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Leema Rose Martin

2026-05-08T12:03:14Z

KateHinson76890: Adding Data!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S . Leema Rose Martin
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[A. Soundara Pandian]]
| successor =
| spouse = [[Martin Group (company)|Santiago Martin]]
| children = [[Jose Charles Martin]]
| relatives = {{nowrap|[[Aadhav Arjuna]] (son-in-law)}}
}}

'''Leema Rose Martin''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leemarose Martin(AIADMK):Constituency- LALGUDI(TIRUCHIRAPPALLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1184 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She is a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Lalgudi constituency in Tiruchirappalli district representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=AIADMK Election Winners List 2026: Check full list of winning candidates across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-election-winners-list-2026-check-full-list-of-winning-candidates-across-tamil-nadu-puducherry/articleshow/130760290.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srimathi |first=Geetha |date=2026-05-04 |title=No wins for women candidates of DMK, BJP; TVK’s newcomers unseat veterans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/no-wins-for-women-candidates-of-dmk-bjp-tvks-newcomers-unseat-veterans/article70939678.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Martin is from [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu. She is the richest candidate in the assembly as per her affidavit filed with the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandpur |first=Manisha Lal |date=4 May 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu Polls: Can richest candidate Leema Rose breach DMK’s Lalgudi fortress? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-polls-can-richest-candidate-leema-rose-breach-dmk-s-lalgudi-fortress-13907125.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=Money Control}}</ref> She is the wife of lottery baron Santiago Martin and the mother-in-law of [[Aadhav Arjuna]] of the TVK. she had declared net assets worth Rs.1049.5 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=TN’s richest candidate Leema Rose Martin leading in Lalgudi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/tns-richest-candidate-leema-rose-martin-likely-to-win-in-lalgudi/articleshow/130779896.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency]] representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. She polled 60,795 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Ku Pa Krishnan of the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam, by a margin of 2,739 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=AIADMK Election Winners List 2026: Check full list of winning candidates across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-election-winners-list-2026-check-full-list-of-winning-candidates-across-tamil-nadu-puducherry/articleshow/130760290.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajaram |first=R. |date=2026-05-04 |title=TVK wins six of nine seats in Tiruchi district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tvk-wins-six-of-nine-seats-in-tiruchi-district/article70939969.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Leema Rose}}

[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]

Place names in India

2026-05-05T05:42:47Z

KateHinson76890: done

{{Short description|none}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Place names in India''' are usually in Indian languages. Other languages include Portuguese, Dutch, English and Arabic.

Since [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]], several Indian cities have adopted [[British Raj|pre-English]] names, most notably [[Chennai]] (formerly Madras), [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta), [[Bengaluru]] (formerly Bangalore), [[Visakhapatnam]] (formerly Waltair), and [[Pune]] (formerly Poona).

==Common place names==
Most place name suffixes denote after prominent geographical features, such as rivers and lakes. Others are named after personalities such as kings or historical figures. Although Hindu history was a main influence, Islamic and Christian influences are present, particularly in central and northern India.

* -abad - "city" - from Persian ābād (آباد)
* -garh - "fort, castle" - Hindi gaṛh (गढ़)
* -nagar, -nagara, -nagaram - "town" - from Sanskrit nagara (नगर)
* -prayag, -prayaga - "confluence" - from Sanskrit prayāga (प्रयाग)
* -pore, -pur, -pura, -puram - "city" - from Sanskrit pura (पुर) Cognate with Ancient Greek πόλις f (pólis) and Lithuanian pilis.
* -pattinam, -pattanam, -patnam - “harbour” - from the Tamil word for sea portal towns
* -kot, -kota, -kote, -kottai - “fort” - from Tamil "*kōṭ-ai"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2fdrav%2fdravet&text_number=660&root=config | title=Dravidian etymology: *kōṭ-ai | website=starlingdb.org}}</ref>
* -palli, -halli, -palle - "hamlet" - from Proto Dravidian "*paḷ-"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2fdrav%2fdravet&text_number=1169&root=config | title=Dravidian etymology: *paḷ- | website=starlingdb.org}}</ref>
* -oor, -uru, - "village" - from Tamil "*ūr-"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2fdrav%2fdravet&text_number=1684&root=config | title=Dravidian etymology: *ūr- | website=starlingdb.org}}</ref>

==Anglicized names==
Some anglicized names have been officially changed to reflect native pre-colonial spellings. The names of the cities, towns, and villages are usually in Indian languages, while most street names carry English names. Examples: [[Washermanpet]], [[George Town, Chennai]]

==Variations==
Certain names have variations in different languages. Oor/Ooru is a common Dravidian name which means a place, also known as Oor in Tamil and Malayalam, whereas it is called Ooru in Telugu and Kannada.

===Andhra Pradesh and Telangana===
Common suffixes include, -ooru, -palli, -pudi, -peta, etc.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Suffix !! Meaning
!Etymology!! Examples
|-
| -abad ||city
|Urdu آباد < Persian ـآباد/آباد < Middle Persian ''ʾp̄ʾt''' (ābād, “populous, thriving, prosperous”). < Proto-Iranian ''*āpāta-'', < Proto-Indo-European ''*peh₂-'' (“to protect”)|| [[Hyderabad]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|-
| -bagh ||town
|Urdu باغ ("garden") < Persian باغ‎ ''bâğ'' < Middle Persian 𐭡𐭠𐭢‎ (''bāɣ'', “garden, orchard”) < Proto-Indo-Iranian ''*bʰāgá-'' (“portion, share, allotment”) < Proto-Indo-European ''*bʰeh₂g-'' (“to divide, distribute, allot”)||[[Suryabagh]], [[Nausena Baugh]]
|-
| -cherla || town
|Telugu చర్ల (''charla'' "town")||[[Macherla]], [[Chengicherla]]
|-
| -guda/-gudem/-gudemu || village
|Telugu గూడ (''gūḍa'' "village. hamlet") < Telugu గూడెం (''gūḍem'') గూడెము (''gūḍemu'')|| [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Galigudem]], [[Dumbriguda]]
|-
| -kot/-kota || fort
|Telugu కోట (''kōṭa'' "fort, fortress") < Proto-South-Dravidian ''*kōṭṭay'' ("fort, castle).|| [[Samalkota|Samalkot]], [[Kasimkota]],
[[Sriharikota]]
|-
| -nagar/-nagaram/-nagaru ||town
|Telugu నగర్ (''nagar''), నగరం (''nagaraṁ''), నగరు (''nagaru'') < Proto-South-Dravidian ''*nakar'' ("town, city").<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic Archeology of South Asia |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2005 |pages=74, 76}}</ref>||[[Karimnagar]], [[Mahbubnagar|Mahabubnagar]], [[Vizianagaram]],
|-
| -ole/-olu ||town
|Anglicized Telugu -''ole'' < Telugu ఓలు (''ōlu'' "town") < Old Telugu ప్రోలు (''prōlu'' "city, town")||[[Ongole]], [[Nidadavolu|Nidadvolu]]
|-
| -ooru/-oor/-ore/-ur/-uru
|village
|Anglicized Telugu -''ore'' < Telugu ఊరు (''ūru'' "village") < Proto-Dravidian ''*ūr'' (''"''village, habitation")
|[[Guntur]], [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Eluru]], [[Anantapur]]
|-
| -palem/-palemu/-palle/-pallem/-pallemu/-palli
|village
|Telugu పాలెం (''pāleṁ''), పాలెము (''pālemu''), పల్లె (''palle''), పల్లెం (''palleṁ''), పల్లెము (''pallemu'') < Telugu పల్లి (''palli'' "village") పల్లీ (''pallī'' "village") < Proto-Dravidian ''*paḷḷi'' ("(small) village")<ref name=":0" />
|[[Maddilapalem]], [[Peddapalli]], [[Madanapalle]], [[Nadimpalle]]
|-
| -patnam/-patnamu
|port city
|Telugu పట్నం (''paṭnaṁ'' "patnam")
|[[Visakhapatnam|Vishakhapatnam]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Krishnapatnam]]
|-
| -pedu
|
|
|[[Yerpedu]]
|-
| -pudi
|village
|(Old?) Telugu పుడి (''pudi'' "village")
|[[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Kuchipudi]]
|-
| -pur/-puram/-puramu/-puri
|city
|Telugu పూర్ (''pūr'') పూరం (''pūraṁ'') పూరము (''pūramu'') పూరి (''pūri'') < Sanskrit पुर (pura) < Proto-Indo-European ''*pl̥h₁-'' (“stronghold”)
|[[Markapur]], [[Hindupur|Hindpur]], [[Atchutapuram]]
|-
| -put/-puttu
|village
|Telugu పుట్టు (''puṭṭu'' "village, put") < Proto-Dravidian (?)
|[[Munchingi Puttu|Manchingiput]], [[Jalaput Dam|Jalaput]],
|-
| -seema
|region
|Telugu సీమ (''sīma "''region, kingdom") < Sanskrit सीमा (''sīmā'' "border, region")
|[[Konaseema]], [[Rayalaseema]]
|-
| -vada/-wada
|area, place
|Telugu వాడ (v''āḍa'' "area, place")
|[[Vijayawada]], [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]]
|-
| -vaka/-waka
|town
|Telugu వాక (v''āka'' "town")
|[[Gajuwaka]], [[Hanumanthavaka]]
|-
| -valasa
|town
|Telugu వలస (''valasa'' "town, migration")
|[[Tagarapuvalasa|Thangarapuvalasa]], [[Palavalasa]]
|}

===Arunachal Pradesh===
Namdapha National park, Roing, Tezu, Sakteng Wildlife sanctuary, Namsai, Parsurum Kund, Bhairabkunda, Khonsa, Jairampur, Bhismaknagar, Changlang, Hawai, Nampong, Koloriang, etc.<ref>https://www.google.com.au/destination/compare?q=places+in+arunachal+pradesh&site=search&output=search&dest_mid=/m/018ckn&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUyu-G777fAhXGuI8KHSDcDiYQ6tEBCDEoBDAA{{Dead link | date=April 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Assam===
{| class="wikitable"
!Suffix
!Meaning
!Etymology
!Examples
|-
| -gā̃o
| village
| Sanskrit (ग्राम, ''grāma'')
| [[Bongaigaon]], [[Chaygaon]], [[Morigaon]], [[Nagaon]]
|-
| -hāṭ/hāṭī
| market
| Sanskrit (हाट, ''hāṭa'')
| [[Guwahati]], [[Jorhat]], [[Moranhat]]
|-
| -pāṛā
| neighbourhood
| Sanskrit (पद्र, ''padra'')
| [[Bilasipara]], [[Goalpara]], [[Rangapara]]
|-
| -pur
| settlement
| Sanskrit (पुर, ''pura'')
| [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Tamulpur]], [[Tezpur]]
|}

===Bihar===
Bodh Gaya, Patna, Rajgir, Gaya, Raxaul, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Pawapuri, Sasaram, Hajipur, Bihar Sharif, Kesaria, Sonpur, Munger and Bhagalpur Division.

===Chhattisgarh===
Raipur, Jagdalpur, Bilaspur, Durg, Kanger Ghati National Park, Bhilai, Sirpur, Ambikapur, Korba, Kawardha, Raigarh, Dongargarh, Tirarthgar, Atal Nagar, Mainpat, Indravati National Park, Ratanpur, Rajim, Chitrakoot, Rajnandgaon, Dhamtari, Kanker and Champa.

===Delhi===
New Delhi, Gurugram, Mehrauli, Karol Bagh, Delhi, Rohini, Chanakyapuri, Sonipat, Dwarka, Vasant Kunj, Pitam Pura, Bahadurgarh, Greater Kailash,
Delhi Cantonment, Shahpur Jat, Shahdara, Najafgarh, Badarpurh, Nangloi Jat, Saidul Ajaib and Bawana.

===Goa===
Panaji, Calangute, Palolem Beach, Anjuna, Baga, Old Goa, Candolim, Margao, Vagator, Colva, Dona Paula, Vasco Da Gama, Mandrem, Morjim,
Canacona, Mapusa, Arpora, Bogmalo Beach, Benaulim, Cavelossim, Ponda, Varca, Bardez, Majorda, Mobor, Dabolim, Agonda and Mormugao.

=== Gujarat ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Common suffixes<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sankalia |first=Hasmukh D. |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat |publisher=Deccan College |year=1949 |pages=51–80}}</ref>
!Suffix
!Examples
|-
| -padra
|Vaṭapadra, Vaḍapadra
|-
| -vadra
|Jaravadra, Phalavadra
|-
| -pallī/-pallīkā
|Ābhīrapallī, Āśāpallī
|-
| -valī/-valli/-vallikā
|Kacchāvalī
|-
| -sthalī
|
|-
| -hrada
|
|-
| -draha
|Vaṭa-draha
|-
| -sara
|Jaṁbu-sara
|-
| -pāṭaka
|Aṇahila-pāṭaka
|-
| -vāṭaka
|
|-
| -ijya/-ijja
|Avayānijya,, Karkijja
|-
| -vasaṇa
|Caṇḍāvasaṇa
|-
| -vasahikā/-vāsaka
|
|-
| -vāḍā
|Ādhivāḍā
|-
| -vaḍa
|
|-
| -pura/-purī/-nagara/-paṭṭana
|Ānandapura, Nāndipurī, Girinagara
|-
| -siddhi/-sāḍhi
|
|}

===Jammu and Kashmir===
Pangong Tso, Zanskar, Nyak Tso, Samba, Ramban, Khardong, Manikiala and Ranjit Sagar Dam Lake.

===Jharkhand===
Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Purulia, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Maithon, Hazaribagh, Netarhat, Bokaro Steel City, Ghatshila, Giridih, Rajmahal, Dumka,
Parasnath Hill, Rajrappa, Medininagar, Patratu, Chaibasa, Panchet, Betla, Deoghar, Sahebganj, Pakur, Kodarma and McCluskieganj, Gumla.

===Karnataka===
Common endings are Ooru, Palaya, Halli, Pete, Seeme. Less common are prefixes such as Sri.

{|class="wikitable"
! Suffix !! meaning !! Common place names
|-
| Bhavi ||well || Arabhavi, Sulibhavi, Bilebhavi, Nagarbhavi, [[Thondebhavi]]
|-
| Gud ||habitation || [[Nanjangud]], Handigud
|-
| Halli ||village || Kanchamaranahalli, [[Arehalli]]
|-
| Keri ||colony || [[Madikeri]], Tallikeri
|-
| Kote ||fort || Bagalakote, [[Jangamakote]]
|-
| Ooru/uru ||village || Bengaluru, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Chikkamagaluru, Kitturu. Emmiganuru,
|-
| Pete ||town || Chikkupete, Hosapete
|-
|Nagara
|town
|Vijayanagara, Jayaprakashanagara
|-
| Pura ||city|| Kundapura, Narasimharajapura, Kanakapura
|}

===Kerala===
Common suffixes include Angadi, Athani, Ur, Cheri/Shery, Kulam, Kad, Nad, Pally, Kode/Code, Kara, Mangalam, Kal, Puram, Kunnu, Parambu/Paramba and Puzha.
{|class="wikitable"
! Suffix
! Meaning
! Common place names
|-
|Ur
|Shire
|[[Nilambur]], [[Tirur]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kannur]], [[North Paravur]].
|-
|Cheri/Shery
|Street
| [[Thalassery]], [[Cherpulassery]], [[Kalpakanchery]], [[Manjeri]], [[Thamarassery]], [[Kozhenchery]].
|-
|Nad
|Village
|[[Eranad]], [[Kuttanad]], [[Wayanad]], [[Thondernad]].
|-
|Kulam
|Pond
|[[Ernakulam]], [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Mararikulam]], [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam]], [[Unnikulam]], [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Muthukulam]].
|-
|Angadi
|Market Street
| [[Parappanangadi]], [[Tirurangadi]], [[Pazhavangadi (Pathanamthitta)|Pazhavangadi]], [[Melangadi]].-
|-
|Athani
| Porter's rest
|Athani, [[Puthanathani]], [[Karinkallathani]]
|-
|Kad
|Forest
|[[Puthukkad]], [[Purakkad]], [[Thalakkad]], [[Palakkad]], [[Vadakkekad]].
|-
|Kunnu
|Hill
|[[Kottakkunnu]], [[Vallikkunnu]], [[Konathukunnu]], [[Kudappanakunnu]], [[Pulinkunnoo]].
|-
|Parambu/Paramba
|Ground/Plot
|[[Thaliparamba]], [[Koothuparamba]], [[Madathiparambu]], [[Kizhuparamba]], [[Thunchan Parambu]].
|-
|Puzha
|River
|[[Alappuzha]], [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Thodupuzha]], [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], [[Noolpuzha]].
|}
*Kode/Code - [[Kozhikode]], [[Puthucode]], [[Alamcode, Thiruvananthapuram|Alamcode]], [[Areekode]], [[Veliyankode]].
*Kara - [[Mavelikkara]], [[Edakkara]], [[Mullurkara]], [[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]], [[Ramanattukara]].
*Mangalam - [[Kunnamangalam]], [[Chathamangalam]], [[Kunhimangalam]], [[Chendamangalam]], [[Enadimangalam]],
[[Chadayamangalam]],

*Pally - [[Karthikappally]], [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthuppally]], [[Kanjirappally]], [[Vadanappally]], [[Pulpally]].
*Kal - [[Kottakkal]], [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]], [[Pothukal]], [[Pulikkal]], [[Edamulackal]].
*Puram - [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Malappuram]], [[Angadipuram]], [[Sivapuram, Kerala|Sivapuram]], [[Kadampazhipuram]].

===Maharashtra===
Common suffixes include Pur, Ner, Gav, Abad, Khed, Oli, Wadi, Nagar, Tur, Vali, and Ra.
*Pur - [[Nagpur]], [[Solapur]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Badlapur]], [[Achalpur]], [[Ballarpur]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Malkapur (disambiguation)|Malkapur]], [[Indapur]], [[Jaysinghpur]], [[Tulijapur]], [[Murtijapur]], [[Shirpur]], Shirampur
*Ner - [[Sangamner]], [[Jamner]], [[Parner]], [[Amalner]], [[Saoner]], [[Ner]]
*Gaon - [[Jalgaon]], [[Malegaon]], [[Khamgaon]], [[Kopargaon]], [[Tasgaon]], [[Majalgaon]], [[Shegaon]], [[Koregaon]], [[Varangaon]], [[Chalisgaon]]
*Abad - [[Aurangabad]], [[Osmanabad]], [[Khultabad]], [[Dharmabad]], [[Daulatabad Fort#The City|Daulatabad]]
*Khed - [[Sindkhed]], [[Jamkhed]], [[Mudkhed]], [[Narkhed]], [[Gangakhed]], [[Umarkhed]]
*Oli - [[Gadchiroli]], [[Hingoli]], [[Dapoli]], [[Saoli]], [[Sakoli]], [[Wagholi]], [[Biloli]], [[Khopoli]], [[Padoli]]
*Wadi - [[Hinjawadi]], [[Vaibhavwadi]], [[Kurduwadi]], [[Sanaswadi]], [[Sawantwadi]], [[Wadi]], [[Yewalewadi]], [[Ghulewadi]], [[Darewadi]]
*Nagar - [[Ahmednagar]], [[Rajgurunagar]], [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Urjanagar]], [[Shivajinagar (disambiguation)|Shivajinagar]]
*Tur - [[Latur]], [[Patur]], [[Partur]], [[Jintur]]
*Vali - [[Borivali]], [[Kandivali]], [[Karivali]]
*Ra - [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]], [[Rajura]], [[Nandura]]

===Manipur===
Imphal, Loktak Lake, Moreh, Moirang, Ukrhul, Andro, Bishnupur, Shirui, Kakching, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, Thoubaul, Khangkhui, Jiribam, Leimaram, Khonghampat, Khongjom, Leimakhong, Tengnoupaul, Chandel, Kangpokpi, Senapati, Nambol, Nony, Jessami, Singda, Thanga and Khayang.

===Mizoram===
[[Aizawl]], [[Lunglei]], [[Champhai]], [[Thenzawl]], [[Murlen National Park]], [[Serchhip]], [[Murlen]], [[Siaha]], [[Khawzawl]], [[Kolasib]], [[Hmuifang]], [[Vairengte]], [[Hnahthial]], [[Lawngtlai]], [[Mamit, India|Mamit]], [[Saitual]], [[Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Zokhawthar]], Baktawng, [[Farkawn]], [[Phulpui]], [[Sialsuk]], Khawnlung, [[Tlabung]], [[Lengpui]] and Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary.

===Orissa===
In Odisha (formerly known as Orissa) common suffixes are Pur, Garh, Gada.
{|class = "wikitable"
! Suffix !! Meaning !! Common Place names
|-
| Pur || City || [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]], [[Rairangpur]], [[Sonepur, Orissa|Subarnapur]], [[Puri]]
|-
| Garh|| Fort|| [[Bargarh]], [[Debagarh]], [[Sundergarh]], [[Nayagarh]]
|}

===Tamil Nadu===
In Tamil Nadu, common suffixes are Oor, Nagaram, Puram, Kudi, Cheri, Paakkam, Pattinam, Palayam, Kaadu, Pettai, Mangalam, Seemai, Naththam, Palli and Kuppam. One common prefix is Thiru. The majority of names are in Tamil language. Telugu and Kannada place names can be seen in border areas. Sanskrit names are found because of the historical relationship of Sanskrit with Hinduism.
{|class = "wikitable"
! Suffix !! Meaning !! Common Place names
|-
| Oor/ur/ore||Village ||[[Ambattur]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Karur]], [[Hosur]], [[Tirupur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Vellore]].
|-
| Kaadu || Forest || [[Yercaud]],
|-
| Pattinam || Coastal area || [[Nagapattinam]]
|-
| Patti || Village || [[Kovilpatti]], [[Andipatti]],
|-
| Palli || Jain Temple || [[Thiruchirapalli]]
|-
| Puram || ectal || [[Kanchipuram]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Viluppuram]]
|-
| Nagaram || City ||[[Vanagaram]]
|-
| Ni || bee || [[Theni]]
|-
| Kal ||paving stone || [[Namakkal]]
|-
| Kudi || settlement || [[Karaikkudi]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Thoothukkudi]]
|-
| Palayam || Camp || [[Gobichettypalayam]], [[Mettupalayam (disambiguation)|Mettupalayam]]
|-
| Madai || Lock || [[Karamadai]], [[Ettimadai]], [[Kallimadai]]
|-
| Odai/Odu || River || [[Erode]], [[Chithode]]
|-
| Thurai || settlement || [[Alandurai]], [[Perundhurai]], [[Sengathurai]]
|-
| Adam || settlement || [[Ukkadam]], [[Palladam]], [[Kundadam]]
|-
| Mutthur || Pearl City || [[Thondamuthur]], [[Kuniyamuthur]]
|-
| Pudur|| New Town || [[Ondipudur]], [[Kovaipudur]]
|-
| Nallur || Good Town || [[Singanallur]], [[Sholinganallur]]
|-
| Kadavu || Pass || [[Kinathukadavu]], [[Manakadavu]]
|-
| Kurichi || valley || [[Kallakurichi]], [[Modakurichi]]
|-
| Medu || Upper city || [[Kasimedu]]
|-
| Pettai || Town || [[Udumalpet]], [[Parangipettai]]
|-
| kodu || line || [[Thiruchengodu]]
|-
| Pakkam/Vakkam || Portcity || [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]]
|-
| Padi || Settlement || [[Vysarpadi]], [[Tharangambadi]],
|-
| Koil || Temple || [[Vellakoil]], [[Nagarkoil]]
|-
| Kottai || Palace || [[Pudukottai]], [[Gandarvakottai]], [[Pattukottai]]
|-
| Chery/Serry || Coastal town || [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Velacherry]]
|-
| Giri || Hill || [[Krishnagiri]], [[Nilagiri]]
|-
| Kulam || Pound || [[Vilathikulam]], [[Sathankulam]]
|-
| Mangalam || Settlement || [[Sathyamangalam]]
|-
| Samudram || Settlements || [[Ambasamudram]], [[Balasamudram]]
|-
|}

===Tripura===
Common suffix include -mura.
{|class="wikitable"
! suffix !! meaning !! common places
|-
| assa || || Ambassa, Bagbassa
|-
| bari ||house|| Churaibari, Jolaibari
|-
| chhara ||stream||Laxmanchhara, Nabinchhara, Karaichhara, Bagaichhara, Dhanichhara, Sanichhara
|-
| mura || || Teliamura, Sonamura
|-
| pur || || Udaipur, Amarpur, Madhupur,
|-
| nagar ||town or city|| Ampinagar, Dharmanagar, Jubarajnagar
|}

===West Bengal===
Common suffix include -mura.
{|class="wikitable"
! suffix !! meaning !! common places
|-
| abad || || Murshidabad
|-
| bari ||house|| Churaibari, Jolaibari
|-
| tala || ||Maheshtala, Taratala
|-
| || ||
|-
| pur || || Durgapur
|-
| nagar ||town or city|| Bidhannagar
|}

==Global Indian influence in place names==
{{more|Indosphere|Sanskritization|Indianization of Southeast Asia}}

In the Indianised cultures outside India, places were given Sanskritised names to make them sound more noble. Examples include:

* [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] in Thailand, named after Ayodhya, Rama's hometown.
* [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], the capital of Brunei, named after "bhagavān", a title for gods. "Seri Begawan" was used as a title for [[Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III]] after he abdicated from the throne.
* [[Jayapura]] in [[Papua (province)|Papua]], [[Indonesia]] named from two Sanskrit words ''Jaya'' meaning "victorious" and ''Pura'' meaning "town". The name was given by the first president and founding father of the country, [[Sukarno]].
* [[Yogyakarta]] in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]] named after the city of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] in India, the hometown of [[Rama|Sri Rama]]. "Yogyakarta" means "fit to prosper".
* [[Siak Sri Indrapura]] in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] named after the disbanded [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura]]. "Indrapura" means "town of Indra".
* [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] in Thailand, from the Pali words "nagara srī dhammaraja", or "city of the lord and king who rules by dharma".
* [[Putrajaya]] in Malaysia, which means "victorious prince" or "victorious son".
* [[Singapore|Singapura]], which means "lion city" named by prince [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] from [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]] present [[Indonesia]]

===Indonesia===
[[Indonesia]], as a hugely Sanskrit and Indic-influenced country, contains many [[Sanskrit]]-named cities and placements:
* kota - "city", from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] kōṭṭam (கோட்டம், "town") — e.g. [[Kota Pinang]], [[Lima Puluh Kota Regency]], [[North Lampung Regency|Kotabumi]], [[Kotabaru]], [[Kotamobagu]], [[West Kotawaringin Regency|Kotawaringin]], etc.
* negara - "state", from Sanskrit नगर (nagara) means "[[country]]" in [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]]. The word ''[[Nagari (settlement)|Nagari]]'' is also a term used in [[West Sumatra]] referring to "village".
* pura - "town", from Sanskrit पुर (pur) — e.g. [[Jayapura]], [[Siak Sri Indrapura]], [[Amlapura]], [[Bawean|Sangkapura]], [[Semarapura]], etc. In Indonesia, ''[[Balinese temple|pura]]'' also refers to a Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/08/24/things-you-should-know-before-visiting-temples-in-bali.html|title=Things you should know before visiting temples in Bali|publisher=The Jakarta Post}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
* ''kota'' - "city", from Tamil kōṭṭam (கோட்டம், "town")
* ''negeri'' - "state" or "country", from Sanskrit {{IAST|nagarī}} (नगरी, "city")

===Myanmar (Burma)===
* ''pura'' ({{lang|my|ပူရ}}) - "city", from Pali {{IAST|pura}} (ibid.)
* ''thamokdaya'' ({{lang|my|သမုဒ္ဒရာ}}) - "ocean", from Sanskrit {{IAST|samudra}} (ibid.)
* ''thiri'' ({{lang|my|သီရိ}}) - "splendour", from Pali {{IAST|siri}} (ibid.)
* ''wadi'' ({{lang|my|ဝတီ}}) - "endowed with," from Pali {{IAST|vatī}} (ibid.)

===Thailand===
* nakhon (นคร) [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn] - "city"
* buri (บุรี) [bū.rīː] - "town"
* samut (สมุทร) [sàmùt] - "sea"
* si (ศรี) [sǐ] - "lord"

==See also==
* [[Renaming of cities in India]]
* [[List of Indian cities on rivers]]
* [[List of towns in India by population]]
* [[Oikonyms in Western and South Asia]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Place name etymologies]]
[[Category:Names of places in India| ]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]

Pushpaka Vimana (2017 film)

2026-04-30T06:05:43Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pushpaka Vimana
| native_name =
| image = Pushpaka Vimana film poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = S. Ravindranath
| producer = {{Plainlist |
* [[Pawan Wadeyar]]
* Vikhyath
* Sukruth Devendra
* Deepak Krishna
* Deepak Kishore
* Devanth
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist |
* S. Ravindranath
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Miracle in Cell No. 7]]''|[[Lee Hwan-kyung]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Ramesh Aravind]]
* [[Rachita Ram]]
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]]
}}
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Bhuvan Gowda]]
| editing = Suresh Arumugam

| studio = Vikhyath Chitra Productions Pawan Wadeyar Film Factory
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|1|6|df=y|ref1=}}{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Pushpaka Vimana''''' is a 2017, Indian [[Kannada]] [[Drama (genre)|drama]] film directed by S. Ravindranath, making his debut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/talking-pushpak-vimana|title=Talking Pushpak Vimana!|work=News Karnataka|date=12 February 2016|accessdate=19 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419130235/http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/talking-pushpak-vimana|archivedate=19 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], acting in his 100th Kannada film, as the protagonist playing the father role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/pushpaka-vimana-is-ramesh-aravind-100th-film-in-kfi-221119.html|title=Pushpaka Vimana Is Ramesh Aravind's 100th Film In KFI!|work=Filmibeat|date=31 March 2016|accessdate=19 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423041120/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/pushpaka-vimana-is-ramesh-aravind-100th-film-in-kfi-221119.html|archivedate=23 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rachita Ram]] and [[Yuvina Parthavi|Baby Yuvina Parthavi]] play the daughter's role. Prominent [[Bollywood]] actress [[Juhi Chawla]] is seen in a song sequence, marking her re-entry to Kannada films after 18 years.<ref>{{cite news|last=A|first=Sharadhaa|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Juhi-Charm-Back-in-Sandalwood/2016/04/13/article3377016.ece|title=Juhi Charm Back in Sandalwood|work=The New Indian Express|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=19 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416113849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Juhi-Charm-Back-in-Sandalwood/2016/04/13/article3377016.ece|archivedate=16 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's title is borrowed from the 1987 silent film [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/ramesh-aravind-next-movie-title-pushpaka-vimana-209012.html|title=Ramesh Aravind's Next Gets Kamal Haasan's Movie Title; 'Pushpaka Vimana'|work=Filmibeat|date=19 December 2015|accessdate=19 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423163721/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/ramesh-aravind-next-movie-title-pushpaka-vimana-209012.html|archivedate=23 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film is a joint venture between Vikhyath Chitra Productions and [[Pawan Wadeyar]] Film Factory. The film's score and soundtrack is by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] whilst the cinematography is by [[Bhuvan Gowda]]. The film's teaser clocking 2minutes 37seconds and portraying the love and affection between the father and the daughter garnered much praise for Ramesh's expressive act and Bhuvan's cinematography.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/pushpaka-vimana-teaser-talk-ramesh-aravind-best-performance-ever-212254.html|title=Pushpaka Vimana Teaser Talk: Ramesh Aravind's Best Performance Ever!|work=Filmibeat|date=18 January 2016|accessdate=19 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301100457/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/pushpaka-vimana-teaser-talk-ramesh-aravind-best-performance-ever-212254.html|archivedate=1 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film was reported to be in contention for ''[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]'' at the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], though it did not enter the long-list and short-list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=17946&boxid=131215136 |title=Vijaya Karnataka ePaper- Vijaya Karnataka Kannada Newspaper |accessdate=2017-01-05 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180851/http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=17946&boxid=131215136 |archivedate=5 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/04/pushpaka-vimana-goes-to-oscars-on-its-own-steam-1555795.html |title=Pushpaka Vimana goes to Oscars on its own steam |date=4 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105173413/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/04/pushpaka-vimana-goes-to-oscars-on-its-own-steam-1555795.html |archive-date=5 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film is an unofficial remake of the 2013 South Korean movie ''[[Miracle in Cell No. 7]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pushpaka-vimana-eyes-oscars-this-year/articleshow/56313222.cms |title=Will this Kannada film win the Oscars this year? |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2017-01-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106074817/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pushpaka-vimana-eyes-oscars-this-year/articleshow/56313222.cms |archivedate=6 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MDcvMDEvMjAxNw==&Page=219557 |title=Edition |accessdate=2017-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108001653/http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MDcvMDEvMjAxNw==&Page=219557 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MDYvMDEvMjAxNw==&Page=219378 |title=Edition |accessdate=2017-01-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004810/http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MDYvMDEvMjAxNw==&Page=219378 |archivedate=7 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and lost the copyright infringement case against [[Kross Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/regulators/high-court/copyright-infringement-kross-awarded-injunction-against-pushpaka-vimana-hearing-on-12-apr-170330?amp|title = Copyright infringement: Kross awarded injunction against 'Pushpaka Vimana', hearing on 12 Apr|date = 30 March 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story begins when a young lawyer reopens a closed case. She says that the man who was punished for a rape and murder in that case was innocent and there was no fault of his. She reveals herself as the daughter of that man when the court asks for proof.
An intellectually-disabled man (Ramesh Arvind) is from a family of army employees and wants to continue doing the same work. But his mental disability does not give him a chance to fulfill it. He owns a rickshaw and drives it to feed himself and his daughter (Baby Yuvina). They have a lovely life.
They both are saving money to buy a toy plane liked by the daughter.
Eventually they are near the shop to buy it but have a small amount short so they thought of buying it the next day. But to their horror the daughter of a police chief desires the same plane and it was bought the very next moment leading the man to fight with the police. Next day while the man was driving his rickshaw he meets the same girl and she promises him to guide him to another shop where he can get a similar plane. But she is found dead and the man raping that girl was seen live by a woman and was reported to the police. He was arrested and his daughter left the house. She was then living in a [[charity school]] but had a connection to her father. Slowly the police in-charge of the jail and the man's cellmates understood he was just trying to provide first aid to the child as he was taught in a public program. They all show him mercy but the dead girl's father threatens him to accept that all fault was his or he would kill the man's daughter. So he accepted the crime in the court and was punished to be hanged. He was hanged in an unjust manner. The jail in-charge who had lost his child adopted the man's daughter and made her a lawyer as per her wish.
The court considers that the man had no fault and was innocent.
She then thanks everyone and is happy to prove that her father was innocent.

