1974|{{party color|Independent politician}}|23.79}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}|38.22}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Orissa Jana Congress}}|52.74}}
{{bar percent|1961|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.04}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|Independent politician}}|45.41}}
{{bar percent|1951|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|69.78}}
}}
Between 1951 & 2008, 13 elections were held till date.<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

List of members elected from Bahalda constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Sunaram Soren|Sonaram Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Surendramohan Hembram
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sunaram Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Sashibhusan Marandi
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Sunaram Soren]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ramchandra Hansdah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | Khelaram Mahali
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand People's Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Laxman Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Prahallad Purti
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI2004">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |pages=4, 12, 17, 162 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Prahlad Purty
|votes = 20,041
|percentage = 25.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Khelaram Mahali
|votes = 19,210
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laxman Soren
|votes = 12,948
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Helena Bage
|votes = 12,796
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Lopamudra Hansdah
|votes = 7,332
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Mohan Hansdah
|votes = 2,827
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Singray Hansdah
|votes = 1,489
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union
|candidate = Budhan Murmu
|votes = 1,470
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sashibhushan Marandi
|votes = 931
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Chhatray Hansdah
|votes = 779
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 79,820
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 8
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 79,828
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,27,993
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 825
|percentage = 1.03%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI2000">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |pages=5, 19, 164 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Laxman Soren
|votes = 23,305
|percentage = 32.47%
|change = {{increase}} 29.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saiba Sushil Kumar Hansdah
|votes = 21,245
|percentage = 29.60%
|change = {{increase}} 7.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Khelaram Majhi
|votes = 9,750
|percentage = 13.58%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Ramachandra Hembrom
|votes = 11,519
|percentage = 16.05%
|change = {{increase}} 13.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Amar Singh Tudu
|votes = 2,752
|percentage = 3.83%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Prahlad Purty
|votes = 2,641
|percentage = 3.68%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Somnath Pingua
|votes = 2,641
|percentage = 0.78%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 71,772
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,541
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 73,313
|percentage = 59.64%
|change = {{decrease}} 2.73
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,22,779
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,060
|percentage = 2.87%
|change = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jharkhand People's Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
In the 1995 State election to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa, Bahalda had 22 candidates, holding the record for the highest number of contestants in a constituency for this election.<ref name="OdishaECI1995">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-orissa-1995/ |pages=4, 12, 18, 163 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title=[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1995"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand People's Party
|candidate = Khelaram Mahali
|votes = 21,564
|percentage = 30.39%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Surendra Nath Naik
|votes = 20,389
|percentage = 28.74%
|change = {{decrease}} 10.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Birsa Kandankel
|votes = 15,959
|percentage = 22.49%
|change = {{increase}} 8.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Chhatrai Hansdah
|votes = 2,092
|percentage = 2.95%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramrai Majhi
|votes = 2,029
|percentage = 2.86%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Prahallad Purty
|votes = 1,678
|percentage = 2.36%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bagun Singh
|votes = 1,165
|percentage = 1.64%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Fagu Baskey
|votes = 1,072
|percentage = 1.51%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sunil Munda
|votes = 935
|percentage = 1.32%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Purnima Munda
|votes = 863
|percentage = 1.22%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ramchandra Hansdah
|votes = 800
|percentage = 1.13%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Dulalal Mahali
|votes = 418
|percentage = 0.59%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Thakurdas Soren
|votes = 321
|percentage = 0.45%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gulia Hembram
|votes = 281
|percentage = 0.40%
|change = {{increase}} 0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Laxman Singh Purty
|votes = 267
|percentage = 0.38%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gobinda Soren
|votes = 212
|percentage = 0.30%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ghasiram Marandi
|votes = 210
|percentage = 0.30%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ananta Tudu
|votes = 192
|percentage = 0.27%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sudarshan Soy
|votes = 180
|percentage = 0.25%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bikramaditya Tudu
|votes = 153
|percentage = 0.22%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kanhu Soren
|votes = 113
|percentage = 0.16%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jitrai Hembram
|votes = 61
|percentage = 0.09%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 70,954
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 2,784
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 73,738
|percentage = 62.37%
|change = {{increase}} 17.8
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,18,224
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,175
|percentage = 1.66%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 1.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Jharkhand People's Party
|loser = Independent politician
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1990">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3626-orissa-1990/ |pages=4, 11, 16, 161 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Khelaram Mahali
|votes = 20,073
|percentage = 42.22%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Nirmal Baghey
|votes = 18,597
|percentage = 39.11%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hindurai Soren
|votes = 6,534
|percentage = 13.74%
|change = {{decrease}} 12.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Dal
|candidate = Maino Murmu
|votes = 735
|percentage = 1.55%
|change = {{increase}} 0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Aswani Baipai
|votes = 563
|percentage = 1.18%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gansa Soren
|votes = 423
|percentage = 0.89%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Chhatrai Hansdah
|votes = 387
|percentage = 0.81%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gulia Hembram
|votes = 162
|percentage = 0.34%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sundarmohan Hemram
|votes = 71
|percentage = 0.15%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 47,545
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,408
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 48,953
|percentage = 44.54%
|change = {{increase}} 6.63
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,09,908
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,476
|percentage = 3.10%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 33.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3625-orissa-1985/ |pages=4, 14, 159|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Baghey Gobardhan
|votes = 19,821
|percentage = 62.34%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laxmi Majhi
|votes = 8,296
|percentage = 26.09%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Madhusudan Soren
|votes = 2,649
|percentage = 8.33%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gobinda Chandra Murmu
|votes = 545
|percentage = 1.71%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Dal
|candidate = Gopinath Marnoy
|votes = 486
|percentage = 1.53%
|change = {{decrease}} 6.6
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 31,797
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 996
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 32,793
|percentage = 37.91%
|change = {{increase}} 10.6
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 86,509
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 11,525
|percentage = 36.25%
|change = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 25.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3624-orissa-1980/ |pages=4, 13, 158|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Rama Chandra Hansdah
|votes = 7,691
|percentage = 35.89%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxman Majhi
|votes = 5,450
|percentage = 25.43%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|candidate = Guru Charan Bage
|votes = 5,162
|percentage = 24.09%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Dal
|candidate = Sashi Bhushan Marandi
|votes = 1,742
|percentage = 8.13%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gokul Dandapat
|votes = 1,384
|percentage = 6.46%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 21,429
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 22,205
|percentage = 27.31%
|change = {{increase}} 2.16
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 81,315
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,241
|percentage = 10.46%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 20.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3623-orissa-1977/ |pages=4, 15, 160|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sunaram Soren
|votes = 11,321
|percentage = 59.19%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Sashibhusan Marndi
|votes = 5,413
|percentage = 28.30%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kartik Chandra Majhi
|votes = 2,394
|percentage = 12.52%
|change = {{decrease}} 10.5
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 19,128
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 604
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 19,732
|percentage = 25.15%
|change = {{decrease}} 10.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 78,444
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 5,908
|percentage = 30.89%
|change = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Independent politician
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1974===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-1974/ |pages=4, 13, 157|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sashi Bhusan Marndi
|votes = 5,936
|percentage = 23.79%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Chandra Hansdah
|votes = 5,752
|percentage = 23.05%
|change = {{increase}} 4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Dal
|candidate = Sunaram Soren
|votes = 4,980
|percentage = 19.96%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Faguram Murmu
|votes = 4,181
|percentage = 16.75%
|change = {{increase}} 2.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ram Chandra Majhi
|votes = 2,402
|percentage = 9.63%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Guru Charan Bage
|votes = 1,703
|percentage = 6.82%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 24,954
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,961
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 26,915
|percentage = 35.55%
|change = {{increase}} 0.55
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 75,715
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 184
|percentage = 0.74%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 19.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Jharkhand Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1971">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3621-orissa-1971/ |pages=4, 14, 150|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Sashi Bhusan Marndi
|votes = 8,454
|percentage = 38.22%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Chandra Hansdah
|votes = 4,053
|percentage = 18.32%
|change = {{decrease}} 5.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Utkal Congress
|candidate = Guru Charan Bage
|votes = 3,811
|percentage = 17.23%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Gopinath Marndi
|votes = 3,209
|percentage = 14.51%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sundar Mohan Hemram
|votes = 1,561
|percentage = 7.06%
|change = {{decrease}} 16.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Orissa Jana Congress
|candidate = Sishupada Hemram
|votes = 1,030
|percentage = 4.66%
|change = {{decrease}} 48.0
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 22,118
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,526
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 23,644
|percentage = 35.00%
|change = {{decrease}} 1.69
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 67,550
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4,401
|percentage = 19.90%
|change = {{decrease}} 9.06
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Jharkhand Party
|loser = Orissa Jana Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3620-orissa-1967/ |pages=4, 14, 151|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Orissa Jana Congress
|candidate = S. Soren
|votes = 10,947
|percentage = 52.74%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = S. Hemram
|votes = 4,936
|percentage = 23.78%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = R. C. Majhi
|votes = 4,872
|percentage = 23.47%
|change = {{decrease}} 29.5
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 20,755
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 2,799
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 23,554
|percentage = 36.69%
|change = {{decrease}} 2.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 64,201
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 6,011
|percentage = 28.96%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 0.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Orissa Jana Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1961===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1961">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3619-orissa-1961/ |pages=7, 147, 168|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1961 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Soren Sunaram
|votes = 10,602
|percentage = 53.04%
|change = {{increase}} 26.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Majhee Mahindra
|votes = 4,759
|percentage = 23.81%
|change = {{decrease}} 4.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Triya Hardev
|votes = 4,627
|percentage = 23.15%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 19,988
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 1,679
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 21,667
|percentage = 39.29%
|change = {{increase}} 11.9
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 55,141
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 5,843
|percentage = 29.23%
|change = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent politician
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3618-orissa-1957/ |pages=7, 109, 130|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sundarmohun Hemrom (ST)
|votes = 6,752
|percentage = 45.41%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Mahendra Majhi (ST)
|votes = 4,189
|percentage = 28.17%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunaram Soren (ST)
|votes = 3,928
|percentage = 26.42%
|change = {{decrease}} 43.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 14,869
|percentage = 27.35%
|change = {{decrease}} 1.29
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 54,361
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,563
|percentage = 17.24%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 36.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1951===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahalda<ref name="OdishaECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3617-orissa-1951/ |pages=5, 56, 124 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sonaram Soren
|votes = 11,012
|percentage = 69.78%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Kale Majhi
|votes = 2,557
|percentage = 16.20%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Syamchandran Hasda
|votes = 2,212
|percentage = 14.02%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
|votes = 15,781
|percentage = 28.64%
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change|
|reg. electors = 55,100
}}
{{Election box margin of victory no change
|votes = 8,455
|percentage = 53.58%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
* The 2011 Odisha Reference Annual<ref name="prevMLAs"/> mentions the 1957 elected MLA, Surendramohan Hembram as belonging to the [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|Gana Parishad]]. This is inconsistent with the detailed Statistical Report by [[Election Commission of India|ECI]],<ref name="OdishaECI1957"/> which mentions the same elected MLA, but as being an [[Independent politician]].
* Similarly, the 2011 Odisha Reference Annual<ref name="prevMLAs"/> mentions the 1971 elected MLA, Sashibhusan Marndi as being an [[Independent politician]]. This is inconsistent with the detailed Statistical Report by [[Election Commission of India|ECI]],<ref name="OdishaECI1971"/> which mentions the same elected MLA, but as belonging to the [[Jharkhand Party]].

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mayurbhanj district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

2024 Indian general election in Gujarat

2026-04-14T02:05:53Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Election to constitute the 18th Lok Sabha in 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Gujarat
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Gujarat
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 7 May 2024
| seats_for_election = All 26 Gujarat seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Gujarat
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Gujarat
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Gujarat#Opinion polls
| turnout = 60.13% ({{decrease}}4.38%)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/ls-polls-final-voter-turnout-in-gujarat-at-60-13-pc-down-4-pc-from-2019/2076301/|title=LS polls: Final voter turnout in Gujarat at 60.13 pc; down 4 pc from 2019|work=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=10 May 2024|date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Union Minister for Home Affairs (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Amit Shah]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| leader_since1 = 2014
| last_election1 = 62.21%, 26 seats
| seats_before1 = 26
| seats1 = '''25'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=ShaktisinhGohil.jpeg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=28|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''Not Contesting''
| leader_since2 = 2023
| last_election2 = 32.11%, 0 seat
| seats_before2 = 0
| seats2 = 1
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Gujarat Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise result map of the 2024 general election in Gujarat|
[[File:2024 Gujarat Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise result map of the 2024 general election in Gujarat}}
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote1 = '''17,839,911'''
| percentage1 = '''61.86%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.25%
| popular_vote2 = 9,008,278
| percentage2 = 31.24%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.31%
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Gujarat]] on 7 May 2024 to elect 26 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2024-lok-sabha-polls-gujarat-bjp-chief-cr-patil-seeks-500000-margin-win-for-candidates-in-state/articleshow/99042800.cms?from=mdr|title=2024 Lok Sabha polls: Gujarat BJP chief CR Patil seeks 500,000-margin win for candidates in state}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/gujarat-polls-are-semi-finals-for-2024-lok-sabha-elections-gujarat-finance-minister/articleshow/95903839.cms?from=mdr|title=Gujarat polls are "semi-finals" for 2024 Lok Sabha elections: Gujarat Finance Minister}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/gujarat-congress-2024-preparation-8630087/|title=Months after wipeout, Congress stirs in Gujarat, begins preparing for 2024 challenge}}</ref> The result of the election was announced on 4 June 2024.

== Election schedule ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#7B68EE|III
|-
!Notification date
|12 April
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|19 April
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|20 April
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|22 April
|-
!Date of poll
|'''7 May'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|26
|}

==Parties and alliances==

===National Democratic Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Amit Shah]]
|26
|-
|}

===Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
[[File:Gujarat 2024 INDIA seat share.jpg|350px]]
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|23
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[File:AAP English Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Chaitar Vasava]]
|2
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!25
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
|+Recognised parties
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|
|24
|-
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|
|
|1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!25
|}
{|class="wikitable " width="60%" style="text-align:center"
|+Unrecognised parties
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Right to Recall Party}}
|Right to Recall Party
|
|7
|-
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Log Party
|
|4
|-
|Bhartiya Jan Parishad
|
|3
|-
|Garib Kalyan Party
|
|3
|-
|Gunj Satya Ni Janata Party
|
|3
|-
|New India United Party
|
|3
|-
|Swatantrata Abhivyakti Party
|
|3
|-
|Viro Ke Vir Indian Party
|
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|[[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Gujarat Sarva Samaj Party
|
|2
|-
|Insaniyat Party
|
|2
|-
|Malwa Congress
|
|2
|-
|Prajatantra Aadhar Party
|
|2
|-
|Rashtra Nirman Party
|
|2
|-
|Rashtriya Mahaswaraj Bhumi Party
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Social Democratic Party of India}}
|[[Social Democratic Party of India]]
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=18 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Aadi Bharat Party
|
|1
|-
|Aam Janmat Party
|
|1
|-
|Aapki Awaaz Party
|
|1
|-
|Akhila Vijaya Party
|
|1
|-
|Bahujan Republican Socialist Party
|
|1
|-
|Bharatiya Bahujan Congress
|
|1
|-
|Bharatiya National Janata Dal
|
|1
|-
|Bharatiya Yuva Jan Ekta Party
|
|1
|-
|Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party
|
|1
|-
|Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|Dhanwan Bharat Party
|
|1
|-
|Global Republican Party
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat Loktantra Party
|
|1
|-
|Hindrashtra Sangh
|
|1
|-
|Hindvi Swarajyay Dal
|
|1
|-
|Jan Sewa Driver Party
|
|1
|-
|Mission All India Independent Justice Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Power Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|
|1
|-
|Rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Saath Sahakar Vikas Party
|
|1
|-
|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party
|
|1
|-
|Sarva Samaj Janata Party
|
|1
|-
|Satyawadi Rakshak Party
|
|1
|-
|Rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Swaraj Kranti Party
|
|1
|-
|Youth India Peace Party
|
|1
|-
!
! Colspan=2|Total
!72
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
|rowspan="26" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Vinodbhai Chavda]]
|rowspan="14" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nitishbhai Lalan
|-
!2
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rekhaben Hiteshbhai Chaudhary
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Geniben Thakor]]

|-
!3
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Chandanji Thakor]]
|-
!4
|[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Haribhai Patel
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ramji Thakor (Palvi)
|-
!5
|[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Shobhnaben Mahendrasinh Baraiya
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Tushar Chaudhary]]
|-
!6
|[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Amit Shah]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sonal Patel
|-
!7
|[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukh Patel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Himmatsinh Patel
|-
!8
|[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dineshbhai Kodarbhai Makwana
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bharat Makwana

|-
!9
|[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Chandubhai Chhaganbhai Shihora
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Rutvik Makwana]]
|-
!10
|[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Parshottam Rupala]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Paresh Dhanani]]
|-
!11
|[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Lalitbhai Vasoya]]
|-
!12
|[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Poonamben Maadam]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|J.P Marvia
|-
!13
|[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Hirabhai Jotva
|-
!14
|[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Jennyben Thummar
|-
!15
|[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Nimu Bambhania
|{{Party colour cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|[[Umesh Makwana]]
|-
!16
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel]]
|rowspan="6" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Amitbhai Chavda]]

|-
!17
|[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kalusinh Dabhi
|-
!18
|[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadhav
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Gulabsinh Chauhan]]
|-
!19
|[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Prabhaben Taviyad
|-
!20
|[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Hemang Yogeshchandra Joshi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Jashpalsinh Padhiyar
|-
!21
|[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Jashubhai Rathwa
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Sukhrambhai Rathwa]]
|-
!22
|[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|{{Party colour cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|[[Chaitar Vasava]]
|-
!23
|[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Siddharth Chaudhary
|-
!24
|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mukesh Dalal]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|<s>Nilesh Kumbhani</s><ref>{{Cite web |title=No Congress Representation In Surat As Candidate's Nomination Rejected |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2024-lok-sabha-elections-congress-surat-candidate-nilesh-kumbhanis-nomination-rejected-over-sign-discrepancies-5490725 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
!25
|[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[C. R. Patil]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Naishadh Desai
|-
!26
|[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Dhaval Patel
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Anantbhai Patel]]
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Gujarat (26)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Gujarat}}

==Voter Turnout==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!PC No.
!Constituency
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
|56.14%
|2.57%{{Decrease}}
|-
!2
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|69.62%
|4.59%{{Increase}}
|-
!3
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|58.56%
|3.89%{{Decrease}}
|-
!4
|[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|59.86%
|5.92%{{Decrease}}
|-
!5
|[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|63.56%
|4.21%{{Decrease}}
|-
!6
|[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|59.80%
|6.28%{{Decrease}}
|-
!7
|[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|54.72%
|7.04%{{Decrease}}
|-
!8
|[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|55.45%
|5.36%{{Decrease}}
|-
!9
|[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|55.09%
|3.32%{{Decrease}}
|-
!10
|[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
|59.69%
|3.8%{{Decrease}}
|-
!11
|[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|51.83%
|5.38%{{Decrease}}
|-
!12
|[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
|57.67%
|3.36%{{Decrease}}
|-
!13
|[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|58.91%
|2.4%{{Decrease}}
|-
!14
|[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|50.29%
|5.68%{{Decrease}}
|-
!15
|[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|53.92%
|5.13%{{Decrease}}
|-
!16
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
|65.04%
|2.0%{{Decrease}}
|-
!17
|[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|58.12%
|2.92%{{Decrease}}
|-
!18
|[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|58.85%
|3.38{{Decrease}}
|-
!19
|[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
|59.31%
|7.26%{{Decrease}}
|-
!20
|[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|61.59%
|6.59%{{Decrease}}
|-
!21
|[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|69.15%
|4.75%{{Decrease}}
|-
!22
|[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|69.16%
|4.39%{{Decrease}}
|-
!23
|[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
|64.81%
|9.08%{{Decrease}}
|-
!24
|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|colspan=2|Not Polled
|-
!25
|[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|59.66%
|6.74%{{Decrease}}
|-
!26
|[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
|72.71%
|3.27%{{Decrease}}
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,78,39,911
|61.86%
|{{Decrease}}1.25%
|26
|25
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|90,08,278
|31.24%
|{{Decrease}}1.31%
|23
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|7,75,321
|2.69%
|{{Increase}} 2.69%
|2
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|97,83,599
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|33.93%
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|25
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Gujarat#Others|Others]]
|5,46,191
|1.89%
|
|97
|0
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|118
|0
|
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|4,49,252
|1.56%
|
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100%
! -
!266
!26
! -
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
|56.14{{Decrease}}
|[[Vinodbhai Chavda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,59,574
|60.23
|Nitishbhai Lalan
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|3,90,792
|35.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,68,782
|-
!2
|[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|69.62{{Increase}}
|[[Geniben Thakor]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6,71,883
|48.83
|Rekhaben Hiteshbhai Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,41,477
|46.62
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,406
|-
!3
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|58.56{{Decrease}}
||[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|5,91,947
|49.61
|[[Chandanji Thakor]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5,60,071
|46.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|31,876
|-
!4
|[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|59.86{{Decrease}}
|Haribhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|6,86,406
|63.74
|Ramji Thakor (Palvi)
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|3,58,360
|33.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3,28,046
|-
!5
|[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|63.56{{Decrease}}
|Shobhnaben Mahendrasinh Baraiya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,77,318
| 53.36
|[[Tushar Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,21,636
| 41.09
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 1,55,682
|-
!6
|[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|59.80{{Decrease}}
|[[Amit Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 10,10,972
| 76.48
|Sonal Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,66,256
| 20.14
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7,44,716
|-
!7
|[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|54.72{{Decrease}}
|[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukh Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,70,459
| 68.28
|Himmatsinh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,08,704
| 27.36
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4,61,755
|-
!8
|[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|55.45{{Decrease}}
|Dineshbhai Kodarbhai Makwana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,11,704
| 63.28
|Bharat Makwana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,25,267
| 33.65
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,86,437
|-
!9
|[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|55.09{{Decrease}}
|Chandubhai Chhaganbhai Shihora
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,69,749
| 59.2
|[[Rutvik Makwana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,08,132
| 36.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 2,61,617
|-
!10
|[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
|59.69{{Decrease}}
|[[Parshottam Rupala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 8,57,984
| 67.37
|[[Paresh Dhanani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,73,724
| 29.35
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 4,84,260
|-
!11
|[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|51.83{{Decrease}}
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,33,118
| 68.15
|[[Lalitbhai Vasoya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,49,758
| 26.89
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 3,83,360
|-
!12
|[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
|57.67{{Decrease}}
|[[Poonamben Maadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,20,049
| 58.98
|J.P Marvia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,82,041
| 36.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 2,38,008
|-
!13
|[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|58.91{{Decrease}}
|[[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 5,84,049
| 54.67
|Hirabhai Jotva
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,48,555
| 41.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 1,35,494
|-
!14
|[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|50.29{{Decrease}}
|Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 5,80,872
| 66.28
|Jennyben Thummar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,59,804
| 29.64
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 3,21,068
|-
!15
|[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|53.92{{Decrease}}
|Nimu Bambhania
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,16,883
| 68.46
|[[Umesh Makwana]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 2,61,594
| 24.98
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 4,55,289
|-
!16
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
|65.04{{Decrease}}
|[[Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,12,484
| 52.44
|[[Amitbhai Chavda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,22,545
| 44.74
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 89,939
|-
!17
|[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|58.12{{Decrease}}
|[[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,44,435
| 63.31
|Kalusinh Dabhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,86,677
| 32.88
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 3,57,758
|-
!18
|[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|58.85{{Decrease}}
|Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadhav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,94,579
| 70.22
|[[Gulabsinh Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,85,237
| 25.21
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 5,09,342
|-
!19
|[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
|59.31{{Decrease}}
|[[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,88,715
| 61.59
|Prabhaben Taviyad
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,55,038
| 31.75
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 3,33,677
|-
!20
|[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|61.59{{Decrease}}
|Hemang Yogeshchandra Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 8,73,189
| 72.04
|Jashpalsinh Padhiyar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,91,063
| 24.01
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 5,82,126
|-
!21
|[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|69.15{{Decrease}}
|Jashubhai Rathwa
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,96,589
| 62.84
|[[Sukhrambhai Rathwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,97,812
| 31.38
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 3,98,777
|-
!22
|[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|69.16{{Decrease}}
|[[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 6,08,157
| 50.72
|[[Chaitar Vasava]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 5,22,461
| 43.58
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 85,696
|-
!23
|[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
|64.81{{Decrease}}
|[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,63,950
| 57.04
|Siddharth Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,33,697
| 39.85
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 2,30,253
|-
!24
|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|Not Polled
|[[Mukesh Dalal]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
! colspan="8" | Elected Unopposed
|-
!25
|[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|59.66{{Decrease}}
|[[C. R. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 10,31,065
| 77.05
|Naishadh Desai
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2,57,514
| 19.24
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 7,73,551
|-
!26
|[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
|72.71{{Decrease}}
|Dhaval Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| 7,64,226
| 56.13
|[[Anantbhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,53,522
| 40.66
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"| 2,10,704
|}

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Gujarat Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|2024 Gujarat Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|thumb|200px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Current Position in Assembly
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 162
| 162
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 20
| 12
|}

==See also==

*[[2024 Indian general election in Haryana]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Gujarat elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]

Sukhda Pritam

2026-04-12T13:45:16Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting new data

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukhda Pritam
| image =
| caption = Dr. Sukhda Pritam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kurukshetra district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Judge
| father = Justice [[Pritam Pal]]
| mother = Maya Pritam
| office1 = [[Judge]]
| term_start1 = 13, April 2011
| term_end1 = Till date
| office2 = [[Advocate]] in [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start2 = September 2004
| term_end2 = January 2011
| signature =
| awards = Best Athlete, Gold medalist in LL.B. and LL.M.
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Sukhda Pritam''' is an [[India]]n judge in the State of Haryana. She is Additional District and Sessions Judge.

Presently, she is presiding over the court for heinous crimes against women. [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/man-gets-life-term-in-murder-case-3/ Recently, her court had awarded life sentence to a man who had murdered a woman and threw her in a well.]

She has remained Director for Centre for Research and Planning in the [[Supreme Court of India]] for almost two years from 2023 to 2025. The Research Centre had worked with full vibrance under the leadership of the then Chief Justice of India. Many significant publications were published to bring legal reforms. She worked as Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ambala prior to her posting in Supreme Court. She was Joint Member Secretary, [[Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana|Haryana State Legal Services Authority]] in 2020-21.

She also remained Deputy Registrar(Judicial) for two years at [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/dy_reg.aspx |title=National Green Tribunal |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162242/http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/dy_reg.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was earlier appointed as Additional Civil Judge (Sr.) Division in District Courts Sonipat since April 2016, where she presided over Juvenile Justice Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/sonipat/history |title=History of Courts |publisher=Ecourts.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> She was transferred and promoted from [[Chandigarh]] to [[Sonipat]] on 13 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=एक सप्ताह में ज्यूडिशियरी में दूसरा बड़ा फेरबदल, 199 जजों के तबादले |url=http://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/199-judges-of-district-level-courts-of-haryana-transferred}}</ref>

Her Father Justice [[Pritam Pal]] is a retired [[High court|High Court Judge]] and was later appointed as [[Lokayukta]], an anti-corruption ombudsman body of Haryana. After serving as [[Lokayukta]] her father retired from services on 18 January 2016.

==Career==

=== Judge ===
[[File:Sukhda_Pritam_in_Protection_Home.jpg|thumb|right|Sukhda Pritam in Special Home Sonipat while being welcomed by Authorities.]]

She joined as a Judge and was appointed in [[Panchkula]] District Courts. Thereafter she was transferred on deputation to the [[Chandigarh]] District Courts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/chandigarh |title=About District Court |publisher=Ecourts.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> where she served till April 2016. She earned many distinctions during her service as Judge in Chandigarh. She was known to be a Judge of strict discipline<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-3-956969-NOR.html |title=महात्मा गांधी के अपमान पर मोदी और मेहरा के वकील अदालत में देंगे जवाब |publisher=www.bhaskar.com |date=2014-04-09 |language=Hindi |access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Court-frames-charges-against-Kuldeep-Bishnoi-26-others-in-assault-case/articleshow/39326526.cms |title=Court frames charges against Kuldeep Bishnoi, 26 others in assault case |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> and was one of the Judges who started Video Conferencing in the District Courts Chandigarh while serving as Duty Magistrate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121123/cth1.htm#2 |title=The Tribune |date= |accessdate=2015-01-16}}</ref> She handled many high-profile cases including trial of [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]], founder of [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|HJC]], Haryana. [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] charges were later dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/kuldeep-bishnoi-24-party-men-to-be-tried-for-damaging-property-as-well/article1-1349418.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613210814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/kuldeep-bishnoi-24-party-men-to-be-tried-for-damaging-property-as-well/article1-1349418.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2015 |title=Kuldeep Bishnoi, 24 party men to be tried for damaging property as well |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> In 2015 she ordered medical examination of an accused who alleged custodial beating by Chandigarh Police during custody.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Man alleges torture in police custody; court marks probe | url=http://cslra.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Hindustan_Times_Chandigarh2015-09-06_page311.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507182855/http://cslra.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Hindustan_Times_Chandigarh2015-09-06_page311.pdf | archive-date=2016-05-07}}</ref> She was praised all around area for her efforts for the accused.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |url=http://therebelindian.com/2016/02/life-beyond-ordinary/ |title=Life beyond ordinary |publisher=Therebelindian.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604012258/http://therebelindian.com/2016/02/life-beyond-ordinary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was also praised for her letter to the Governor of Punjab regarding human trafficking due to which a big scandal of trafficking was busted in Chandigarh. Accused of theft of heritage furniture of Chandigarh were produced before her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailypost.in/regions/chandigarh/55967-dozen-scrap-dealers-from-city-had-links-in-mumbai.html |title=Dozen scrap dealers from city had links in Mumbai - dailypost.in |website=dailypost.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510065741/http://dailypost.in/regions/chandigarh/55967-dozen-scrap-dealers-from-city-had-links-in-mumbai.html |archive-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Lawyer ===
Dr. Sukhda Pritam practiced as a lawyer before the Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India]] prior to her selection in the Judiciary. During her appearance before the Supreme Court, she was standing counsel for the State of [[Haryana]] and has many judgments to her credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1702768/ |title=Anoop Sharma vs Exec.Eng.Pub.Health Division |publisher=Indiankanoon.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> She represented the state in many high profile matters.

==Other works and personal life==
She has a flair of writing from her childhood days. She was selected for an international competition of poetry in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahlawat |first1=Bijendra |date= |title=She notches success of a verse kind |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020121/ncr1.htm#7 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> Her poetry was nominated for world champion amateur poet in 2002 and also she was invited to USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020121/ncr1.htm#7|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - NCR stories}}</ref> She belongs to a well known family of Haryana who are followers of [[Arya Samaj]]. Daughter of Justice Pritam Pal, she herself is involved in many charitable works in Haryana. They are engaged in various social works including free medical camps, providing quality education to the needy and promoting cultural harmony by various methods. Her father recently donated various antique items to the museum of [[Kurukshetra University]] for preserving the same or usage of them in any mean devised by the university authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/kurukshetra/justice-pritam-pal-submitted-to-the-heritage-museum/articleshow/45661397.cms |title=Justice Pritam Pal submitted to the Heritage Museum |publisher=Navbharattimes.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref> Her father launched Social Justice Front on Oct 2, 2016 to work for needy. She has given presentations and lectures on [[Juvenile law|Juvenile Law]] for its effective implementation at [http://cja.gov.in/ State Judicial Academy, Chandigarh] as well as to police and various agencies at District Headquarters. She has also written a book on the Juvenile law enacted in 2015 with the title “Juvenile Justice in Indian Perspective”.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/dy_reg.aspx
*http://mhone.in/mhonenews/?p=27291{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150126174613/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/ex-cong-councillor-babla-let-off-in-cheating-case/article1-1307200.aspx Hindustan Times]
*http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/item/23435-vodafone-under-scanner--9-company-officials-summoned-for-cheating
*http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rohtak-shelter-home-io-sent-in-judicial-custody/978114/
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603070803/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/courts/relief-for-healthyway-fraud-accused/65325.html]
*http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020121/ncr1.htm
*http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020121/ncr.htm
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/militant-narain-singh-chaura-to-be-produced-in-court-on-sept-2/story-kzeolKnFvOTbAxQJl58kAM.html Hindustan Times]
*http://cslra.in/blog/2015/09/27/custodial-beating-in-chandigarh-court-of-dr-sukhda-pritam-takes-stringent-view/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214134207/http://cslra.in/blog/2015/09/27/custodial-beating-in-chandigarh-court-of-dr-sukhda-pritam-takes-stringent-view/ |date=14 February 2019 }}
*http://cja.gov.in/News%20Letter/News%20Letter%202013.pdf
*http://www.face2news.com/news/19096-heritage-furniture-theft-case-five-sofa-chairs-recovered-from-near-nahan-forest-area-mumbai-links-being-.aspx
*http://freelegalconsultancy.blogspot.in/2012/06/service-law-date-of-birth-correction-of.html
*http://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/199-judges-of-district-level-courts-of-haryana-transferred
*http://highcourtchd.gov.in/sub_pages/top_menu/dist_jud/pdf/list_of_all_judicial_officers_hr.pdf
*http://mhone.in/mhonenews/court-rejects-dsp-raka-giras-plea/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pritam, Sukhda}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Panchkula district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Women educators from Haryana]]
[[Category:Educators from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand University alumni]]

Pavalakodi (1949 film)

2026-04-12T03:39:16Z

KatharinaFlanery: Added New Pg - done

{{short description|1949 film by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pavalakodi
| image = Pavalakkodi1949.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| producer = S. Raghavan A. S. Thirumalai
| screenplay = Elangovan<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=94 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref>
| based_on = {{based on|''Pavalakodi'' (play)}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[T.E.Varadhan]]|[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]|[[T. R. Rajakumari]]}}
| editing = S. Surya
| music = [[C. R. Subburaman|Subbaraman]]
| cinematography = V. Krishnan
| studio = [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| distributor = Narayana & Co. Ltd
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1949|4|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
{{Blacklisted-links|1=
*https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf
*:''Triggered by <code>\bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b</code> on the global blacklist''|bot=Cyberbot II|invisible=true}}

'''''Pavalakodi''''' ({{Translation|The Coral Queen}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]. It revolves around the turn of events between lord [[Rama]] and [[Karna]] and declare war over each other.
The film stars[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Krishna]], [[N. S. Krishnan]] as [[Rama]], T. E. Varadan and [[T. R. Rajakumari]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pavalakodi-1949/article3023531.ece | title=Pavalakodi 1949| work=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 November 2008 | access-date=3 April 2017 |last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403020553/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pavalakodi-1949/article3023531.ece| archive-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot begins with Karna uniting with the Pandavas and Kauravas finally in the heaven

'''Swargarohana Parva(Mahabharata)'''(as per [[Vyasa]])

Yudhisthira meets Karna, hugs him and touches his feet. As described in the Vedvyasa's Swargarohana Parva, Karna is crowned the king of the Aditya Lok by Surya. Indra, Yama, Yaksha and all other gods come to celebrate this moment. The Gandharvas, Apsaras celebrate by singing glories of Karna. The Yadavas led by Balarama, the Nishadas led by Eklavya, the Kurus, the Vrishnis all accept their sovereignty under Karna's rule. Jarasandha, [[Shishupala]], [[Rukmi]] who on earth did not concile with the Pandavas because of their hatred towards Krishna, now accepted their rule under the sole emperor Karna. [[Draupadi]] unites with Karna. Both Padmavati and Draupadi becomes the chief consort of Karna. (Note: In the Vyasa's Mahabharata, it is not specific about who became the leading queen among the two) and the epic ends.

'''Story continues'''

The film then takes a turn from the original Mahabharat which ends at the crowning of Karna itself. The twist is that Karna declares Padmavati as the leading queen. After Karna's rule was established, Krishna and Balrama washed Padmavati's feet. Among the two queens, Karna was close to Draupadi. Padmavati felt that if she fails to attract Karna towards herself, then Karna would declare Draupadi as the leading queen instead of her. However Draupadi never felt uncomfortable because of Padmavati. The tensions between the two queens kept on growing. Padmavati felt that like before she had the undivided love of Karna but now she was failing to have that. She felt that because Draupadi was not even officially married to Karna, yet she was declared the second queen of the court and soon she might replace Padmavati as the leading queen.

Though Karna had not officially married Draupadi but both of them spent a lot time together in the heaven. Draupadi developed love for Karna in this time and realised her mistake to reject Karna in her swayamwara. Karna alone possessed the 5 qualities of a man she wanted. Draupadi had now started loving Karna however the same was not reciprocated by Karna, he was regarded as Vrisha(the one who speaks truth, follows his vows). He would not marry more than one woman. He spent time with Draupadi as a mere friend.

Despite this, Padmavati thought of a plan to throw away Draupadi from her way. Bhanumati(the wife of [[Duryodhana]]) was also a close friend of Karna and was kind-hearted like Draupadi. Padmavati talked to Bhanumati and told her of a plan so that she could throw away Draupadi from her way. Bhanumati recounts an incident when Karna had promised Bhanumati to fulfill her one wish she demands as a friend she had protected him by lifting him [[On Her Shoulders|on her shoulders]]. It was the time for Bhanumati to ask that wish.

In the court, Draupadi decided to express her love today itself to Karna in front of everyone. At that moment, Bhanumati entered the court and went up to Karna and recalled him the wish Karna had promised and asked him to exile Draupadi for 6 years from the court. The Pandavas and Kauravas were sitting in the court. Karna and Pandavas were astonished at such words by Bhanumati. However, Karna could no go back off his vows. Draupadi's heart was shattered as it was the day she had planned to express her love to Karna.

Draupadi left the court and the Pandavas wept but could not go against Karna's wishes. While Draupadi was roaming here and there, Krishna came up to her and asked about the entire scenario. Krishna also could not go against Karna's wishes. So he thought of a plan, he told Draupadi to go to Rama, he stayed in the Aditya Lok with his brothers. Only Rama (the spiritual brother of Karna) could teach Karna a lesson. Draupadi weepingly said to Krishna that she loves Karna and doesn't want a war again. Krishna explained Draupadi that if she wants to be with Karna and Pandavas then she has to seek help from Rama because this plan of Padmavati to separate Draupadi and Karna because she thinks that Draupadi is greedy to become a queen which was not true. Meanwhile, Padmavati and Bhanumati both started provoking Karna against Draupadi.

Draupadi on the request of Krishna went up to Rama's kingdom and told about her conditions and asked for help. Rama also did not go against his vows at any conditions. He decided to explain Karna by sending Lakshman to Karna's court. At that time Karna and any of the Pandavas were not present in the court. Duryodhana who was intoxicated with liquor misbehaved with Lakshmana with verbal abuses. Lakshmana did not talk further and left the court and told this to Rama.

Rama assumed that this behaviour was expressed by Karna. He declared war against Karna and his brothers for the honour of Draupadi. The armies met in Kurukshetra once again. Karna and his allies include Krishna, Duryodhana and 100 Kauravas, Bhima, Yudhisthira, Arjuna, Jarasandha, Drona, Kripa, Eklavya, Rukmi, Bhagdatta, [[Satyaki]], Ashwathamma and Shikhandi. Rama and his allies include Lakshman, Bali, Sugreeva, Shatrughana, Bharat, Angad, Jatayu and the monkey army. Hanuman wanted to remain neutral as his guru Surya's both sons were face-to-face and did not wish to take a side. Hanuman was equally devoted to Karna and Rama. But then Rama and Lakshman asked Hanuman to fulfill his vow that he once took to always side Rama. Hanuman was compelled to fight against Karna and Krishna. Draupadi is confused for whose victory should she pray and stays neutral. [[Ravana]] was very powerful and needed to be brought in the battle. Karna thinks if he brings Ravana on his side then victory is assured. However Ravana is penancing on Parvatgiri in heaven to impress Shiva for a boon. Ravana's demon army was needed for Karna's victory. So Karna accompanied by Arjuna and Duryodhana went to parvatgiri to find Ravana in dense forests. The three walked over mountains, rivers and finally finds Ravana. The three of them finally find Ravana and his demon army. However Ravana's penance should not be disturbed, Arjuna talks to the rest demon armies who were resting and enjoying their lives while Ravana was penancing but they did not pay heed to what he said which angered Arjuna. Arjuna shoots an arrow while Ravana was penancing and challenges him for a duel, Ravana gets up from his penance and roars, the duel between the two takes place. Duryodhana also comes in aid of Arjuna. Both Arjuna and Duryodhana together defeat the old Ravana. Arjuna was about to kill Ravana when he became weaponless, but then Karna orders Arjuna to not kill Ravana as it was against the laws of conduct to kill a weaponless warrior. Ravana then joins hands with Karna and he with his demon army sides Karna in the war. The war finally begins with all the allies participating.

The war ends with Karna, Ravana and Arjuna finally defeating Rama and Lakshman. Rama, Lakshmana are brought in the court of Karna. Hanuman is imprisoned. Draupadi runs up to the court seeing Rama and Lakshman imprisoned and begs Karna to spare them. The duo had actually fought for Draupadi's honour. Karna said that it was Rama who declared war before even discussing. Lakshman replied that he had come but Duryodhana misbehaved with him. Karna also then realizes his mistake and asks Duryodhana to apologize. Rama also apologized for this misunderstanding and then both Rama and Karna with their [[Family United|family united]]. Draupadi was brought back, Padmavati and Bhanumati asked for forgiveness for misunderstanding Draupadi. Hanuman was brought out of the prison. Krishna then suddenly appeared, he said to both Rama and Karna about their mistakes of misunderstandings. He also explained that "one should break his vows at right time and being truthful is not always the right way". Both Rama and Karna had learnt a lesson and worshipped Krishna's Vishnu form. Rama's army then went away, Hanuman is released from the prison.

Draupadi was given her position in the court. She felt that now she should express her love towards Karna. However, she was scared that Karna would reject her as he would not marry more than 1 woman following his vow. But Krishna comes up to Draupadi's lips and Draupadi expresses her love to Karna. Karna was stunned at once moment and the entire court was stunned. Krishna then reaches Karna's brain and reminds him that "vows can be broken". Karna remembering Krishna's words accept Draupadi as her wife and the marriage took place. Rama with his family also came on this ceremony and the film ends with Rama and Karna bowing in front of Krishna in the form of Vishnu and Krishna blesses both of them.

==Cast==
The list is adapted from the opening credits of the film and the song book.
;Male Cast
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as [[Rama]]n
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Krishna]]n, Hunter, Servant, Doctor, Girl
* N. S. Narayana Pillai as Lakshman
* Durai Pandian as Duryodhana
* Chinna Sami as Yudhisthira
* Chinna Swami as Hanuman
* T.R Pillai as Ravana
* Ananta as Bharat
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan|Radha Krishnan]] as Bhima
* T.E Vardan as Arjuna
* Akki Narayana Pillai as Shatrughan
;Female Cast
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]] as Draupadi/Pavalakodi
* M. S. Sarojini as Padmavati
* [[T. A. Madhuram|T. A. Mathuram]] as Sita
* Kumari Rajam as Draupadi's Friend
* [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] as [[Rukmini|Rukmani]]
* Menaka
* T. R. Rajini as Kunti
* Kantha as Mankombu

==Production==
''Pavalakkodi'' is the story over a misunderstanding between lord Rama and Karna. The story was written by great hisotrians and writers and several books both fictional and the actual Vyasa's Mahabharata was taken in reference to depict the actual scenario. Historians such as T.Y Minalmilu had written the script and the casting was done with perfection. It was directed and produced by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu in his own [[Pakshiraja Studios]] at Coimbatore.<ref name="hindu" />

==Release and reception==
''Pavalakkodi'' was released on 9 April 1949, and failed in box office.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940s historical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sun Gemini

2026-04-10T15:41:48Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language TV channel}}
{{About|the Indian television channel|other uses|Gemini (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sun Gemini
| logo = Sun Gemini.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used Since 2026
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995|02|09|df=y|p=y}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| owner = [[Sun Group]]
| motto =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| area = Worldwide
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels =
| timeshift_service =
| website = [https://www.sunnetwork.in/Default.aspx?Lang=telugu; Sun Gemini HD]
| terr_serv_1 =
| terr_chan_1 =
| online_serv_1 =
| online_chan_1 =
| 3gmobile serv 1 =
}}

'''Sun Gemini''' (formerly known as '''Gemini TV''') is an Indian [[Telugu language]] general entertainment [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]]. It is the first [[satellite]] TV channel in Telugu.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Gemini+TV&pg=PA172 |title=Indian Silver Screen |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=History of Sun network and its channels mentioned by "Sun TV" |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/tvchannels/ftaothers/sunnetwork.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601170027/http://www.televisionpoint.com/tvchannels/ftaothers/sunnetwork.html |archive-date=1 June 2007 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Televisionpoint.com}}</ref> It was launched on 9 February 1995 by the Gemini Group of Hyderabad (run by Akkineni Manohar Prasad, grandson of [[L. V. Prasad]]), in association with [[Sun TV Network]].{{Refn|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSdJAAAAYAAJ&q=gemini |title=Interaction |publisher=National Council of Developmental Communication |year=1997 |volume=15-17 |pages=82 |language=en |quote='''Gemini TV''' Telugu channel launched by a grandson of legendary film producer, the late L. V. Prasad.}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anshu Nagpal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1BOAQAAMAAJ&q=gemini+tv |title=Global Communication and Television Development: Community Mediation in Multicultural India |date=2003 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |pages=70, 71 |language=en |quote=Gemini TV, also started to broadcast in 1995, is a venture between the Prasad family, a film producer, and Kalanidhi Maran of the very successful Sun TV in Tamil Nadu.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Amit |date=28 February 1995 |title=As TV revolution unfolds, global & Indian players vie with each other promising greater choices |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19950228-as-tv-revolution-unfolds-global-indian-players-vie-with-each-other-promising-greater-choices-806931-1995-02-27 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |quote=Two platforms where several new regional players are coming up are the Rimsat satellites, G1 and G2. Sun TV has launched two more channels on G1: Gemini TV, a Telugu channel in association with the Gemini group of Hyderabad (run by Ramesh Prasad, grandson of the legendary film personality L.V. Prasad), ...}}</ref><ref name=":2g">{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Shanti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&dq=Gemini+TV&pg=PA11 |title=Gandhi Meets Primetime: Globalization and Nationalism in Indian Television |date=2010-10-01 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09166-7 |pages=10, 11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Amos Owen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8uGAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gemini+TV&pg=PA117 |title=Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia |date=2005-09-15 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0359-2 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0g">{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Mira K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr5FEAAAQBAJ&dq=gemini+tv&pg=PT32 |title=Regional Language Television in India: Profiles and Perspectives |date=2021-11-21 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-47008-6 |language=en |quote=The private satellite channels in Hyderabad began transmission with the launch of Gemini TV in Telugu on February 9, 1994, by a film production family but could not sustain it and later sold it to the media group Sun TV Network.}}</ref>|name=launch}} In 1996–97, Sun TV Network acquired a controlling interest in the channel.{{Refn|name=acquisition|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{cite book |last=Juluri |first=Vamsee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILvNJ0Rf25gC&dq=gemini+tv&pg=PA31 |title=Becoming A Global Audience |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Longman Private Limited |isbn=978-81-250-2741-6 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=.... Gemini TV, a Telugu satellite channel that was acquired by the Sun TV group in 1997. |author-link=Vamsee Juluri}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=4 November 1998 |title=Business Special: Sun rises in the west |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/1998/nov/04suntv.htm |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=Now, within 18 months after taking over Gemini, the channel is close to ETV.}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book |last=Heitzman |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M065AAAAIAAJ&q=gemini |title=Network City: Planning the Information Society in Bangalore |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566606-9 |pages=244 |language=en |quote=The Sun group also acquired a controlling interest in the Telugu language Gemini TV which competed against Eenadu TV .....}}</ref>}} The channel's programming consists of serials, films, film-based programs and game shows alongside some reality shows. Sun Gemini HD was launched on 11 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=af1b67fd-3e02-4933-8806-54fc2be189ea|title=Gemini TV HD launched|website=BSE India|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Gemini TV Logo.png|alt=Gemini tv logo|thumb|Gemini tv logo from 1995-2026]]
'''Sun Gemini''' was launched on 9 February 1995.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Bel |first1=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8WGAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gemini+TV&pg=PA331 |title=Media and Mediation |last2=Brouwer |first2=Jan |last3=Das |first3=Biswajit |last4=Parthasarathi |first4=Vibodh |last5=Poitevin |first5=Guy |date=2005-12-13 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0269-4 |pages=331 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=We have turned one more year younger and completed 25 successful years! |url=https://twitter.com/geminitv/status/1226392786393415680 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website= |publisher=Gemini TV |language=en |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6RaAAAAYAAJ&q=gemini |title=Business World, Volume 16 |publisher=[[Business World]], [[ABP Group]] |year=1996 |pages=114, 115 |language=en |quote=Gemini TV (started in February 1995 by A. Manohar Prasad, a film and TV software producer) ....}}</ref> It is founded by the Gemini Group of Hyderabad (run by Akkineni Manohar Prasad, grandson of [[L. V. Prasad]]), in association with [[Sun TV Network]].{{Refn|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7"/><ref name=":11"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":2g"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0g"/>|name=launch2}} In 1996–97, Sun TV Network acquired a controlling interest in the channel.{{Refn|name=acquisition}} Gemini TV is the first [[satellite]] TV channel in Telugu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Gemini TV began with only a four-hour service via a Rimsat satellite uplinked from [[Singapore]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> Later it expanded its broadcast time to 12 hours a day.<ref name=":3" /> By May 2000, Gemini was considered as a strong number two to the leader [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]].<ref name="BW2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKJaAAAAYAAJ&q=gemini+tv |title=Business World |date=May 2000 |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sun TV Network]], its parent company, tried to regain dwindling viewership by introducing some new [[Reality television|reality shows]]. The effort was only a partial success. As of September 2022, the network has not regained its lost viewership, with viewership still decreasing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Gemini TV Serials TRP Ratings 2024 |url=https://cinebuds.com/gemini-tv-serials-trp-ratings-week/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Sun Group started working in the television business through three companies of which Gemini Television Private Limited broadcast Telugu language channels, while Sun Television Private Limited and Uday Television Private Limited broadcast Tamil and Kannada language channels respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Gemini+TV&pg=PA172 |title=Indian Silver Screen |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2006, [[Kalanithi Maran]] merged Gemini TV Ltd with [[Sun TV Network]] Ltd along with Udaya TV Ltd for the IPO listing of Sun TV Network.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/27/sun-tv-merger-with-gemini-tv-udaya-tv-1164639828.html|title=SUN TV merger with Gemini TV, Udaya TV|last=Staff|date=2006-11-27|website=Oneindia|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=5217|title=Sun TV Board approves Amalgamation & Merger|date=2006-12-01|website=EquityBulls|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/sun-tv-network-15228/information/company-history|title=Sun TV Network Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>

'''Sun18'''

Network18 Group has 50% dealing distribution with Sun TV Network, which led them to make Sun18. In July 2010, with the creation of Sun18, Sun TV Network became responsible for the South Indian market, while Network18 was responsible for the North Indian market.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2010 |title=Network18, Sun form distribution JV |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/content/network18-sun-form-distribution-jv |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2010-07-13 |title=Sun Network ties up with Network18 to form Sun18 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Sun-Network-ties-up-with-Network18-to-form-Sun18/article16195437.ece |access-date=2022-10-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Sun Gemini}}

== Sister channels ==
=== Sun Gemini Movies ===
'''Sun Gemini Movies''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language movies [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]]. it was launched in May 2000 as (Teja TV). In October 2010, it was renamed as Gemini Movies.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/k-subramanyam-is-the-new-business-head-of-gemini-tv-and-telugu-cluster/|title=K Subramanyam is the new Business Head of Gemini TV and Telugu Cluster | MediaNews4U|date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Sun Gemini Music ===
'''Sun Gemini Music''' is India's first [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language music [[pay television]] channel owned by the [[Sun TV Network]]. It was launched in 2005.<ref name="M"/>

=== Kushi TV ===
'''Kushi TV''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language kids [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]]. It was launched on 9 April 2009 and broadcasts cartoons and kids programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/kids-entertainment-channel-kushi-tv-turns-10-96040.html|title=Kids entertainment channel Kushi TV turns 10 - Exchange4media|first=exchange4media|last=Staff|date=12 April 2019|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>

=== Sun Gemini Comedy ===
'''Sun Gemini Comedy''' is India's first [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language comedy [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]]. It was launched in 2009 as Navvulu TV and later it was renamed as Gemini Comedy.<ref name="M"/>