== Cast ==
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Anantaramaiah
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Puttalakshmi
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as young Puttalakshmi
* [[Ravi Kale]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* Rockline Sudhakar
* Manjunath
* K. S. Sridhar
* [[Juhi Chawla]] in a special appearance in song "Jhilka Jhilka"

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Early reports of the film emerged in December 2015 that actor [[Ramesh Aravind]] would feature in a new film which has the title of the 1987 silent film ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ramesh-Aravind-to-go-back-in-time/articleshow/50215259.cms|title=Ramesh Aravind to go back in time!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 December 2015|accessdate= 21 April 2016}}</ref> Initially apprehensive about using the same title, the team later decided to go ahead with the same as the story would connect to the title. Ramesh's role was revealed to be that of a father to a little girl and is "crazy about planes". The producers chose S. Ravindranath to helm the director role, making his debut in the feature film.

=== Casting ===
After roping in Ramesh for the lead role, producers went in search for a baby girl who could play the daughter character to Ramesh. They finally selected [[Yuvina Parthavi]] after being impressed with her performance in the Tamil film ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2015). Actress [[Rachita Ram]] was selected to play the role of grown-up daughter, the producers of the movie were claiming that even though the role of Rachita Ram is not full-fledged, it would be a prominent character which would last for about 10minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/rachita-ram-in-ramesh-aravind-s-pushpaka-vimana.html|title=Rachita Ram in Ramesh Aravind's 'Pushpaka Vimana'|publisher=Cineloka|date=11 February 2016|accessdate=21 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509091145/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/rachita-ram-in-ramesh-aravind-s-pushpaka-vimana.html|archivedate=9 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After launching the teaser, on 15 January 2016, the makers approached Bollywood actress [[Juhi Chawla]] to act in a few scenes including appearing in a special song in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=A|first=Sharadhaa|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Juhi-Chawla-Approached-for-Pushpaka-Vimana/2016/02/06/article3262890.ece|title=Juhi Chawla Approached for Pushpaka Vimana|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=6 February 2016|accessdate=21 April 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505044635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Juhi-Chawla-Approached-for-Pushpaka-Vimana/2016/02/06/article3262890.ece|archivedate=5 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This film would be Juhi's re-entry to [[Kannada cinema]] since her last release ''[[Shanti Kranti]]'' in 1991.

=== Teaser release ===
On 15 January 2016, a teaser was released which saw the 2minutes 37seconds of video showing the emotional attachment between the father played by Ramesh and his daughter played by Yuvina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Watch-Ramesh-Aravinds-Pushpaka-Vimana/articleshow/50611359.cms|title=Watch: Ramesh Aravind's Pushpaka Vimana|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2016|accessdate=21 April 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120143620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Watch-Ramesh-Aravinds-Pushpaka-Vimana/articleshow/50611359.cms|archivedate=20 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Upon the release of teaser, huge appreciations poured in from different quarters particularly pointing out Ramesh's acting along with Bhuvan's cinematography. The teaser was shown to Juhi Chawla before signing her into the film.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pushpaka Vimana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|21}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=55}}
| label = Vikhyath Studios
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Jeerjimbe]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Tagaru]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The music and background score for the film is composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]. The soundtrack album contains six songs.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jilka Jilka
| length1 = 4:27
| lyrics1 = [[Pawan Wadeyar]]
| extra1 = [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| title2 = Jogulave
| length2 = 2:41
| lyrics2 = Kiran Kaverappa
| extra2 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| title3 = Mugilu Belmugilu
| length3 = 4:03
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| title4 = Baana Thoredu Neeli
| length4 = 4:21
| lyrics4 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| extra4 = Siddhartha Belmannu
| title5 = Ee Srushtiya
| length5 = 2:05
| extra5 = Ganesh Karanth
| lyrics5 = Dhananjay
| title6 = Pushpaka Vimana (Theme)
| length6 = 2:18
| extra6 = Charan Raj
| lyrics6 = Charan Raj
| total_length = 1
| title9 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| all_writing =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length10 =
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and commented, "The film scores high technically. Bhuvan Gowda's fantastic visuals are complemented beautifully by Charan Raj's soulful background score. Their story is no edge-of-the-seat thriller but instead is a wonderful tale of love between a father and daughter, which unfolds in its own pace but keeps you hooked to the screen."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pushpaka-vimana/movie-review/56374909.cms|title=Pushpaka Vimana Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113113158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pushpaka-vimana/movie-review/56374909.cms|archivedate=13 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' saw the film worthy of 3.5/5 and reviewed and called the film to be "flying high on emotion".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110117/pushpaka-vimana-movie-review-flying-high-on-emotion.html|title=Pushpaka Vimana movie review: Flying high on emotion|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225436/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110117/pushpaka-vimana-movie-review-flying-high-on-emotion.html|archive-date=8 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Writing to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Archana Nathan was critical about the film and called it "A turbulent flight" further remarking that "it relies heavily on dialogue focussing more on telling rather than showing, at times even screaming the sentiment at its audience."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Pushpaka-Vimana-A-turbulent-flight/article16999626.ece|title=Pushpaka Vimana: A turbulent flight|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106162924/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Pushpaka-Vimana-A-turbulent-flight/article16999626.ece|archivedate=6 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Copyright infringement ==
Korea based [[Kross Pictures]] filed a copyright infringement case against the makers of the film citing proper remake rights have not been acquired from the production company which holds the rights of the film ''[[Miracle in Cell No. 7]]''. The director, S. Ravindranath claimed that the film is not a "remake" but is taken inspiration from four films such as ''[[Life is Beautiful]]'', ''[[I am Sam]]'', ''Miracle in Cell No. 7'' and ''[[The Pursuit of Happyness]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/22/makers-of-korean-movie-inspired-kannada-film-puspaka-vimana-sued-over-remake-rights-1584161.html|title=Makers of Korean-movie inspired Kannada film Puspaka Vimana sued over remake rights|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/infriengement-case-filed-against-makers-of-the-movie-pushpaka-vimana-170322|title=Infringement case filed against makers of the movie Pushpaka Vimana|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324073540/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/infriengement-case-filed-against-makers-of-the-movie-pushpaka-vimana-170322|archivedate=24 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the Bombay High Court issued an ad-interim injunction against the exhibition and distribution of the movie as prima facie it found the movie to be a copy of the Korean movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/regulators/high-court/copyright-infringement-kross-awarded-injunction-against-pushpaka-vimana-hearing-on-12-apr-170330?amp|title = Copyright infringement: Kross awarded injunction against 'Pushpaka Vimana', hearing on 12 Apr|date = 30 March 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5762180}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:2010s prison drama films]]
[[Category:Films about intellectual disabilities]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian prison drama films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:2017 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films about autism]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about children]]
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Tragicomedy films]]
[[Category:Films about death]]

The Waking of a Nation

2026-04-23T17:30:43Z

KateHinson76890: New info - done

{{Short description|Indian 2025 web series by Ram Madhvani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The_Waking_of_a_Nation_Poster.jpeg
| caption = The Waking of a Nation Poster
| genre = History Thriller
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| story =
| director = {{Plainlist|*[[Ram Madhvani]]}}
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Taaruk Raina]]
*[[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]]
*Bhawsheel Singh Sahni
*[[Nikita Dutta]]
}}
| narrator =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|*Udayan Baijal
*Ankita Batra}}
| music = Sameer Uddin
| producer = {{Plainlist|*Amita Madhvani
*Ram Madhvani}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
*Kavya Sharma
*Dhawalika Singh}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
*Abhimanyu Chaudhary
*Amit Karia
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|*Shantanu Srivastava
*Shatrujeet Nath
*Ram Madhvani}}
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Ram Madhvani Films
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| network2 =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|03|07}}
| first_aired2 =
| last_aired2 =
}}
'''''The Waking of a Nation''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[historical drama]] web series streaming on [[SonyLIV]] based on the events leading to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=The Waking of a Nation teaser: Ram Madhvani set to explore the Jallianwala Bagh 'conspiracy' in new show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvani-set-to-explore-the-jallianwala-bagh-conspiracy-in-new-show-9828117/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was directed by [[Ram Madhvani]] and produced by Amita Madhvani and Ram Madhvani, under banner of [[Ram Madhvani Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Waking of a Nation trailer: Taaruk Raina fights to expose truth behind Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-trailer-taaruk-raina-fights-to-expose-truth-behind-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-watch-101740400941616.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|first=Riya|last=Sharma|date=24 February 2025|accessdate=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-03-03 |title=Who asked Dyer to pull the trigger? 'Waking of a Nation' takes new look at Jallianwala Bagh |url=https://theprint.in/feature/who-asked-dyer-to-pull-the-trigger-waking-of-a-nation-takes-new-look-at-jallianwala-bagh/2529049/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303142426/https://theprint.in/feature/who-asked-dyer-to-pull-the-trigger-waking-of-a-nation-takes-new-look-at-jallianwala-bagh/2529049/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=The Waking of a Nation OTT Release: Where to watch Taaruk Raina-Nikita Dutta's thrilling series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/the-waking-of-a-nation-ott-release-where-to-watch-taaruk-raina-series-set-against-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-652476.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It starred [[Taaruk Raina]], [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]], Bhawsheel Singh Sahni and [[Nikita Dutta]] in main roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Waking of Nation trailer: Taaruk Raina fights to prove Jallianwala Bagh was planned |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-waking-of-a-nation-trailer-taaruk-raina-fights-to-prove-jallianwala-act-was-planned-2684901-2025-02-24 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226114242/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-waking-of-a-nation-trailer-taaruk-raina-fights-to-prove-jallianwala-act-was-planned-2684901-2025-02-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Ram Madhvani's 'The Waking of a Nation' unveiled |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/trailer-of-ram-madhvanis-the-waking-of-a-nation-unveiled20250224223118/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224182145/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/trailer-of-ram-madhvanis-the-waking-of-a-nation-unveiled20250224223118/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was released on SonyLIV on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=The Waking of a Nation: Makers of Neerja bring Taaruk Raina starrer based on Jallianwala Bagh massacre |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/the-waking-of-a-nation-makers-of-neerja-dhamaka-aarya-bring-taaruk-raina-nikita-dutta-starrer-series-based-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2025-02-10-975531 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312175947/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/the-waking-of-a-nation-makers-of-neerja-dhamaka-aarya-bring-taaruk-raina-nikita-dutta-starrer-series-based-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2025-02-10-975531 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Waking of a Nation: Makers of Neerja bring Taaruk Raina starrer based on Jallianwala Bagh massacre |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/the-waking-of-a-nation-makers-of-neerja-dhamaka-aarya-bring-taaruk-raina-nikita-dutta-starrer-series-based-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2025-02-10-975531 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |access-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312175947/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/the-waking-of-a-nation-makers-of-neerja-dhamaka-aarya-bring-taaruk-raina-nikita-dutta-starrer-series-based-on-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2025-02-10-975531 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Waking Of A Nation Teaser: Ram Madhvani's Series Uncovers Truth Behind The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvanis-series-uncovers-truth-behind-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-aa-9222267.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Various critics rated the show with 2 to 3 stars out of 5.

== Plot ==
On 13 April 1919, a British army officer, Brigadier-General [[Reginald Dyer]], ordered his troops to shoot at a crowd of unarmed and peaceful Indians that had assembled at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] in [[Amritsar]] to protest against the [[Rowlatt Act]]. The firing lasted for roughly five minutes, during which 1,650 rounds were fired. The number of casualties is still debated, but the British Government later accepted that nearly 400 Indians had been killed in the shooting.

A textbook example of the tyranny of the British Raj, the Amritsar Massacre – later known as the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] – became a watershed moment in India’s freedom movement, galvanizing the entire nation to rise against its colonial master and setting India’s struggle for independence in motion.

The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh caused such public outrage that the British Government was compelled to set up the Disorders Inquiry Committee to investigate the incident. The findings of the inquiry divided the Commission along racial lines, with its British members refusing to view the massacre as a symptom of systemic racialism, while its Indian members insisted that race relations and [[white supremacy]] lay at the core of the violence. The Hunter Commission’s report singularly blamed Brigadier-General Dyer for the massacre, and as a consequence, the general was stripped of his rank and asked to resign.

But what led General Dyer to march into Jallianwala Bagh and execute such a heinous crime? What did the riots that had torn through Amritsar three days earlier on 10 April have to do with the massacre? What did this have to do with the arrest and deportation of Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew, two prominent and well-respected Gandhian leaders in Amritsar? And what role did Punjab’s Lieutenant-Governor [[Michael O'Dwyer|Michael O’Dwyer]] play all through this tragic episode?

Most importantly, was Brigadier-General Dyer singularly responsible for the massacre, or was he acting on specific orders?

Waking of a Nation: Jallianwala Bagh is a web series that explores the frictions and triggers behind the Jallianwala Bagh massacre through the eyes of Kantilal Sahni, a fictitious member of the Hunter Commission. Putting the events surrounding the massacre under a microscope, the series uncovers a deep conspiracy rooted in the colonial notion of white superiority. The show reimagines history based on the Hunter Commission’s inquiry, and deals with issues like racism, prejudice, whitewashing, half-truths and the redaction of history. Waking of a Nation: Jallianwala Bagh also looks at how India became India.

==Cast==
*[[Taaruk Raina]] as lawyer Kantilal Sahni
*[[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)| Sahil Mehta]] as Ali Allahbaksh <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2025-02-11 |title=Ram Madhvani's The Waking of a Nation Explores Colonial Injustice, Streaming on Sony LIV from March 7 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-madhvanis-the-waking-of-a-nation-explores-colonial-injustice-streaming-on-sony-liv-from-march-7-944393 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212054229/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-madhvanis-the-waking-of-a-nation-explores-colonial-injustice-streaming-on-sony-liv-from-march-7-944393 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Bhawsheel Singh Sahni as Hari Singh Aulakh
*[[Nikita Dutta]] as Poonam Aulakh
*[[Paul McEwan (actor)|Paul McEwan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=The Waking of a Nation teaser: Ram Madhvani set to explore the Jallianwala Bagh 'conspiracy' in new show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvani-set-to-explore-the-jallianwala-bagh-conspiracy-in-new-show-9828117/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> as [[Michael O’Dwyer]]
*Jamie Alter as Colonel Morgan
*Carl Wharton as Lord William Hunter
*Raymond Bethley as Commissioner Kitchin
*Alex Reece <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=The Waking of a Nation teaser: Ram Madhvani set to explore the Jallianwala Bagh 'conspiracy' in new show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvani-set-to-explore-the-jallianwala-bagh-conspiracy-in-new-show-9828117/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213110010/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvani-set-to-explore-the-jallianwala-bagh-conspiracy-in-new-show-9828117/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as [[Reginald Dyer|General Dyer]]
*Tómas Howser as Deputy Commissioner Miles Irving
*Ant Wright as Plomer
*Matt Metcalfe
*Mark Brailsford
*Ikhlaque Khan
*Adhyay Bakshi
*Rita Sigmond
*Leda Hodgson
*Robbie Boyle
*Jake James Harrison
*Baljinder Singh Darapuri

== Release and reception==
''The Waking of a Nation'' premiered on 7 March 2025, on OTT Platform [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Waking Of A Nation Trailer : Revisiting Jallianwala Bagh Massacre {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-trailer-revisiting-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-71721.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

Hardika Gupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "Unlike other portrayals of this historical event - such as [[Sardar Udham]] or [[Rang De Basanti]] - director Ram Madhvani does not dwell on the bloodshed itself."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Hardik|title=The Waking Of A Nation Review: A Reverent But Uneven Dissection Of The Jallianwala Bagh Massacrey|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-a-reverent-but-uneven-dissection-of-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2-stars-7875396|website=NDTV|language=en|date=8 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=8 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308064407/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-a-reverent-but-uneven-dissection-of-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-2-stars-7875396|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 stars and writes that "Ram Madhvani's series is all over the place and also boring to watch".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa|title=Review: The Waking Of A Nation: Boring!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-waking-of-a-nation-review/20250307.htm|website=rediff.com|language=en|date=7 March 2025}}</ref>
Rahul Desai ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said that "Ram Madhvani period drama lacks the technical finesse to explore the Jallianwala Bagh massacre."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul|title=
'The Waking of a Nation' Series Review: All Gunpowder, No Bullets|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/the-waking-of-a-nation-series-review-all-gunpowder-no-bullets|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|date=7 March 2025}}</ref>
[[Alaka Sahani]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 2/5 stars and said "The Ram Madhvani-directed middling historical drama based on the events leading to Jallianwala Bagh massacre is too verbose and lacks dramatic tension".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sahani|first1=Alaka|title=The Waking of a Nation review: Series that probes the events leading up to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre lacks punch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-series-that-probes-the-events-leading-up-to-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-lacks-punch-9873682/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=7 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307124239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-series-that-probes-the-events-leading-up-to-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-lacks-punch-9873682/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[scroll.in]]'' said about the weries that "In its effort to slap viewers out of their perceived stupor, The Waking of a Nation does itself a huge disservice. The desired impact could have been achieved without jumbling the timeline or working overtime to prove a conspiracy that isn’t exactly one – history rather than hysteria."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramnath|first1=Nandini|title=Review: 'The Waking of a Nation' works overtime to prove a conspiracy angle|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080008/review-the-waking-of-a-nation-works-overtime-to-prove-a-conspiracy-angle|website=scroll.in|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=11 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311171434/https://scroll.in/reel/1080008/review-the-waking-of-a-nation-works-overtime-to-prove-a-conspiracy-angle|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes in her review that " For history buffs, the six-episode show is going to be a decent weekend watch. But if you’re expecting a stirring dose of patriotism or an emotionally gripping tale, you may walk away disappointed."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Farzeen|first1=Sana|title=The Waking of a Nation review: Ram Madhvani's sincere attempt leaves little impact|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-ram-madhvani-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-sonyliv-2690223-2025-03-07|website=India Today|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=2025-03-12|archive-date=2025-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307073441/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-ram-madhvani-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-sonyliv-2690223-2025-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and said that "It takes us to the aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre but sluggish pace and inconsistent writing mar the impact".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Devesh|title=The Waking Of A Nation Season 1 Review: Slow And Theatrical|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-72029.html|website=Fimfare|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=7 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307104714/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-72029.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "The Waking of a Nation explores the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre through a courtroom drama but falters with repetitive flashbacks. Taaruk Raina shines, yet the series struggles to stay engaging."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vasudevan|first1=Aishwarya|title=The Waking of a Nation review: Ram Madhvani's historical drama struggles to stay awake despite Taaruk Raina's sincere performancel|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-ram-madhvani-taaruk-raina-historical-drama-struggles-to-stay-awake/c401431e41925|website=OTT Play|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312152347/https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-ram-madhvani-taaruk-raina-historical-drama-struggles-to-stay-awake/c401431e41925|url-status=live}}</ref>
Abhinav Singh of ''[[Mashable India]]'' said "The Waking of a Nation is a show that’s skippable only because it spends more time pandering to emotions rather than hooking the viewers."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Abhinav|title=The Waking Of A Nation Review: Despite Powerful Performances, Weak Writing Drags Down Ram Madhvani's New Series|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/90936/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-despite-powerful-performances-weak-writing-drags-down-ram-madhvanis-ne|website=Mashable India|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312162621/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/90936/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-despite-powerful-performances-weak-writing-drags-down-ram-madhvanis-ne|url-status=live}}</ref>
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "The Waking of a Nation is an ambitious but inconsistent historical drama that struggles to balance its engaging premise with effective storytelling."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khurana|first1=Archika|title=The Waking Of A Nation Season 1 Review : Ram Madhvani's historical drama struggles to leave an impact|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-waking-of-a-nation/season-1/seasonreview/118698144.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=7 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312153840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-waking-of-a-nation/season-1/seasonreview/118698144.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15910280}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]

Walter Elliot (naturalist)

2026-04-22T09:51:52Z

KateHinson76890: New new bio - done

{{Short description|Scottish civil servant and naturalist}}
{{Other people|Walter Elliot}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[File:WalterElliot.jpg|thumb|Sir Walter Elliot.]]
'''Sir Walter Elliot''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (16 January 1803 – 1 March 1887) was a British civil servant in [[colonial India]]. He was also an eminent orientalist, linguist, archaeologist, naturalist and ethnologist who worked mainly in the [[Presidency of Madras]]. Born in [[Edinburgh]], he studied at the [[East India Company College]] at Haileybury and joined the [[East India Company]]'s civil service at [[Madras]] in 1820 and worked on until 1860. He was invested Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in 1866.

==Early life==
Elliot was born in 1803 at [[Edinburgh]], son of James Elliot of Wolfelee and Caroline (''née'' Hunter). His early education was under a private tutor and he later was at school near [[Doncaster]]. He then went to Haileybury College, with a recommendation from his aunt, the widow of the [[John Elphinstone, 12th Lord Elphinstone|12th Lord Elphinstone]], graduated with "high distinction", and in January 1819 took up an appointment in the East India Company's Civil Service as a "[[East India Company#Writers|writer]]".<ref name="odnb" /> The post was secured through the influence of his great-uncle [[William Fullerton Elphinstone]], the company's director. He landed in [[Madras]], India on 14 June 1820.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=obit>{{cite journal|first=Hugh |last=Cleghorn |year=1889| title= Obituary Notices of Deceased Fellows. Sir Walter Elliot of Wolfelee| journal= Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh| volume=17|issue=1–4 |pages=342–345|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofbo17bota#page/342/mode/2up/|doi= 10.1080/03746608909468356}}</ref><ref name=prs>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspl.1887.0002 |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. |year=1887 |volume=42|issue=251–257 |pages=viii–xxviii |title=Obituary notices of Fellows deceased|author=Sclater, PL|s2cid=186213220 }}</ref>

==India==
Elliot's training continued at the college at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] in Madras, where he excelled in languages, winning an award of 1000 pagodas for his proficiency in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. He later learned other languages: [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. For two years he worked as an assistant to the collector of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] district. He then arranged with [[Sir Thomas Munro]] and [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] to be transferred into the newly acquired territory of southern Maratha district.

In 1824 Elliot was caught up in the Kittur insurrection, which tried to take over a territory then under the control of [[Kittur Chennamma]]. He was taken prisoner, while his superior, [[St John Thackeray]], the [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] of [[Dharwar]] (and uncle of [[William Makepeace Thackeray]]), was killed. Elliot and an assistant Stevenson were held in imprisonment for six weeks. They received good treatment from their captors, and it was during this period that he learnt about Hindu ideas of kinship, caste and custom. The southern Maratha district was subsequently moved from the control of the Madras to the Bombay Presidency but he was allowed to stay on by the governor of Bombay, Sir [[John Malcolm]]. During this period he gained a reputation as an adventurer, historian, big-game hunter and linguist.<ref name=obit /><ref name=prs /><ref name=campbell />

== Period in England ==
Elliot left for England on 11 December 1833 accompanied by Robert Pringle of the Bombay civil service. They sailed through the [[Red Sea]] and rode across the desert from [[Al-Qusayr, Egypt|Al-Qusayr]] to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]; and then sailed down the [[Nile]] to [[Cairo]] before visiting [[Constantinople (modern city)|Constantinople]], [[Athens]], [[Corfu]] and [[Rome]]. They reached England on 5 May 1835.

In 1836 Elliot's cousin [[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone]] was appointed [[Governor of Madras|Governor]] of the [[Madras Presidency]]. Elliott took up a post as his [[private secretary]], and the two sailed together on a yacht, the ''Prince Regent'' which was gifted to them by the imam of Muscat. They arrived in Madras in February 1837.<ref name=odnb/>

==Return to India==
Elliot worked with Elphinstone until the latter's retirement in September 1842. Elphinstone's successor, [[George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale]], found Elliot working in a whole range of capacities, and well beyond his position as a private secretary. He held also a position as a translator (of [[Kannada|Canarese]]) to the Government. Elliot was then employed in the board of revenue. In 1845 he was appointed to examine [[Guntur district]] which had been hit by the major famine of 1833 and had not shown signs of recovery. Elliot found deep-seated corruption and collusion between village elites, local revenue officials, and five [[zamindar]] families that held most of the land in the district. The East India Company's court of directors were impressed by his work and appointed him commissioner of the [[Northern Circars]], a position of responsibility that he managed until 1854 when he became a Member of the [[Council of the Governor of Madras]].<ref name=obit /> During 1858, Elliot temporarily replaced [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris]] and [[Governor of Madras|Governor]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] as the provisional governor; it fell to him to announce that following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Honourable East India Company]]'s responsibilities would be transferred to [[The Crown]], beginning the [[British Raj]].<ref name=":0" />

Towards the end of his life Elliott began to lose his sight and in his later years was completely blind. He retired from service in 1859.<ref name=prs />

==Research==
[[File:Amaravati2 Elliot.png|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Amaravati Stupa]], by or after Sir Walter Elliott, 1845.]]
While in India Elliot maintained a diary with notes on a range of subjects. He also wrote to the journals of scholarly societies. In 1859 he published ''Flora Andhrica, or plants of the Northern Circars'' which included the names of plants in Telugu and English. In 1840 he wrote on the 'cromlechs and cairns' in the [[Nilgiri hills]].