=== Sun Gemini Life ===
'''Sun Gemini Life''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language classic movie [[pay television]] channel which broadcasts classic movies. It was launched in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/gemini-life-to-celebrate-first-anniversary/articleshow/45728728.cms|title=Gemini Life to celebrate first anniversary|date=2 January 2015|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

===Defunct Channels===
====Gemini News====
'''Gemini News''' was an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language news [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]]. It was launched in May 2004 with much publicity and got good ratings on the first 7-10 years but after the entry of various players its ratings gradually decreased in the competitive segment and mounted to losses. As a result, it was closed on 1 February 2019 and was replaced by Bengali General Entertainment Channel, [[Sun Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/P4PzBGYxbU4WiGjxZyp4ZM/New-Hyderabad-IPL-franchise-Sun-Risers-eyes-sponsors.html|title=New IPL franchise eyes sponsors|first=Yogendra Kalavalapalli &,Viswanath|last=Pilla|date=20 December 2012|website=mint}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Sun TV (India)]]
*[[List of Telugu-language television channels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/Default.aspx?Lang=telugu GEMINI TV Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717155715/http://sunnetwork.in/Default.aspx?Lang=telugu |date=17 July 2019 }} {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun Group}}
{{Telugu Language Television}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]

Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022

2026-04-09T02:40:59Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting initial data needs work

{{Short description|Children's literature awards in 2022}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022
| image = साहित्य अकादमी.svg
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Literary awards for [[children's literature]] in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INR}} 50,000
| former name =
| previous = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021]]
| next = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023]]
| website = {{URL|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
}}
The '''Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022''' ({{Translation|Children's literature award}}), also known as '''Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022''', is a 2022 literary honour in India, which the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers for their contribution in the field of [[Children's literature]] in any of the 22 [[languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution]] as well as in [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language]]. It comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Recipients by language ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Languages
! Authors
! Works
! Genres
! class="unsortable" | References
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Diganta Oza || ''Dangor Manuhor Sadhu'' || Essays || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Joya Mitra|| ''Char Panch Jon Bondhu'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] || Langwnani Bokhali Gotho || ''Devbar Ramchiary'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]] || Rajeshwar Singh ‘Raju’|| Sikh-Mat|| Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title='Raju' conferred Bal Sahitya Award-2022 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/raju-conferred-bal-sahitya-award-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian English|English]] || Arshia Sattar || ''Mahabharata for Children Fiction'' || Arshia Sattar || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || Kirit Goswami || ''Khiskoli Ne Computer Chhe Levu'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]] || Kshama Sharma || ''Kshama Sharma ki Chuninda Baal Kahaniyan'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]] || Tammanna Beegara || ''Bavali Guhe'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || Qamer Hamidullah || ''Daiel'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |title=74-year-old Kashmir author fighting to preserve ‘Koshur’ language awarded Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar |url=https://www.quickkashmirnews.com/2022/11/74-year-old-Kashmir-author-fighting-to-preserve-Koshur-language-awarded-Sahitya-Akademi-Bal-Sahitya-puraskar.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || Jyoti Kunkolienkar || ''Mayuri'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]] || Virendra Jha || ''Uran Chhoo'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu (A. Sethumadhavan)]] || ''Chekkutty'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) || Naorem Lokeshwore Singh || ''Tomthin Amsung Khuji'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || Sangeeta Barve || ''Piyuchi Vahi'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || Meena Subba || ''Kopilaka Rangharu'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || Narendra Prasad Das || ''Kolahala Na Halahala'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || No Awards || || || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] || Vishwamitra Dadhich || ''Machhlyan Ra Aanshu'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || Kuldeep Sharma || ''Sachitram Prahelikasatkam'' (''Abhinavsanskritprahelikah'') || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Santhali language|Santhali]] || Ganesh Marandi || ''Hapan Mai'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] || Manohar Nihalani || ''Anokhiyun Aakhaniyun'' || Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || G. Meenakshi || ''Malligavin Veedu'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Pattipaka Mohan || ''Baalala Taataa Baapuji'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Urdu]] || Zafar Kamali || ''Hauslon Ki Udan'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार 2022 का ऐलान, 14 नवंबर को 22 लेखक होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/bal-sahitya-award-2022-announced-22-writers-will-be-honored-on-november-14-tmova-1524531-2022-08-24 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Yuva Puraskar]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by year]]

Anandhi (actress)

2026-04-08T01:50:43Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{About|the actress|3=Anandhi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anandhi
| image = Anandhi.png
| caption = Anandhi in 2016
| birth_name = Rakshita
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|9}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| other_names = Hasika
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Socrates|2021}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]] (Socrates's brother-in-law)
}}

'''Anandhi''' (born '''Rakshita''';<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rakshitha-rechristened-Anandhi-in-Kayal/articleshow/22660153.cms |title=Rakshitha, rechristened Anandhi in Kayal |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720105526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rakshitha-rechristened-Anandhi-in-Kayal/articleshow/22660153.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> 9 December 1992) is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. After her debut in the Telugu film ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'' (2012), she appeared in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s Tamil production ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' (2014). The same year she got her major breakthrough with [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' (2014) by which she is recognized as ''Kayal Anandhi''. She also won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] for ''Kayal'' at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031172117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anandhi was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=19 August 2014 |title=The big break |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anandhi-opens-up-about-kayal/article6331805.ece |access-date=25 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720105528/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anandhi-opens-up-about-kayal/article6331805.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=24 February 2021 |title=Marriage doesn't erode a woman's capabilities: Anandhi Kayal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240221/marriage-doesnt-erode-a-womans-capabilities-anandhi-kayal.html |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304102258/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240221/marriage-doesnt-erode-a-womans-capabilities-anandhi-kayal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Anandhi made her debut with [[Maruthi]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'' (2012). Her next film, ''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama]]'', opened in March 2013 to negative reviews, though a critic claimed that "the saving grace for the film is the performance of the lead pair - Varun Sandesh and Hasika", adding that Hasika "looks traditional and has put up a decent show as well."<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/priyathama-neevachata-kushalama/movie-review/19149712.cms|title=Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama by Times of India|work=The Times of India|last1=As |first1=Sashidhar }}</ref>

She had also signed on to appear in the Tamil film, ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' (2014) alongside [[Harish Kalyan]], written by [[Manimaran]]. During production, the scope of the film became larger after it was announced that director [[Vetrimaaran]] had chosen to invest in the venture as a co-producer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5033169.ece |title=etcetera |first1=Y. Sunita |last1=Chowdhary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212922/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5033169.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandhi appeared in [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s directorial venture ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'', in which she plays the title role. The director decided to rechristen her as Anandhi from Rakshita for the film, and she was selected after auditioning twice before impressing Solomon.<ref name=":2" /> Her performance received praise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-review-tamil-pcmb3ojgjdafc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326200434/http://www.sify.com/movies/kayal-review-tamil-pcmb3ojgjdafc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2015 |title=Review : (2014) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |title=Review: Kayal is compelling love story |first=S. |last=Saraswathi/Rediff.com |website=Rediff |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724040319/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She was nominated for several Best Debut Actress awards for 2014, including at the [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Vijay Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kayal-review-has-its-moments-but-strains-too-hard-to-be-an-epic/article10959214.ece |title=Kayal: Has its moments, but strains too hard to be an epic |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 December 2014 |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522021715/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kayal-review-has-its-moments-but-strains-too-hard-to-be-an-epic/article10959214.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Anandhi's first release was in [[A. Sarkunam]]'s ''[[Chandi Veeran]]'' produced by [[Bala (director)|Bala]], in which she portrayed the romantic interest of [[Atharvaa]]'s character.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/atharavaa-sargunam-film-gets-a-title-and-buyer-news-tamil-pb2iQWaagfgfh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818151807/http://www.sify.com/movies/atharavaa-sargunam-film-gets-a-title-and-buyer-news-tamil-pb2iQWaagfgfh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2015 |title=Atharavaa-Sargunam film gets a title and buyer|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Anandhi then worked on the adult comedy flick ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' (2015) starring alongside [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anandhi-opens-up-about-kayal/article6331805.ece |title=The Big Break |work=The Hindu |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205091034/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anandhi-opens-up-about-kayal/article6331805.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-illana-nayanthara-review-tamil-pjrrISchgeije.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919233225/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-illana-nayanthara-review-tamil-pjrrISchgeije.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2015 |title=Review : Trisha Illana Nayanthara (2015) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Post-release, Anandhi revealed her displeasure at working with the director and revealed that she was led to believe that the film would be a "cute love story" and not an "adult comedy". Anandhi nonetheless helped to promote the release of the film's Telugu version.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-will-not-work-with-Trisha-Illana-Nayanthara-director-again/articleshow/49844606.cms |title=I will not work with Trisha Illana Nayanthara director again |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123065631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-will-not-work-with-Trisha-Illana-Nayanthara-director-again/articleshow/49844606.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, she played two films with G. V. Prakash Kumar in ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' and ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/enakku-innoru-per-irukku-review-entertaining-review-tamil-qgroGtjjgjahg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617164722/http://www.sify.com/movies/enakku-innoru-per-irukku-review-entertaining-review-tamil-qgroGtjjgjahg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2016 |title=Enakku Innoru per Irukku review: Entertaining|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kadavul-irukaan-kumaru-is-a-waste-of-time/20161118.htm|title=Review: Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru is a waste of time|first=S.|last=Saraswathi|website=Rediff|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527142546/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kadavul-irukaan-kumaru-is-a-waste-of-time/20161118.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, her films were ''[[Rubaai (film)|Rubaai]]'', ''[[Pandigai]]'' and ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]''. In 2018, she appeared in [[Mari Selvaraj]]'s debut film ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'', an acclaimed Tamil film on caste discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-its-an-inherently-sincere-and-deeply-affecting-film-review-tamil-sj2kmSiifcdjh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928100107/http://www.sify.com/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-its-an-inherently-sincere-and-deeply-affecting-film-review-tamil-sj2kmSiifcdjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal review: It's an inherently sincere and deeply affecting film|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews, while the cast's performance was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2018/09/29040345/1090295/Pariyerum-Perumal-Review-A-powerful-film-on-social-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424211727/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2018/09/29040345/1090295/Pariyerum-Perumal-Review-A-powerful-film-on-social-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2021 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' Review: A powerful film on social injustice and identity |website=[[DT Next]] |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> Her next project was ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' (2019). Anandhi's character in the film was similar to that she played in ''Pariyerum Perumal''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/irandam-ulagaporin-kadaisi-gundu-movie-review-6154033/ |title=Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu movie review: An experimental film that deserves our attention |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424211726/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/irandam-ulagaporin-kadaisi-gundu-movie-review-6154033/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandhi appeared in the web series ''[[Live Telecast]]'' (2021) directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and starring [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Vaibhav Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Telecast review: Kajal Aggarwal's horror show is dead on arrival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/live-telecast-review-kajal-aggarwals-horror-series-is-dead-on-arrival-7184823/lite/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=The Indian Express |date=12 February 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212070849/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/live-telecast-review-kajal-aggarwals-horror-series-is-dead-on-arrival-7184823/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Anandhi married Socrates on 7 January 2021 in [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]. He is a marine engineer turned assistant director, philosopher, and brother-in-law of [[Moodar Koodam]]–fame director [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]], notable for working in ''[[Alaudhinin Arputha Camera]]'' and ''[[Agni Siragugal]]''.<ref name="TiesKnot">{{cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |location=Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kayal-anandhi-ties-the-knot-with-socrates-in-warangal-see-pics-1757103-2021-01-08 |title=Kayal Anandhi ties the knot with Socrates in Warangal and she has a child. |website=India Today |language=en |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111173025/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kayal-anandhi-ties-the-knot-with-socrates-in-warangal-see-pics-1757103-2021-01-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandhi and Socrates have a son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |date=2023-05-06 |title=கலப்பு திருமணம் செய்த கயல் ஆனந்தி தனது மகனின் ஜாதி சான்றிதழ் குறித்து சொன்ன விஷயம். |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/kayal-anandhi-about-her-son/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Ee Rojullo]]'' || A girl who cheats another guy || rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Minor role
|
|-
| ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'' || Seema
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kusalama]]'' || Preethi
| Credited as Hasika
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Naayak]]'' || Babji's henchman's sister
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Green Signal]]'' || Jessie
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/green-signal/movie-review/35816072.cms|title=Green Signal Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Green Signal by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' || Shanthi || rowspan="13" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poriyaalan-review-a-gritty-little-thriller/article6386124.ece |title=Poriyaalan review - A gritty little thriller |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |date=6 September 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024418/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poriyaalan-review-a-gritty-little-thriller/article6386124.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' || Kayalvizhi "Kayal"
| |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |title=Review: Kayal is compelling love story |first=S. |last=Saraswathi/Rediff.com |website=Rediff |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024418/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kayal-is-compelling-love-story-south/20141226.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Chandi Veeran]]'' || Thamarai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/chandi-veeran-a-disappointingly-generic-drama/article7513006.ece |title=Chandi Veeran: A disappointingly generic drama |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |date=7 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024800/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/chandi-veeran-a-disappointingly-generic-drama/article7513006.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' || Ramya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/trisha-illana-nayanthara/movie-review/49021609.cms|title=Trisha Illana Nayanthara Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Trisha Illana Nayanthara by Times of India|work=The Times of India|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Visaranai]]'' || Shanthi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actress-anandhi-talks-about-her-upcoming-films/article19224680.ece |title=In a good space |first=Kaushik |last=Lm |date=6 July 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024948/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actress-anandhi-talks-about-her-upcoming-films/article19224680.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || Hema
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enakku-Innoru-Per-Irukku-A-new-don/article14428091.ece |title=Enakku Innoru Per Irukku: A new don |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |date=17 June 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024948/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enakku-Innoru-Per-Irukku-A-new-don/article14428091.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]''|| Nancy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kadavul-irukaan-kumaru-movie-review-gv-prakash-stands-out-4382174/ |title=Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru movie review: GV Prakash stands out |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724024948/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kadavul-irukaan-kumaru-movie-review-gv-prakash-stands-out-4382174/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Rubaai (film)|Rubaai]]''|| Ponni
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rubaai/movie-review/59605330.cms|title=Rubaai Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Rubaai by Times of India|work=The Times of India|last1=Menon |first1=Thinkal }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pandigai]]''|| Kavya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pandigai/movie-review/59576231.cms|title=Pandigai Review {3.5/5}: The way Feroz builds the tension and maintains it till the very end is one of the reasons for the success of the film|work=The Times of India|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]''|| Sandhya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/en-aaloda-seruppa-kaanom/movie-review/61682387.cms|title=En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom by Times of India|work=The Times of India|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]''|| Ilaiyarani
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mannar-vagaiyara/movie-review/62663751.cms|title=Mannar Vagaiyara Review {3/5}: The film which starts off as an okayish one, turns out as an entertaining fare as time passes|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''|| Jothi Mahalakshmi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-caste-away/article25074362.ece |title=Pariyerum Perumal review: caste away |first=Srinivasa |last=Ramanujam |date=28 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-caste-away/article25074362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''||Chithra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/irandam-ulagaporin-kadaisi-gundu-movie-review-a-clever-premise-but-doesnt-trouble-the-conscience-as-intended/article30209055.ece |title='Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu' movie review: A clever premise, but doesn't trouble the conscience as intended |first=Pradeep |last=Kumar |date=6 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724025819/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/irandam-ulagaporin-kadaisi-gundu-movie-review-a-clever-premise-but-doesnt-trouble-the-conscience-as-intended/article30209055.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 ||''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' || Nandini Reddy / Shailaja Reddy (fake) || rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/zombie-reddy/movie-review/80704272.cms |title=Zombie Reddy Movie Review: A desi zombie film complete with factionism and lots of drama |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929030224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/zombie-reddy/movie-review/80704272.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sridevi Soda Center]]''||"Sodala" Sridevi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sridevi-soda-center/movie-review/85685186.cms |title=Sridevi Soda Center Movie Review: A powerful story with a gut-wrenching ending |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710160112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sridevi-soda-center/movie-review/85685186.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kamali From Nadukkaveri]]''|| Kamali |Kamali
|rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kamali-from-nadukkaveri/movie-review/80931020.cms |title=Kamali From Nadukkaveri Movie Review: The film manages to engage the viewers despite its shortcomings |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kamali-from-nadukkaveri/movie-review/80931020.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[Nadhi]]'' || Bharathi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nadhi/movie-review/93048607.cms |title=Nadhi Movie Review: An anti-caste love story that could have been more powerful |work=The Times of India |accessdate=22 July 2022 |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722082113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nadhi/movie-review/93048607.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
|Lachimi
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=Allari Naresh's next titled 'Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam'; Poster hints toward a story on forest dwellers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/allari-nareshs-next-titled-itlu-maredumilli-prajaneekam-poster-hints-toward-story-forest-dwellers-1064972 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505151034/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/allari-nareshs-next-titled-itlu-maredumilli-prajaneekam-poster-hints-toward-story-forest-dwellers-1064972 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]''
| rowspan="2" |Karthika
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Yugi (film)|Adrishyam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Custody (2023 film)|''Custody'']]
|Malar
| Tamil / Telugu
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Raavana Kottam]]''
|Indra Priyadarshini
| Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raavana Kottam Movie Review: An underwhelming take on caste and social issues |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/may/12/raavana-kottam-movie-review-an-underwhelming-take-on-caste-and-social-issues-43330.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513054409/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/may/12/raavana-kottam-movie-review-an-underwhelming-take-on-caste-and-social-issues-43330.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Vidhi''
| Pallavi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''Mangai''
| Mangai
|
|
|-
| ''[[White Rose (2024 film)|White Rose]]''
| Divya
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Shivangi Lioness]]''
|Sathybhama
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24|title='Shivangi' teaser promises a gripping thriller|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/shivangi-teaser-promises-a-gripping-thriller-948581 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Neelima
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2024 |title=Anandhi joins the cast of Bhairavam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/16/anandhi-joins-the-cast-of-bhairavam |website=Cinema Express |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
|Ramya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Premante Teaser: Priyadarshi and Anandhi navigate a 'thrilling' marriage |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/02/premante-teaser-priyadarshi-and-anandhi-navigate-a-thrilling-marriage |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[The RajaSaab|''The RajaSaab'']]
|Lady at carnival
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Garividi Lakshmi}}
|Garividi Lakshmi
|
|
|-
|{{Pending film|Titanic}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Tamil
|Delayed
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-13 |title=Kalaiyarasan's Titanic gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/13/kalaiyarasans-titanic-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2010
| ''Aata Juniors''
| Contestant
|[[Zee Telugu]]
| Telugu
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Live Telecast]]''
|Kalai
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Tamil
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=12 February 2021 |title='Live Telecast' review: A TV crew is trapped in a house with an angry spirit and loads of cameras |url=https://scroll.in/reel/986651/live-telecast-review-a-tv-crew-is-trapped-in-a-house-with-an-angry-spirit-and-loads-of-cameras |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213210001/https://scroll.in/reel/986651/live-telecast-review-a-tv-crew-is-trapped-in-a-house-with-an-angry-spirit-and-loads-of-cameras |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Dance India Dance Telugu''
| Judge
|Zee Telugu
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Ready to shake a leg? Zee Telugu presents 'Dance India Dance – Telugu'; launch on August 21 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ready-to-shake-a-leg-zee-telugu-presents-dance-india-dance-telugu-launch-on-august-21 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818121222/https://telanganatoday.com/ready-to-shake-a-leg-zee-telugu-presents-dance-india-dance-telugu-launch-on-august-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Arabia Kadali]]''
|Ganga
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Satyadev and Anandhi to lead Arabia Kadali |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/19/satyadev-and-anandhi-to-lead-arabia-kadali |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6695317}}
* {{Instagram|officialkayalanandhi}}
* {{Twitter|anandhiactress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anandhi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Baiza Bai

2026-04-05T06:18:35Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting basic data with sources

{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Baiza Bai
| image = Bajibai of Gwalior, watercolour on ivory, c. 1857.png
| regent = [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]]
| reg-type = [[Maharaja]]
| birth_date = 1784
| image_size =
| reign = March 1827 — 1833
| predecessor =
| caption = A miniature portrait of Baiza Bai, watercolour on ivory, {{circa|1857}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nana Sahib, Rani of Jhansi, Koer Singh and Baji Bai of Gwalior, 1857, National Army Museum, London|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-11-372-1|website=collection.nam.ac.uk|access-date=17 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| succession = Regent of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]
| birth_place = [[Kagal]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[Maratha Confederacy]] (modern-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = 1863
| death_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior state]], [[British Raj]] (modern-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| title = [[Maharani]] of [[Gwalior]]
| spouse = [[Daulat Rao Scindia]]
| house = [[Deshmukh]] (by birth) [[Scindia]] (by marriage)
| father = Sarjerao Sakharam Ghatge
| mother = Sunderabai
| issue =
}}
'''Baiza Bai''' (also known as '''Baza Bai''' and '''Baeza Byee'''; 1784–1863) was one of the wives of [[Daulat Rao Scindia]], the ruler of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]] princely state in India, and served as regent after his death.

The third wife of Daulat Rao, she acceded to the regency of the Scindia kingdom following his death and ruled 1827–1833. As a prominent opponent of the [[East India Company]], she was eventually ousted from power and replaced on the throne by her adopted son [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Baiza Bai was born in [[Kagal]] in 1784. Her parents were Sunderabai and Sakharam Ghatge (1750–1809), ''Sarjerao [[Deshmukh]]'' of Kagal, a member of the nobility under the [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsle]] rulers of Kolhapur.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=31}} In February 1798 in [[Poona]], at the age of 14, she was married to Daulat Rao Scindia, the ruler of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], and became his favourite wife.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=88}}{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=32}} Baiza Bai and Daulat Rao had several children, including a son who predeceased them.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=33}}

She was known as a horsewoman, and had been trained to fight with a sword and spear. She accompanied her husband during the Maratha wars with the British, and she fought against [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the future Duke of Wellington, at the [[Battle of Assaye]].{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=240}}

Scindia looked to Baiza Bai for help in administrative and state matters. There is an account of her opposition to the Scindia annexation of Udaipur on the grounds that the chief Rajput state should not be destroyed.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=46}}

She obtained high positions for her relatives in the Scindia court.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=88}} Sakharam was made ''[[Dewan]]'' of Gwalior.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=32}} He was reported to have held anti-British sentiments, which led to trouble between him and his king. Following the Scindia defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], a treaty signed with the East India Company explicitly excluded him from any governing role in Gwalior.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=32}} Under the terms of the same treaty, Baiza Bai was granted a ''[[jagir]]'' of 200,000 rupees annually.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=46}} However, it is reported that her husband appropriated these funds.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=35}} In 1813, her brother [[Raja Hindu Rao|Hindurao Jaisinghrao Ghatge]] was made Dewan of Gwalior, and in 1816, her uncle Babaji Patankar was offered the post.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=32}}

Baiza Bai appears to have adopted her father's anti-British stance in her younger days. During the British [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|campaign against the Pindaris]], she had urged her husband to support the Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] against them. When Daulat Rao submitted to British demands, she even left him briefly, accusing him of cowardice. She was also fiercely opposed to the Scindia surrender of Ajmer to the British.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=48}}

By 1809, Sarjerao Sakharam Ghatge had managed to insinuate himself back into the circles of power within the court though he remained unpopular. He had several rivals, including Deoba Gawali, the [[Subahdar]] of Gwalior.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=36}} In 1809, Sakharam Ghatge was murdered following a physical altercation he had with Daulat Rao.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=36}} Baiza Bai suspected Gawali of instigating the crime, and under her influence, Daulat Rao dismissed him from his position. He was assassinated in 1812.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=37}}

===Banker===
====Background====
By the time the mercantile East India Company became the paramount power in India, they had also become active competitors against native Indian merchant bankers. Because of their interests in the areas of revenue collection, the Indian merchant bankers had established alliances with the princely states. As the company's encroachment into their erstwhile spheres of influence became onerous, their political machinations began to pervade the Scindia court as well. Knowing full well they could not take on the company on their own, they needed the support of the Maratha kingdoms.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=49}}

While their connection to the land and the armies allowed them to mobilise resistance against British penetration, these merchant bankers were also able to support local business groups and establish trade links, particularly in opium, that undermined the company's monopolies.{{sfn|Farooqui|1998|p=58}}

====Financier====
Large fortunes were made, especially by two Scindia financiers, Mani Ram and Gokul Parakh. Baiza Bai was able to keep the former's political manoeuvring in check, but she was also heavily invested in their firms. In the 1810s, she herself was a large-scale financier in her own right. She was involved in money-lending, bills of exchange, and speculation, all of which made her immensely wealthy.{{sfn|Farooqui|1998|p=58}} Furthermore, Ujjain, which was the centre of central Indian finance and commerce in the first half of the 1800s, was firmly under her control.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=50}}

In Ujjain, Baiza Bai was the head of two banking firms: Nathji Kishan Das and Nathji Bhagwan Das. There is correspondence between her and the governor general complaining about the British seizure of her banking house in Benaras, which would result in "the name of the firm [being] lost".{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=71}}

As Baiza Bai was not seen to be amenable to British control, the East India Company thought to obtain a large loan from her in return for a tacit understanding of her Regency for life. In 1827, they requested 10,000,000 rupees, of which she lent 8 million. The company had hoped she might write off the loan, but she insisted that the principal and interest were repayable to her personally. The Company sought to raise the funds from Mani Ram, but he refused under pressure from Baiza Bai to extend any further credit. The competition in the opium trade from Central India had already badly affected the British; now their military and commercial operations in the territories began to suffer. Eventually, they paid off the loan to Baiza Bai. Cleverly, she managed to get the funds deposited in her bank in Benaras.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=53}}

To fund the company's campaign in Burma, the British tried another time to obtain a loan from her. She anticipated them by putting in a request for a million rupees from Major Stewart, the Resident. This tactic appears to have persuaded the British that she was indeed impoverished.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=240}}

===Regency===
On 21 March 1827, Daulat Rao Scindia died. He had left no plans for succession. However, he did advise the British [[Resident (title)|Resident]] in his court, Major Josiah Stewart, that he wanted Baiza Bai to rule as regent. Shortly thereafter, Baiza Bai's brother, [[Raja Hindu Rao|Hindu Rao]], presented an unsigned document purporting to be Daulat Rao's will. In this, Daulat Rao declared his intention to adopt a son to rule as his successor. Hindu Rao was appointed as an executor of the 'will'. But there remained doubts as to its genuineness.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=89}}

While Baiza Bai's regency was undisputed, it was imperative that a successor to the Scindia kingdom be appointed. There is some evidence that Baiza Bai and her brother wanted to select this successor. Their first choice was someone from her maternal family. On the advice of the royal priest, this choice was set aside; the successor had to be from Daulat Rao's side of the family. On 17 June 1827, an eleven-year-old boy called Mukut Rao from the Scindia family, was adopted as heir to the throne, and given the royal name Jankoji Rao Scindia.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=89}}

Baiza Bai intended to keep the rule of the Scindia kingdom in her hands. There is some evidence that she attempted to keep Jankoji reined in by marrying him off to her granddaughter; though the (child) marriage took place, the granddaughter died.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=37}} She then tried to persuade the British that her married daughter's unborn child might become the Scindia heir. The British government rejected the argument on the basis that the Scindia court and the military had both accepted Jankoji's adoption.{{sfn|Beveridge|1861|p=221}}

In 1830 she informed the Resident that supporters of Jankoji were scheming to overthrow her. She requested his permission to confiscate their property and exile them. She also requested that her regency be allowed to continue. The Resident forwarded the message to the Governor General's office, which refused to interfere in the internal matters of an independent state.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=89}}

When Jankoji attained majority, Baiza Bai was demoted to Queen Mother (''Rajmata''). Displeased by this, her relationship with Jankoji began to deteriorate. She had restricted his education as he grew up; now, she refused to add his name to the state seal and restricted his freedom. Other than insisting that Jankoji's seal should always be used in official communications, the British did not interfere.{{sfn|Malleson|1875|p=162}} Baiza Bai went on to claim that he was incapable of rule. Worried for his safety, Jankoji escaped to the Residency. The Resident declined to intervene.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=90}}

In December 1832, the Governor General, [[Lord William Bentinck]], arrived in Gwalior. Jankoji met him to demand that the kingship be given to him; in return, he promised to hand over a quarter of his income to Bentinck.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=240}} The Governor General was upset by the attempted bribery, whereupon Jankoji asked if there would be any British objections should he order his guns to be fired on Baiza Bai. Bentinck was amused but he did object.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=241}} While Bentinck informed Baiza Bai that the British would support Jankoji's claim to the throne of Gwalior,{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=90}} Jankoji attempted to instigate a military coup against her. He intended the revolt to occur on the last day of [[Muharram]], as the ''[[tazia]]s'' were taken into the mosque. Baiza Bai found out about the plot and scuppered it by ordering the tazias to be organised before dawn, at which time the conspirators were asleep.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=241}}

There are varying opinions on Baiza Bai's regency. A "''sophisticated and ruthless businesswoman''", she didn't pay her troops for long periods, forcing them to borrow funds from a bank she held.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=240}} Yet according to other accounts, she was a capable, efficient administrator, and paid her troops on time. She collaborated with the British in the suppression of [[Thuggee]], and banned female infanticide.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=39}}

By 1832, with the help of her able minister Raoji [[Trimbak]], she had managed to establish state control over finances. This entailed delicate manoeuvring with the military and the revenue farmers. When Trimbak died, she continued the policy but began to alienate some of the powers in court. Her pursuit of merchant bankers in particular began to backfire as they rallied around Jankoji in opposition to her.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=56}}

By 1834, Baiza Bai had lost the support of the Scindia army and many members of the administration. By this time, the East India Company had changed its earliest stance of non-interference in Gwalior's state affairs. They actively supported Jankoji.{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=90}} The new Resident, Mark Cavendish, was opposed to Baiza Bai. On Bentinck's orders, he encouraged Jankoji to overthrow her. She and her palace attendants fled to the Residency, where Cavendish treated her badly, refusing her entry into the building and allowing her only to pitch tents in his gardens. She and her party were drenched under monsoon showers; after they abated, Cavendish insisted on her leaving immediately on exile.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=242}}

Facing ruin, Baiza Bai fled to [[Agra]].{{sfn|Goel|2015|p=90}} Her brother, [[Raja Hindu Rao|Hindu Rao]], gave up any further interest in Scindia politics and settled in Delhi.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=57}}

===Later life===
Even within British spheres, there was much discontent at the deposition of Baiza Bai. The ''Agra Moffussil Akhbar'', a newspaper run in Agra by a Company army-man, considered Jankoji a usurper, and carried attacks against Cavendish for having supported him. Despite some factions in favour of Baiza Bai, it was clear that she would not be reinstated to power. The next fifteen years of her life were spent trying to establish a residence: she moved to [[Mathura]] and Fatehgarh, but was urged by the British to move to [[Benares]]. She refused to do so, but did stay in [[Allahabad]] for a period.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=58}}

During her regency, Baiza Bai had amassed a considerable fortune, which she banked at Benares.{{sfn|Mount|2015|p=240}} She managed to maintain control over the treasure she took with her during her flight from Gwalior.

1835 found Baiza Bai in Fatihgarh, where she met [[Fanny Parkes]], a Welsh travel-writer. The women bonded over horsemanship when the Bai mocked the English style of side-saddle riding. She challenged Parkes to ride in the usual way whereupon Parkes endeared herself to the Rani by riding in ''Mahratta style'' in Maratha costume.{{sfn|Sengupta|2007|p=111}} Parkes recounted how Baiza Bai's ambitions were stymied by the British as well as the Indians in her coterie. When the British issued an ultimatum to Baiza Bai to move to Benares on a pension, she asked Parkes for advice, which, much to her regret, Parkes was unable to offer.{{sfn|Sengupta|2007|p=114}} Parkes also reported how the Bai was forcibly moved from camp to camp, while her monies were often confiscated under duress.{{sfn|Sengupta|2007|p=115}}

In 1841, she moved to [[Nasik]], where she earned an annual pension of 400,000 rupees from the British government. The British remained suspicious of her, especially when a rebellion near Poona was uncovered. There were allegations that she had either provided cover for couriers around the Deccan or funded military expenses.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=40}} There was sufficient anxiety on the part of the British as to her involvement for the governor general to write to her 'warning her of the necessity of the most guarded conduct on her part to prevent any further similar reports.' She denied the accusations but her name figured again when another revolt occurred in 1842 in Asirgarh.{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=136}} She managed to keep the British at bay, alternately indicating that she was a pious woman engaged in the worship of God and claiming that her income from the British was insufficient.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=41}}

After Jankoji's death in 1843, Baiza Bai was able to marry her granddaughter Chimnabai to his successor [[Jayajirao Scindia|Jayaji Rao Scindia]]. The new maharaja would then inherit her massive fortune, reputed to be several crores of rupees,{{sfn|Rotaru|2012|p=26}} but was thereby forced to deal with repayment of the various debts she owed the British.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=40}} Among other terms of the deal, she was allowed to return to live in Scindia territory,{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=64}} while the city and district of Ujjain would be restored to her control.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=65}}

Between 1847 and 1856, Baiza Bai was in [[Ujjain]].{{sfn|Dongray|1935|p=42}} She returned to Gwalior in 1856.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=67}}

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], British suspicions of Baiza Bai came to the fore again. Gwalior, among the major princely states, had not risen against the British, though Jayaji's army deserted him. When the rebels led by [[Tantia Tope]] and [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai]] of Jhansi occupied Gwalior, Baiza Bai along with Jayaji looked for British protection.{{sfn|Farooqui|2000|p=67}} She was able to take the Scindia queens to safety to [[Narwar]].{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=42}} It is known that the rebels respected her: Tantia Tope kept up a correspondence with her, urging her to take over the rule of Gwalior. To show good faith, Baiza Bai handed over the letters to the British. Clearly, she was able to walk a fine line to maintain a cordial relationship with her family, the rebels as well as the British.{{sfn|Struth|2001|p=43}}

Baiza Bai died in Gwalior in 1863.{{sfn|Nottinghamshire Guardian|1863|p=1}}{{sfn|The New York Times|1863}}

==Legacy==
There are several tangible remnants of Baiza Bai's philanthropy and support of the arts and religion. As a queen and dowager, she endowed temples and worship grounds across the Scindia domains as well as sacred sites in [[North India]].

In Benares, Baiza Bai is said to have built the colonnade around the Gyanvapi well in 1828.{{sfn|Sherring|1868|p=54}} In 1830, she also built a temple close to the south turret of the Sindhia Ghat, one of the grandest ghats on the riverfront.{{sfn|Murray|1911|p=48}}

Prior to Daulat Rao's transfer of the Scindia capital to Gwalior, the first city of the kingdom was [[Ujjain]]. During her charge of the city, in 1848, Baiza Bai built the Gopal Krishna temple there.{{sfn|Dongray|1935|p=42}} It comprised two large towers situated on either side of a square structure topped by a dome.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2004|p=215}} A statue of Baiza Bai appears to the side of a black idol of Krishna.{{sfn|Dongray|1935|p=137-138, 141}} She also built a temple on the Pishachavimochan ghat on the [[Shipra River]], which was her own chhatri.{{sfn|Dongray|1935|p=43}}

In 1850, a reservoir called the ''Baizataal'' was constructed within the grounds of the Moti Mahal palace at Gwalior under her name.{{sfn|''Dainik Bhaskar''|2014}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
===Books and Journals===
* {{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military, and Social, from the First Landing of the English to the Suppression of the Sepoy Revolt: Including an Outline of the Early History of Hindoostan, Volume III|first=Henry|last=Beveridge|year=1861|location=London|publisher=Blackie and Son}}
* {{cite book|title=History of the Marathas|first=R.S.|last=Chaurasia|isbn=81-269-0394-5|location=New Delhi|year=2004|publisher=Atlantic}}
* {{cite book|last=Dongray|first=Keshavrao Balwant|title=In Touch with Ujjain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGkdAAAAMAAJ|year=1935|publisher=Alijah Darbar Press|location=Gwalior}}
* {{cite book|title=Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790–1843|first=Amar|last=Farooqui|year=1998|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Oxford|isbn=0-7391-0886-7}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=From Baiza Bai to Lakshmi Bai: The Sindia State in the Early Nineteenth Century and the Roots of 1857|first=Amar|last=Farooqui|encyclopedia=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|editor1-first=Biswamoy|editor1-last=Pati|isbn=81-7154-658-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Farooqui|first=Amar|title=Sindias and the Raj: Princely Gwalior c. 1800–1850|publisher=Primus|location=Delhi|isbn=978-93-80607-08-5|year=2011}}
* {{cite journal|journal=New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies|url=http://www.newmanpublication.com/May15_issue/11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180059/http://www.newmanpublication.com/May15_issue/11.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 10, 2018|volume=2|issue=5|year=2015|issn=2348-1390|title=An Empress of Gwalior State|first=Neeraj|last=Goel}}
* {{cite book|title=An Historical Sketch of the Native States of India in Subsidiary Alliance with the British Government|url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00mallgoog|first=G.B.|last=Malleson|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|year=1875|location=London}}
* {{cite book|title=Tears of the Rajas: Mutiny, Money and Marriage in India 1805–1905|last=Mount|first=Ferdinand|author-link=Ferdinand Mount|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1471129452|year=2015}}
* {{cite book|title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktravelle00john|first=John|last=Murray|location=London|year=1911}}
* {{cite journal|title=Gaṇeśa Bhaṭta Dādā Gore, an Atharvavedin Revivalist of the 19th Century|last=Rotaru|first=Julieta|number=1|volume=XV|date=2012|journal=Biblioteca Bucureștilor|publisher=Metropolitan Library of Bucharest|url=http://arhiva.bibmet.ro/Uploads/RBB_01_2012.pdf|access-date=2016-12-24|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002956/http://arhiva.bibmet.ro/Uploads/RBB_01_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=The British Woman Traveller in India: Cultural Intimacy and Interracial Kinship in Fanny Parks's ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque''|first=Nandini|last=Sengupta|encyclopedia=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780–1947|editor1-first=Shafquat|editor1-last=Towheed|year=2007|publisher=ibidem|location=Stuttgart|isbn=978-3-8382-5673-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFcxBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Sherring|first=Matthew Atmore |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371|year=1868|publisher=Trübner & Company}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Struth|first=Elissa Vann|title=Splitting the Stereotype: Reading Women in Colonial Texts|date=2001|degree=M.A.|publisher=University of British Columbia|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/831/1.0090308/2}}

===Newspapers===
* {{cite news|newspaper=Nottinghamshire Guardian|date=11 September 1863|title=Bombay Mails|issue=922|ref={{sfnref|Nottinghamshire Guardian|1863}} }}
* {{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 September 1863|title=A Remarkable Character Deceased|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/09/13/news/spirit-paris-press-french-policy-mexico-american-affairs-remarkable-character.html |ref={{sfnref|The New York Times|1863}} }}
* {{cite news|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=15 August 2014|title=हरियाली की ओट में बैजाताल|language=Hindi|access-date=24 December 2016|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-GWA-MAT-latest-gwalior-news-054505-406670-NOR.html |ref={{sfnref|Dainik Bhaskar|2014}} }}

[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:19th-century women regents]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Malini 22 Palayamkottai

2026-03-26T12:19:21Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{Redirect|Malini 22|the Telugu film of the same name|Ghatana}}
{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Sripriya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Malini 22.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sripriya]]
| producer = [[Rajkumar Sethupathy]]
| story = Abhilash Kumar [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| screenplay = Sripriya
| writer =
| starring = [[Nithya Menen]] [[Krish J. Sathaar]]
| music = Aravind–Shankar
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = Bavan Sreekumar
| studio = Rajkumar Theatres Pvt Ltd
| distributor = [[Suresh Balaje|Wide Angle Creations]]
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|24}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Malini 22 Palayamkottai''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Sripriya]]. It stars [[Nithya Menen]] in the title role while [[Krish J. Sathaar]] and [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] play supporting roles. A remake of the Malayalam film ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012) by [[Aashiq Abu]], the film features musical score by Arvind-Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |title='Malini 22 Palayamkottai' launched! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malini-22-palayamkottai-launched-news-tamil-nhkjQidaijd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714124518/http://www.sify.com/movies/malini-22-palayamkottai-launched-news-tamil-nhkjQidaijd.html |archive-date=14 July 2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> This film was simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Ghatana]]'', which was released two years later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2016 |title=Ghatana: Revengeful drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Ghatana-Revengeful-drama/article16667528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322015012/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Ghatana-Revengeful-drama/article16667528.ece |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Malini 22 Palayamkottai'' was released on 24 January 2014.

== Plot ==
Malini is a nursing student in [[Bangalore]] with plans of traveling to [[Toronto]] for a career. She meets Varun from the travel consultancy agency working towards setting up her visa. They soon fall in love and start living together. Malini loves him with all her heart and takes their relationship and living together seriously.

One day while at a pub, a guy misbehaves with Malini, and Varun beats him up badly. The guy tries to take revenge on Varun and searches for him. Varun goes into hiding with the help of his boss Prakash. Prakash arrives at Varun's home to inform Malini about the situation. He then plainly asks Malini if he can have sex with her. A shocked Malini is then brutally attacked and raped. When Varun finds out what happened, he becomes violent and wants to kill Prakash. Malini calms him down, saying that she does not want to make the incident worse than it is; she instead wants to get to Canada at the earliest. Once Malini recovers from her injuries, Prakash visits her again to ask for forgiveness. He comes while Varun is not around and rapes her a second time. Malini decides not to travel abroad and plans to murder Prakash.

Varun discusses the situation with Prakash, who suggests killing Malini and appoints Varun to do it. Varun traps Malini by putting some drugs in her bag. The police arrests Malini, and she is imprisoned. While Malini calls out for help, she finds Varun simply walking away from her, which is when she realizes that he set her up. Varun relocates to Chennai and runs a modeling agency. While in prison, Malini meets Janaki, who is sentenced for murder. Through Janaki's criminal world connections, Malini realizes that Varun is a known pimp and was cheating her along with Prakash's support. Janaki and Malini bond well with each other, and Janaki molds a criminal mindset within her for the strength and courage needed to strike back at Varun and Prakash.

When the court sets her free, Malini, with the help of DK, kills Prakash by poisoning him with a cobra. Next, she arrives in Chennai as a [[femme fatale]] in search of Varun while pretending to be a model. Later one night, Malini hooks up with Varun in his studio. Varun, who had recognized her earlier, reveals it angrily berates her. He beats her and abuses her by calling her a "slut who does any 'adjustment' to flourish her career" for stopping her further being a menace to him. His frustration dissolves slowly as he wants to enjoy her company. He reminds her she is a mere woman.

However, at night, Malini executes her revenge plan and [[sedates]] Varun and sadistically [[Penectomy|penectomises]] him. When he regains consciousness, she tells him that she has removed his male organ through a medical surgery. While Varun finds himself in intense pain and bound to his bed, she taunts him to make him realize his faults and the gross wrongdoings he committed to her and rationalizes her crime. But he does not yield to her taunts and reveals a backstory concerning his mother and that his life as a pimp is not entirely his fault.

Malini tells Varun that she knows that she is still somewhere in his heart. She reminds him that she has only lost someone who cheated on her, whereas he lost someone who genuinely loved him. Now Varun is stunned that he is not even able to face Malini. Varun recollects that her love was true and his love was overshadowed by his male supremacy concept and greed for wealth. Over the days, he admits his actions that caused her pain. Then Malini leaves him, but not before inviting him to settle the score with her, if any remains there. Varun accepts the challenge of a true criminal as he is and taunts her that he will confront her when he is ready, most probably knowing that he has to settle the score with her in terms of true love with roots in violence. Malini leaves for Canada, dismantles her cell phone, and cuts further contact with DK.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Malini
* [[Krish J. Sathaar]] as Varun
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Prakash
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Santhanam
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Sarala
* [[Mohan Raman]] as the doctor
* [[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Lalitha's husband who is having an affair with Jency.
* Gowthami Vembunathan as P. Vidya
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Shalini
* D. Janagi as Janaki<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibi Arasu |date=27 August 2014 |title=From Nagercoil to Paris |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/From-Nagercoil-to-Paris/article20852831.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806074609/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/From-Nagercoil-to-Paris/article20852831.ece |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref>
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Jency
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Aravind–Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malini 22 Palayamkottai |url=https://gaana.com/album/malini-22-palayamkottai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713203025/https://gaana.com/album/malini-22-palayamkottai |archive-date=13 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2022|website=[[Gaana.com|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2013 |title=Malini 22 Palayamkottai (Music review), Tamil – Aravind-Shankar |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/11/10/malini-22-palayamkottai-music-review-tamil-arvind-shankar/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref> All lyrics by [[Na. Muthukumar]].
*"Vinmeengal" – [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
*"Kanneer Thuliye" – [[Vijay Yesudas]]
*"Kanneer Thuliye (Duet)" – Vijay Yesudas, [[Nithya Menen]]
*"My Name is Malini" – Nithya Menen
*"Madharthammai" – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sripriya
*"Madharthammai (Immigrant Mix)" – Nithya Menen

== Critical reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "There's not one convincing moment in the movie. The performances are broad, the staging is most basic, and too much time is spent on Malini's dreary backstory. The minor victory of the film is that we get to hear the F-word, in all its un-beeped-out glory".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |date=25 January 2014 |title=Malini 22 Palayamkottai: Hell hath no fury... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/malini-22-palayamkottai-hell-hath-no-fury/article5617473.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619013733/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/malini-22-palayamkottai-hell-hath-no-fury/article5617473.ece |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "It's unfair to compare the original with a remake in another language but a film that had all the ingredients which will make the audiences glued to their seats never come together and ends up as a damp squib".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malini 22 Palayamkottai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malini-22-palayamkottai-review-tamil-15047803.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124193607/http://www.sify.com/movies/malini-22-palayamkottai-review-tamil-15047803.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Even if director Sripriya had stuck close to the original, we would have got an engaging thriller, but here, bludgeons even the tiniest bit of subtlety found in the original to give us a clumsy film that attempts to form a social awakening while putting its viewers to sleep".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malini 22 Palayamkkottai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/malini-22-palayamkkottai/movie-review/29399441.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129061054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/malini-22-palayamkkottai/movie-review/29399441.cms |archive-date=29 January 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Suganth|first=M|date=Jan 26, 2014}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called it "a disappointing fare. Comparisons are odious, but inevitable. This version not just falls short of the earlier one, but also fails to be gripping, even when viewed on its own merits".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Malini 22 Palayamkottai is Remake Sans Focus, Conviction or Intensity |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Malini-22-Palayamkottai-is-Remake-Sans-Focus-Conviction-or-Intensity/2014/01/25/article2018306.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221211351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Malini-22-Palayamkottai-is-Remake-Sans-Focus-Conviction-or-Intensity/2014/01/25/article2018306.ece |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Rediff]] gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Malini 22 Palayamkottai'' deals with an extremely relevant issue of contemporary society. The subject is well handled by Sripriya, but the film does get a bit dramatic in the end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2014 |title=Review: Malini 22 Palayamkottai is relevant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-malini-22-palayamkottai-is-is-relevant-south/20140124.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331041309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-malini-22-palayamkottai-is-is-relevant-south/20140124.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Saraswathi|first=S}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "That it falls short of a taut, edge-of-the-seat nifty thriller and turns out trite, tiresome affair is a sad letdown given the film seeks to turn the spotlight on rather demeaning and diastaseful attitude towards women looked at more as sex objects than equal, respectful partners".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |date=25 January 2014 |title=Worthy effort gone awry |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382573/worthy-effort-gone-awry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222045347/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382573/worthy-effort-gone-awry.html |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]|first=S}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sripriya]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)

2026-03-26T08:18:51Z

KatharinaFlanery: cleanup

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1853 - Present
|country={{flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[British India]] (1853 - 1947) {{flag icon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] (1947 - Present)
|branch={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Indian Army]] {{Army|Pakistan}}
|type=Artillery
|size=Battery
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=Blue; faced scarlet
|colors_label=Uniform
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Umbeyla Campaign]] 1863 [[Lushai Expedition]] 1871-72 [[Second Afghan War]] 1878-80 [[First World War]] ([[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia]], [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|Northwest Frontier]], [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|Baluchistan]]) 1914-18 [[Third Afghan War]] 1919 [[Second World War]] ([[Burma Campaign|Burma]]) 1939-45 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir War]] 1948 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistan War]] 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistan War]] 1971
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)''' was an artillery unit of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was raised in 1853 as the Peshawar Mountain Train. It became the 23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) in 1903. In 1947, it was transferred to the [[Pakistan Army]], where it exists as the 3rd Peshawar Battery (Frontier Force) of The First (SP) Medium Regiment Artillery (Frontier Force).

==History==
The 23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery was raised at [[Peshawar]] by Captain T Broughman in January 1853 as the Peshawar Mountain Train. Initially, it was manned by European gunners of the 2nd Company, 2nd Battalion Bengal Artillery but in 1854, Europeans were replaced with Indian gunners. One of the first officers of the unit was Lieutenant FS Roberts, later [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar]]. The battery was equipped with four [[3-pounder gun]]s and four 4.5-inch [[howitzers]]. In 1858, it became part of the [[Punjab Irregular Force]] ('''Piffer'''). The Punjab Irregular Force, later designated as the Punjab Frontier Force, earned legendary fame for its exploits on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|Northwest Frontier of India]]. The Peshawar Battery saw extensive service on the Frontier and took part in numerous operations including the [[Umbeyla Campaign]] of 1863 and the [[Second Afghan War]] of 1878–80. In 1871–72, it took part in the [[Lushai Expedition]].<ref name ="Graham 1957">Graham, Brig Gen CAL. (1957). ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery''. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.</ref><ref name="North 1934">North, REFG. (1934). ''The Punjab Frontier Force: A Brief Record of Their Services 1846-1924''. DI Khan: Commercial Steam Press.</ref>

During the [[First World War]], 23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery fought with distinction in the [[Mesopotamian Campaign]], where it took part in the [[Battle of Basra (1914)|capture of Basra]] and the [[Battle of Shaiba]]. In 1916, it was engaged on the Tigris Front, as the British made desperate efforts to raise the [[Siege of Kut|Siege of Kut al Amara]]; fighting in the Battles of [[Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad|Sheikh Sa'ad]], the Wadi, [[Battle of Hanna|Hanna]] and [[Battle of Dujaila|Dujaila Redoubt]]. On returning to India, it operated against [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|Mahsuds]] in 1917 and against [[Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes|Marri and Khetran]] tribes in 1918. After the war, it again saw service on the Northwest Frontier during the [[Third Afghan War]] in 1919 and in [[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)|Waziristan]] during 1919–24. During the [[Second World War]], it fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] and then served in [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|Malaya]] and [[War in Vietnam (1945–1946)|French Indochina]] in 1946. In 1944, it became an exclusively Punjabi Muslim unit.<ref name ="Graham 1957"/>

In 1947, it was transferred to the Pakistan Army, where it became part of the 1 Mountain Regiment, Royal Pakistan Artillery. The battery fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir War]] of 1948. In 1957, it was equipped with 105 mm Self Propelled Field guns and the 1st Mountain Regiment was re-designated as the 1 (SP) Field Regiment, Artillery. The regiment fought with great gallantry in the [[Battle of Chawinda]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the regiment served in the Zafarwal Sector. In 1980, it was re-equipped with medium guns. The battery is affiliated with the [[Frontier Force Regiment]].<ref>Refaqat, Lt Col Syed. (1968). ''The First in Peace & War: An Account of the Actions of 1 (SP) Field Regiment, Artillery During 1965 War with India''. Islamabad: Printing Corporation of Pakistan.</ref><ref>Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1980). ''Izzat O Iqbal: History of Pakistan Artillery (1947-1971)''. Nowshera: School of Artillery.</ref><ref>Khan, Maj Muhammad Nawaz. (1996). ''The Glorious Piffers 1843-1995''. Abbottabad: The Frontier Force Regimental Centre.</ref>

==Battle honours==
Afghanistan 1878–79, Basra, Shaiba, Tigris 1916, Mesopotamia 1914–16, North West Frontier, India 1917, Baluchistan 1918, Afghanistan 1919.<ref name ="Graham 1957"/><ref>Rodger, Alexander. (2003). ''Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662-1991''. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press.</ref>

==Genealogy==
*1853 - Peshawar Mountain Train[[File:Peshawar Mountain Battery, 1868.jpg|thumb|right|'The Peshawur Mountain Battery'. Antique wood engraved print by an unknown artist, 1868.|400px]]
*1858 - Peshawar Mountain Train, Punjab Irregular Force
*1862 - Peshawar Mountain Train Battery, Punjab Irregular Force
*1865 - Peshawar Mountain Battery, Punjab Frontier Force
*1876 - No. 3 Mountain Battery, Punjab Frontier Force
*1879 - No. 3 Peshawar Mountain Battery, Punjab Frontier Force
*1890 - No. 3 (Peshawar) Mountain Battery, Punjab Frontier Force
*1901 - Peshawar Mountain Battery
*1903 - 23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)
*1920 - 23rd Peshawar Pack Battery (Frontier Force)
*1921 - 103rd (Peshawar) Pack Battery
*1922 - 103rd (Peshawar) Pack Battery (Frontier Force) (How)<ref>Howitzer</ref>
*1924 - 103rd (Peshawar) Pack Battery, Royal Artillery (Frontier Force) (How)
*1927 - 3rd (Peshawar) Indian Mountain Battery, Royal Artillery (Frontier Force) (How)
*1928 - 3rd (Peshawar) Mountain Battery, Royal Artillery (Frontier Force) (How)
*1939 - 3rd (Peshawar) Mountain Battery, Frontier Force, Indian Artillery
*1942 - 3rd (Peshawar) Indian Mountain Battery, Frontier Force, Indian Artillery
*1945 - 3rd (Peshawar) Indian Mountain Battery, Frontier Force, Royal Indian Artillery
*1947 - 3rd (Peshawar) Mountain Battery, Frontier Force, Royal Pakistan Artillery
*1956 - 3rd (Peshawar) Mountain Battery, Frontier Force, Artillery
*1957 - 3 Peshawar (SP) Field Battery, Artillery (FF)
*1980 - 3 Peshawar (SP) Medium Battery, Artillery (FF)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pakistan Army Artillery Regiment]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of India in World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Artillery batteries]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1853]]

Ashoka

2026-03-20T06:47:50Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{Short description|Mauryan emperor from 269 to 232 BCE}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{redirect-distinguish-for|Asoka|Ahsoka (disambiguation){{!}}Ahsoka||Ashoka (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ashoka the Great {{lang|san|𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓|italic=no}}
| title = [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājādhirāja]] [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravartin]] [[Devanampriya]] [[Priyadarsin]] [[List of monarchs of Magadha|Magadharaje]]
| image = Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg
| image_size = 285px
| caption = A {{circa|1st century BCE{{\}}CE}} relief from [[Sanchi]], showing Ashoka on his chariot, visiting the [[Ramagrama stupa|Ramagrama]]{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=295–296}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}
| succession = 3rd [[List of Maurya emperors|Mauryan Emperor]]
| reign = {{circa|268}}{{snd}}232 BCE{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=331}}
| coronation = {{circa|269 BCE|lk=no}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=331}}
| predecessor = [[Bindusara]]
| successor = [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]]
| birth_date = {{Circa|304 BCE}}
| death_date = 232 BCE (aged 72)
| spouses = {{Unbulleted list|
| [[Devi (wife of Ashoka)|Devi]] (Sri Lankan tradition)
| [[Karuvaki]] (own inscriptions)
| [[Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)|Padmavati]] (North Indian tradition)
| [[Asandhimitra]] (Sri Lankan tradition)
| [[Tishyaraksha]] (Sri Lankan and North Indian tradition)}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list
| [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahendra]] (Sri Lankan tradition)
| [[Sanghamitta]] (Sri Lankan tradition)
| [[Tivala]] (own inscriptions)
| [[Kunala]] (North Indian tradition)
| [[Jalauka]] (Kalhana's Rajatarangini)
| [[Charumati]]
}}
| father = [[Bindusara Maurya|Bindusara]]
| mother = [[Mother of Ashoka|Subhadrangi or Dharma]]{{refn|group=note|The North Indian sources indicate Subhadrangi as the name of Ashoka's mother, while the Sri Lankan sources mention her as Dharma.}}
| religion =  Supported [[Buddhism]] specifically, but he claimed he placed Buddhism side by side with Brahmanism, Jainism, and the Ajivikas in his edicts and stressed that his dhamma was not the doctrine of one religion but was universal<ref name="Strong 2003">{{cite journal |author-last=Strong |author-first=John S. |author-link=John S. Strong |date=2002–2003 |title=Aśoka's Wives and the Ambiguities of Buddhist Kingship |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_2002_num_13_1_1176 |editor-last=Faure |editor-first=Bernard |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |location=Paris |publisher=[[French School of the Far East|École française d'Extrême-Orient]] |volume=13 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.3406/asie.2002.1176 |doi-access=free |eissn=2117-6272 |jstor=44167352 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808225737/https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_2002_num_13_1_1176 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]}} but also other religions, propagated [[dharma]] ("righteousness")<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Peter Fibiger Bang]]|first=Christopher Bayly|url=https://archive.org/details/the-oxford-world-history-of-empire-volume-two-the-history-of-empires/page/208/mode/1up|page=208|quote =Aśoka placed Buddhism side by side with Brahmanism, Jainism, and the Ajivikas in his edicts and stressed that his dhamma was not the doctrine of one religion but was universal.|title=The Oxford World History Of Empire Volume Two The History Of Empires |date=2021}}</ref>{{relevant|discuss=Religion section in infobox|date=January 2026}}
| succession1 = [[Yuvaraja|Crown Prince]] of [[Mauryan Empire|Magadha]]
| predecessor1 = [[Susima]]
| successor1 = [[Kunala]]
| succession2 = [[Uparaja|Viceroy]] of [[Avantirastra]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]
}}
{{Maurya}}
'''Ashoka''', also known as '''Asoka''' or '''Aśoka''' ({{IPAc-en|@|'|sh|ou|k|@}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pronouncing dictionary of proper names: pronunciations for more than 28,000 proper names, selected for currency, frequency, or difficulty of pronunciation |date=1998 |publisher=Omnigraphics |isbn=978-0-7808-0098-4 |editor-last=Bollard |editor-first=John K. |edition=2nd |location=Detroit, MI |pages=87}}</ref> {{respell|ə|SHOH|kə}}; {{IPA|sa|ɐˈɕoːkɐ|lang}}, {{IAST3|Aśoka}}; {{circa|304}} – 232 BCE), most commonly known as '''Ashoka the Great''', was [[List of Mauryan emperors|Emperor of Magadha]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=The Bhatru inscription confirms Emperor Ashoka's acceptance of Buddhism, and in it Ashoka describes himself as the emperor of Magadha.|author=Manish Rannjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbXREAAAQBAJ|title=Indian Art & Culture Book in English: Exploring Heritage and Tradition|date=19 August 2023 |page=161|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5521-694-6 }}</ref> from {{circa|268&nbsp;BCE}} until [[#Death|his death]], and the third ruler from the [[Mauryan dynasty]]. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day [[Afghanistan]] in the west to present-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east, with its capital at [[Pataliputra]]. A patron of [[Buddhism]], he is credited with an important role in the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia.

The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] state that during his eighth regnal year ({{Circa|260 BCE}}), he conquered [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] after a brutal war. Ashoka subsequently devoted himself to the propagation of "[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|dhamma]]" or righteous conduct, the major theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the [[Kalinga War]], he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. The Buddhist legends credit Ashoka with establishing a large number of [[stupa]]s, patronising the [[Third Buddhist council]], supporting Buddhist missionaries, and making generous donations to the [[sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]].

Ashoka's existence as a historical emperor had almost been forgotten, but since the decipherment in the 19th century of sources written in the [[Brahmi script]], Ashoka holds a reputation as one of the greatest [[List of Indian monarchs|Indian emperors]]. The [[State Emblem of India|State Emblem]] of the modern [[Republic of India]] is an adaptation of the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]. Ashoka's wheel, the [[Ashoka Chakra]], is adopted at the centre of the [[National Flag of India]].

== Sources of information ==

Information about Ashoka comes from [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|his inscriptions]], other inscriptions that mention him or are possibly from his reign, and ancient literature, especially Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=5–8}} These sources often contradict each other, although various historians have attempted to correlate their testimony.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

[[File:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]] at [[Junagadh]] contains inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]), [[Rudradaman I]] and [[Skandagupta]].]]
===Inscriptions===

Ashoka's inscriptions are the earliest self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131}} However, these inscriptions are focused mainly on the topic of ''[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|dhamma]]'', and provide little information regarding other aspects of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] state or society.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} Even on the topic of ''dhamma'', the content of these inscriptions cannot be taken at face value. In the words of American academic [[John S. Strong]], it is sometimes helpful to think of Ashoka's messages as propaganda by a politician whose aim is to present a favourable image of himself and his administration, rather than record historical facts.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=141}}

A small number of other inscriptions also provide some information about Ashoka.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} For example, he finds a mention in the 2nd century [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]].{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}} [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|An inscription]] discovered at [[Sirkap]] mentions a lost word beginning with "Priyadari", which is theorised to be Ashoka's title "Priyadarshi" since it has been written in Aramaic of 3rd century BCE, although this is not certain.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=7}} Some other inscriptions, such as the [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] and the Mahasthan inscription, have been tentatively dated to Ashoka's period by some scholars, although others contest this.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=7–8}}

===Buddhist legends===

Much of the information about Ashoka comes from Buddhist legends, which present him as a great, ideal emperor.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=331–332}} These legends appear in texts that are not contemporary to Ashoka and were composed by Buddhist authors, who used various stories to illustrate the impact of their faith on Ashoka. This makes it necessary to exercise caution while relying on them for historical information.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=8–9}} Among modern scholars, opinions range from downright dismissal of these legends as mythological to acceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=12}}

The Buddhist legends about Ashoka exist in several languages, including [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], and [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]. All these legends can be traced to two primary traditions:{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* the North Indian tradition preserved in the Sanskrit-language texts such as ''[[Divyavadana]]'' (including its constituent ''[[Ashokavadana]]''); and Chinese sources such as ''A-yü wang chuan'' and ''A-yü wang ching''.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* the Sri Lankan tradition preserved in Pali-language texts, such as ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', ''Vamsatthapakasini'' (a commentary on ''Mahavamsa''), Buddhaghosha's commentary on the Vinaya, and ''Samanta-pasadika''.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}}{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}

There are several significant differences between the two traditions. For example, the Sri Lankan tradition emphasizes Ashoka's role in convening the [[Third Buddhist council]], and his dispatch of several missionaries to distant regions, including his son [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] to Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} However, the North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events. It describes other events not found in the Sri Lankan tradition, such as a story about another son named Kunala.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

Even while narrating the common stories, the two traditions diverge in several ways. For example, both ''Ashokavadana'' and ''Mahavamsa'' mention that Ashoka's empress [[Tishyarakshita]] had the [[Bodhi Tree]] destroyed. In ''Ashokavadana'', the empress manages to have the tree healed after she realises her mistake. In the ''Mahavamsa'', she permanently destroys the tree, but only after a branch of the tree has been transplanted in Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=152–154}} In another story, both the texts describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts to collect a relic of Gautama Buddha from [[Ramagrama stupa|Ramagrama]]. In ''Ashokavadana'', he fails to do so because he cannot match the devotion of the [[Nāga]]s who hold the relic; however, in the ''Mahavamsa'', he fails to do so because the Buddha had destined the relic to be enshrined by King [[Dutthagamani]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Sri Lanka]].{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}} Using such stories, the ''Mahavamsa'' glorifies Sri Lanka as the new preserve of Buddhism.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=154–157}}

[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|thumb|800px|center|King Ashoka visits Ramagrama, to take relics of the Buddha from the [[Nāga|Nagas]], but in vain. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]

===Other sources===

Numismatic, sculptural, and archaeological evidence supplements research on Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=11}} Ashoka's name appears in the lists of Mauryan emperors in the various [[Puranas]]. However, these texts do not provide further details about him, as their [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] authors were not patronized by the Mauryans.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=15}} Other texts, such as the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' and [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'' of Megasthenes]], which provide general information about the Maurya period, can also be used to make inferences about Ashoka's reign.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=9}} However, the ''Arthashastra'' is a normative text that focuses on an ideal rather than a historical state, and its dating to the Mauryan period is a subject of debate. The ''Indica'' is a [[Lost literary work|lost work]], and only parts of it survive in the form of paraphrases in later writings.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

The 12th-century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] king [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka of Gonandiya dynasty]] who built several [[stupa]]s: some scholars, such as [[Aurel Stein]], have identified this king with the Maurya emperor Ashoka; others, such as [[Ananda W. P. Guruge]] dismiss this identification as inaccurate.{{sfn|Guruge|1995b|pp=185-188}}

===Alternative interpretation of the epigraphic evidence===
{{One source section|date=January 2023}}
{{Fringe section|date=March 2025}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 450
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = The Edicts and their declared authors
| image1 = Major Rock Edicts and Major Pillar Edicts by Devanampiya Piyadasi.jpg
| caption1 = Edicts in the name of [[Priyadasi|Piyadasi]] or ''[[Devanampiya]]'' Piyadasi ("Beloved of the Gods and humane"): [[File:Brown pog.svg|8px]]: [[Major Rock Edicts]] [[File:Brown 5C3317.svg|3px]]: [[Major Pillar Edicts]]
| image2 = Minor Rock Edicts and Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka.jpg
| caption2 = Edicts in the name of Ashoka or just "''[[Devanampiya]]''" ("Beloved of the Gods"), or both together: [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|8px]]: [[Minor Rock Edicts]] [[File:Orange F79A18.svg|3px]]: [[Minor Pillar Edicts]]
| footer = The different areas covered by the two types of inscriptions, and their different content in respect to Buddhism, may point to different rulers namely [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and [[Bindusara]].<ref name="CIB226"/>
| footer_align = center
}}
For [[Christopher I. Beckwith]] — whose theories are not accepted by mainstream scholarship — Ashoka, whose name only appears in the [[Minor Rock Edicts]], is not the same as king [[Priyadasi|Piyadasi]], or ''[[Devanampiya]]'' Piyadasi (i.e. "Beloved of the Gods Piyadasi", "Beloved of the Gods" being a fairly widespread title for "King"), who is named as the author of the [[Major Pillar Edicts]] and the [[Major Rock Edicts]].<ref name="CIB226">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |pages=226–250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |language=en |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514211528/https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beckwith suggests that Piyadasi was living in the 3rd century BCE, was probably the son of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] known to the Greeks as [[Amitrochates]], and only advocated for piety ("[[Dharma]]") in his Major Pillar Edicts and Major Rock Edicts, without ever mentioning [[Buddhism]], the [[Buddha]], or the [[Sangha]] (the single notable exception is the 7th Edict of the Major Pillar Edicts which does mention the Sangha, but is now considered to have been faked by Beckwith).<ref name="CIB226"/> Also, the geographical spread of his inscription shows that Piyadasi ruled a vast Empire, contiguous with the [[Seleucid Empire]] in the West.<ref name="CIB226"/>

On the contrary, for Beckwith, Ashoka was [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|a later king of the 1st–2nd century CE]], whose name only appears explicitly in the Minor Rock Edicts and allusively in the [[Minor Pillar Edicts]], and who does mention the Buddha and the Sangha, explicitly promoting Buddhism.<ref name=" CIB226"/> The name "Priyadarsi" does occur in two of the minor edicts (Gujarra and Bairat), but Beckwith again considers them as later fabrications.<ref name=" CIB226"/> The minor inscriptions cover a very different and much smaller geographical area, clustering in Central India.<ref name=" CIB226"/> According to Beckwith, the inscriptions of this later Ashoka were typical of the later forms of "normative Buddhism", which are well attested from inscriptions and Gandhari manuscripts dated to the turn of the millennium, and around the time of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name=" CIB226"/> The quality of the inscriptions of this Ashoka is significantly lower than the quality of the inscriptions of the earlier Piyadasi.<ref name=" CIB226"/>

However, many of Beckwith's methodologies and interpretations concerning early Buddhism, inscriptions, and archaeological sites have been criticized by other scholars, such as [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] and [[Osmund Bopearachchi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|title=Review of C.I. Beckwith, ''Greek Buddha''|year=2016|url=https://www.academia.edu/30812686|journal=Ancient West & East|volume=15|page=341-342|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031701/https://www.academia.edu/30812686|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bronkhorst|first=Johannes|title=How the Brahmins Won|year=2016|publisher=Brill|pages=483–489|doi=10.1163/9789004315518_016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25308643|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162155/https://www.academia.edu/25308643|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], Beckwith's theory is "an outlier and no mainstream Ashokan scholar would subscribe to that view."<ref>{{cite book | last=Olivelle | first=Patrick | title=Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King | publisher=Yale University Press | date=2024 | page=xxviii | isbn=978-0-300-27000-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3gEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

== Names and titles ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Names and titles of Ashoka
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Devanampiyasa Asoka.jpg
| caption1 = "[[Devanampiya|Devānampiyasa]] Asoka", in the [[Maski]] [[Edict of Ashoka]].
| image2 = Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg
| caption2 = The name "Asoka" (𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓 ''A-so-ka'') in the [[Maski]] [[Minor Rock Edict]].
| image3 = Devanampiyena Piyadasi in the Lumbini Edict of Ashoka.jpg
| caption3 = Ashoka's title "[[Devanampriya|Devanaṃpiyena]] [[Priyadasi|Piyadasi]]" (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺) in the [[Lumbini]] [[Minor Pillar Edict]].
| footer =
}}

The name "A-shoka" literally means "without sorrow". According to an ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' legend, his mother gave him this name because his birth removed her sorrows.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=205}}

The name [[Priyadasi]] is associated with Ashoka in the 3rd–4th century CE ''[[Dipavamsa]]''.{{sfn|Allen|2012|p=79}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record |date=1879 |publisher=Williams and Norgate |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien00oldegoog/page/n156 147]–148 |url=https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien00oldegoog |language=en}}</ref> The term literally means "he who regards amiably", or "of gracious mien" ([[Sanskrit]]: Priya-darshi). It may have been a [[regnal name]] adopted by Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=226–227}}<ref name="Asokan studies">{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |page=113 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n125/mode/2up}}</ref> A version of this name is used for Ashoka in Greek-language inscriptions: βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης ("[[Basileus]] Piodassēs").<ref name="Asokan studies"/>

Ashoka's inscriptions mention his title ''[[Devanampriya|Devanampiya]]'' (Sanskrit: ''Devanampriya'', "Beloved of the Gods"). The identification of Devanampiya and Ashoka as the same person is established by the [[Maski#Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka|Maski]] and Gujarra inscriptions, which use both these terms for the king.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=11}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=129}} The title was adopted by other kings, including the contemporary king [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]] and Ashoka's descendant [[Dasharatha Maurya]].{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=226}}

== Date ==
[[File:Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|The [[Major Rock Edict|Major Rock Edict No.13]] of Ashoka, mentions the Greek kings [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus]], [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonus]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] by name, as recipients of his teachings.]]
The exact date of Ashoka's birth is not certain, as the extant contemporary Indian texts did not record such details. It is known that he lived in the 3rd century BCE, as his inscriptions mention several contemporary rulers whose dates are known with more certainty, such as [[Antiochus II Theos]], [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], [[Magas of Cyrene]], and Alexander (of [[Alexander II of Epirus|Epirus]] or [[Alexander of Corinth|Corinth]]).{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=25}} Thus, Ashoka must have been born sometime in the late 4th century BCE or early 3rd century BCE ({{circa|304 BCE}}),{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=24}} and ascended the throne around 269-268 BCE.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=25}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Pataliputra at the time of Ashoka
| image1 = Mauryan ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site of Pataliputra ASIEC 1912-13.jpg
| caption1 = Ruins of pillared hall at [[Kumrahar]] site at Pataliputra
| image2 = Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Pataliputra capital]], 4th–3rd c. BCE
| footer = Ashoka was probably born in the city of [[Pataliputra]]. Remains of the city from around that time have been found through excavations in central areas of the modern city of [[Patna]].
| footer_align = center
}}

== Ancestry ==
Ashoka's own inscriptions are fairly detailed but make no mention of his ancestors.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=26}} Other sources, such as the [[Puranas]] and the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' state that his father was the Mauryan emperor [[Bindusara]], and his grandfather was [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] – the founder of the Empire.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=13}} The ''Ashokavadana'' also names his father as [[Bindusara]], but traces his ancestry to Buddha's contemporary king [[Bimbisara]], through [[Ajatashatru]], [[Udayin]], Munda, Kakavarnin, Sahalin, Tulakuchi, Mahamandala, [[Prasenajit]], and [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]].{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=204}} The 16th century Tibetan monk [[Taranatha]], whose account is a distorted version of the earlier traditions,{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=9}} describes Ashoka as son of king Nemita of Champarana from the daughter of a merchant.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=25–26}}

''Ashokavadana'' states that [[Mother of Ashoka|Ashoka's mother]] was the daughter of a Brahmin from [[Champapuri|Champa]], and was prophesied to marry a king. Accordingly, her father took her to Pataliputra, where she became Bindusara's chief empress.{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=204–205}} The ''Ashokavadana'' does not mention her by name,{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=323|ps=:"In the Ashokavadana, Ashoka's mother is not named."}} although other legends provide different names for her.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=31}} For example, the ''Asokavadanamala'' calls her Subhadrangi.{{sfn|Guruge|1993|p=19}}{{sfn|Mookerji|1995|p=2}} The ''Vamsatthapakasini'' or ''Mahavamsa-tika'', a commentary on ''Mahavamsa'', calls her "Dharma" ("Dhamma" in [[Pali language|Pali]]), and states that she belonged to the Moriya [[Kshatriya]] clan.{{sfn|Mookerji|1995|p=2}} A ''[[Divyavadana]]'' legend calls her Janapada-kalyani;{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=332}} according to scholar [[Ananda W. P. Guruge]], this is not a name, but an epithet.{{sfn|Guruge|1993|p=19}}

According to the 2nd-century historian [[Appian]], Chandragupta entered into a marital alliance with the Greek ruler [[Seleucus I Nicator]], which has led to speculation that either Chandragupta or his son Bindusara married a Greek princess. However, there is no evidence that Ashoka's mother or grandmother was Greek, and most historians have dismissed the idea.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=20}}

== As a prince ==
Ashoka's own inscriptions do not describe his early life, and much of the information on this topic comes from apocryphal legends written hundreds of years after him.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=27}} While these legends include obviously fictitious details such as narratives of Ashoka's past lives, they have some plausible historical information about Ashoka's period.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=27}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=332}}

According to the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', when Ashoka was young, his father hated him for his rough and unappealing skin. One day, Bindusara, his father, asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva to determine which of his sons was worthy of being his successor. He asked all the princes to assemble at the Garden of the Golden Pavilion on the ascetic's advice. Ashoka was reluctant to go because his father disliked him, but his mother convinced him to do so. When minister Radhagupta saw Ashoka leaving the capital for the Garden, he offered to provide the prince with an imperial elephant for the travel.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=206}} At the Garden, Pingala-vatsajiva examined the princes and realised that Ashoka would be the next emperor. To avoid annoying Bindusara, the ascetic refused to name the successor. Instead, he said that one who had the best mount, seat, drink, vessel and food would be the next king; each time, Ashoka declared that he met the criterion. Later, he told Ashoka's mother that her son would be the next emperor, and on her advice, left the empire to avoid Bindusara's wrath.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=207}}

While legends suggest that Bindusara disliked Ashoka's ugly appearance, they also state that Bindusara gave him important responsibilities, such as suppressing a revolt in [[Taxila|Takshashila]] (according to north Indian tradition) and governing [[Ujjain]] (according to Sri Lankan tradition). This suggests that Bindusara was impressed by the other qualities of the prince.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=21}} Another possibility is that he sent Ashoka to distant regions to keep him away from the imperial capital.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=65}}

=== Rebellion at Taxila ===
[[File:Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila]] probably mentions Ashoka.]]
According to the ''Ashokavadana'', Bindusara dispatched prince Ashoka to suppress a rebellion in the city of Takshashila{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=208}} (present-day [[Bhir Mound]]{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=66}} in Pakistan). This episode is not mentioned in the Sri Lankan tradition, which instead states that Bindusara sent Ashoka to govern Ujjain. Two other Buddhist texts – ''Ashoka-sutra'' and ''Kunala-sutra'' – state that Bindusara appointed Ashoka as a [[Uparaja|viceroy]] in [[Gandhara]] (where Takshashila was located), not Ujjain.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=21}}

The ''Ashokavadana'' states that Bindusara provided Ashoka with a fourfold-army (comprising cavalry, [[War elephant|elephants]], [[Ratha|chariots]] and infantry) but refused to provide any weapons for this army. Ashoka declared that weapons would appear before him if he was worthy of being an emperor, and then, the deities emerged from the earth and provided weapons to the army. When Ashoka reached Takshashila, the citizens welcomed him and told him that their rebellion was only against the evil ministers, not the emperor. Sometime later, Ashoka was similarly welcomed in the [[Khasas|Khasa]] territory and the gods declared that he would go on to conquer the whole earth.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=208}}

Takshashila was a prosperous and geopolitically influential city, and historical evidence proves that by Ashoka's time, it was well-connected to the Mauryan capital Pataliputra by the ''[[Uttarapatha]]'' trade route.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=70}} However, no extant contemporary source mentions the Takshashila rebellion, and none of Ashoka's records state that he ever visited the city.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=66-67}} That said, the historicity of the legend about Ashoka's involvement in the Takshashila rebellion may be corroborated by [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|an Aramaic-language inscription]] discovered at [[Sirkap]] near Taxila. The inscription includes a name that begins with the letters "prydr", and most scholars restore it as "Priyadarshi", which was the title of Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=21}} Another evidence of Ashoka's connection to the city may be the name of the [[Dharmarajika Stupa]] near Taxila; the name suggests that it was built by Ashoka ("Dharma-raja").{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=68}}

The story about the deities miraculously bringing weapons to Ashoka may be the text's way of deifying Ashoka; or indicating that Bindusara – who disliked Ashoka – wanted him to fail in Takshashila.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=67}}

=== Viceroy of Ujjain ===
According to the ''Mahavamsa'', Bindusara appointed Ashoka as the [[Uparaja|Viceroy]] of [[Avantirastra]] (present day [[Ujjain district]]),{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=21}} which was an important administrative and commercial province in central India.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=89–90}} This tradition is corroborated by the [[Saru Maru]] inscription discovered in central India; this inscription states that he visited the place as a prince.{{sfn|Allen|2012|p=154}} Ashoka's own [[Major Rock Edicts#First Separate Major Rock Edict|rock edict]] mentions the presence of a prince viceroy at Ujjain during his reign,{{sfn|Guruge|1993|p=28}} which further supports the tradition that he himself served as a viceroy at Ujjain.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=98}}

[[File:Panguraria Top View Closeup detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Saru Maru|Saru Maru commemorative inscription]] seems to mention the presence of Ashoka in the area of Ujjain as he was still a Prince.]]
Pataliputra was connected to Ujjain by multiple routes in Ashoka's time, and on the way, Ashoka entourage may have encamped at Rupnath, where his inscription has been found.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=94–95}}

According to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka visited [[Vidisha]], where he fell in love with a beautiful woman on his way to Ujjain. According to the ''Dipamvamsa'' and ''Mahamvamsa'', the woman was [[Devi (Ashoka's wife)|Devi]] – the daughter of a merchant. According to the ''Mahabodhi-vamsa'', she was Vidisha-Mahadevi and belonged to the [[Shakya]] clan of [[Gautama Buddha]]. The Buddhist chroniclers may have fabricated the Shakya connection to connect Ashoka's family to Buddha.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=22–23}} The Buddhist texts allude to her being a Buddhist in her later years but do not describe her conversion to Buddhism. Therefore, it is likely that she was already a Buddhist when she met Ashoka.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=101}}

The ''Mahavamsa'' states that Devi gave birth to Ashoka's son [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] in Ujjain, and two years later, to a daughter named [[Sanghamitta]].{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=97}} According to the ''Mahavamsa'', Ashoka's son Mahinda was ordained at the age of 20 years, during the sixth year of Ashoka's reign. That means Mahinda must have been 14 years old when Ashoka ascended the throne. Even if Mahinda was born when Ashoka was as young as 20 years old, Ashoka must have ascended the throne at 34 years, which means he must have served as a viceroy for several years.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=24–25}}

== Ascension to the throne ==
Legends suggest that Ashoka was not the [[Yuvaraja|crown prince]], and his ascension on the throne was disputed.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=25}}

''Ashokavadana'' states that Bindusara's eldest son Susima once slapped a bald minister on his head in jest. The minister worried that after ascending the throne, [[Susima]] may jokingly hurt him with a sword. Therefore, he instigated five hundred ministers to support Ashoka's claim to the throne when the time came, noting that Ashoka was predicted to become a ''[[chakravartin]]'' (universal ruler).{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=102}} Sometime later, Takshashila rebelled again, and Bindusara dispatched Susima to curb the rebellion. Shortly after, Bindusara fell ill and was expected to die soon. Susima was still in Takshashila, having been unsuccessful in suppressing the rebellion. Bindusara recalled him to the capital and asked Ashoka to march to Takshashila.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=209}} However, the ministers told him that Ashoka was ill and suggested that he temporarily install Ashoka on the throne until Susmia's return from Takshashila.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=102}} When Bindusara refused to do so, Ashoka declared that if the throne were rightfully his, the gods would crown him as the next emperor. At that instance, the gods did so, Bindusara died, and Ashoka's authority extended to the entire world, including the [[Yaksha]] territory located above the earth and the [[Nāga|Naga]] territory located below the earth.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=209}} When Susima returned to the capital, Ashoka's newly appointed prime minister Radhagupta tricked him into a pit of charcoal. Susima died a painful death, and his general Bhadrayudha became a Buddhist monk.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=210}}

[[File:Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg|thumb|The [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] in [[Sarnath]], showing its four [[Asiatic lion]]s standing back to back, and symbolizing the [[Four Noble Truths]] of [[Buddhism]], supporting the Wheel of Moral law ([[Dharmachakra]], reconstitution per Sarnath Museum notice){{sfn|Allen|2012|p=15|ps=: "Only fragments were found of the Wheel of the Moral Law, which the four lions had originally supported."}} The lions stand on a circular [[Abacus (architecture)|abacus]], decorated with dharmachakras alternating with four animals in profile: horse, bull, elephant and lion. The architectural ''bell'' below the abacus, is a stylized upside down lotus. [[Sarnath Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lion Capital of Ashoka At Sarnath Archaeological Museum Near Varanasi India |website=YouTube |date=27 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6v3YtLOP6M |language=en |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715160718/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=r6v3YtLOP6M |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The ''Mahavamsa'' states that when Bindusara fell sick, Ashoka returned to Pataliputra from Ujjain and gained control of the capital. After his father's death, Ashoka had his eldest brother killed and ascended the throne.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=101}} The text also states that Ashoka killed ninety-nine of his half-brothers, including Sumana.{{sfn|Guruge|1993|p=28}} The ''Dipavamsa'' states that he killed a hundred of his brothers and was crowned four years later.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=102}} The ''Vamsatthapakasini'' adds that an Ajivika ascetic had predicted this massacre based on the interpretation of a dream of Ashoka's mother.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=26}} According to these accounts, only Ashoka's uterine brother Tissa was spared.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=27}} Other sources name the surviving brother Vitashoka, Vigatashoka, Sudatta (So-ta-to in ''A-yi-uang-chuan''), or Sugatra (Siu-ka-tu-lu in ''Fen-pie-kung-te-hun'').{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=27}}

The figures such as 99 and 100 are exaggerated and seem to be a way of stating that Ashoka killed several of his brothers.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=102}} Taranatha states that Ashoka, who was an illegitimate son of his predecessor, killed six legitimate princes to ascend the throne.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=25–26}} It is possible that Ashoka was not the rightful heir to the throne and killed a brother (or brothers) to acquire the throne. However, the Buddhist sources have exaggerated the story, in their attempts to portray him as evil before his conversion to Buddhism. Ashoka's Rock Edict No. 5 mentions officers whose duties include supervising the welfare of "the families of his brothers, sisters, and other relatives". This suggests that more than one of his brothers survived his ascension. However, some scholars oppose this suggestion, arguing that the inscription talks only about the ''families'' of his brothers, not the brothers themselves.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=27}}

=== Date of ascension ===
According to the Sri Lankan texts ''Mahavamsa'' and the ''Dipavamsa'', Ashoka ascended the throne 218 years after the death of Gautama Buddha and ruled for 37 years.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=13–14}} The date of the Buddha's death is itself a matter of debate,{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=14}} and the North Indian tradition states that Ashoka ruled a hundred years after the Buddha's death, which has led to further debates about the date.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

Assuming that the Sri Lankan tradition is correct, and assuming that the Buddha died in 483 BCE – a date proposed by several scholars – Ashoka must have ascended the throne in 265 BCE.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=14}} The Puranas state that Ashoka's father Bindusara reigned for 25 years, not 28 years as specified in the Sri Lankan tradition.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=13}} If this is true, Ashoka's ascension can be dated three years earlier, to 268 BCE. Alternatively, if the Sri Lankan tradition is correct, but if we assume that the Buddha died in 486 BCE (a date supported by the Cantonese Dotted Record), Ashoka's ascension can be dated to 268 BCE.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=14}} The ''Mahavamsa'' states that Ashoka consecrated himself as the emperor four years after becoming a sovereign. This interregnum can be explained assuming that he fought a war of succession with other sons of Bindusara during these four years.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

The ''Ashokavadana'' contains a story about Ashoka's minister Yashas hiding the sun with his hand. Professor P. H. L. Eggermont theorised that this story was a reference to a partial solar eclipse that was seen in northern India on 4 May 249 BCE.{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=12–13}} According to the ''Ashokavadana'', Ashoka went on a pilgrimage to various Buddhist sites sometime after this eclipse. Ashoka's Rummindei pillar inscription states that he visited [[Lumbini]] during his 21st regnal year. Assuming this visit was a part of the pilgrimage described in the text, and assuming that Ashoka visited Lumbini around 1–2 years after the solar eclipse, the ascension date of 268–269 BCE seems more likely.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=14}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=25}} However, this theory is not universally accepted. For example, according to [[John S. Strong]], the event described in the ''Ashokavadana'' has nothing to do with chronology, and Eggermont's interpretation grossly ignores the literary and religious context of the legend.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=13}}

== Reign before Buddhist influence ==
Both Sri Lankan and North Indian traditions assert that Ashoka was a violent person before Buddhism.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=46}} Taranatha also states that Ashoka was initially called "Kamashoka" because he spent many years in pleasurable pursuits (''[[kama]]''); he was then called "Chandashoka" ("Ashoka the fierce") because he spent some years performing evil deeds; and finally, he came to be known as Dhammashoka ("Ashoka the righteous") after his conversion to Buddhism.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=29}}

The ''Ashokavadana'' also calls him "Chandashoka", and describes several of his cruel acts:{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=105}}
* The ministers who had helped him ascend the throne started treating him with contempt after his ascension. To test their loyalty, Ashoka gave them the absurd order of cutting down every flower-and fruit-bearing tree. When they failed to carry out this order, Ashoka personally cut off the heads of 500 ministers.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=105}}
* One day, during a stroll at a park, Ashoka and his concubines came across a beautiful [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka tree]]. The sight put him in an amorous mood, but the women did not enjoy caressing his rough skin. Sometime later, when Ashoka fell asleep, the resentful women chopped the flowers and the branches of his namesake tree. After Ashoka woke up, he burnt 500 of his concubines to death as punishment.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=106}}
* Alarmed by the king's involvement in such massacres, prime minister Radha-Gupta proposed hiring an executioner to carry out future mass killings to leave the king unsullied. Girika, a Magadha village boy who boasted that he could execute the whole of [[Jambudvipa]], was hired for the purpose. He came to be known as Chandagirika ("Girika the fierce"), and on his request, Ashoka built a jail in Pataliputra.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=106}} Called [[Ashoka's Hell]], the jail looked pleasant from the outside, but inside it, Girika brutally tortured the prisoners.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=106–107}}

The 5th-century Chinese traveller [[Faxian]] states that Ashoka personally visited the underworld to study torture methods there and then invented his methods. The 7th-century traveller [[Xuanzang]] claims to have seen a pillar marking the site of Ashoka's "Hell".{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=29}}

The ''Mahavamsa'' also briefly alludes to Ashoka's cruelty, stating that Ashoka was earlier called Chandashoka because of his evil deeds but came to be called Dharmashoka because of his pious acts after his conversion to Buddhism.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=107}} However, unlike the north Indian tradition, the Sri Lankan texts do not mention any specific evil deeds performed by Ashoka, except his killing of 99 of his brothers.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=46}}

Such descriptions of Ashoka as an evil person before his conversion to Buddhism appear to be a fabrication of the Buddhist authors,{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=29}} who attempted to present the change that Buddhism brought to him as a miracle.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=46}} In an attempt to dramatise this change, such legends exaggerate Ashoka's past wickedness and his piousness after the conversion.<ref name="Charles1962">{{cite book | author=Charles Drekmeier | title=Kingship and Community in Early India | url=https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek | url-access=registration | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1962 | publisher=Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-0114-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingshipcommunit0000drek/page/173 173] }}</ref>

== Kalinga war and conversion to Buddhism ==
{{Main|Kalinga war}}

[[File:Kanaganahalli inscribed panel portraying Asoka (perspective).jpg|thumb|[[Kanaganahalli]] inscribed panel portraying Ashoka and his queens with the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] label "King Asoka", 1st–3rd century CE<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1997–98 |publisher=ASI |page=Plate 72 |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201997-98%20A%20Review.pdf |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122082556/http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201997-98%20A%20Review.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Ashoka's inscriptions mention that he conquered the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region during his 8th regnal year: the destruction caused during the war made him repent violence, and in the subsequent years, he was drawn towards Buddhism.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|pp=49–50}} Edict 13 of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] Rock Inscriptions expresses the great remorse the king felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga:

{{Blockquote
|text=Directly after the Kalingas had been annexed, began His Sacred Majesty's zealous protection of the Law of Piety, his love of that Law, and his inculcation of that Law. Thence arises the remorse of His Sacred Majesty for having conquered the Kalingas because the conquest of a country previously unconquered involves the slaughter, death, and carrying away captive of the people. That is a matter of profound sorrow and regret to His Sacred Majesty.<ref name="Wikisource Smith">{{cite Wikisource |wslink=Asoka - the Buddhist Emperor of India/Chapter 4 |title=Asoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India |last=Smith |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |year=1920 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=185}}</ref>}}

On the other hand, the Sri Lankan tradition suggests that Ashoka was already a devoted Buddhist by his 8th regnal year, converted to Buddhism during his 4th regnal year, and constructed 84,000 viharas during his 5th–7th regnal years.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|pp=49–50}} The Buddhist legends make no mention of the Kalinga campaign.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=18}}

Based on Sri Lankan tradition, some scholars, such as Eggermont, believe Ashoka converted to Buddhism ''before'' the Kalinga war.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=36}} Critics of this theory argue that if Ashoka were already a Buddhist, he would not have waged the violent Kalinga War. Eggermont explains this anomaly by theorising that Ashoka had his own interpretation of the "[[Middle Way]]".{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=33}}

Some earlier writers believed that Ashoka ''dramatically'' converted to Buddhism after seeing the suffering caused by the war since his Major Rock Edict 13 states that he became closer to the dhamma after the annexation of Kalinga.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=18}} However, even if Ashoka converted to Buddhism ''after'' the war, epigraphic evidence suggests that his conversion was a ''gradual'' process rather than a dramatic event.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=18}} For example, in a Minor Rock Edict issued during his 13th regnal year (five years after the Kalinga campaign), he states that he had been an ''[[upasaka]]'' (lay Buddhist) for more than two and a half years, but did not make much progress; in the past year, he was drawn closer to the sangha and became a more ardent follower.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=18}}

=== Kalinga war ===
According to Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13, he conquered Kalinga 8 years after ascending to the throne. The edict states that during his conquest of Kalinga, 100,000 men and animals were killed in action; many times that number "perished"; and 150,000 men and animals were carried away from Kalinga as captives. Ashoka states that the repentance of these sufferings caused him to devote himself to the practice and propagation of dharma.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=38}} He proclaims that he now considered the slaughter, death and deportation caused during the conquest of a country painful and deplorable; and that he considered the suffering caused to the religious people and householders even more deplorable.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=38}}

This edict has been inscribed at several places, including Erragudi, Girnar, Kalsi, Maneshra, Shahbazgarhi and Kandahar.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=37}} However, it is omitted in Ashoka's inscriptions found in the Kalinga region, where the Rock Edicts 13 and 14 have been replaced by two separate edicts that make no mention of Ashoka's remorse. It is possible that Ashoka did not consider it politically appropriate to make such a confession to the people of Kalinga.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|pp=30–31}} Another possibility is the Kalinga war and its consequences, as described in Ashoka's rock edicts, are "more imaginary than real". This description is meant to impress those far removed from the scene, thus unable to verify its accuracy.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=56}}

Ancient sources do not mention any other military activity of Ashoka, although the 16th-century writer [[Taranatha]] claims that Ashoka conquered the entire Jambudvipa.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=36}}

=== First contact with Buddhism ===
Different sources give different accounts of Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=29}}

According to Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka's father, Bindusara, was a devotee of [[Brahmanism]], and his mother Dharma was a devotee of [[Ajivika]]s.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=42}} The ''[[Samantapasadika]]'' states that Ashoka followed non-Buddhist sects during the first three years of his reign.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=43}} The Sri Lankan texts add that Ashoka was not happy with the behaviour of the Brahmins who received his alms daily. His courtiers produced some Ajivika and [[Jainism|Nigantha]] teachers before him, but these also failed to impress him.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=47}}

The ''Dipavamsa'' states that Ashoka invited several non-Buddhist religious leaders to his palace and bestowed great gifts upon them in the hope that they would answer a question posed by the king. The text does not state what the question was but mentions that none of the invitees were able to answer it.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=109}} One day, Ashoka saw a young Buddhist monk called Nigrodha (or Nyagrodha), who was looking for alms on a road in Pataliputra.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=109}} He was the king's nephew, although the king was not aware of this:{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=7}} he was a posthumous son of Ashoka's eldest brother Sumana, whom Ashoka had killed during the conflict for the throne.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=34}} Ashoka was impressed by Nigrodha's tranquil and fearless appearance, and asked him to teach him his faith. In response, Nigrodha offered him a sermon on [[appamada]] (earnestness).{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=109}} Impressed by the sermon, Ashoka offered Nigrodha 400,000 silver coins and 8 daily portions of rice.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=110}} The king became a Buddhist [[upasaka]], and started visiting the [[Kukkutarama]] shrine at Pataliputra. At the temple, he met the Buddhist monk [[Moggaliputta Tissa]], and became more devoted to the Buddhist faith.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=47}} The veracity of this story is not certain.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=110}} This legend about Ashoka's search for a worthy teacher may be aimed at explaining why Ashoka did not adopt [[Jainism]], another major contemporary faith that advocates non-violence and compassion. The legend suggests that Ashoka was not attracted to Buddhism because he was looking for such a faith; instead, he was in search of a competent spiritual teacher.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=108}} The Sri Lankan tradition adds that during his sixth regnal year, Ashoka's son Mahinda became a Buddhist monk, and his daughter became a Buddhist nun.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=49}}

A story in ''Divyavadana'' attributes Ashoka's conversion to the Buddhist monk Samudra, who was an ex-merchant from Shravasti. According to this account, Samudra was imprisoned in Ashoka's "Hell", but saved himself using his [[Iddhi|miraculous powers]]. When Ashoka heard about this, he visited the monk, and was further impressed by a series of miracles performed by the monk. He then became a Buddhist.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=35}} A story in the ''Ashokavadana'' states that Samudra was a merchant's son, and was a 12-year-old boy when he met Ashoka; this account seems to be influenced by the Nigrodha story.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=36}}

The ''A-yu-wang-chuan'' states that a 7-year-old Buddhist converted Ashoka. Another story claims that the young boy ate 500 [[Brahmins|Brahmanas]] who were harassing Ashoka for being interested in Buddhism; these Brahmanas later miraculously turned into Buddhist [[bhikku]]s at the Kukkutarama monastery, which Ashoka visited.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=35}}

Several Buddhist establishments existed in various parts of India by the time of Ashoka's ascension. It is not clear which branch of the Buddhist sangha influenced him, but the one at his capital [[Pataliputra]] is a good candidate.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=135}} Another good candidate is the one at [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi]]: the Major Rock Edict 8 records his visit to the [[Bodhi Tree]] – the place of Buddha's enlightenment at Mahabodhi – after his tenth regnal year, and the minor rock edict issued during his 13th regnal year suggests that he had become a Buddhist around the same time.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=18}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=135}}

== Reign after Buddhist influence ==

=== Construction of stupas and temples ===
[[File:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|left|Stupa of [[Sanchi]]. The central stupa was built during the Mauryas, and enlarged during the [[Sungas|Shungas]], but the decorative gateway is dated to the later dynasty of the [[Satavahanas]].]]