In 1845 he excavated and collected important sculptures from the [[Amaravati Stupa]], which at the time were sometimes called the "Elliot Marbles". They went to Madras, and later a (relatively inferior) part of them went to London, where they are now the [[Amaravati Marbles]] in the [[British Museum]]. The major portion is in the [[Government Museum, Chennai]].<ref name=bl>[https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-003232708&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-003232708&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&mode=Basic&vid=IAMS_VU2&srt=rank&tab=local&vl(freeText0)=Amaravati%20Tripe&dum=true&dstmp=1668187906759 Photos of the Elliot Marbles], Linnaeus Tripe, British Library, retrieved 11 November 2022</ref>

Elliot studied ancient inscriptions, beliefs and cultures.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Characteristics of the Population of Central and Southern India.| author= Elliot, W|journal= The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London |year=1869| volume=1| issue=2| pages=94–128| doi= 10.2307/3014444| jstor=3014444}}</ref> He was a keen numismatist and collector of coins and his main work on the topic was published in 1885, at a time when unable to see, he had to feel the coins to describe them and have written by a scribe for his ''Coins of Southern India''.<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB|author=Arbuthnot|first=A. J. (Revised by Robert Eric Frykenberg)|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=|chapter=Elliot, Sir Walter (1803–1887)|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8670}}</ref><ref name=obit />

He oversaw the production of '''Carnataca Translation of Esop's Fables'.'' <ref name="Vidyakalanidhi Literary Press">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pl9IAAAAYAAJ |title=Carnataca Translation of Esop's Fables |date=1855 |publisher=Vidyakalanidhi Literary Press |language=te}}</ref>
[[File:TupaiaElliotiWolf.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Anathana ellioti]]'' named after Elliot by [[George Robert Waterhouse]], the genus name is derived from Tamil.]]
He took an interest in the local zoology and spent considerable time outdoors in his early years in India.<ref name=campbell>{{cite book|title= My Indian Journal|author=Campbell, Walter| year=1864|publisher=Edmonston & Douglas| place=Edinburgh|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022984243#page/n171/mode/1up/| page=140}}</ref> He was in correspondence with [[Charles Darwin]] and at his request he sent him skins of various domestic birds from India and Burma in 1856. He also collaborated with naturalists in India like [[Thomas C. Jerdon]].<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=48| issue=3| pages= 486–489 |year=1880 |title=Notes on the Indian Bustard (Eupodotis edwardsi), with especial reference to its Gular Pouch| author=Elliot, Walter| doi= 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1880.tb06589.x| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/73373}}</ref> He collected specimens of molluscs, beached whales and dolphins and a range of other species which were examined by experts in Britain like [[Richard Owen]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Owen, R.| year= 1866| title= On some Indian Cetacea collected by Walter Elliot Esq.|journal= Transactions of the Zoological Society of London|volume=6|pages= 17–47|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofzo06zool#page/n31/mode/2up| doi= 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1866.tb00570.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=Notice of a Collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India by Walter Elliot, Esq., with Descriptions of several New Genera and Species.|author=Alder, J & A Hancock| doi= 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1864.tb00643.x| year=1864| journal= The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London| volume =5| issue =3| pages =113–147}}</ref> He catalogued the mammals of southern India in the ''Madras Journal of Literature and Science'' and described several new species of small mammals. The rat species ''[[Golunda ellioti]]'' and the Madras tree-shrew [[Anathana|''Anathana ellioti'']] are named after him. [[William Thomas Blanford|W. T. Blanford]] wrote to him "[V]ery little work is now done on mammals in India. Everybody has gone into ornithology. So far as I am aware your paper in the Madras journal is the only good account ..." Two species of Indian reptiles are named after him: ''[[Monilesaurus ellioti]]'' and ''[[Uropeltis ellioti]]''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Elliot, W.", p. 82).</ref>

Elliot's home in Randals Road, [[Vepery]], Madras was a focal point for scholars in the region. He encouraged many other oriental researchers including [[Ferdinand Kittel]] and [[Robert Caldwell]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Trubner& Co. |place=London| year=1875| author=Caldwell, Robert|title=A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages|page=xi|url=https://archive.org/stream/comparativegramm00caldrich#page/x/mode/2up/}}</ref> Back in Scotland, his family home became a veritable museum, and he was active until the day of his death. On 1 March 1887 he dictated and signed a letter to [[George Uglow Pope|George Pope]], expressing his enthusiasm for a new edition of Pope's translation of the Tamil ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ|Kural]]''. He died the same evening.<ref name=odnb />

==Retirement in Scotland==
[[File:Chesters Church - Sir Walter and Maria Dorothea Elliots grave.jpg|thumb|Sir Walter and Maria Dorothea Elliot's grave in Chesters Church]]
Elliot returned to Wolfelee in [[Roxburghshire]] in 1860, where he continued his researches. In 1866 he was made Knight Commander of the Star of India. In 1878 he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. He was awarded [[LL.D.]] of the University of Edinburgh in 1879.<ref name=prs/> In 1874 he contributed an obituary of [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] to the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' which was however not published for want of space.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Elliot, W. |year=1873| title=Memoir of Dr T. C. Jerdon.|journal=Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Cl. |volume=7|pages=143–151|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofberwick07berw#page/145/mode/1up}}</ref> In his county, he continued to serve as deputy lieutenant and a magistrate.<ref name=":0">{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/rulewaterandits01tancgoog#page/n130/mode/2up/|pages=91–92|title=Rulewater and its people|author=Tancred, George|year=1907| publisher=T. and A. Constable|place=Edinburgh}}</ref>

A memorial tablet was erected in the Parish Church of Hobkirk with an epitaph by Colonel [[Henry Yule]].<ref name=obit />

==Family==
On 15 January 1839, he married Maria Dorothea Hunter Blair (c.1816–1890), daughter of [[Sir David Hunter-Blair, 3rd Baronet]], in Malta.<ref name=prs /> They had four sons and two daughters:<ref name=odnb /><ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Walter Elliot 1803 – 1887 |url=http://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-elliott96978+2-2-0-1-0|publisher=genealogy.links.org|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> The ornithologist [[Philip Lutley Sclater]] was married to a sister of Maria Dorothea.
* James Thomas Spencer Elliot (1845–1892)
* Walter Blair Elliot (1847–1869)
* Caroline Elliot (1852–post 1887)
*[[Edward Hay Mackenzie Elliot|Edward]] (1852–1920), who played [[association football|football]] for Scotland in the [[England v Scotland representative matches (1870–1872)|unofficial international matches]] in 1871 and 1872.<ref>{{cite web|title=EHM Elliott|url=http://www.londonhearts.com/scotlandunoff/players/ehmelliott.html|work=Scotland international footballers|publisher=London Hearts|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
* Herman Elliot (1854–1895)
* Dorothea Helen Elliot (died 1925)

== Writings ==
Elliot was the author of :<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27EC%2F1878%2F08%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl| title = Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= Royal Society|access-date = 12 March 2012}}</ref>
* Hindu Inscriptions being an outline of the Hindu Dynasties of S India from 4th to 12th Centuries deduced from Inscriptions collected in the Dekhan. J. Roy. As. Soc. 18
* Account of the ''Poma sodomitica'', or Dead Sea Apples [1835], Entom. Soc. Trans., ii. 1837–40, pp. 14–17.
* A Catalogue of the Species of Mammalia found in the Southern Mahratta Country, with their synonyms in the native languages in use there, Madras Jour., x., 1839, pp. 92–108,207–233.
* Description of a new Species of Naja, or Cobra di Capello, Madras Jour., x., 1840, pp. 39–41.
* Note on the Species of Naja (N. vittata), described; page 39, Madras Jour., xi., 1840, pp. 390–393.
* Carnataca Translation Of Esop's Fables 1840.<ref name="Vidyakalanidhi Literary Press"/>
* Catalogue of the Mammalia found in the Southern Mahratta Country. Madras Journ Lit & Sc x 1839
* Numismatic Gleanings, being a description of the most ancient coinage of Southern India. Mad Journ, vols xix & xx
* Flora Andhrica an identification of the Vernacular names of Plants in the Telugu Districts. Madras, 1858-9
* On the Characteristics of the population of Central & Southern India. Journ Ethn Soc new series, vol i 1869
* Ancient Sepulchral Remains of S India particularly those of the Nilagiri Mountains. Rep of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology, 1865.
* On ''Bos Gaurus'', Jour. Asiatic Soc., x., 1841, pp. 579–580.
* Description of a new Species of Terrestrial Planria (P. lunata), Madras Jour., xv., 1848, pp. 162–167.
* On the Farinaceous Grains and the various Kinds of Pulse used in Southern India, Edin. New Phil. Jour., xvi., 1862, pp. 1–25 ; Edin. Bot. Soc. Trans., vii., 1863, pp. 276–300.
* On Euphysetes simus, Ann. May. Nat. Hist., xix., 1867, pp. 372,373.
* On the Habits of the Indian Rock-Snake (Python molurus), Brit. Assoc. Reports, xl., 1870 (sect.), p. 115.
* Address on the Progress of Botanical Science [1870], Edin. Bot. Soc. Trans., xi., 1873, pp. 1–41.
* On a Goshawk killed at Minto, and other Raptorial Birds, Proc. Berwickshire Nat. Field Club, vol. vi.
* Rarer Birds of the Hawick District, Proc. Ber. Nat. Field Club, vol. vii.
* Some Account of the Plague of Field Mice in the Border Farms in 1876–77, with Observations on the Genus Arvicola in general, Proc. Ber. Nat. Field Club, vol. viii.
* Notes on the Indian Bustard (Eupodotis Edwardsii), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880.
* On the Representation and Co-operation of Naturalists' Clubs, Proc. Ber. Nat. Field Club, vol. ix,

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=letter&pkey=1824 Correspondence with Charles Darwin]
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Elliot, Walter|volume=17}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliot, Walter}}
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish naturalists]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Roxburghshire]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Scottish orientalists]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Vice chancellors of the University of Madras]]

Joga Ram Tamta

2026-04-19T19:17:42Z

KateHinson76890: created a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Joga Ram Tamta
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| office = Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| predecessor = [[Narayan Ram Arya]]
| successor = [[Narayan Ram Arya]]
| constituency = [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency|Gangolihaat]]
| source =
| education = [[L.L.B]] and [[B.A.]] from [[Kumaun University]]
}}

'''Joga Ram Tamta''' (?-unknown) was an Indian politician who served as the member of legislative assembly from [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency]] in the Indian state of Uttarakhand from 2007 till 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JOGA RAM TAMTA (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Gangolihat (Pithoragarh ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=97 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Education ==
He was graduate and had a degree of BA and LLB.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JOGA RAM TAMTA (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Gangolihat (Pithoragarh ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=97 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Tamta contested from [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency]] as a BJP candidate in 2002 but lost to [[Narayan Ram Arya]] from [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 470 votes. He contested again in 2007 and won this time, defeating his closest rival [[Narayan Ram Arya]] by 2,790 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sympathy wave to help sitting Congress MLA |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/politics/sympathy-wave-to-help-sitting-congress-mla-348136/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamta, Ram Joga}}
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Kumaun University alumni]]

Firdous Tak

2026-04-19T08:07:34Z

KateHinson76890: Post - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Firdous Tak
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_name = Firdous Ahmed Tak
| birth_place = [[Kishtwar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| office = Additional Spokesperson of [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| children =
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Lieutenant Governor
| 1namedata = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| 2blankname = President
| 2namedata = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 2015
| term_end1 = 16 March 2019
| governor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra|N.N Vohra]], [[Satya Pal Malik]]
| constituency1 = [[Kishtwar]]
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| 2blankname1 =
| 2namedata1 =
| office2 = President of [[Sports in Jammu and Kashmir|J&K Water Sports Association]]
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2021
| predecessor2 =
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| other_party =
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Firdous Ahmed Tak''' (born 1977) is an Indian lawyer, journalist, author, and politician from the [[Kishtwar district]] of Jammu and Kashmir and member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Firdous Ahmed Tak - People's Democratic Party|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=73|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> He was elected as [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|member of legislative council]] from 2015 to 2019. He remained president of Jammu and Kashmir Water Sports Association from 2015 to 2021.<ref name="ks-2015">{{Cite news|date=21 December 2015|title=JK Water Sports Association Elects Body Tak Elected As President , MLA Wachi Aijaz Mir Senior Vice President |url=https://thekashmirscenario.com/jk-water-sports-association-elects-body-tak-elected-as-president-mla-wachi-aijaz-mir-senior-vice-president/|publisher=The Kashmir Scenario|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="et-gk">{{Cite news|date=6 July 2022|title=PDP gives mandate to GK Resident Editor Firdous Tak |url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=127449|publisher=Early Times|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> He also served as J&K Waqf Board member from 2015 to 2019.<ref name="kl-2015">{{Cite news|date=12 November 2015|last=Raafi|first=Muhammad|title=PDP's Tak Emphasises Educational Institutions to Adopt New Teaching Methods |url=https://kashmirlife.net/pdps-tak-emphasises-educational-institutions-to-adopt-new-teaching-methods-89624/|publisher=[[Kashmir Life]]|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Firdous Tak has worked as a journalist with [[Los Angeles Times]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Major Among Bomb Victims in Contested Kashmir|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-dec-06-fg-kashmir6-story.html|date=6 December 2006|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and as of 2022, he is the resident editor of [[Greater Kashmir]].<ref name="et-gk"/> He is also a columnist at [[Indian Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Firdous Tak|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/firdous-tak/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

On 3 March 2015, Tak was elected as [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]] during PDP-BJP alliance.<ref name="kl-2015"/> He was also appointed president of [[Sports in Jammu and Kashmir|J&K Water Sports Association]] in the same year.<ref name="ks-2015"/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| last = Tak
| first = Firdous
| title = Remembering MUFTI Mohammad Sayeed
| publisher =
| year = 2017
| location = Jammu and Kashmir, India
| isbn = 9788183395991}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T20:16:01Z

KateHinson76890: New stub

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirsa {{Small|HR-3}}
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Haryana/Sirsa.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Selja Kumari]]
| incumbent_image = The Union Minister for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Culture, Kum. Selja addressing at the inauguration of the exhibition- REBECCA HORN Passage through Light, in New Delhi on April 07, 2012 (cropped).jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Narwana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narwana]] [[Tohana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tohana]] [[Fatehabad, Haryana Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]] [[Ratia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratia]] [[Kalanwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalanwali]] [[Dabwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabwali]] [[Rania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rania]] [[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] [[Ellenabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ellenabad]]
}}

'''Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 10 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] and [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] districts and part of [[Jind district]] of the state. It is reserved for the [[Dalit|Scheduled caste]] candidates since its inception in 1967.

==Assembly segments==
At present, Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state legislative assembly) constituencies. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf|title=Parliamentary/Assembly Constituency wise Electors in Final Roll 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409213734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|38
|[[Narwana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narwana]] (SC)
|[[Jind district|Jind]]
|[[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar Bedi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
|39
|[[Tohana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tohana]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
|[[Paramvir Singh (politician)|Paramvir Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|40
|[[Fatehabad, Haryana Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]]
|[[Balwan Singh Daulatpuria]]
|-
|41
|[[Ratia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratia]] (SC)
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
|-
|42
|[[Kalanwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalanwali]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
|[[Shishpal Singh]]
|-
|43
|[[Dabwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabwali]]
|[[Aditya Devilal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|44
|[[Rania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rania]]
|[[Arjun Chautala]]
|-
|45
|[[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
|[[Gokul Setia]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|46
|[[Ellenabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ellenabad]]
|[[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
*1952-61: ''Constituency does not exist''

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirsa (Haryana) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019- Sirsa Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/parliamentary-constituencies/sirsa.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Daljit Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dalbir Singh (Haryana politician)|Dalbir Singh]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dalbir Singh (Haryana politician)|Dalbir Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1988^
| rowspan="2" |Het Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Selja Kumari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |Sushil Kumar Indora
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Atma Singh Gill]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ashok Tanwar]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Charanjeet Singh Rori]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sunita Duggal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Selja Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sirsa]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Selja Kumari]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 7,33,823
|percentage=54.17
|change={{increase}}24.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Ashok Tanwar]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 4,65,326
|percentage=34.35
|change={{decrease}}17.81
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Sandeep Lot Valmiki
|party= Indian National Lok Dal
|votes=92,453
|percentage=6.82
|change={{up}}0.39
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Ramesh Khatak
|party= Jannayak Janata Party
|votes= 20,080
|percentage=1.48
|change={{down}}5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Lilu Ram Asakhera
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=10,151
|percentage=0.75
|change={{up}}1.08
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,123
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{down}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,68,497
|percentage = 19.82
|change = {{down}}2.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,56,358
|percentage = 69.87
|change = {{decrease}}6.12
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sirsa]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sunita Duggal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,14,351
|percentage = 52.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Tanwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,04,433
|percentage = 29.53
|change = {{decrease}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jannayak Janata Party
|candidate = Nirmal Singh Malri
|votes = 95,914
|percentage = 7.00
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Charanjeet Singh Rori]]
|votes = 88,093
|percentage = 6.43
|change = {{decrease}}33.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Janak Raj Atwal
|votes = 25,107
|percentage = 1.83
|change ={{increase}}0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,339
|percentage = 0.32
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,09,918
|percentage = 22.63
|change = {{increase}}13.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,70,312
|percentage = 75.99
|change ={{decrease}}1.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Lok Dal
|swing = {{increase}}52.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sirsa]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Charanjeet Singh Rori]]
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 5,06,370
|percentage = 39.59
|change = {{increase}}0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Tanwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,90,634
|percentage = 30.54
|change = {{decrease}}11.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = Dr. Sushil Indora
|votes = 2,41,067
|percentage = 18.85
|change = {{increase}}14.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Poonam Chand Ratti
|votes = 66,844
|percentage = 5.23
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mange Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 20,750
|percentage = 1.62
|change = {{decrease}}6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,033
|percentage = 0.32
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,15,736
|percentage = 9.05
|change = {{increase}}5.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,79,105
|percentage = 77.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Lok Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}5.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sirsa]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Tanwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,15,584
|percentage =42.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Sita Ram
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 3,80,085
|percentage =38.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = 76,010
|percentage = 7.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad
|votes = 45,709
|percentage = 4.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,499
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,81,239
|percentage = 74.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sirsa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}
{{coord|29.5|75.0|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa district]]

Garli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:16Z

KateHinson76890: Stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garli
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 25,128
|mla = Dalip Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Garli Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dalip Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Garli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,033 |percentage=36.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,770 |percentage=33.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,655 |percentage=14.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bali Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=881 |percentage=7.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=437 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=400 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=263 |percentage=2.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,176 |percentage=45.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,128 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|31.81|76.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Kotcherla

2026-04-14T11:53:10Z

KateHinson76890: created a article.

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotcherla
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|07|N|79|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ipur, Guntur district|Ipur]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=103 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Kotcherla [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=14,330 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 2125
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668308 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 6338
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522647
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8646
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP -07
}}
[[File:Kotcherla.jpg | thumb|right | A temple in Kotcherla]]

'''Kotcherla''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Ipur [[mandal]] of [[Narasaraopet revenue division]].<ref name="census" />

== Geography ==

Kotcherla is situated to the south of the mandal headquarters, [[Ipur, Guntur district|Ipur]],<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=5,494–495 |date=2011}}</ref> at {{Coord|16.05|N|79.75|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|2125|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Government and politics ==
Kotcherlaa [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

Kotcherla falls under [[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda assembly constituency]] and [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet lok sabha constituency]].

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 7 [[District Councils of India|Zilla]]/[[Mandal Parishad]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Tumkur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:06Z

KateHinson76890: New new pg - done

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tumkur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla = [[B. Shivaramu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = None
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Tumkur Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was split into [[Tumkur Rural Assembly constituency|Tumkur Rural]] and [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency|Tumkur City]] Assembly constituencies. It was part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[M. V. Rama Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || G. N. Puttanna || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || G. C. Bhageerathamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. P. Gangadhar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. Abdul Subhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nazeer Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned
on 26 March 1979}} || S. Shafi Ahmed
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Lakshmi Narasimhaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. Shafi Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | [[Sogadu Shivanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
{{notelist}}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,977 |percentage = 41.53% |change = {{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,332 |percentage = 35.54% |change = {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somasekhar. G. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,883 |percentage = 18.61% |change = {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rama Murthy (Gowda) |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,132 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashivaiah N. (Jyoyhi Sadanna) |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,071 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,645 |percentage = 5.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,784 |percentage = 60.32% |change = {{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,429}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,035 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,699 |percentage = 46.95% |change = {{increase}}15.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,111 |percentage = 40.31% |change = {{increase}}16.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Krisnnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,686 |percentage = 11.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Maridevaru |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,065 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,588 |percentage = 6.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,359 |percentage = 65.59% |change = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,275}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,911 |percentage = 2.93% |change = {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,327 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,101 |percentage = 31.64% |change = {{increase}}27.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,997 |percentage = 24.27% |change = {{decrease}}19.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Narasimhaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,100 |percentage = 21.93% |change = {{decrease}}16.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Rajanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,144 |percentage = 20.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,104 |percentage = 7.37% |change = {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,910 |percentage = 68.96% |change = {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,582}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,328 |percentage = 1.85% |change = {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,571 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,786 |percentage = 43.93% |change = {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Narasimhaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,646 |percentage = 38.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Vishveshwaraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,133 |percentage = 10.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Giridara Pai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,286 |percentage = 4.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,140 |percentage = 5.04% |change = {{decrease}}13.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,179 |percentage = 64.75% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,937}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,242 |percentage = 6.63% |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,626 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Narasimhaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,440 |percentage = 54.40% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aliya Begum |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,910 |percentage = 36.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sogadu Shivanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,252 |percentage = 5.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Vijaya Prakash |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,871 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,530 |percentage = 18.20% |change = {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,571 |percentage = 62.30% |change = {{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,345}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,226 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,302 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Narasimhaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,689 |percentage = 54.11% |change = {{increase}}22.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,159 |percentage = 37.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,342 |percentage = 5.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = I. P. Cheriyan |party = Independent politician |votes = 946 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Baig |party = Independent politician |votes = 654 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,530 |percentage = 16.42% |change = {{decrease}}19.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,679 |percentage = 67.61% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,112}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,567 |percentage = 2.39% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,150 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shafi Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,639 |percentage = 67.23% |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veeranna |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,436 |percentage = 31.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,203 |percentage = 35.44% |change = {{increase}}20.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,548}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}13.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,199 |percentage = 53.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Gaiban Khan |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,733 |percentage = 38.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Sudhan. K |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,267 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}32.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkaveeraiah. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 948 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnagowda. S. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 780 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Baig |party = Independent politician |votes = 522 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,466 |percentage = 14.89% |change = {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,013 |percentage = 74.39% |change = {{increase}}21.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,558}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,400 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Abdul Subhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,547 |percentage = 34.55% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mallikarjunaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,464 |percentage = 28.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Krishne Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,531 |percentage = 19.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. L. Murthy |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 4,646 |percentage = 13.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mumtaj Ahmed |party = Independent politician |votes = 557 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 542 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,083 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,420 |percentage = 53.33% |change = {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,421}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,542 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Gangadhar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,509 |percentage = 45.09% |change = {{increase}}36.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Bhageerathamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,936 |percentage = 34.05% |change = {{decrease}}14.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,861 |percentage = 20.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,573 |percentage = 11.04% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,468 |percentage = 47.42% |change = {{decrease}}11.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,306}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,702 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Bhageerathamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,178 |percentage = 48.63% |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Mallikarjunaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,919 |percentage = 34.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Puttanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,769 |percentage = 8.87% |change = {{decrease}}41.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mallikarjunaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 4.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Siddaramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 855 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,259 |percentage = 13.65% |change = {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,771 |percentage = 59.25% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,209}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,001 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Puttanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,055 |percentage = 49.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. V. Rama Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,486 |percentage = 44.37% |change = {{decrease}}9.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. L. Thimmappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 5.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,569 |percentage = 5.58% |change = {{decrease}}28.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,143 |percentage = 58.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,143}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,276 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tumkur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. V. Rama Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,434 |percentage = 53.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Kempahonnaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,972 |percentage = 19.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheemaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,787 |percentage = 15.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Gubbanna |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 2,171 |percentage = 8.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kempahanumaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 801 |percentage = 3.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,462 |percentage = 33.63% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,165 |percentage = 59.02% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,636 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|13.332177|77.112713|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Madhu Deolekar

2026-04-10T13:57:39Z

KateHinson76890: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1978
| constituency =
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1932}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|6|12|92|df=y}}
| death_place = Mumbai, India
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Residence =
| profession =
| sibling =
}}

'''Madhu Deolekar''' (1932 – 12 June 2024) ([[Hindi Language|Hindi]]: मधु देओलेकर) was a [[BJP]] politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Deolekar was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from 1978 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Ex-MLC and BJP veteran Madhu Deolekar passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ex-mlc-and-bjp-veteran-madhu-deolekar-passes-away-3063990 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-MLC and BJP veteran Madhu Deolekar passes away |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/06/12/wrg6-mh-deolekar-death.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Deolekar was closely associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Jan Sangh]], and later the BJP, where he held the position of party general secretary for the Mumbai unit. He died at the age of 92 on 12 June 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=NewsDrum |title=Ex-MLC and BJP veteran Madhu Deolekar passes away |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/national/ex-mlc-and-bjp-veteran-madhu-deolekar-passes-away-4758242 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.newsdrum.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Books by Madhu Deolekar {{!}} WalnutPublication |url=https://www.walnutpublication.com/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.walnutpublication.com |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his political career, Deolekar was an independent journalist and a lawyer. During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency in 1975]], he was involved in publishing underground literature and actively participated in the opposition movement against the government's authoritarian measures.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He authored several books, including "Vidnyannisth Shri Guruji," published in Marathi in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidnyannisth Shri Guruji (Paperback) {{!}} WalnutPublication |url=https://www.walnutpublication.com/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.walnutpublication.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deolekar, Madhu}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

Sadar Bazaar (disambiguation)

2026-04-10T12:14:50Z

KateHinson76890: New new details

'''[[Saddar Bazaar]]''' or '''Sadar Bazaar''' or '''Sadar Bazar''' ({{lit|Central [[Bazaar]]}} ;{{Translation|Central Market|Main Market}}) is a main market or bazaar in the cantonments of India and Pakistan and may specifically refer to:
* [[Sadar Bazaar, Agra]], a shopping destination for tourists in Agra Cantonment, India
** [[Sadar Bazar Stadium]], sports stadium
* [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi]], a wholesale market in Delhi Cantonment, India
** [[Sadar Bazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], a legislative assembly constituency in Delhi, India
** [[Sadar Bazar Cantonment metro station]]
** [[Sadar Bazar railway station]], a small railway station in Sadar Bazaar, Delhi
* [[Sadar Bazar Jhansi]], a location in Jhansi Cantonment, India

== See also ==
* [[Sadar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bazaar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Central market (disambiguation)]]
* [[Main Bazaar]], shopping locality in Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Arab Lane

2026-04-05T16:28:50Z

KateHinson76890:

{{notability|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Locality in Grant Road, Mumbai}}
{{Distinguish|Arab Street}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement|
| other_name = Arab Gully
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in [[Mumbai]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| mapframe =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.962980|N|72.823524|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mumbai
| established_title = First settled by Arabs
| established_date = Early 19th century
| founder =
| named_for = The Arabs who used to live in Mumbai
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 400008
| registration_plate = MH-01
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| name = Arab Lane
| official_name = Mohammed Tahir Ansari Marg
}}'''Arab Lane''' is a [[Locality (settlement)|locality]]/[[Back lane|lane]] in [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] East, [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-26 |title=Video: Massive fire breaks out in Arab Galli in Kamathipura near Grant Road |work=Local Press Co |url=https://localpress.co.in/mumbai/video-massive-fire-breaks-arab-galli-kamathipura-near-grant-road/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is located at the junction of [[Kamathipura]], Bapty Road and [[Play House (Mumbai)|Play House]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-21 |title=Revisiting Manto's Bombay, in words and pictures |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/revisiting-mantos-bombay-in-words-and-pictures-5228631.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Overview==
Arab Lane is the unofficial and widely used name of the lane officially called Mohammed Tahir Ansari Marg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manish K |first=Pathak |title=Chota Shakeel's brother-in-law arrested by NIA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/chota-shakeel-s-brother-in-law-arrested-by-nia-101659640362200.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It was the place of residence of Urdu novelist [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] from 1930s to 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |first=Jyoti |last=Punwani |title=Searching for Manto |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/city-columns/searching-for-manto/articleshow/65395369.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-29 |title=Mumbaiwale: Walking down Manto's memory lanes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-walking-down-manto-s-memory-lanes/story-XeH7ZiS0pSSEtQ2DMgbmgM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515110959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-walking-down-manto-s-memory-lanes/story-XeH7ZiS0pSSEtQ2DMgbmgM.html |archive-date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=Street Wise: Ghalib may not have lived here but Saadat Hasan Manto did |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/street-wise-ghalib-may-not-have-lived-here-but-saadat-hasan-manto-did-5376269/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the lane could be linked to the Arab pearl [[merchants]] who once resided there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=2022-07-30 |title=When Arab traders made a fortune in pearl trade in Bombay |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1028957/when-arab-traders-made-a-fortune-in-pearl-trade-in-bombay |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nihira |date=2021-03-08 |title=How street names in Bombay came to be |url=https://citizenmatters.in/how-street-names-in-bombay-came-to-be/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> Another possibility is that it was named after an Arab [[ascetic]] who, about forty-five years ago, claimed to have mystical powers. This ascetic stayed in the lane, and over time, it became associated with him. He formed close ties with several prominent individuals, one of whom, unable to have children, placed his faith in the ascetic, who promised to help him have a family.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Samuel T |last=Sheppard |title=Bombay Place-names and Street-names: An Excursion Into the By-ways of the History of Bombay City |year=2019 |isbn=9789353955366 |publisher=Alpha Editions |pages=21 |language=English}}</ref>

==Politics==
Arab Lane belongs to the [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]] constituency in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra legislative assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Election Commission of Maharashtra |title=Map of Mumbadevi constituency |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/maps/Mumbai%20City/map186.jpg}}</ref> It belongs to the [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]] constituency in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary constituency map of Mumbai |url=https://citizenmatters.in/mumbai-parliamentary-constituency-map/ |website=Citizens Matter}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Arabs in India]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Play House (Mumbai)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Streets in Mumbai]]

Sneha Sharma

2026-04-04T03:54:44Z

KateHinson76890: New a bio - done

{{short description|Indian racing driver (born 1990)}}
{{cleanup|reason=references |date=July 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Sneha Sharma
| image =Sneha Sharma.jpg
| caption =
| nationality = {{flagicon|IND}} Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
|current_series = (formula 3 )
|first_year =
|current_team =
|car_number =
|former_teams =
|starts =
|championships =
|wins =
|poles =
|fastest_laps =
|best_finish =
|year =
|last_finish =
|module =
}}
'''Sneha Sharma''' (born 1 August 1990) is an Indian [[Auto racing|racing driver]] who competes in [[Formula 4|Formula 4 National Racing Championship]], she is also professionally a [[First officer (aeronautics)|Pilot]] with [[Vistara|Vistara Airlines]] (since 2022). Sneha was born in [[Kolkata]] however, since childhood she has been raised in [[Mumbai]], she did her education from the Canossa Convent School in [[Andheri, Mumbai]] and flying training from [[San Francisco]], [[Miami]] in US and [[Kuala Lumpur]] in [[Malaysia]].

==Racing career==
Sharma has been racing since the age of sixteen. At the age of seventeen, she raced in the [[MRF (company)|MRF National karting championship]] while pursuing her high school and flying studies. In 2010, she graduated to cars from karts and has also competed in the [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship|JK Tyre National racing Championship]]. Sharma secured a second position in her 4-stroke category at the JK Tyre National Karting Championship 2009 and was also the only girl to qualify for the final round of the KCT of the MAI National Karting Championship. She was shortlisted for the 2015 [[Volkswagen Vento (A05)|Volkswagen Vento Cup]] and The [[Toyota Etios|Toyota Etios Cup]] in India. Sharma was given the title of India's fastest female Racer after securing a top-five position in the [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] young star driver program. Because of not having a sponsor or a strong economic background, the teachers who taught her about basics of braking and cornering were simple mechanics and Sneha has performed various jobs at the race track to subsidise her racing fee. As of today Sneha receives sponsorship for her racing career from JK Tyre and [[IndiGo|Indigo airlines]]. Currently, in various categories, Sneha has won over all, six race victories and 14 runner up positions.