Both ''Mahavamsa'' and ''Ashokavadana'' state that Ashoka constructed 84,000 stupas or viharas.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=154–155}} According to the ''Mahavamsa'', this activity took place during his fifth–seventh regnal years.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=49}}

The ''Ashokavadana'' states that Ashoka collected seven out of the eight relics of Gautama Buddha, and had their portions kept in 84,000 boxes made of gold, silver, [[cymophane|cat's eye]], and crystal. He ordered the construction of 84,000 stupas throughout the earth, in towns that had a population of 100,000 or more. He told Elder Yashas, a monk at the Kukkutarama monastery, that he wanted these stupas to be completed on the same day. Yashas stated that he would signal the completion time by eclipsing the sun with his hand. When he did so, the 84,000 stupas were completed at once.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}}

[[File:Bharhut relief with Diamond throne and Mahabodhi Temple around the Boddhi Tree.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the original [[Mahabodhi Temple]] temple built by Ashoka at [[Bodh Gaya]]. At the center, the ''[[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Vajrasana]]'', or "Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha", with its supporting columns, being the object of adoration. A [[Pillar of Ashoka]] topped by an elephant appears in the right corner. [[Bharhut]] relief, 1st century BCE.<ref>Mahâbodhi, Cunningham [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008747788 p.4ff]</ref>]]
[[File:Vajrasana, early 20th century.jpg|thumb|The rediscovered ''[[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Vajrasana]]'', or "Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha", at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]]. It was built by Ashoka to commemorate the enlightenment of the Buddha, about two hundred years before him.{{sfn|Allen|2012}}<ref>"Ashoka did build the Diamond Throne at Bodh Gaya to stand in for the Buddha and to mark the place of his enlightenment" in {{cite book |last1=Ching |first1=Francis D. K. |last2=Jarzombek |first2=Mark M. |last3=Prakash |first3=Vikramaditya |title=A Global History of Architecture |date=23 March 2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-98160-3 |page=570 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523153935/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The ''Mahavamsa'' states that Ashoka ordered construction of 84,000 viharas (monasteries) rather than the stupas to house the relics.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=158}} Like ''Ashokavadana'', the ''Mahavamsa'' describes Ashoka's collection of the relics, but does not mention this episode in the context of the construction activities.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=158}} It states that Ashoka decided to construct the 84,000 viharas when Moggaliputta Tissa told him that there were 84,000 sections of the Buddha's Dharma.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=159}} Ashoka himself began the construction of the Ashokarama vihara, and ordered subordinate kings to build the other viharas. Ashokarama was completed by the miraculous power of Thera Indagutta, and the news about the completion of the 84,000 viharas arrived from various cities on the same day.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}}

The construction of following stupas and viharas is credited to Ashoka:{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
* [[Sanchi]], Madhya Pradesh, India
* [[Dhamek Stupa]], [[Sarnath]], Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Mahabodhi Temple]], Bihar, India
* [[Barabar Caves]], Bihar, India
* [[Nalanda]] Mahavihara (some portions like Sariputta Stupa), [[Bihar]], India
* [[Takshashila]] University (some portions like [[Dharmarajika]] Stupa and Kunala Stupa), [[Takshashila]], Pakistan
* [[Bhir Mound]] (''reconstructed''), [[Takshashila]], Pakistan
* [[Bharhut]] [[stupa]], Madhya Pradesh, India
* [[Deorkothar]] Stupa, [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
* [[Butkara Stupa]], [[Swat, Pakistan]]
* [[Sannati]] Stupa, [[Karnataka]], India
* Mir Rukun Stupa, [[Nawabshah]], Pakistan

=== Propagation of Dharma ===
Ashoka's rock edicts suggest that during his eighth–ninth regnal years, he made a pilgrimage to the Bodhi Tree, started propagating dharma, and performed social welfare activities. The welfare activities included establishment of medical treatment facilities for humans and animals; plantation of medicinal herbs; and digging of wells and plantation of trees along the roads. These activities were conducted in the neighbouring kingdoms, including those of the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, Tamraparni, the Greek kingdom of Antiyoka.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=50}}

The edicts also state that during his tenth–eleventh regnal years, Ashoka became closer to the Buddhist sangha, and went on a tour of the empire that lasted for at least 256 days.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=50}}

By his 12th regnal year, Ashoka had started inscribing edicts to propagate dharma, having ordered his officers (''rajjukas'' and ''pradesikas'') to tour their jurisdictions every five years for inspection and for preaching ''dharma''. By the next year, he had set up the post of the ''dharma-mahamatra''.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=50}}

During his 14th regnal year, he commissioned the enlargement of the stupa of Buddha Kanakamuni.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=50}}

=== Third Buddhist Council ===
{{Main|Third Buddhist council}}

The Sri Lankan tradition presents a greater role for Ashoka in the Buddhist community.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} In this tradition, Ashoka starts feeding monks on a large scale. His lavish patronage to the state patronage leads to many fake monks joining the sangha. The true Buddhist monks refuse to co-operate with these fake monks, and therefore, no [[uposatha]] ceremony is held for seven years. The king attempts to eradicate the fake monks, but during this attempt, an over-zealous minister ends up killing some real monks. The king then invites the elder monk [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]], to help him expel non-Buddhists from the monastery founded by him at Pataliputra.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=7}} 60,000 monks ([[bhikkhu]]s) convicted of being heretical are de-frocked in the ensuing process.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} The uposatha ceremony is then held, and Tissa subsequently organises the Third Buddhist council,{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=8}} during the 17th regnal year of Ashoka.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}} Tissa compiles ''[[Kathavatthu]]'', a text that reaffirms Theravadin orthodoxy on several points.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=8}}

The North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events, which has led to doubts about the historicity of the Third Buddhist council.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

[[Image:Nava Jetavana Temple - Shravasti - 014 King Asoka at the Third Council (9241725897).jpg|thumb|Ashoka and Monk [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] at the [[Third Buddhist Council]]. Nava Jetavana, [[Shravasti]].]]
[[Richard Gombrich]] argues that the non-corroboration of this story by inscriptional evidence cannot be used to dismiss it as completely unhistorical, as several of Ashoka's inscriptions may have been lost.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=8}} Gombrich also argues that Asohka's inscriptions prove that he was interested in maintaining the "unanimity and purity" of the Sangha.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|pp=8–9}} For example, in his Minor Rock Edict 3, Ashoka recommends the members of the Sangha to study certain texts (most of which remain unidentified). Similarly, in an inscription found at Sanchi, Sarnath, and Kosam, Ashoka mandates that the dissident members of the sangha should be expelled, and expresses his desire to the Sangha remain united and flourish.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=5}}{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=45}}

The 8th century Buddhist pilgrim [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] records another story about Ashoka's involvement in the Buddhist sangha. According to this story, the earlier king [[Bimbisara]], who was a contemporary of the Gautama Buddha, once saw 18 fragments of a cloth and a stick in a dream. The Buddha interpreted the dream to mean that his philosophy would be divided into 18 schools after his death, and predicted that a king called Ashoka would unite these schools over a hundred years later.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=26}}

=== Buddhist missions ===
In the Sri Lankan tradition, [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] – who is patronised by Ashoka – sends out nine Buddhist missions to spread Buddhism in the "border areas" in {{circa|250 BCE}}. This tradition does not credit Ashoka directly with sending these missions. Each mission comprises five monks, and is headed by an elder.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=10}} To Sri Lanka, he sent his own son [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], accompanied by four other Theras – Itthiya, Uttiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} Next, with Moggaliputta-Tissa's help, Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries to distant regions such as Kashmir, Gandhara, Himalayas, the land of the Yonas (Greeks), Maharashtra, Suvannabhumi, and Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}

The Sri Lankan tradition dates these missions to Ashoka's 18th regnal year, naming the following missionaries:{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=50}}
* [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] to Sri Lanka
* Majjhantika to Kashmir and Gandhara
* Mahadeva to Mahisa-mandala (possibly modern Mysore region)
* Rakkhita to Vanavasa
* Dhammarakkhita the Greek to Aparantaka (western India)
* Maha-dhamma-rakkhita to Maharashtra
* Maharakkhita to the Greek country
* Majjhima to the Himalayas
* Soṇa and Uttara to Suvaṇṇabhūmi (possibly Lower Burma and Thailand)

The tradition adds that during his 19th regnal year, Ashoka's daughter [[Sanghamitta]] went to Sri Lanka to establish an order of nuns, taking a sapling of the sacred Bodhi Tree with her.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=10}}{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}}

The North Indian tradition makes no mention of these events.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}} Ashoka's own inscriptions also appear to omit any mention of these events, recording only one of his activities during this period: in his 19th regnal year, he donated the Khalatika Cave to ascetics to provide them a shelter during the rainy season. Ashoka's [[Minor Pillar Edicts|Pillar Edicts]] suggest that during the next year, he made pilgrimage to Lumbini – the place of Buddha's birth, and to the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}}

The Rock Edict XIII states that Ashoka's won a "dhamma victory" by sending messengers to five kings and several other kingdoms. Whether these missions correspond to the Buddhist missions recorded in the Buddhist chronicles is debated.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=6}} Indologist [[Etienne Lamotte]] argues that the "dhamma" missionaries mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions were probably not Buddhist monks, as this "dhamma" was not same as "Buddhism".{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|pp=10–11}} Moreover, the lists of destinations of the missions and the dates of the missions mentioned in the inscriptions do not tally the ones mentioned in the Buddhist legends.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=11}}

Other scholars, such as [[Erich Frauwallner]] and [[Richard Gombrich]], believe that the missions mentioned in the Sri Lankan tradition are historical.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=11}} According to these scholars, a part of this story is corroborated by archaeological evidence: the ''Vinaya Nidana'' mentions names of five monks, who are said to have gone to the Himalayan region; three of these names have been found inscribed on relic caskets found at [[Bhilsa]] (near [[Vidisha]]). These caskets have been dated to the early 2nd century BCE, and the inscription states that the monks are of the Himalayan school.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=10}} The missions may have set out from Vidisha in central India, as the caskets were discovered there, and as Mahinda is said to have stayed there for a month before setting out for Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|pp=11–12}}

According to Gombrich, the mission may have included representatives of other religions, and thus, Lamotte's objection about "dhamma" is not valid. The Buddhist chroniclers may have decided not to mention these non-Buddhists, so as not to sideline Buddhism.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=12}} Frauwallner and Gombrich also believe that Ashoka was directly responsible for the missions, since only a resourceful ruler could have sponsored such activities. The Sri Lankan chronicles, which belong to the Theravada school, exaggerate the role of the Theravadin monk Moggaliputta-Tissa in order to glorify their sect.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=12}}

Some historians argue that Buddhism became a major religion because of Ashoka's royal patronage.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=32}} However, epigraphic evidence suggests that the spread of Buddhism in north-western India and Deccan region was less because of Ashoka's missions, and more because of merchants, traders, landowners and the artisan guilds who supported Buddhist establishments.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=36}}

=== Violence after conversion ===
According to the 5th century Buddhist legend ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', Ashoka resorted to violence even after converting to Buddhism. For example:{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=149}}
* He slowly tortured Chandagirika to death in the "hell" prison.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=149}}
* He ordered a massacre of 18,000 heretics for a misdeed of one.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=149}}
* He launched a pogrom against the Jains, announcing a bounty on the head of any heretic; this resulted in the beheading of his own brother – Vitashoka.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=149}}

According to the ''Ashokavadana'', a non-Buddhist in [[Pundravardhana]] drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of the Nirgrantha leader Jnatiputra. The term nirgrantha ("free from bonds") was originally used for a pre-Jaina ascetic order, but later came to be used for Jaina monks.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=28}} "Jnatiputra" is identified with [[Mahavira]], 24th Tirthankara of [[Jainism]]. The legend states that on complaint from a Buddhist devotee, Ashoka issued an order to arrest the non-Buddhist artist, and subsequently, another order to kill all the [[Ajivika]]s in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=232}}<ref name="Beni2010">{{cite book | author=Beni Madhab Barua | title=The Ajivikas | url=https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich | access-date=30 October 2012 | date=5 May 2010 | publisher=General Books | isbn=978-1-152-74433-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68 68]–69}}</ref> Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in [[Pataliputra]] drew a similar picture. Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house.<ref name="Beni2010"/> He also announced an award of one [[Kushan coinage|dinara]] to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic. According to ''Ashokavadana'', as a result of this order, his own brother was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=232}} Ashoka realised his mistake, and withdrew the order.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=28}}

These stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be fabrications arising out of sectarian propaganda.<ref name="Beni2010" /><ref name="Steven2010">{{cite book | author=Steven L. Danver | author-link=Steven L. Danver | title=Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99 | access-date=23 May 2013 | date=22 December 2010 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=978-1-59884-078-0 | page=99 | archive-date=3 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103043618/http://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LePhuoc2010">{{cite book | author=Le Phuoc | title=Buddhist Architecture | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32 | access-date=23 May 2013 | date=March 2010 | publisher=Grafikol | isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 | page=32 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231233840/http://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Additionally, these stories do not appear in the Jain texts, such as the ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'' or ''[[Merutunga#Therāvalī|Theravali]]'', which mention Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book | title=Parishtaparvan | url=https://archive.org/details/jtfs_sthaviravalicaritaorparisishtaparva-of-hemchandra-hermanjacobi-1932-bibliotheca-/page/LXXXI/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Journal Of Indian Asiatic Society | date=1872 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yajAG0tbZ9cC&q=As%E2%80%99oka | page=154 }}</ref>

== Family ==
[[File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg|thumb|An emperor – most probably Ashoka – with his two empresses Asandhimitra and Karuvaki and three attendants, in a relief at [[Sanchi]]{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}} The emperor's identification with Ashoka is suggested by a similar relief at [[Kanaganahalli]], which bears his name.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=333}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]
[[File:Kanaganahalli Asoka with inscription.jpg|thumb|upright|Ashoka with his empress Tishyarakshita, at [[Kanaganahalli]] near [[Sannati]], 1st–3rd century CE. The relief bears the inscription "Rāya Asoko" (𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓𑁄, "King Ashoka") in the [[Brahmi script]]. It depicts the emperor with his empress, two attendants bearing fly-whisks, and one attendant bearing an umbrella.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=333}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]
[[File:Emperor Ashoka and his Queen at the Deer Park.jpg|upright|thumb|Emperor Ashoka and his Queen Devi (Shakyakumari) at the [[Sarnath|Deer Park]]. [[Sanchi]] relief{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]

=== Consorts ===
Various sources mention five consorts of Ashoka: [[Devi (Ashoka's wife)|Devi]] (or Vedisa-Mahadevi-Shakyakumari), [[Asandhimitra]], [[Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)|Padmavati]], [[Karuvaki]] and [[Tishyarakshita]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1995|p=9}}

Karuvaki is the only queen of Ashoka known from his own inscriptions: she is mentioned in an edict inscribed on a pillar at Allahabad. The inscription names her as the mother of prince Tivara, and orders the imperial officers (mahamattas) to record her religious and charitable donations.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}} According to one theory, Tishyarakshita was the regnal name of Kaurvaki.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

According to the ''Mahavamsa'', Ashoka's chief empress was Asandhimitta, who died four years before him.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}} It states that she was born as Ashoka's empress because in a previous life, she directed a [[pratyekabuddha]] to a honey merchant (who was later reborn as Ashoka).{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=146–147}} Some later texts also state that she additionally gave the pratyekabuddha a piece of cloth made by her.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=166}} These texts include the ''Dasavatthuppakarana'', the so-called Cambodian or Extended ''Mahavamsa'' (possibly from 9th–10th centuries), and the ''Trai Bhumi Katha'' (15th century).{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=166}} These texts narrate another story: one day, Ashoka mocked Asandhamitta was enjoying a tasty piece of sugarcane without having earned it through her [[karma]]. Asandhamitta replied that all her enjoyments resulted from merit resulting from her own karma. Ashoka then challenged her to prove this by procuring 60,000 robes as an offering for monks.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=166}} At night, the guardian gods informed her about her past gift to the pratyekabuddha, and next day, she was able to miraculously procure the 60,000 robes. An impressed Ashoka makes her his favourite empress, and even offers to make her a sovereign ruler. Asandhamitta refuses the offer, but still invokes the jealousy of Ashoka's 16,000 other women. Ashoka proves her superiority by having 16,000 identical cakes baked with his imperial seal hidden in only one of them. Each wife is asked to choose a cake, and only Asandhamitta gets the one with the imperial seal.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=167}} The ''Trai Bhumi Katha'' claims that it was Asandhamitta who encouraged her husband to become a Buddhist, and to construct 84,000 stupas and 84,000 viharas.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=167–168}}

According to ''Mahavamsa'', after Asandhamitta's death, [[Tissarakkha]] became the chief empress.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}} The Ashokavadana does not mention Asandhamitta at all, but does mention Tissarakkha as Tishyarakshita.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=151}} The ''Divyavadana'' mentions another empress called Padmavati, who was the mother of the crown-prince [[Kunala]].{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

As mentioned above, according to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka fell in love with Devi (or Vidisha-Mahadevi), as a prince in central India.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=22–23}} After Ashoka's ascension to the throne, Devi chose to remain at [[Vidisha]] than move to the imperial capital Pataliputra. According to the ''Mahavmsa'', Ashoka's chief empress was Asandhamitta, not Devi: the text does not talk of any connection between the two women, so it is unlikely that Asandhamitta was another name for Devi.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=23}} The Sri Lankan tradition uses the word ''samvasa'' to describe the relationship between Ashoka and Devi, which modern scholars variously interpret as sexual relations outside marriage, or co-habitation as a married couple.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=97-98}} Those who argue that Ashoka did not marry Devi argue that their theory is corroborated by the fact that Devi did not become Ashoka's chief empress in Pataliputra after his ascension.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=98}} The ''Dipavamsa'' refers to two children of Ashoka and Devi – Mahinda and [[Sanghamitta]].{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=22}}

=== Sons ===
Tivara, the fourth son of Ashoka and Karuvaki, is the only of Ashoka's sons to be mentioned by name in the inscriptions.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

According to North Indian tradition, Ashoka had a second son named Kunala.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}} Kunala had a son named Samprati.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

The Sri Lankan tradition mentions a son called [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], who was sent to Sri Lanka as a Buddhist missionary; this son is not mentioned at all in the North Indian tradition.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] states that Mahinda was Ashoka's younger brother (Vitashoka or Vigatashoka) rather than his illegitimate son.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=24}}

The ''Divyavadana'' mentions the crown-prince Kunala alias Dharmavivardhana, who was a second son of Ashoka and empress Padmavati. According to Faxian, Dharmavivardhana was appointed as the governor of Gandhara.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

The ''Rajatarangini'' mentions Jalauka as a third son of Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

=== Daughters ===
According to Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka had a daughter named Sanghamitta, who became a [[Bhikkhunī]].{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=49}} A section of historians, such as [[Romila Thapar]], doubt the historicity of Sanghamitta, based on the following points:{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=23–24}}
* The name "Sanghamitta", which literally means the friend of the Buddhist order ([[sangha]]), is unusual, and the story of her going to Ceylon so that the Ceylonese queen could be ordained appears to be an exaggeration.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=23}}
* The ''Mahavamsa'' states that she married Ashoka's nephew Agnibrahma, and the couple had a son named Sumana. The contemporary laws regarding exogamy would have forbidden such a marriage between first cousins.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=24}}
* According to the ''Mahavamsa'', she was 18 years old when she was ordained as a nun.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=23}} The narrative suggests that she was married two years earlier, and that her husband as well as her child were ordained. It is unlikely that she would have been allowed to become a nun with such a young child.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=24}}

Another source mentions that Ashoka had a daughter named Charumati, who married a [[kshatriya]] named Devapala.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=30}}

=== Brothers ===

According to the ''Ashokavadana'', Ashoka had an elder half-brother named Susima.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=204}}
* According to Sri Lankan tradition, this brother was Tissa, who initially lived a luxurious life, without worrying about the world. To teach him a lesson, Ashoka put him on the throne for a few days, then accused him of being an usurper, and sentenced him to die after seven days. During these seven days, Tissa realised that the Buddhist monks gave up pleasure because they were aware of the eventuality of death. He then left the palace, and became an ''arhat''.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=27}}
* The Theragatha commentary calls this brother Vitashoka. According to this legend, one day, Vitashoka saw a grey hair on his head, and realised that he had become old. He then retired to a monastery, and became an arhat.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=28}}
* Faxian calls the younger brother Mahendra, and states that Ashoka shamed him for his immoral behaviour. The brother then retired to a dark cave, where he meditated, and became an arhat. Ashoka invited him to return to the family, but he preferred to live alone on a hill. So, Ashoka had a hill built for him within Pataliputra.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=28}}
* The Ashoka-vadana states that Ashoka's brother was mistaken for a [[Tirthika|non-Buddhist]] [[Jainism|Jain]], and killed during a massacre of the Jains ordered by Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=28}}

== Imperial extent ==

The extent of the territory controlled by Ashoka's predecessors is not certain, but it is possible that the empire of his grandfather Chandragupta extended across northern India from the western coast (Arabian Sea) to the eastern coast (Bay of Bengal) covering nearly two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent. Bindusara and Ashoka seem to have extended the empire southwards.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=1}} The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests that his empire included almost the entire Indian subcontinent, except its southernmost parts. The Rock Edicts 2 and 13 suggest that these southernmost parts were controlled by the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Keralaputras, and the Satiyaputras. In the north-west, Ashoka's empire extended into Afghanistan, to the east of the [[Seleucid Empire]] ruled by [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus II]].{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}} The capital of Ashoka's empire was [[Pataliputra]] in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=1}}

== Religion and philosophy ==

=== Relationship with Buddhism ===
[[File:Upasaka.jpg|thumb|The word ''[[Upāsaka]]'' (𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓, "Buddhist lay follower", in the [[Brahmi script]]), used by Ashoka in his [[Minor Rock Edict]] No. 1 to describe his affiliation to Buddhism ({{Circa|258 BCE}})]]

The Buddhist legends state that Ashoka converted to Buddhism,{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=15}} although this has been debated by a section of scholars.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=142}} The [[Minor Rock Edicts#Full texts of the Minor Rock Edicts|Minor Rock Edict 1]] leaves no doubt that Ashoka was a follower of Buddhism. In this edict, he calls himself an [[upāsaka and Upāsikā|upasaka]] (a lay follower of Buddhism) and a ''sakya'' (i.e. Buddhist, after Gautama Buddha's title ''Shakya-Muni'').{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=134}} This and several other edicts are evidence of his Buddhist affiliation:{{sfn|Guruge|1995|pp=43–44}}
* In his Minor Rock Edict 1, Ashoka adds that he did not make much progress for a year after becoming an ''upasaka'', but then, he "went to" the Sangha, and made more progress. It is not certain what "going to" the Sangha means – the Buddhist tradition that he lived with monks may be an exaggeration, but it clearly means that Ashoka was drawn closer to Buddhism.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}}
* In his Minor Rock Edict 3, he calls himself an ''upasaka'', and records his faith in the Buddha and the Sangha.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=44}}
* In the [[Major Rock Edicts#Major Rock Edict 8|Major Rock Edict 8]], he records his visit to Sambodhi (the sacred Bodhi Tree at Bodh Gaya), ten years after his coronation.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=44}}
* In the [[Lumbini#Pillar of Ashoka|Lumbini (Rumminidei) inscription]], he records his visit to the Buddha's birthplace, and declares his reverence for the Buddha and the sangha.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=13}}
* In the Nigalisagar inscription, he records his doubling in size of a stupa dedicated to a former Buddha, and his visit to the site for worship.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=5}}
* Some of his inscriptions reflect his interest in maintaining the Buddhist sangha.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=5}}
* The [[Saru Maru]] inscription states that Ashoka dispatched the message while travelling to Upunita-vihara in Manema-desha. Although the identity of the destination is not certain, it was obviously a Buddhist monastery ([[vihara]]).{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=157}}

=== Other religions ===
A legend in the Buddhist text ''Vamsatthapakasini'' states that an Ajivika ascetic invited to interpret a dream of Ashoka's mother had predicted that he would patronise Buddhism and destroy 96 heretical sects.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=26}} However, such assertions are directly contradicted by Ashoka's own inscriptions. Ashoka's edicts, such as the Rock Edicts 6, 7, and 12, emphasise tolerance of all sects.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=29}} Similarly, in his [[Major Rock Edicts#Major Rock Edict 12|Rock Edict 12]], Ashoka honours people of all faiths.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}} In his inscriptions, Ashoka dedicates caves to non-Buddhist ascetics, and repeatedly states that both Brahmins and shramanas deserved respect. He also tells people "not to denigrate other sects, but to inform themselves about them".{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}}

In fact, there is no evidence that Buddhism was a state religion under Ashoka.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=37}} None of Ashoka's extant edicts record his direct donations to the Buddhists. One inscription records donations by his Queen [[Karuvaki]], while the emperor is known to have donated the [[Barabar Caves]] to the [[Ajivika]]s.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=19}} There are some indirect references to his donations to Buddhists. For example, the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription records his enlargement of the Konakamana stupa.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|pp=20–21}} Similarly, the [[Lumbini#Pillar of Ashoka|Lumbini (Rumminidei) inscription]] states that he exempted the village of Buddha's birth from the land tax, and reduced the revenue tax to one-eighth.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=20}}

Ashoka appointed the ''dhamma-mahamatta'' officers, whose duties included the welfare of various religious sects, including the Buddhist sangha, Brahmins, Ajivikas, and Nirgranthas. The Rock Edicts 8 and 12, and the Pillar Edict 7, mandate donations to all religious sects.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=31}}

Ashoka's [[Minor Rock Edicts#Full texts of the Minor Rock Edicts|Minor Rock Edict 1]] contains the phrase "''amissā [[deva (Buddhism)|devā]]''". According to one interpretation, the term "''amissā''" derives from the word "''amṛṣa''" ("false"), and thus, the phrase is a reference to Ashoka's belief in "true" and "false" gods. However, it is more likely that the term derives from the word "''amiśra''" ("not mingled"), and the phrase refers to celestial beings who did not mingle with humans. The inscription claims that the righteousness generated by adoption of dhamma by the humans attracted even the celestial gods who did not mingle with humans.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|pp=21–22}}

=== Dharma ===
{{main|Ashoka's policy of Dhamma}}

Ashoka's various inscriptions suggest that he devoted himself to the propagation of "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), a term that refers to the teachings of [[Gautama Buddha]] in the Buddhist circles.{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=3–4}} However, Ashoka's own inscriptions do not mention Buddhist doctrines such as the [[Four Noble Truths]] or [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]].{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=13}} The word "Dharma" has various connotations in the [[Indian religions]], and can be generally translated as "law, duty, or righteousness".{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=3–4}} In the Kandahar inscriptions of Ashoka, the word "Dharma" has been translated as [[eusebeia]] (Greek) and qsyt (Aramaic), which further suggests that his "Dharma" meant something more generic than Buddhism.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=142}}

The inscriptions suggest that for Ashoka, Dharma meant "a moral polity of active social concern, [[religious tolerance]], ecological awareness, the observance of common ethical precepts, and the renunciation of war."{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=3–4}} For example:
* Abolition of the death penalty (Pillar Edict IV){{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}}
* Plantation of banyan trees and mango groves, and construction of resthouses and wells, every {{convert|1/2|mi|m|abbr=off|order=flip}} along the roads. (Pillar Edict 7).{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}}
* Restriction on killing of animals in the imperial kitchen (Rock Edict 1);{{Sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}} the number of animals killed was limited to two peacocks and a deer daily, and in future, even these animals were not to be killed.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}}
* Provision of medical facilities for humans and animals (Rock Edict 2).{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}}
* Encouragement of obedience to parents, "generosity toward priests and ascetics, and frugality in spending" (Rock Edict 3).{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}}
* He "commissions officers to work for the welfare and happiness of the poor and aged" (Rock Edict 5){{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}}
* Promotion of "the welfare of all beings so as to pay off his debt to living creatures and to work for their happiness in this world and the next." (Rock Edict 6){{sfn|Strong|1989|p=4}}

Modern scholars have variously understood this ''dhamma'' as a Buddhist lay ethic, a set of politico-moral ideas, a "sort of universal religion", or as an Ashokan innovation. On the other hand, it has also been interpreted as an ''essentially political'' ideology that sought to knit together a vast and diverse empire.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131}}

Ashoka instituted a new category of officers called the ''dhamma-mahamattas'', who were tasked with the welfare of the aged, the infirm, the women and children, and various religious sects. They were also sent on diplomatic missions to the Hellenistic kingdoms of west Asia, in order to propagate the dhamma.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=31}}

Historically, the image of Ashoka in the global Buddhist circles was based on legends (such as those mentioned in the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'') rather than his rock edicts. This was because the Brahmi script in which these edicts were written was forgotten soon and remained undeciphered until its study by James Prinsep in the 19th century.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=5}} The writings of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims such as [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]] suggest that Ashoka's inscriptions mark the important sites associated with Gautama Buddha. These writers attribute Buddhism-related content to Ashoka's edicts, but this content does not match with the actual text of the inscriptions as determined by modern scholars after the decipherment of the Brahmi script. It is likely that the script was forgotten by the time of Faxian, who probably relied on local guides; these guides may have made up some Buddhism-related interpretations to gratify him, or may have themselves relied on faulty translations based on oral traditions. Xuanzang may have encountered a similar situation, or may have taken the supposed content of the inscriptions from Faxian's writings.{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=6–9}} This theory is corroborated by the fact that some Brahmin scholars are known to have similarly come up with a fanciful interpretation of Ashoka pillar inscriptions, when requested to decipher them by the 14th century [[Tughlaq dynasty|Muslim Tughlaq emperor]] [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. According to Shams-i Siraj's ''Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi'', after the king had these pillar transported from [[Topra Kalan|Topra]] and Mirat to Delhi as war trophies, these [[Brahmin]]s told him that the inscriptions prophesied that nobody would be able to remove the pillars except a king named Firuz. Moreover, by this time, there were local traditions that attributed the erection of these pillars to the legendary hero [[Bhima]].{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=9–10}}

According to scholars such as Richard Gombrich, Ashoka's dharma shows Buddhist influence. For example, the Kalinga Separate Edict I seems to be inspired by Buddha's ''Advice to Sigala'' and his other sermons.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}}

====Animal welfare====
Ashoka's rock edicts declare that injuring living things is not good, and no animal should be slaughtered for [[Yajna|sacrifice]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=120}} However, he did not prohibit common cattle slaughter or beef eating.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |date=1994 |title=Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 |edition=2nd |location=Madison |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=108 |isbn=978-0-299-14254-4 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214171640/https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He imposed a ban on killing of "all four-footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible", and of specific animal species including several birds, certain types of fish and bulls among others. He also banned killing of female goats, sheep and pigs that were nursing their young; as well as their young up to the age of six months. He also banned killing of all fish and [[neutering|castration]] of animals during certain periods such as [[Chaturmasa]] and [[Uposatha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html |title=The Edicts of King Asoka |translator-last=Dhammika |translator-first=Ven. S. |year=1994 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510060618/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 |title=Asoka |author=D.R. Bhandarkar, R. G. Bhandarkar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2000 |pages=314–315 |isbn=9788120613331 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172502/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&pg=PA314 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ashoka also abolished the imperial hunting of animals and restricted the slaying of animals for food in the imperial residence.<ref name="GeraldMichael1998">{{cite book | author1=Gerald Irving A. Dare Draper | author2=Michael A. Meyer | author3=H. McCoubrey | title=Reflections on Law and Armed Conflicts: The Selected Works on the Laws of War by the Late Professor Colonel G.I.A.D. Draper, Obe | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETjo7FKSsVkC&pg=PA44 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1998 | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | isbn=978-90-411-0557-8 | page=44 | archive-date=14 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514230412/http://books.google.com/books?id=ETjo7FKSsVkC&pg=PA44 | url-status=live }}</ref> Because he banned hunting, created many veterinary clinics and eliminated meat eating on many holidays, the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka has been described as "one of the very few instances in world history of a government treating its animals as citizens who are as deserving of its protection as the human residents".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to Peta |last=Phelps |first=Norm |author-link=Norm Phelps |year=2007 |publisher=Lantern Books |isbn=978-1590561065 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/longeststrugglea00phel }}</ref>

As Ashoka's edicts forbade both the killing of wild animals and the destruction of forests, he is seen by some modern environmental historians as an early embodiment of that environmental ethos.<ref name=elverskog-2020-lead-1>{{cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan|title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia|location=Philadelphia|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8|year=2020|page=56|quote=The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires}}</ref><ref name=fisher-2018-lead-3> {{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|location=Cambridge and London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year =2018|isbn=9781316276044|doi=10.1017/9781316276044|page=72}}: "Following the Buddha’s message, he banned Brahminic Vedic animal sacrifices in his capital (although he evidently lacked the administrative control to stop them outside of it). Overall, Ashoka’s edicts proclaim his compassion for animals, perhaps motivated by an environmental ethic (in addition to his revenue or administrative goals). Consequently, today many environmentalists evoke Ashoka as an ancient Indian exemplar."</ref>

== Foreign relations ==
[[File:Territories conquered by the Dharma according to Ashoka.jpg|thumb|Territories "conquered by the Dhamma" according to [[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict No.13]] of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=57}}<ref name=ME368>Thomas Mc Evilly, ''The shape of ancient thought'', Allworth Press, New York, 2002, p. 368</ref>]]
It is well known that Ashoka sent ''dütas'' or emissaries to convey messages or letters, written or oral (rather both), to various people. The VIth Rock Edict about "oral orders" reveals this. It was later confirmed that it was not unusual to add oral messages to written ones, and the content of Ashoka's messages can be inferred likewise from the XIIIth Rock Edict: They were meant to spread his ''dhammavijaya'', which he considered the highest victory and which he wished to propagate everywhere (including far beyond India). There is obvious and undeniable trace of cultural contact through the adoption of the [[Kharosthi]] script, and the idea of installing inscriptions might have travelled with this script, as [[Achaemenid]] influence is seen in some of the formulations used by Ashoka in his inscriptions. This indicates to us that Ashoka was indeed in contact with other cultures, and was an active part in mingling and spreading new cultural ideas beyond his own immediate walls.<ref name="Hinuber2012">{{cite journal | author=Oskar von Hinüber |title=Did Hellenistic Kings Send Letters to Aśoka? | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=130 | issue=2 | year=2010 | publisher=Freiburg | pages=262–265}}</ref>

===Hellenistic world===
In his rock edicts, Ashoka states that he had encouraged the transmission of Buddhism to the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic kingdoms]] to the west and that the Greeks in his dominion were converts to Buddhism and recipients of his envoys:

{{blockquote|Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by Dhamma) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni.

Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamktis, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma. Even where Beloved-of-the-Gods' envoys have not been, these people too, having heard of the practice of Dhamma and the ordinances and instructions in Dhamma given by Beloved-of-the-Gods, are following it and will continue to do so. | [[Edicts of Ashoka]], [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Rock Edict]] (S. Dhammika)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html#rock14 The Edicts of King Ashoka: an English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510060618/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html |date=10 May 2016 }}. Access to Insight: Readings in Theravāda Buddhism. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</ref>|source=}}

It is possible, but not certain, that Ashoka received letters from Greek rulers and was acquainted with the Hellenistic royal orders in the same way as he perhaps knew of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, given the presence of ambassadors of Hellenistic kings in India (as well as the ''dütas'' sent by Ashoka himself).<ref name="Hinuber2012"/> [[Dionysius (ambassador)|Dionysius]] is reported to have been such a Greek ambassador at the court of Ashoka, sent by [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |title = Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", 6, 21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> who himself is mentioned in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] as a recipient of the Buddhist proselytism of Ashoka. Some Hellenistic philosophers, such as [[Hegesias of Cyrene]], who probably lived under the rule of King [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]], one of the supposed recipients of Buddhist emissaries from Ashoka, are sometimes thought to have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Preus |first=Anthony |year=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjW_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=184 |isbn=978-1-4422-4639-3 |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104102717/https://books.google.com/books?id=wjW_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as [[Dharmaraksita]], are described in [[Pāli|Pali]] sources as leading Greek ([[Yona]]) Buddhist monks, active in spreading Buddhism (the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', XII).<ref name="plgotw">Full text of the ''Mahavamsa'' [http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html Click chapter XII] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905050433/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html |date=5 September 2006 }}</ref>

Some Greeks (Yavana) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka. The Girnar inscription of [[Rudradaman]] records that during the rule of Ashoka, a [[Yavana]] Governor was in charge in the area of [[Girnar]], [[History of Gujarat|Gujarat]], mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir.<ref>The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology by Upinder Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIWTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 p.18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229135504/https://books.google.com/books?id=KIWTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |date=29 December 2019 }}</ref>

It is thought that Ashoka's palace at Patna was modelled after the Achaemenid palace of [[Persepolis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=De la Croix |first1=Horst |last2=Tansey |first2=Richard G. |last3=Kirkpatrick |first3=Diane |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages |date=1991 |publisher=Thomson/Wadsworth |isbn=0-15-503769-2 |edition=9th |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/428 428] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00gard/page/428 }}</ref>

== Legends about past lives ==
[[File:Emperor Ashoka the Great, Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (122542).jpg|upright|thumb|Statue of the emperor Ashoka the Great at [[Rangkut Banasram]] Pilgrimage Monastery in Ramu, [[Cox's Bazar District]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
Buddhist legends mention stories about Ashoka's past lives. According to a ''Mahavamsa'' story, Ashoka, Nigrodha and Devnampiya Tissa were brothers in a previous life. In that life, a [[pratyekabuddha]] was looking for honey to cure another, sick pratyekabuddha. A woman directed him to a honey shop owned by the three brothers. Ashoka generously donated honey to the pratyekabuddha, and wished to become the sovereign ruler of Jambudvipa for this act of merit.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=146}} The woman wished to become his queen, and was reborn as Ashoka's wife Asandhamitta.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=146–147}} Later Pali texts credit her with an additional act of merit: she gifted the pratyekabuddha a piece of cloth made by her. These texts include the ''Dasavatthuppakarana'', the so-called Cambodian or Extended ''Mahavamsa'' (possibly from 9th to 10th centuries), and the ''Trai Bhumi Katha'' (15th century).{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=166}}

According to an ''Ashokavadana'' story, Ashoka was born as Jaya in a prominent family of Rajagriha. When he was a little boy, he gave the Gautama Buddha dirt imagining it to be food. The Buddha approved of the donation, and Jaya declared that he would become a king by this act of merit. The text also state that Jaya's companion Vijaya was reborn as Ashoka's prime-minister Radhagupta.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=147}} In the later life, the Buddhist monk Upagupta tells Ashoka that his rough skin was caused by the impure gift of dirt in the previous life.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=149}} Some later texts repeat this story, without mentioning the negative implications of gifting dirt; these texts include Kumaralata's ''Kalpana-manditika'', Aryashura's ''Jataka-mala'', and the ''Maha-karma-vibhaga''. The Chinese writer Pao Ch'eng's ''Shih chia ju lai ying hua lu'' asserts that an insignificant act like gifting dirt could not have been meritorious enough to cause Ashoka's future greatness. Instead, the text claims that in another past life, Ashoka commissioned a large number of Buddha statues as a king, and this act of merit caused him to become a great emperor in the next life.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=163}}

The 14th century Pali-language fairy tale ''Dasavatthuppakarana'' (possibly from {{Circa|14th century}}) combines the stories about the merchant's gift of honey, and the boy's gift of dirt. It narrates a slightly different version of the ''Mahavamsa'' story, stating that it took place before the birth of the Gautama Buddha. It then states that the merchant was reborn as the boy who gifted dirt to the Buddha; however, in this case, the Buddha gave the dirt to [[Ānanda]], his attendant, to create [[plaster]] from the dirt, which was used repair cracks in the monastery walls.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=163-165}}

== Last years ==

=== Tissarakkha as the empress ===
Ashoka's last dated inscription - the [[Major Pillar Edicts#Major Pillar Edict 4|Pillar Edict 4]] is from his 26th regnal year.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}} The only source of information about Ashoka's later years are the Buddhist legends. The Sri Lankan tradition states that Ashoka's empress Asandhamitta died during his 29th regnal year, and in his 32nd regnal year, his wife [[Tishyaraksha|Tissarakkha]] was given the title of empress.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}}

Both ''Mahavamsa'' and ''Ashokavadana'' state that Ashoka extended favours and attention to the [[Bodhi Tree]], and a jealous Tissarakkha mistook "Bodhi" to be a mistress of Ashoka. She then used black magic to make the tree wither.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=152}} According to the ''Ashokavadana'', she hired a sorceress to do the job, and when Ashoka explained that "Bodhi" was the name of a tree, she had the sorceress heal the tree.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=152–153}} According to the ''Mahavamsa'', she completely destroyed the tree,{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=153}} during Ashoka's 34th regnal year.{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}}

The ''Ashokavadana'' states that Tissarakkha (called "Tishyarakshita" here) made sexual advances towards Ashoka's son Kunala, but Kunala rejected her. Subsequently, Ashoka granted Tissarakkha emperorship for seven days, and during this period, she tortured and blinded Kunala.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=151}} Ashoka then threatened to "tear out her eyes, rip open her body with sharp rakes, impale her alive on a spit, cut off her nose with a saw, cut out her tongue with a razor." Kunala regained his eyesight miraculously, and pleaded for mercy for the empress, but Ashoka had her executed.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=152}} Kshemendra's ''Avadana-kalpa-lata'' also narrates this legend, but seeks to improve Ashoka's image by stating that he forgave the empress after Kunala regained his eyesight.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=165}}

== Death ==
According to the Sri Lankan tradition, Ashoka died during his 37th regnal year,{{sfn|Guruge|1995|p=51}} which suggests that he died around 232 BCE.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=36}}

According to the ''Ashokavadana'', the emperor fell severely ill during his last days. He started using state funds to make donations to the Buddhist sangha, prompting his ministers to deny him access to the state treasury. Ashoka then started donating his personal possessions, but was similarly restricted from doing so. On his deathbed, his only possession was the half of a [[phyllanthus emblica|myrobalan fruit]], which he offered to the sangha as his final donation.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=18}} Such legends encourage generous donations to the ''sangha'' and highlight the role of the emperorship in supporting the Buddhist faith.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=332}}

Legend states that during his cremation, his body burned for seven days and nights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strong |first=John |date=2007 |title=Relics of the Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqAB6PKyP98C&pg=PA149 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |page=149 |isbn=978-81-208-3139-1 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508154548/https://books.google.com/books?id=xqAB6PKyP98C&pg=PA149 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Archaeological remains ==

=== Architecture ===
Besides the various stupas attributed to Ashoka, the [[pillars of Ashoka|pillars erected by him]] survive at various places in the Indian subcontinent.

Ashoka is often credited with the beginning of stone architecture in India, dedicated to Buddhism, possibly following the introduction of stone-building techniques by the [[Greco-Bactrian|Greeks after Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Stone">[https://books.google.com/books?id=fpfTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 Introduction to Indian Architecture Bindia Thapar, Tuttle Publishing, 2012, p.21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229200601/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpfTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |date=29 December 2019 }} "Ashoka used the knowledge of stone craft to begin the tradition of stone architecture in India, dedicated to Buddhism."</ref> Before Ashoka's time, buildings were probably built in non-permanent material, such as wood, [[bamboo]] or [[thatch]].<ref name="Stone"/><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&pg=PA14| title = Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives, Fred S. Kleiner, Cengage Learning, 2009, p14| isbn = 9780495573678| last1 = Kleiner| first1 = Fred S.| date = 5 January 2009| publisher = Cengage Learning| access-date = 17 June 2017| archive-date = 26 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191226115443/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&pg=PA14| url-status = live}}</ref> Ashoka may have rebuilt his palace in [[Pataliputra]] by replacing wooden material by stone,{{sfn|Mookerji|1995|p=96}} and may also have used the help of foreign craftmen.<ref>"Ashoka was known to be a great builder who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments." Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj, A. S. Bhalla, I.B.Tauris, 2015 p.18 [https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226160624/https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=26 December 2019}}</ref> Ashoka also innovated by using the permanent qualities of stone for his written [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]], as well as his pillars with Buddhist symbolism.

<gallery>
Ashok Sthamba.jpg | The Ashokan pillar at [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]], Buddha's birthplace
Diamond throne discovery.jpg | The [[Diamond throne]] at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]], attributed to Ashoka
Vajrasana front frieze design.jpg | Front frieze of the Diamond throne
MauryanRingstone.JPG | Mauryan [[ringstone]], with standing goddess. Northwest Pakistan. 3rd century BCE. [[British Museum]]
Rampurva bull capital detail.jpg |[[Rampurva|Rampurva bull capital]], detail of the [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]], with two [[palmette|"flame palmettes"]] framing a lotus surrounded by small rosette flowers.
</gallery>

=== Symbols ===

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Symbols of Ashoka
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Sarnath capital.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Ashoka's pillar]] capital of [[Sarnath]]. This sculpture has been adopted as the [[State Emblem of India]].
| image2 = Ashoka_Chakra.svg
| caption2 = [[Ashoka Chakra]], ''"the wheel of Righteousness" (Dharma in [[Sanskrit]] or Dhamma in [[Pali]])"'', has been adopted in the [[National Flag of India]].
}}

Ashokan capitals were highly realistic and used a characteristic polished finish, [[Mauryan polish]], giving a shiny appearance to the stone surface.<ref name="Irwin 1973 706–720">{{Cite journal |last=Irwin |first=John |date=1973 |title='Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/877526 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=115 |issue=848 |pages=706–720 |jstor=877526 }}</ref> [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], the capital of one of the pillars erected by Ashoka features a carving of a spoked wheel, known as the [[Ashoka Chakra]]. This wheel represents the wheel of Dhamma set in motion by the Gautama Buddha, and appears on the flag of modern India. This capital also features sculptures of lions, which appear on the seal of India.{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=1}}

=== Inscriptions and rock-edicts===
[[File:AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg|thumb|Distribution of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], and location of the contemporary Greek city of [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref>Reference: ''India: The Ancient Past'' p. 113, Burjor Avari, [[Routledge]], {{ISBN|0-415-35615-6}}</ref>]]
[[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|The [[Kandahar Edict of Ashoka]], a bilingual inscription (in Greek and [[Aramaic]]) by King Ashoka, discovered at [[Kandahar]] ({{small|[[National Museum of Afghanistan]]}})]]
The edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], as well as boulders and cave walls, issued during his reign.<ref name="Irwin 1973 706–720"/> These inscriptions are dispersed throughout modern-day Pakistan and India, and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history, offering more information about Ashoka's proselytism, moral precepts, religious precepts and his notions of social and animal welfare.{{sfn|Singh|2012}}

Before Ashoka, the royal communications appear to have been written on perishable materials such as palm leaves, birch barks, cotton cloth, and possibly wooden boards. While Ashoka's administration would have continued to use these materials, Ashoka also had his messages inscribed on rock edicts.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=120–121}} Ashoka probably got the idea of putting up these inscriptions from the neighbouring [[Achaemenid empire]].{{sfn|Gombrich|1995|p=3}} It is likely that Ashoka's messages were also inscribed on more perishable materials, such as wood, and sent to various parts of the empire. None of these records survive now.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=7}}

Scholars are still attempting to analyse both the expressed and implied political ideas of the Edicts (particularly in regard to imperial vision), and make inferences pertaining to how that vision was grappling with problems and political realities of a "virtually subcontinental, and culturally and economically highly variegated, 3rd century BCE Indian empire.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} Nonetheless, it remains clear that Ashoka's Inscriptions represent the earliest corpus of royal inscriptions in the Indian subcontinent, and therefore prove to be a very important innovation in royal practices."{{sfn|Singh|2012}}

Most of Ashoka's inscriptions are written in a mixture of various [[Prakrit]] dialects, in the [[Brahmi]] script.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=126}}

Several of Ashoka's inscriptions appear to have been set up near towns, on important routes, and at places of religious significance.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=6}} Many of the inscriptions have been discovered in hills, rock shelters, and places of local significance.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=143}} Various theories have been put forward about why Ashoka or his officials chose such places, including that they were centres of megalithic cultures,{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=23}} were regarded as sacred spots in Ashoka's time, or that their physical grandeur may be symbolic of spiritual dominance.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=143–157}} Ashoka's inscriptions have not been found at major cities of the Maurya empire, such as Pataliputra, Vidisha, Ujjayini, and Taxila.
{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=143}} It is possible that many of these inscriptions are lost; the 7th century Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] refers to some of Ashoka's pillar edicts, which have not been discovered by modern researchers.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=6}}

It appears that Ashoka dispatched every message to his provincial governors, who in turn, relayed it to various officials in their territory.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=127}} For example, the [[Minor Rock Edicts#Full texts of the Minor Rock Edicts|Minor Rock Edict 1]] appears in several versions at multiple places: all the versions state that Ashoka issued the proclamation while on a tour, having spent 256 days on tour. The number 256 indicates that the message was dispatched simultaneously to various places.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=133}} Three versions of a message, found at edicts in the neighbouring places in Karnataka (Brahmagiri, Siddapura, and Jatinga-Rameshwara), were sent from the southern province's capital Suvarnagiri to various places. All three versions contain the same message, preceded by an initial greeting from the ''arya-putra'' (presumably Ashoka's son and the provincial governor) and the ''mahamatras'' (officials) in Suvarnagiri.{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=127}}

=== Coinage ===

The [[caduceus]] appears as a symbol of the [[punch-marked coins]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] in India, in the 3rd–2nd century BCE. Numismatic research suggests that this symbol was the symbol of Emperor Ashoka, his personal "[[Mudra]]".<ref>Indian Numismatics, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Orient Blackswan, 1981, p.73 [https://books.google.com/books?id=favxZII9WtwC&pg=PA73] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215201423/https://books.google.com/books?id=favxZII9WtwC&pg=PA73|date=15 December 2019}}</ref> This symbol was not used on the pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, but only on coins of the Maurya period, together with the [[arched-hill symbol|three arched-hill symbol]], the "peacock on the hill", the [[triskelis]] and the [[Taxila]] mark.<ref>Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D, Kailash Chand Jain, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972, p.134 [https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224053358/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA134|date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
Caduceus on Mauryan coin.jpg | Caduceus symbol on a Maurya-era [[punch-marked coin]]
India Mauryan emperor Ashoka Punch-marked Coin.jpg | A punch-marked coin attributed to Ashoka<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchiner |first=Michael |date=1978 |title=Oriental Coins & Their Values: The Ancient and Classical World 600 B.C. - A.D. 650 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |page=544 |isbn=978-0-9041731-6-1}}</ref>
I15 1karshapana Maurya Ashoka MACW4229 1ar (8486624862).jpg | A Maurya-era silver coin of 1 [[karshapana]], possibly from Ashoka's period, workshop of Mathura. ''Obverse:'' Symbols including a sun and an animal ''Reverse:'' Symbol ''Dimensions:'' 13.92 x 11.75&nbsp;mm ''Weight:'' 3.4 g.
</gallery>

== Modern scholarship ==

=== Rediscovery ===

Ashoka had almost been forgotten until the 19th century when [[James Prinsep]] contributed in the revelation of historical sources. After deciphering the [[Brahmi script]], Prinsep had originally identified the "[[Priyadasi]]" of the inscriptions he found with the King of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Ceylon]] [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampiya Tissa]]. However, in 1837, [[George Turnour]] discovered an important Sri Lankan manuscript ([[Dipavamsa]], or "Island Chronicle" ) associating Piyadasi with Ashoka:

{{blockquote|Two hundred and eighteen years after the beatitude of the [[Buddha]], was the inauguration of Piyadassi, .... who, the grandson of Chandragupta, and the son of Bindusara, was at the time Governor of [[Ujain|Ujjayani]].|[[Dipavamsa]].{{sfn|Allen|2012|p=79}}}}

[[File:Rock_edict-_closer_look.JPG|thumb|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of [[Maski]] mentions the author as "Devanampriya Asoka", definitively linking both names, and confirming Ashoka as the author of the famous [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edicts]].]]
Since then, the association of "Devanampriya Priyadarsin" with Ashoka was confirmed through various inscriptions, and especially confirmed in the [[Minor Rock Edict]] inscription discovered in [[Maski]], directly associating Ashoka with his regnal title Devanampriya ("Beloved-of-the-Gods"):<ref name=CSH>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |language=en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225190721/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 |language=en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152002/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{poemquote|
[A proclamation] of Devanampriya Asoka.
Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-[[Shakya|Sakya]].
[A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the [[Samgha]] and have shown zeal.
Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in [[Jambudvipa]], have how become mingled (with them).
This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.
One must not think thus, – (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.
Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : "If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half.{{sfn|Hultzsch|1925|p=[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353 174–175]}}|[[Maski]] [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Ashoka.
}}

Another important historian was British [[archaeologist]] [[John Hubert Marshall]], who was director-general of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. His main interests were [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]], in addition to [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjodaro]]. Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]], a British archaeologist and army engineer, and often known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India, unveiled heritage sites like the [[Bharhut]] Stupa, Sarnath, Sanchi, and the Mahabodhi Temple. [[Mortimer Wheeler]], a British archaeologist, also exposed Ashokan historical sources, especially the [[Taxila]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

===Perceptions and historiography===

The use of Buddhist sources in reconstructing the life of Ashoka has had a strong influence on perceptions of Ashoka, as well as the interpretations of his edicts. Building on traditional accounts, early scholars regarded Ashoka as a primarily Buddhist monarch who underwent a conversion from the Vedic religion to Buddhism and was actively engaged in sponsoring and supporting the Buddhist monastic institution. Some scholars have tended to question this assessment. Thapar writes about Ashoka that "We need to see him both as a statesman in the context of inheriting and sustaining an empire in a particular historical period, and as a person with a strong commitment to changing society through what might be called the propagation of social ethics."<ref name="Ashoka - A Retrospective">{{cite journal|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|title=Ashoka – A Retrospective|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=13 November 2009|volume=44|issue=45|pages=31–37}}</ref> The only source of information not attributable to Buddhist sources are the Ashokan Edicts, and these do not explicitly state that Ashoka was a Buddhist. In his edicts, Ashoka expresses support for all the major religions of his time: [[Buddhism]], [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Ajivika]]ism, and his edicts addressed to the population at large (there are some addressed specifically to Buddhists; this is not the case for the other religions) generally focus on moral themes members of all the religions would accept. For example, Amartya Sen writes, "The Indian Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE presented many political inscriptions in favor of tolerance and individual freedom, both as a part of state policy and in the relation of different people to each other".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|title=Universal Truths and the Westernizing Illusion|journal=Harvard International Review|date=Summer 1998|volume=20|issue=3|pages=40–43}}</ref>

However, the edicts alone strongly ''indicate'' that he was a Buddhist. In one edict he belittles rituals, and he banned Vedic animal sacrifices; these strongly suggest that he at least did not look to the Vedic tradition for guidance. Furthermore, many edicts are expressed to Buddhists alone; in one, Ashoka declares himself to be an "[[upasaka]]", and in another he demonstrates a close familiarity with Buddhist texts. He erected rock pillars at Buddhist holy sites, but did not do so for the sites of other religions. He also used the word [[Dharma (Buddhism)|"dhamma"]] to refer to qualities of the heart that underlie moral action; this was an exclusively Buddhist use of the word. However, he used the word more in the spirit than as a strict code of conduct. Thapar writes, "His dhamma did not derive from divine inspiration, even if its observance promised heaven. It was more in keeping with the ethic conditioned by the logic of given situations. His logic of Dhamma was intended to influence the conduct of categories of people, in relation to each other. Especially where they involved unequal relationships."<ref name="Ashoka - A Retrospective"/> Finally, he promotes ideals that correspond to the first three steps of the Buddha's graduated discourse.<ref>Richard Robinson, Willard Johnson, and Thanissaro Bhikkhu, ''Buddhist Religions'', fifth ed., Wadsworth 2005, page 59.</ref>

Much of the knowledge about Ashoka comes from the [[Edicts of Ashoka|several inscriptions]] that he had carved on pillars and rocks throughout the empire. All his inscriptions present him as compassionate and loving. In the Kalinga rock edits, he addresses his people as his "children" and mentions that as a father he desires their good.<ref name="VenSDhammika_1993">[https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Ashoka] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328144411/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |date=28 March 2014 }}, English translation (1993) by Ven. S. Dhammika. {{ISBN|955-24-0104-6}}. Retrieved 21 February 2009</ref>

=== Impact of pacifism ===
After Ashoka's death, the [[Maurya dynasty#Decline|Maurya dynasty]] declined rapidly. The various Puranas provide different details about Ashoka's successors, but all agree that they had relatively short reigns. The empire seems to have weakened, fragmented, and suffered an invasion from the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Bactrian Greeks]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=333}}

Some historians, such as [[H. C. Raychaudhuri]], have argued that Ashoka's [[pacifism]] undermined the "military backbone" of the Maurya empire. Others, such as Thapar, have suggested that the extent and impact of his pacifism have been "grossly exaggerated".{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131, 143}}

==In art, film and literature==
{{more footnotes|section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Asoka's Queen.jpg|thumb|A {{Circa| 1910}} painting by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871–1951) depicting Ashoka's empress standing in front of the railings of the Buddhist monument at [[Sanchi]] ([[Raisen district]], Madhya Pradesh)]]
* ''[[Ashoka the Great (book)|Ashoka the Great]]'' is a fictional biography of the emperor, which was originally written in Dutch in the form of a trilogy by [[Wytze Keuning]] in 1937–1947.
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]] composed ''Ashoka ki Chinta'' (''Ashoka's Anxiety''), a poem that portrays Ashoka's feelings during the war on Kalinga.
* ''Ashoka'', a 1922 Indian silent historical film about the emperor produced by [[Madan Theatres]].<ref name="silent">{{cite book|author=R. K. Verma|title=Filmography: Silent Cinema, 1913-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suFkAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=M. Verma|isbn=978-81-7525-224-0|page=150|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002175530/https://books.google.com/books?id=suFkAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Nine Unknown]]'', a 1923 novel by [[Talbot Mundy]] about the "Nine Unknown Men", a fictional secret society founded by Ashoka.
*''Samrat Ashok'', a 1928 Indian silent film by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra.<ref name="silent"/>
* ''[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]'' (1941) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Raja Chandrasekhar. The film stars [[V. Nagayya]] as Ashoka.
* ''Samrat Ashok'' is a 1947 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film by K.B. Lall.<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA43-PA1993|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=43|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310215628/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA43-PA1993|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Uttar-Priyadarshi'' (The Final Beatitude), a verse-play written by poet [[Agyeya]] depicting his redemption, was adapted to stage in 1996 by theatre director, [[Ratan Thiyam]] and has since been performed in many parts of the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jefferson |first=Margo |date=27 October 2000 |title=Next Wave Festival Review; In Stirring Ritual Steps, Past and Present Unfold |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/27/movies/next-wave-festival-review-in-stirring-ritual-steps-past-and-present-unfold.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043128/https://www.nytimes.com/section/theater?res=990ce6dc1131f934a15753c1a9669c8b63 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ba>{{cite magazine |last=Renouf |first=Renee |date=December 2000 |title=Review: Uttarpriyadarshi |url=http://www.ballet.co.uk/magazines/yr_00/dec00/rr_rev_crt_1000.htm |magazine=Balletco |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205221756/http://www.ballet.co.uk/magazines/yr_00/dec00/rr_rev_crt_1000.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 1973, [[Amar Chitra Katha]] released a graphic novel based on the life of Ashoka.
* In [[Piers Anthony]]'s series of [[space opera]] novels, the main character mentions Ashoka as a model for administrators to strive for.
* ''[[Samrat Ashoka|Samrat Ashok]]'' is a 1992 Indian Telugu-language film about the emperor by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] with Rao also playing the titular role.<ref name="encyc"/>
* ''[[Aśoka (2001 film)|Aśoka]]'' is a 2001 epic Indian historical drama film directed and co-written by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Ashoka.
* In 2002, [[Mason Jennings]] released the song "Emperor Ashoka" on his [[Living in the Moment (Mason Jennings EP)|Living in the Moment EP]]. It is based on the life of Ashoka.
* In 2013, Christopher C. Doyle released his debut novel, ''[[The Mahabharata Secret]]'', in which he wrote about Ashoka hiding a dangerous secret for the well-being of India.
* 2014's ''[[The Emperor's Riddles]]'', a fiction mystery thriller novel by Satyarth Nayak, traces the evolution of Ashoka and his esoteric legend of the Nine Unknown Men.
* In 2015, ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'', a television serial by [[Ashok Banker]], based on the life of Ashoka, began airing on [[Colors TV]] where [[Siddharth Nigam]] and [[Mohit Raina]] played the role of Ashoka.
* [[Bharatvarsh (TV Series)|''Bharatvarsh'']] is an Indian television historical documentary series, hosted by actor-director [[Anupam Kher]] on Hindi news channel [[ABP News]]. The series stars [[Aham Sharma]] as Ashoka.<ref>{{cite news | date=19 August 2016 | title='Bharatvarsh' – ABP News brings a captivating saga of legendary Indians with Anupam Kher | url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bharatvarsh-abp-news-brings-a-captivating-saga-of-legendary-indians-with-anupam-kher-401258 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826010058/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bharatvarsh-abp-news-brings-a-captivating-saga-of-legendary-indians-with-anupam-kher-401258 | archive-date=26 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* In 2024, ''[[Pracchand Ashok]]'', a television serial by [[Ekta Kapoor]], based on the love life of the Ashoka, began airing on [[Colors TV]] where [[Adnan Khan]] played the role of Ashoka.<ref name="Ashok">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh to play Samrat Ashok & Kaurawkee in Ekta Kapoor's new historical drama series 'Pracchand Ashok']</ref>
* ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' features Ashoka as a playable leader for India, being replaced by [[Gandhi]] in later iterations of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/gamescom/443918/civilization-7-hands-on-preview|title=Civilization 7 is making bold changes to a familiar formula|date=August 26, 2024|access-date=August 27, 2024|last=Oloman|first=Jordan|publisher=Polygon}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of people known as the Great]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|23em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Allen (writer) |title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C |publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-408-70388-5}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Fitzgerald |editor-first=James L. |editor-link=James L. Fitzgerald |title=The Mahabharata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |year=2004 |volume=7 |isbn=0-226-25250-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Gombrich |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Gombrich |chapter=Aśoka – The Great Upāsaka |title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |editor=Anuradha Seneviratna |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |last=Guruge |first=Ananda W. P. |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |title=Aśoka, the Righteous: A Definitive Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwjjAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Central Cultural Fund |isbn=978-955-9226-00-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Guruge |first=Ananda W. P. |chapter=Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism: Unresolved Discrepancies between Buddhist Tradition & Aśokan Inscriptions |title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |editor=Anuradha Seneviratna |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |last=Guruge |first=Ananda W. P. |chapter=Emperor Aśoka's Place in History: A Review of Prevalent Opinions |title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |editor=Anuradha Seneviratna |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995b }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hultzsch |first=E. |title=Inscriptions of Asoka: New Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |publisher=Government of India |year=1925}}
* {{cite book |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |author-link=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |author-link=Nayanjot Lahiri |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674057777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radhakumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Aśoka |edition=3rd revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC |year=1995 |orig-year=First published 1928; 3rd revised edition published in 1962 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0582-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century |year=2008 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC}}
* {{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka |journal=South Asian Studies |year=2012 |publisher=University of Delhi |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=131–145 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2012.725581|s2cid=143362618 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |year=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97527-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Strong |first=John S. |author-link=John S. Strong |title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0616-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Strong |first=John S. |chapter=Images of Aśoka: Some Indian and Sri Lankan Legends and their Development |title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |editor=Anuradha Seneviratna |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |year=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwJuAAAAMAAJ |oclc=736554 }}
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |chapter=Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflected in the Aśokan Edicts |title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |editor=Anuradha Seneviratna |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bentley |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry H. Bentley |title=Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times |url=https://archive.org/details/oldworldencounte00jerr |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-507640-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Harry |last=Falk |title=Aśokan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-book with Bibliography |year=2006 |publisher=Von Zabern |isbn=978-3-8053-3712-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=James Merry |last=MacPhail |title=Asoka |url=https://archive.org/details/asokaheritage00macpiala |url-access=registration |year=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nikam |first1=N. A. |first2=Richard |last2=McKeon |title=The Edicts of Aśoka |year=1959 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEdictsOfAsokaNikamMcKeon |url-access=registration |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |date=2024 |title=Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King. |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-27490-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Olivelle |first2=Janice |last2=Leoshko |first3=Himanshu Prabha |last3=Ray |title=Reimagining Asoka: Memory and History |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press India |isbn=978-0-19-807800-5 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |date=2022 |title=Ashoka and the Mauraya Dynasty: the history and legacy of ancient India's greatest empire |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-596-0 |series=Dynasties |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Rongxi |first=Li |title=The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka: Translated from the Chinese of Saṃghapāla |year=1993 |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |isbn=978-0-9625618-4-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |year=2015 |orig-date=1961 |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-807724-4 |oclc=964509329 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Ashoka}}
* BBC Radio 4: Sunil Khilnani, ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05tpy82 Incarnations: Ashoka.]''
* BBC Radio 4: Melvyn Bragg with Richard Gombrich et al., ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0511tm1 In Our Time, Ashoka the Great]''.
{{Clear}}

{{Portal bar|India|Buddhism|History}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=6 style="background:#ccf; font-size: 130%;"| [[Edicts of Ashoka]] {{nobold|(Ruled 269–232 BCE)}}
|-
!style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|Regnal years of Ashoka
!colspan=4 style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|Type of Edict (and location of the inscriptions)
!style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|Geographical location
|-
| Year 8
|colspan=4 |''End of the [[Kalinga War]] and conversion to the "[[Dharma]]"''
| rowspan=10|{{Map of the Edicts of Ashoka}}
|-
| rowspan=3|Year 10
|align=left style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|'''[[Minor Rock Edicts]]'''
|colspan=3 rowspan=4|'''Related events:''' Visit to the [[Bodhi tree]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] Construction of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] and [[Diamond throne]] in Bodh Gaya Predication throughout India. Dissenssions in the [[Sangha]] [[Third Buddhist Council]] In Indian language: [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription|Sohgaura inscription]] Erection of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
|-
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|[[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] (in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Aramaic]], [[Kandahar]])
|-
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|Minor Rock Edicts in [[Aramaic]]: [[Aramaic Inscription of Laghman|Laghman Inscription]], [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|Taxila inscription]]
|-
| Year 11 and later
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|[[Minor Rock Edicts|Minor Rock Edicts (n°1, n°2 and n°3)]] ([[Saru Maru|Panguraria]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Rock Edict, Maski|Maski]], [[Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal|Palkigundu and Gavimath]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Bahapur, Delhi|Bahapur/Srinivaspuri]], [[Bairat Temple|Bairat]], [[Ahraura]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra|Gujarra]], [[Sasaram]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edicts, Rajula Mandagiri|Rajula Mandagiri]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Yerragudi|Yerragudi]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Udegolam|Udegolam]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Nittur|Nittur]], [[Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Brahmagiri|Brahmagiri]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur|Siddapur]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Jatinga Rameshwara|Jatinga-Rameshwara]])
|-
| rowspan=3 |Year 12 and later
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|'''[[Barabar Caves|Barabar Caves inscriptions]]'''
|colspan=3 style="background-color:#cdcdcd;" width="40%"|'''[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edicts]]'''
|-
| style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|'''[[Minor Pillar Edicts]]'''
|colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|Major Rock Edicts in Greek: [[Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka|Edicts n°12-13]] ([[Kandahar]]) Major Rock Edicts in Indian language: [[Major Rock Edicts|Edicts No.1 ~ No.14]] (in [[Kharoshthi]] script: [[Shahbaz Garhi|Shahbazgarhi]], [[Mansehra Rock Edicts|Mansehra Edicts]]) (in the [[Brahmi script]]: [[Khalsi inscription|Kalsi]], [[Girnar]], [[Sopara]], [[Sannati]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Yerragudi|Yerragudi]], [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Delhi Edicts]]) Major Rock Edicts 1–10, 14, [[Major Rock Edicts|Separate Edicts 1&2]]: ([[Dhauli]], [[Jaugada]])
|-
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|[[:Commons:Category:Schism Edict of Ashoka|Schism Edict]], [[:File:Ashoka Inscriptions Queen's edict.jpg|Queen's Edict]] ([[Sarnath]] [[Sanchi]] [[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad]]) [[Lumbini pillar inscription|Lumbini inscription]], [[Nigali Sagar|Nigali Sagar inscription]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |Year 26, 27 and later
|colspan=2 style="background-color:#cdcdcd;"|'''[[Major Pillar Edicts]]'''
|-
|colspan=2 style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|In Indian language: [[Major Pillar Edicts|Major Pillar Edicts No.1 ~ No.7]] ([[Allahabad pillar]] [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Delhi-Meerut]] [[Delhi-Topra pillar|Delhi-Topra]] [[Rampurva]] [[Lauria Nandangarh]] [[Lauriya Araraj|Lauriya-Araraj]] [[:File:Amaravati Major Pillar Edict inscription.jpg|Amaravati]]) 
Derived inscriptions in [[Aramaic]], on rock: 
[[Kandahar Aramaic inscription|Kandahar, Edict No.7]] and [[Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription|Pul-i-Darunteh, Edict No.5 or No.7]]
|-
| colspan=6 |
|}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ashoka| ]]
[[Category:Emperors of Magadha]]
[[Category:Mauryan dynasty]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century Buddhism]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist pacifists]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian pacifists]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Buddhists]]

Vinutha Lal

2026-03-18T01:45:59Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting post

{{short description|Indian film actress and model (born 1990)}}
{{Indian name|Vinutha|Lal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox person
| name = Vinutha Lal
| birth_name = Ashwathy Lal
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Lakshana, Vinutha Singh
| occupation = Actress, model, Cosmetologist
| children =
| parents =
| years active = 1996, 2008-2010, 2014-present
}}

'''Vinutha Lal''' (born '''Aswathy Lal''') is an Indian actress and model known for her works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vinutha-Lal-changes-her-name-for-luck/articleshow/47574578.cms |title=Vinutha Lal changes her name for luck |work=The Times of India|date=8 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2014 she starred in Parankimala a remake of the 1981 Malayalam film of the [[Parankimala (1981 film)|same name]], Vinutha has appeared in the [[mundu]] outfit donning the role of a woman named Thanka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-was-comfortable-doing-intimate-scenes-Vinutha-Lal/articleshow/20014563.cms |title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable |work=The Times of India|date=13 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9a0DJV1BEI |title=malayalam full movie 2015 - Parankimala - Malayalam full movie 2015 new releases |date=7 April 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Appaji]]'' || || [[Kannada]] || Special appearance ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]'' || Suganthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Pramukhan'' || Aarathi || [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Thottupaar]]'' || Kanimozhi || Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''Parankimala'' || Thanka || Malayalam || ||<ref name="parankimala">{{Cite news |date=2014-03-23 |title=Vinutha Lal changes her name |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinutha-lal-changes-her-name/articleshow/32547130.cms |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Theekuchi|Aggiravva]]'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://pluzcinema.com/movies/tollywood/29796/cast-crew.htm |title=Aggiravva cast and crew - vinutha lal - ashish vidyarthi - bhanupriya - Telugu movie star cast |work=pluz cinema |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610140548/http://pluzcinema.com/movies/tollywood/29796/cast-crew.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ulsaha Committee]]'' || Haritha Nair || Malayalam || || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' || Shanthi || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bhaiya-bhaiya-malayalam-movie-review-18859.html |title=Bhaiya Bhaiya review. Bhaiya Bhaiya Malayalam movie review, story, rating |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Saradhi]]'' || Rajani || Malayalam || ||<ref name="parankimala"/>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lens (film)|Lens]]'' || Angel || Tamil English || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Chila Nerangalil Chilar'' || || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Thanne Vandi]]'' || Prema Shankaran || Tamil || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4naNDPAGds |title=Thanne Vandi Movie Ottha Kannula Lyrical Umapathy Ramaiah Manika Vidya Rakshitha Suresh |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Vinutha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moorkkanad

2026-03-10T16:34:47Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{short description|Panchayat in Malappuram district, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moorkkanad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Moorkanad
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679338
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL—Kerala|KL]]-53
| website =
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9056|76.1493|display=title}}
}}
'''Moorkanad''', also spelt '''Moorkkanad''', is a village and [[grama panchayat]] in [[Perinthalmanna]] taluk of [[Malappuram district]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="pilgrim">{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage 2015|year=2015|author= Moorkkanadanz|isbn=978-8192947013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33E3DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|page=322|publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt}}</ref> Moorkkanad is part of Mankada block panchayat and [[Mankada Assembly constituency]]. [[Kunthipuzha]] flows through Moorkkanad.

== Notable sites ==

Notable sites in the village include:
* A local landmark, the Shiva temple, which is 1500{{nbsp}}years old.<ref name="pilgrim"/>
* The Cheriyil Bhagavathi temple, which comes under the Cheriyil Nair Kudumbakshema trust
* The local [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] Saint Antony's Church.
* The local, and only, school is St. Antony's High School,<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Catholic Directory of India
|year=2005
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ&q=murkanad+Karuvannur
}}</ref> which comes under the Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda.

== Access and amenities ==

Moorkkanad is accessible from Karuvannur Valiyapalam and from Karuvannur puthan thode. It is 1.5 km from Valiyapalam and 2 km from Puthenthode. Many buses run from Trichur and Irinjalakuda via Moorkkanad which go to Katoor, [[Karalam]], Edamuttam and Triprayar.

The village has a high literacy rate and there is a strong emphasis on education and healthcare, which contributes to the reputation of the area. Moorkkand has a primary health centre and two anganvadis (play schools/pre-schools), which are administered by the Government of Kerala. The village also has an art and sports club named Kerala Athletic Club and a village library named Grammeena Vayanasala, both more than 50 years old.

Moorkkanad has a branch post office, which comes under the Karuvanoor main post office. Its postal code is 680711. There is a BSNL rural telephone exchange.

== Water ==

Moorkkanad Illikkal Sluice is on the [[Karuvannur River]]. The shutters of this sluice help to hold back water, which is used for the irrigation of [[paddyfields]] in the Kole wetlands in the adjoining areas during the period from December to May. Hidayathul Islam Madrasa is near to the Illikkal Dam, as is a water pumping station.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Vaasthavam

2026-03-03T21:35:07Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a article

{{short description|2006 film directed by M.Padmakumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaasthavam
| image = Vaasthavam.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[M. Padmakumar]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Babu Janardhanan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Samvrutha Sunil]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
| music = [[Alex Paul]] C. Rajamani (Score)
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = Shrichakra Films Private Ltd
| distributor = Shrichakra Films Release
| released = {{Film date|2006|11|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Vaasthavam''''' ({{Translation|Fact}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2006|2006]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[political thriller film]] written by [[Babu Janardhanan]] and directed by [[M. Padmakumar]]. The film revolves around a youth, Balachandran Adiga ([[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]), and follows his rise and fall in politics. The story is loosely based on [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]'s novel ''Enippadikal''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/13vaas.htm | title=Vaasthavam: Good effort }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaasthavam-review-malayalam-movie-8392 | title=Vaasthavam review. Vaasthavam Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

Prithviraj won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance, making him the youngest recipient of the award at age 24.

==Plot==

Raghavan Master, a scion of a high [[Adiga]] [[Brahmin]] family and an ardent [[Communism|communist]], is now in crisis as his [[Tharavad|tharavadu]] is devoid of the fame and fortune it once had. Balachandran, his only son, has the burden of looking after the family and his four sisters. He is aware of the difficulties in bringing the family back from the brink of nothingness and marrying off his sisters.

Balachandran's eldest sister, Shobha, does some tailoring and manages a low earning with which the family is kept out of hunger. Balachandran is engaged to Sumithra, his cousin. But in the turn of events, Thripran Namboodhiri comes with an offer to marry his niece to Balachandran, agreeing to ensure that he secures a job in the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Secretariat]] as his name is in the rank list which would expire soon and thereby save his family from dire straits. Sumithra forces Balachandran to give up their dreams for the sake of his family.

He marries Surabhi, a girl from a rich family, to tackle the serious economic adversities his family faces. Notwithstanding the family chaos, Balachandran's younger sister, Shubha, walks out with an [[Adivasi]] leader, Sreedharan, on the day of Balachandran's marriage. This causes irreparable damage to the family's reputation, following which his mother dies. Sumithra marries a cruel and corrupt police officer who constantly doubts his wife's character.

At this juncture, Balachandran joins the job at the Secretariat. He lives with seventy-year-old Unnithan Asan who acts as his guide all through the corruption-filled secretariat. His financial needs force him to become a corrupt officer always on the lookout for money and power. He deliberately pretends to be a bachelor, to encourage the affections of Vimala, a divorcee and his colleague. With the help of Vimala, the niece of the new revenue minister Pattam Raveendran, Balachandran is posted to the minister's personal staff and quickly climbs the ladder of bureaucracy. What follows next is a series of events that turn Balachandran's mind so as to tear off his new life and go back to his native place to lead a simple, peaceful life with Surabhi and his family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Balachandran Adiga
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Sumithra
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Surabhi Balachandran Adiga
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Pattam Raveendran
* [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Unnithan Ashan
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Thrippan Namboodiri
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Vimala
* [[Usha (actress)|Usha]] as Shuba
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as C.K. Nair
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Pambu Vasu
* [[Madhupal]] as Varghese
* [[Jagadish]] as Shibhu Vattappara
* [[Rajmohan Unnithan]] as Chief Minister
* KPAC Saji
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Raghavan Master
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Uthaman
* [[Joju George]] as Basheer
* [[Meghanathan]] as Sasidharan Pillai
* [[T.G. Ravi]] as Gopinathan Unnithan
* Vijayan Karanthoor as Thomas
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Govindan Namboodiri
* Manka Mahesh as Balachandran's mother
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Shobha
* [[Shaalin Zoya]] as Jr. Sumithra
* [[Varada (actress)|Varada]] as Balachandran's sister
}}

==Soundtrack==

The movie features an acclaimed soundtrack composed by [[Alex Paul]] and lyrics penned by Vayalar Sarathchandravarma.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Raga
|-
| 1
| "Ara Pavan"
| [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Rimi Tomy]] || [[Dharmavati]]
|-
| 2
| "Kadam Konda"
| [[Vidyadharan]]
|| [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|-
| 3
| "Nadha Ne Varumbol"
| [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Shahana]]
|-
| 4
| "Nindathi Chanthana"
| [[Traditional]] ||
|}

==Reception==
The movie received positive reviews from critics.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

===Awards===
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Film Awards |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)]]}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] – [[L. Bhoominathan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0972913|Vaasthavam}}
{{M. Padmakumar}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Padmakumar]]

Nipputho Chelagatam

2026-03-03T20:14:32Z

KatharinaFlanery: Added A Article

{{Short description|1982 Telugu film by Kommineni Seshagiri Rao}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Nipputho Chelagatam
| native_name = నిప్పుతో చెలగాటం
| caption =
| director = [[Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]]
| producer = [[Y. V. Rao (producer and journalist)|Y. V. Rao]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Sarath Babu]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nipputho Chelagatam''''' ({{translation|Playing with fire}}) is a 1982 [[Telugu language]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]] and produced by [[Y. V. Rao (producer and journalist)|Y. V. Rao]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Sarath Babu]]. The film is a remake of 1978 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-birthday-special-not-akshay-kumar-or-salman-khan-but-the-veteran-actor-is-the-king-of-remakes-heres-how-2409774.html | title=Jeetendra Birthday Special: Not Akshay Kumar or Salman Khan, but the Veteran Actor is the King of Remakes - Here's How | 🎥 LatestLY | date=7 April 2021 }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].

==Cast==
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Shankar/Mohan (Dual role)
*[[Sarada (actress)|Sharada]] as Durga Devi
*[[Jayasudha]] as Rekha
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Ravi
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Radha
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Kavita
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Radha's father;
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Jagapati
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah]] as Gajapati
*[[Vijayachander]] as church father
*[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Police Inspector
*Balakrishna as constable
*Chidatala Appa Rao

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=March 2019}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0352643}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1982 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Rush (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:13:24Z

KatharinaFlanery: Added A Entry - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Satish Poloju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rush (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Satish Poloju
| writer = [[Ravi Babu]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Ravi Babu
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Daisy Bopanna]]
* Karthik Ahuti
}}
| cinematography = N. Sudhakar Reddy
| editing = Satyanarayana Balla
| music = S. S. Rajesh
| studio =
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|6|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rush''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Satish Poloju and, written and produced by [[Ravi Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Rush OTT: ఓటీటీలో అద‌ర‌గొడుతోన్న తెలుగు థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ మూవీ - యాక్ష‌న్ సీక్వెన్స్‌లు హైలైట్‌ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/allari-ravi-babu-telugu-action-thriller-movie-rush-getting-good-response-on-etv-win-ott-121719014354195.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719081613/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/allari-ravi-babu-telugu-action-thriller-movie-rush-getting-good-response-on-etv-win-ott-121719014354195.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film features [[Daisy Bopanna]] and Karthik Ahuti in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-06-21 |title=Rush Movie: ఓటీటీలో దూసుకుపోతున్న ర‌విబాబు ర‌ష్‌ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/rush-movie-getting-huge-response-in-etv-win-620742.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719214705/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/rush-movie-getting-huge-response-in-etv-win-620742.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 13 June 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Actor Ravi Babu-starrer Rush Gets OTT Release On This Platform |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-actor-ravi-babu-starrer-rush-gets-ott-release-on-this-platform-8944128.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626013251/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-actor-ravi-babu-starrer-rush-gets-ott-release-on-this-platform-8944128.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Daisy Bopanna]] as Kartika
* Karthik Ahuti as Adithya
* Master Venkat Shourya as Rishi
* Baby Methuku Anuraga as Riya
* Veeranna Chowdary as Narsingh
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Siva

== Release and reception ==
''Rush'' was released on 13 June 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rush OTT release date - Here's when and where to stream Ravi Babu's action drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rush-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-to-stream-the-ravi-babu-action-drama/547787528b641 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625032932/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rush-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-to-stream-the-ravi-babu-action-drama/547787528b641 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Asianet News Network|''Asianet Telugu'']] gave a rating of 2 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=zedrjy1 |title=రవిబాబు 'రష్' ఓటీటీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/director-ravi-babu-latest-movie-rush-review-jsp-sfh9yr#image8 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715061204/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/director-ravi-babu-latest-movie-rush-review-jsp-sfh9yr#image8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Desam]]'' gave a negative review and rated the film 1.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2024-06-14 |title=రష్ రివ్యూ: ETV Winలో యాక్షన్ థ్రిల్లర్ - రవిబాబు సినిమా బావుందా? లేదా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-in-telugu-rush-streaming-on-etv-win-starring-daisy-bopanna-ravi-babu-166885 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614023540/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-in-telugu-rush-streaming-on-etv-win-starring-daisy-bopanna-ravi-babu-166885 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/rush ''Rush''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Ishtam (2012 film)

2026-03-03T03:26:06Z

KatharinaFlanery: added references

{{Short description|2012 Tamil film by Prem Nizar}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ishtam
| image = Ishtam vimal.jpg
| caption =
| director = Prem Nizar
| based_on = ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' (Telugu)
| producer = T. Ramesh
| writer = [[Sampath Nandi]]
| starring = [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Nisha Agarwal]] [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] [[Anoop Kumar (Tamil actor)|Anoop Kumar]] Parvathi Nifran
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Shekhar Joseph]]
| studio = Balaji Real Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|05|25}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Ishtam''''' ({{audio|Ta-இஷ்டம்.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{translation|''Wish''}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[romance film]] directed by Prem Nizar, starring [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Nisha Agarwal]]. A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' (2010), it was released on 25 May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishtam is a failed attempt |url=http://www.in.com/news/currentafairs/review-ishtam-is-a-failed-attempt-50085425-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126003527/http://www.in.com/news/currentafairs/review-ishtam-is-a-failed-attempt-50085425-in-1.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=6 June 2012 |publisher=in.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Saravanan is a modern city guy while Sandhya is a village modern girl who came to the city to find a job. Sandhya and Saravanan first meet while going to an interview. At first, they had some disagreements and fought. Then, a friendship blossomed into love and they had a relationship. They decided to marry but their parents did not agree to this. They got married anyway and started to live happily at Saravanan's place. They were happy for a few months, but they started to disagree and fight, so they decided to divorce. Both of them went to their parents house to live separately. Their parents decided to get them a new partner. At first they agreed with their parents' decision. But then the love between Sandhya and Saravanan is rekindled since they miss each other. They decided to cancel their second marriages and live together happily.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Saravanan
* [[Nisha Agarwal]] as Sandhya
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Thiyagu
* Parvati Nibran as Nimisha
* [[Anoop Kumar (Tamil actor)|Anoop Kumar]] as Akash
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Saravanan's mother
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Sandhya's mother
* [[Yuvarani]] as Sandhya's aunt
* [[Charle]] as Watchman
* T. V. Rao
* [[Karate Raja]] as Shankar
* [[Namo Narayana]]
* [[Swaminathan]]
* [[Karate Raja]]
* Sembuli Jagan
* [[Kovai Senthil]]
* Kadugu Ramamoorthy
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Sandhya's friend (uncredited)
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Yemaindi Ee Vela'''s remake rights were bought by Balaji Real Media and newcomer Prem Nizar, an erstwhile assistant of director [[Chakri Toleti]], was chosen as the director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishtam to deal with the lives of software professionals |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/20112729032758/Ishtam-to-deal-with-the-lives-of-software-professionals.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001015239/http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/20112729032758/Ishtam-to-deal-with-the-lives-of-software-professionals.col |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=18 August 2012 |publisher=ChennaiOnline}}</ref> ''Ishtam'' marks a makeover for [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], who played a rural youngster in films like ''[[Pasanga]]'', ''[[Kalavani]]'' and ''[[Eththan]]'', featuring him as a "modern, city-based man".<ref name="indiaglitz1">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=It's Vimal's 'Ishtam' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/69806.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302223740/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/69806.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Kajal Aggarwal]]'s sister [[Nisha Aggarwal]], who played the female lead in the original, was signed to reprise her role, making her debut in Tamil cinema. The film was launched by mid-August 2011,<ref name="indiaglitz1" /> and filming was completed by late September 2011 in a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2011 |title='Ishtam' shooting over! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71426.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928154158/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71426.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ishtam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 February 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 23:33
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The music is composed by [[S. Thaman]] who composed the original film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=Ishtam - Thaman S. - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/ishtam/zDvwK6Qp3rE_ |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> The songs "Dhinnaku Dhin" and "Oru Megam" were reused from Thaman's own compositions: the same named song and "Dhim Thana"
from Telugu films ''[[Mirapakaay]]'' and ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'', respectively.
{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:33
| title1 = Aaruyire
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Dhinakku Dhina
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Oru Megam
| lyrics3 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra3 = Divya, M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Vaenna Vaenna
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length4 = 5:25
| title5 = Enmele Indru
| lyrics5 = Viveka
| extra5 = Rahul Nambiar, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| length5 = 3:50
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Government First Grade College, Mangalore

2026-02-26T03:31:42Z

KatharinaFlanery: Creating New Details Initial Version...

{{Short description|College in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = First Grade College Mangalore
| image = gfgc_carstreet.jpg
| caption = Dr. P. Dayananda Pai - P. Satisha Pai Government First Grade College Mangalore
| established = {{start date|2007}}
| type = Public
| city = Carstreet, [[Mangalore]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord| 12.87153|N|74.83692|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Urban
| website = {{Official website|https://gfgc.karnataka.gov.in/mangalore/public/en}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| affiliation = [[Mangalore University]]
| students =
| principal = Dr. Jayakara Bhandary
| state = [[Karnataka]]
}}

'''Dr. P. Dayananda Pai - P. Sathisha Pai Government First Grade College Mangalore''' (also known as the '''Carstreet College''') is a degree college located in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. It was established in 2007. The college is permanently affiliated with [[Mangalore University]] and is accredited 'A' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref name="auto" />

== History ==
The college is located in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka, India. It was established in 2007 and was initially based at the Government PU College building in [[Balmatta]] but relocated to the Government Primary School building in Carstreet in 2008. The college was renamed to the ''Dr. P. Dayananda Pai- P. Sathisha Pai Government First Grade College'' in October 2017 and was reopened by [[Basavaraj Rayareddy]], Minister for Higher Education of the State of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=Mangaluru: Minister Basavaraj Rayareddy inaugurates Dr P Dayananda Pai-Sathish Pai govt college |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=477872 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> The inauguration ceremony was attended by patrons [[Dayananda Pai]] and Sathisha Pai. Over the years the college has grown and expanded its academic programs.

The college is permanently affiliated to [[Mangalore University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic Council approves Mangalore University affiliation to Government First Grade College, Carstreet|url=https://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/academic-council-approves-mangalore-university-affiliation-to-five-colleges/article37982096.ece|date=10 July 2017|accessdate= 12 May 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Principal of the college is Dr.Jayakara Bhandary M.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Academics ==
The Government First Grade College offers various academic courses for Post graduate in MA, MCOM, MSW disciplines<ref>{{cite news|title=Dayananda Pai-Sathish Pai Government First Grade College offers integrated courses|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/govt-college-to-offer-integrated-courses/article31807684.ece|date=11 June 2020|accessdate=12 May 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Government First Grade College offers PG courses|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/car-street-govt-college-to-offer-three-new-pg-courses/article19246349.ece|date=10 July 2017|accessdate=12 May 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Under graduate (UG) ===
*[[Bachelor of Arts]](BA)
*[[Bachelor of Commerce]](BCOM)
*[[Bachelor of Science]](BSC)
*[[Bachelor of Social Work]](BSW)
*[[Bachelor of Computer Application]](BCA)
*[[Bachelor of Business Administration]](BBA)

=== Post graduate (PG) ===
*[[Master of Arts]](MA)
*[[Master of Commerce]](MCOM)
*[[Master of Social Work]](MSW)

=== Curricular activities ===
*[[National Service Scheme]]
*[[Indian Red Cross Society|Youth Red Cross]]
*[[Rover Scout|Rovers]] and [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Rangers]]

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]<ref name='ugc'>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/4687229_Karnataka.pdf|accessdate=15 April 2023|title=Karnataka|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415172346/https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/4687229_Karnataka.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was accredited 'A' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] in March 2023 after its second cycle of assessment.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Carstreet's government Degree college gets 'A' grade by NAAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/car-streets-govt-degree-college-gets-naac-a-grade/articleshow/98620129.cms|date=14 March 2023|access-date=9 May 2023|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gfgc.kar.nic.in/mangalore Official College website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government degree Colleges in Karnataka|Carstreet]]

Zaverilal Mehta

2026-02-12T06:22:25Z

KatharinaFlanery: cleaned up information after review

{{Short description|Indian photographer (1927–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zaverilal Dalpatram Mehta
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1927}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2023|11|27|96|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Padma Sri]] (2018)
}}

'''Zaverilal Dalpatram Mehta''' (1927 – 27 November 2023) was an Indian photographer and the recipient of the [[Padma Shri|Padma Sri]] civilian award in 2018 for his contribution to the fields of literature and educational journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/3-from-Guj-among-those-on-Padma-list|title=3 from Guj among those on Padma list...|last=ABPL|website=www.asian-voice.com|language=en-GB|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2018/01/25/zaverilal-mehta-dr-pankaj-shah-ss-rathore-from-gujarat-to-receive-padma-shri-awards/|title=Zaverilal Mehta, Dr. Pankaj Shah, SS Rathore from Gujarat along with Mumbai based Gujaratis actor Manoj Joshi, Sitar artist Arvind Parikh to receive Padma awards|date=25 January 2018|work=DeshGujarat|access-date=28 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Zaverilal Mehta was associated with ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' from the 1980s onwards. He was popular for documenting the life and times of 13 [[Chief Ministers of Gujarat]] state, and his lenses captured incidents such as the [[2001 earthquake]] and the [[1998 Gujarat cyclone|1998 Kutch cyclone]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awards-gujarat-s-highway-canal-man-and-photojournalist-who-clicked-13-cms/story-heZReJ5hVt8tNv4kLbAbwJ.html|title=Padma awards: Gujarat's highway-canal man, and photojournalist who clicked 13 CMs|date=26 January 2018|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=28 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Zaverilal Mehta was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] award by the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Zaverilal Mehta died on 27 November 2023, at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=27 November 2023 |title=Veteran Gujarati photo journalist Padma Shri Zaverilal Mehta passes away |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/11/27/veteran-gujarati-photo-journalist-padmashri-zaverilal-mehta-passes-away/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Zaverilal}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Photographers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Sunil Khandbahale

2026-02-12T03:02:30Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a data

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sunil Shivaji Khandbahale
|image = Sunil Khandbahale.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Khandbahale 2015
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|06|1|mf =yes}}
|birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
|alma_mater = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
|occupation = Founder & CEO, KHANDBAHALE.COM Founder & CEO, KHANDBAHALE.ORG Founder & Secretary, Global Prosperity Foundation Co-Founder & President, Kumbhathon
|website = {{URL|https://sunilkhandbahale.com}}
}}

'''Sunil Shivaji Khandbahale''' (born 1 June 1978) is an [[Innovation|innovator]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] from [[Nashik]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/find-an-english-match-online-in-marathi-hindi-and-now-gujarati/479913/ | title=Find an English match online in Marathi, Hindi and now Gujarati | newspaper=Indian Express | first=Pranav | last=Kulkarni | date=23 June 2009}}</ref> He is the founder and [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of KHANDBAHALE.COM, a free multilingual digital [[dictionary]] and [[machine translation|translation platform]] for 23 languages, with a vocabulary of 10 million words and phrases.<ref name=words>{{cite news|title=Words without borders.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/words-without-borders/article5308145.ece|accessdate=5 January 2015|author=Rajmohan Sooraj |newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Young Achievers|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Young-achievers/2013/11/11/article1879868.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115033154/http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Young-achievers/2013/11/11/article1879868.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2013|accessdate=5 January 2015|newspaper=Indian Express|date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/go-make-your-own-road/cid/1382101 | title=Go, make your own road | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=11 February 2015}}</ref> He is a technology and innovation columnist.<ref>[https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/need-of-documentation-of-dialects-sunil-khandbahale-233394/ "बोली भाषांच्या दस्तावेजीकरणाची गरज - सुनील खांडबहाले"] "दैनिक लोकसत्ता, २५ ऑक्टोबर, २०१३"</ref><ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/DMS-HDLN-sunil-khandbahale-write-about-social-media-5854140-NOR.html "भारतीयांसाठी लोकाभिमुख स्वतंत्र सोशल मीडिया हवा"] "दैनिक दिव्य मराठी, १८ एप्रिल २०१८"</ref><ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/EDT-HDLN-sunil-khandbahale-write-about-social-media-5853319-NOR.html "सोशल मीडिया व्यसनमुक्तीची गरज"] "दैनिक दिव्य मराठी, १८ एप्रिल २०१८"</ref>

==Early life and education==
Khandbahale was born in Nashik.<ref>[http://www.timeskuwait.com/upload/pdf/Times%20Independence%20day%202015.pdf "Kumbhathons"]. ''Kuwait Times'', 15 August 2015, page 14</ref> He could not afford to enroll at a computer training institute after graduating high school, and so borrowed books and computer from his friend and taught himself programming.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Career ==
Khandbahale developed a dictionary search engine program for [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=आता बोलता शब्दकोश|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=34099710|accessdate=5 August 2013|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|date=11 January 2003}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He continued compiling dictionaries, and in 2005, set up an online dictionary portal, [[khandbahale.com]], for various Indian languages.<ref>{{cite news|title=First English-Marathi online dictionary launched|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/first-english-marathi-online-dictionary-launched/articleshow/3116547.cms|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=words /> He is [[Sloan Fellows|Sloan Fellow]] and earned a masters in business management MBA degree at [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LEGATUM CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=http://legatum.mit.edu/entrepreneur/sunil-khandbahale/ |website=MIT Legatum ENTREPRENEURS |publisher=Legatum Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=26 June 2019 |ref=Legatum Center, MIT}}</ref>

[[File:Khandbahale 12 languages dictionary is being launched on 2012-12-12.jpg|thumb|Khandbahale 12 languages dictionary is being launched on 2012-12-12 at 12:12:12]] In 2012, he launched 12 Language Dictionary on 12 December 2012 at 12 hours, 12 minutes and 12 seconds.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-12th-language-added-in-online-dictionary-1776928 "12th language added in online dictionary"], DNA India</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/misc/you-may-also/viruses-most-common-cause-678270.html "Online dictionaries launched in 12 languages on 12-12-12"]. ''Deccan Herald'', 12 December 2012</ref> In early 2013 Khandbahale launched his twelve-languages dictionary on an [[SMS]] platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=Translate Marathi words into English using mobile phone|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Translate-Marathi-words-into-English-using-mobile-phone/Article1-807755.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140906044237/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Translate-Marathi-words-into-English-using-mobile-phone/Article1-807755.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2014|accessdate=5 August 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=5 August 2013}}</ref> His Languages Apps are also available on the Android platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Android Apps : KHANDBAHALE.COM |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=KHANDBAHALE.COM&hl=en_US |website=Google Play Store |publisher=Google |accessdate=26 June 2019 |ref=Google Play Store}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Android-based language Apps |url=https://www.khandbahale.com/android-based-language-apps.php |website=KHANDBAHALE.COM |publisher=KHANDBAHALE.COM |accessdate=26 June 2019 |ref=Mobile Language Apps}}</ref>

He also founded KHANDBAHALE.ORG, an organization which develops language-related projects such as Global Language Networking, Global Language Heritage, Global Language Friendship, Global Language Environment. He is a founder and secretary of the Global Prosperity Foundation, an NGO that focused on education, health and environment. In 2013 he was given an award as a youth icon by the Maharashtra Times.<ref name=youthicon>{{cite news|title=Youth Icon|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/msid-19026839,prtpage-1.cms|accessdate=5 August 2013|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20130317/281762741696561 "Parents protest against school"]. ''Times of India'', 8 March 2013</ref> On 27 December 2013, he co-founded Kumbhathon<ref>[https://kumbhathon.com/ "Kumbhathon - Technology Innovations for Kumbha Mela"]. ''Kumbhathon Official Website''</ref><ref>[https://kumbha.org/ "Kumbhathon, Innovation Sandbox for Kumbha Mela"]. ''Kumbhathon Innovation Sandbox''</ref> with MIT Professor [[Ramesh Raskar]], an innovation platform to spot problems and probe solutions in [[Nashik]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/01/waze-crowds-uber-street-food-mit-kumbh-mela?CMP=share_btn_tw "From Waze for crowds to Uber for street food – MIT innovations at Kumbh Mela "]. ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kumbhathon-mit-team-visits-nashik-to-help-for-kumbhmela-2004131 "KumbhaThon: MIT team visits Nashik to help for Kumbhmela"]. ''DNA''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pokharel |first=Krishna |date=2 August 2015 |title=India's Kumbh Mela Is Used as an Incubator for Smart City Startup Ideas |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/08/03/can-studying-the-kumbh-mela-pilgrimage-help-with-modis-smart-cities/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Kumbhathon-to-focus-on-tech/articleshow/46006585.cms | title=Kumbhathon to focus on tech - Sunil Khandbahale | newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> In 2014, in conjunction with Mumbai University, he started developing an English to Sanskrit thesaurus for use with mobile phones.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/soon-learn-sanskrit-via-your-cellphone/article1-733133.aspx | title=Soon, learn Sanskrit via your cellphone | newspaper=Hindustan Times | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141016132516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/soon-learn-sanskrit-via-your-cellphone/article1-733133.aspx | archive-date=2014-10-16}}</ref> He had also developed Marathi language spellchecker software.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/spell-checker-in-marathi/articleshow/31073018.cms | title=बिनधास्त लिहा बिनचूक मराठीत | publisher=maharashtratimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-NMAH-NAS-nashik-news-in-marathi-sunil-khanbahale-develop-spell-checker-in-computer-4535242-NOR.html | title=मराठी विश्‍व: नाशिकच्या तरुणाने आणली मराठी स्पेलचेकर प्रणाली | publisher=divyamarathi.bhaskar.com}}</ref>

== Work ==
During the global pandemic time of covid-19, he developed a musical therapy technology tool Samaysangit.App as a solution for [[mental health]] based on time based [[Indian classical music]] [[raga]] theory.,<ref>[https://www.samaysangit.app "समयसंगीत : वेळेनुसार चालणारे संगीत"] "समयसंगीत.अँप संकेतस्थळ"</ref><ref>[https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/classical-music-can-be-heard-according-seasons-a687/?launch_url=https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/classical-music-can-be-heard-according-seasons-a687/ "ऋतू-कालचक्रानुसार ऐकायला मिळणार शास्त्रीय संगीत"] "लोकमत न्यूज नेटवर्क, फेब्रुवारी ६, २०२१"</ref><ref>[http://nashikonweb.com/pandit-bhimsen-joshilaunch-of-samaysangit-app-first-f-its-kind-time-based-classical-music-digital-platform/ "Pandit Bhimsen Joshi भारतरत्न प. भीमसेन जोशी यांच्या जन्मशताब्दीवर्षानिमित्त संगीत-कानसेन-समाज निर्मितीसाठी"]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} "नाशिक वेब, फेब्रुवारी ५, २०२१"</ref> He was instrumental in [[Nashik]] [[Kumbh Mela]] 2015 through Kumbhathon.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kumbhathon-mit-team-visits-nashik-to-help-for-kumbhmela-2004131 "KumbhaThon: MIT team visits Nashik to help for Kumbhmela"] "DNA"</ref><ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kumbh-mela-2015-get-hi-tech-thanks-mit-researchers-ratan-tata-612747 "Kumbh Mela 2015 to Get Hi-tech, Thanks to MIT Researchers and Ratan Tata"] "IB Times"</ref><ref>[https://www.kumbha.org "कुंभथॉन : कुंभमेळ्यासाठीचे तंत्रज्ञान"] "कुंभथॉन संकेतस्थळ"</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> [[File:Dnyaneshwari radio is being launched the auspicious hands of Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar.jpg|thumb|Dnyaneshwari Radio being launched by Vijay Bhatkar, Sunil Khandbahale, Sakhare Maharaj]] While he was on his spiritual journey at [[Alandi]] (Devachi), [[Pune]], he launched first ever 24x7 (Akhand) Online Dnyaneshwari Radio with the blessings of Shri Kisan Maharaj Sakhare<ref>[https://www.sakharemaharaj.com "‘सद्गुरुवर्य श्री. किसन महाराज साखरे"] "Sakhare Maharaj Website"</ref> and [[Vijay P. Bhatkar]].<ref>[https://www.loksatta.com/pune/dnyaneshwari-is-now-open-to-the-world-through-internet-radio-abn-97-1981711/ "ज्ञानेश्वरी आता इंटरनेट रेडिओद्वारे विश्वाला खुली"] "दै. लोकसत्ता, September 29, 2019"</ref><ref>[https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nashik/dhaneshwari-radio-by-khandabhale-com/articleshow/71353315.cms "खांडबहाले डॉट कॉमतर्फे ज्ञानेश्वरी रेडिओ इंटरनेटवर"] "दै. महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स, 29 Sep 2019"</ref> As a student of [[Central Sanskrit University]] [[Delhi]], he started Sanskritbharati Internet Community Radio as a all time listening platform for the Sanskrit language students.<ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/sanskrit-bharti-is-the-worlds-first-sanskrit-internet-radio-broadcast-1566017205.html "‘संस्कृत भारती’ हा जगातील पहिला संस्कृत इंटरनेट रेडिओ प्रसारित"] "दै. दिव्य मराठी, नोव्हें ३०, २०२०"</ref> He wrote Godavari Aarti and build a water innovation technology platform titled Godavariaarti.org for global collaboration on water issues.<ref>[https://marathi.webdunia.com/article/regional-marathi-news/dedication-of-godavariaarti-org-literary-cultural-technology-website-on-the-occasion-of-goda-janmotsava-122021000008_1.html "गोदा-जन्मोत्सवाचे औचित्य साधून गोदावरीआरती.ऑर्ग (GodavariAarti.Org) या साहित्यक-सांस्कृतिक तंत्रज्ञान वेबसाईटचे लोकार्पण"] "मराठी वेब दुनिया, 10 फेब्रुवारी 2022"</ref><ref>[https://www.deshdoot.com/local-news/nasik/inuguration-of-godavari-aarti-website "‘गोदावरी आरती’ संकेतस्थळाचे लोकार्पण तंत्रज्ञान संशोधक खांडबहाले यांचा उपक्रम"] "दै. देशदूत, 10 Feb, 2022"</ref><ref>[https://www.nandednewslive.com/2022/02/nnl_747.html "गोदावरी आरती.ऑर्ग तर्फे "स्वतःच बनवा स्वतःची गोदावरी आरती पुस्तिका"कार्यशाळेने "जागतिक मुद्रण दिन" साजरा"] "नांदेड न्यूज, नृसिंह न्यूज नेटवर्क २/२५/२०२२"</ref>

== Awards ==
* Best entrepreneur of the year "Yashokirti Award", from the [[Computer Society of India]].<ref>[https://www.csi-nashik.org.in/yashokirti_award.php, CSI Yashokirti Award]</ref><ref>[https://www.csi-nashik.org.in/image/yashokirti-award-khandbahale.jpg, Khandbahale receiving CSI award from D B Pathak IIT Mumbai Chairman]</ref>
* Best Local Language Website Award from the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]].<ref>[https://www.businesswireindia.com/the-second-edition-of-india-di-20120120150500.html, The Second Edition of India Digital Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.iamai.org.in/events/india_digital_award_2012/award_winners.htm, IAMAI India Digital Award Winners]</ref>
* International "Manthan Award" from the United Nation’s [[World Summit on the Information Society]].<ref>[http://mbillionth.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Full-mBillionth-2012-book.pdf, mBillionth Award, South Asia 2012]</ref>
* "Youth Icon" Award from the [[Times Group]].<ref name=youthicon />
* National ICT [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]].<ref>[http://www.vasvik.org/Information_&_Communication_Technology.html, VASVIK Award Winners in Information & Communication Technology]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://legatum.mit.edu/entrepreneur/sunil-khandbahale/ Sunil Khandbahale at MIT]
* TEDx Talk : TEDxXLRI {{YouTube|4Eps2ftwKYEi|Breaking the language barrier}}
* TEDx Talk : TEDxIIMAhmedabad : {{YouTube|odyQQaBPLrk| Multilingual Translation Digital platform}}
* TEDx Talk : TEDxVJTI : {{YouTube|jrAJwMMnzsQ| Language a Life Unscambler}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandbahale, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]

Farida Khanam (scholar)

2026-02-07T19:03:59Z

KatharinaFlanery: Creating First Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farida Khanam
| image = Prof. Farida Khanam.png
| birth_date = 1952
| father = [[Wahiduddin Khan]]
| relatives = [[Zafarul Islam Khan]] (brother) [[Saniyasnain Khan]] (brother)
}}
'''Farida Khanam''' (born 1952) is an Islamic scholar, speaker, author, translator, and peace activist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Farida Khanam {{!}} www.islamandpeace.org |url=https://www.islamandpeace.org/content/dr-farida-khanam |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.islamandpeace.org}}</ref> She spent more than two and half decades teaching Islamic Studies at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi, India where she also earned her Master's and PhD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghitreef |first=Muhammad |date=2018-01-01 |title=Contribution of Muslim Women to Islamic Studies in India |url=https://www.academia.edu/41707255 |journal=Presented in an International Seminar Held in Islamabad Pakistan}}</ref> She is the current chairperson of [[Centre for Peace and Spirituality|CPS International]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parray |first=Dr Tauseef Ahmad |title=A thinker in the eyes of scholars |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/a-thinker-in-the-eyes-of-scholars |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-14 |title=Scholars divided on whether mosques are integral to Islam |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/scholars-divided-whether-mosques-integral-islam |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203205807/https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/scholars-divided-whether-mosques-integral-islam |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia - Departments -Department of Islamic Studies - Faculty Members - Dr. Farida Khanam (Retd.) |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/islamicstudies/faculty-members/dr_farida_khanam-1702 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref> She is the daughter of the noted Islamic Scholar [[Wahiduddin Khan|Maulana Wahiduddin Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parray |first=Dr Tauseef Ahmad |title=A thinker in the eyes of scholars |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/a-thinker-in-the-eyes-of-scholars |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and has edited and translated his commentary of the Quran, [[Tazkirul Quran]] into English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parray |first=Dr Tauseef Ahmad |title=A thinker in the eyes of scholars |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/a-thinker-in-the-eyes-of-scholars |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Quran : English translation, commentary and parallel Arabic text |date=2011 |others=Vaḥīduddīn K̲h̲ān̲, Farīdah K̲h̲ānam |isbn=978-81-7898-746-0 |location=New Delhi |oclc=864446867}}</ref> Prof. Farida Khanam is the editor-in-chief and translator of many of [[Wahiduddin Khan|Maulana Wahiduddin Khan's]] works.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghitreef |first=Muhammad |date=2018-01-01 |title=Contribution of Muslim Women to Islamic Studies in India |url=https://www.academia.edu/41707255 |journal=Presented in an International Seminar Held in Islamabad Pakistan}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{Cite book |title=The Quran |date=2009 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Vaḥīduddīn K̲h̲ān̲, Farīdah K̲h̲ānam |isbn=978-81-7898-653-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=607794294}}
* {{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=Peace in Kashmir |date=2011 |others=Farīdah K̲h̲ānam |isbn=978-81-7898-741-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=936644151}}
* {{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=Introducing Islam : a simple introduction to Islam |date=1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-87570-02-4 |location=[New Delhi] |oclc=48218103}}
*{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=The ideology of peace : towards a culture of peace |date=2003 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-7898-129-7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=495614013}}
* {{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=The moral vision |date=1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-87570-01-6 |location=[New Delhi] |oclc=48219067}}
*{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=Islam and peace |date=1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-85063-60-5 |location=[New Delhi] |oclc=48218149}}
*{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ānam |first=Farīdah |title=A study of world's major religions |date=September 2014 |isbn=978-93-5179-002-0 |location=Aurangabad |oclc=993077586}}
*{{Cite book |last=Khanam |first=Farida |title=A simple guide to Sufism |date=2006 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=81-7898-482-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=294942344}}
*{{Cite book |last=Khanam |first=Farida |title=Life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad : its relevance in a global context |date=2003 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=81-7898-338-9 |location=New Delhi |oclc=308613492}}
*{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=Islam as it is |date=2001 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-87570-66-0 |location=New Delhi |oclc=65471525}}
*{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |title=The call of the Qur'an |date=1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |others=Farida Khanam |isbn=81-87570-03-2 |location=[New Delhi] |oclc=48218064}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanam, Farida}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]

Champakulam Pachu Pillai

2026-02-06T06:15:07Z

KatharinaFlanery: Creating New Article Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Champakulam Pachu Pillai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1907
| birth_place = [[Champakkulam]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date = 10 May 2004
| death_place =
| spouse =
| parents = Kaipilly Sankarapilla, Madhaviyamma
| children =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], Kerala state kathakali award, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] award and fellowship
}}
'''Champakulam Pachu Pillai''' is a [[Kathakali]] exponent from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was a specialist in the ''thadi'' or bearded roles in kathakali.<ref name="oxford">{{cite web |last1=Lal |first1=Ananda |title=Pillai, Champakulam Pachu |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0493 |website=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118045248/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0493 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been honored with several noted awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 1983, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Award 1969 and [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award 1991.