In 2019, Sharma attempted to qualify for a [[2019 W Series|W Series]], but failed to progress beyond the evaluation day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wseries.com/w-series-name-28-drivers-through-to-the-next-stage/|title=W Series name 28 drivers through to the next stage|publisher=W Series|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref>

==Racing record==

===Career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! F/Laps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! 2019
|align=left| [[2019 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship|F4 South East Asia Championship]]
| [[Meritus.GP]]
| 36
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 91
|10th
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/06/sneha-sharma-formula-4_n_8459140.html | title=Sneha Sharma Is Not Only India's Fastest Woman Racer, She's Also A Pilot | work=Huffington Post | date=6 November 2015 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Nayar, Aashmita}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.iuemag.com/november2015/is/indian-lady-pilot-and-racer.php | title=Racing against the odds, Meet the Indian Lady Pilot and Racer – Sneha Sharma! | work=Inspiration Unlimited e-Magazine | date=10 November 2015 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Kavyashree, IJ}}
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/motor-sport/mumbai-girl-sneha-sharma-takes-on-men-on-their-own-turn-at-their-terms/ | title=Mumbai girl Sneha Sharma takes on men on their own turn, at their terms | work=The Indian Express | date=13 January 2015 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Ghosh, Saikat}}
* {{cite web | url=http://newsworldindia.in/india/metro/from-racer-to-pilot-journey-of-indias-fastest-lady-sneha-sharma/173909/ | title=From Racer To Pilot: Journey of India's 'Fastest Lady' Sneha Sharma | work=NWI | date=18 February 2016 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Anam, Aysha}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/professional-racer-sneha-sharma-giving-boys-a-tough-time/article7467080.ece | title=Giving boys a tough time | work=The Hindu | date=26 July 2015 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Jain, Shreya}}
* {{cite web | url=http://shethepeople.tv/meet-indias-first-f1-woman-sneha-sharma-the-woman-whos-overtaken-two-elements-land-and-air/ | title=Love for speed & flying: Meet F4 driver Sneha Sharma | work=SheThePeopleTV | date=11 November 2015 | accessdate=10 July 2016 | author=Sirari, Sakshi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sneha}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Team Meritus drivers]]
[[Category:South East Asian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian female racing drivers]]
[[Category:JK Tyre National Level Racing Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia]]

Rahul Banerjee (chemist)

2026-03-29T17:49:48Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Indian chemist}}
{{About|the scientist|other people with a similar name|Rahul Banerjee (disambiguation){{!}}Rahul Banerjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rahul Banerjee
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|3|22}}

| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Organic chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[University of Hyderabad]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|[[Gautam Radhakrishna Desiraju]] | [[Omar M. Yaghi]]}}
| known_for = [[Covalent Organic framework]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2011 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award| 2011 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award| 2014 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-SCOPUS Young Scientist Award| 2015 [[Thomson Reuters]] Research Excellence-India Citation Award| 2018 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}

'''Rahul Banerjee''' (Bengali:রাহুল ব্যানার্জি, born 1978) is a Bengali Indian [[Organic chemistry|organic chemis]]t and a [[professor]] at the department of chemical sciences of the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]. Banerjee, a [[fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry]], was known for his studies in the field of [[Metal–organic framework]] designing. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to chemical sciences in 2018.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=535 |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} Currently he is one of the associate editor of international peer-review journal [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Board|url=https://pubs.acs.org/page/jacsat/editors.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=pubs.acs.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Calcutta university in salt lake campas.jpg|thumb|left|Calcutta university - Salt Lake campus]]
Rahul Banerjee, born on 22 March 1978<ref name="Associateship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/associate/Banerjee,_Dr_Rahul |title=Associateship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.ias.ac.in |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], graduated in chemistry with honors from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1998 and continued at the institution to earn a master's degree from the prestigious [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus in 2000.<ref name="Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmatlab.com/members/rahul-banerjee |title=Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB 2 |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.pmatlab.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> His doctoral studies were at the [[University of Hyderabad]] under the guidance of [[TWAS Prize|TWAS laureate]], [[Gautam Radhakrishna Desiraju]],<ref name="Chemistry Tree - Rahul Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/tree.php?pid=764006 |title=Chemistry Tree - Rahul Banerjee |date=2018-12-23 |website=academictree.org |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> and he received his PhD in [[crystal engineering]] and [[supramolecular chemistry]] in the year 2006. Subsequently, he moved to the US to do his post-doctoral work at the laboratory of [[Omar M. Yaghi]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and on his return to India in 2008, he joined the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune (NCL)<ref name="CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://academic.ncl.res.in/r.banerjee |title=CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Faculty |date=2018-12-23 |website=academic.ncl.res.in |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> as a scientist at grade C.<ref name="Profile on IISER Kolkata">{{Cite web |url=http://www3.iiserkol.ac.in/people/faculty/dcs/r-banerjee |title=Profile on IISER Kolkata |date=2018-12-23 |website=IISER Pune |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> At the time his next move to the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]] (IISER) in 2017, he was an E-1 grade scientist at NCL. At IISER, he holds the position of an associate professor<ref name="Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmatlab.com/members-1/rahul-banerjee |title=Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.pmatlab.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> and heads the ''Porous Materials Laboratory'' (PMATLAB) where he hosts a number of researchers.<ref name="Members - PMATLAB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmatlab.com/members |title=Members - PMATLAB |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.pmatlab.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>

== Research and contributions ==
Banerjee focuses his research on designing [[Metal–organic framework]]s for improved gas uptake property and is known to have contributed to the field of [[structural chemistry]] with regard to applications in hydrogen storage and [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture]].<ref name="Congratulations to Rahul Banerjee for winning the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize! – CrystEngComm Blog">{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.rsc.org/ce/2018/10/23/congratulations-to-rahul-banerjee-for-winning-the-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize/ |title=Congratulations to Rahul Banerjee for winning the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize! – CrystEngComm Blog |date=23 October 2018 |website=Royal Society of Chemistry |language=en-US |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> He has also worked extensively on the design and applications of [[Covalent organic framework|covalent-organic frameworks]] in recent years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kandambeth |first1=Sharath |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Banerjee |first3=Rahul |date=2019-02-06 |title=Covalent Organic Frameworks: Chemistry beyond the Structure |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.8b10334 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=141 |issue=5 |pages=1807–1822 |doi=10.1021/jacs.8b10334 |pmid=30485740 |bibcode=2019JAChS.141.1807K |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sasmal |first1=Himadri Sekhar |last2=Kumar Mahato |first2=Ashok |last3=Majumder |first3=Poulami |last4=Banerjee |first4=Rahul |date=2022-07-06 |title=Landscaping Covalent Organic Framework Nanomorphologies |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c02301 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=144 |issue=26 |pages=11482–11498 |doi=10.1021/jacs.2c02301 |pmid=35754375 |bibcode=2022JAChS.14411482S |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He has published a number of articles.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}<ref name="S K Mandal - Google Scholar Citations">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4ky6cJ0AAAAJ&hl=en |title=S K Mandal - Google Scholar Citations |date=2018-12-23 |website=scholar.google.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 165 of them.<ref name="S K Mandal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rahul_Banerjee4 |title=S K Mandal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune |date=2018-12-23 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> He has participated in several scientific events including the ''[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] Roadshow 2017'' held at the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune where he was one of the keynote speakers.<ref name="Royal Society of Chemistry Roadshows 2017 - CSIR-NCL, Pune">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/events/detail/29167/royal-society-of-chemistry-roadshows-2017-csir-ncl-pune |title=Royal Society of Chemistry Roadshows 2017 - CSIR-NCL, Pune |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.rsc.org |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> He is also an associate editor of [[CrystEngComm]], the biweekly journal of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].<ref name="Congratulations to Rahul Banerjee for winning the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize! – CrystEngComm Blog" />

== Awards and honors ==
During his days at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 2008, Banerjee received two honors, viz. the Post Doctoral Recognition Award and the Amgen Post Doctoral Award, both awarded by the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the university.<ref name="Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB" /> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] selected him as a Young Associate in 2009<ref name="Associateship - Indian Academy of Sciences" /> and he received two [[Young Scientist Award|Young Scientist]] awards in 2011, the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award<ref name="NASI-YOUNG SCIENTIST PLATINUM JUBILEE AWARD">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |title=NASI-YOUNG SCIENTIST PLATINUM JUBILEE AWARD |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.nasi.org.in |access-date=2018-12-23 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109212436/http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award.<ref name="Dr. Rahul Banerjee - PMATLAB" /> Banerjee, who has received the [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry|fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry]], was honored again by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[Elsevier]] in 2014 with the NASI-SCOPUS Young Scientist Award<ref name="Elsevier and National Academy of Sciences, India Announce the Winners of the 2014 NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Awards">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/science-and-technology/elsevier-and-national-academy-of-sciences,-india-announce-the-winners-of-the-2014-nasi-scopus-young-scientist-awards |title=Elsevier and National Academy of Sciences, India Announce the Winners of the 2014 NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Awards |date=9 September 2014 |website=www.elsevier.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> and a year later, he received the [[Thomson Reuters]] Research Excellence-India Citation Award.<ref name="Thomson Reuters Honors Indian Scientists at India Citation Awards 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scind.org/131/Mindblower/thomson-reuters-honors-indian-scientists-at-india-citation-awards-2015.html |title=Thomson Reuters Honors Indian Scientists at India Citation Awards 2015 |date=2018-12-23 |website=www.scind.org |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> The same year, he received the 2015 B. M. Birla Science Prize in Chemistry<ref name="BM Birla Science Prizes For 2015 And 2016 Announced">{{Cite web |url=http://english.sakshi.com/news/2017/11/01/bm-birla-science-prizes-for-2015-and-2016-announced |title=BM Birla Science Prizes For 2015 And 2016 Announced |date=1 November 2017 |website=Sakshipost |language=en |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref><ref name="BM Birla Science Prize presented">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-01-29/BM-Birla-Science-Prize-presented/354957 |title=BM Birla Science Prize presented |date=29 January 2018 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> and he was selected for the Swarnajayanti Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2016.<ref name="DST Nominates IISER-Kolkata Professor For Swarnajayanti Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://newsfromnadia.in/dst-nominates-iiser-kolkata-professor-swarnajayanti-fellowship/ |title=DST Nominates IISER-Kolkata Professor For Swarnajayanti Fellowship |author=NFN Network |date=2017-11-29 |website=News from Nadia |language=en-US |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2018.<ref name="Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=538 |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |date=2018-12-23 |website=ssbprize.gov.in |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref><ref name="IISER Kolkata scientists win coveted award - Times of India">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiser-kolkata-scientists-win-coveted-award/articleshow/66048411.cms |title=IISER Kolkata scientists win coveted award - Times of India |date=3 October 2018 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Halder |first1=Arjun |last2=Ghosh |first2=Meena |last3=Khayum M |first3=Abdul |last4=Bera |first4=Saibal |last5=Addicoat |first5=Matthew |last6=Sasmal |first6=Himadri Sekhar |last7=Karak |first7=Suvendu |last8=Kurungot |first8=Sreekumar |last9=Banerjee |first9=Rahul |date=2018-09-05 |title=Interlayer Hydrogen-Bonded Covalent Organic Frameworks as High-Performance Supercapacitors |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=140 |issue=35 |pages=10941–10945 |doi=10.1021/jacs.8b06460 |pmid=30132332 |bibcode=2018JAChS.14010941H |s2cid=207193051 |issn=0002-7863|url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34376/1/11800_Addicoat.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dey |first1=Kaushik |last2=Pal |first2=Manas |last3=Rout |first3=Kanhu Charan |last4=Kunjattu H |first4=Shebeeb |last5=Das |first5=Anuja |last6=Mukherjee |first6=Rabibrata |last7=Kharul |first7=Ulhas K. |last8=Banerjee |first8=Rahul |date=2017-09-20 |title=Selective Molecular Separation by Interfacially Crystallized Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=139 |issue=37 |pages=13083–13091 |doi=10.1021/jacs.7b06640 |pmid=28876060 |bibcode=2017JAChS.13913083D |issn=0002-7863}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Khayum |first1=M. Abdul |last2=Kandambeth |first2=Sharath |last3=Mitra |first3=Shouvik |last4=Nair |first4=Sanoop B. |last5=Das |first5=Anuja |last6=Nagane |first6=Samadhan S. |last7=Mukherjee |first7=Rabibrata |last8=Banerjee |first8=Rahul |date=2016 |title=Chemically Delaminated Free-Standing Ultrathin Covalent Organic Nanosheets |journal=Angewandte Chemie |language=en |volume=128 |issue=50 |pages=15833–15837 |doi=10.1002/ange.201607812 |pmid=27862737 |bibcode=2016AngCh.12815833K |issn=1521-3757}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Rahul |last2=Kharul |first2=Ulhas K. |last3=Garai |first3=Bikash |last4=Karak |first4=Suvendu |last5=Bera |first5=Saibal |last6=Shinde |first6=Digambar Balaji |last7=Chandra |first7=Suman |last8=Kandambeth |first8=Sharath |last9=Biswal |first9=Bishnu P. |date=2015-11-24 |title=Pore surface engineering in porous, chemically stable covalent organic frameworks for water adsorption |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |language=en |volume=3 |issue=47 |pages=23664–23669 |doi=10.1039/C5TA07998E |issn=2050-7496}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=Alankriti |last2=Chandrasekhar |first2=Pujari |last3=Govardhan |first3=Savitha |last4=Banerjee |first4=Rahul |last5=Moorthy |first5=Jarugu Narasimha |date=2015 |title=Single Crystal-to-Single Crystal Site-Selective Postsynthetic Metal Exchange in a Zn–MOF Based on Semi-Rigid Tricarboxylic Acid and Access to Bimetallic MOFs |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |language=en |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=2759–2765 |doi=10.1002/chem.201406098 |pmid=25533890 |issn=1521-3765}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Covalent organic framework]]
* [[Metal organic framework#Determining hydrogen storage capacity|Determining hydrogen storage capacity]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/tree.php?pid=764004&fontsize=1&pnodecount=4&cnodecount=2 |title=Chemistry Tree - Rahul Banerjee Family Tree |date=2018-12-23 |website=academictree.org |access-date=2018-12-23}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-4746 |title=ORCID profile |date=2018-12-23 |website=orcid.org |access-date=2018-12-23}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Rahul}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles fellows]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]

Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.

2026-03-20T17:22:34Z

KateHinson76890: adjust content for accuracy and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.
| image = Shankar Dada MBBS Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
| producer = Ganesh Raja
| story = [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Paruchuri Brothers]]}}
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chiranjeevi]]
*[[Sonali Bendre]]
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
*[[Girish Karnad]]
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
}}
| distributor = Gemini Film Circuit
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = K. Datthu
| studio = [[Gemini Film Circuit]]
| released = {{film date|2004|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Girish Karnad]], and [[Paresh Rawal]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' (2003). It received positive reviews and was commercially successful, completing a 100-day run at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-16|title=The film's phenomenal 100-day run|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-years-for-shankar-dada-mbbs-interesting-facts-about-the-chiranjeevi-starrer/photostory/66248141.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film remains Sonali Bendre's last Telugu film till date.

Chiranjeevi and Srikanth both won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]] awards respectively at the South Filmfare Awards in 2005. In 2007, its sequel, ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' was released.

== Plot ==
Shankar Prasad, nicknamed "Shankar Dada" (literally "Rowdy Shankar"), is a bhai or goonda: a crime don in Hyderabad. Given that his father, Satya Prasad, had wished him to be a medical doctor, he creates the faux Sri Satya Prasad Charitable Hospital (named after his father) and pretends to live in accordance with this wish whenever his father and mother visit him in Hyderabad.

One day, however, Shankar's plan goes awry when his father meets an old acquaintance, Dr. Ramalingeswara Rao, and the two decide that Shankar should be married to Ramalingeswara Rao's daughter, Dr. Sunitha "Chitti". At this point, the truth about Shankar is revealed. Ramalingeswara insults Shankar's parents and calls them "fools" for not seeing through Shankar's facade. Shankar's heartbroken parents leave for their village. Shankar, in grief and despair, decides that the only way to redeem himself and to gain revenge for the humiliation suffered by his father at the hands of the spiteful Ramalingeswara is to become a doctor. He decides to go to a medical college to obtain an MBBS degree, the graduate medical degree in South Asia.

With the help of his right-hand man, ATM, and others, Shankar cheats to gain admission to the Hyderabad Institute of Medical Sciences, where he again encounters Ramalingeswara, who is the dean. His success there becomes dependent upon the (coerced) help of faculty member Dr. Mohammad Rafi. While Shankar's skills as a medical doctor and a student are minimal, often infuriating his teachers with his informality, he transforms those around him with the "Jantar Mantar" (heartfelt hug) — a method of comfort taught to Shankar by his mother — and the compassion he shows towards those in need. Despite the school's emphasis on mechanical, impersonal, often bureaucratic relationships between doctors and patients, Shankar constantly seeks to enact more empathetic, almost holistic, regimens. To this end, he defies convention by being friendly with a catatonic child named Sriram as if the kid were able to listen and understand; humiliating bullies at the hospital; effusively thanking a hitherto-underappreciated janitor; and providing a listening ear to patients, encouraging the patients themselves to make changes in their lives for the better.

Ramalingeswara, who perceives all of this as symptoms of chaos, is unable to prevent Shankar's efforts from expanding and gaining ground at his college. Meanwhile, Sunitha, who also works at the college hospital, becomes increasingly fond of Shankar, who, in his turn, becomes unreservedly infatuated with her. Shankar is unaware that Sunitha and his childhood friend "Chitti" are one and the same, but Sunitha hides the detail, pretending to be Chitti's friend. Ramalingeswara tries several times to expel Shankar but is often thwarted by Shankar's wit or the affection with which the others at the college regard Shankar.

Finally, Ramalingeswara requires that Shankar be put to the test to allow him to continue at the college: to disallow cheating, Shankar must answer all questions out loud in front of a panel. Though Shankar prepares, the day before his exam, one of the patients he befriended, a young man, dies, and Shankar is unable to help him in his last moments when he tells him that he doesn't want to die. Shankar's grief and guilt for not being able to help his friend get the better of him, and he quits the exam and agrees to leave the college.

In the moments immediately following Shankar's departure, Sriram miraculously awakens from his vegetative state and says the word "Shankar". Sunitha gives a heartfelt speech wherein she criticizes her father for having banished Shankar, saying that to do so is to banish hope, compassion, love, and happiness from the college. As he is leaving, Shankar discovers that a couple of the doctors at the hospital have been doling out ineffective medicines for their own profit. Using his skills as a Dada (a crime don), Shankar tears down the operation on sight with the help of his friends, exposing the crime to others. Ramalingeswara eventually realizes his folly and thanks Shankar for the great service he did for his hospital. Shankar learns Sunita is really Chitti, and the two get together. Finally, Shankar meets his parents, and they express their pride in him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Shankar Prasad / Shankar Dada
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Ramaraju
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Dr. Sunitha "Chitti"
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Dr. J. Rama Lingeshwara Rao
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Satya Prasad, Shankar Prasad's father
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Shankar Prasad's mother
* [[Sharwanand]] as Vijay
* [[MS Narayana]] as Dr. Chidambaram MBBS, FRCS in London
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Money Thief
* Deepti Nallamothu as Meena
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dr. Mohammed Rafi
* [[Panja Vaishnav Tej]] as Sriramachandra Murthy
* [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] as Thomas, Medical Student, cancer patient
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as Pandu Dada
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as an Old man in jogging
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Corrupted Doctor
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Malhotra, Shankar's henchmen
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Shankar's henchmen
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Corrupted Faculty
* [[Gautham Raju]]
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
* Thotapally Madhu
* Attili Lakshmi
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* Rammoorthy
* [[Karate Kalyani]]
* [[Anjala Zaveri]] in the "Chaila Chaila" song (cameo)
* [[Gauahar Khan]] in an [[item number]] in the song "Naa Pera Kanchan Mala"
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] in a [[cameo appearance]] Shankar Prasad's savings the hero"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-16|title=14 years for 'Shankar Dada MBBS': Interesting facts about the Chiranjeevi starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-years-for-shankar-dada-mbbs-interesting-facts-about-the-chiranjeevi-starrer/photostory/66248141.cms|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The film was launched on 25 February 2004 at Annapurna Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-shankardadambbs.html|title=Muhurat - Shankar Dada MBBS - Chiranjeevi, Sonali Bendre|website=Idlebrain|date=25 February 2004|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|09|04}}
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:22
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Supreme Music [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]
| next_year = 2004
}}
The sound generated at Taramati-Baradri used to be audible to the entire fort of Golkonda because of its strategic location. The producers of ''Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.'' obtained special permission to hold this event at such a historical venue. But rain played the spoilt sport and it rained cats and dogs for 3-4 continuous hours in Hyderabad. The organizers changed the venue to Shilpakalavedika, [[Madhapur]].

The celebrities who graced this occasion include [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[D. Ramanaidu]], C. Aswini Dutt, KL Narayana, KS Rama Rao, Allu Aravind, Vijaya Bapineedu, Shyam Prasad Reddy, C Kalyan, KC Sekhara Babu, Tagore Madhu, Dil Raju, Ashok Kumar, Chanti Affala, Arjuna Raju, Burugapally Sivarama Krishna, V. V. Vinayak, Sreenu Vaitla, Satya Murthy, Allu Arjun, Ali, Rohit, etc. Raghu Kunche and Bhargavi anchored this event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-shankardadambbs.html|title=Telugu Cinema function - Audio Launch - Shankar Dada MBBS - Chiranjeevi - Devi Sri Prasad|work=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

After the completion of 50 days, two songs, "Sande Poddu" (performed by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Kalpana, written by Sahithi) and "Tellarindo Maava" (performed & written by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]) were added to the official track list, and the audio was re-released. Both versions were well received. The song “Pattu Pattu” is remade as “Kattu Kattu” in ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2004 |title=Borrowing tunes! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326124246/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |archive-date=26 March 2005 |access-date=20 April 2025 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:22
| title1 = Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Chiranjeevi]] (Dialogues), Chorus
| length1 = 5:46
| title2 = Naa Pere Kanchanamaala
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Chorus
| length2 = 5:22
| title3 = Chaila Chaila
| lyrics3 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| extra3 = [[Chiranjeevi]] (Dialogues), [[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
| length3 = 6:07
| title4 = Ye Jilla
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length4 = 5:03
| title5 = Pattu Pattu
| lyrics5 = Sahithi
| extra5 = [[Manicka Vinayagam]] & Sumangali
| length5 = 5:11
| title6 = Sande Poddu
| lyrics6 = Sahithi
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length6 = 5:34
}}

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2004
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Chiranjeevi]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050805080646/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2005|location=Chennai, India|title="Autograph" bags 3 Filmfare awards|author=S.R. Ashok Kumar|date=10 July 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2005|publisher=idlebrain.com|accessdate=2009-08-05}}</ref>
|}

==Re-release==
The film was re-released in a spectacular [[4K resolution|4K]] version on 4 November 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Chiranjeevi's Shankar Dada MBBS Re-releasing In 4K On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chiranjeevis-shankar-dada-mbbs-re-releasing-in-4k-on-this-date-8620044.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Chiranjeevi's 'Shankar Dada MBBS' set for a theatrical comeback after 19 years; fans eagerly await November 4, 2023! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevis-shankar-dada-mbbs-set-for-a-theatrical-comeback-after-19-years-fans-eagerly-await-november-4-2023/articleshow/104578756.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> sold approximately 18,000 tickets in just one day, amassed 23 lakh gross for opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Dada MBBS Re-Release Box Office Day 1 Advance Booking: Chiranjeevi's Blockbuster Sees An Average Response With Around 18,000 Tickets Getting Sold Out! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/shankar-dada-mbbs-re-release-box-office-day-1-advance-booking-chiranjeevis-blockbuster-sees-an-average-response-with-around-18000-tickets-getting-sold-out/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Koimoi|date=3 November 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0408181}}

{{Films inspired by the Munna Bhai series}}
{{Jayanth C. Paranjee}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:2000s crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
[[Category:2004 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about medical students]]

Sigappu Rojakkal

2026-03-20T16:16:49Z

KateHinson76890:

{{short description|1978 film by Bharathiraja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sigappu Rojakal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]a
| writer = Bharathirajaa
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 =[[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]]}}
| producer = J. Padmavathi
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Sridevi]]
}}
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = P. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = K. R. G. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1978|10|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sigappu Rojakkal''''' ({{IPA|ta|siɡappu ɾoːdʑaːkkaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|Red Roses}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller|psychological]] [[crime thriller film]] directed and co-written by [[Bharathiraja]]a. The film starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]], with [[Goundamani]], [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] and [[Vadivukkarasi]] in supporting roles. It revolves around Dileep, a seemingly humble man who secretly kills women after having sex with them.

''Sigappu Rojakkal'' was inspired by serial killer [[Raman Raghav]]'s crimes, and another serial killer who was based in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] but hailed from [[Tirunelveli]]. It was deliberately meant to be different from Bharathiraja's earlier ventures, which were set in villages. The dialogues were written by Bhagyaraj, and cinematography was handled by [[P. S. Nivas]], and the music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].

''Sigappu Rojakkal'' was released on 28 October 1978, three days before [[Diwali]], and completed a 175-day in most theatres in Tamil Nadu. It won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] categories. The film was later remade by Bharathiraja himself in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'' (1980).

== Plot ==
Dileep is an industrialist who runs a company named Minerva Exports & Imports. Despite his humble exterior, he has a dark side; he preys on nubile girls, has sex with them, and kills them. These proceedings are filmed and watched by his adoptive father and mentor, another deranged [[Misogyny|woman-hater]] who, as with Dileep, had a disillusioning experience with women in his past. The man stays holed up in a far corner of Dileep's mansion, watching his adopted son carry out what he is too infirm to do. The victims are buried in Dileep's garden, and a red rose bush grows above each of them.

Dileep meets a garment saleswoman, Sarada, and develops a romantic attraction for her. The romance proceeds, but conservative Sarada insists that Dileep must marry her if he wants a life with her. On their first night after marriage, Dileep rushes away to tackle a witness who had seen him taking Chitra, an employee of Minerva, to a restaurant; Chitra was subsequently killed by Dileep. After offering the witness, a waiter at the restaurant, some money, the waiter counters with a demand for more money to remain silent. Dileep kills him.

Meanwhile, Sarada, who has been waiting for Dileep, notices several odd situations at home. Dileep's cat licks Sarada's blood after she accidentally cuts her finger. The cat chases her, and she ends up in a secret room where the entire story of Dileep is written on a wall by him.

Dileep, born Muthu, was an orphan who was taken in to do odd jobs by a caring family. The daughter of the family begins to lust after Muthu and tries to seduce him, but her parents come home. The girl accuses Muthu of assaulting her, causing the parents to throw him out of the house. He ends up with another couple four days later and becomes their helper. When the husband leaves on a business trip, the wife goes out for the night and drunkenly brings home another man. The husband's flight is delayed, and he returns home to the scene where, overwhelmed with rage, he kills his wife. Muthu has a mental breakdown, encouraging the husband to stab her, and that all women are this way. This only endears him to his new father.

In the present, a frightened Sarada rushes out and stumbles into the room of Dileep's adoptive father (whom Dileep had told her was mentally ill and not to be disturbed) and gets shocked seeing him watching films of Dileep having sex with girls and killing them. Sarada screams, catching his attention, but manages to lock him in his room. She tries to escape, but Dileep returns.

When Dileep goes to park his car, Sarada rushes out of the house. After freeing his adoptive father and realising that his cover has been blown, Dileep chases Sarada. The chase culminates in a graveyard where Dileep accidentally gets impaled by a [[Christian cross|cross]]. When he continues to chase Sarada while staggering, he is caught by the police. Dileep is imprisoned but becomes mentally imbalanced. He keeps chanting and writing Sarada's name on the wall as it is the only coherent thought that remains; all other memories have been erased from his mind. Sarada, instead of remarrying, regularly visits Dileep in jail, confident that their marriage will be saved and Dileep will be released soon.

== Cast ==
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Muthu (Dileep)
* [[Sridevi]] as Sarada
* [[Goundamani]] as the manager of Minerva Exports & Imports
* [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] as the waiter
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Chitra

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After directing two films – ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977) and ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]'' (1978) – which were set in villages, [[Bharathiraja]] chose to set his third film, the [[Thriller film|thriller]] ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' in the city to circumvent criticism that he could only make village-based films.<ref name="BhagyarajInterview" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 October 2020 |title='' 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்' படத்தில் நான் செய்த மிஸ்டேக்!'' - இயக்குநர் பாரதிராஜாவின் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்' சுவாரஸ்யங்கள் |trans-title="The mistake I made in ''Sigappu Rojakkal''!" – Interesting facts about director Bharathiraja's ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588105-sigappu-rojakkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914163649/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588105-sigappu-rojakkal.html |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was inspired by serial killer [[Raman Raghav]]'s crimes,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=15 September 2015 |title=Nawazuddin Is Playing Serial Killer Raman Raghav In Anurag Kashyap's Next |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/15/nawazuddin-siddiqui-raman_n_8137922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330005940/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/15/nawazuddin-siddiqui-raman_n_8137922.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> and another serial killer who was based in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] but hailed from [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=28 October 2020 |title=சைக்கோ கில்லர்; ஸ்டைலீஷ் கமல்; அழகு ஸ்ரீதேவி; 20 நாளில் படம்; ஒன்றரை நாளில் பின்னணி இசை! - 42 ஆண்டுகளாகியும் இன்னும் மிரட்டும் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595596-42-years-of-sigappu-rojakkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101123131/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595596-42-years-of-sigappu-rojakkal.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was produced by J. Padmavathi under K. R. G. Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigappu Rojakkal (1978) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76b88c16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417121625/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76b88c16 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> [[K. Bhagyaraj]] worked as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingston |first=Daya |title=Director Bhagyaraj — Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/bhagyaraj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195031/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/bhagyaraj.html |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Bharathirajaa wanted actor [[Sivakumar]] to act in the lead role of Muthu / Dileep, over his assistant directors' objections. But after he narrated the story, Sivakumar rejected the offer, feeling it was not suitable for him despite liking the story. [[Kamal Haasan]] was eventually cast.<ref name="BhagyarajInterview" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: The Ulaganayagan's tryst with the Navarasas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/12/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-the-ulaganayagans-tryst-with-the-navarasas-442--15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428130429/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/12/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-the-ulaganayagans-tryst-with-the-navarasas-442--15.html |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |page=16}}</ref> He claims to have known the story of the film six years before shooting began.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=4 February 2016 |title=Censoring, I think, should not be done in the modern world |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Censoring-I-think-should-not-be-done-in-the-modern-world/articleshow/50836289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161127163625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Censoring-I-think-should-not-be-done-in-the-modern-world/articleshow/50836289.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For his character's looks, Haasan wore "fitted suits with button-up shirts, ties" and flared [[bell-bottoms]], in addition to "bright printed button-up shirts with enlarged collars and leather jackets".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=sigappu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428022449/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=sigappu |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=17 September 2020 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |pages=50–53}}</ref> Haasan's looks in the film were inspired by the American serial killers [[Ted Bundy]] and [[Albert DeSalvo]], while his "black leather jacket" was inspired by the one worn by [[Alan Arkin]] in ''[[Wait Until Dark (film)|Wait Until Dark]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=27 May 2020 |title=This Instagram page catalogues Kamal Haasan's movie looks with some help from the actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dressed-to-kill/article31686976.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210427064347/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dressed-to-kill/article31686976.ece |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sridevi]] was cast as Sarada, collaborating with Bharathirajaa for the second time after ''16 Vayathinile''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=28 June 2017 |title=Before Bollywood, Sridevi showed off her acting chops in Tamil cinema |url=https://scroll.in/reel/841848/before-bollywood-sridevi-showed-off-her-acting-chops-in-tamil-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417160948/https://scroll.in/reel/841848/before-bollywood-sridevi-showed-off-her-acting-chops-in-tamil-cinema |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Bharathirajaa initially cast [[Goundamani]] as a waiter and Bhagyaraj as the manager of Dileep's export company, but the actors later switched their roles.<ref name="BhagyarajInterview" /> This was the feature film debut of [[Vadivukkarasi]], who played Chitra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=26 November 2018 |title='I Played Wife, Mother & Grandmother In My 20s. I Got Used To It': In Conversation With Vadivukkarasi |url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/features/i-played-wife-mother-grandmother-in-my-20s-i-got-used-to-it-in-conversation-with-vadivukkarasi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144834/https://silverscreen.in/movies/features/i-played-wife-mother-grandmother-in-my-20s-i-got-used-to-it-in-conversation-with-vadivukkarasi/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=''வீட்டுக்கு தெரியாம 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்'ல நடிச்சேன்; செம அடி வாங்கினேன்'' - நடிகை வடிவுக்கரசி பிரத்யேகப் பேட்டி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528661-vadivukkarasi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226110154/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528661-vadivukkarasi.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Bharathirajaa got a cat from his friend R. C. Prakash to portray Dileep's cat.<ref name="20 days" />

=== Filming ===
Haasan had told Bharathirajaa that his character, a psychopathic killer, should not be singing and dancing but Bharathiraja deflected Haasan's objection, saying that the song "Ninaivo Oru Paravai" was a dream sequence, shot from the heroine's point of view.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=20 October 2012 |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> One of the shooting locations was a bungalow called Kamakoti House in [[T. Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=16 September 2016 |title=In Only Five Films, M.S. Subbulakshmi Made Her Way to the Stars |url=https://thewire.in/film/ms-subbulakshmi-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190307090053/https://thewire.in/film/ms-subbulakshmi-films |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=22 May 2017 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=மௌஷ்மி |date=16 December 1990 |title=நடிக்கும் வீடுகள்... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-16/page/n35/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221060026/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-16/page/n35/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=28 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=34–35 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Filming was completed within 30 days.<ref name="20 days" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikappu Rojakal (1978) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816134533/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000158 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikappu Rojakkal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sikappu-rojakkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204205/https://mossymart.com/product/sikappu-rojakkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> When Haasan was singing an English song at a concert, Ilaiyaraaja who witnessed this observed that he sang the higher notes well, and thus provided him to sing "Ninaivo Oru Paravai".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=21 August 2014 |title=You can feel the fear in the song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song-kamal-haasan/article6338555.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144601/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song-kamal-haasan/article6338555.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=28 August 2014 |title=He taught me to sing with abandon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-recalls-his-association-with-ilaiyaraja/article6360293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144733/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-recalls-his-association-with-ilaiyaraja/article6360293.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A remixed version of the song was later included on M. Rafi's album ''Aasaiyae Alaipolae''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=18 April 2008 |title=Remix Rage |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/04/18&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar04601 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204456/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2008%2F04%2F18&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar04601 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:13 
| title1 = Minminikku Kannil Oru
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Ninaivo Oru Paravai
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = [[Kamal Haasan]], S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:45
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sigappu Rojakkal'' was released on 28 October 1978, three days before [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2018 |title=Sridevi films which led her to road of success |url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/entertainment/sridevi-films-which-led-her-to-road-of-success-79993.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615211650/https://www.newstodaynet.com/entertainment/sridevi-films-which-led-her-to-road-of-success-79993.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref> In a review dated 19 November 1978, the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 53 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 1978 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள் |trans-title=Movie Review: Sigappu Rojakkal |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39744--2?artfrm=v3 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200417111729/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39744--2 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Sivasankari, writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', lauded virtually every aspect of the film including the direction, editing, camerawork, music and cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிவசங்கரி |date=19 November 1978 |title=சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள் |url=https://ibb.co/QNktMV8 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629111537/https://ibb.co/QNktMV8 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=3–4 |language=ta}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases, the film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2017 |title=மேல் நாடுகளில் இந்தியாவின் மானம் பறந்தன! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/32949/ஒரு-பேனாவின்-பயணம்-–-120-–-சுதாங்கன் |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190306084104/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/32949/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%93-120-%E2%80%93-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> It won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] categories.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=488 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting, Ilayaraja's music, Bhagyaraj's dialogues, Nivas's cinematography and concluded saying Bharathiraja deserves praise for directing the film in a way that is enjoyable despite the lack of a strong story and events, and despite the flaws.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=22 October 1978 |title=சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_20/3.jp2/full/1000,1411/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517161810/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_20/3.jp2/full/1000,1411/0/default.jpg |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=Anna |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Sigappu Rojakkal'' was remade in Hindi by Bharathiraja himself as ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'' (1980).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=17 November 2007 |title=A rose by any name |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131025543/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> By 2010, Bharathiraja's son [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]] was revealed to be making his directorial debut by remaking ''Sigappu Rojakkal''. After his stint as an assistant director in [[S. Shankar]]'s ''[[Enthiran]]'', Manoj continued fine-tuning the script and stated it was not a full remake and only drew inspiration from the original. He also revealed that director [[Ram (director)|Ram]] had also helped with the script.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=3 October 2010 |title=It's a challenge to satisfy Shankar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Its-a-challenge-to-satisfy-Shankar/articleshow/6672457.cms?referral=PM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130081329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Its-a-challenge-to-satisfy-Shankar/articleshow/6672457.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=30 November 2014 |access-date=26 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film began production in Chennai during November 2014, with a publicity poster revealing that debutant actor Vishagan Vanangamudi would portray the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2014 |title='Sigappu Rojakkal-2' starts rolling in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sigappu-rojakkal-2-starts-rolling-in-chennai-news-tamil-ol2jG9fiedhhe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202157/http://www.sify.com/movies/sigappu-rojakkal-2-starts-rolling-in-chennai-news-tamil-ol2jG9fiedhhe.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=31 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bharathiraja revealed that he would play himself during the film's first half and stated that filming would take place in India and abroad in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K R |first=Manigandan |date=29 November 2014 |title=I play myself in Sigappu Rojakkal 2: Bharathirajaa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-play-myself-in-Sigappu-Rojakkal-2-Bharathirajaa/articleshow/45308527.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205052336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-play-myself-in-Sigappu-Rojakkal-2-Bharathirajaa/articleshow/45308527.cms |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He also revealed that the film would not be a sequel, but would tell the story of a youngster who is affected to commit crimes after watching the original film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2014 |title=Bharathirajaa Awaiting Eagerly to Act in Son's Direction |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/30/Bharathirajaa-Awaiting-Eagerly-to-Act-in-Sons-Direction/article2548359.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222211902/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/30/Bharathirajaa-Awaiting-Eagerly-to-Act-in-Sons-Direction/article2548359.ece |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=30 November 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> In January 2016, Manoj stated that work on the film had been postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=Manoj K. Bharathi Teaming Up With Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/manoj-k-bharathi-teaming-yuvan-shankar-raja-article28975.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Kg1k1 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref> Prior to the release of his directorial debut ''[[Margazhi Thingal]]'' in October 2023, Manoj noted that the remake was dropped and that "it felt like someone had cursed the project".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=4 October 2023 |title=Manoj Bharathiraja: I know that I am not hero material |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/oct/04/manoj-bharathiraja-i-know-that-i-am-not-hero-material-48296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108135343/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/oct/04/manoj-bharathiraja-i-know-that-i-am-not-hero-material-48296.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Manoj died in 2025, precluding the project from ever being made.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2025 |title=Manoj Bharathiraja's dream of directing a sequel to THIS iconic film remains unfilled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manoj-bharathirajas-dream-of-directing-a-sequel-to-this-iconic-film-remains-unfilled/articleshow/119531355.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250402080114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manoj-bharathirajas-dream-of-directing-a-sequel-to-this-iconic-film-remains-unfilled/articleshow/119531355.cms |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' inspired more films in Tamil about psychopathic killers such as ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980), ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' (2004) and ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809043053/http://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=20 August 2011 |title=Do films talk of abuse? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/do-films-talk-of-abuse/article2374337.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413071715/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/do-films-talk-of-abuse/article2374337.ece |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Footage from ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' was also used in ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yugam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Yugam/movie-review/15362051.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311070756/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yugam/movie-review/15362051.cms |archive-date=11 March 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The line "Kuththunka Yesamaan Kuththunka, Intha Ponnunkale Ippadithaan Kuthunka" from the song "Ivaluka Imsai Thaanka Mudiyala" in ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012) was named after the dialogue of the same name in ''Sigappu Rojakkal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=19 December 2015 |title=Crass lyrics, or industry's attitude towards women? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Crass-lyrics-or-industrys-attitude-towards-women/articleshow/50232871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075131/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Crass-lyrics-or-industrys-attitude-towards-women/articleshow/50232871.cms |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="BhagyarajInterview">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=31 December 2010 |title=Stars : Star Interviews : K.Bhaagya Raj — Chitchat |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231103207/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=16 February 2018 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="20 days">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 October 2020 |title=''20 நாளில் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்' எடுத்தேன்; அந்த பங்களாவுக்காக அலைந்தேன்; கறுப்புப் பூனைக்காக கேஸ் போட்டார்கள்!'' - இயக்குநர் பாரதிராஜாவின் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்' சுவாரஸ்யங்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588084-sigappu-rojakkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918092701/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588084-sigappu-rojakkal.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}

[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s serial killer films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1978 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films about psychopaths and sociopaths]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri

2026-03-03T23:27:17Z

KateHinson76890: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri
| image = Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aziz Sejawal]]
| producer = Iqbal Baig
| writer = [[Kader Khan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kader Khan]] [[Shakti Kapoor]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Farah (actress)|Farah]] [[Aditya Pancholi]] Sabeeha
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Arvind Laad
| editing = [[Waman Bhonsle]] Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Magnum Films International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|01|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri''''' ({{lit|Father's a number, son's a number 10}}; {{translation|The son is a bigger thief than his father}}{{efn|According to the Police Act, 1861, habitual criminals or recidivists are required by law to report at regular intervals to the local police station. Their names are stored in the No. 10 register; hence, "Number 10"/"Dus Numbri" is slang to such people or a notorious criminal in general.}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Aziz Sejawal]] and produced by Iqbal Baig. The film features [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] in pivotal roles, along with [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], and [[Anjana Mumtaz]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=BNBDN Movie Overview|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533269|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022135833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533269|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|accessdate=24 December 2011}}</ref>

The film was remade in Kannada as ''Kalla Malla'' (1991). It was the eighth highest-grossing Indian film of 1990.<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1990|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921115954/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA==|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story begins with Gayatri Singh (Anjana Mumtaz) lovingly preparing a Rakhi for her wayward brother, Raman (Kader Khan), a small-time thief living in Mumbai with his young son, Prasad (Master Javed Hyder). However, Raman, a self-serving trickster, sees no value in the Rakhi and decides to sell it for money. He instructs Prasad to do the task, and the clever boy manages to sell the Rakhi by fabricating a sentimental story. With the money, he buys food, cunningly acquiring more than its worth and even manages to steal chocolates in the process.

Raman, determined to raise Prasad in his own deceitful ways, pulls him out of school and teaches him the tricks of the trade—lying, cheating, and stealing. Prasad quickly adapts and, under his father's guidance, steals a man's bag and a crutch to sell them. However, he is caught by his schoolteacher (Satyen Kappu), who attempts to discipline him. Raman intervenes, arrogantly asserting that his methods are superior and that his son will bow to no one. The father-son duo soon embark on a spree of cons, including one against a police officer (Mushtaq Khan). When their scams begin to attract attention, they decide to seek refuge with Gayatri. Though hesitant due to fear of her strict husband, Customs Officer Pratap Singh (Vijay Arora), Raman eventually sets off with Prasad, feigning sorrow.

Meanwhile, Pratap, an honest and fearless officer, meets his old friend Mr. D'Souza (Bharat Bhushan). Their reunion is cut short when local don Gullu Dada (Gulshan Grover) attempts to assassinate Pratap. In the ensuing gunfight, Pratap injures Gullu's men, but the don escapes into a tunnel. Pratap follows, only to be killed by Gullu. Though Gullu is later arrested, the damage is done—Gayatri, devastated by her husband's death, falls into a deep depression.

Raman, the very brother Gayatri once adored, has her committed to a mental asylum and abandons her young son, Ravi (Jackie Shroff), on a train. He then seizes and sells all of Gayatri's property and purchases a grand mansion for himself and Prasad.

Fifteen to twenty years later, Raman and Prasad have grown into notorious conmen, swindling both the innocent and the corrupt. Meanwhile, Ravi, who has no memory of his past, grows up to become a feared local enforcer, offering protection from Gullu Dada's gang in exchange for money, drawing the don's ire. Similarly, Rosy D'Souza (Farah), a fierce and independent woman, operates a protection racket of her own.

Unbeknownst to Ravi, he was rescued in childhood by a kind woman who later died, leaving him in the care of her daughter, Anita Singh (Sabeeha). Determined to provide for his adoptive sister, Ravi turns to crime. However, Anita remains unaware and believes he holds a respectable job. She eventually falls in love with Anil (Aditya Pancholi), an orphan. One day, Anil visits a friend working as a doctor at the mental asylum and encounters Gayatri, who has languished there for years without visitors. Moved by her plight, Anil, who longs for a mother himself, decides to adopt her as his own.

Upon learning about the injustices Gayatri suffered at the hands of her brother, Anil vows to avenge her. He travels to Mumbai and confronts Raman and Prasad, demanding they return Gayatri's rightful assets within 24 hours. Alarmed, the father-son duo seek help from Gullu Dada, but their plan backfires when Gullu is arrested for drug trafficking in a trap laid by Rosy.

Desperate, Raman and Prasad hire Ravi to eliminate Anil, offering him ₹5,000—money Ravi needs for Anita's college fees. A brutal clash ensues, leaving Anil hospitalised, but he is saved by Rosy. Anita, heartbroken, finally learns the truth about Ravi's criminal life. Ravi, in turn, realises Anil's noble intentions and decides to join him in seeking justice for Gayatri. Together with Rosy, they plan to dismantle Raman and Prasad's empire.

Rosy seduces Prasad, pretending to dislike elderly people, which causes a rift between him and his father. Meanwhile, Anil psychologically manipulates Raman, pushing him into paranoia. To deepen the discord, they introduce Premmati (a fictional fiancée for Ravi), who persuades Raman to adopt her brother as his heir. This stokes Prasad's jealousy, widening the rift. Eventually, father and son plot to kill each other, but the plan fails when Ravi, Anil, and Rosy record their confessions.

Ravi is reunited with Gayatri, who is overjoyed to have found her son and accepts Anil as family. However, before they can hand over the evidence to the police, Raman and Prasad, feeling betrayed, turn to Gullu Dada for revenge. In the climactic showdown, Gullu's men capture Rosy and Anita, and Gayatri is injured by Raman. But in an unexpected act of forgiveness, she chooses not to turn her brother in, prompting a change of heart in him.

As the final battle unfolds, Raman and Anil rescue Rosy and Anita, and Prasad, having realised his mistakes, joins the fight against Gullu. Gullu is killed, and Raman and Prasad are arrested for their crimes. In a comedic twist, it is revealed that Raman's father is also imprisoned, having attempted to con the authorities once again.

In the film's closing scene, the father, son, and grandfather—now cellmates—share a bowl of prison soup, reflecting humorously on the ironies of their fate.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Kader Khan]] as Raman / Dayashankar "Daddu" (Double Role)
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Prasad
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Ravi Singh / Ravi Dada
* [[Farah (actress)|Farah]] as Rosy D'Souza
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Anil
* Sabeeha as Anita Singh
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Gulshan / Gullu Dada
* [[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Various character
* [[Ram Sethi]] as Postman
* [[Vijay Arora]] as Custom Officer Pratap Singh
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Gayatri Singh
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Mr. D'Souza
* [[Viju Khote]] as Orphaned Prisoner
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Seth Bhogadmal
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Police Officer
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as School Master
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Goon
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Goon
* [[Manik Irani]] as Kolhapuri Dada
*[[Ramesh Goel]] as Police Officer
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Dubai Traveller Hyderabadi
*[[Birbal]] as Dubai Traveller Blindman
*Master Javed Hyder as Young Prasad
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Tun Tuna Tun, Tun Tuna Tun"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Baap Numbri, Beta Dus Numbri"
| Amit Kumar, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Dhum Dhum, Dholak Bajana"
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Haan, Pehli Baar Hua Hai, Mujhe Tujhse Pyar Hua Hai"
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Mohabbat Humne Ki Hain, Aaj Hum Ikraar Karte Hain"
| Anuradha Paudwal, [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]] - [[Kader Khan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0099081}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:1990 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aziz Sejawal]]

Govinda Govinda (1994 film)

2026-03-03T18:21:57Z

KateHinson76890: New - done

{{Short description|1994 Telugu film by Ram Gopal Varma}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Govinda Govinda
| image = Govinda Govinda.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| story = Ram Gopal Varma Kommanapalli
| screenplay = Ram Gopal Varma [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Sridevi]] Master Anil Raj [[Paresh Rawal]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|01|21}}
| runtime = 145 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Govinda Govinda''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Supernatural thriller|supernatural]] [[heist film]] written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. Produced by [[C. Aswani Dutt]] on [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] banner, the film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Sridevi]] in lead roles, alongside [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], and Master Anil Raj. The music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vinayaka Rao |date=2021-08-04 |title=రేర్ పిక్: ‘గోవిందా గోవింద’ సెట్‌లో ఆ నలుగురు |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2021/oldies/govinda-govinda-movie-rare-pic-chj-kbk-18746.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

Released on 21 January 1994, the film was a commercial failure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2002 |title=Interview with Aswini Dutt by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_aswinidutt1.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> However, the music by Raj–Koti was well-received and praised for its freshness and appeal.<ref name=":0" /> It was later dubbed into Hindi as ''The Great Robbery''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Love on the Run Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/the-great-robbery/0-0-movie_615899345}}</ref>

==Plot==
<big>'''Prologue'''</big>

Between the [[Treta Yuga]] and [[Kali Yuga]], sage [[Bhrigu|Bhrugu]] performs a Loka Kalyana Yaga and visits [[Vaikuntha|Vaikuntam]] to meet [[Lord Vishnu]]. Finding Vishnu resting on [[Adisesha]] with [[Mahalakshmi]] in service at his feet, Bhriugu becomes enraged when Vishnu does not acknowledge him and kicks the Lord on His chest, where Mahalakshmi resides. To pacify the sage, Vishnu gently presses Bhrugu's legs, squeezing an extra eye on the sage's sole that symbolized his ego. Realizing his mistake, Bhrugu apologizes and declares Vishnu as the supreme among the [[Trimurti]].

However, Mahalakshmi, angered by Vishnu's actions, leaves Vaikuntam. Distraught, Vishnu descends to Earth, residing under a tamarind tree on the [[Venkata (hill)|Venkata hill]], meditating without food or sleep, awaiting Lakshmi's return. Concerned about the Universe's balance, the [[Devata]]s appeal to Vishnu, leading Him to incarnate as [[Venkateswara]] in Kali Yuga.

<big>'''Present Day'''</big>

In [[Bangkok]], an [[Occult|occultist]] named Stavros devises a plan to gain supernatural powers through [[telekinesis]]. He believes sacrificing a virgin woman's head to Lord Venkateswara's crown from [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Temple]] will grant him this ability. Stavros hires Paresh, a [[Mumbai|Bombay]]-based burglar and smuggler to steal the crown from the Venkateswara Temple in Tirumala, offering him $1 million for the heist.

Meanwhile, Naveena, a [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indian]] living in Bangkok, decides to visit her hometown, [[Tadepalligudem]], after the death of her parents. She also plans to bring her paternal grandmother back to Bangkok. During her visit to Tirumala, she meets a taxi driver, Seenu, whose father is a guard at the Venkateswara temple. Seenu saves Naveena from thieves who are trying to cheat her, leading to a growing affection between them.

A young boy, abandoned near the Venkateswara Temple, is adopted by the temple's main priest and becomes close friends with Seenu. During her visit, Naveena photographs the temple and meets the priest and Seenu's father. At their invitation, she visits their home. Seenu develops feelings for Naveena but hesitates to express them due to their differing social status. He later saves her from a bear attack, further strengthening their bond. Naveena eventually returns to Bangkok, leaving Seenu with her contact details.

One day, Seenu's father falls ill and cannot report to the temple. On the same day, Paresh and his gang steal the temple's sacred crown and flee to Bangkok, unaware that the boy has witnessed the theft. Suspicion falls on Seenu's father, as he failed to inform higher authorities about his absence, leading to police questioning. During the investigation, police discover Paresh's visiting card with an address in Bangkok. Seenu and the boy accompany the police to Bangkok to track down the robbers. However, the gang kill the investigating officer, unbeknownst to Seenu. Roaming the streets, Seenu and the boy are detained by Bangkok police due to language barriers. Fortunately, Naveena recognizes the boy on television and intervenes, securing their release.

Determined to retrieve the crown, they begin searching for the missing police officer and infiltrate a club. Meanwhile, Stavros's accomplice betrays Paresh, attempting to kill him and take the crown. Paresh narrowly escapes with the crown and demands a higher payment. The boy spots Paresh from a distance and alerts Seenu. Together with Naveena, Seenu follows Paresh to an abandoned temple in Bangkok. Stavros's men capture Naveena and Paresh, bringing them to Stavros. Seenu and the boy launch a rescue attempt. When Stavros tries to harm the boy, Naveena intervenes and is injured. Seenu confronts Stavros but is initially unable to defeat him due to Stavros's supernatural powers. The boy, revealed to be an incarnation of Lord Venkateswara, gives Seenu the [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarsana Chakra]]. With the divine weapon, Seenu kills Stavros.

After the battle, the boy, as Lord Venkateswara, heals everyone's wounds. In the end, Seenu marries Naveena, and the couple returns to the Venkateswara Temple to offer their prayers and seek the Lord's blessings.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Seenu
*[[Sridevi]] as Naveena
*Master Anilraj as Babu
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Paresh
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Satyananda Swamy
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Bhrigu|Bhrigu Maharshi]]
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Main Priest
*[[Arun Govil]] as [[Lord Vishnu]]
*[[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] as [[Lakshmi|Goddess Mahalakshmi]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Hanumanthu
*Dhir as Stavros
*Chang as Chang
*[[Sreedhar|Sreedhar Surapaneni]] as Narayana
*[[S. Gopala Reddy]] as CBI Officer
*[[Peketi Sivaram]] as Traveller in Bangkok Airport
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Hotel Boy
*Kadambari Kiran as Seenu's Friend
*[[Uttej]] as Bus Stand Coolie
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Bamma
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Seenu's Mother
*[[Silk Smitha]] in [[item number]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Producer [[C. Aswini Dutt|C. Aswani Dutt]] revealed in an interview that the film's conception stemmed from two story ideas proposed by director [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref name=":1" /> One of the ideas was [[Rangeela (1995 film)|''Rangeela'']], which Varma intended to make with [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] in the role later played by [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] in the role portrayed by [[Jackie Shroff]]. However, Aswani Dutt, an ardent devotee of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]], opted for an action film infused with spiritual elements. He encouraged Varma to proceed with ''Govinda Govinda'', blending elements of a thriller with divinity.<ref name=":1" />

The film featured Nagarjuna and Sridevi in the lead roles, reuniting after their successful pairing in ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' (1988).<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Govinda Govinda
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:18
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = Raj–Koti
| prev_title = Doragariki Dongapellam
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]
| next_year = 1994
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Audio soundtrack was released on Supreme Music label.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:18
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Amma Bramha Devudo
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length1 = 6:47

| title2 = Andama Anduma
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela
| extra2 =S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 5:22

| title3 = Indira Mandira
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 5:18

| title4 = O Naveena
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 5:42

| title5 = Premante Idantu
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 5:50
}}

== Release and reception ==
During its production, ''Govinda Govinda'' garnered attention due to its high-profile team, including director Ram Gopal Varma, producer C. Aswani Dutt, and lead actors Nagarjuna and Sridevi.<ref name=":0" /> The media promoted the film as an ambitious project, further raising audience expectations. However, upon release, the film received mixed reviews, with some viewers expressing disappointment. Despite the reception, the music composed by Raj–Koti was a success, with the songs praised for their freshness and appeal.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0192087}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1990s heist films]]
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1990s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about telekinesis]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Films set in Tirupati]]

Idukki district

2026-03-03T15:43:26Z

KateHinson76890: minor update

{{Short description|Largest district in Kerala, India}}
{{About|Idukki |the Idukki town|Idukki, India}}
{{Other uses|Idukki (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Idukki district
| native_name =
| nickname = The Spice Garden of Kerala<ref name="idkspc"/>
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Sunrise at Munnar,Kerala.jpg
| photo2a = AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg
| photo2b = Periyar National Park 02.jpg
| photo3a = Mattupetty Dam reservoir, near Munnar, Kerala.jpg
| photo3b = Idukki013.jpg
| photo4a = Munnar Top station.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 225
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' Sunrise at [[Munnar]], [[Periyar National Park]], [[Idukki Dam]], Tea plantation on [[Cardamom Hills]], [[Mattupetty Dam]], and [[Anamudi]] peak.
}}
| image_map = India Kerala Idukki district.svg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = '''Location in [[Kerala]]'''
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|9.85|N|76.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1972
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Painavu]]
| leader_title = [[Deputy Collector|Additional District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Shri Sreejith S IAS
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector|Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Shri Dineshan Cheruvatt IAS <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/08/v-vigneshwari-kottayam-collector-seek-people-views-set-priority.html |title=V Vigneshwari, new Kottayam collector, to seek people's views to set priority |date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/collectorsprofile/ |title=Collector's Profile |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=idukki.nic.in |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319194623/https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/collectorsprofile/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|District Police Chief]]
| leader_name2 = Vishnu Pratheep T.K IPS
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 4612
| area_rank = [[List of districts of Kerala|1st]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1200
| population_footnotes = <ref name="idkdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_total = 1,093,156
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_density_km2 = 251
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref name="law" />
| demographics1_title2 = Minority
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 68XXXX
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = {{ubl|'''KL-06''' [[Idukki]]|'''KL-37''' [[Vandiperiyar]]|'''KL-38''' [[Thodupuzha]]|'''KL-68''' [[Devikulam]]|'''KL-69''' [[Udumbanchola]]|'''KLI''' Old Registration}}
| blank_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.754<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala | UNDP in India|website=UNDP}}</ref> ({{color|Green| High}})}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2005)}}
| website = {{URL|www.idukki.nic.in}}
| parts_style = para
| parts = {{Collapsible list|title=Revenue divisions (2)|
| [[Idukki]] | [[Devikulam]]|}}
| parts_type = [[Revenue division|Subdivisions]]
| p1 = {{Collapsible list
| title=Taluks (5)|bullets=on|[[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam]]|Thodupuzha|[[Udumbanchola]]|[[Peerumedu taluk|Peermade]]|Idukki}}
}}

'''Idukki district''' (ഇടുക്കി; {{IPA|ml|iɖukːi|IPA|LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-ഇടുക്കി.wav}}) is one of the [[List of districts of Kerala|14 districts]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] in the southwest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Idukki {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Idukki|access-date=2021-10-24|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8822F3923774E0440003BA962ED3|Idukki District (Variant – V)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> It is the largest district in Kerala and lies amid the [[Cardamom Hills]] of [[Western Ghats]] in Kerala. Idukki district contains two [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipal towns]] – [[Kattappana]] and [[Thodupuzha]], and [[List of taluks of Kerala|five taluks]].

The district was constituted on 26 January 1972, by taking [[Peerumedu taluk|Peerumade]], [[Udumbanchola]], [[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam]] taluks of the former [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] division from [[Kottayam district]] and the Thodupuzha taluk from [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Idukki District |url=https://idukki.nic.in/history/ |website=District Idukki, Government of India}}</ref> Its division was previously headquartered at [[Kottayam]] city but moved to [[Kuyilimala]] near [[Painavu]] and [[Cheruthoni]] in June 1976. [[Malayalam]] and English are the two official administrative languages in the district.<ref name="law">{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the second most spoken language in Idukki district after Malayalam.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Around 66% of Kerala's power needs come from various [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] projects in Idukki district.<ref name="idkspc">{{cite web |title=The Spice Garden of Kerala |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |website= |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref> Numerous cash crops and spices are cultivated throughout the district, making it ''The Spice Garden of Kerala''.<ref name="idkspc"/> [[List of protected areas of Kerala|A significant area in the district is protected]] as reserved forests and wildlife sanctuaries.<ref name="idkspc"/> The [[Periyar River]] is a major river that originates and flows through Idukki. The [[Pamba River]] is another important river that originates from Idukki district.

Though it is the largest district in the region in terms of area, it has the lowest population density among the [[List of districts of Kerala|districts of Kerala]]. There are only two municipalities in the district and the urban population is comparatively much lower than the rural population, due to its mountainous nature. The {{convert|2695|m|ft}} high peak of [[Anamudi]], which is also the highest point of elevation in India outside the [[Himalayas]], lies in the northern portion of the district of Idukki.<ref name="kertour">{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/munnar/anamudi-peak-kerala.php|title=Anamudi|publisher=Kerala Tourism|access-date= 2022-06-20}}</ref> The [[Idukki Dam]] is one of the highest [[arch dam]]s in Asia.<ref name="dam">{{cite web |title=Idukki Arch Dam |url=https://idukki.gov.in/tourist-place/idukki-arch-dam/ |website=Government of Kerala|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

The major tourism destination of Idukki is [[Munnar]].

==Etymology==
The name Idukki was derived from the Malayalam word ‘''Idukk''’, which means [[gorge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY {{!}} District Idukki, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Kerala}}
[[File:Topography of Kerala.png|thumbnail|ittings topography]]
A perfect blend of the [[Malayali]], the [[Tamils|Tamil]] and various tribal cultures is found in the Idukki district.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The temples and other older buildings in the High Range and the surrounding regions in Idukki have significant influences from the medieval era Tamil-[[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan]] architectural styles.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The mountain passes like [[Bodinayakkanur]] (connecting various mountain ranges) and [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]] (which connects the eastern Tamil country with [[Thodupuzha]]) have facilitated trade and travel between the Tamil-Pandyan country which lied to east of the [[Western Ghats]] and various [[History of Kerala|Kerala kingdoms]] west of it during the medieval period.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[Periyar River|Periyar]], the longest river in Kerala, has its source of origin and major portion of its route of flow, in the Idukki district.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> [[Pamba River|Pamba]], the third-longest river in Kerala, also has its origin in the district of Idukki.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> During the [[Travancore]] Era, [[Munnar]] has acted as the summer residence of the British residents in Travancore. Higher peaks like [[Anamudi]] on the eastern border of the Idukki district have acted as a natural boundary between the [[Malayalam]] kingdoms and the contemporary Tamil kingdoms in the past, thereby reducing invasions into the region from the neighbouring Tamil country as well as from other parts of the Indian peninsula.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The 17th century Dutch work, ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', contains information about the flora and fauna of the region at that time.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===Pre-history===
{{See also|Megalith|Neolithic}}
[[File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG|thumbnail|A [[dolmen]] erected by Neolithic people in [[Marayur]]]]
Archaeological findings found from the district include [[dolmen]]s of the [[Neolithic]] era in the [[Marayur]] area. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from ''muni'' ([[hermit]] or [[Index of religious honorifics and titles|sage]]) and ''ara'' (dolmen).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm |title=Unlocking the secrets of history |date=6 December 2004 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126210416/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2005}}</ref>

Located on the highest point of elevation on the [[Indian peninsula|Peninsular India]], the [[Cardamom Hills]] and its surrounding regions were inhabited by human beings during the [[Megalith|Megalithic age]] itself.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Numerous Megalithic monuments have been discovered from the mountainous regions of the district.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The remnants of numerous ''Kodumkallaras'' and ''Kallaras'' have been found from various places at [[Marayur]] in [[Devikulam]] [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluk]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Megalithic remnants of ''Kallaras'' and ''Nadukkallus'' are also found at Kallarpattom colony in [[Udumbanchola]] taluk.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Huge ''Kodumkallaras'' and ''Nadukkallus'' were discovered from the excavation sites in [[Vandiperiyar]] region as well.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The Megalithic monuments found from Idukki show numerous similarities with the contemporary remnants those discovered from [[Deccan Plateau]] and other parts of the [[South India]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Usage of Iron was common in the [[Megalith|Megalithic culture]] of Deccan.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Tribals are another culture that was established on the hills of Idukki after the [[Stone Age]] culture. Although many of the social elements that existed in the Stone Age can be seen in the tribal culture here, the two groups represent two different periods. There is no clear evidence of where the Stone Age people went later. It is also thought that the mountain may have come down due to the weather and difficulties in living conditions. Tribal people found in Idukki are [[Mannan people|Mannan]], [[Muthuvan]], [[Paliyan]], [[Urali language|Urali]], [[Malayarayan]], [[Malapulayan]], [[Ulladan]]. According to those who have studied the oral forms and rituals associated with tribal culture, tribal life begins in Idukki in the period 13 – 15 BC.<ref>Tribal Arts and Culture of Idukki: VB Rajan, Kanchiyar Rajan</ref> Tribal people who were in contact with [[Tamil culture]] came to Idukki, from present day Coimbatore, Madurai and Ramanathapuram districts, as evidenced by their language, customs and art forms. According to modern anthropologists, the aborigines here belong to the Proto-Australoid race. Many stories are popular about their (Idukki) mountain climbing. One is that they were given the position of forest chiefs as a reward for helping the Pandya Raja clan. At one point, they had to leave [[Madurai]] and reached Idukki via Kumily via Gudalur in [[Tamilakkam]] with the help of King [[Poonjar]]. It is also believed that those who were appointed to collect forest products for the local kings settled down here over time. The tribal people here may have migrated here in search of better living facilities. As the number of families in each tribal village increases, a new community is created. The clothing used in the early days was wood made from crushed arayanjil. They also made musical instruments from animal skins. Adivasis have great ability to weave household items using reeds. They worshiped the forces of nature and trees. All the tribes had their own system of administration. The heads of the huts are known as Muppan or Kani depending on the caste. It is king among mannans. Urali are believed to be the first tribe to migrate to the hills of Idukki. Uralis still practice some practices of the Stone Age in a nominal way. It is believed that the black stone placed over the grave after burial is a continuation of the Stone Age grass stone. There are 33 tribal sanctuaries in Idukki including Venmani, Mullaringad, Nadukani, Kurukanadu, Koovakandam, Kannampadi, Muthampadi, East Mattucutta, Vellall, Memarikudi, Poovantikudi. In later times, the people who came to Poovanthikudi, [[Ayyappancoil]] who fled from the forest where the Mullaperiyar Dam is located, they left agriculture with the migration of the [[Britishers]], [[Tamils]] and the [[Malayalis]]. All the adivasi tribes were the owners of a great cultural heritage, the tribals who danced in the inner forests, engaged in handicrafts, organized their lives in their own unique way and created many rare charms of the ancient culture. Almost all the tribal tribes of the Western Ghats were owners of a life identity that was destroyed by various invasions. Most of the land that the British planters found to plant [[elam|cardamom]], tea and coffee was in the lands where the tribal tribes roamed freely. As the mountains were cut down and whitened one by one, each tribal community was pushed back.<ref>ലേഖനം _കാട്ടിലും നാട്ടിലുമല്ലാത്ത ജീവിതങ്ങൾ: കാഞ്ചിയാർ രാജൻ</ref> Each of the tribes has their own language closely related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]].