==Biography==
Pachu Pillai was born in Perumanur family in [[Champakulam]] village of [[Alappuzha district]] in 1907 as eldest son of Madhaviyamma and Kaipilly Sankarapilla.<ref name="webdunia"/> The Perumannur family was one of the main tributaries of the ''Kaplinjedal Kathakalichitta'' known as the Southern Chitta in Kathakali performance.<ref name="webdunia"/> [[Guru Gopinath]], a famous dancer and choreographer, is his younger brother.<ref name="webdunia"/> Pillai started learning kathakali from his maternal uncle Champakulam Sanku Pillai at the age of 14. He made his debut at the age of 16, as Rukman in Rukminiswayamvaram kathakali performed at the Nedumudi Mathur Bhagwati Temple.<ref name="webdunia"/> According to the Guru's wishes, Patchu Pillai joined the ''Mathur Kathakali yogam'' in which he was also a member.<ref name="webdunia"/> The 1993 Kathakali Festival organized by [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] in [[Delhi]] was inaugurated by Patchu Pillai.<ref name="webdunia"/>

Pachu Pillai's notable roles include rough and heroic characters like [[Dushasana]], [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]], Trigarthan Bakan, Kali and Nakrathundi.<ref name="webdunia"/>

He died on 10 May 2004, at the age of 98.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Awards and honors==
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 1969<ref name="nairs">{{cite web |title=Biography of Eminent Nairs |url=http://www.nairs.in/bio_c.html |website=www.nairs.in |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2020-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725060124/http://nairs.in/bio_c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Award 1991<ref name="nairs"/>
*Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 1983<ref name="nairs"/>
*Kerala state Kathakali Award 2002<ref name="webdunia">{{cite web |last1=MOHAN |first1=T. SASI |title=താടി വേഷത്തിന്‍റെ കരുത്ത്:ചമ്പക്കുളം |url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/dance-drama-in-malayalam/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-108030200028_1.htm |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050741/https://malayalam.webdunia.com/dance-drama-in-malayalam/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-108030200028_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-ksna/460|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*Gold Medal at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Silver Jubilee Celebrations<ref name="webdunia"/>
*Patchupillai was honored by rulers of [[Travancore]] like Thirunal Maharani and Chithira Thirunal Maharaja.<ref name="webdunia"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Champakkulam Pachu}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Dil Se (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:30:34Z

KatharinaFlanery: Creating Basic Data W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language webseries}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| producer = Sridhar Marisa
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| music = Ajay Arasada
| creator =
| writer = Bharath Naren
| director = Bharath Naren
| starring = {{plain list|
* Raja Vikram
* Ramana Bhargava
* Bhargav
}}
| cinematography = Anush Kumar
| editor = {{plain list|
* Rajmeda
* Tramp Kiran
}}
| camera =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 12
| company = Sri Akkiyan Arts
| network = [[ETV Win]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|9|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|10|17}}
| image = Dil Se (TV series).jpg
}}

'''''Dil Se''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] television written and directed by Bharath Naren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-09-09 |title=Dil Se Web Series Teaser Unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/09/dil-se-web-series-teaser-unveiled-47493.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The series featured Raja Vikram, Ramana Bhargava and Bhargav in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2023-09-11 |title=Dil Se OTT: ఓటీటీలో మరో ఇంట్రెస్టింగ్‌ తెలుగు వెబ్‌ సిరీస్‌.. 'దిల్‍సే' స్ట్రీమింగ్‌ ఎప్పటినుంచంటే? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/dil-se-web-series-to-stream-on-etv-win-ott-from-september-16-1061061.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> It was premiered on 16 September 2023 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-09-16 |title=Dil Se now streaming on ETV Win |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/16/dil-se-now-streaming-on-etv-win-47694.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=Dil Se on OTT: 'దిల్‍సే' ఓటీటీ వెబ్ సిరీస్ టీజర్ రిలీజ్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పటినుంచంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dil-se-web-series-set-to-stream-on-etv-win-ott-from-september-16-121694256343884.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Raja Vikram as Harsha Nandamuri
* Ramana Bhargava as Srinivas Avasarala
* Bhargav as Vivek Devarakonda
* Rahul Varma as Karthik Konidela
* Rohini Rachel as Vasudha Varanasi
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Laxmi N

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Premiere
|-
|1
|16 September 2023
|-
|2
|16 September 2023
|-
|3
|19 September 2023
|-
|4
|22 September 2023
|-
|5
|26 September 2023
|-
|6
|29 September 2023
|-
|7
|29 September 2023
|-
|8
|3 October 2023
|-
|9
|6 October 2023
|-
|10
|10 October 2023
|-
|11
|13 October 2023
|-
|12
|17 October 2023
|}

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Se Episode 1,2 review: Raja Vikram confronts urban realities, corporate blues |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dil-se-episode-12-review-raja-vikram-confronts-urban-realities-corporate-blues/3163b80836967 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29225222|Dil Se}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/dil-se ''Dil Se''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 web series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:2020s romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:ETV Win original programming]]

Raliang Assembly constituency

2026-01-31T00:34:44Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raliang
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| map_image = Raliang Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 3
| mla = [[Comingone Ymbon]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:39074}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Raliang''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/raliang.html |title= Raliang (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Comingone Ymbon]] of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-

|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Humphrey Hadem || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Herbert Suchiang]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Mihsalan Suchiang || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Mishalan Suchiang || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Mihsalan Suchiang
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[Comingone Ymbon]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Comingone Ymbon]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=13,626 |percentage=38.82% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhon Biam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,289 |percentage=23.61% |change={{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J Treilang Suchiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,250 |percentage=14.96% |change={{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richard Singh Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,154 |percentage=11.83% |change={{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shemhok Garod |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=2,513 |percentage=7.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robinus Syngkon |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,269 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=360 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,337 |percentage=15.20% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,101 |percentage=90.75% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,074 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Comingone Ymbon]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,129 |percentage=39.78% |change={{increase}}38.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhon Biam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,879 |percentage=29.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richard Singh Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,202 |percentage=17.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konstan Sungoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,065 |percentage=10.05% |change={{decrease}}22.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanjop Susngi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=345 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}45.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=363 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,250 |percentage=10.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,490 |percentage=94.61% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,226 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Comingone Ymbon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,272 |percentage=46.63% |change={{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konstan Sungoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,850 |percentage=32.47% |change={{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gerald D Pasi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,579 |percentage=14.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Emboklang Dhar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,120 |percentage=4.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihnyngkong Sutnga |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=353 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,422 |percentage=14.16% |change= {{decrease}}11.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,174 |percentage=92.59% |change= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,109 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Comingone Ymbon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,756 |percentage=55.45% |change={{increase}}45.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,913 |percentage=30.05% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita M. V. Lyngdoh |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=3,334 |percentage=14.49% |change={{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,843 |percentage=25.40% |change= {{increase}}19.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,003 |percentage=95.91% |change= {{increase}}15.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,984 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,336 |percentage=30.40% |change={{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanbait Chulet |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,178 |percentage=24.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gilbert Sten |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=3,971 |percentage=19.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wikil Dhar |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,363 |percentage=16.14% |change={{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita M.V. Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,991 |percentage=9.55% |change={{decrease}}26.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,158 |percentage=5.56% |change= {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,839 |percentage=80.27% |change= {{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mishalan Suchiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,370 |percentage=37.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Herbert Suchiang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,145 |percentage=36.39% |change={{decrease}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanbait Chullet |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,203 |percentage=21.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bisonroy Iano |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=225 |percentage=1.15% |change= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,637 |percentage=85.59% |change= {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,462 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=Hill People's Union |votes=10,160 |percentage=50.25% |change={{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Herbert Suchiang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,059 |percentage=49.75% |change={{increase}}11.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=101 |percentage=0.50% |change= {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,219 |percentage=88.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Herbert Suchiang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,558 |percentage=38.72% |change={{increase}}38.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,993 |percentage=34.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamdon Lamare |party=Independent politician |votes=3,802 |percentage=26.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=565 |percentage=3.94% |change= {{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,353 |percentage=90.99% |change= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,024 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Humphrey Hadem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=5,317 |percentage=40.32% |change={{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamdon Lamare |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,946 |percentage=29.92% |change={{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,756 |percentage=28.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pati Lytan |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Erickwilford Kamar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}17.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,371 |percentage=10.40% |change= {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,187 |percentage=78.93% |change= {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Raliang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Humphrey Hadem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,062 |percentage=37.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jerveyliwin Garod |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,681 |percentage=24.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,061 |percentage=19.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norendro Soungoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,946 |percentage=18.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,381 |percentage=12.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,750 |percentage=80.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,674 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[West Jaintia Hills district]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.5|92.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:West Jaintia Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Sherpa language

2026-01-22T15:06:56Z

KatharinaFlanery: corrected formatting after review

{{Short description|Tibetic language}}
{{Other uses|Sherpa (disambiguation)}}
{{Expand Nepali|शेर्पा भाषा|date=August 2018|fa=y}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sherpa
| nativename = {{lang|xsr-deva|{{bo-textonly|शेर्वि तम्ङ॓}}}} {{translit|xsr|śērwī tamṅē}} {{lang|xsr|{{script|Tibt|{{bo-textonly|ཤར་པའི་སྐད་ཡིག}}}}}} {{translit|xsr|shar pa'i skad yig}}
| image = [[File:Sherpa language.png|250px]]
| imagecaption = 'Sherpa' in Devanagari and Tibetan scripts
| states = [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]]
| ethnicity = [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|135,000|2}}
| date = 2011 & 2021 census
| ref = e27
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam5 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam6 = Southern Tibetic
| script = [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]], [[Devanagari]]
| nation = {{NPL|Nepal}}
{{flag|India}}
* [[Sikkim]]<ref name="sikkimofficial">{{cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
| iso3 = xsr
| glotto = sher1255
| glottorefname = Solu-Khumbu Sherpa
| region = [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]]
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Sherpa is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}

'''Sherpa''' (also '''Sharpa''', '''Sherwa''', or '''Xiaerba''') is a [[Tibetic language]] spoken in [[Nepal]] and the [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]], mainly by the [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]. The majority of speakers of the Sherpa language live in the [[Khumbu|Khumbu region]] of Nepal, spanning from the Chinese (Tibetan) border in the east to the [[Bhotekoshi River|Bhotekosi River]] in the west.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Sherpa {{!}} History & Culture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sherpa-people |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> About 127,000 speakers live in [[Nepal]] (2021 census), some 16,000 in [[Sikkim]], [[India]] (2011), and some 800 in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]] (1994). Sherpa is a [[SOV language|subject-object-verb (SOV) language]]. Sherpa is predominantly a spoken language, although it is occasionally written using either the [[Devanagari]] or [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] script.<ref name=":12" />

==Geographical distribution==
Sherpa is spoken east of the Himalayan region in Nepal [[Langtang (Rasuwa district) to Olangchungola (Taplejung District)]] in the following [[districts of Nepal]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*[[Koshi Province]]
**[[Solukhumbu District]]
**[[Okhaldhunga District]]
**[[Sankhuwasabha District]]
**[[Taplejung District]]
**[[Ilam District]]
**[[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur District]]
*[[Bagmati Province]]
**[[Ramechhap District]]
**[[Dolakha District]]
**[[Sindhupalchowk District]]
**[[Rasuwa District]]

== Classification ==
Sherpa belongs to the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]] branch of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] family. It is closely related to [[Central Tibetan]], [[Jirel language|Jirel]], [[Humla Tibetan language|Humla]], [[Mugom dialect|Mugom]], [[Central Tibetan|Dolpo]], Lo-ke, [[Nubri language|Nubri]], [[Tsum language|Tsum]], [[Kyirong–Kagate languages|Langtang]], [[Kyirong language|Kyirong]], [[Yolmo language|Yolmo]], [[Gyalsumdo language|Gyalsumdo]], [[Kagate language|Kagate]], Lhomi, [[Bantawa language|Walung]], and Tokpe Gola. The Sherpa language five closely related dialects, these being Solu, Khumbu, Pharak, Dram, and Sikkimese Sherpa.<ref>Tournadre, N. (2014). The Tibetic languages and their classification. ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics: Historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area'', ''266''(1), 105-29.</ref>

== Phonology ==
Sherpa is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal language]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xsr | title=Sherpa | publisher=Ethnologue | access-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref> Sherpa has the following consonants:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nepalese Linguistics |journal=Journal of the Linguistic Society of Nepal |date=November 2008 |volume=23 |pages=371–380 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_23.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato- alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|མ}} m}}
|
|{{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ན}} n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཉ}} ny}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ང}} ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|པ}} p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཏ}} t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཙ}} ts}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཊ}} ṭ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཅ}} c}}
|{{IPA link|c}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཀྱ}} ky}}
|{{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཀ}} k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཕ}} ph}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཐ}} th}}
|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཚ}} tsh}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཋ}} ṭh}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཆ}} ch}}
|{{IPA link|cʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཁྱ}} khy}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཁ}} kh}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|བ}} b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ད}} d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡z}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཛ}} dz}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཌ}} ḍ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཇ}} j}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|གྱ}} gy}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ག}} g}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ས}} s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཤ}} sh}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཧ}} h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|{{IPA link|l̪̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ལྷ}} lh}}
|{{IPA link|ɾ̥}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཧྲ}} hr}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|{{IPA link|l̪}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ལ}} l}}
|{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ར}} r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཝ}} w}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|{{bo-textonly|ཡ}} y}}
|
|
|}

* Stop sounds {{IPA|/p, t̪, ʈ, k/}} can be unreleased {{IPAblink|p̚, t̪̚, ʈ̚, k̚}} in word-final position.
* Palatal sounds {{IPA|/c cʰ ɟ/}} can neutralize to velar sounds {{IPA|[k kʰ ɡ]}} when preceding {{IPA|/i, e, ɛ/}}.
* {{IPA|/n/}} can become a retroflex nasal {{IPAblink|ɳ}} when preceding a retroflex stop.
* {{IPA|/p/}} can have an allophone of {{IPAblink|ɸ}} when occurring in fast speech.
* /l/ and /r/ are devoiced at the end of a word or before a consonant.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Oral vowel|oral]]
![[Nasal vowel|nasal]]
![[Oral vowel|oral]]
![[Nasal vowel|nasal]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Mid high|Mid-high]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ẽ}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|õ}}
|-
![[Mid low|Mid-low]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|ã}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ̃}}
|}

* Vowel sounds {{IPA|/i, u/}} have the allophones {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}} when between consonants and in closed syllables.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Graves|first=Thomas E.|title=The Phonetics and Phonology of the Sherpa Language|year=2007}}</ref>

=== Tones ===
There are four distinct tones; high {{IPA|/v́/}}, high falling {{IPA|/v̂/}}, low {{IPA|/v̀/}}, and low rising {{IPA|/v̌/}}. Regardless of the regular tone of the word, the last syllable of a question is to be pronounced with a rising tone.

== Grammar ==

=== Verbs ===
Verb stems are modified for aspect and mood. The [[Imperfective aspect|imperfective]] and [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] aspects and the [[Volition (linguistics)|volitional]] (whether an action was intentional), [[infinitive]], disjunct, and [[Imperative mood|imperative]] (commands) moods are differentiated. In verb suffixes, the infinitive, disjunct (action not intended or not known to be intended), past observational, [[Mirativity|mirative]] (speaker's surprise), [[Volition (linguistics)|volitional]], [[augmentative]] (greater intensity), [[participle]], [[Continuative aspect|durative]] (action lasts through an extended time), [[hortative]] (plural imperative), dictative (narrating a story), descentive, ablative, and [[Locative case|locative]] are distinguished. A verb stem may take on up to three suffixes. The perfective and imperfective aspects are often treated as past and non-past tenses, respectively. The labels "locative" and "ablative" do not refer to the function of the aspect but rather the homomorphous case-like clitic of the same name. Sherpa is strictly verb-final.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Aspect-mood suffixes
!Form
!Suffix
|-
|Infinitive
|''-u/-p''
|-
|Disjunct/Hortative
|''-(k)i''
|-
|Past Observational
|''-suŋ''
|-
|Mirative
|''-nɔk''
|-
|Volitional
|''-ĩ''
|-
|Augmentative
|''-(s)a''
|-
|Participle
|''-''CṼ(C)'',-n''
|-
|Durative
|''-i''
|-
|Dictative
|''-si''
|-
|Ablative
|''-ne''
|-
|Locative
|''-la''
|}
The infinitive also marks the verb of a relative clause and a general action with no specific subject.
{{Interlinear|ɲɛ pèt̪-'''u''' čʰū t̪í t̪èŋa nɔ́k|1SG.GEN spill.PRF-'''INF''' water DEF cold MIR|The water that I spilled is cold
| abbreviations = PRF:perfective aspect
}}
The ablative marking denotes successive actions with some causal relationship.
{{Interlinear|t̪í-ci dzím-ne gal|3SG-GEN catch.PRF-ABL go.PRF.DSJT|He caught (it) and went
| abbreviations = DSJT:disjunct;PRF:perfective aspect
}}
The locative marking denotes when the action in the main clause is done for the purpose of achieving the action in the locative clause.
{{Interlinear|d̪am-i sa-p-la sʌma tsò-suŋ|PROPER.FEM-GEN eat.IMPF-INF-LOC food cook.PRF.DSJT-POBS|Damu cooked food in order to eat
| abbreviations = POBS:past observational;DSJT:disjunct;PROPER:proper noun;IMPF:imperfective aspect;LOC:locative;PRF:perfective aspect
}}
The copula(Imperfective ''hín'', perfective ''hot̪u'')is used for existence, location, identity, and adjectival predicates. The evidential particle ''wɛ́'' occurs at the end of phrases to denote an action which the speaker witnessed. The negative particle ''má'' is used with perfective verbs.

=== Nouns ===
There are four case-like clitics in Sherpa: [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Locative case|locative]], and [[Ablative case|ablative]]. These can also be used to mark arguments of a verb. There is a [[Split ergativity|split-ergative]] system based on aspect; [[Nominative–accusative alignment|nominative-accusative]] in the imperfective and [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]] in the perfective.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Graves |first=Thomas E. |title=A grammar of Hile Sherpa |date=April 2007 |access-date=October 16, 2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of New York at Buffalo |url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Sino-Tibetan/Sherpa%2C%20A%20Grammar%20of%20Hile%20%28Graves%29.pdf |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pronouns ===
Personal pronouns in Sherpa inflect for number and case. Third-person pronouns may be used as demonstratives, and the third person singular nominative also serves as the postnominal definite marker.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!Nominative
!Genitive
!Locative
!Nominative
!Genitive
!Locative
|-
!1 (incl.)
| --
| --
| --
|''d̪ʌkpu''
|''d̪ʌkpi''
|''d̪ʌkpula''
|-
!1 (excl.)
|''ŋʌ''
|''ɲɛ''
|''ŋʌla''
|ɲirʌŋ
|ɲire
|ɲirʌŋla
|-
!2
|cʰuruŋ
|cʰore
|cʰuruŋla
|cʰírʌŋ
|cʰíre
|cʰírʌŋla
|-
!3
|t̪í
|t̪íki
|t̪íla
|t̪iwɔ́
|t̪íwi
|t̪iwɔ́la
|}
There are two articles, which occur phrase-finally. The indefinite form is signaled with the enclitic -''i'' at the end of a noun phrase.

=== Adjectives ===
The general word order within noun-phrases is Noun-Adjective. Quantifiers and numerals also follow the noun they modify. Numerals may take on the suffix ''-pa'' to denote ordinality or ''-kʌr'' to denote collectivity.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sherpa numerals
!Gloss
!
!
!
|-
|one
|čìk
|༡ — གཅིག (chig)
|eleven
|čučik
|༡༡ — བཅུ་གཅིག (Chyu chig)
|-
|two
|ɲì
|༢ — གཉིས (Nyi)
|twelve
|čìŋɲi
|༡༢ — བཅུ་གཉིས (Chyung Nyi)
|-
|three
|sùm
| ༣ — གསུམ (sum)
|thirteen
|čùpsum
|༡༣ — བཅུ་གསུམ (Chyug sum)
|-
|four
|ǰi
|༤ — བཞི (shyi)
|twenty
|kʰʌlǰik
|༢༠ — ཉིས་བཅུ (Nyishyu/Nyichyu)
|-
|five
|ŋà
|
༥ — ལྔ (Nga)
|twenty-one
|kʰʌlǰik
|༢༡ — ཉིས་བཅུ་གཅིག (Nyishyu chyu chig)
|-
|six
|t̪úk
|༦ — དྲུག (Tug)
|thirty
|kʰʌlsum
|༣༠ — སུམ་བཅུ (Sum chyu)
|-
|seven
|d̪in
|༧ — བདུན (Duin)
|fifty
|kʰʌlŋa
|༥༠ — ལྔ་བཅུ (Ngab chyu)
|-
|eight
|jɛ́
|༨ — བརྒྱད (gyad)

|seventy
| kʰʌld̪in
|༧༠ — བདུན་བཅུ (Duin chyu)
|-
|nine
|gu
|༩ — དགུ (Gu)
|ninety
|kʰʌlgu
|༩༠ — དགུ་བཅུ (Gub chyu)
|-
|ten
||čì /čìt̪ʰʌmba
|༡༠ — བཅུ (chyu)
|one hundred
|kʰʌl čìt̪ʰʌmba
|༡༠༠ — བརྒྱ (Gya)
|}

== Sample text ==
The following is a sample text in Sherpa of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

'''Sherpa in Tibetan script'''

:མི་རིགས་ཏེ་རི་རང་དབང་དང་རྩི་མཐོང་གི་ཐོབ་ཐང་འདྲ་འདྲའི་ཐོག་སྐྱེའུ་ཡིན། གང་ག་རྣམ་དཔྱོད་དང་ཤེས་རབ་ལྷན་སྐྱེས་སུ་འོད་དུབ་ཡིན་ཙང་། ཕར་ཚུར་གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་ལ་སྤུན་གྱི་འདུ་ཤེས་འཇོག་དགོས་ཀྱི།

'''Sherpa in Devanagari script'''

:मि रिग ते रि रङ्वाङ् दङ् चिथोङ गि थोप्थङ डडइ थोग् क्येउ यिन्। गङ् ग नम्ज्योद दङ् शेस्रब् ल्हन्क्ये सु ओद्दुब् यिन् चङ् । फर्छुर च्यिग्गि-च्यिग्ल पुन्ग्यि दुशेस् ज्योग्गोग्यि।

'''Sherpa in IAST transliteration'''

:''Mi rig te ri raṅvāṅ daṅ cithoṅ gi thopthaṅ ḍaḍaï thog kyeu yin. Gaṅ ga namjyod daṅ śesrab lhankye su oddub yin caṅ, pharchur cyiggi-cyigla pungyi duśes jyoggogyi.''

'''Sherpa in the [[Wylie transliteration]]'''

:''Mi rigs te ri rang dbang dang rtsi thong gi thob thang 'dra 'dra'i thog skyeu yin. Gang ga rnam dpyod dang shes rab lhan skyes su 'od dub yin tsang, phar tshur gcig gis gcig la spun gyi 'du shes 'jog dgos kyi.''

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.himalisherpa.com Himali Sherpa:Sherpa Culture dictionary]
* [https://languages.nepalresearch.org/sh-eng.pdf Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa Dictionary]
* [http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/vient-de-paraitre/tournadre_dicosherpa.htm Sherpa dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302065148/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/vient-de-paraitre/tournadre_dicosherpa.htm |date=2 March 2013 }} Print edition
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/sherpa.htm Sherpa language] Omniglot

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:South Bodish languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]

Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies

2026-01-18T03:19:19Z

KatharinaFlanery:

{{short description|Think tank in India}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS)
| image =
| image_size =
| parent = [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]]
| founder = [[Baidyanath Misra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centenary in honour of Professor Baidyanath Misra (22.Nov.2020)|url=https://ncds.nic.in/?q=node/507|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
| established = {{start date and age|1987}}
| focus = Economics, Sociology and Social Anthropology
| chairman = Anu Garg
| head_label = Director
| head = Dr. Yeddula Vijay
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = https://ncds.nic.in/
}}
The '''Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies''' is a public policy think-tank of the state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prepare rehab plan for affected, Angul told|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/oct/30/prepare-rehab-plan-for-affected-angul-told-2216846.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It conducts research in the disciplines of Economics, Sociology and Social Anthropology. It is jointly funded by the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Odisha]]. It assists the Odisha Government in research, planning, and training.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=Odisha State Planning Board to prepare report focusing on four sectors {{!}} Sambad English|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-state-planning-board-to-prepare-report-focusing-on-four-sectors/|access-date=2021-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=OdAdmin|date=2020-06-30|title=National Statistics Day 2020 celebration at NCDS|url=https://orissadiary.com/national-statistics-day-2020-celebration-at-ncds/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Odisha News {{!}} Odisha Breaking News {{!}} Latest Odisha News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=Jeypore-Nabarangpur railway line social impact study soon|url=https://www.orissapost.com/jeypore-nabarangpur-railway-line-social-impact-study-soon/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=OdAdmin|date=2020-06-25|title=Kalinga Lecture 2020 hosted online by NCDS|url=https://orissadiary.com/kalinga-lecture-2020-hosted-online-by-ncds/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Odisha News {{!}} Odisha Breaking News {{!}} Latest Odisha News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-26|title=Comprehensive plan to develop Puri as world heritage site|url=https://www.orissapost.com/comprehensive-plan-to-develop-puri-as-world-heritage-site/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Debabrata Mohapatra|date=Apr 18, 2020|title=Puri Jagannath Temple admn to give servitors Rs 5,000 each {{!}} Bhubaneswar News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/puri-jagannath-temple-admn-to-give-servitors-rs-5000-each/articleshow/75207927.cms|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=2017-10-13|title=V.V.Giri National Labour Institute organized five days training programme on Skill Development|url=https://orissadiary.com/v-v-giri-national-labour-institute-organized-five-days-training-programme-skill-development/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Odisha News {{!}} Odisha Breaking News {{!}} Latest Odisha News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Angul|first=V. SRIDHAR in Bhubaneswar and|title=Nalco A story of resistance|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30215210.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Frontline|date=16 January 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Food security in peril|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/article30254075.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Frontline|date=26 May 2000 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 1987]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Keezhur

2026-01-15T03:57:56Z

KatharinaFlanery: updated page

{{moresources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keezhur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|58|0|N|75|40|0|E|}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16597
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670 703
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 (0)490 249
| registration_plate = KL 13 and KL 58-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Iritty
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kannur
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Peravoor
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Keezhur '''is a village in [[Kannur district|Irrity municipality of Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] near [[Iritty]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> Keezhur Mahadeva and Mahavishnu Temples are in this village. The [[Bavali river]] flows through Keezhur.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Keezhur had a population of 16597 with 8021 males and 8576 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keezhur Village Population - Thalassery - Kannur, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627252-keezhur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Educational institutions==
* Mahatma Gandhi College, [[Keezhur Kunnu]] was founded by Iritty Educational Society and is affiliated to the [[Kannur University]]. Initially the college was affiliated to [[University of Calicut]].
* VUPS - The school where students of this village get their primary education.
* Iritty Higher Secondary School - Over 50 years of service from standard 5th to 12th

==Vivekananda Samskarika Kendram==
This acts as a cultural centre of Keezhur. Thousands of people in this region are readers of the library.

==Keezhur Sree Mahadeva Temple==
This temple is on the banks of Bavali river, where thousands of people offer their prayers to Lord [[Shiva]]. The eight-day long festival in the month of [[Meenam]] and [[Shivaratri]] are the main festivals of this temple.

==Transportation==
The national highway passes through [[Kannur]] town. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side.

The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].

The nearest railway station is [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line. There are airports at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Iritty]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

A New Idea of India

2026-01-12T04:29:58Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting some info first draft

{{Short description|2020 non-fiction book by Harsh Madhusudhan and Rajeev Mantri}}
{{Infobox book
| author = Harsh Madhusudan, Rajeev Mantri
| language = Indian English
| country = India
| image = File:A New Idea of India.jpg
| caption = First edition
| genre = Non-fiction, narrative
| publisher = [[Westland Books]]
| isbn = 978-93-89648-58-4
}}
'''''A New Idea of India: Individual Rights in a Civilisational State''''' is a 2020 book authored by Harsh Madhusudhan and Rajeev Mantri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Two young men propose A New Idea of India and it is arresting!|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/sep/26/two-young-men-propose-a-new-idea-of-india-and-it-is-arresting-2202287.html|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harsh Madhusudan, Rajeev Mantri speak to WION about their book, the one that PM Modi endorsed on Twitter|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/harsh-madhusudan-rajeev-mantri-speak-to-wion-about-their-book-the-one-that-pm-modi-endorsed-on-twitter-345650|access-date=2021-10-09|website=WION|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Subhomoy|date=2020-12-07|title=The great churning|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-great-churning-120120701523_1.html|access-date=2021-10-09}}</ref> Published by [[Westland Books|Westland Publishers]], the book is a narrative focusing on various issues like secularism, capitalism, Indian civilisation, decolonisation, individualism etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building 'a new idea of India', a much-needed reboot|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/nov/02/building-a-new-idea-of-india-a-much-needed-reboot-2218112.html|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Its foreword is written by economist [[Sanjeev Sanyal]] and it was recommended by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=PM Modi shares insights of book he is reading, says, 'I hope you read it too'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-shares-insights-of-book-he-is-reading-says-i-hope-you-read-it-too-11605863487417.html|access-date=2021-10-09|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In November 2020, India's current Prime Minister Narendra Modi took it to Twitter to praise and recommend the book.<ref name=":2" />

Author Gautam Chintamani reviewed the book for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and he wrote that this "book explores the rich past of India and brings the concept of a civilisational republic to the centre of the debate."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title='A New Idea of India' book review: Beyond partisan politics|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/dec/06/a-new-idea-of-india-book-review-beyond-partisan-politics-2231468.html|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He added that "articulate India's great traditions via the aspect of individual rights and freedom and add a long overdue and much-needed viewpoint for today's generation."<ref name=":1" />

Another review for the same newspaper was also positive.<ref name=":0" /> It was noted that the book is "reference-rich citing multiple authors old and new, though one would have liked the level of discussion seen in the first two chapters maintained throughout. The flow is simple, which means you can finish it in a sitting or two, but commands complete attention."<ref name=":0" />

[[Sudheendra Kulkarni]], writing for [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']], criticised the book’s central idea that the state should recognise everyone as individuals. He wrote, "A strong anti-Muslim, anti-Christian and anti-Congress prejudice prompts the authors — they are admirers of V.D. Savarkar — to make some outlandish accusations." However, he remarked that the authors make "persuasive arguments" when it comes to practising secularism by the Congress and the Left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's a flawed idea: Individual Rights in India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-a-new-idea-of-india-individual-rights-in-a-civilisational-state-by-harsh-madhusudan-and-rajeev-mantri/cid/1800873|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Idea of India, A}}
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2020 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]

Jal Cursetji

2026-01-07T00:24:27Z

KatharinaFlanery: small refined information based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian Navy officier (1919–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = 8th [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| termstart1 = 1 March 1976
| termend1 = 1 March 1979
| president1 = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] [[B. D. Jatti]] [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| primeminister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Morarji Desai]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
| successor1 = [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| name = Jal Cursetji
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|05|20}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1991|1|29|1919|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Jubbulpore Division]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]){{sfn|Abidi|Sharma|2007}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] (now [[Mumbai]])
| placeofburial =
| image =
| caption =
| nickname =
| spouse = Navaz Dallas (m.1955)
| children = 2
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1938–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1979)
| branch = {{navy|British India}} (1938–1947) {{navy|India}} (1947–1979)
| serviceyears = 1938–1979
| rank = [[File:IN_Admiral_Shoulder_curl.png|20px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|20px]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| commands = [[Western Naval Command]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961}} 11th Destroyer squadron {{INS|Rajput|D141}} INS Investigator {{ship|HMIS|Bombay|J249}}
| unit =
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Legion of Merit]]<ref name="gb-aow">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1VimlFIjQoC&q=jal+cursetji&pg=PA85 | title=Admirals of the World | access-date=2011-11-20 | author=Stewart, William | date=26 November 2014 | pages=85| publisher=McFarland | isbn=9780786482887 }}</ref>
| laterwork =
}}
[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Jal Cursetji''', [[PVSM]] (20 May 1919 – 29 January 1991) was a former Flag Officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He served as the 8th [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS) from 1 March 1976 until 28 February 1979. He was the first [[hydrographer]] to serve as the CNS.

Born in a Parsi family in Jabalpur, Cursetji joined the [[Training Ship Dufferin]] in 1935, where his batchmate was [[Nilakanta Krishnan]]. After training on various ships of the [[Royal Navy]], he served on the [[Aubrietia-class sloop]] {{ship|HMIS|Clive|L79}} and the [[Bathurst-class corvette]] {{ship|HMIS|Bombay|J249}}. In 1944, he commanded ''HMIS Bombay''. After specialising in hydrography in the United Kingdom, he was tasked with the planning of setting up a hydrographic office in India. He served as the Surveyor-in-Charge, Marine Survey of India and commanded the survey ship ''INS Investigator''. He was the first Indian to serve as the [[Chief Hydrographer]] of the Navy, from 1955 to 1957.

Cursetji subsequently commanded the 11th destroyer squadron and the lead ship {{ship|INS|Rajput|D141}} and served for about four years as the [[Naval attaché]] at the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]], from 1961 to 1965. Returning to India, he commanded the [[aircraft carrier]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} from 1966 to 1967. Promoted to flag rank in 1967, he took over as [[Chief of Personnel (India)|Chief of Personnel]] at Naval headquarters. In 1970, he was appointed the [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] and served in this appointment during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].

Cursetji served as the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]] from 1973 to 1976, before taking over as the Chief of Naval Staff. During his tenure as the CNS, the [[maritime reconnaissance]] role was taken over by the Navy, the [[Indian Coast Guard]] came into being and the Goa Naval area was established. The Southern Naval Area was also upgraded into a full-fledged command. Cursetji was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 1971 and was the first recipient from the Indian Navy of the [[Legion of Merit]].

==Early life==
Cursetji was born in 1919 in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in a [[Parsi]] family. He attended the [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]] in Jabalpur. In 1935, he was successful in the entrance examination and joined the Indian Mercantile Marine Training Ship (IMMTS) ''[[Training Ship Chanakya|Dufferin]]''. After two years, he took the examination for entry into the Navy. He was one of the two cadets who were successful and joined the [[Royal Navy]] – the other being [[Nilakanta Krishnan]].{{sfn|Krishnan|2014|p=16-23}}

==Naval career==
Cursetji embarked for the United Kingdom and joined the [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] {{ship|HMS|Erebus|I02}}. Subsequently he trained on board the [[Hawkins-class cruiser]] {{ship|HMS|Vindictive|1918}}. In late 1938, after the end of his training, he was promoted to the rank of [[midshipman]] and posted to {{ship|HMS|Foxhound|H69}}, a part of the [[8th Destroyer Flotilla]].{{sfn|Krishnan|2014|p=25-28}}

===World War II===
In 1939, Cursetji was serving on the ''Foxhound'' during the outbreak of [[World War II]]. In late 1939, he was transferred to the [[County-class cruiser]] {{ship|HMS|Suffolk|55}}, which was a part of the [[Northern Patrol]].{{sfn|Krishnan|2014|p=44}} He served onboard the ''Suffolk'' when she participated in the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In April 1940, the ship arrived at [[Tórshavn]] to commence the British pre-emptive occupation of the [[Faroe Islands]] and she sank the German [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] Skagerrak northwest of [[Bodø (town)|Bodø]], Norway. Later in the month, ''Suffolk'' and four destroyers, {{ship|HMS|Kipling|F91}}, {{ship|HMS|Juno|F46}}, {{ship|HMS|Janus|F53}} and {{ship|HMS|Hereward|H93}}, were sent to bombard the airfield at Sola, Norway. The operation had little effect and the retaliation from German bombers severely damaged the aft of the ship, forcing her to return to [[Scapa Flow]]. He was subsequently transferred to the [[Renown-class battlecruiser]] {{ship|HMS|Repulse|1916}}.{{sfn|Krishnan|2014|p=61}}

Cursetji was commissioned as an [[acting sub-lieutenant]] in the RIN on 1 April 1940, with confirmation as a sub-lieutenant on 1 September 1940 (pre-dated from 1 April).<ref name="navy_list41">{{cite book|pages=817|title=The Navy List: February 1941|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1941}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=1056|title=The Navy List: December 1941|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1941}}</ref> He qualified as a Hydrography Specialist in the [[United Kingdom]], and was promoted to [[lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] on 1 October 1941.<ref name="list_43">{{cite book|pages=1802|title=The Navy List: December 1943|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1941}}</ref> He was transferred to the [[Aubrietia-class sloop]] {{ship|HMIS|Clive|L79}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=(253) – Navy lists > Bimonthly > 1943 > February > Volume 2 – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/93093186 |website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref> He subsequently served on the [[Bathurst-class corvette]] {{ship|HMIS|Bombay|J249}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=(1332) – Navy lists > Bimonthly > 1943 > December > Volume 2 – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/93247990 |website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref> In early 1944, he took command of the ''Bombay''.<ref>{{cite web |title=(1387) – Navy lists > Bimonthly > 1944 > February > Volume 2 – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/93281250 |website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
After the [[independence of India]], Cursetji opted to join the Indian Navy. He was the senior most Indian officer in the Hydrographic Survey branch, and took part in the coastal surveys of [[Burma]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Indonesia]]. In April 1949, then an acting [[Commander]], he was sent to the United Kingdom to prepare a report on establishing a Hydrographic office in India. After spending about a year, he returned in early 1950 and submitted his report to Naval HQ.{{sfn|Singh|1986}} The Marine Survey of India (MSI) was established in 1874 in Calcutta and was responsible for the hydrographic surveys. It was headed by the Surveyor-in-Charge.<ref name="INHD history"/>

In 1950, Cursetji took over as the Surveyor-in-Charge of the Marine Survey of India. He headed the MSI for about three years, till 1953. After relinquishing charge, he took command of the [[survey ship]] ''INS Investigator''. On 1 Jun 1954, MSI was relocated to Dehradun, its present location, and was renamed Naval Hydrographic Office. The appointment of Surveyor-in-Charge Marine Survey of India was re-designated Chief Hydrographer of the Navy.<ref name="INHD history">{{cite web |title=Brief History – Indian Naval Hydrographic Office |url=https://hydrobharat.gov.in/home/brief-history/ |website=hydrobharat.gov.in}}</ref> On 15 November 1955, he was promoted to acting rank of [[captain (Indian Navy)|captain]] and appointed the Chief Hydrographer of the Navy.<ref name="capt_actg">http://www.hydrobharat.nic.in/pdf/charting.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=60 |date=24 March 1956 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was the second incumbent and the first Indian to hold the appointment. This appointment was later re-designated Chief Hydrographer to the [[Government of India]] in 1964. Cursetji served as the Chief Hydrographer till November 1957.<ref name="INHD history"/>

On 5 November 1957, Cursetji was appointed Captain (D) 11th Destroyer Squadron as well as the Commanding Officer of the lead destroyer of the squadron, {{ship|INS|Rajput|D141}}. Apart from the ''Rajput'', the flotilla consisted of {{ship|INS|Ranjit|1949}} and {{ship|INS|Rana|1942}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=335 |date=28 December 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Later that year, on 31 December, he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain.<ref name="capt_subs">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch)|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fuklzmsqf43sww2tth53b0of))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=268 |date=29 November 1958 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In 1961, Cursetji was appointed the first [[Naval attaché]] at the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]] The [[Ambassador of India to the United States]] during his tenure was [[Braj Kumar Nehru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA |url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/previousambassadors |website=www.indianembassyusa.gov.in}}</ref> He simultaneously held the office of Naval adviser to the High Commissioner of India to Canada in Ottawa. He spent about four years in this appointment, till 1965. After returning to India, he was appointed CAPBRAX (captain naval barracks) and Commanding Officer of [[INS Angre]]. After a short stint, Cursetji was appointed the fourth [[commanding officer]] of the [[flagship]] of the Indian Navy – {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}, then the only [[aircraft carrier]] in Asia. He took over from Captain [[V. A. Kamath]] on 4 November 1966.<ref name="Vikrant">{{cite web |title=CURSETJI NEW COMMANDING OFFICER OF NAVY'S FLAGSHIP |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-11-04_143.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=4 November 1966}}</ref> In mid-1967, he led the ship in large air-sea exercises in the [[Arabian Sea]] which was witnessed by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PRIME MINISTER TO WITNESS NAVAL EXERCISES |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-09-19_085.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=19 September 1967}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
On 8 December 1967, he relinquished command of the ''Vikrant'', handing over to Captain [[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila|E. C. Kuruvila]]. Cursetji was promoted to the acting rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]] and took over as the [[Chief of Personnel (India)|Chief of Personnel]] (COP) at Naval Headquarters.<ref name="COP">{{cite web |title=COMMODORE KRISHNAN NEW NAVY VICE CHIEF |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-12-11_192.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=11 December 1967}}</ref> Taking over from Rear Admiral [[K. R. Nair]], he served as COP for little over two years. In early 1970, Cursetji was appointed the third [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]. He was promoted to the acting rank of [[Vice admiral (India)|vice admiral]] and took over from his batchmate Vice Admiral [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] on 20 February 1970.<ref name="VCNS">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=450 |date=4 April 1970 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NEW NAVAL APPOINTMENTS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-02-20_073.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=20 February 1970}}</ref> On 26 January 1971, he was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] for distinguished service of the highest order. He served as the VCNS during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name="PVSM">{{cite web |title=GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS FOR DEFENCE PERSONNEL |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/FEATURE/1971%20REP%20DAY%20IND%20DAY/PDF/FEA-1971-01-25_039.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=25 January 1971}}</ref> In August 1972, he led a delegation to the Soviet Union to negotiate the acquisition of ship and aircraft. The [[Maritime reconnaissance aircraft]] [[Ilyushin Il-38]] was acquired.

On 27 February 1973, with Admiral [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]] taking over as the Chief of the Naval Staff, Cursetji took command of the [[Western Naval Command]]. He was promoted to the substantive rank of vice admiral on 1 March that year.<ref name="VADM_subs">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=724 |date=30 June 1973 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

===Chief of Naval Staff===
In January 1976, the [[Government of India]] announced that Cursetji would be the next [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="CNS">{{cite web |title=CURSETJI APPOINTED NEW CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-01-22_021.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=22 January 1976}}</ref> He took over from Admiral Sourendra Nath Kohli on 1 March 1976. Soon after taking over as Chief, Cursetji and the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]] discussed about the handing over of the [[maritime reconnaissance]] role from the [[Indian Air Force]] to the Indian Navy. In accordance with this, the [[Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation]] aircraft of the [[No. 6 Squadron IAF]] were transferred to the Navy. On 8 October 1976, Cursetji commissioned [[INAS 312]] at Goa.{{sfn|Hiranandani|1999}} With the increase in the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] in Goa, in 1977, the Goa Naval area was upgraded and the Naval Officer in Charge Goa (NOIC GOA) was re-designated as Flag Officer Commanding Goa Area (FOGA), a [[two-star rank|two star]] appointment. The Southern Naval Area was also upgraded to a full command, under the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].{{sfn|Hiranandani|2005}}

Under Cursetji's tenure, on 19 August 1978, the [[Indian Coast Guard]] (ICG) came into being. The new service was to function under the overall command and control of a Director General (DGICG).<ref>{{cite web |title=COAST GUARD TO BE FORMED IN AUGUST |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-06-29_121.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=29 June 1978}}</ref> Vice Admiral [[V. A. Kamath]] was selected as the founding [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref name="DGICG">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL KAMATH TAKES OVER COAST GUARD |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-08-19_224.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref> In October 1978, he was awarded the [[Legion of Merit]] by the [[United States Department of the Navy]] during his visit to the United States. He was the first recipient of the award.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAVAL CHIEF TO VISIT UNITED STATES |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-SEP-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1978-10-06_058.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=6 October 1978}}</ref><ref name="gb-aow" /> Later that year, he laid down the keel of the first indigenously designed frigate {{ship|INS|Godavari|F20}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA DESIGNS ITS FIRST FRIGATE |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-06-01_089.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=1 June 1978}}</ref>

After a full three-year tenure, Cursetji retired on 28 February 1979.<ref name=irfc-jcursetji>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=84|title=Admiral Jal Cursetji, PVSM|publisher=Information Resource Facilitation Centre, Indian Navy|access-date=2011-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419154106/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=84|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life and legacy==
Cursetji married Navaz Dallas in 1955. The couple had two daughters – Meher Cursetji Rafaat and Rashida Cursetji Mendu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhada |first1=Commodore M. |title=Remembering Admiral Jal Cursetji, PVSM |url=https://parsi-times.com/2019/05/remembering-admiral-jal-cursetji-pvsm/ |website=Parsi Times |date=2019-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=THE ADMIRAL FATHER |journal=Quarterdeck |issue=2020}}</ref> He died in Mumbai in January 1991.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkkdAQAAIAAJ&q=Jal+Cursetji+1991 Bulletin Hydrographique International, page 161]</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |title=Ninth CNS Admiral Jal Cursetji remembered on birth centenary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ninth-cns-admiral-jal-cursetji-remembered-on-birth-centenary-5739390/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=2019-05-21}}</ref>

The Admiral Jal Cursetji rolling trophy, awarded to the best survey ship is named for him.<ref>{{cite web |title=INS Investigator awarded Admiral Jal Cursetji Trophy {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-investigator-awarded-admiral-jal-cursetji-trophy |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> The Western Naval Command held a talk to observe the birth centenary of Cursetji in 2019.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Royal Navy OF-1b-collected.svg|70px]] || [[Sub-lieutenant]] || [[Royal Indian Navy]] || 1 April 1940<ref name="navy_list41"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Royal Navy OF-2-collected.svg|70px]] || [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|Lieutenant]] || Royal Indian Navy || 1 October 1941<ref name="list_43"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Royal Navy OF-3-collected.svg|70px]] || [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|Lieutenant-Commander]] || Royal Indian Navy || 1 October 1949 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1547 |date=5 November 1949 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:08-Indian_Navy-LCDR.svg|35px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-3.svg|35px]]|| [[Lieutenant Commander]] || [[Indian Navy]] || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insginia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:09-Indian_Navy-CDR.svg|35px]][[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-4.svg|35px]] || [[Commander]] || Indian Navy || 30 June 1952.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=155 |date=19 July 1952 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:10-Indian_Navy-CAPT.svg|35px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-5.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] || Indian Navy || 15 November 1955 (acting)<ref name="capt_actg"/> 31 December 1957 (substantive)<ref name="capt_subs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:12-Indian_Navy-RADM.svg|35px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-7.svg|35px]] || [[Rear Admiral]] || Indian Navy || 18 December 1967 (acting; paid from 1 March 1968)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=316 |date=13 April 1968 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 22 November 1969 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=418 |date=28 March 1970 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:13-Indian_Navy-VADM.svg|35px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-8.svg|35px]] || [[Vice-Admiral]] || Indian Navy || 20 February 1970 (acting)<ref name="VCNS"/> 1 March 1973 (substantive)<ref name="VADM_subs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:14-Indian_Navy-ADM.svg|35px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-9.svg|35px]] || [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] || Indian Navy (CNS) || 1 March 1976
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian Naval Hydrographic Department]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=S Sartaj Alam|last1=Abidi|first2= Satinder|last2=Sharma|title=Services Chiefs of India|year=2007|isbn=978-8172111625|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}
*{{citation|first1=Arjun|last1=Krishnan|title=A Sailor's story|year=2014|isbn=978-8189534141|publisher=Punya Publications}}
*{{citation|first1= Satyindra|last1=Singh|title=Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy, 1945-1950|year=1986|isbn= 978-8120400948 |publisher= Oxford & IBH Pub. Co}}
*{{citation|first1=G.M.|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975|year=1999|isbn= 978-1897829721|publisher= Spantech & Lancer}}
*{{citation|first1=G M|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to eminence : the Indian navy 1976-1990|year=2005|isbn=978-8170622666|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. A. Kamath]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[INS Vikrant (1961)#Commanding officers|Commanding Officer INS Vikrant]]|years=1966–1967}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[K. R. Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Personnel (India)|Chief of Personnel]]|years=1967–1970}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nilakanta Krishnan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=1970–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[V. A. Kamath]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]|years=1973–1976}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=1976–1979}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cursetji, Jal}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Personnel (India)]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for India]]

Triloki Nath Khoshoo

2025-12-29T12:44:54Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1927–2002)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}

'''Triloki Nath Khoshoo''' (1927-2002) was an Indian environmental scientist and administrator. He started his professional career as the co-founder of the Department of Botany that moved to Khalsa College, Amritsar, soon after the partition of India.<ref name="memorium">{{cite journal |url=http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_1_1-memoriam.pdf |title=In Memoriam: T.N. Khoshoo (1927-2002) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230313/http://www.conservationandsociety.org/cs_1_1-memoriam.pdf |archivedate=27 September 2007 |first=S. Ved |last=Brat |journal=Conservation and Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2003 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

After a brief stint as Chairman of the Botany Department at Jammu and Kashmir University, he joined the [[National Botanical Research Institute|National Botanical Gardens]], Lucknow, in 1964 as Assistant Director, where he worked under [[Kailas Nath Kaul]], the Founder Director of the Gardens. He soon became the Director, and due to his efforts, the institution rose to the stature of being the [[National Botanical Research Institute]] in 1978.<ref name=memorium/>

== Government posts ==

In 1982, he became the Secretary of the newly created Department of Environment in Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s cabinet with the responsibility of developing a pro-active environmental policy for the country. In 1985, he joined [[The Energy and Resources Institute| TERI]] as a Distinguished Fellow and contributed to public policy discussions at national as well as international forums.<ref name=memorium/>

== Writings ==

Khoshoo was a prolific writer. Over the course of five decades, he authored more than 250 research papers on plant genetics and evolution, biomass, energy, forestry, conservation and the utilization and management of natural resources.<ref name=memorium/> He wrote seven books and edited eleven more on a wide range of subjects.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} His book 'Mahatma Gandhi: An Apostle of Applied Human Ecology', published in 1996, was widely applauded for the practical relevance of [[Gandhian philosophy]] in today's world.<ref name=un/>

== Decorations ==

In 1992, Khoshoo was decorated with one of India's highest civilian awards, the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name=memorium/>

He was honored by the United Nations in 1996, when he was awarded the Sasakawa Environmental Prize by the [[United Nations Environment Program]].<ref name=un>[http://www.unep.org/sasakawa/index.asp?ct=laureates&lau=triloki United Nations Environment Programme Laureates: Dr Triloki Nath Khoshoo]</ref>

== Cannaceae ==

The world of the [[Cannaceae]] family and the [[Canna (plant)|Canna]] genus has much to thank Khoshoo for, because it is from his work that we have gathered much of our knowledge of the genus.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In all, Khoshoo authored and co-authored over 10 separate papers on the subject of Canna, many of which were bought together in a single document called ''Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas''.<ref>[https://cannanews.blogspot.com/2008/02/dr-triloki-nath-khoshoo.html ''Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas'']</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Recommended reading ==
*Khoshoo, T.N. & Guha, I — Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas, Vikas Publishing House PVt Ltd.

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khoshoo, Triloki Nath}}
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian environmental scientists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Transport in Pune

2025-12-23T06:59:35Z

KatharinaFlanery: New...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

[[Pune]] is a city in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. It is situated in western Maharashtra on the Deccan Plateau. Pune's public transport consists primarily of a [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|bus service]], a [[Pune Suburban Railway|suburban rail service]], [[Pune Metro|metro]], public [[taxi]]s and [[auto rickshaw]]s. In 2020 it was awarded the [[Sustainable Transport Award]].

==Road==
{{Main|List of roads in Pune}}
[[File:PMPML Olectra K9D Electric Bus.jpg|thumb|PMPML's Olectra K9D Electric Bus on Route 381 from Chikhali to Hinjewadi Phase 3]]
[[File:PMPML's Tata Marcopolo CNG Bus.jpg|thumb|left|PMPML's Tata Marcopolo CNG Bus resting at PMC Bus Stand]]

Pune is well-connected to rest of the country by [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] and [[State Highway (India)|state highways]]. National highways passing through the city are [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]], [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] and [[National Highway 60 (India)|NH 60]]. State highways passing through the city are [[Maharashtra State Highway 27|MSH 27]]. The [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]], India's first six-lane expressway, was built in 2002, and significantly reduces the distance traveled by NH 48 between these cities.