===Classical Antiquity===
{{Main|Classical Antiquity}}

[[Greco-Roman world|Ancient Roman coins]] have been found from the regions like Edamaruku near [[Thodupuzha]], indicating ancient trade between the [[Ancient Rome]] and the region during the [[Classical Antiquity]].<ref name="History of Idukki" /> Spices might had been imported from the region as a part of the ancient [[Indian Ocean trade]].<ref name="History of Idukki" /> Idukki district is still known as ''The Spice Garden of Kerala.''<ref name="idkspc" />

===The Chera dynasty/The Keralaputras (up to 5th century CE)===
{{Main|Chera dynasty}}

The literary works of the [[Sangam period]] help to take a look into the contemporary period.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> According to those works, early members of the [[Chera dynasty]] (first few centuries of the [[Common Era]]) had their original headquarters in a region called ''Kuzhumur'' at ''Kuttanad'' in the ancient [[Tamilakam]] and were sometimes known as the ''Kuttuvans''.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Some historians have identified ''Kuzhumur'' with [[Kumily]] in [[Peermade|Peerumade]] Taluk of the Idukki district.<ref name="idkhst">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/history/|title=History of Idukki |website= |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> The [[Chera dynasty]] is mentioned as ''The Keralaputras'' in the inscriptions of the emperor [[Ashoka]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] (322 [[Before Common Era|BCE]] – 184 BCE).<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The province ''Kuttanad'' in the ancient kingdom of ''Keralaputras'' included the modern-day districts of Idukki, [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], and parts of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], which could be broadly defined as the region between the rivers [[Periyar river|Periyar]] and [[Pamba River|Pamba]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> It was bounded by the [[Ay kingdom]] to the south, which included the regions between [[Pamba River]] and [[Kanyakumari]] (Cape Comorin), and the province of ''Kudanad'', which lies between the rivers [[Periyar river|Periyar]] and [[Chaliyar river|Chaliyar]] (modern-day districts of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]), to the north.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

It was during the reign of [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]] (105–130 CE) that the [[Chera dynasty]] began to expand towards the northern and the eastern regions of ''Kuttanad'' by conquering the provinces of ''Kudanadu'' and ''[[Kongu Nadu]]''.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Afterwards the dynasty got split into three branches and fixed their capitals at [[Muziris]], [[Tyndis]], and [[Karur|Caroura]], respectively, as seen in the ancient [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] travelogues as well as the [[Old Tamil]] literary works of the [[Sangam period]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> During the reign of ''Narmudi Cheral'', the regions included in the [[Mushika dynasty|Kingdom of Ezhimala]] was also added to the Chera empire.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

The ancient Chera empire collapsed due to continuous invasions carried out by the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]], the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], and the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] during the period between 500 CE and 800 CE for nearly three centuries.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===The Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram (800 – 1102 CE)===
{{Main|Chera Perumals of Makotai}}

[[File:South India in early 11th century AD.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Kerala]] during 11th century CE (the region which is marked as ''Chera''). The location of ''Keezhmalanadu'' is also marked.]]
Idukki was part of three ''Nadus'' (provinces) during the period of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram]] (800 – 1102 [[Common Era|CE]]) for nearly three centuries.<ref name="History of Idukki">{{cite book|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=''Kerala Charitram''|date=January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415885|edition=2007|location=Kottayam|access-date=20 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref> The [[Thodupuzha]]-[[Muvattupuzha]] region was part of a province called ''Keezhmalanadu'' during this time, with its headquarters at Karikode near [[Thodupuzha]]. The [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] region, which lies to the east of ''Keezhmalanadu'', was possibly included in two provinces namely ''Nantuzhanadu''<ref name="idkhst"/> and ''Vempolinadu'' (known as ''Bimbali Desam'' in Sanskrit).<ref name="History of Idukki"/> This period saw the decline of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], which were once prominent in the region, along with the growth of [[Hinduism]], in the Thodupuzha region.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The tribal cultures may have sustained in the sparsely populated High Range region.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The territory of the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram got disintegrated into several small [[Feudalism|feudal states]] by early 12th century CE as a result of the continuous war that occurred between the Chera Perumals and the [[Medieval Cholas]] throughout the 11th century CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===Kingdom of Keezhmalanadu (1102 – 1600 CE)===
The province Keezhmalanadu of the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram attained political autonomy in 1102 CE following the Chera-Chola wars.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Remnants of numerous medieval forts have been found from Karikode near [[Thodupuzha]], which was the capital of the kingdom of Keezhmalanadu, many of them belonging to the era between 14th century CE and 16th century CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Keezhmalanadu included parts of modern-day Taluks of Thodupuzha and [[Muvattupuzha]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] explorers described the region as "The Pepper country" due to the availability and high scale production of good quality [[Black pepper]] there during the 16th century CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Keezhmalanadu merged with the Kingdom of [[Vadakkumkur]] around 1600 CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===Vadakkumkur dynasty (1600 – 1750 CE)===
{{Main|Vadakkumkur}}

[[Vadakkumkur]] was the northern branch of the erstwhile province of ''Vempolinadu'' which attained political autonomy in 1102 CE after the collapse of the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The rulers of this dynasty were also known by the titles ''Bimbaleeshas'' and ''Manikandas'' in the contemporary Sanskrit works just like their [[Thekkumkur]] counterparts.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The kingdom of [[Vadakkumkur]] originally included the modern-day Taluks of [[Ettumanoor]] and [[Vaikom]] along with a portion of the [[Meenachil]] Taluk.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

Keezhmalanadu merged with the Vadakkumkur dynasty around 1600 CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Afterwards the Vadakkumkur kings often used to reside at Karikode near Thodupuzha, which was originally the headquarters of the Keezhmalanadu.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Vadakkumkur was a vassal state of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] during that time.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Vadakkumkur's western boundary was extended up to the [[Vembanad lake]] and the eastern boundary was the [[Western Ghats]], which bordered with the medieval [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan country]] and the later territory of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The [[Dutch Malabar]] who became an influential power in the territory of Vadakkumkur during the 17th century CE and the first half of the 18th century CE had trade centres in Vadakkumkur.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

[[Vadakkumkur]] Raja was a part of the combined military alliance formed by the kingdoms of [[Odanad]] (Kayamkulam), [[Thekkumkur]], and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] against the expansion of [[Travancore]] into the northern territories.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> As a result, Anizham Thirunal [[Marthanda Varma]], the architect of the modern Travancore, attacked and annexed Vadakkumkur in 1750.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The Vadakkumkur Raja sought asylum in the kingdom of the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===Thekkumkur dynasty (1102–1749 CE)===
{{Main|Thekkumkur}}

[[File:Map of Thekkumkur in 1790.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Map of [[Thekkumkur]] kingdom after the separation of the [[Poonjar dynasty]].]]
It is presumed that a major portion of the High Range region in Idukki district belonged to the Thekkumkur dynasty just after the collapse the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The province ''Vempolinadu'' (''Bimbali Desam'') of the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram attained political autonomy in 1102 CE following the Chera-Chola wars of the 11th century CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The ''Vempolinadu'' royal family got evolved into two independent branches by the 12th century CE – the southern branch among them later came to be known as the kingdom of [[Thekkumkur]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> It included the modern-day [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]] of [[Changanassery]], [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam]], and [[Thiruvalla]], along with the High Range region of Idukki district.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

The High Range region was later handed over to the [[Poonjar dynasty]] by the Thekkumkur Rajas.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The [[Dutch East India Company]] was attracted by enormous growth of black pepper in the [[High Range, Kerala|High Ranges]] of the Idukki district.<ref name="idkhst"/> According to the treaty signed on 16 June 1664, [[Dutch Malabar]] had trade contracts with the [[Thekkumkur]] Rajas on spices, cinnamon, opium, etc.<ref name="idkhst"/>

The Thekkumkur Rajas allied with the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and the Kingdom of [[Odanad]] ([[Kayamkulam]]) against the military invasions of the kingdom of [[Travancore]] into its northern kingdoms that occurred during the 1740s.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> As a result, Anizham Thirunal [[Marthanda Varma]], the architect of the modern Travancore, attacked and annexed the kingdom of [[Thekkumkur]] into Travancore in 1749 during the [[Battle of Changanassery]], after his annexation of [[Kayamkulam]] in 1746.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The Thekkumkur king took refuge in the kingdom of the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] following his defeat in the battle.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

===Poonjar dynasty (1160–1750 CE)===
{{Main|Poonjar dynasty}}

In {{CE|1157}}, [[Kulothunga I|Kulothunga Chola]], who belonged to the lineage of the [[Medieval Cholas]], entered into a war with Manavikrama Kulasekhara Perumal, who belonged to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Upon the failure in the battle, Manavikrama appointed his brother Maravarman Sreevallabha as the monarch of the [[Pandya dynasty]] and left Madurai with his family and some of his trusted servants.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> Manavikrama crossed the [[Western Ghats]] and sought political asylum in [[Kerala]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The ruler of [[Thekkumkur]] awarded him a portion of the [[Meenachil]] taluk which included the region of [[Poonjar]] along with the [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] region in the Idukki district in 1160 CE, which originally belonged to the [[Thekkumkur]] Rajas.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> This incident commenced the beginning of the [[Poonjar dynasty]] in the region.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The territory of Poonjar was annexed by the Kingdom of [[Travancore]] following the annexation of the principalities of [[Thekkumkur]] and [[Vadakkumkur]] in 1749–1750.<ref name="History of Idukki"/>

=== Travancore Era (1750–1947) ===
{{Main|Travancore}}

[[File:Travancore 1871.JPG|left|thumbnail|A map of the [[British Raj|British]] [[Princely state]] of [[Travancore]] published in 1871]]
Entire portion of the modern-day district of Idukki became part of the erstwhile [[British Raj|British]] [[Princely state]] of [[Travancore]] by 1750 CE.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> This era marked considerable progress and social reformation in all spheres.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The social development indicators like the literacy rate were improved considerably during this period.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> After the Stone Age people and tribals, Anchunadan Tamils migrated to Idukki, Then Travancore farmers, Tamil workers and the Britishers migrated to Idukki. The Cardamom Proclamation of 1822, issued by the [[Gowri Parvati Bayi|Rani Uthrittathi Thirunal Gowri Parvathi Bayi]], the [[List of Maharajas of Travancore|regent]] of the [[East India Company|British]] [[Princely state]] of [[Travancore]] at that time, paved the way for bringing people from outside for collecting [[Cardamom]] from the forest of the [[Cardamom Hills]] in the district.<ref name="cp_1822"/> The proclamation, issued on [[Malayalam Calendar|Malayalam Era]] 15 Medam 997 (which corresponds to [[Common Era|CE]] 28 April 1822), entrusted Tamil workers from neighbouring districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] with harvesting cardamom in the region.<ref name="cp_1822">{{cite news |last=Raman |first=Giji K.|date=29 April 2022 |title=Cardamom proclamation turns 200 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cardamom-proclamation-turns-200-years/article65366691.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Idukki |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

The [[Kannan Devan Hills]] on the [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] region were given on lease on 11 July 1877 by the ruler of the [[Poonjar dynasty]] to John Daniel Munroe from London and for [[History of tea in India|tea plantations]].<ref name="History of Idukki"/> This created an influx of a large number of migrant Tamil plantation workers into the region from the neighbouring districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] as well as from various
parts of [[Southern Travancore]] especially from [[Kanyakumari district]] and [[Shenkottai taluk]] and the linguistic demographics in the Taluks of [[Devikulam taluk]] and [[Peerumedu taluk]] underwent a significant transformation during the last decades of the 19th century CE. Earlier the region was inhabited by various aboriginal tribes like Malavedas, Malayarayas, Muthuvans, and Paliyans, and was sparsely populated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How the original inhabitants of Idukki were systematically displaced and deceived|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/idukki/2018/02/28/original-inhabitants-idukki-displaced-deceived-tribals.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=OnManorama}}</ref> The land and the plantations were later resumed by the [[Government of Kerala]] through the Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption Of Lands) Act, 1971.<ref name="p1971">{{Cite web |url=http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/kannan_devan_resumption_of_lands.pdf |title=Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption of Lands) Act, 1971 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074255/http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/kannan_devan_resumption_of_lands.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Munnar]] has acted as the summer residence of the British residents in Travancore. Tradition states that Colonel [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], was the first British man to pass through Munnar during [[Tipu Sultan]]'s campaign into Travancore in the last decades of the 18th century CE, but this is unsubstantiated.<ref name="apc">{{Cite book|title=A Planting Century 1893–1993|last=S|first=Muthiah|publisher=-West Pvt Ltd., 62-A Ormes Road, Kilpauk, Madras-600010|year=1993|isbn=81-85938-04-0|location=Madras}}</ref> The first survey of the terrain was undertaken by Benjamin Swayne Ward in 1816–1817, who followed the [[Periyar River]] into the [[Western Ghats]] and established a camp at the confluence of three rivers, from which the name of [[Munnar]] is derived.<ref name="apc"/>

Munroe, Henry Turn, and his half-brother A W Turner, obtained ownership of the [[Cardamom Hills]] from the Raja of Travancore and began clearing forest around Devikulam in 1879.<ref name="Vignessh">{{Cite web|last=Vignessh|date=2020-08-13|title=The 'no land's men' in Munnar's tea estates|url=https://thefederal.com/news/the-no-lands-men-in-munnars-tea-estates-2/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Munroe formed the North Travancore Land Planting & Agricultural Society in 1879.<ref name="ktm"/> Soon many other Europeans began establishing tea plantations in the area throughout the 1880s, after A H Sharp, a European planter entered into tea cultivation in the region.<ref name="ktm">{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/munnar/munnar-history.php |title=History of Munnar |author= |date= |website=Kerala Tourism |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |access-date=20 June 2022 |quote=}}</ref> Early plantations had few facilities and were mainly huts of straw.<ref name="Vignessh"/><ref name=":0" />

In 1897, a separate company, [[Kanan Devan Hills Plantations Company|Kannan Devan Hills Corporation (KDHC)]], was registered to operate the tea estates which was later taken over by the American Direct Tea Trading Company Ltd., who owned 26 estates, most with coffee and some with ''[[Cinchona]]'', almost all in the area except for a few in the lower areas. The former [[Kundala Valley Railway]] through [[Munnar]], established in 1902, was destroyed by the ''[[Great flood of 99]]'' that occurred in 1924 across the modern-day state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/munnar-may-soon-get-train-service-nearly-a-century-after-the-great-flood-of-99-washed-away-kerala-s-first-railway-line-369776.html|title=Munnar May Soon Get Train Service, Nearly A Century After The 'Great Flood Of 99' Destroyed It|date=2019-06-24|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref> Many dams were constructed in Idukki district during the Travancore rule in the region.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The transportation facility through the dense forests of Idukki was also improved during the period.<ref name="History of Idukki"/> The controversial [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] was also constructed during the period.

During the [[Travancore|Travancorean administration]], the [[British Raj|British]] [[Princely state]] of Travancore was divided into four revenue divisions- the [[Northern Division (Travancore)|Northern division]] headquartered at [[Kottayam]], the [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central division]] headquartered at [[Kollam]], the [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern division]] headquartered at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and the [[High Range, Kerala|High Range division]] with its headquarters at [[Devikulam]].<ref name="1931_census">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1932|location=Trivandrum|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18998|last=Pillai |first=N. Kunjan }}</ref>

The [[High Range, Kerala|High Range division]] in the northeastern part of Travancore included the Taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade|Peerumade]].<ref name="1931_census"/> [[Thodupuzha]] region was however included in the northernmost division of the [[British Raj|British]] [[Princely state]] of [[Travancore]].<ref name="1931_census"/> [[Kottayam]] was the headquarters of the northernmost revenue division in Travancore which also included the [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]] of [[North Paravur]], [[Kunnathunad]], [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Meenachil]], [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam]], [[Vaikom]], and [[Cherthala]] in 1931, in addition to Thodupuzha.<ref name="1931_census"/>

===Post Independence (1947–present)===
{{See also|Indian Independence Act 1947|Instrument of Accession}}
At the time of the integration of the state of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] into the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in 1949 following the integration of the [[British Raj|British]] [[Princely state]]s of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] into the [[Dominion of India]], the erstwhile revenue divisions were reorganised into [[List of districts of Kerala|districts]] and the [[Divan]] Peshkars gave way to [[District Collector]]s, paving the way for the birth of the Kottayam district on 1 July 1949, which had also included the modern-day district of Idukki in it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manorama Year Book|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|year=2006|editor=K. M. Mathew|editor-link=K. M. Mathew|page=116}}</ref>

The erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]] was reorganized into [[Thrissur district]] and Taluks of [[North Paravur]] and [[Kunnathunad]] were transferred to that district.<ref name="1951c">{{cite book
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1952
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| location = Trivandrum
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5609/1/23587_1951_KOT.pdf
}}</ref> Similarly the [[Cherthala]] Taluk was transferred into the newly formed [[Kollam district]] on 1 July 1949.<ref name="1951c"/> The [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] division of the erstwhile Travancore was merged with the remaining Taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam division to form the Kottayam district as a part of the inauguration of the new Indian state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] on 1 July 1949.<ref name="1951c"/> The new district of Kottayam at that time contained eight Taluks – Changanassery, Kottayam, Vaikom, Meenachil, Muvattupuzha, Thodupuzha, Devikulam, and Peerumede.<ref name="1951c"/> Hence Idukki was a part of the Kottayam district at the time of the formation of the state Kerala in 1956.

Apart from the [[Kanyakumari district]], the [[Devikulam]] division of [[travancore]] in present-day Idukki district had a large [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-majority in the late 1940s.<ref name="idukki">{{Cite news|title=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/why-did-kerala-surrender-kanyakumari-to-tamil-nadu.html|last=Ayyappan|first=R|date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 June 2021|work=Onmanorama}}</ref> The [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]] (TTNC) had requested to merge it with the [[Madras State]] as a part of the upcoming States Reorganization Act of 1956.<ref name="idukki"/> However, in the 1951 Linguistic Census of the state of Travancore-Cochin, it was found that nearly half of the total Tamil-speaking population in Devikulam taluk at that time was born outside the state of Travancore-Cochin and most of them were immigrants from the [[Madras Presidency]], who were brought into the region by the British officials mainly as tea plantation workers to the [[Cardamom Hills]].<ref>{{cite book
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1955
| title= Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| location=Trivandrum
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf
}}</ref>

Furthermore, some quick decisions were taken by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], who was the first prime minister of Travancore, to ensure that the taluk of Devikulam will retain in the modern-state of [[Kerala]], as the region had a greater economic importance in the future coastal state of Kerala.<ref name="idukki"/> Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of [[Cardamom Hills]].<ref name="idukki"/> His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000 [[Malayalam]]-speaking families into the Taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]].<ref name="idukki"/> About 50,000 acres in these Taluks, which had become Tamil-majority area by the 1940s, were chosen for the colonisation project.<ref name="idukki"/> As a victory of the Colonisation project done by post-independence Travancore, these two Taluks and a larger portion of [[Cardamom Hills]] retained in the state of [[Kerala]], after the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="idukki"/>

Following the formation of the new Indian state of [[Kerala]] according to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], many jurisdictional changes were done in the state.<ref name="1961c">{{citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/5663
}}</ref> Two new Taluks, namely [[Kanjirappally]] (from Changanassery and Thiruvalla) and [[Udumbanchola]] (from Devikulam and Peerumede) were carved out on 1 October 1956 in the Kottayam district.<ref name="1961c"/> After a month, a new Taluk called [[Kuttanad]] was carved out from Changanassery and [[Ambalappuzha]].<ref name="1961c"/> The Kuttanad Taluk was transferred into the newly formed [[Alappuzha district]] on 17 August 1957.<ref name="1961c"/> The Taluks of Thodupuzha and Muvattupuzha were transferred into the newly formed [[Ernakulam district]] on 1 April 1958.<ref name="1961c"/>

The land and the plantations in the [[Kannan Devan Hills]] in the [[High Range, Kerala|High range]] region were resumed by the [[Government of Kerala]] through the Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption Of Lands) Act, 1971.<ref name="p1971"/> On 26 January 1972, the district of Idukki was formed by the separation of the three [[High Range, Kerala|High Range]] Taluks, namely Devikulam, Udumbanchola, and Peerumede, from Kottayam district.<ref name="idkspc"/><ref name="1981c">{{citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni | year=
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/5750
}}</ref> The High Range region was merged with the Thodupuzha taluk of [[Ernakulam district]] to form the district of Idukki. It was the largest district of Kerala by area at that time. In 1998, [[Kuttampuzha]] village was transferred into the [[Ernakulam district]], making Idukki the second largest district in Kerala, only after to [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]].

The High Range region is still sparsely populated and various cash crops and spices are extensively cultivated there.<ref name="idkspc"/> Now various hydroelectric power projects in the district of Idukki contributes around 66% of the total power needs of Kerala.<ref name="idkspc"/> The [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] still remains as the source of the [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|interstate dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/the-mullaperiyar-dam-dispute-between-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-is-unnecessary-567858 | title=The Mullaperiyar Dam dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu is unnecessary | date=8 January 2012 | publisher=NDTV | access-date=25 August 2019 }}</ref> In September 2023, Idukki regained its status as the largest district in the state after the addition of 12718.5095 hectares of land which was a part of Kutampuzha village in Ernakulam district to Idamalakudi village in Idukki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇടുക്കിയാണ് മിടുക്കി; വലുപ്പത്തിൽ ഇടുക്കി ജില്ല വീണ്ടും ഒന്നാമത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/09/10/idukki-regained-the-first-position-in-size-among-the-districts.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Thekkady.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thekkady]]]]
The Idukki district forms a high altitude plateau with rugged mountainous terrain, several river valleys and deep gorges.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Giji K.|last=Raman|date=2018-09-29|title=Geographic fragility of Idukki to the fore|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/geographic-fragility-of-idukki-to-the-fore/article25084662.ece|access-date=2021-05-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The entire northern part of the district forms a sub plateau higher than the rest of the district, this region includes the tallest peaks like [[Anamudi]] and includes the areas around [[Munnar]], [[Pallivasal]], [[Kanthalloor]], [[Vattavada]] and [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam]]. The [[Pambar River (Kerala)|Pambar river]] valley ([[Marayur|Marayoor]], [[Keezhanthoor]]) forms an eastern sloping [[rain shadow]] region of the Western Ghats. The eastern frontier of the district ([[Kumily]], [[Kattappana|Kattapana]], [[Nedumkandam]], [[Rajakumari, Idukki district|Rajakumari]] and [[Ramakkalmedu]]) constitutes the [[Cardamom Hills|Cardamon hills]]. The western part of the district is covered by forests and hills bordering the eastern regions of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district like [[Neriamangalam|Neriyamangalam]], [[Vannappuram|Vannapuram]], [[Thommankuthu]], [[Moolamattom]], [[Vagamon]] and [[Kuttikkanam|Kuttikanam]]. Places like [[Thodupuzha]], [[Koothattukulam]], [[Udumbannoor|Udumbanoor]] and [[Muttom, Thodupuzha|Muttom]] are situated in the semi elevated [[Thodupuzha River]] plains with scattered hills. The [[Periyar (river)|Periyar river]] basin in the district which includes [[Vandiperiyar]], [[Ayyappancoil|Ayyapankoil]], [[Rajakkad]], [[Idukki township|Idukki]], [[Cheruthoni]] and [[Adimali|Adimaly]] is an elevated plateau crisscrossed by river valleys and lies between the high peaks of the western and eastern parts of the district. The southern region is entirely covered with the forests of the [[Periyar National Park]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[Anamudi]] and [[Meesapulimala]], the two highest peaks in India south of the Himalayas, are located in Idukki district. Anamudi is situated in the Kuttampuzha Panchayat of Adimali Block in the [[Kannan Devan Hills]] village of Devikulam taluk. Thirteen other peaks in the district exceed a height of {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. [[Periyar River|Periyar]], Thodupuzhayar, Muthirappuzhayar, and Thalayar are the important rivers of the district. [[Idukki Dam]], Asia's largest [[arch dam]], is located in the [[Idukki Township]]. The dam is located at the point where the Periyar flows through the gorge formed between two high and massive rocks known as 'Kuravan' and 'Kurathi'.<ref name="Idukki District">{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/map.htm |title=Tourist Map of Idukki District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217044751/http://idukki.nic.in/map.htm|archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
Idukki has a large area of dense forest cover and [[Shola|shola forests]]. It is highly vulnerable to floods and drought and is considered a [[climate change]] hotspot in Kerala, along with the districts of Alappuzha, Palakkad, and Wayanad.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nandakumar|first=T.|date=2014-03-20|title=Four districts categorised as climate change hotspots|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-districts-categorised-as-climate-change-hotspots/article5801125.ece|access-date=2021-06-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Researchers attribute the increasing frequency in landslides in Idukki to climate change and [[deforestation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|date=August 15, 2020|title=Why do landslides keep occurring in Kerala's Idukki district?|url=https://scroll.in/article/970198/why-do-landslides-keep-occurring-in-keralas-idukki-district|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Moudgil|first=Manu|date=2020-10-02|title=12% Indian land prone to landslides as climate change increases the risks|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12-indian-land-prone-to-landslides-as-climate-crisis-increases-the-risks-120100200239_1.html|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Changes in rainfall patterns caused by climate change, coupled with deforestation and large-scale construction projects, are among the contributing factors that led to the August 2020 landslide that killed 65 people, including plantation workers.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Krishnakumar|first1=G.|last2=Raman|first2=Giji K.|date=2020-08-29|title=In Idukki, living in fear of landslides|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-idukki-living-in-fear-of-landslides/article32468924.ece|access-date=2021-06-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=47,666|13=1911|14=99,564|15=1921|16=1,08,751|17=1931|18=1,87,680|19=1941|20=2,44,296|21=1951|22=3,31,422|23=1961|24=5,74,844|25=1971|26=7,58,166|27=1981|28=9,55,241|29=1991|30=10,55,023|31=2001|32=11,29,221|33=2011|34=11,08,974|35=2018|36=1,093,156|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[Vital statistics (government records)|2018 Statistics Report]], Idukki district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,093,156.<ref name="idkdemo_2018"/> The [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]] places it at 416th among the 640 [[districts of India]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Idukki |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/646/download/2232/DH_2011_3209_PART_A_DCHB_IDUKKI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert|251|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was −1.93% due to emigration and low fertility rates. Idukki has a [[sex ratio]] of 1,006 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 92.2 percent. 4.69% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.12% and 5.03% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Distribution of Language by Division of Travancore (1881)<ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |last=Nagamaiya|first=V.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=135, 258|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404103822/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:Orange;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Division''']]
| style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam (%)''']]
| style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil (%)''']]
|-
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]] Division
| '''95.19'''
| '''3.65'''
|-
! [[Devikulam|Devicolam]] Division
| '''36.18'''
| '''59.14'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Languages by [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s (1881)<ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |last=Nagamaiya|first=V.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=135, 258|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404103822/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:Black;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Taluk''']]
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|[[Languages of India|'''Others''']]
|-
! 1
! [[Cardamom Hills]]
| 6,228
| 2,253
| '''36.18%'''
| 3,683
| '''59.14%'''
| 292
| '''4.69%'''
|-
! 2
! [[Thodupuzha|Todupulay]]
| 24,321
| 23,227
| '''95.50%'''
| 1,085
| '''4.46%'''
| 9
| '''0.04%'''
|}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Idukki district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Malayalam]] |value1 = 81.97 |color1 = Cornflowerblue
|label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value2 = 17.48 |color2 = Violet
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.55 |color3 = grey
}}

[[Malayalam]] and English are the two official administrative languages in the district.<ref name="law"/> Around four-fifth of the people in Idukki district speak [[Malayalam]] as their mother tongue. The Taluks of [[Devikulam]], [[Peerumedu]] and [[Udumbanchola]] have a considerable [[Tamil people|Tamil]] minority population. However Malayalis are majority in these taluks as well.<ref name="languages"/> The aboriginal tribes in the district speak their own dialects such as [[Malavedan language|Malavedan]], [[Malaryan language|Malaryan]], [[Muthuvan language|Muthuvan]], and [[Paliyan language|Paliyan]], which are closely related to the [[Malayalam languages|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="languages"/>

Until the late 1940s, [[Devikulam]], [[Peermade]] and [[Cardamom Hills]] had a slight [[Tamils|Tamil]] majority.<ref name="r1881"/> Following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a colonization project initiated by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] was implemented to change the demographics by relocating Malayalam-speaking families, ensuring the region remained with the new state of Kerala.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religions in Idukki district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]|darkorange|48.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|43.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]|green|7.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.31}}
}}

[[File:Thodupuzha_Sree_Krishna_Swami_Temple_DSC02584.JPG|thumb|[[Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Thodupuzha]]]]
[[File:Calvary Mount Church Front Right Idukki Kerala Mar22 A7C 01262.jpg|thumb|Calvary Mount Church, Narakakanam]]
According to the 2011 census, [[Hindus]] make up 48.86% (541,854) of the population, with [[Christians]] at 43.42% (481,507) and [[Muslims]] at 7.41% (82,206).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religions in taluks
!Talukas
!Hindus
!Christians
!Muslims
!Others
|-
|[[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam]]
|style="background:darkorange" |63.21
|30.50
|6.08
|0.21
|-
|[[Udumbanchola]]
|48.14
|style="background:dodgerblue"|48.32
|3.15
|0.39
|-
|Thodupuzha
|40.57
|style="background:dodgerblue"|45.15
|14.03
|0.25
|-
|Peerumade
|style="background:darkorange" |51.51
|41.28
|6.91
|0.3
|}

==Technology==
Idukki district was the first in India to get connected to a super-fast broad band system as a part of the [[Digital India]] campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hi-Speed Rural Broadband Network|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/government-india-commissions-indias-first-hi-speed-rural-broadband-net/42188|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> It was also the first to get BSNL 4G in whole country, taking the number of 4G operators in the district to four, including [[Vodafone Idea Limited|Vodafone Idea Ltd]], [[Jio]], and [[Bharti Airtel]].

==Tourism==
===Munnar===
[[File:Munnar hill station .JPG|thumb|Tea plantations in Munnar]]
[[Munnar]] was the summer resort of the British Government in the south. The town is situated at the convergence of three mountain streams, namely [[Muthirapuzha River|Muthirappuzha]], Nallathanni, and Kundala. Munnar has some of the largest tea plantations in the world. This hill station, which is more than 5,000 feet above sea level, is a tourist attraction noted for its scenic landscapes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munnar – the Hill Station of Kerala in Idukki |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/munnar/202 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Most of the native flora and fauna of Munnar have disappeared due to severe habitat fragmentation resultant from the creation of the plantations. However, some species continue to survive and thrive in several [[Protected areas of Kerala|protected areas]] nearby, including the new [[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] to the east, the [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Manjampatti Valley]], and the Amaravati reserve forest of [[Indira Gandhi National Park|Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the northeast, the [[Eravikulam National Park]] and [[Anamudi Shola National Park]] in the north, and the [[Pampadum Shola National Park]] to the south. The [[Palani Hills National Park]] is proposed to come up to the east of Idukki. These protected areas are especially known for several [[threatened]] and [[Endemism|endemic]] species including the [[Nilgiri tahr]], the [[grizzled giant squirrel]], the [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]], the [[Indian elephant|elephant]], the [[gaur]], the [[Nilgiri langur]], the [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], and the [[neelakurinji]] (that blossoms only once in twelve years).<ref>{{cite news |title=Government of Kerala, Forest and Wildlife Department, Notification No. 36/2006 F&WLD |date=6 October 2006 |access-date=5 December 2007 |url=http://kurinji.in/sro.html |work=Kerala Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mathew |last=Roy |date=25 September 2006 |title=Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod |access-date=5 December 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

The former Kundala Valley Railway in Munnar was destroyed by a flood in 1924, but tourism officials are considering reconstructing the railway line to attract tourists.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

===Wildlife sanctuaries===

====Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary====
[[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] came into existence in 1976. It is located in the Thodupuzha and Udumbanchola taluks in Idukki district. It has an area of 105.364sq.km. The altitude ranges from 450 to 1272 m. The highest peak is Vanjur Medu (1272m).

The major rivers flowing through the area are the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] and the Cheruthoniar.<ref>[http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/idukki-wildlife-sanctuary Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary] kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103092414/http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/idukki-wildlife-sanctuary |date=3 November 2019 }}</ref>

====Eravikulam Wild Life Sanctuary====
[[File:Nilgiri Tahr Adult.jpg|thumb|upright|Nilagiri Tahr]]
[[Eravikulam National Park|Eravikulam]] is another wildlife sanctuary proclaimed as a National Park. It supports the largest population of [[Nilgiri tahr]] in the world. Anamudi peak is on the southern part of this park.
Most of the park is grassland and the average altitude is more than 5000 feet above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. Heavy rain and gushing winds make the area inaccessible during the monsoon season. The famous Neelakurinji ([[Strobilanthes kunthiana]]) grows here. It has a flowering cycle of 12 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/idukki.htm|title=Information and Public Relations Department, Govt. of Kerala|access-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064818/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/idukki.htm|archive-date=28 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Twenty-six species of [[mammals]] have been recorded in the park including the largest surviving population of [[Nilgiri tahr]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Munnar|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183559/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=306|archive-date=18 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> estimated at 750 individuals. The other [[ungulates]] are [[gaur]], [[Indian muntjac]] and [[sambar deer]]. [[Golden jackal]], [[jungle cat]], [[Dhole|wild dog]], [[dhole]], [[leopard]] and tiger are the main predators. Some little-known animals such as [[Nilgiri langur]], [[stripe-necked mongoose]], [[Indian porcupine]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Oriental small-clawed otter|small clawed otter]], [[ruddy mongoose]], and [[Funambulus sublineatus|dusky palm squirrel]] are also found.<ref>UNEP (05/07/2007) World Commission on Protected Areas, World Database on Protected Areas, Eravikulam National Park, Retrieved 7 May 2007 {{cite web |url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=700&level=nat |title=India – Eravikulam |access-date=5 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140736/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=700&level=nat |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Indian elephant|Elephants]] make seasonal visits.