Ring roads are being planned around the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/PCMC-grants-Rs-6-crore-for-ring-road-project/articleshow/30197.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-19/pune/27218250_1_ring-road-development-plan-midc|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=PCMC grants Rs 6 crore for ring road project|date=19 June 2003}}</ref>

===Bus===

Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by the [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited]] (PMPML). The PMPML operates the [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System]] system, the first in India, in which dedicated bus lanes exists to allow buses to travel quicker through the city. Pune is the first city in India to adopt Electric Buses and the first city in India to have an Electric Bus Depot at Bhekrainagar, Hadapsar. PMPML has 13 bus depots in [[Pune]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]

===Bus Routes===

Here are the listed bus routes of [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited]] (PMPML) in and around [[Pune]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:4%;" |Route
number
! style="width:17%;" |Origin
! style="width:17%;" |Destination
! style="width:17%;" |Via:
! style="width:6%;" |Depot:
|-
!1/ATAL 1
|Pune Station
|Shivaji Nagar
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC
|Swargate
|-
!2
|Shivaji Nagar
|Katraj
|PMC, Vasant Talkies, Shaniwar Wada, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Subhash Nagar, Swargate, Mukund Nagar, Padmavati, Balaji Nagar, Dhankawadi
|Katraj
|-
!2B/VARTUL
|Swargate(Round trip)
|Wakdewadi(Round trip)
|Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Vishrambaug Wada, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Shivaji Nagar, COEP, PMC, Vasant Talkies, Shaniwar Wada, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Subhash Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!3/VARTUL
|Swargate(Round trip)
|Pune Station(Round trip)
|Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, Perugate, Narayan Peth, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, Phadke Haud, Raviwar Peth, Mangalwar Peth, Somwar Peth, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Vasant Talkies, Appa Balwant Chowk, Narayan Peth, Perugate, Hirabaug
|Swargate
|-
!4/ATAL 4
|Shivaji Nagar
|Swargate
|COEP, Deccan Gymkhana, Alka Talkies, Tilak Road, SP College, Hirabaug
|Swargate
|-
!5/ATAL 5
|Pune Station
|Swargate
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate
|Swargate
|-
!6/ATAL 6
|Pune Station
|Swargate
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Seven Loves Chowk, Raviwar Peth, Ghorpade Peth
|Swargate
|-
!7/ATAL 7
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Pulgate/M.Gandhi Bus Stn
|Alka Talkies, Vishrambaug Wada, Shanipar, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Guruwar Peth, Ganj Peth, Ramoshi Gate, Bhawani Peth
|Swargate
|-
!8/ATAL 8
|Pune Station
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Raviwar Peth, Vasant Talkies, Appa Balwant Chowk, Narayan Peth, Pulachi Wadi, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner
|Swargate
|-
!10
|Shivaji Nagar
|Janata Vasahat
|COEP, PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Vasant Talkies, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Subhash Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!11
|Marketyard
|Pimple Gurav
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Gangotri Nagar
|Upper
|-
!12
|Upper Depot
|Shivaji Nagar
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Lokmanya Nagar, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Goodluck Chowk
|Upper
|-
!13
|Upper Depot
|Shivaji Nagar
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, PMC
|Upper
|-
!15
|Bhekrainagar
|Dhayari/DSK Vishwa
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar, Gadital, Ramtekdi, Fatima Nagar, Bhairoba Nala, Pulgate, Golibar Maidan, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Hingne Kd, Vadgaon Bk, Garmal, Khadewadi
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!17
|Swargate
|Narhe
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Hingne Kd, Vadgaon Bk, Manaji Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!19
|Swargate
|Yewalewadi
|Mukund Nagar, Maharshi Nagar, Marketyard, Lulla Nagar, Kausar Baug, Kondhwa, Khadi Machine Chowk, Kondhwa Bk, Antulya Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!21
|Swargate
|Sangvi
|Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Mhasoba Gate, Pune University Gate, NCL, Sakal Nagar, Sanewadi, I.T.I, Parihar Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Navi Sangvi, Juni Sangvi
|Swargate
|-
!24
|Katraj
|Maharashtra Housing Board/Yerwada
|Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Natubaug Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Seven Loves Chowk, Ramoshi Gate, Nana Peth, Rasta Peth, Mangalwar Peth, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada
|Katraj
|-
!24A
|Katraj
|Lohegaon
|Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Mukund Nagar, Natubaug, Swargate, Seven Loves Chowk, Ramoshi Gate, Nana Peth, Rasta Peth, Mangalwar Peth, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Lohegaon AFS
|Katraj, Wagholi
|-
!26
|Shivaji Nagar
|Dhankawadi
|COEP Hostel, Deccan Gymkhana, Alka Talkies, Tilak Road, SP College, Hirabaug, Swargate, Mukund Nagar, Padmavati, Balaji Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!29
|Swargate
|Alandi
|Seven Loves Chowk, Golibar Maidan, Pulgate, Camp, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Phule Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Swargate
|-
!30
|Marketyard
|Ghotawade Phata/Pirangut
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Appa Balwant Chowk, Shaniwar Wada, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, NCL, Pashan, Sai Chowk, Sutarwadi, Sus, Nande Gaon, Lavale, Rautwadi, Lavale Phata, Pirangut
|Upper
|-
!31
|Pune Station
|Dhankawadi/Taljai Pathar
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, Seven Loves Chowk, Swargate, Parvati, Sarang Society, Parvati Paytha, Padmavati
|Katraj
|-
!35
|PMC
|Mukai Chowk/Kiwale
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Dange Chowk, Tathawade, Punawale Phata, Ravet
|Nigdi, Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!36
|PMC
|Chinchwad
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk
|Baner
|-
!37
|Shivaji Nagar
|Sahakar Nagar
|PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Vasant Talkies, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Subhash Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Nilayam Talkies, Parvati, Laxmi Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!38
|Shivaji Nagar
|Dhankawadi
|PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Vasant Talkies, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Subhash Nagar, Swargate, Mukund Nagar, Bhapkar Pump, Natubaug, Padmavati, Balaji Nagar
|Katraj
|-
!39
|Pune Station
|Dhankawadi
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, Seven Loves Chowk, Gultekdi, Marketyard, Padmavati, Balaji Nagar
|Katraj
|-
!41
|Upper Depot
|Sangvi
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Bhandarkar Road, SB Road, Symbiosis College, Gokhale Nagar, University Gate, NCL, Sakal Nagar, Sanewadi, Parihar Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Juni Sangvi
|Upper
|-
!42
|Katraj
|Nigdi
|Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Lokmanya Nagar, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Katraj, Nigdi
|-
!43
|Katraj
|Nigdi
|Ambegaon, Navale Bridge, Vadgaon, Warje, Chandni Chowk, Bavdhan, Pashan, Radha Chowk, Balewadi, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chinchwad, Chinchwad Station, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Nigdi, Katraj
|-
!43A
|Katraj
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Ambegaon, Navale Bridge, Vadgaon, Warje, Chandni Chowk, Bavdhan, Pashan, Radha Chowk, Balewadi, Wakad Bridge, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Infosys, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society
|Baner, Katraj
|-
!44
|Katraj
|Akurdi Railway Station
|Ambegaon, Navale Bridge, Vadgaon, Warje, Chandni Chowk, Bavdhan, Pashan, Radha Chowk, Balewadi, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chinchwad, Chinchwade Farm, Bijli Nagar, Pradhikaran
|Baner
|-
!45
|Katraj
|Radha Chowk/Balewadi Stadium
|Ambegaon, Navale Pul, Vadgaon, Warje, Chandni Chowk, Bavdhan, Pashan
|Baner
|-
!47
|Swargate
|Sanaswadi Gaon
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Vadgaon Khurd, Kirkatwadi, Wanjalewadi, Nandoshi
|Swargate
|-
!50
|Swargate
|Sinhagad Paytha
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Vadgaon Kd, Kirkatwadi, Nanded City, Mukai Nagar, Khadakwasla, Gorhe Gaon, Donje Gaon, Askarwadi
|Swargate
|-
!51
|Shivaji Nagar
|Dhayari/Maruti Mandir
|Deccan Gymkhana, Alka Talkies, Sadashiv Peth, Lokmanya Nagar, Navi Peth, Panmala, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Vadgaon Kd, Khadewadi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!52
|Swargate
|Khanapur
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Vadgaon Kd, Kirkatwadi, Nanded City, Mukai Nagar, Khadakwasla, Gorhe Kd
|Swargate
|-
!52A
|Swargate
|Panshet/Varasgaon
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Vadgaon Kd, Kirkatwadi, Nanded City, Mukai Nagar, Khadakwasla, Gorhe Kd, Khanapur, Malkhed, Sonapur, Kuran Kd
|Swargate
|-
!55
|Swargate
|Suncity Society/Anand Nagar
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Nimbaj Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!56
|Mandai
|Vadgaon Budruk
|Shanipar, Vishrambaug Wada, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Ganjavewadi, Lokmanya Nagar, Navi Peth, Mhatre Pul, Panmala, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Hingne Kd, Anand Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!57
|Pune Station
|Vadgaon Budruk
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Ganesh Peth, Budhwar Peth, City Post, Tulshi Baug/Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Sadashiv Peth, Lokmanya Nagar, Navi Peth, Panmala, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar
|Swargate
|-
!58
|Shanipar
|Gokhale Nagar
|Vishrambaug Wada, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Bhandarkar Road, SB Road, Symbiosis College, Vetal Baba Chowk, Kusalkar Putala
|Swargate
|-
!59
|Shanipar
|Niljyoti Society
|Vishrambaug Wada, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Bhandarkar Road, SB Road, Symbiosis College, Vetal Baba Chowk, Kusalkar Putala, Chatushrungi Hill
|Swargate
|-
!61
|Katraj
|Sarola
|Mangdewadi, Katraj Ghat, Shindewadi, Velu, Khed Shivapur, Shivare, Varve Bk, Nasrapur Phata, Kapurhol, Kikvi
|Katraj
|-
!64
|Bhekrainagar
|NDA Gate
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Pulgate, Golibar Maidan, Seven Loves Chowk, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!65
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Yavat
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Kunjirwadi, Uruli Kanchan, Mhetre Vasti
|Hadapsar
|-
!65A
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Varvand
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Kunjirwadi, Uruli Kanchan, Mhetre Vasti, Yavat, Bhandgaon, Wakhari, Kedagaon
|Hadapsar
|-
!66
|Marketyard
|Aglambe Gaon
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade, NDA Gate, Khadakwasla, Kudje Gaon
|Upper
|-
!67
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Uruli Kanchan
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Kunjirwadi
|Hadapsar
|-
!68
|Upper Depot
|Sutardara
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Shanipar, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Kothrud
|Upper
|-
!69
|Marketyard
|Ghotawade Gaon
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Lokmanya Nagar, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, Paud Road, Chandni Chowk, Bhugaon, Bhukum, Lavale Phata, Pirangut
|Upper
|-
!70
|Marketyard
|Mulshi
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Lokmanya Nagar, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, Paud Road, Chandni Chowk, Bhugaon, Bhukum, Lavale Phata, Pirangut, Kasar Amboli, Ambadvet, Darawali, Paud, Kalamshet, Shileshwar, Jamgaon, Disli
|Upper
|-
!71/VARTUL
|Kothrud
|Sukhsagar Nagar(And back to Kothrud)
|Vanaz, Anand Nagar, Ideal Colony, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Corner, Alka Talkies, Tilak Road, Hirabaug, Swargate, Mukund Nagar, Vasant Baug, Bibwewadi, Indira Nagar, Upper Depot, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Sukhsagar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz
|Kothrud
|-
!72
|Upper Depot
|NDA Gate
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Vasant Baug, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade
|Upper
|-
!73
|Hadapsar
|Khamgaon
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Kunjirwadi, Uruli Kanchan, Mhetre Vasti, Sahajpur, Nandur
|Hadapsar
|-
!74
|Chinchwad
|Paud Gaon
|Chaphekar Chowk, Datta Nagar, Dange Chowk, Wakad, Bhumkar Chowk, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Infosys, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society, Hinjewadi Phase 3, Godambewadi, Shelkewadi, Bhare Phata, Ghotawade Phata, Pirangut, Kasar Amboli, Balkawade Vasti, Darawali
|Balewadi
|-
!76
|PMC
|Galinde Path/Warje Naka
|FC Road, Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk
|Kothrud
|-
!77
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Galinde Path/Warje Naka
|Megapolis Society, Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Wipro Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Bhujbal Vasti, Wakad Phata, Balewadi, Baner/Radha Chowk, Pashan, Sutarwadi, Bavdhan, Chandni Chowk, Paud Phata, Kothrud, Vanaz, Anand Nagar, Ideal Colony, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk
|Baner
|-
!78
|Marketyard
|NDA Gate
|Gultekdi, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade
|Upper
|-
!80
|PMC
|Aditya Garden City/Warje
|Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Rahul Park
|Kothrud
|-
!81
|Pune Station
|Kumbare Park
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Ganesh Peth, Raviwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud
|Kothrud
|-
!82/VARTUL
|PMC
|NDA Gate(And back to PMC)
|Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade, NDA Gate, Kondhwa Dhavade, Shivane, Ganpati Matha, Malwadi, Warje, Tapodham, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Kothrud Stand, Karve Road, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, Goodluck Chowk, FC Road, Shivaji Nagar
|Kothrud
|-
!83
|NDA Gate
|Alandi
|Kondhwa Dhavade, Shivane, Ganpati Matha, Malwadi, Warje, Tapodham, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Kothrud Stand, Karve Road, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, Goodluck Chowk, FC Road, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Mula Road, Bombay Sappers, Deccan College, Phule Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Kothrud
|-
!84
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Sangrun
|Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade, NDA Gate, Khadakwasla, Kudje Gaon, Khadakwadi, Mandvi Bk
|Kothrud
|-
!84A
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Kondhur Gaon
|Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade, NDA Gate, Khadakwasla, Kudje Gaon, Khadakwadi, Mandvi Bk, Sangrun, Katawadi, Gaikwadwadi, Bahuli
|Kothrud
|-
!85
|PMC
|Mokarwadi/Ahire Gaon
|Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade, NDA Gate
|Kothrud
|-
!86
|Pune Station
|Paud Gaon/ST Stand
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, Chandni Chowk, Bhugaon, Bhukum, Lavale Phata, Pirangut, Ghotawade Phata, Bhare Phata, Ambadvet, Aamlewadi, Darawali
|Pune Station, Kothrud
|-
!87
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Sutarwadi
|FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, NCL, Bhagvati Nagar, Pashan, Sai Chowk
|Balewadi
|-
!87A
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Symbiosis College/Lavale
|FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, NCL, Bhagvati Nagar, Pashan, Sai Chowk, Sutarwadi, Sus Gaon
|Balewadi
|-
!89
|Swargate
|Niljyoti Society
|Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, SP College, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Model Colony, Wadarwadi, Kusalkar Putala, Gokhale Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!90
|Katraj
|Gokhale Nagar
|Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, SP College, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Model Colony, Wadarwadi, Kusalkar Putala
|Katraj
|-
!91
|PMC
|Ishan Nagari/Warje
|Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka
|Kothrud
|-
!92
|Kothrud Depot
|Venutai Chavan College/Vadgaon
|Shastri Nagar, Azad Nagar, Karve Road, Paud Phata, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Corner, Alka Talkies, Ganjavewadi, Lokmanya Nagar, Navi Peth, Mhatre Pul, Panmala, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Hingne Kd, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Bk
|Kothrud
|-
!93
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Pimple Nilakh
|FC Road, Fergusson College, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk
|Balewadi
|-
!94
|Pune Station
|Kothrud Depot
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Raviwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Vasant Talkies, Appa Balwant Chowk, Narayan Peth, Pulachi Wadi, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz
|Kothrud
|-
!95
|Deccan Gymkhana
|PVPIT College/Bavdhan
|Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, Chandni Chowk, Kokate Vasti
|Kothrud
|-
!97
|Warje Malwadi
|Sahakar Nagar
|Tapodham, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Kothrud Stand, Karve Road, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Corner, Alka Talkies, SP College, Tilak Road, Nilayam Talkies, Parvati Paytha, Laxmi Nagar
|Kothrud
|-
!98
|Warje Malwadi
|Wagholi
|Tapodham, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Kothrud Stand, Karve Road, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Kesnand Phata
|Kothrud, Wagholi
|-
!99
|Kothrud Depot
|Vishrantwadi
|Vanaz, Anand Nagar, Ideal Colony, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Sangamwadi, Deccan College, Phule Nagar
|Kothrud
|-
!100
|PMC
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Vishal Nagar, Kaspate Vasti, Wakad, Bhujbal Vasti, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Infosys, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society
|Na.Ta.Wadi, Baner
|-
!100A
|PMC
|Blue Ridge Society/Hinjewadi Phase 1
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Vishal Nagar, Kaspate Vasti, Wakad, Bhujbal Vasti, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Symbiosis Hostel
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!103
|Katraj
|Kothrud Depot
|Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Mukund Nagar, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, SP College, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz
|Kothrud, Katraj
|-
!104
|Shivaji Nagar/Na.Ta.Wadi
|Dhayari/DSK Vishwa
|COEP Hostel, Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Rajaram Pul, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Bhide Baug, Vadgaon Kd, Khadewadi, Dhayari
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!107
|Warje Malwadi
|Pimple Gurav
|Tapodham, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Hingne Bk, Karve Nagar, Kothrud Stand, Karve Road, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Bhosale Nagar, Range Hills, Kendriya Vidyalaya/Khadki, Khadki, Anand Nagar, Bopodi, Dapodi, Gangotri Nagar
|Kothrud
|-
!108
|Pune Station
|Sutardara
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Raviwar Peth, Vasant Talkies, Appa Balwant Chowk, Narayan Peth, Pulachi Wadi, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, SBI Colony
|Kothrud
|-
!109/VARTUL
|PMC(Round Trip)
|PMC(Round Trip)
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, NCL, Pashan, Bavdhan, Chandni Chowk, Kothrud, Vanaz, Anand Nagar, Ideal Colony, Nalstop, Erandwane, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College
|Kothrud
|-
!110/VARTUL
|PMC(Round Trip)
|PMC(Round Trip)
|Deccan Gymkhana, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Ideal Colony, Anand Nagar, Vanaz, Kothrud, Chandni Chowk, Bavdhan, Pashan, NCL, Sakal Nagar, Pune University Gate, Shivaji Nagar
|Kothrud
|-
!111/VARTUL
|Bhekrainagar(Round Trip)
|PMC(Round Trip)
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Golibar Maidan, Shankar Sheth Road, Seven Loves Chowk, Swargate, Sarasbaug, Tilak Road, SP College, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Goodluck Chowk, Modern College, PMC, Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Collector Office, GPO, Westend, Camp, Pulgate, Racecourse, Fatima Nagar, Bhairoba Nala, Ramtekdi, Hadapsar, Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!113
|Shaniwar Wada
|Sangvi
|PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Juni Sangvi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!114
|PMC
|Mahalunge/Stadium
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, Sakal Nagar, Baner Road, Baner, Radha Chowk
|Baner
|-
!115
|Pune Station
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Dange Chowk, Wakad, Bhumkar Chowk, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society
|Pune Station
|-
!117
|Swargate
|Dhayari/Jadhav Nagar
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Hingne Kd, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Phata, Dhayari Phata, Khadewadi, Chavan Nagar, Baragani Mala Mandir
|Swargate
|-
!118
|Swargate
|Venutai Chavan College/Vadgaon Bk
|Sarasbaug, Dandekar Pul, Dattawadi, Vitthalwadi, Anand Nagar, Vadgaon Bk
|Swargate
|-
!119
|PMC
|Alandi
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Mula Road, Bombay Sappers, Deccan College, Phule Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!120
|Bhosari
|Mahalunge MIDC/Endurance
|Bhosari Depot, Sadguru Nagar, Gandharv Nagari, Borhadewadi, Moshi, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Kharabwadi, Mahalunge Ingale
|Bhosari
|-
!121
|PMC
|Bhosari
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari
|-
!122
|PMC
|Chinchwad
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, Pimpri Station, Bhat Nagar, Keshav Nagar
|Pimpri
|-
!123
|PMC
|Nigdi
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Nigdi, Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!125
|Khadki
|Bopkhel
|Ordnance Factory, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Ganesh Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!126
|Pimple Nilakh
|Vishrantwadi
|Rakshak Chowk, Sangvi Phata, Aundh, Bremen Chowk, Spicer College, Bopodi, Khadki Bazaar, Ordnance Factory
|Balewadi
|-
!130
|Swargate
|Narhegaon
|Mukund Nagar, Padmavati, Balaji Nagar, Dhankawadi, Katraj, Datta Nagar, Dalvi Nagar, Ambegaon Bk
|Swargate
|-
!131
|PMC
|Golegaon
|Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Air Force Station, Lohegaon, Moje Chawl, Jadhavwasti, Vadgaon Shinde, Pimpalgaon
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!132
|PMC
|Shubham Society
|Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Somnath Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!133
|PMC
|Anand Park
|Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Sunita Nagar, Ganesh Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!133A
|PMC
|Columbia Hospital, Kharadi
| Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Sunita Nagar, Anand Park, Sainath Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!135
|PMC
|Ranjangaon Sandas
|Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Wagholi, Kesnand Phata, Kesnand, Wadebolai, Ashtapur, Shindewadi, Pilanwadi, Rahu, Telewadi, Walki
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!136
|Wagholi
|Wadegaon
|Kesnand, Pathare Wasti
|Wagholi
|-
!137
|PMC
|Pargaon Salumalu
| Dengle Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Wagholi, Kesnand Phata, Kesnand, Wadebolai, Ashtapur, Shindewadi, Pilanwadi, Rahu, Pimpalgaon, Delawadi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!139
|Shewalewadi
|Nigdi
|Manjari Phata, Hadapsar, Ramtekdi, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Camp, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Mangalwar Gadital, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Nigdi
|-
!139A
|Bhekrainagar
|Nigdi
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar, Ramtekdi, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Camp, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Mangalwar Gadital, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Bhekrainagar, Nigdi
|-
!140
|Pune Station
|Upper Depot
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, 7 Loves Chowk, Gultekdi, Marketyard, Hyde Park, Vasantbaug, Bibwewadi, Indira Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar
|Upper
|-
!140A
|Pune Station
|Katraj
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, 7 Loves Chowk, Gultekdi, Marketyard, Hyde Park, Gangadham, Kakade Vasti, Salve Garden, Kondhwa Bk
|Katraj
|-
!141
|Pune Station
|Kumar Prithvi Society, Kondhwa
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, 7 Loves Chowk, Gultekdi, Marketyard, Hyde Park, Gangadham, Kakade Vasti
|Upper
|-
!142
|Pune Station
|Ghotawade Phata
|GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengle Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University Gate, NCL, Pashan, Sai Chowk, Sutarwadi, Sus Gaon, Nande, Chande, Mulkhed, Bhare Phata, Pirangut
|Pune Station
|-
!143
|Pune Station
|Galinde Path/Warje Naka
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Raviwar Peth, Vasant Talkies, Appa Balwant Chowk, Narayan Peth, Pulachi Wadi, Alka Talkies, Ganjavewadi, Sadashiv Peth, Lokmanya Nagar, Mhatre Bridge, Erandwane Gaothan, Vakil Nagar, Mile Square, Ganesh Nagar, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk
|Kothrud
|-
!144
|Pune Station
|NDA Gate
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Apollo Talkies, Ganesh Peth, Raviwar Peth, Budhwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje, Malwadi, Ganpati Matha, Shivane, Kondhwa Dhavade
|Kothrud
|-
!144A
|Pune Station
|Aditya Garden City/Warje
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Apollo Talkies, Ganesh Peth, Raviwar Peth, Budhwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Bk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham, Warje Highway, Cipla Centre
|Kothrud
|-
!144K
|Pune Station
|Gujarat Colony
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Somwar Peth, Apollo Talkies, Ganesh Peth, Raviwar Peth, Budhwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Sadashiv Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Mayur Colony
|Kothrud
|-
!145
|Pune Station
|Sutarwadi
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Pashan Road, NCL, Bhagvati Nagar, Pashan, Sai Chowk
|Pune Station
|-
!146
|Pune Station
|Gokhale Nagar
|GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Ghole Road, Paduka Chowk, Model Colony, Kusalkar Putala, Patrakar Nagar
|Pune Station
|-
!148
|Shewalewadi
|Pimple Gurav
|Manjari Phata, Solapur Road, Hadapsar Gadital, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Camp, MG Road, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Bombay Sappers, Khadki Cantonment, Khadki Bazaar, Bopodi, Dapodi
|Shewalewadi
|-
!148A
|Bhekrainagar
|Bhosari
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar Gadital, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Camp, MG Road, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Bombay Sappers, Khadki Cantonment, Khadki Bazaar, Bopodi, Dapodi, Pimple Gurav, Prabhat Nagar, Kashid Park, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari, Hadapsar
|-
!149
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Nigdi
|Hadapsar, Magarpatta, Mundhwa, Columbia Hospital, Kharadi, Yashwant Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Chandan Nagar, Viman Nagar, Ramwadi, Nagar Road, Shastri Nagar, Yerwada, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Tingre Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Gajanan Nagar, Ramnagar, Bhosari, Gavhane Vasti, Landewadi, Telco Road, Indrayani Nagar, Tata Motors, KSB Chowk, Bird Valley, Thermax Chowk, Yamuna Nagar, Nigdi Bypass, Bhakti Shakti
|Hadapsar
|-
!151
|Pune Station
|Alandi
|Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Gunjan Talkies, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Tingre Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Pune Station
|-
!152
|PMC
|Lohegaon
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Mula Road, Bombay Sappers, Phule Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Bhairav Nagar, Dhanori
|Wagholi
|-
!153
|Kharadi
|Alandi
|Yashwant Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Chandan Nagar, Vaman Nagar, Ramwadi, Nagar Road, Shastri Nagar, Yerwada, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Tingre Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Bhosari
|-
!154/155
|Pune Station
|Wagholi Depot
|Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Gunjan Talkies, Ambedkar Society, Phule Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Bhairav Nagar, Dhanori, Lohegaon, Diamond Waterpark
|Wagholi
|-
!156
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Kharadi Bypass
|Hadapsar Gaon, Magarpatta, Kirtane Baug, Mundhwa, Columbia Hospital, Kharadi, Yashwant Nagar
|Wagholi
|-
!157
|PMC
|JSPM College/Wagholi
|COEP Hostel, Shivaji Nagar, Sangamwadi, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Kesnand Phata, Wagholi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!158
|PMC
|Lohegaon
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Gunjan Talkies, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Airport Corner, Lohegaon Air Force Station
|Wagholi
|-
!159
|PMC
|Talegaon Dhamdhere
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Wagholi, Kesnand Phata, Vitthalwadi, Lonikand, Koregaon Bhima, Sanaswadi, Shikrapur
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!160
|Shaniwar Wada
|Manjari Bk
|Kasba Peth, Kumbharwada, Juna Bazaar, GPO, Pune Station Depot, Ruby Hall Clinic, Wadia College, Koregaon Park, Mundhwa, Keshav Nagar, Lonkar Nagar, Ghule Vasti
|Swargate
|-
!161
|Wagholi
|Shirur
|Vitthalwadi, Lonikand, Koregaon Bhima, Sanaswadi, Shikrapur, Pabal Phata, Kasari, Kondhapuri, Ranjangaon, Ranjangaon MIDC, Karegaon, Saradwadi, Tardobachiwadi, Takali Haji
|Wagholi
|-
!162
|PMC
|Kendur
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Wagholi, Kesnand Phata, Vitthalwadi, Lonikand, Koregaon Bhima, Vadhu Bk, Chouphula, Karandi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!163
|Pune Station
|Dhole Patil College/Kharadi
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Yashwant Nagar, Kharadi, Eon IT Park, Tulja Bhawani Nagar, Barclays LTS Campus
|Wagholi
|-
!164
|PMC
|Nhavare
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Wagholi, Kesnand Phata, Vitthalwadi, Lonikand, Koregaon Bhima, Sanaswadi, Shikrapur, Talegaon Dhamdhere, Malwadi, Nimgaon Mahalungi, Satkarwadi, Uralgaon
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!165
|PMC
|Vadgaon Sheri
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Brahma Suncity, New Kalyani Nagar
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!166
|Pune Station
|MHADA Colony/Viman Nagar
|Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Clover Park
|Pune Station
|-
!167
|Wagholi
|Bhekrainagar
|Kesnand Phata, Khandve Nagar, Aaple Ghar, Kharadi Bypass, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi, Columbia Hospital, Mundhwa, Kirtane Baug, Magarpatta, Hadapsar Gaon, Hadapsar Gadital, Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan
|Wagholi, Bhekrainagar
|-
!168
|Shaniwar Wada
|Keshav Nagar
|Kasba Peth, Kumbharwada, Juna Bazaar, Collector Office, Westend, Pune Cantonment, Ghorpadi Lines, Ghorpadi, Army College, Mundhwa, Lonkar Vasti, Ghule Vasti
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!169
|Shaniwar Wada
|Keshav Nagar
!Same route as mentioned for Route 160
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!170
|Pune Station
|Kondhwa Budruk
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Westend, MG Road, Camp, Pulgate, Army College, Wanowrie, Mahadji Shinde Chhatri, Netaji Nagar, Fakhri Hills, Kausar Baug, Kondhwa
|Pune Station
|-
!172
|Pune Station
|Yewalewadi
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, 7 Loves Chowk, Apsara Talkies, Gultekdi, Marketyard, Marketyard Depot, Hyde Park, Gangadham, Kakade Vasti, Omkar Nagar, Ashraf Nagar, Kondhwa Budruk, Shelar Nagar, Kamthe Nagar
|Pune Station
|-
!174
|Pune Station
|NDA Gate
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Westend, MG Road, Sharbatwala Chowk, Quarter Gate, Nana Peth, Budhwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Paud Phata, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Budruk, Galinde Path Warje Naka, Tapodham, Ganpati Matha, Warje Malwadi, Shivane, Uttam Nagar, Kondhwa Dhavade
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!175
|PMC
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Collector Office, GPO, Westend, Pune Cantonment, Nirman Vihar, Ghorpadi Lines, Ghorpadi, Bharat Forge Road, Sai Park, Dalvi Nagar, Shirke Company, Shinde Vasti, Hadapsar MIDC, Vaiduwadi
|Hadapsar
|-
!177
|Pune Station Depot
|Salunkhe Vihar
|GPO, Westend, MG Road, Camp, Pulgate, Racecourse, Fatima Nagar, Parmar Nagar, Natraj Enclave, Wanowrie, Oxford Society
|Pune Station
|-
!179
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Lohegaon
|Hadapsar Gaon, Magarpatta, Kirtane Baug, Mundhwa, Columbia Hospital, Kharadi, Yashwant Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Chandan Nagar, Viman Nagar, Phoenix Marketcity Mall, Ganga Hamlet, MHADA Colony, Pune International Airport, Air Force Station
|Hadapsar
|-
!180
|Narveer Tanaji Wadi
|Bhekrainagar
|Shivaji Nagar, PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Ganesh Road, Raviwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, 7 Loves Chowk, Shankar Sheth Road, Golibar Maidan, Camp, Pulgate, Racecourse, Fatima Nagar, Bhairoba Nala, Ramtekdi, Hadapsar Gadital, Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!181
|Narveer Tanaji Wadi
|Kondhwa Budruk
|Shivaji Nagar, PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Ganesh Road, Raviwar Peth, Phadke Haud, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ramoshi Gate, Bhawani Peth, Juna Motor Stand Chowk, Mahatma Phule Road, Camp, Pulgate, Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowrie, Mahadji Shinde Chhatri, Netaji Nagar, Lulla Nagar, Fakhri Hills, NIBM Phata, Kondhwa Khurd
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!182
|Narveer Tanaji Wadi
|Shewalewadi
|Shivaji Nagar, PMC, Dengale Pul, Juna Bazaar, Collector Office, GPO, Westend, MG Road, Camp, Pulgate, Racecourse, Fatima Nagar, Bhairoba Nala, Ramtekdi, Hadapsar Gadital, Manjari Phata
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!183
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Theur/Kolawadi
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Dhumal Mala, Theur Phata, Gosavi Vasti, Chavan Vasti, Theur Gaon
|Hadapsar
|-
!184
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Ramdara Mandir
|Manjari Phata, Shewalewadi, Loni Kalbhor, Pashankar Mala, Sitaram Mala, Kolape Vasti, Ramdara Railway Phatak
|Hadapsar
|-
!185
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Wagholi
|Manjari Phata, Mahadev Nagar, Gopalpatti, Manjari Budruk, Belekar Vasti, Manjari Gaon, Manjari Khurd, Awhalwadi, Satav Park, Kalubai Nagar, Kesnand Phata
|Hadapsar
|-
!186
|Hadapsar Gadital
|JSPM College Satav Nagar
|
|Hadapsar
|-
!201
|Bhekrainagar
|Alandi
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar Gadital, Hadapsar, Vaiduwadi, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, MG Road, Camp, Westend, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Graden, Yerwada, Jail Road, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Tingre Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!202
|Shewalewadi
|Warje Malwadi
|Manjari Phata, Hadapsar Gadital, Hadapsar, Vaiduwadi, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, Phule Road, Juna Motorstand Chowk, Kashewadi, Ramoshi Gate, AD Camp Chowk, Nana Peth, Raviwar Peth, City Post, Laxmi Road, Narayan Peth, Alka Talkies, Deccan Corner, Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Paud Phata, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Budruk, Galinde Path/Warje Naka, Tapodham
|Shewalewadi
|-
!204
|Bhekrainagar
|Chinchwad
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar Gadital, Hadapsar, Vaiduwadi, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Racecourse, Pulgate, MG Road, Camp, Westend, GPO, Juna Bazaar, Dengle Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!207
|Swargate
|Saswad
|Shankar Sheth Road, Golibar Maidan, Pulgate, Racecourse, Fatima Nagar, Bhairoba Nala, Ramtekdi, Vadiuwadi, Hadapsar, Hadapsar Gadital, Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan, Bhekrainagar, Saswad Road, Mantarwadi, Kamte Vasti, Pimpalmala, Wadki, Wadki Nala, Dive Ghat, Zendewadi, Jadhavwadi, Dive Gaon, Saswad Jakat Naka, Chandan Tekdi, Saswad ST Stand
|Swargate
|-
!208
|Bhekrainagar
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Tukai Darshan, Satavwadi, Hadapsar, Vaiduwadi, Ramtekdi, Bhairoba Nala, Fatima Nagar, Pulgate, Camp, Westend, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengle Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Sakal Nagar, Sindhi Colony, Baner, Radha Chowk, Balewadi Stadium, Wakad Bridge, Phase 1/2, Wipro Circle
|Bhekrainagar
|-
!209
|Katraj
|Saswad
|Bibwewadi Annexe, Kondhwa Budruk, Khadi Machine Chowk, Yewalewadi, Bopdev Ghat, Askarwadi, Bhivri, Ghisarewadi, Aksarwadi, Garadegaon, Garade Dam, Kodit Budruk, Mhalasakant Colony
|Katraj
|-
!210
|Hadapsar
|Jejuri MIDC
|Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan, Bhekrainagar, Saswad Road, Mantarwadi, Kamte Vasti, Pimpalmala, Wadki, Wadki Nala, Dive Ghat, Zendewadi, Jadhavwadi, Dive Gaon, Saswad Jakat Naka, Chandan Tekdi, Saswad, Ekhatpur, Shivri, Takarewadi, Jejuri Rural, Jejuri
|Hadapsar
|-
!211
|Saswad
|Uruli Kanchan
|Kumbharvalan, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur, Waghapur, Chaufula, Shindavane Ghat, Shindavane
|Hadapsar
|-
!212
|Hadapsar
|Morgaon
|Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan, Bhekrainagar, Saswad Road, Mantarwadi, Kamte Vasti, Pimpalmala, Wadki, Wadki Nala, Dive Ghat, Zendewadi, Jadhavwadi, Dive Gaon, Saswad Jakat Naka, Chandan Tekdi, Saswad, Ekhatpur, Shivri, Takarewadi, Jejuri Rural, Jejuri, Mavadi Kadepathar, Chorachiwadi
|-
!213
|Hadapsar
|Nira
|Satavwadi, Tukai Darshan, Bhekrainagar, Saswad Road, Mantarwadi, Kamte Vasti, Pimpalmala, Wadki, Wadki Nala, Dive Ghat, Zendewadi, Jadhavwadi, Dive Gaon, Saswad Jakat Naka, Chandan Tekdi, Saswad, Ekhatpur, Shivri, Takarewadi, Jejuri Rural, Jejuri, Jejuri MIDC, Jagtap Mala, Daundaj, Walhe, Kamathwadi, Pisurti, Thopatewadi, Pimpre Khurd
|-
!214
|Katraj
|Sinhagad College
|Katraj Bypass, D-Mart, Ambegaon, Indu Lawns
|-
!215
|Swargate
|Ambegaon College
|Laxmi Narayan Talkies, Sahakar Nagar, Sarang Society, Parvati Paytha, Padmavati, KK Market, Dhankawadi, Mohan Nagar, Ambegaon Budruk
|-
!216
|Shivaji Nagar
|Bharti Vidyapeeth
|COEP Hostel, PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Budhwar Peth, Mandai, Shukrawar Peth, Swargate, Laxmi Narayan Talkies, Mukund Nagar, Padmavati, Vasant Baug, Balaji Nagar, Sarpodyan, Katraj Dairy
|-
!219
|Kothrud Depot
|Alandi
|Vanaz, Anand Nagar, Ideal Colony, Nalstop, Garware College, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Modern College, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Mula Road, Bombay Sappers, Phule Nagar, VIshrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|-
!302
|Pimpri
|Bhosari
|Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Pimpri Colony, Kharalwadi, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri MIDC, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Pimpri
|-
!302A
|Pimpri
|Alandi
|Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Pimpri Colony, Kharalwadi, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri MIDC, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Pimpri
|-
!302B
|Pimpri
|Bopkhel
|Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Pimpri Colony, Kharalwadi, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri MIDC, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Dighi, Ganesh Nagar
|Pimpri
|-
!303
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Akurdi Station
|Bhakti Shakti, Nigdi Depot, Appu Ghar, Big India, Tilak Road, Pradhikaran, Ganga Nagar, Kirloskar Chowk, Bijli Nagar
|Nigdi
|-
!303A
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Gahunje
|Bhakti Shakti, Nigdi Depot, Appu Ghar, PCMC Water Treatment Plant, Swapnapurti, Akurdi Station, DY Patil University, Shinde Vasti, Ravet Corner, Ravet, Mukai Chowk, Kiwale, Mumbai Expressway Service Road, Lodha Belmondo Society
|Nigdi
|-
!304
|Chinchwad
|Bhosari
|Tanaji Nagar, Elpro School, Chinchwad Station, Shivaji Chowk, Mohan Nagar, KSB Chowk, Tata Motors, Yashwant Nagar, Indrayani Nagar, Telco Road, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari, Pimpri
|-
!305
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Vadgaon Maval
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Maruti Mandir, Talegaon Dabhade, Swaraj Nagari, Urse Phata
|Nigdi
|-
!305A
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Navlakh Umbare/Greenbase Park
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Maruti Mandir, Talegaon Dabhade, Swaraj Nagari, Urse Phata, Vadgaon Maval, Katvi, Ambi, Talegaon MIDC, Koyate Vasti
|Nigdi
|-
!305B
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Mindewadi/Emerson
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Maruti Mandir, Talegaon Dabhade, Swaraj Nagari, Urse Phata, Vadgaon Maval, Katvi, Ambi, Talegaon MIDC, Koyate Vasti, Navlakh Umbare, Badhalewadi, Bhama Dam Phata
|Nigdi
|-
!305C
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Takave/Phalane Phata
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Talegaon Dabhade, Maruti Mandir, Swaraj Nagari, Urse Phata, Vadgaon Maval, Mauli Nagar, Kanhe Phata, Kanhe, Kanhe Station, Mahindra Steel, Takave Budruk, Takave Gaon
|Nigdi
|-
!306
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Dange Chowk
|Megapolis Society, Tech Mahindra, Wipro Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Mezza Nine, Shivaji Chowk, Bhumkar Nagar, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad
|Balewadi
|-
!306A
|Dange Chowk
|Nere/Hinjewadi Hills Society
|Wakad, Bhumkar Chowk, Bhumkar Nagar, Shivaji Chowk, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Mukai Nagar, Laxmi Chowk, Shinde Nagar, Marunji, Nere
|Baner
|-
!307
|Chinchwad
|Ravet/Shinde Vasti
|Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwade Nagar, Walhekarwadi, Ravet Corner, Ravet Sector 29, ISKCON Mandir
|Balewadi
|-
!308
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Gharkul Vasahat
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Thermax Chowk, Phule Nagar, Spine Road
|Nigdi
|-
!309
|Alandi
|Dehu Gaon
|Dehu Phata, Dudulgaon, Dhayarkar Vasti, Moshi, Jadhavwadi, Tupe Vasti, Chikhali, Patil Nagar, Shelar Vasti, Talawade, Fujitsu Company, Vitthalwadi
|Bhosari
|-
!311
|Pune Station Depot
|Pimpri
|GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Bombay Sappers, Khadki, Khadki Bazaar, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Sant Tukaram Nagar, YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Kharalwadi, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri Station, Shagun Chowk
|Pune Station
|-
!312
|Pune Station Depot
|Chinchwad
|GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Bombay Sappers, Khadki, Khadki Bazaar, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Sant Tukaram Nagar, YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Kharalwadi, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri Station, Bhat Nagar, Gawade Nagar, Tanaji Nagar
|Pune Station
|-
!313
|Chinchwad
|Chandkhed
|Chaphekar Chowk, Datta Nagar, Thergaon Phata, Dange Chowk, Wakad, Bhumkar Chowk, Bhumkar Nagar, Shivaji Chowk, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Mukai Nagar, Laxmi Chowk, Shinde Nagar, Marunji, Nere, Kasarsai
|Balewadi
|-
!314
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Mahalunge Ingale/Dwarka Township
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Triveni Nagar, Talawade, Fujitsu Company, Mahindra Company, Mahalunge Endurance, Mahalunge Ingale
|Nigdi
|-
!315
|Pune Station
|Bhosari
|Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Nagpur Chawl, 509 Chowk, Tingre Nagar, Vishrantwadi, Kalas, Dighi, Magazine Chowk, Gajanan Nagar, Ramnagar
|Pune Station
|-
!316
|Chinchwad
|Khamboli
|Chaphekar Chowk, Datta Nagar, Thergaon Phata, Dange Chowk, Wakad, Bhumkar Chowk, Bhumkar Nagar, Shivaji Chowk, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society, Hinjewadi Phase 3, Godambewadi, Rihe Phata, Shelkewadi, Materewadi, Rihe, Rihe Dam, Borkarwadi, Kemsewadi, Pimpoli
|Balewadi
|-
!317
|Pune Station Depot
|Sambhaji Nagar
|GPO, Collector Office, Sassoon Hospital, Pune Station, Tadiwala Road, Mangalwar Gadital, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Nigdi, Pradhikaran Chowk, Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Thermax Chowk, Phule Nagar
|Pune Station
|-
!320
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Chinchwad
|Maan, Thakar Nagar, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Shivaji Chowk, Bhumkar Nagar, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad, Dange Chowk, Thergaon Phata, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk
|Balewadi
|-
!321
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Eternity Company
|Megapolis Society, Synechron
|Baner
|-
!322
|PMC
|Akurdi Station
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Navi Sangvi, Sangvi, Pimple Gurav, Sudarshan Nagar, Pimple Saudagar, Rahatani, Kalewadi, Tapkir Chowk, Keshav Nagar, Chinchwad, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwade Nagar, Bijli Nagar, Pradhikaran
|Nigdi
|-
!322A
|PMC
|Akurdi Station
|Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Navi Sangvi, Sangvi, Pimple Gurav, Sudarshan Nagar, Pimple Saudagar, Pimpri, Buddha Nagar, Bhat Nagar, Gawade Nagar, Tanaji Nagar, Chinchwad, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwade Nagar, Bijli Nagar, Pradhikaran
|Nigdi
|-
!323
|PMC
|Chikhali (Nageshwar Vidyalaya)
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Sant Tukaram Nagar, YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Zero Boys Chowk, Yashwant Nagar, Tata Motors, Himat Nagar, Jaguar/Land Rover, Jadhavwadi, Sahyog Nagar, Patil Nagar
|Pimpri
|-
!323A
|PMC
|Gharkul Vasahat
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Sant Tukaram Nagar, YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Zero Boys Chowk, Yashwant Nagar, Tata Motors, KSB Chowk, Shahu Nagar, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Udayan, Shivatej Nagar, Spine Road
|Pimpri
|-
!324
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Bhosari
|Megapolis Society, Tech Mahindra, Wipro Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Bhujbal Vasti, Wakad, Kaspate Vasti, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi, Pimple Saudagar, Kashid Park, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari
|-
!325
|Pune Station
|Pimple Saudagar
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi
|Pune Station
|-
!326
|Pimpri
|Chikhali (Nageshwar Vidyalaya)
|Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Morwadi, KSB Chowk, Tata Motors, Shahu Nagar, Spine Road, Jadhavwadi, Sahyog Nagar, Patil Nagar
|Pimpri
|-
!327
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Alandi
|Megapolis Society, Tech Mahindra, Wipro Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Bhujbal Vasti, Wakad, Datta Mandir, Dange Chowk, Thergaon Phata, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwad, Tanaji Nagar, Elpro School, Chinchwad Station, Shivaji Chowk, Mohan Nagar, KSB Chowk, Tata Motors, Yashwant Nagar, Telco Road, Indrayani Nagar, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Pimpri
|-
!329
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Dehu Kridangan
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Dehu Road Station, Dehu Cantonment, Chincholi, Mali Nagar, Dehu Gaon, Sant Tukaram Mandir
|Nigdi
|-
!330
|Alandi
|Talegaon Maruti Mandir
|Dudulgaon, Dhayarkar Wadi, Moshi, Tupe Vasti, Jadhavwadi, Patil Nagar, Chikhali, Shelarvasti, Talawade, Fujitsu Company, Vitthalwadi, Dehu Gaon, Yelwadi, Manohar Nagar, Sudhavwadi, Indori, Malwadi, Talegaon Station, Talegaon Dabhade
|Pimpri
|-
!331
|Pimple Saudagar
|Bhosari
|Rahatani, Tapkir Chowk, Kalewadi, Pimpri, Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, KSB Chowk, PCMC, Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri Colony, Kharalwadi, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri MIDC, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Pimpri
|-
!331A
|Pimple Saudagar
|Charholi
|Rahatani, Tapkir Chowk, Kalewadi, Pimpri, Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri Colony, Kharalwadi, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri MIDC, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Kotwalwadi
|Pimpri
|-
!333
|Pune Station
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Dengale Pul, PMC, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak CXhowk, Panchsheel Nagar, Pimple Nilakh, Vishal Nagar, Kaspate Vasti, Wakad, Bhujbal Vasti, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Wipro Phase 2, Tech Mahindra, Megapolis Society
|Pune Station
|-
!334
|Pimpri
|Gharkul Vasahat
|Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, PCMC, Morwadi, KSB Chowk, Shahu Nagar, Shivatej Nagar
|Nigdi
|-
!335
|Dange Chowk
|Sangawade
|Tathawade, Borgewadi, Dattawadi, Pandhare Vasti, Kate Vasti, Punawale, Malwadi, Rasikwadi, Jambhe
|Nigdi
|-
!336
|Nigdi/Bhakti Shakti
|Wagholi
|Bhakti Shakti, Pradhikaran Chowk, Akurdi, Ganga Nagar Corner, Chinchwad, PCMC, Pimpri, Vallabh Nagar, Nashik Phata, Kasarwadi, Phugewadi, Dapodi, Bopodi, Khadki Bazaar, Khadki, Bombay Sappers, Deccan College, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Kesnand Phata
|Nigdi, Wagholi
|-
!337
|Chinchwad
|Wagholi
|Keshav Nagar, Morya Raj Park, Tapkir Chowk, Rahatani, Pimple Saudagar, Sudarshan Nagar, Pimple Gurav, Katepuram, Sangvi, Navi Sangvi, Juni Sangvi, Chandramani Nagar, Dapodi, Bopodi, Khadki Bazaar, Khadki, Bombay Sappers, Deccan College, Yerwada, Shastri Nagar, Nagar Road, Ramwadi, Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Aaple Ghar, Khandve Nagar, Kesnand Phata
|Balewadi
|-
!339
|Katraj
|Santnagar RTO
|Katraj Zoo, Dhankawadi, Balaji Nagar, Padmavati, Natubaug, Bhapkar Pump, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Goodluck Chowk, Deccan Gymkhana, FC Road, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Bhosari Depot, Sadgurunagar, Dhawade Vasti, Indrayani Nagar, Bhosari Sector 7, Spine Road, Santnagar
|Bhosari
|-
!340
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Alandi
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Thermax Chowk, Phule Nagar, Spine Road, Gharkul Vasahat, Jadhavwadi Phata, Kudalwadi, Bhosari Sector 11, Santnagar, PCNTDA, Godown Chowk, Tapkir Nagar, Alankapuram, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Nigdi
|-
!341
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran
|Urse Gaon
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Maruti Mandir, Talegaon Dabhade, Urse Phata, Talegaon Toll Plaza, Finolex Company
|Nigdi
|-
!342
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran
|Urse Gaon
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Chourai Nagar, Bhote Vasti, Parandwadi
|Nigdi
|-
!343
|Chakan/Ambethan Chowk
|Talegaon Dabhade
|Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Kharabwadi, Chakan MIDC, Lumax Company, Mahalunge Ingale, Khalumbre, Manohar Nagar, Sudhawadi, Indori, Malwadi, Talegaon Station
|Bhosari
|-
!344
|Baner Depot
|Alandi
|Baner, Balewadi Phata, Adarsh Nagar, Pimple Nilakh, Vishal Nagar, Kaspate Vasti, Wakad, Kalewadi Phata, Tapkir Chowk, Kalewadi, Pimpri, Buddha Nagar, Pimpri Station, Finolex Chowk, PCMC, Pimpri Chowk, Kharalwadi, Pimpri Colony, Nehru Nagar, YCM Hospital, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Baner
|-
!345
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Bhosari
!Same route as mentioned for Route 324
|Baner
|-
!346
|Bhosari
|Wagholi
|Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Dighi, Kalas, Vishrantwadi, Bhairav Nagar, Dhanori, Lohegaon, Adarsh Nagar, Diamond Waterpark, Wagholi Depot, Kesnand Phata
|Wagholi
|-
!347
|Sangvi
|Alandi
|Chandramani Nagar, Juni Sangvi, Navi Sangvi, Pimple Gurav, Gangotri Nagar, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Pimpri
|-
!348
|Pune Station
|Nigdi Bhakti Shakti
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Mangalwar Gadital, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Rakshak Chowk, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Dange Chowk, Thergaon Phata, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwad, SKF Company, Bhoir Nagar, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|Nigdi
|-
!350
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran
|Dehu Gaon
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Triveni Nagar, Talwade, Fujitsu Company, Vitthalwadi
|Nigdi
|-
!351
|Jambhe
|Alandi
|Rasikwadi, Punawale, Dattawadi, Tathawade, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwad, Chinchwad Station, Shivaji Chowk, Mohan Nagar, KSB Chowk, Tata Motors/Telco Company, Telco Road, Yashwant Nagar, Gavli Matha, Indrayani Nagar, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Sai Mandir, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Bhosari
|-
!352
|Pune Station
|Rajgurunagar
|Juna Bazaar, RTO Office, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Sadgurunagar, Gandharv Nagari, Moshi, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Ambethan Chowk, Waki Khurd, Bham Gaon, Shiroli
|Bhosari
|-
!353
|Chakan
|Shikrapur
|Kadhachiwadi, Rase Phata, Bhose, Shel Pimpalgaon, Mohitewadi, Bahul, Dabare Vasti, Sabalewadi, Chouphula, Pimple Jagtap, Jate Gaon Phata
|Wagholi
|-
!353A
|Chakan
|Wagholi
|Kadhachiwadi, Rase Phata, Bhose, Shel Pimpalgaon, Mohitewadi, Bahul, Dabare Vasti, Sabalewadi, Chouphula, Pimple Jagtap, Jate Gaon Phata, Shikrapur, Sanaswadi, Koregaon Bhima, Lonikand, Alandi Phata, Kesnand Phata
|Wagholi
|-
!354
|Marketyard
|Pimpri
|Gultekdi, Swargate, Sarasbaug, SP College, Tilak Road, Alka Talkies, Deccan Gymkhana, Goodluck Chowk, FC Road, Modern College, PMC, COEP Hostel, Shivaji Nagar, Pune University, Bremen Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Navi Sangvi, Sangvi, Katepuram, Pimple Gurav, Kashid Park, Sudarshan Nagar, Pimple Saudagar, Rahatani, Tapkir Chowk, Kalewadi
|Pimpri
|-
!355
|Dange Chowk
|Chikhali
|Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwad, SKF Company, Bhoir Nagar, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Nigdi Pradhikaran Chowk, Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Thermax Chowk, Phule Nagar, Sane Chowk, Vitthal Nagar, Keshav Nagar, Patil Nagar
|Pimpri, Balewadi
|-
!355A
|Baner Depot
|Chikhali
|Radha Chowk Baner, Mahalunge Stadium, Wakad Phata, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwad, SKF Company, Bhoir Nagar, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Nigdi Pradhikaran Chowk, Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Thermax Chowk, Phule Nagar, Sane Chowk Vitthal Nagar, Keshav Nagar, Patil Nagar
|Baner
|-
!357
|Pune Station
|Bhosari
|Pune Station Depot, GPO, Collector Office, Juna Bazaar, Mangalwar Gadital, Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Pune Station
|-
!358
|Bhosari
|Rajgurunagar
|Bhosari Depot, Sadguru Nagar, Godown Chowk, Gandharv Nagari, Borhadewadi, Moshi, Dehu Phata, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Ambethan Chowk, Bham Gaon, Waki, Shiroli, Kharpudi Khurd
|Bhosari
|-
!358A
|Bhosari
|Vasuli / This route is sometimes shortened till Chakan/Ambethan Chowk
|Bhosari Depot, Sadguru Nagar, Godown Chowk, Gandharv Nagari, Borhadewadi, Moshi, Dehu Phata, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Ambethan Chowk, Biradwadi, Nighoje, Ambethan, Chakan MIDC, Bhamboli, Mahalunge Phata
|Bhosari
|-
!359A
|Pimple Gurav
|Rajgurunagar
|Kashid Park, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Bhosari Depot, Sadguru Nagar, Godown Chowk, Gandharv Nagari, Borhadewadi, Moshi, Dehu Phata, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Ambethan Chowk, Bham Gaon, Waki, Shiroli, Kharpudi Khurd
|Bhosari
|-
!360
|Mahalunge
|Alandi
|Mahalunge Stadium, Radha Chowk Baner, Balewadi Depot, Balewadi, Balewadi High Street, Balewadi Phata, Baner, Sindhi Colony, Sanewadi, Parihar Chowk, Aundh, Sangvi Phata, Navi Sangvi, Sangvi, Pimple Gurav, Kashid Park, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Bhosari MIDC, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Balewadi
|-
!361
|Bhosari
|Alandi
|Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Bhosari
|-
!362
|YCM Hospital
|Alandi
|Nehru Nagar, Thermax Company, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Ramnagar, Gajanan Nagar, Magazine Chowk, Wadmukhwadi, Charholi Phata, Dehu Phata
|Pimpri
|-
!363
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Ravet/Samir Lawns
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Vikas Nagar, Adarsh Nagar, Mukai Chowk, Kiwale
|Nigdi
|-
!364
|Chakan
|Alandi
|Talegaon Chowk, Alandi Phata, Chakan Hill, MIT World Peace School, Hanumanwadi, Sambhaji Chowk
|Bhosari
|-
!366
|Pune Station
|Nigdi Bhakti Shakti
|Ruby Hall Clinic, Bund Garden, Yerwada, Deccan College, Bombay Sappers, Khadki, Khadki Bazar, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, Pimpri, PCMC, Chinchwad, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi
|Pune Station
|-
!367
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Bhosari
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Sambhaji Nagar, Bird Valley, KSB Chowk, Telco Company, Yashwant Nagar, Indrayani Nagar, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari
|-
!367A
|Akurdi Railway Station
|Bhosari
|Pradhikaran, Kirloskar Chowk, Ganga Nagar, Sant Dnyaneshwar Chowk, Big India, Appu Ghar, Nigdi Depot, Bhakti Shakti, Nigdi, Pradhikaran Chowk, Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Sambhaji Nagar, Bird Valley, KSB Chowk, Telco Company, Yashwant Nagar, Indrayani Nagar, Landewadi, Gavhane Vasti
|Bhosari
|-
!368
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Lonavala/Railway Station
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Begdewadi, Ghoravadeshwar Hill, Somatane Phata, Tukaram Nagar, Ghorawadi, Maruti Mandir, Talegaon Dabhade, Swaraj Nagari, Urse Phata, Vadgaon Maval, Mauli Nagar, Kanhe, Naigaon, Khadkale, Kamshet, Pathargaon, Wet n Joy Park, Shilatne, Karla, Waksai, Varsoli, Valvan, Lonavala ST Stand, Lonavala
|Nigdi
|-
!369
|Nigdi
|Vasuli
|Bajaj Auto, Yamuna Nagar, Krushna Nagar, Triveni Nagar, Rupee Nagar, Talwade, Tukaram Nagar, Fujitsu Company, Mahindra Company, Mahalunge Endurance Company, Harman Plant, HP Chowk, Thyssenkrupp Company, Bridgestone Company, Sawardari, Forbes Marshall Company, Bhamboli, Bhamchandra Caves
|Nigdi
|-
!370
|Bhosari
|Davadi
|Bhosari Depot, Sadgurunagar, Godown Chowk, Gandharv Nagari, Borhadewadi, Moshi, Dehu Phata, Chimbali Phata, Kurali, Alandi Phata, Chakan, Talegaon Chowk, Ambethan Chowk, Bham Gaon, Waki, Shiroli, Kharpudi Khurd, Rajgurunagar, Holewadi, Manjarewadi, Kharpudi Budruk, Ambe Ovhal, Nimgaon
|Bhosari
|-
!372
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Nigdi/Bhakti Shakti
|Megapolis Society, Wipro Circle, Infosys Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Bhumkar Chowk, Wakad, Dange Chowk, Datta Nagar, Chinchwad, SKF Company, Bhoir Nagar, Ganga Nagar Corner, Akurdi, Pradhikaran Chowk
|Nigdi, Balewadi
|-
!373
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Sangvi
|Megapolis Society, Wipro Circle, Infosys Phase 2, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Bhujbal Chowk, Wakad Bridge, Wakad, Kaspate Vasti, Jagtap Dairy, Kalewadi Phata, Rahatani, Pimple Saudagar, Kashid Park, Pimple Gurav, Katepuram, Navi Sangvi
|Baner
|-
!374
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Mamurdi/Sai Nagar
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Shitala Nagar, Mamurdi, MCA Stadium
|Nigdi
|-
!374A
|Nigdi/Pradhikaran Chowk
|Gahunje
|Bhakti Shakti, Durga Tekdi, Dehu Road, Shitala Nagar, Mamurdi, MCA Stadium, Expressway Bridge
|Nigdi
|-
!375
|Hinjewadi Phase 3/Eternity Company
|Mukai Chowk Kiwale
|Capgemini Company, Infosys Phase 2, Wipro Circle, Hinjewadi Phase 1, Laxmi Chowk, Marunji, Life Republic, Koyte Vasti, Punawale, Dattawadi, Samir Lawns Ravet, Kiwale
|Baner
|-
!376
|PMC
|Pimpri
|Shivaji Nagar, Wakdewadi, Khadki, Bopodi, Dapodi, Phugewadi, Kasarwadi, Nashik Phata, Vallabh Nagar, YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Morwadi, PCMC, Pimpri Station, Shagun Chowk
|Pimpri
|-
!380
|Hinjewadi Phase 3
|Bhosari
|
|
|-
|}