132 species of birds have been recorded which include endemics like [[black-and-orange flycatcher]], [[Nilgiri pipit]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Brachypteryx major|white bellied shortwing]], [[Eumyias albicaudata|Nilgiri flycatcher]] and Kerala [[laughingthrush]].

Endemic butterflies confined to the shola-grass land ecosystem like the [[Mycalesis oculus|red disk bushbrown]] and Palni four-wing are among the 101 species in the park.

====Pampadumshola National Park====
[[Pampadum Shola National Park]] is the smallest [[National parks of India|national park]] in Kerala state, [[South India]].<ref name="envis">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/forest.htm |year=2009 |title=Forest |publisher=Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment |access-date=18 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311001130/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/forest.htm |archive-date=11 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>Online Highways LLC. (2004) India | Kerala | Devikulam
Pambadum Shola National Park, Retrieved 6 April 2007 [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pambadum-Shola-National-Park-57785.htm]</ref> The park is administered by the Kerala Department of Forests and Wildlife, Munnar Wildlife Division, together with the nearby [[Mathikettan Shola National Park]], [[Eravikulam National Park]], [[Anamudi Shola National Park]], [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]].<ref>K.S. Sudhi (3 November 2006) The Hindu, retrieved 21 June 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235251/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/03/stories/2006110300820200.htm ''New lives bloom in Rajamala'']</ref> The park adjoins the Allinagaram Reserved Forest within the proposed [[Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park]]. The Western Ghats, Anamalai sub-cluster, including these parks, is under consideration by the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site#World Heritage Committee Session|World Heritage Committee]] for selection as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO" >UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Niligiris. retrieved 20 April 2007 [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ World Heritage sites, Tentative lists]</ref>

[[File:Strobilanths kunthiana.jpg|thumb|[[Neelakurinji]]]]

====Kurinjimala Sanctuary====
[[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] protects the approximately 32 km2 core habitat of the endangered [[Neelakurinji]] plant in [[Kottakamboor]] and [[Vattavada]] villages in [[Devikulam]] Taluk, Idukki district of [[Kerala]] State in [[South India]].<ref>[http://kurinji.in/kurinjimap.html map]</ref>

====Protected areas====
[[File:GrizzledSquirell-cauvery wls.jpg|thumb|right|Giant grizzled squirrel]]
This district has several [[Protected areas of Kerala|protected areas]] including [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] in the south, [[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] to the east, [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the northeast, [[Eravikulam National Park]] and [[Anamudi Shola National Park]] to the north and [[Pampadum Shola National Park]] to the south. These protected areas are well known for several [[threatened]] and [[Endemism|endemic]] species including [[Bengal tiger|tiger]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[grizzled giant squirrel]], [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]], [[Indian elephant|elephant]], gaur, sambar deer, [[purple frog]] and [[neelakurinji]].<ref>Government of Kerala, Forest and Wildlife Department, Notification No. 36/2006 F&WLD (6 October 2006) Retrieved 5 December 2007 [http://kurinji.in/sro.html Kerala Gazette]</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mathew |last=Roy |date=25 September 2006 |title=Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod |access-date=5 December 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092510910400.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

===Thommankuthu waterfall===
[[File:Thommankuthu waterfalls.jpg|thumb|right|Thommankuthu Waterfalls]]
'''[[Thommankuthu]] (തൊമ്മൻകുത്ത്)''' is a scenic waterfall near [[Thodupuzha]] in the district. Thomankoothu waterfalls is not a single waterfall but a series of 12 falls over a distance of 5 km.<ref>[http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/idukki/thommankuthu-eco-tourism Thomankoothu eco tourism] kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131134/http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/idukki/thommankuthu-eco-tourism |date=8 December 2019 }}</ref> It is one of the major eco-tourism centers in Idukki, Kerala.

==Administration==
{{Main|Administration of Idukki district}}

[[File:Thodupuzha Civil Station.jpg|thumb|Thodupuzha Civil Station]]
[[File:Subdistricts of Idukki (2020).svg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Tehsil|Taluk]]s in Idukki district with their headquarters]]

[[Painavu]] town is the administrative headquarters of the Idukki district. '''Shri.Dinesh Cheruvat IAS''' is the ''District Collector and District Magistrate'', while '''Shri.Sreejith S IAS''' is the ''Additional District Magistrate and Deputy Collector (General )''. '''Shri.Anup Garg IAS''' holds as ''Sub Collector and Subdivsional Magistrate, Idukki'' and '''Shri. Arya VM IAS''' holds as ''Sub Collector and Subdivsional Magistrate, Devikulam''. The district is divided into two revenue divisions- Idukki and Devikulam.<ref name="idkrvn"/>

===Municipal towns===
{{Main|Municipalities of Kerala}}

There are 2 municipal towns in the district. They are:<ref name="idkmnc">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/about-district/administrative-setup/localadministration/ |title=Municipalities in Idukki district |website= |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Kattappana]]
* [[Thodupuzha]]
}}

===Legislative representation===
{{See also|Kerala Legislative Assembly|Lok Sabha}}
There is a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in Idukki: [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]].

There are five [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] seats in Idukki district.<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members.htm Niyamsabha official site]</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Constituencies from Idukki district (5)
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="75px" |Constituency
!width="85px" |Member
!width="35px" |Party
!width="35px" |Alliance
|-
| 1 || [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam]] || [[A. Raja (Kerala politician)|A. Raja]] || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|'''CPI(M)'''||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front}}|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 2 || [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]] || [[M. M. Mani]] || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|'''CPI(M)''' || {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front}} |[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] | border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 3 || [[Thodupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Thodupuzha]] || [[P. J. Joseph]] || style="background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}}; color:white;" |'''KEC'''||{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 4 || [[Idukki (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]] || [[Roshy Augustine]] || style="background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}}; color:white;" |'''KC(M)'''||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front}}|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
| 5 || [[Peerumade (State Assembly constituency)|Peerumade]] || [[Vazhoor Soman]] || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" |'''CPI''' ||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front}}|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|}

===Taluks===
{{Main|List of taluks of Kerala}}

The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate five [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]] within them.<ref name="idkrvn"/>

*Taluks in the '''Idukki Revenue Division''' are:<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[Thodupuzha]]
| [[Idukki]]<ref name="idkrvn">{{cite web |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/revenue/|title=Revenue villages, Taluks, and Revenue divisions in Idukki district |website= |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

*Taluks in the '''Devikulam Revenue Division''' are:<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[Devikulam]]
| [[Udumbanchola]]
| [[Peermade|Peerumade]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
|}

===Revenue villages===
Idukki district is divided into 68 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration.<ref name="idkrvn"/> They are further incorporated into 5 [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluks]] as eludicated below.<ref name="idkrvn"/>

====Thodupuzha Taluk====
{{See also|Thodupuzha}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Alacode, Idukki district|Alacode]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Arakkulam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Elappally]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Karikkode (village)|Karikode]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Karimannoor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Karimkunnam, Idukki|Karimkunnam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kodikulam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kudayathoor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* Kumaramangalam<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Manakkad]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Muttom, Thodupuzha|Muttom]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Neyyassery]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Purapuzha]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Thodupuzha]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Udumbannoor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vandamattom]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vannappuram]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Velliyamattom]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{{div col end}}

====Idukki Taluk====
{{See also|Idukki}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ayyappancoil]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Idukki]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kanchiyar]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kanjikuzhi]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Karimannoor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kattappana]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Konnathady]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Thankamany]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Upputhode]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vathikudy (gram panchayat)|Vathikudy]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{{div col end}}

====Devikulam Taluk====
{{See also|Devikulam}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anaviratty]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Bisonvalley]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Edamalakkudy]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kannan Devan Hills]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kanthalloor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Keezhanthoor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kottakamboor]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kunchithanny]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Mannamkandam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Marayur]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Munnar]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Pallivasal]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vattavada]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vellathooval]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{{div col end}}

====Udumbanchola Taluk====
{{See also|Udumbanchola}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anakkara (Idukki)|Anakkara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Anavilasam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Chakkupallam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Chathurangapara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Chinnakanal]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Erattayar Dam|Erattayar]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kalkoonthal]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kanthippara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Karunapuram]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Pampadumpara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Parathode]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Poopara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Rajakkad]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Rajakumari, Idukki district|Rajakumary]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Santhanpara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Udumbanchola]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vandanmedu]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{{div col end}}

====Peerumade Taluk====
{{See also|Peermade}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Elappara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kokkayar]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Kumily]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Manjumala]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Meloram]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/IDUKKI/M/MELORAM |title=Details of Post Office MELORAM, IDUKKI |publisher=pincode.net.in |accessdate=6 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Mlappara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Peermade|Peerumade]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Periyar National Park|Periyar]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Peruvanthanam]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Upputhara]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
* [[Vagamon]]<ref name="idkrvn"/>
{{div col end}}

==Culture==
Culture in Idukki is mixed since it consists of migrated people from other parts of [[Kerala]] such as [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]] and native tribals. The presence of a large number of tribal populations is peculiar to Idukki District. [[Kozhimala|Kovilmala]], near Kattappana in Idukki is home to one of the still ruling tribal kings in India, Kovilmala Raja Mannan. [[Kozhimala|Kovilmala]] is the headquarters of Mannan community who preserves certain customs, traditions, and form of governance, making them a unique tribal unit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/young-tribal-king-dies-of-heart-attack/article2756552.ece|title=Young tribal king dies of heart attack|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> The system of governance here is a democratic monarchy in which a king is elected by the people to rule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alienadv.com/activityDetails/3561/A-Day-with-Mannans-of-Kovilamala-Kingdom-Kerala/|title=A Day with Mannans of Kovilamala Kingdom Kerala|newspaper=www.alienadv.com|access-date=2016-11-30}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Dams and Hydroelectric projects==
{{See also|SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal}}
[[File:Kundala Dam and Lake.JPG|thumb|Kundala dam and lake]]
[[File:Idukki arch Dam view 155706.jpg|thumb|Idukki arch Dam]]
Around 66% of Kerala's power needs come from various Hydroelectric Power Projects in Idukki district.<ref name="idkspc"/> The first and oldest dam in Kerala is [[Mullaperiyar]]. It was inaugurated in 1895. The largest dam in Kerala is [[Idukki Dam]], which also one of the largest arch-dams in Asia. The dam was commissioned in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balan |first=Saritha S. |date=2018-08-02 |title=The building of Idukki dam: Workers hired for project recall the struggle |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/building-idukki-dam-workers-hired-project-recall-struggle-85857 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Idukki Dam|Idukki Arch-Dam]]
*[[Cheruthoni Dam|Cheruthoni]]
*[[Mullaperiyar Dam|Mullapperiyar]]
*[[Ponmudi Dam|Ponmudy]]
*[[Kallarkutty Dam]]
*[[Kundala Dam]]
* [[Mattupetty Dam|Mattuppetty]]
*[[Anayirangal Dam|Aanayirangal Dam]]
*[[Chenkulam Dam]]
*Lower Periyar Dam
*[[Malankara Dam|Malankara]]
*Kallar Dam (Nedumkandam)
*[[Kulamavu Dam|Kulamavu]]
*Munnar Head Works
*[[Erattayar Dam]]
*Uluppuni Dam
*Kochu Pamba
}}

==Connectivity==
===Rail===
At present, there is no railway in and to Idukki district of Kerala. The nearest railway stations are Kottayam (station code – KTYM), Aluva (Alwaye, station code – AWY), Ernakulam South (Ernakulam Jn., station code – ERS) and Ernakulam North (Ernakulam Town, station code – ERN).
There was a rail line that existed in the district during colonial period called, [[Kundala Valley Railway]]. It got destroyed in the [[Great flood of 99]] in 1924. The under-construction [[Sabarimala Railway]] project connecting [[Angamaly railway station|Angamaly]] to [[Punalur railway station|Punalur]] will pass through the Idukki district.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Kerala to share cost of Sabarimala rail project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-share-cost-of-sabarimala-rail-project/article33514098.ece |access-date=8 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Airports===
[[Sathram Airstrip]] is an airstrip which was inaugurated on 17 February 2021 but there are no commercial operations happening there. Practically [[Cochin International Airport]] at Nedumbassery in Ernakulam district is the one which is nearest.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-17|title=Airstrip for NCC cadets inaugurated|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/airstrip-for-ncc-cadets-inaugurated/article33862184.ece|access-date=2021-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First plane to land in Idukki on Kerala Piravi Day; NCC's airstrip nearing completion at Vandiperiyar|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=639074&u=first-plane-to-land-in-idukki-on-kerala-piravi-day-nccs-airstrip-nearing-completion-at-vandiperiyar|access-date=2021-10-24|website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Raman|first=Giji K.|date=2021-10-06|title=NCC's airstrip at Peerumade nearing completion|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nccs-airstrip-at-peerumade-nearing-completion/article36862437.ece|access-date=2021-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Major Towns==
The major towns of the district include:
*'''Devikulam taluk:''' Adimali, Devikulam, [[Munnar]], [[Marayur]], Kanthallur, [[Vattavada]], Chinnakanal
*'''Thodupuzha taluk:'''[[Thodupuzha]], Udumbanoor, Karikunnam
*'''Idukki taluk:''' [[Cheruthoni]], Murikkassery, [[Kattappana]], Painavu, Thopramkudy, Thankamany
*'''Udumbanchola taluk:''' [[Udumbanchola]], [[Nedumkandam]], [[Karunapuram]], Vandanmedu
*'''Peerumed taluk:''' Peruvanthanam, Elappara, Upputhara, [[Peerumade]], [[Vandiperiyar]], [[Kumily]], [[Thekkady]]

==Notable people==
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[T. M. Abraham]]
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Shaji Chen]]
* [[Lijomol Jose]]
* [[Askar Ali]]
* [[Sandra Amy]]
* [[Mathew Anikuzhikattil]]
* [[P. K. Abdul Aziz]]
* [[Sachin Baby]]
* [[K. M. Beenamol]]
* [[E. S. Bijimol]]
* [[Walter Devaram]]
* [[K. M. Binu]]
* [[Mamas K. Chandran]]
* [[Susmesh Chandroth]]
* [[Sanal Edamaruku]]
* [[Joice George]]
* [[Jaffar Idukki]]
* [[P. J. Joseph]]
* [[Sebastian Kappen]]
* [[Anna Mani]]
* [[Mahitha Mohan]]
* [[Dileesh Nair]]
* [[Narayan (writer)|Narayan]]
* [[George Njaralakatt]]
* [[Divya Padmini]]
* [[Paulaseer]]
* [[Neeta Pillai]]
* [[Jose Porunnedom]]
* [[Pappachen Pradeep]]
* [[Sajan Prakash]]
* [[Honey Rose]]
* [[Letika Saran]]
* [[Aswathy Sasikumar]]
* [[Abhija Sivakala]]
* [[Preeja Sreedharan]]
* [[Aswathy Sreekanth]]
* [[S. S. Stanley]]
* [[Joy Thomas]]
* [[P. T. Thomas]]
* [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
* [[Shiny Abraham|Shiny Wilson]]
* [[M. M. Mani]]
* [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)]]
* [[S. Rajendran (CPI(M) politician)]]
* [[A. Raja (Kerala politician)]]
* [[Vazhoor Soman]]
* [[C. A. Kurian]]
* [[K. K. Jayachandran]]
* [[Myna Umaiban]]
* Binni Krishnakumar
* Sethu Raman IPS
* Aswathy Gigi DCP

}}

==See also==
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[Kalvary Mount]]
* [[Kattappana]]
* [[Administration of Idukki district]]
* [[Anamudi]]
* [[Civil Station, Idukki]]
* [[High Range, Kerala]]
* [[Idukki dam]]
* [[KDHP Tea Museum]]
* [[Kannan Devan Hills]]
* [[Kannan Devan Hills Plantations Company]]
* [[Kuttampuzha]]
* [[Mullaperiyar dam]]
* [[Munnar]]
* [[Muvattupuzha]]
* [[Periyar National Park]]
* [[Perumpillichira]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/perumpillichira/PL72342 |title=Perumpillichira | All about Perumpillichira |publisher=Veethi |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>
* [[Thekkady]]
* [[Thodupuzha]]
* [[Vagamon]]
* [[Vandiperiyar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1955
| title= Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1952
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | publisher=Travancore-Cochin Government Press
| location = Trivandrum
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5609/1/23587_1951_KOT.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kottayam District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5663/1/22608_1961_KOT.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni | year=1983
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Idukki District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5751/1/29607_1981_IDU.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook – Idukki (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_A_IDUKKI.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook – Idukki (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Idukki district}}
* [https://idukki.nic.in/ Official Idukki District website]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531154944/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130780.htm Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (GDI)]}}

{{Geographic Location
| Centre = Idukki district
| North = [[Coimbatore district]], Tamil Nadu
| Northeast = {{ubl|[[Coimbatore district]], Tamil Nadu| [[Tiruppur district]], Tamil Nadu | [[Dindigul district]], Tamil Nadu}}
| East = [[Theni district]], Tamil Nadu
| Southeast = {{ubl|[[Virudhunagar district]], Tamil Nadu | [[Tirunelveli district]], Tamil Nadu}}
| South = [[Pathanamthitta district]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Kottayam district]]
| Northwest = [[Ernakulam district]]
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Idukki
| list =
{{Kerala}}
{{Northern Travancore}}
{{Idukki district}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idukki}}
[[Category:Idukki district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Tourism in Idukki district]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]

Raincoat (film)

2026-03-03T12:05:32Z

KateHinson76890: updated page

{{Multiple issues|
{{Long plot|date=April 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raincoat
| image = Raincoat Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = [[Rituparno Ghosh]] [[Usha Ganguly]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Gift of the Magi]]''|[[O Henry]]}}
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Aishwarya Rai]] [[Annu Kapoor]] [[Mouli Ganguly]] [[Surekha Sikri]]
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = Arghakamal Mitra
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}50 million<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=475|title=Raincoat - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}48.76 million<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}
'''''Raincoat''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]], starring [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. It tells the story of two lovers, separated by destiny, who meet again one day. This encounter allows each to realize the truth about the lives they are living. It is an adaptation of the short story ''Protihingsha'' (by [[Manoj Basu]]), although unacknowledged. Rather, the credits mention it to be based on ''[[The Gift of the Magi]]'' (by [[O. Henry]]).

The shooting for the film was completed in only 16 days. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]], and Aishwarya Rai was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].

==Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
Manoj is a countryman with very little money who lives in Bhagalpur. He has recently lost his job and ventures to start a business of his own. He goes to the city to see if he can arrange some money. While there, he stays with two friends, Alok and Sheela, who are very helpful in his desperate quest to find money. Alok makes some phone calls and writes a letter for him to send to his former classmates. The letter explains Manoj's plight and asks for any money to spare. Manoj, ashamed, tells Alok to forget the letter and that he will go out the next day and ask for money personally.

The next morning, Alok talks about his career. He has gotten quite wealthy as a producer for TV serials. Also, as a part of a diet, he has Herbalife for breakfast. Manoj asks Alok about an address that he plans to stop at while looking for money that day, and the address turns out to be of a woman that Manoj was supposed to marry. Alok remembers what he had to go through to get Manoj over her and insists he not go there and upset himself. Sheela tells Alok not to get so angry and let Manoj go where he pleases. The woman is supposed to be quite wealthy, and Manoj hopes not only to see her again (for the first time since her marriage), but perhaps to get some money as well. Alok finally backs off.

To prepare Manoj for his journey out in the pouring rain, Alok gives him an address book of the people he may be able to collect money from, while Sheela gives Manoj a mobile phone, teaches him to use it, and a raincoat to keep him dry. On his journey, Manoj manages to collect 12,000 rupees before stopping at the home of his lost love, Neerja. Being there, he gets a memory of being a doorstep before, when they were together and happy, but is interrupted by Neerja's voice. She doesn't believe it is really him at first, and takes quite a while to open the door. When she does, she tells him that she fell asleep and warmly invites him to stay until the rain stops. Neerja's husband is away, and the servants are out playing cards.

While sitting, she tells him that he has changed. His hair is missing; he's gotten dark and lost weight. He asks for her to switch on a light so he can see her better, because she does not look well, and she leaves, but forbids him to follow her in the rest of the house. She brings the light and shows her face, free of bruises or black eyes, and assures him that her husband really loves her. He asks her why she wears such an expensive sari around the house, and she says it would just sit there otherwise since she never leaves the house. Neerja is very paranoid. She never opens the door for fear of burglars in her dangerous town coming to loot her wealthy home. She says her husband is in Japan on business and asked her to come along but she refused because of a fear of being locked in a bathroom and not knowing English. Manoj laughs and tells her she hasn't changed a bit.

The doorbell soon rings, and Manoj insists on answering it. Neerja gets very afraid and urges him to let it be because she doesn't want to be seen home alone with another man while her husband is away and for word to get to him. He stands up to answer the door anyway, and she gets very upset, so he sits down. Manoj has a flashback of him getting very sick when he hears of Neerja's wedding as he was still very much in love with her at the time.

Later, Neerja asks what Manoj does for a living, and he says that he produces serials. In fact, he is the owner of the company. He tells her that he and his mother live in a two-storey apartment and that she should visit some time. Of course, this is far from true; he has a flashback of him bringing his mother a portable toilet, just so she won't have to walk far to use it. Neerja asks if he is married, and he hints that his mother has a girl set up. Neerja doesn't seem pleased.

Another flashback reveals that, although very sick from a fever, Manoj had an outburst about Neerja's engagement, demanding it be broken off. He tells her that he can support her; he'll find a way. Back in the present, Sheela calls him on his mobile to see how he is and if he has eaten. When Neerja asks who it was, he says that it was his secretary. Neerja asks about her appearance and her knowledge, and when Manoj tells her she's pretty and fluent in English, she becomes jealous. She accuses him of flirting when she asks if he has eaten, then realizes she has neglected to feed him. He says that there's no need, and he takes Herbalife, but she insists on going out to get him food, for the food in the house she doesn't think he'll like. She tells him to answer the door for no one, takes his raincoat, and leaves.

While she is gone, he has a flashback of her engagement and him begging her one last time not to marry and to stay with him. It is interrupted by a man at the window, begging to be let in to use the bathroom. Manoj reluctantly lets him in, but after he uses it, he refuses to leave. Suspicious, Manoj confronts him, and he reveals that he is the landlord. The landlord mistakes Manoj to be a tenant of the house, and Manoj asks him why a couple so rich would need to rent. The landlord then reveals that Neerja and her husband are not rich at all. In fact, they are close to being evicted from their home for not paying rent. The landlord even shows Manoj the bathroom, which he was refused access to, and sees how empty and dirty it is—like the bathroom of a very poor family. He is confused, for he remembers when Neerja got married, the wedding was very expensive, and her husband has a well-paying job. The landlord reveals that he lost it in a scam and has been a conman ever since, scamming others for money, the reason he is not home. And the reason Neerja never answers the door is for fear of debt collectors and those who want to throw them out of their home. Very alarmed, Manoj gives the landlord the 12,000 rupees he had collected to pay three months' rent and makes the man promise not to throw her out immediately. And to call him if he ever does reach such a decision. The landlord leaves.

Manoj writes her a letter telling her that he now knows the truth and what he has done to help her. He also says that had they been married, he would have done so anyway. He puts the letter under a sofa cover. Neerja returns and says that the shopkeeper was sleeping and she had to wake him up, which is why she took so long. He eats the food she brought and continues to lie about his profession and lifestyle while she grows upset. She says that she feels trapped in the house and that she wants to go far away, even if she gets stuck in the airplane bathroom. Manoj says that even if that were to happen, someone like him would be there to let her out. She doesn't want to be given false hope and starts to cry. He comforts her, and she sits down and continues to ask about his business. She also tells him that they are going to be moving into a bigger house and that he should come to visit when he returns. He eventually asks to wash his hands after eating, and, once again, she refuses him to see the rest of the house and goes to get him a finger bowl. He rinses off his hands and wipes them on the sofa cover, which Neerja scolds him for. He apologizes and he tells her to have it washed.

Manoj returns to Alok and Sheela, and Alok is quite upset to hear that Manoj managed to lose all of the money he collected, but Sheela calms him down. Before Manoj goes to sleep that night, Sheela comes into his room to give him an envelope she said she found in the pocket of the raincoat. In the envelope are golden bangles along with a letter. Confused, Manoj reads the letter, which is from Neerja, saying that she is glad he let her borrow the raincoat that day because she found the letter in its pocket, the letter begging his friends for the money he came to Calcutta for. She scolds him for not telling her about his troubles but tells him that she's giving him her jewelry to help him out. She says that if they had gotten married instead, he never would have refused to take her jewelry.

==Cast==
*[[Ajay Devgn]] as Manoj "Mannu" Tripathi
*[[Aishwarya Rai]] as Neerja "Neeru"
*[[Surekha Sikri]] as Mrs. Tripathi, Mannu's mother
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Landlord
*[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Alok
*[[Mouli Ganguly]] Sheila<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041219/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
*[[Gulzar]] as poet (voice)

==Soundtrack==
Debajyoti Mishra experimented with the music of the film. The songs are all background numbers. Classical singer [[Shubha Mudgal]] provided her voice for the title track.

{{Infobox album
| name = Raincoat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=
|s=}}
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Piya Tora Kaisa Abhiman
| note1 = Female
| length1 = 2:40
| lyrics1 = [[Gulzar]]
| extra1 = [[Shubha Mudgal]]
| music1 =
| title2 = Mathura Nagarpati
| length2 = 2:33
| lyrics2 = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| extra2 = Shubha Mudgal
| music2 =
| title3 = Raha Dekhe
| length3 = 2:30
| lyrics3 = Rituparno Ghosh
| extra3 = Shubha Mudgal
| music3 =
| title4 = Hamari Galiyan Hoke Aana
| length4 = 1:41
| lyrics4 = Rituparno Ghosh
| extra4 = Meena Mishra
| music4 =
| title5 = Piya Tora Kaisa Abhiman
| note5 = Male
| length5 =
| lyrics5 = Gulzar
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| music5 =
| title6 = Piya Tora Kaisa Abhiman
| note6 = Film version
| length6 =
| lyrics6 = Gulzar
| extra6 = [[Raghab Chatterjee]]
| music6 =
| title7 = Akele Hum Nadiya Kinare
| length7 = 2:06
| lyrics7 = Rituparno Ghosh
| extra7 = Shubha Mudgal
| music7 =
| title8 = Jug Jiye
| length8 =
| lyrics8 = Rituparno Ghosh
| extra8 = Meena Mishra
| music8 =
| title9 = Humari Galiyan Hoke Aana
| note9 = Sad
| length9 =
| lyrics9 = Rituparno Ghosh
| extra9 = Meena Mishra
| music9 =
}}

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a three stars out of five.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-24/movie-reviews/27144550_1_ajay-devgan-aishwarya-rai-promos | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405212252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-24/movie-reviews/27144550_1_ajay-devgan-aishwarya-rai-promos | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-04-05 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Behind closed doors | date=2004-12-24}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' cited "Some films attempt to showcase a series of wonderful moments and tend to go overboard. ''Raincoat'' captures just one poignant moment and tells it as simply it can, leaving you with a wow. For someone heralded as the most beautiful woman in the world, Aishwarya Rai looks terrifyingly depressing in the film. Her Neeru looks cynical to the point of suicide. And that's a compliment. Her body language is a strange mix of a passive housewife and a passionate girlfriend. Though the effort to sound rustic shows, the restraint in her dialogue delivery and performance is commendable. Hesitation, desperation, humiliation -- Ajay Devgan conveys them eloquently. He particularly stands out in the scenes where he cries in the bathroom, or begs Neeru not to marry someone else".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24rain.htm|title=Rain coat is simply beautiful|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2009-03-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406050743/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24rain.htm|archive-date=6 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "''Raincoat''... essentially a chamber piece, it weaves a narrative with just two characters in most of the frames. ''Raincoat'' can easily be Aishwarya Rai's best performance, and as Neerja, the former beauty queen appears to have shed her inhibitions about looking unglamorous. In fact, most of time, Rai looks quite plain. What is more, she seems to have made an earnest effort to emote, using less of her body and limbs and more of her face, and eyes in particular. Ajay Devagan as Manoj is Devagan, as we have seen him in an umpteen number of parts earlier, although Ghosh draws the actor out of a certain woodenness that he is known for".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101640201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125084850/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101640201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-01-25|title=Raincoat|access-date=2004-12-31|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-12-31}}</ref>

Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' said "On the whole, ''Raincoat'' will appeal to a handful of critics and connoisseurs of art house cinema who'll heap lavish praises/lustrous words, but from the box-office point of view, ''Raincoat'' will face stormy weather at the ticket window".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/11652/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914055325/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/11652/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2008|title=C Kkompany|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

Derek Elley from [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] described it as "''Raincoat'' is a chamber-sized gem. Melancholic, rainy afternoon drama, almost entirely set in a single house, features meaty roles for two of Indian cinema's biggest stars, Aishwarya Rai and Ajay Devgan, in very different guises from their usual Bollywood ones. Though pic is unlikely to score big locally when it goes out in August against more commercial heavy-hitters like ''Swades'' and ''The Rising'', ''Raincoat'' could build a solid rep at fests, with some pickups by specialized webs and niche distribs. As in Ghosh's previous pic, "Chokher Bali: A Passion Play" (2003), Rai reveals herself as a considerable actress given the right script and direction, far from the comic-romantic roles in most of her Bollywood productions. Shunning her usual immaculate makeup and duds, and looking more like a broken, malfunctioning doll, she makes Niru a mixture of child and temptress/charmer, driven by capricious moods and clearly unhappy inside. It's the showier of the two perfs, but Devgan, in ultra low-key mode, is equally impressive, especially in the latter stages as his great love for the woman he once knew reveals itself in an act of charity".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117924517/ | work=Variety | first=Derek | last=Elley | title=Raincoat | date=2004-07-30}}</ref>
===Box office===
''Raincoat'' grossed {{INR}}48.76 million worldwide. The film was a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)
!scope="col"| Result
|-
|2004
|[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]
|[[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]]
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|2005
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]] & [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[50th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Aishwarya Rai]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0405266|title=Raincoat}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films based on American short stories]]
[[Category:Films based on works by O. Henry]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Works based on The Gift of the Magi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Debojyoti Mishra]]

Kannodu Kanbathellam

2026-03-03T04:44:00Z

KateHinson76890: basic improve intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannodu Kanbathellam
| image = Kannodu Kanbathellam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| screenplay = Prabhu Solomon
| story = M. Ravi
| producer = K. Prabhakar
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Anbalaya Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|8|13|ref1=}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kannodu Kanbathellam''''' ({{IPA|ta|kaɳɳːoːɖu kaːɳbaðellːaːm|pron}} {{Translation|''All that is seen by the eyes''}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Sonali Bendre]], while [[Suchindra Bali|Suchindra]], [[Ruchita Prasad]], [[Manivannan]], [[Crazy Mohan]], [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] portray supporting roles. Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The film was released on 13 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணோடு காண்பதெல்லாம் / Kannodu Kanbathellam (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kannodu-kanbathellam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250310153355/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kannodu-kanbathellam |archive-date=2025-03-10 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Screen4Screen}}</ref> The film's name is based on a song from the Tamil film ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998).