===ATAL Bus Routes===
These are short feeder routes provided by some PMPML depots.
{{anchor|APxx}}{{anchor|Bxx}}{{anchor|Hxx}}{{anchor|Kxx}}{{anchor|Nxx}}{{anchor|Pxx}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Route
!Start
!End
!Via
!Depot
|-
!AP2
|Upper Depot
|Katraj
|Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Sukhsagar Nagar, Rajas Society
|Upper Depot
|-
!B1
|PCMC Metro Station
|Dighi
|YCM Hospital, Nehru Nagar, Gavhane Vasti, Bhosari, Bharatmata Nagar, Magazine Chowk
|Bhosari
|-
!B2
|Alandi
|Charholi
|Dehu Phata, Charholi Phata, Mhasoba Chowk
|Bhosari
|-
!H3
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Saswad Road Station
|Sasane Nagar, Papade Wasti
|Hadapsar
|-
!H6
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Mohammadwadi
|Sasane Nagar, Chintamani Nagar, Sayyad Nagar
|Hadapsar
|-
!H8
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Phursungi
|Satavwadi, Shiv Shakti Chowk, Navade Wasti
|Hadapsar
|-
!H9
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Gopalpatti
|Manjari Road, Mahadev Nagar
|Hadapsar
|-
!H11
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Sanket Vihar
|
|Hadapsar
|-
!K7
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Dangat Estate
|Garware College, Nalstop, Karve Road, Warje Naka, Warje Malwadi
|Kothrud
|-
!K11
|Katraj
|Jambhulwadi
|
|Katraj
|-
!K12
|Katraj
|Narhegaon
|
|Katraj
|-
!K14
|Katraj
|Gujarwadi
|
|Katraj
|-
!K16
|Katraj
|Yewalewadi
|
|Katraj
|-
!K18
|Katraj
|Waghjainagar
|
|Katraj
|-
!K21/VARTUL
|Kothrud Depot
|Bavdhan
|Chandni Chowk, D Palace, Chellaram Hospital, LMD Chowk
|Kothrud
|-
!N4A
|Deccan Gymkhana
|Niljyoti Society
|FC Road, Model Colony, Vetal Baba Chowk, Kusalkar Putala, Janwadi
|Na.Ta.Wadi
|-
!N14
|Akurdi Station
|Chinchwad
|Chaphekar Chowk, Munjoba Vasahat, Walhekarwadi, Bhondve Corner, DY Patil College
|Nigdi (Route is currently operated by Balewadi)
|-
!N15
|Nigdi
|Rupeenagar
|Bhakti Shakti
|Nigdi
|-
!N16
|Akurdi/Khandoba Maal Chowk
|Chikhali/Patil Nagar
|
|Nigdi
|-
!P12
|Pimpri Road
|Kalewadi Phata
|
|Pimpri
|-
!P13
|PCMC Metro Station
|Mukai Chowk Kiwale
|Pimpri Station, Bhat Nagar, Chinchwad, Chaphekar Chowk, Chinchwade Nagar, Sayali Complex, Walhekarwadi, Ravet
|Pimpri
|-
!S9
|Swargate
|Sahakar Nagar
|
|Swargate
|}

===Metro Feeder Routes===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan="2" | Route
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|style="background:#00AEEF;" |
!METRO2
|Deccan Gymkhana Metro Station
|Warje Malwadi
|Garware College, Erandwane, Nalstop, Karve Road, Kothrud Stand, Karve Nagar, Hingne Budruk, Galinde Path Warje Naka, Tapodham, Ganpati Matha
|-
|style="background:#00AEEF;" |
!METRO13
|Civil Court Metro Station
|Upper Depot
|PMC, Shaniwar Wada, Mandai, Swargate, Vasantbaug, Bibwewadi
|-
|style="background:#00AEEF;" |
!METRO17
|Civil Court Metro Station
|Hadapsar Gadital
|Juna Bazaar, Camp, Pulgate, Ramtekdi
|-
|style="background:#00AEEF;" |
!METRO19
|Yerwada Metro Station
|Pune International Airport
|Gunjan Talkies, Yerwada, Jail Road, Nagpur Chawl, Burma Shell, Aeromall
|-
|style="background:#00AEEF;" |
!METRO20
|Ramwadi Metro Station
|EON IT Park, Kharadi
|Viman Nagar, Chandan Nagar, Kharadi Bypass, Kharadi, Free Zone
|-
|style="background:#822478;" |
!METRO31
|PCMC Metro Station
|Kalewadi Phata
|Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri, Pimpri Station, Shagun Chowk, Kalewadi, Tapkir Chowk
|-
|style="background:#822478;" |
!METRO32
|Bhosari(Nashik Phata)Metro Station
|Nigdi
|Vallabh Nagar, PCMC, Akurdi, Bhakti Shakti
|-
|style="background:#822478;" |
!METRO37
|PCMC Metro Station
|Akurdi Station
|Pimpri Chowk, Pimpri, Pimpri Station, Shagun Chowk, Buddha Nagar, Bhat Nagar, Gawade Nagar, Tanaji Nagar, Chinchwad, Chaphekar Chowk, Bijli Nagar
|-
|style="background:#822478;" |
!METRO40/VARTUL
|Dange Chowk
|PCMC Metro Station
|Chinchwad, PCMC Metro Stn, Pimpri Chowk, Shagun Chowk, Tapkir Chowk
|-
|}
[[File:Red st.jpg|thumb|A MSRTC bus]]
[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) runs buses, popularly known as ST (State Transport), from its three main bus stations in [[Shivajinagar Bus Station, Pune|Shivajinagar]], [[Pune Station Bus Stand|Pune Station]] and [[Swargate Bus Station|Swargate]] to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx | title = Maharashtra State Road Transport | publisher = IndiaTransit.com | access-date = 5 March 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120904102541/http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/maharashtra_state_road.aspx | archive-date = 4 September 2012 }}</ref> Private companies too run buses to major cities throughout India.
{{clear}}

==Rail==
{{Main|Pune railway station}}

The city's main railway station is [[Pune Railway Station]]. The station is administrated by the [[Pune Railway Division]] of the [[Central Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm|title=Welcome to Central Railways|language=hi|publisher=Central Railways|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110705101114/http://203.176.113.182/CR/cr/pune/administration/qwe.htm|archive-date=2011-07-05}}</ref> There are many other railway stations within the urban area. Daily express trains connect Pune to major cities in the country. At Pune, there is diesel locomotive shed and electric trip shed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/accolades-for-pune-division-of-central-railw/449353/ | title = Accolades for Pune division of Central Railway|date=21 April 2009|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Pune Suburban Railway===
[[File:Local Train of Pune to Lonavla.png|thumb|A suburban train on the Pune - Lonavla route]]
{{Main|Pune Suburban Railway}}

[[Pune Suburban Railway]] is a suburban rail system connecting [[Pune]] to its suburbs and neighboring villages in [[Pune District]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is operated by [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. Pune's suburban railway operates on two routes, i.e. from [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] to [[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]] and its part, from [[Shivaji Nagar railway station|Shivaji Nagar]] to [[Talegaon railway station|Talegaon]]. There are 5 trains which operate on [[Shivaji Nagar railway station|Shivaji Nagar]] - [[Talegaon railway station|Talegaon]] route while 18 trains operate on [[Pune Junction]] - [[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]] route.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110906191811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-26/pune/29705940_1_pune-jaipur-express-new-trains-railway-administration New trains from Pune and change in suburban service for administration by central railways]</ref>

=== Pune Metro ===
{{Main|Pune Metro}}

[[Pune Metro]] is a currently under construction [[rapid transit]] system to serve the cities of [[Pune]] and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]. As of March 2018, Line 1 ([[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] - [[Swargate]]) and Line 2 ([[Kothrud|Vanaz]] - [[State Highway 27 (Maharashtra)|Ramwadi]]) with a combined length of 31.25 km are being constructed by [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] ([[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]]), a 50:50 joint venture of the [[Government of Maharashtra|State]] and [[Government of India|Central]] Governments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-metro-rail-project-gets-go-ahead-from-Centre/articleshow/55865879.cms|title=Pune metro rail project gets go-ahead from Centre - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref> Lines 1 and 2 opened on March 6, 2022 with 12 km in operation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-metro-to-operate-at-full-steam-in-2021-says-maha-metro-chief/story-BLOAJjY5euTawZoO0iR7bL.html|title=Pune Metro to operate at full steam in 2021, says Maha-Metro chief|date=2018-02-14|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 6, 2022 |title=PM Modi unveils Shivaji Maharaj statue, launches Metro rail project in Pune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pm-modi-unveils-shivaji-maharaj-statue-in-pune-municipal-corporation-premises-375577 |work=The Tribune |location=Pune, Maharashtra |access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref> Line 3, which will cover a distance of 23.3 km between [[Hinjawadi]] and [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]], has been approved by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State]] and [[Government of India|Central]] Governments. The [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] ([[PMRDA]]) will implement the project on a [[public–private partnership]] ([[Public–private partnership|PPP]]) basis, for which it has shortlisted three companies: [http://tril.co.in/urban_transport Tata Realty] and [[Siemens]], [[IRB Infrastructure|IRB]] in consortium with Chinese and Malaysian companies, and [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-shivajinagar-metro-gets-centre-funds/articleshow/63209026.cms|title=Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar Metro gets Centre funds - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref> The bidding for Line 3 is expected by June 2018.<ref name=":6" /> All three lines will align at the [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Civil Court]] [[interchange station]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/central-government-approves-shivajinagar-hinjewadi-metro-corridor-on-ppp-basis/story-RzmLop1HzoMMXGgy64l0mO.html|title=Central government approves Shivajinagar-Hinjewadi Metro corridor on PPP basis|date=2018-03-07|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/tech-companies-keen-to-stamp-their-names-on-metro-stations/articleshow/60519665.cms|title=Tech companies keen to stamp their names on Metro stations - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref>

==Air==
{{main|Pune Airport|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport}}

[[File:Departure_Lounge_Pune_Airport_India.jpg|thumb|Departure lounge at Pune airport]]
[[Pune Airport]] is an international airport at [[Lohegaon]], operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. It shares its runways with the neighbouring [[Indian Air Force]] base.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ | title = Pune City | publisher = St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110825091211/http://pune.steci.org/about-pune-parish/pune-city/ | archive-date = 2011-08-25 }}</ref> In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, this airport serves international direct flights to [[Dubai]] (operated by [[SpiceJet]] & [[IndiGo]]), [[Bangkok]] (operated by [[Air India Express]] & [[IndiGo]]) and [[Singapore]] (operated by [[Air India]]).

[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport]] is a proposed greenfield international airport to serve the city of [[Pune]], [[India]]. The airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near [[Saswad]] and [[Jejuri]] in [[Purandar taluka]] of [[Pune District]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-official-Pune-to-get-new-international-airport-at-Purandar/articleshow/54726567.cms|title=It's official: Pune to get new international airport at Purandar - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Public transport in Mumbai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Pune| ]]

Uma Chakravarti

2025-12-17T11:19:12Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting a data

{{short description|Indian historian and filmmaker|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox scholar
|image =Uma chak.jpg
|caption=Chakravarti in 2015
| name = Uma Chakravarti
| imagesize =
| alt =
| fullname =
| othernames =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 20 August 1941
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| spouse = Anand Chakravarti
| era =
| region =
| workplaces = [[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Benaras Hindu University]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| school_tradition =
| main_interests =
| principal_ideas =
| major_works = *''Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism'' 
*''Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai''
| awards =
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uma Chakravarti''' (born 20 August 1941) is an Indian [[historian]] and [[filmmaker]]. Beginning in the 1980s, Chakravarti wrote extensively on Indian history highlighting issues relating to [[gender]], [[caste]], and [[Social class|class]], publishing seven books over the course of her career. Her body of work mostly focused on the history of [[Buddhism]], and that of [[Ancient India|ancient]] and 19th century India.

Born to a bureaucrat from [[Palghat]], [[Kerala]], Chakravarti went to school in [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]]. She completed her master's in history from the [[Benaras Hindu University]] and ventured into teaching. Chakravarti established a career as an educator at the [[Miranda House, University of Delhi]], where she taught from 1966 to 1998. She published her first book{{emdash}}''Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism'' as a part of her doctorate study in 1987. Her subsequent writings, the most successful of which are ''Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai'' (1998) and ''Gendering Caste through a Feminist Lens'' (2002), have been well received by both the audience and fellow academicians.

A leading scholar of [[women's history|women's]] and [[feminist history]] writing in the subcontinent, she has been called the founding mother of the [[Feminism in India|women's movement in India]]. Apart from engaging with feminist issues, she has also worked as a democratic rights activist, participating in several fact-finding committees including the International Tribunal on Justice for Gujarat.<ref name=Leiden>[http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/uma-chakravarti-bio.pdf Dr Uma Chakravarti (bio)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529052135/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/uma-chakravarti-bio.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}, Leiden University, retrieved 2015-12-11.</ref><ref name=Drew>[https://www.drew.edu/calendar/event/wgst-visiting-scholar-uma-chakravati/ WGST Visiting Scholar: Uma Chakravarti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062046/https://www.drew.edu/calendar/event/wgst-visiting-scholar-uma-chakravati/ |date=10 February 2018 }}, Drew University, 22 October 2012, retrieved 2015-12-15.</ref> She also writes [[Columnist|newspaper columns]] on contemporary issues concerning [[women's rights|women]] and [[human rights]].

Chakravarti has also directed four documentary films{{em dash}}''A Quiet Little Entry'', ''Fragments of a Past'', ''Ek Inquilab Aur Aaya: Lucknow 1920-1949'', and ''Prison Diaries'', all of which focus on, among other issues, women's history in India.

== Early life ==
Uma Chakravarti was born in Delhi on 20 August 1941.<ref name="juliadutta">
{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Julia |date=2013-11-10 |title=Julia's Blog: Uma Chakravarti, a larger than life picture |url=http://juliadutta.blogspot.com/2013/11/uma-chakravarti-larger-than-life-picture.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Julia's Blog}}
</ref> Her father was a civil servant, originally from [[Palghat]] in [[Kerala]]. Uma studied in the [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] and, later, [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]. Afterwards, she studied Law at the [[University Law College, Bangalore|College of Law, Bangalore]] and simultaneously completed a Master's in [[History]] from the [[Benaras Hindu University]].<ref name=juliadutta/>

== Career ==
Chakravarti joined the [[Miranda House]], the premier women's college in [[Delhi University]], in 1966.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2014}} She worked there till 1988, working on Buddhism, early Indian history, 19th-century history and contemporary issues. She authored 7 books and over 50 research articles.<ref name=Leiden/><ref name=Drew/>

Since the 1970s, Chakravarti has been associated with the women's movement and the movement for democratic rights. She participated in several fact-finding teams to investigate human rights violations, communal riots and state repression.<ref name=Leiden/>

In most recent work, she has directed two films, one on the life of a child bride [[R. S. Subbalakshmi|Subbulakshmi]] who went on to participate in the [[Indian independence movement]] and the second on the writer [[Mythili Sivaraman]] who worked with labouring men and women, documenting their oppressions.<ref name=juliadutta/>{{sfn|Kumkum Roy, Insights and Interventions|2011|p=13-14}}

[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] historian [[Kumkum Roy]] has edited a volume of scholarly essays in Chakravarti's honour, stating that she had inspired generations of teachers, students and friends.{{sfn|Kumkum Roy, Insights and Interventions|2011|loc=cover leaf}} Ashley Tellis from [[City University of New York]] adds that she had a profound influence on the lives and careers of scores of young scholars and activists, playing the role of a `founding mother' of Indian feminist history-writing as well as the Indian women's movement.<ref name=Tellis>{{citation |first=Ashley |last=Tellis |title=Book Review: Uma Chakravarti, Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: Beyond the Kings and Brahmanas of 'Ancient' India |journal=Social Scientist |volume=35 |number=5/6 |year=2007 |pages=67–70 |jstor=27644220}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Uma is married to [[Anand Chakravarti]], a sociologist. Together they have a daughter Upali and son Siddhartha. She lives in Delhi along with her husband and daughter.<ref name=juliadutta/>

== Works ==
; Books
* ''Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1987). {{ISBN|8121507499}}.
* ''Delhi Riots: Three Days in the Life of a Nation'' (with [[Nandita Haksar]], Delhi: Lancer International, 1987)
* ''Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai'' ([[Kali for Women]], 1998). {{ISBN|9381017948}}.
* ''From Myths to Markets: Essays on Gender'' (with [[Kumkum Sangari]], [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Simla, 1999)
* ''Gendering Caste through a Feminist Lens'' ([[Stree (publisher)|Stree]], 2002). {{ISBN|8185604541}}.
* ''Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: Beyond the Kings and Brahmanas of Ancient India'' ([[Tulika Books]], 2006). {{ISBN|8189487043}}.
* ''Shadow Lives: Writings on Widowhood'' (with Preeti Gill, [[Kali for Women]], 2006). {{ISBN|8186706402}}.
; Selected articles
* “Whatever happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism, nationalism and a script for the past.” in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds) ''[[Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History]]'' ([[Kali for Women]], 1989). {{ISBN|0813515807}}. (Also included in ''Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories'').
* "Is Buddhism the answer to Brahmanical patriarchy?" in Neera Chandhoke (ed) ''Mapping Histories: Essays Presented to Ravinder Kumar'' (Tulika, 2000). {{ISBN|1843310368}}.
* "A Kashmir diary: Seven days in an armed paradise", in Urvashi Butalia (ed) ''Speaking Peace: Women's Voices from Kashmir'' (2003). {{ISBN|9383074701}}.
* "Reconceptualising gender: Phule, Brahmanism and Brahmanical patriarchy" in Anupama Rao (ed) ''Gender & Caste'' (Zed Books, 2005). {{ISBN|8188965200}}.
* "Oppositional imaginations: Multiple lineages of feminist scholarship," in Rekha Pande (ed) ''A Journey Into Women's Studies: Crossing Interdisciplinary Boundaries'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). {{ISBN|9781137395740}}.
; Films
* ''A Quiet Little Entry''
* ''Fragments of a Past''

=== Reception ===
Chakravarti's ''Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism'', based on her doctoral thesis,<ref name=Kaul>
{{citation |last=Kaul |first=Shonaleeka |title=Peopling history |newspaper=Frontline |volume=23 |number=23 |date=18 November 2006 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2323/stories/20061201000307200.htm}}
</ref> is regarded as a classic work on ancient India, and is often included in course syllabi of early Indian history courses.{{sfn|Kumkum Roy, Insights and Interventions|2011|p=1}} Chakravarti based her analysis on the Buddhist texts written in [[Pali language|Pali]], the language spoken by the commoners in early India. In her later work, she built on this research to reformulate the issues of social stratification, labour, renunciation and domesticity in early India, with a firm focus on gender, caste and class.<ref name=Tellis/>

''Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories'' is a compilation of 14 essays derived from three decades of work on the history of early India, previously published in various journals and collections. Scholar [[Shonaleeka Kaul]] states that the anthology still retains freshness because it represents a "new take on early Indian history," presenting an understanding of the past beyond the vantage of the elite and the orthodox (the "Kings and Brahmanas"). It is the history of the people on the "margins," where margins is translated as "labouring groups including women who labour and women as a wider category."<ref name=Kaul/> The Introductory chapter offers an account of Chakravarti's own journey through the women's movement as well as her production of India's first feminism-informed histories.<ref name=Tellis/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
'''Sources'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Chakravarti |first=Uma |chapter=Oppositional Imaginations: Multiple Lineages of Feminist Scholarship |editor-last=Pande |editor-first=Rekha |title=A Journey Into Women's Studies: Crossing Interdisciplinary Boundaries |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kN5CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |date=23 July 2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-39574-0 |pages=74–}}
* {{citation |first=Gail |last=Omvedt |authorlink=Gail Omvedt |title=Review: Towards a Theory of 'Brahmanic Patriarchy' |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=35 |number=4 |date=22 January 2000 |pages=187–190 |jstor=4408843}}
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Kumkum |title=Insights and Interventions: Essays in Honour of Uma Chakravarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGzbPNdtJGsC |year=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-22-1 |ref={{sfnref|Kumkum Roy, Insights and Interventions|2011}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Baxi, Pratiksha, Uma Chakravarti, Suman Bisht and Janaki Abraham (2008) "Reclaiming Spaces: Gender Politics on a University Campus," In Radhika Coomaraswamy and Nimanthi Perera-Rajasingham (eds) ''Constellations of Violence: Feminist Interventions in South Asia''. Women Unlimited, Delhi.

== External links ==
* Interview: Dr. Uma Chakravarti, [https://genderstudiesgroup.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/gsg3-2-2.pdf Gender Studies Journal, Vol. I(3)], [https://genderstudiesgroup.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/journal-uma-2.pdf Gender Studies Journal, Vol. I(4)], Delhi University, November 2011.
* Conceptualising Brahmanical Patriarchy in Early India: Gender, Caste, Class and State. EPW, April 3, 1993. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213716/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ba07/ebdef62fd63c435a972faabf6e28d08131e6.pdf Pdf.]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarti, Uma}}
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Feminist historians]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]

The Pride of Bharat: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

2025-12-13T21:54:22Z

KatharinaFlanery: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sandeep Singh (producer)]]

Kukunoor

2025-11-25T03:29:38Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting some details w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name = Kukunuru
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village, City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
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| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.5667|N|81.1833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total = 6380
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =  Pincode
| postal_code = 534444
| postal2_code_type = 507114
| registration_plate = AP 37, AP 39
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Kukunoor
}}
[[File:Kukunoor.webp|right|thumb|Kukunoor name board ♥️]]
'''Kukunoor'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2022-03-14 |title=Andhra Pradesh: House-to-house survey taken up to check health condition of villagers in West Godavari |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-house-to-house-survey-taken-up-to-check-health-condition-of-villagers-in-west-godavari/article65223695.ece |access-date=2022-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a village in [[Eluru district|Eluru District]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was in [[Khammam district]], until the formation of [[Telangana]] state in 2 June 2014.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Geography==
Kukunoor is located at {{Coord|17.5667|N|81.1833|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kukunuru.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kukunuru, India |publisher=Fallingrain.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 29 metres (98 ft).

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Kukunoor had a population of 6380. The total population constitute, 3176 males and 3204 females with a sex ratio of 1009 females per 1000 males. 539 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 918. The average literacy rate stands at 64.42%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/579329-kukunoor-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Kukunoor Population Census|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bhadrachalam]] to [[Rajahmundry]] buses passes through the town. Nearest airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport]].Nearest railway station is [[Bhadrachalam Road railway station]] located in [[Kothagudem]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Gudimallam

2025-11-23T20:39:38Z

KatharinaFlanery: Creating First Article Needs Work...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gudimallam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|13.586083|N|79.583096|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2017
| pop_est_as_of = 2011
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Literacy
| demographics1_title1 = Literates
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517620
| area_code_type = 
}}
'''Gudimallam''' is a village near [[Tirupati]], located in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. It is situated about {{convert|15|km}} southeast of [[Tirupati]] city.<ref name=sarma1994>{{cite book|title=Parasuramesvara Temple at Gudimallam: A probe into its origins|author = IK Sarma|year=1994|publisher=Datsons|isbn= 9788171920150|pages=2–18}}</ref><ref name=arundhati2002/> It is especially famous for the [[Gudimallam Lingam]] in the Parasurameswara Swamy Temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India - Alphabetical List of Monuments in Andhra Pradesh |website=Government of India
|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ }}</ref>

[[File:Gudimallam village farms and environment, Andhra Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|left|Farms and mountains near Gudimallam village, Andhra Pradesh India]]
Gudimallam is one of many small villages in a valley of Eastern Ghats of India that passes through Kalahasti and Kuppam.<ref name=arundhati2002/> These Ghats along with small rivers originating in these rocky hills and mountains stretch along the eastern coast of India. The village Gudimallam is surrounded by agricultural fields irrigated by the waters of river Swarnamukhi located about {{convert|1|km}} northwest of the village and one that originates in Chandragiri hills.<ref name=sarma1994/><ref name=arundhati2002/> The valley is punctuated by forested Tirumala and Horsely hills rich in trapezoid rock called Tirupati Khandolite, a rock that was historically the building material for several temples in Gudimallam and many more in the Kalahasti and Chittoor region.<ref name=sarma1994/><ref name=arundhati2002>{{cite book|title=Annapurna: A Bunch of Flowers of Indian Culture|author = P Arundhati|year = 2002| isbn = 9788170228974 | publisher= Concept| pages=40–42}}</ref>

Gudimallam and nearby valley and hills of the Kalahasti region have had a long history of human habitation. These have included the souras, koyas, sugalis, chenchus, kuruas and others. Archaeological and epigraphical studies suggest that Gudimallam Lingam, one of the oldest Shiva Linga in the world is in the Parasuramesvara temple, one of the temples in Gudimallam. The Lingam has been variously dated between 3rd-century BCE and 2nd-century CE. Further, around this same lingam, the site had a brick apsidal temple by about the 2nd or 3rd-century CE, which was in later centuries rebuilt and expanded many times as evidenced by several inscriptions on its walls.<ref name=sarma1994/><ref>{{cite book|title=Annapurna: A Bunch of Flowers of Indian Culture|author = P Arundhati|year = 2002| isbn = 9788170228974 | publisher= Concept| pages=40–44}}</ref>

According to 2011 Census of India, the village included {{convert|431|ha}} and had a population of 2,017 people living in 552 houses. The village is covered by the [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] of 517620, and has a ''gram panchayat'' named Gundala Kandriga KCK. The nearest city is Tirupati, about {{convert|12|km}} from Gudimallam.<ref>[https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/downloads/applications/chittoor.pdf Gudimallam], DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT- CHITTOOR DISTRICT, Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh, India (2018)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

Alpana

2025-11-22T18:21:46Z

KatharinaFlanery: improve article after review for clarity

{{Short description|South Asian folk art style}}
'''Alpana''' or '''alpona''' ({{langx|bn|আলপনা }}) is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[folk art]] style consisting of colored motifs, patterns, and symbols that are painted on floors and walls with paints made from rice flour, on religious occasions. Alpona is common to [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of West Bengal. Amongst Hindu families, alpanas may contain religious motifs with symbolic designs that relate to religious austerity, festivals, and specific deities. Amongst ''Santal'' tribal communities, ''alpanas'' often contain geometric or symbolic patterns drawn from nature. Although traditionally the domain of [[rural women]]'', Alpana'' motifs have been very influential in modern Indian art, and are incorporated into the works of artists such as [[Jamini Roy]], [[Abanindranath Tagore]], [[Devi Prasad (artist)|Devi Prasad]], and in the early illustrations of film-maker [[Satyajit Ray]]. In contemporary Bengal, ''alpanas'' are created as part of religious festivals such as the [[Durga Puja|Durga puja]], in public and private spaces.

[[File:Durga Puja- Alpona.jpg|thumb|right|Alpana in [[Durga Puja]]]][[File:Alpona by people.jpg|thumb|right|Alpana work in Bangladesh during [[Language Movement Day]]]]

== Development and motifs ==
Alpanas were traditionally created by women in the [[Bengal]] region, and is a form of ritual art, similar in technique to [[rangoli]], [[kolam]], and [[chowk poorana]] in other parts of South Asia, but with distinct motifs and patterns.<ref name="hindu27122017">{{cite news |date=27 December 2016 |title=Reviving a vanishing folk art form in Bengal |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Reviving-a-vanishing-folk-art-form-in-Bengal/article16083431.ece |access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=SenGupta |first=Amitabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5khR_HRE8MC&dq=%22alpana%22+Art+bengal&pg=PA76 |title=Scroll Paintings of Bengal: Art in the Village |date=2012-06-14 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4772-1383-4 |language=en}}</ref> It is likely to have originated in agrarian societies.<ref name=":0" />

The symbolic patterns used in alpana may be linked to ''bratas'', or religious fasts maintained by women. These fasts may have been to respect specific deities, in return for blessings and were associated with ideas of religious purity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=%22alpana%22+Art+bengal&pg=PA72 |title=A History of Indian Painting |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-310-6 |language=en}}</ref> The use of alpanas are closely associated with religious ceremonies: for instance, they may have been used as decoration and part of the ceremony during traditional weddings, naming ceremonies, and festivals.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, in parts of West Bengal, alpanas are created to mark the end of a period of fasting, and are accompanied by a special worship ceremony.<ref name="hindu27122017" /> When performed in honor of the goddess [[Lakshmi]], the alpana will contain symbols and motifs that relate to her, such as her carrier, an owl, as well as a granary, a conch shell and lotus flowers.<ref name="hindu27122017" /> Linear designs, usually created inside the house on the floor, are intended to symbolise that Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, has entered the house, indicating a blessing.<ref name=":0" /> The motifs are not always organised into a structured layout and are often free-form, accompanied by floral designs and geometric patterns.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Sujatha |last2=Kumar |first2=Shankar |date=2014-06-23 |title=Floored by an art tradition |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/floored-by-an-art-tradition/article6142188.ece |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Circular alpanas have been created as decorative pedestals for idols, and wall panels of alpanas can illustrate deities as well as scenes from religious tradition.<ref name=":2" /> Traditional alpana designs can also be linked to ''bratas'' relating to particular seasons or festivals. For instance, during the monsoon, a stylized sheaf of rice may form a part of the alpana to symbolise the sowing of paddy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=15 August 2016 |title=Alpana decision taken at Kala Bhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/alpana-decision-taken-at-kala-bhavan/articleshow/53703523.cms |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Some alpanas may be linked to specific cultural concerns, such as warding off disease by the use of specific symbols.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=Meet Rabi Biswas - The Artist Who's Kept The Ancient Indian Artform Of Alpana Alive Till Today |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/meet-rabi-biswas-the-artist-who-s-kept-the-ancient-indian-artform-of-alpana-alive-till-today-264929.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Among the [[Santal people|Santal]] tribal communities, ''alpanas'' may contain geometric and symbolic patterns drawn from nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar |first=The Third Eye |title='In Forest, Field and Factory': This unusual book opens up glimpses of Santal Adivasi houses |url=https://scroll.in/article/1007917/in-forest-field-and-factory-this-unusual-book-opens-up-glimpses-of-santal-adivasi-houses |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Alpanas form a significant part of the celebrations of [[Durga Puja|m]] in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja is… the world's largest street art festival: Tanusree Shankar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/durga-puja-is-the-worlds-largest-street-art-festival-tanusree-shankar/cid/1834483 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The word ''alpana'' derives from the Sanskrit term ''alimpana'', which means 'plastering' or 'coating'.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title=Made of rice flour, a floor decoration... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/633467/made-rice-flour-floor-decoration.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Techniques and materials ==
An alpana is usually created on flooring, generally directly on the ground. On this, a wet white pigment made of rice flour and water (or in some places, chalk powder and water) is used to outline the alpana, with the paint being applied by the artist's finger tips, a small twig, or a piece of cotton thread that is soaked in the dye, or fabric.<ref name=":1" /> Colors are sometimes added, traditionally using naturally-derived ingredients that are mixed with the white paint.<ref name="hindu27122017" /> When dried, the pigment appears white against the darker background of the cow-dung floor.<ref name=":0" />

The motifs and designs in alpanas are usually created in a free-hand style, without the use of stencils or patterns. In the region of Bengal, it is common to use floral motifs, as well as figurative symbols representing specific gods.<ref name=":1" /> Modern alpanas may use materials including glue, vermilion, and dyes for more durable designs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do more with your floor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/do-more-with-your-floor/cid/1647289 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Conservation, modern art, and popular culture ==
Contemporary alpanas are not as common, and in a bid to revive the art form, several non-profit organisations such as the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (a non-profit art conservation body) and the Daricha Foundation have initiated efforts to train artists, through lectures and demonstrations.<ref name="hindu27122017" /> Modern efforts at reviving the art form include public events in which alpanas stretching over several streets are created by volunteers, as well as alpana competitions, often held during the Durga pujas, a religious festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulia creates 3km-long alpana in 10 hours |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/phulia-creates-3km-long-alpana-in-10-hours/cid/1450777 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Bishwabijoy |date=26 September 2017 |title=Art students & puja have become inseparable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/art-students-puja-have-become-inseparable/articleshow/60841126.cms |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-21 |title=Kolkata heralds Durga Puja with longest floor art |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/634148/kolkata-heralds-durga-puja-longest.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In the 1980s, ''alpanar bois'', or thin booklets of alpana designs, could be purchased and used to teach and replicate traditional motifs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The writ, it's floored |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-writ-its-floored/cid/1831302 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> In some parts of West Bengal, the use of alpanas containing the symbols of political parties as part of election campaigns has also occurred.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Art and culture lend a dash of colour to West Bengal elections |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/art-and-culture-lend-a-dash-of-colour-to-west-bengal-elections-534080 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref> The creation of alpanas has been taught as an art form at [[Kala Bhavana]], the fine arts department of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University]], by notable artists including Sukumari Devi, Kiranbala Devi and [[Jamuna Sen]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2016, it was made a part of the foundation course for undergraduates at Kala Bhavan, and students are now trained in some of the most common traditional motifs and designs.<ref name=":3" />

The Indian modern artist, [[Nandalal Bose]], frequently drew from alpanas and their traditional motifs in his art, especially floral motifs such as the autumn flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Chitranibha |date=2020-01-02 |title=In the Bower of Art |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1770963 |journal=Art in Translation |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |doi=10.1080/17561310.2020.1770963|s2cid=221052185 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> [[Abanindranath Tagore]], the painter and writer, wrote a study of alpanas in his book, ''Banglar Broto'', and compared their motifs to hieroglyphs.<ref name=":6" /> The film-maker, [[Satyajit Ray]], who began his career in advertising and graphic design, used motifs from ''alpanas'' in advertisements, illustrates, and on book jackets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title='Ray Between the Covers': An exhibition that celebrates the filmmaker's artistic talent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/satyajit-ray-design-book-covers-illustrations-art-exhibition-7785708/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-15 |title=Online exhibition on Satyajit Ray as children's magazine illustrator |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/online-exhibition-satyajit-ray-childrens-magazine-illustrator-1502972968.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> The artist Rabi Biswas has worked to preserve and record traditional alpanas taught to him by female family members, and now teaches ''alpana'' art in West Bengal.<ref name=":4" /> Modern artist Jamini Roy also drew heavily from ''alpanas'' in his work.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2016-02-09 |title=Treasures by Jamini Roy - first modernist master of Indian art |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/treasures-by-jamini-roy-first-modernist-master-of-indian-art-116020900282_1.html |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> The painter, potter, and photographer [[Devi Prasad (artist)|Devi Prasad]] also incorporated ''alpana'' motifs into his work, as decorative elements in his pottery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahuja |first=Naman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crdZEAAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+art+alpana&pg=PA83 |title=The Making of a Modern Indian Artist-Craftsman: Devi Prasad |date=2022-01-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-36576-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In Bangladesh, ''alpanas'' are drawn to celebrate national festivals, such as Language Day (Bhasha Dibash).<ref name=":6" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Alpona for front door.jpg|
File:Alpona design.jpg|
File:Bangla folk.jpg|
File:Chouki Alpona design.jpg|
File:Bengali Alpona.jpg|
File:Floral Alpona design.jpg|
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Rangoli]]
* [[Kolam]]
* [[Chowk poorana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Semwal |first1=Varuna |last2=Guha |first2=Shreejit |last3=Chakrabarti |first3=Debkumar |title=From Tradition to Transformation: Exploring Broto Folk Art of Bengal |journal=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.21659/cjad.81.v8n105 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382222696_From_Tradition_to_Transformation_Exploring_Broto_Folk_Art_of_Bengal|doi-access=free }}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi painting]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Arts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]
[[Category:Indian folk culture]]

Sri Ramya

2025-10-31T16:43:36Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting new details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1997{{endash}}2013
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' (2008)
| relatives = [[Sri Divya]] (sister)
}}
'''Sri Ramya''' is a former Indian actress, who predominantly acts in [[Telugu Film|Telugu]] films. She made her acting debut by the film ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' in 2010, for which she won the [[Nandi Special Jury Award]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5As2Gk7WDI|title=Exclusive Interview : Alias Janaki Actress Sri Ramya (1940 Lo Oka Gramam Fame) [HD]|date=19 July 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2008.html|title=Nandi awards 2008 announced - Telugu cinema news|work=idlebrain.com|accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Sri Ramya worked as a child actress in several Telugu serials including ''[[Ruthuragalu]]'' alongside her younger sister [[Sri Divya]] and ''[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|Santi Nivasam]]''. She studied at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] and later worked as a classical dancer.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Power-packed-role/article16372408.ece|title=Power-packed role|date=25 April 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She made her feature film acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' in 2008 for which she tonsured her head.<ref name="H"/>
Three years later after her hair grew back, she acted as a [[naxalite]] in the film ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]''.<ref name="Maina">{{cite web|author1=TNN|title=Sri Ramya is back as Maina|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sri-Ramya-is-back-as-Maina/articleshow/9224825.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=24 May 2018|date=14 Jan 2017}}</ref> She played the lead role in a solo Tamil film titled ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sri-ramya-tamil-flick-now-593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913233929/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sri-ramya-tamil-flick-now-593 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=Sri Ramya in a Tamil flick now |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2011-08-20 |accessdate=2011-10-21}}</ref> Regarding her performance in the film, critics felt that she was "competent".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamuna Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Yamuna by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yamuna/movie-review/20600458.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A cliched love story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jun/08/a-cliched-love-story-484910.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: all films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Note
|-
| 2008 || ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' || Susheela || Won{{Emdash}}[[Nandi Special Jury Award]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'' || Maina ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Alias Janaki]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]'' || Yamuna || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Network
|-
|1997{{En dash}}2000
|''[[Ruthuragalu]]''
|
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|-
|2000{{en dash}}2001
|''[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|Santhi Nivasam]]''
|
| [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|
|''Chakra Vakam''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Kasthuri''
|
|
|-
|
|''Teertham''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramya, Sri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]

Shriyanka Sadangi

2025-09-19T12:28:52Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting info

{{short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shriyanka Sadangi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shriyanka Sadangi
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|01|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|precision=0|m=1.72}}
| weight = {{convert|60|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| website = 
| country = India
| sport = [[Shooting sport|Shooting]]
| disability =
| disability_class =
| rank =
| event = 50 m rifle 3-position, 50 m rifle prone and 10 m air rifle
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
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| worlds =
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| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Shooting sport|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 Cairo]]|50m Rifle 3P Individual}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|50 m rifle 3 positions team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|10 m air rifle team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Airgun Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Airgun Championships|2012 Nanchang]]|10 m air rifle team}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Asian Airgun Championships|2016 Tehran]]|10 m air rifle team}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Shooting at the 2019 South Asian Games|10m Air Rifle Women’s Individual]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Shooting at the 2019 South Asian Games|50m Rifle Prone Team]]}}
}}

'''Shriyanka Sadangi''' (born 10 January 1995) is an Indian shooter from Odisha. She has represented her state and India at national and international level.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/odia-shooter-makes-india-proud-sriyanka-sarangi-bags-silver-medal-in-10m-air-rifle-event-in-doha/cid/465542|title=Odia shooter makes India proud - Sriyanka Sarangi bags silver medal in 10m air rifle event in Doha}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mycitylinks.in/dutee-chand-9-other-women-athletes-from-odisha-whore-making-the-state-proud|title=Dutee Chand & 9 Other Women Athletes From Odisha Who're Making The State Proud!|work=Mycitylinks- Bhubaneswar {{!}} Cuttack {{!}} Puri|access-date=2018-11-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sadangi was born in 1995 in [[Sambalpur]] to Col. Sitansu Charan Sadangi and Sudha Sadangi. Her father's Indian army service took her to many cities in India while growing up.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
Sadangi finished her schooling at the [[Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj]]. She trains and practices at the Gagan Narang Academy, Pune.<ref name=":2" /> She also received a scholarship from the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited.<ref name=":0" />
She joined the MBA program at KIIT School of Management, KIIT deemed to be University in July 2018 and is currently{{when?|date=October 2022}} studying there.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

== Sports career ==
In 2010, Sadangi participated in the World Shooting Championship in Germany.

In October 2011 in the Asian Airgun Championship organised in Kuwait, Sadangi bagged a gold medal. In November of the same year, she won a silver and two bronze medals in individual events at the 55th National Shooting championship.

In January 2012, Sadangi bagged a silver medal in 10 meter Air Rifle Women category in the 12th Asian Championship held at [[Doha]]. She scored 394 out of 400 at the championship in Doha.That achievement made her the most successful shooter from the Indian state of Odisha.<ref name=":0" />

Sadangi's first achievement in senior category the same year was a silver medal in the 5th Asian Senior Airgun Shooting Championship in [[Nanchang]], [[China]]. This was a 10-metre Air Rifle event.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odia-shooter-bags-silver-in-asian-sr-airgun-shooting-cship-15496|title=Odia shooter bags silver in Asian Sr Airgun Shooting C'ship {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>

In 2014, Sadangi was selected in the Indian team for the 51st ISSF World Shooting Championship at [[Granada]], [[Spain]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/odisha-shooter-shriyanka-national-team-world-shooting-championship/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116175336/https://odishasuntimes.com/odisha-shooter-shriyanka-national-team-world-shooting-championship/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 November 2018|title=Odisha shooter Shriyanka in national team for World Shooting Championship {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Bureau|first=Odisha Sun Times|website=odishasuntimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>

In 2015, Sadangi won a silver in Asian Shooting Championship in 10m Air Rifle Junior Women's event at [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/sports/odia-shooter-shriyanka-sarangi-wins-silver-in-asian-shooting-championship-in-kuwait|title=Odia Shooter Shriyanka Sarangi wins Silver in Asian Shooting Championship in Kuwait - Bhubaneswar Buzz|date=2015-11-05|work=Bhubaneswar Buzz|access-date=2018-11-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, she won a silver in 9th Asian Airgun Championship, 10 meter Air Rifle Shooting event in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. This was the fifth position in the championship.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/odisha/odia-shooter-shriyanka-sarangi-wins-silver-asian-airgun-championship/|title=Odia Shooter Shriyanka Sarangi Wins Silver In Asian Airgun Championship}}</ref>

In 2018, Shriyanka lost the shootoff for gold in women's air rifle, after a close match with Charleen Baenisch of [[Germany]] in the International shooting championship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/shriyanka-loses-shootoff/article23866544.ece|title=Shriyanka loses shootoff|last=Bureau|first=Sports|date=2018-05-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Sadangi has bagged 3 gold medals, 6 silver medals, and 3 bronze medals in various international events. This is in addition to many national medals.<ref name=":1" />

In 2014, she was recognized with the Ekalabya Puraskar which is the most prestigious sports award of Odisha.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ISSF|SHINDW1001199501}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadangi, Shriyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
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Sundarban Honey

2025-09-16T11:20:12Z

KatharinaFlanery: starting new info

{{Short description|Type of honey}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Sundarban Honey
| image =IMG A brave livelihood.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mouyal is collecting honey from the mangrove forest sundarban
| alternative names = Padma modhu Mangrove honey
| description =Sundarban Honey is a forest honey collected in [[Bangladesh & West Bengal]]
| type = forest honey
| area = [[Bagerhat, Khulna, Satkhira]] and [[North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas]]
| country = [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
| registered = 2025,2024
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/738|ipindiaservices.gov.in}}
}}
'''Sundarban Honey''' ({{langx|bn|সুন্দরবনের মধু}}) is a [[honey]] from the [[Sundarbans]], which is collected and processed in [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]] districts of Bangladesh and [[South 24 Parganas]] and [[North 24 Parganas]] districts of [[West Bengal]], India . Since 2024, the ''Sundarban Honey'' has been a registered [[Geographical indication]],<ref name="ipindia">{{cite web |title=STATE WISE REGISTRATION DETAILS OF G.I APPLICATIONS |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/State_wise_Registered_Geographical_Indications.pdf |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> referring to the product collected and produced from the Sundarbans within South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas districts of [[West Bengal]]. Since 2025, the ''Sundarban Honey'' has been a registered [[Geographical indication]], https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/euozjjp45n referring to the product collected and produced from the Sundarbans within Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts of [[ Bangladesh ]]."Sundarban Honey" is golden in color, although red or dark brown honey is also available.{{sfn|IPI|2021|p=3}} This honey is collected by [[bee]]s from the flowers of various plants within the Sundarbans and stored in the [[hives]]; ''moule''s or ''mouli''s ([[beekeeper]]) collect the honey directly from the deep forests of the Sundarbans.{{sfn|IPI|2021|pp=14–16}}

Honey collectors or ''moule''s collect honey every year between March and May, when fishing is prohibited.{{sfn|IPI|2021|p=3}} Honey collection is a seasonal activity that starts from late March to early June. During this season, most of the mangrove flowers are full of [[nectar]]. This attracts rock bees (''[[Apis dorsata]]'') to visit Sundarbans in the month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] (January–February), spend their honey-cycle life there and leave it in the month of [[Asharh|Ashar]] (July). Most of the hives in the Sundarbans are made by rock bees.{{sfn|IPI|2021|pp=13–14}}

In real sense, extensive use and exploitation of the forest products of the Sundarbans, including Sundarban Honey, began by the [[East India Company]]. During those times, a large number of people had to depend on the collection of secondary forest products like [[honey]] and [[wax]] for their livelihood. They collected honey from the deep forests in small groups. Evidence of the use of this important forest product can be found in poems and chants (mantras).{{sfn|IPI|2021|pp=10–11}}

== Recognition ==
=== Geographical Indication ===
West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Limited applied for [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] or GI rights for Sundarban honey in 2021. Geographical Indications or GI tag are issued in 2024 from Chennai office in India. According to the certificate received, the registration of the product will be valid till 11 July 2031.The Sundarbans spans 10,000 square kilometres, with 60 percent in Bangladesh and 40 percent in India according to the Forest Department. Bangladesh has been the primary extractor of honey, with 230 metric tonnes in 2022 and 300 metric tonnes in 2023. India's collection over the past seven years totals 137 metric tonnes.<ref name="ipindia1">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Sundarban Honey - Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/769 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> Bangladesh has also applied for Geographical Indications or GI rights.<ref name="BBC-News-Bangla">{{cite news |title=বাংলাদেশের যে ১৪টি পণ্যর জি আই সনদের জন্য আবেদন করা হয়েছে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c513l14llp8o |access-date=7 February 2024 |work=BBC News Bangla |date=6 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Since 2025,Sundarban Honey has been a registered Geographical indication, https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/euozjjp45n referring to the product collected and produced from the Sundarbans within Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Citations ===
* {{cite web |title=Form GI-A1 |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/ViewDocument |publisher=Intellectual Property India |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=13 January 2024 |ref = {{harvid|IPI|2021}}}}

{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Sundarbans]]
[[Category:Honey]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]