== Plot ==
{{Section rewrite|the so-called "alternate climax" is actually the replacement climax and the plot should only have that.|date=June 2023}}
Seetharam is a well-respected businessman who lives with his [[Personal assistant|PA]] Muthuswamy in [[Chennai]]. Although short-tempered and tense, Seetharam is good at heart and helps people in need. He soon meets and falls in love with Kalyani. After a couple of meetings she sees his good nature and falls in love with him.

But, Seetharam faces problems in the form of another loving couple, Akash and Akhila due to an argument between Akhila and Akash and Akhila acts as Seetharam's fiancé so that she can get rid of Akash just before he proposes to Kalyani. Kalyani, being innocent and gullible, believes her words and goes away from Seetharam. An enraged and betrayed Seetharam therefore seeks revenge against Akash and Akhila by trying to separate them. But, he fails in all of his attempts. He also attempts to stop the love marriage between Akash and Akhila, which is arranged by Madana Gopal, Akash's father.

Akash and Akhila meet Seetharam and apologises to him, but Seetharam adamantly refuses to forgive them and sends goons to kill them. Seetharam, now a changed man, saves Akash and Akhila from the goons, who had never seen Seetharam in person and is not aware that he was the one who hired them. Seetharam apologises to Akash & Akhila, he tells the couple the incident that made him change his mind. Seetharam met Kalyani at a shopping mall and learns that she is married to a blind man, Rajasheker. She tells him that, after they broke up, she was struggling with crippling depression and Rajasheker was the beacon of light that saved her from this darkness, Akash & Akhila met her & explained what actually happened on that day, Kalyani realised this is what made her misunderstand Seetahram. She says that even though her husband is blind, she is content with her life now. Kalyani's husband tells Seetharam that God gave him a wonderful wife, in place of hos lost eyes. An emotionally distraught Seetharam wishes them "Best of Luck", and they invite Seetharam to their home. Akash & Akhila asks Seetharam whether they could find him a marriage alliance. Seetharam agrees to them, but he reveals them that it was just a prank as he cannot forget Kalyani & leaves them.

'''Alternate climax'''

After sending goons to kill both Akash and Akhila, Seetharam has a change of heart and decides to save them from the goons. After a prolonged fight with the goons, who are unaware that Seetharam was the one who hired them, Seetharam manages to save Akash and Akhila. He tells the couple the incident that made him change his mind. In a surprising turn of events, he met Kalyani at the airport with her blind brother. She told him that Akash and Akhila met her and apologised for their behaviour and revealed the truth behind the incident with Seetharam. Kalyani's brother requests Seetharam to accept his sister to which Seetharam happily accepts. The film ends with Seetharam and Kalyani united.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Seetharam
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Kalyani
* [[Suchindra Bali]] as Akash
* [[Ruchita Prasad]] as Akhila
* [[Manivannan]] as Madana Gopal, Akash's father
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Akash's friend
* [[Crazy Mohan]] as Kalaiselvam, Akhila's father
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Muthuswamy, Seetharam's PA
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Akhila's mother
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Thangarajan
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as DCP Bharathi, a police officer
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Akhila's boss
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as a man who asks Madana Gopal to check whether his currency note is original
* Ravi Shanth as Akash's friend
* Balaji as Akash's friend
* [[Prabhu Solomon]] as a goon
* [[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance in the song "Ai Yamma"
}}

== Production ==
[[Anbalaya Films]] offered debutant [[Prabhu Solomon]] an opportunity to direct a film for their production house, after he had helped them complete the post-production works for ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' (1995) when director [[Sundar C]] walked out. Prabhu Solomon chose to feature [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Bhanupriya]] in the leading roles, though Anbalaya Films were reluctant to cast a character artiste in the lead role. Prabhu revealed he met [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in [[Tenkasi]] during the making of ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999), at the insistence of his producer and actively tried to make a poor impression. Arjun, nonetheless, was keen and worked on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=23 December 2014 |title=Prabhu Solomon Interview: The Perfect Wave |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517130454/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/ |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> Debutant [[Suchindra Bali]] (son of actress [[Vyjayanthimala]]) and [[Ruchita Prasad]], who previously appeared in Kannada films were chosen to portray a young couple in love.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=16 April 1999 |title=Laced with humour |url=http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/990416/09/09160223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005031118/http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/990416/09/09160223.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 1999 |title=Kannodu Kanbathellam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kannodu-kanbathellam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394057762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517130443/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kannodu-kanbathellam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1394057762 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannodu Kanbathellam / Barani |url=https://avdigital.in/products/kannodu-kanbathellam-barani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518073305/https://avdigital.in/products/kannodu-kanbathellam-barani |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ae Kuruvi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Thamarai]] || 05:29
|-
| "Ai Yamma" || Naveen, [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:57
|-
| "Iruvathu Vayathu" 1 || [[S. Janaki]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || rowspan=3|Kalaikumar || 05:49
|-
| "Iruvathu Vayathu" 2 || S. Janaki || 05:49
|-
| "Iruvathu Vayathu" 3 || Hariharan || 05:44
|-
| "Mona Mona" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || rowspan=2|Mayil || 05:20
|-
| "Tajmahal Ondru" || Hariharan || 05:45
|}

== Release and reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' felt that the film should have been done by "someone more experienced".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=4 September 1999 |title=Greenhorn director flops |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ihQWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4392,784310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316194533/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ihQWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4392,784310 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=26 October 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the director who moved the story by giving different touch to love messed up the climax but praised Arjun's acting and Deva's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=12 September 1999 |title=கண்ணோடு காண்பதெல்லாம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-12/page/56/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230517130917/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-12/page/56/mode/2up |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "`Action King' Arjun pits his experience in full measure to delineate a two-faced personality". He added, "Debutant director Prabhu deals with the new theme of M. Ravi, who has also written the dialogue with panache", and Pravin Bali "makes a fairly impressive debut, while another newcomer Ruchita, proves to be promising", also appreciating the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Kannodu Kaanbathellam/Amarkallam |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604215940/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/20/stories/09200225.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Kala Krishnan Ramesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' called it "A straightforward old fashioned love story without gimmicks and flourishes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan Ramesh |first=Kala |date=19 September 1999 |title=Kannodu Kanbathellam |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep19/rev.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000308164934/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep19/rev.htm |archive-date=8 March 2000 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

Several days after the film's release, owing to public demand, the climax was changed to show a more optimistic ending where Arjun's character reunites with Sonali Bendre's character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 1999 |title=''Kannodu Kaanbathellam'' ending changed |url=http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/september1999.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306121056/http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/september1999.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=New Tamil Films Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Prabhu Solomon}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Solomon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Hari Ka Om

2026-03-02T04:38:48Z

KateHinson76890: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hari Ka Om
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Harish Vyas
| writer = Harish Vyas
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Anshuman Jha]]
* [[Soni Razdan]]
* [[Ayesha Kapur]]
* Samta Sudiksha
}}
| cinematography = Rakesh Rawat
| editing = Aasif Pathan
| music = Paresh Pahuja
| studio = First Ray Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|07|21|Indisches Film Festival Stuttgart|2025|08|25|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]|df=y}} 
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref name=HOYTS>{{cite web |title=IFFM Hari Ka Om (Hindi, Eng Sub) |url=https://www.hoyts.com.au/movies/iffm-hari-ka-om-hindi-eng-sub |website=HOYTS |date=25 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Hari Ka Om''''' is a 2026 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film written and directed by Harish Vyas. Starring [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Anshuman Jha]], [[Soni Razdan]], [[Ayesha Kapur]] and Samta Sudiksha, the film follows a retired astrologer who, after a heart scare, believes he has only six days to live and seeks reconciliation with his estranged son on a journey to Varanasi.<ref name=BH>{{cite web |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |title=Hari Ka Om starring Soni Razdan and Anshuman Jha to premiere in Europe at UK Asian Film Festival 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/hari-ka-om-starring-soni-razdan-anshuman-jha-premiere-europe-uk-asian-film-festival-2025/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=Indulge>{{cite news |title=Anshuman Jha and Soni Razdan’s ‘Hari Ka Om’ takes center stage at UK-Asian Film Festival |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/07/anshuman-jha-and-soni-razdans-hari-ka-om-takes-center-stage-at-uk-asian-film-festival |work=Indulge Express |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
After surviving a heart attack, Hari Prasad, a small-town astrologer, predicts that he has only six days left. Determined to spend them in [[Varanasi]], he drags his estranged son Om on a last journey that forces the father–son duo to confront buried resentments and unspoken love.<ref name=Filmibeat>{{cite news |title=Hari Ka Om At Indisches Film Festival: Here’s When Anshuman Jha & Raghubir Yadav Film To Have Its Premiere |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2024/hari-ka-om-at-indisches-film-festival-heres-when-anshuman-jha-raghubir-yadav-film-to-have-its-pre-402211.html |work=Filmibeat |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=UrbanAsian>{{cite news |title=Anshuman Jha–Raghubir Yadav father–son saga ‘Hari Ka Om’ will have its world premiere at Stuttgart |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2024/06/anshuman-jha-raghubir-yadav-father-son-saga-hari-ka-om-will-have-its-world-premiere-as-the-closing-night-film-at-the-indisches-film-festival-stuttgart-on-july-21st/ |work=Urban Asian |date=27 June 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Hari Prasad
* [[Anshuman Jha]] as Om Prasad
* [[Soni Razdan]]
* [[Ayesha Kapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhansali's 'Black' fame child actor Ayesha Kapur to debut in 'Hari-Om' |url=https://theprint.in/features/bhansalis-black-fame-child-actor-ayesha-kapur-to-debut-in-hari-om/1117275/ |website=The Print |date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Kapur, Who Played Young Rani Mukerji in Black, is Making Her Leading Role Debut with Hari-Om |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ayesha-kapur-who-played-young-rani-mukerji-in-black-is-making-her-leading-debut-with-hari-om-5895709.html |website=News18 |date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indisches-filmfestival.de/film/hari-om/ |title=HARI KA OM / HARI'S OM gast/GUEST: Harish Vyas und Ayesha Giulia Kapur |website=indisches-filmfestival.de |access-date=22 October 2022 }}</ref>
* Samta Sudiksha
* Jagat Rawat<ref name=HOYTS/>

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Harish Vyas. It reunites him with actor-producer Anshuman Jha after ''[[Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain]]'' (2018) and ''Hum Bhi Akele, Tum Bhi Akele'' (2020).<ref name=BH/> The story is set in Bhopal and Varanasi.<ref name=Filmibeat/>

== Release ==
The film had its world premiere as the Closing Night feature at the 21st Indisches Film Festival Stuttgart on 21 July 2025.<ref name=IFFS_PR>{{cite web |title=Press Release – Indisches Film Festival Stuttgart 2024 |url=https://indisches-filmfestival.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PR_All_IFFS.pdf |website=Indisches Film Festival Stuttgart |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025 |type=PDF}}</ref>
It screened at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] in August 2024,<ref name=HOYTS/> and later had its European premiere as the Centrepiece Gala at the [[UK Asian Film Festival]] in London on 7 May 2025.<ref name=BH/><ref name=Indulge/><ref name=TOI>{{cite news |title=Hari Ka Om to make European debut at UK Asian Film Festival 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/hari-ka-om-to-make-european-debut-at-uk-asian-film-festival-2025/articleshow/120986809.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Early festival coverage praised the film’s focus on father–son dynamics and the chemistry between Yadav and Jha.<ref name=BH/><ref name=UrbanAsian/><ref name=Indulge/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36853476|Hari Ka Om}}

[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Howrah–Lalkuan Express

2026-02-27T11:36:48Z

KateHinson76890: created a entry.

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah-Lalkuan Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|06|30}}
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|06|30}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops = 17
| end = {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} (LKU)
| distance = {{convert|1303|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12351 / 12352
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12351 / 12352 '''Howrah-Lalkuan Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Lalkuan Junction railway station|Lalkuan Junction]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is currently being operated with 12353/12354 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=845&did=1465816928776050346AA5EBB1B38C56E732E975D4085.web91 ADDITIONAL AC 3-TIER BERTHS IN POPULAR LONG DISTANCE TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://epaper.jagran.com/epaperimages/18012015/Moradabad/17RMP-pg8-0/d3056.png "Change in route of 12353/12354 hwh lku exp from July 1 2015"]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Service==

The 12353/Howrah - Lal Kuan Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1348 km in 24 hrs 25 mins. The 12354/Lal Kuan - Howrah Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1348 km in 24 hrs 25 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{rws|Howrah Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{rws|Asansol Junction}}
* {{rws|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{rws|Gaya Junction}}
* {{rws|Dehri-on-Sone}}
* {{rws|Sasaram Junction}}
* {{rws|Mughalsarai Junction||Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Jn.}}
* {{rws|Varanasi Junction}}
* {{rws|Pratapgarh Junction}}
* {{rws|Rae Bareli Junction}}
* {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{rws|Bareilly Junction}}
* {{rws|Bareilly City}}
* {{rws|Izzatnagar}}
* '''{{rws|Lalkuan Junction}}'''

==Coach composite==

Earlier was ICF coaches. now The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches :

* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper Coaches
* 2 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

==Traction==

earlier was used to run with [[WDP-4]]. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from end to end.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 13025/13026 [[Howrah - Bhopal Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Lalkuan Junction railway station]]
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Howrah - Bhopal Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/491 12353/Howrah - Lal Kuan Weekly SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/lal-kuan-howrah-weekly-sf-express-12354/492/949/1 12354/Lal Kuan - Howrah Weekly SF Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Lalkuan Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Kodagu district

2026-02-26T10:02:39Z

KateHinson76890:

{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{original research|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodagu district
| other_name = Coorg district, Kodava Naad ([[Kodava language]])
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Tadiandamol Valley, Western Ghats.jpg
|photo1b = Golden Temple, Kodagu pic 3.jpg
|photo2a = Mallalli_falls_1.jpg
|photo2b = Tadiandamol_Trek_Starting_point_near_resort.jpg
|photo3a = Harangi_Elephant_Camp_and_Tree_Park.jpg
|photo3b = Coorg_-_The_Scotland_of_India.jpg
|photo4a = Mandalpatti_Hills.jpg
}}
| nicknames = ''The Scotland of India, The Land of Warriors, The Coffee Cup of India''
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Tadiandamol]], [[Namdroling Monastery|Tibetian Golden Temple]], Resort view from Tadiandamol, [[Shola]] grassland in [[Pushpagiri (mountain)|Kumara Parvatha]], [[Harangi Dam|Harangi Elephant Camp & Tree Park]] and [[Mallalli Falls]], [[Mandalpatti]] hill an 18km roadway from Medikeri
| image_map = Kodagu in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4208|N|75.7397|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore division|Mysuru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malenadu]]
| established_title1 = [[Kingdom of Coorg|Haleri Dynasty]]
| established_date1 = early 17th century
| established_title2 = [[Coorg Province]]
| established_date2 = May 1834
| established_title3 = [[Coorg State]]
| established_date3 = 15 August 1947
| established_title4 = Kodagu district
| established_date4 = 1 November 1956
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Madikeri]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Madikeri]], [[Virajpet]], [[Somwarpet]], [[Ponnampet]], [[Kushalanagar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Somashekar S J {{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}
| leader_title1 = [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]]
| leader_title2 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP)
| leader_name2 = *[[Mantar Gowda]] (Madikeri)
*[[A. S. Ponnanna]] (Virajpet)
| leader_name3 = Bindu Mani R N {{small|([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="dsert">{{cite web|title=Kodagu district Profile|url=http://dsert.kar.nic.in/dietwebsite/kodagu/DistrictProfile.htm|publisher=DSERT|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 4102
| area_rank = 26th ([[List of districts in Karnataka|31 districts]])
| elevation_footnotes = (Avg. of 5 taluks)
| elevation_m = 984
| population_total = 554,519
| population_rank = 31st (31 districts)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Kodava, Kodagaru, Coorgi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 571201 (Madikeri)
| area_code = * + 91 (0) 8272 (Madikeri)
* +91 (0) 8274 (Virajpet)
* + 91 (0) 8276 (Somwarpet)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 82.52%
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical Wet]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|kodagu.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madikeri]], [[Virajpet]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|2725.5|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|28.6|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|14.2|°C|°F}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Koḍavanï
|people=Koḍavarï
|language=Koḍava takkï
|country=Koḍagï
}}
'''Kodagu district''' ({{IPA|kfa|koɖɐɡɨ, -ʋɨ|lang}}, also known by its former name '''Coorg''', Kodava: '''koḍagï, koḍavï''') is an administrative [[List of districts of Karnataka|district]] in the [[Karnataka]] state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate [[Coorg State]] at which point it was merged into an enlarged [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=km6EngEACAAJ&q=the+gandhi+of+kodagu|title=Long ago in Coorg|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=9781494282479|location=USA|pages=356–365|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnathpur |first=Rakshith S. |date=12 August 2020 |title=When Kodagu merged with Mysore: A short political history of the region |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region-130609 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>


[[File:Mandalpatti Hills.jpg|left|thumb|Mandalpatti Peak near [[Madikeri]] can be reached using road]]

==Etymology==
Derived from √''koḍa'' "western", ''-gï'' "place".<ref>https://kolichala.com/DEDR/search.php?esb=0&q=1649&lsg=0&emb=0&meaning=&tgt=unicode2</ref>

==Geography==
Kodagu is located on the eastern slopes of the [[Western Ghats]]. It has a geographical area of {{cvt|4102|sqkm}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Districts of India|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KA|publisher=Government of India|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref> The district is bordered by [[Dakshina Kannada district]] to the northwest, [[Hassan district]] to the north, [[Mysore district]] to the east, [[Kasaragod]] district of Kerala in west and [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] to the southwest, and [[Wayanad district]] of Kerala to the south. It is a hilly district, the lowest [[elevation]] being {{convert|50|m|ft}} above sea-level near makutta. The highest peak, [[Tadiandamol]], rises to {{convert|1750|m|ft}}, with [[Pushpagiri, Karnataka|Pushpagiri]], the second highest, at {{convert|1715|m|ft}}. The main river in Kodagu is the [[Kaveri]] (Cauvery), which originates at [[Talakaveri]], located on the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries, drains the greater part of Kodagu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/info-2/District+Gazetteer/Coorg+District+1870+(English)/en|access-date=21 July 2024|title=Coorg Gazettee 1870}}</ref>

===Rivers (mouth)===
* [[Kaveri]] ([[Bay of Bengal]])
* [[Payaswini]] ([[Arabian Sea]])
* [[Kariangode River|Tejaswini]] (Arabian Sea)
* [[Kuppam River]] (Arabian Sea)
* [[Valapattanam River]] (Arabian Sea)
* [[Harangi Dam|Harangi]] ([[Kaveri]])
* [[Lakshmana Tirtha]] (Kaveri)
* Barapole ([[Valapattanam River]])
* [[Kumaradhara]] ([[Netravathi River]])
* [[Taraka River, Karnataka|Taraka]] ([[Kabini River]])

===Peaks===
* [[Tadiandamol|Tadiyandamol]]
* [[Pushpagiri (mountain)|Kumara Parvatha]]
* [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri]]

==Rainfall==
Kodagu district receives majority of its rainfall from [[Monsoon|Southwest Monsoon]] winds. Kodagu's annual rainfall average is 4th highest in [[Karnataka]]. The amount of rainfall varies significantly due to the effects of El-nino and La-nina.

In the year 2018, Kodagu received 29% excess rainfall of {{convert|3737|mm|in}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2018.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2018.pdf|access-date=31 July 2024|title= Annual State Report 2018}}</ref> {{convert|3040|mm|in}} in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2019.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2019.pdf|access-date= 31 July 2024|title= Annual State Report 2019}}</ref> {{convert|2541|mm|in}} in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2020.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2020.pdf|access-date=31 July 2024|title= Annual State Report 2020}}</ref> and {{convert|2656|mm|in}} in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2021.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2021.pdf|access-date=31 July 2024|title= Annual State Report 2021}}</ref>

In the year 2022, Kodagu received 11% Above-Normal rainfall of {{convert|3036|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2022.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2022.pdf|access-date=30 July 2024|title=Annual State Report 2022}}</ref>

In the year 2023, it received 38% deficit rainfall of {{convert|1690|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2023.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2023.pdf|access-date=30 July 2024|title= Annual State Report 2023}}</ref>

In the year 2024, Kodagu on an average received {{convert|3052.2|mm|in}} of annual rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2024.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2024.pdf|access-date=16 July 2025|title=KSNDMC Annual Rainfall report 2024}}</ref>

In the year 2025, Kodagu received, on an average {{convert|3169|mm|in}} of annual rainfall. Overall, it's (+16%) above normal, with overwhelming Pre-Monsoon showers. It received {{convert|750.2|mm|in}} against the normal 250 millimeters(+197%) as Pre-monsoon-rains, its monsoon was a normal with {{convert|2176|mm|in}}(-1%), but the North-East Monsoon was (-16%) deficit, receiving only {{convert|243|mm|in}} of rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2025.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2025.pdf|access-date=26 February 2026|title=KSNDMC Annual Report 2025}}</ref>

==Forest==
Kodagu has three wildlife sanctuaries; [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]], one National Park; the [[Nagarahole National Park]] and the only private sanctuary of India; the [[SAI Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/16294/couple-man-made-wildlife-sanctuary-hosts-animals-like-bengal-tigers/|access-date=3 January 2026|title=Sai Sanctuary}}</ref>{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Agriculture==
Economy of Kodagu is dependent on agriculture. Major crops grown here are Paddy,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kodagu.nic.in/en/department-of-agriculture/|access-date=28 June 2023|title=Kodagu Land Use data}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/paddy-cultivated-on-9837-hectares-in-south-kodagu-1024588.html|access-date=28 June 2023|title=Paddy in Kodagu}}</ref> [[Coffee production in India|Coffee]], Rubber, Pepper, Cardamom, [[Coorg orange|Coorg Oranges]] and Honey production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/its-honey-calling/|access-date=28 June 2023|title=Beekeeping in Kodagu|date=30 June 2018 }}</ref> Tea, Ginger and Cocoa are also grown in smaller quantities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianspices.com/sites/default/files/Major%20spice%20state%20wise%20area%20production%202022-23.pdf|access-date=28 June 2023|title= Spices production in India}}</ref>

===Coffee and pepper production===
Kodagu is the largest coffee and pepper producing district in [[India]]. Karnataka produces nearly 70% of the total [[coffee production in India]], out of which 33% is contributed by Kodagu district alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacoffee.org/coffee-statistics.html|access-date=28 June 2023|title=Coffee Production in Kodagu}}</ref> Kodagu also produces nearly a quarter of India's black pepper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kirehalli.com/karnataka-becomes-leading-pepper-producer-spices-board/|access-date=28 June 2023|title=Kodagu of Karnataka becomes leading Pepper producer|date=16 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adipepper.com/adi-pepper|access-date=28 June 2023|title= Indigenous species of Black Pepper native to Kodagu}}</ref>
 

==Representation==
Two members of the legislative assembly are elected from Kodagu to the [[Karnataka]] Legislative Assembly, one each from the [[Madikeri]] and [[Virajpet]]. Dr. Mantar Gowda represents the Madikeri constituency while A.S Ponnanna represents the Virajpet constituency; they are from the [[Indian National Congress]]. Kodagu, formerly part of the Kodagu-Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore) constituency, is now part of the [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore-Kodagu Lok Sabha constituency]] parliamentary constituency. The current MP for this constituency is [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Shri Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]], from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

The Codava National Council and ''Kodava Rashtriya Samiti'' are campaigning for autonomy to Kodagu district which would have made Coorg more prosperous and independent.<ref name=hinduonnet2005021101>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/11/stories/2005021101650300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103054215/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/11/stories/2005021101650300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=The Hindu|title=Codava National Council sets up global forum}}</ref><ref name=hinduonnet2005020402>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/04/stories/2005020402470300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103015923/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/04/stories/2005020402470300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=The Hindu|title=Dharna staged for Kodagu State}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Kodagu|Haleri Kingdom|Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam|Coorg War|Coorg State}}
[[File:South Indian territories.svg|thumb|Map of South Indian states prior to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Kodagu (then called Coorg) is in dark green.|left]]


The [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] were the earliest inhabitants and agriculturists in Kodagu, having lived there for centuries. Kodavas being a warrior community as well, they carried arms during times of war and had their own chieftains.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=The early Coorgs|publisher=Notion Press|year=2013|isbn=9789383808274|location=Chennai|language=English}}</ref>

The earliest mention about Coorg can be seen in the works those date back to [[Sangam period]] (300 BCE - 300 CE). The [[Ezhimala]] dynasty had jurisdiction over two ''Nadu''s - The coastal ''Poozhinadu'' and the hilly eastern ''Karkanadu''.<ref>A Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala history</ref> According to the works of [[Sangam literature]], ''Poozhinadu'' consisted much of the coastal belt between [[Mangalore]] and [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Census_Handbook">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=9|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf}}</ref> ''Karkanadu'' consisted of [[Wayanad]]-[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg).<ref name="wnd">{{cite book
| author = Government of India | year=2014–2015
| title= District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf
}}</ref>

The [[Kingdom of Coorg|Haleri dynasty]], an offshoot of the [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Nayakas]], ruled Kodagu between 1600 and 1834. Later the British ruled Kodagu from 1834, after the [[Coorg War]], until India's independence in 1947. A separate state (called [[Coorg State]]) until then, in 1956 Kodagu was merged with the Mysore State (now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2020|title=When Kodagu merged with Mysore: A short political history of the region|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region-130609|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=1785 Coorg|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|isbn=9788192914220|location=Madikeri, Kodagu|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=Kodagu principality vs British Empire|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|isbn=9788192914213|location=Madikeri, Kodagu|language=English}}</ref>

===Coorg in British India===
In 1834, the East India Company annexed Kodagu into [[British India]], after deposing [[Chikka Virarajendra]] of the Kodagu kingdom, as 'Coorg'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda Nitin|title=Kodagu principality vs British Empire|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|isbn=9788192914213|location=Madikeri, Kodagu|pages=64–81|language=English}}</ref> British rule led to the establishment of educational institutions, introduction of scientific coffee cultivation, better administration and improvement of the economy.<ref name=Belliappa>{{cite news|last1=Belliappa|first1=C P|title=Call for freedom from a tiny village|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/493150/call-freedom-tiny-village.html|access-date=7 August 2015|work=Deccan Herald|issue=Bangalore|date=4 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda Nitin|title=Kodagu principality vs British Empire|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|isbn=9788192914213|location=Madikeri, Kodagu|pages=81–88|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=Long ago in Coorg|publisher=Pothi books|year=2014|isbn=9788192914206|location=Chennai|pages=170–319|language=English}}</ref> This reference notwithstanding - we should remember that the colonial rule by the British in India was about exploitation of resources and Kodagu provided a lot of scope for economic benefits to a colonising empire.

==Demographics==
[[File:Kodavas.jpeg|thumb|Kodavas, 1875, from: "The people of India: A series of photographic illustrations..." (New York Public Library).|left]]


{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,80,607|13=1911|14=1,74,976|15=1921|16=1,63,838|17=1931|18=1,63,327|19=1941|20=1,68,726|21=1951|22=2,29,405|23=1961|24=3,22,829|25=1971|26=3,78,291|27=1981|28=4,61,888|29=1991|30=4,88,455|31=2001|32=5,48,561|33=2011|34=5,54,519|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kodagu has a population of 554,519,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kodagu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/618/download/2120/DH_2011_2922_PART_A_DCHB_KODAGU.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the [[Solomon Islands]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Solomon Islands 571,890 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Wyoming 563,626
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> This ranks it 539 out of 640 districts in India in terms of population.<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|135|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 1.13%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Kodagu has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1019 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 82.52%. 14.61% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.27% and 10.47% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />
[[File:Kodava wedding.jpg|thumb|Kodava wedding|left]]

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kodagu district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|15.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|3.09}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}
}}

Hindus are the vast majority. They include the Kodava people, other Kodava language speakers, Arebhashe Gowdas, Brahmins, most Yeravas and Kurubas.
A huge minority of Muslims dot the Coorg district, especially the towns of [[Kushalanagar|Kushalnagar]], [[Virajpet]] and [[Madikeri|Mercara]]. A sizeable of them are the [[Nawayath]]s who shifted in the eighties from [[Bhatkal]] and [[Murdeshwar]] in order to pursue coffee & arecanut plantations and textile business. The numerous mosque dotting the landscape is the testimony of Muslim presence in the district.

A small number of [[Mangalorean Catholics]] are also found in Coorg.{{quantify|date=May 2019}} They are mostly descended from those [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Catholics who fled the roundup and, later, captivity by [[Tippu Sultan]]. These immigrants were welcomed by Raja Veerarajendra (himself a former captive of Tippu Sultan, having escaped six years of captivity in 1788) who realising their usefulness and expertise as agriculturists, gave them lands and tax breaks and built a church for them.<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, p. 229</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kodagu district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 30.91 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Malayalam]] |value2 = 20.83 |color2 = cornflowerblue
|label3 = [[Kodava language|Kodava]] |value3 = 14.86 |color3 = teal
|label4 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]] |value4 = 8.92 |color4 = deepskyblue
|label5 = [[Arebhashe dialect|Are]] |value5 = 5.81 |color5 = navy
|label6 = [[Ravula language|Yerava]] |value6 = 4.66 |color6 = mediumaquamarine
|label7 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value7 = 4.23 |color7 = royalblue
|label8 = [[Urdu]] |value8 = 2.95 |color8 = green
|label9 = [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]] |value9 = 1.74 |color9 = aqua
|label10 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value10 = 1.55 |color10 = steelblue
|label11 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value11 = 1.16 |color11 = salmon
|label12 = Others |value12 = 2.38 |color12 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 30.91% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 20.83% [[Malayalam]], 14.86% [[Kodava language|Kodava]], 8.92% [[Tulu language|Tulu]], 5.81% [[Arebhashe dialect|Are]], 4.66% [[Ravula language|Yerava]], 4.23% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 2.95% [[Urdu]], 1.74% [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]], 1.55% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.16% [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Are Bhashe dialect|Are Bhashe]], a dialect of [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kodava language]] are native to Kodagu district. Kodava Language uses the Official Script Invented by [[I. M. Muthanna|Dr IM Muthanna]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arebhashe: Language with rich cultural history |url=https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/arebhashe-language-with-rich-cultural-history |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=News Karnataka |date=25 August 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">K S Rajyashree, Kodava speech community : An ethnolinguistic study</ref>

====Kodava people and other Kodava language speakers====
{{Main|Kodava people}}

[[File:Kodava Men Prepping to sing The "Balo Paat".jpg|thumb|Kodava folk singers]]
According to ''Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy'' (Karnataka's Kodava Literary Academy), apart from Kodavas, and their related groups, the ''Amma Kodavas'', the Kodava ''Peggade'' (Kodagu Heggade) and the Kodava ''Maaple'' ([[Maaple|Kodava Muslims]]), 18 other smaller-numbered ethnic groups speak Kodava Takk in and outside the district including the ''Iri'' (''Airi'', or the carpenters and the village smiths), the ''Koyava'', the ''Banna'', the Kodagu ''Madivala'' (washermen), the Kodagu ''Hajama'' (barber, also called Nainda), the ''Kembatti'' [[Holeya|Poleya]] (household servants and labourers) and the ''Meda'' (basket and mat weavers and drummers).<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/08/29/stories/2002082906010300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165116/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/08/29/stories/2002082906010300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=The Hindu|title=Will Kodava find a place in Eighth Schedule}}</ref>

Among other Kodava speaking communities are: the ''Heggades'', cultivators from shimogga; the ''Kodava Nair'', cultivators from Kerala State; the ''Ayiri'', who constitute the artisan caste; the ''Medas'', who are basket and mat-weavers and act as drummers at feasts; the ''Binepatta'', originally wandering musicians from Malabar, now farmers; and the ''Kavadi'', cultivators settled in Yedenalknad (Virajpet). All these groups speak the [[Kodava language]] and conform generally to Kodava customs and dress.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Kodagu Arebhashe Gowda====
{{Main|Kodagu Gowda}}

Less frequent are Tulu speakers [[Billava]]s, [[Mogaveeras]], [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Goud Saraswat Brahmins]].<ref name="The Hindu" />

The Arebhashe gowdas,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Mechanism of Adjustment of International Trade Balances|author=Herbert Feis|journal=The American Economic Review|volume= 16|number=4|date=Dec 1926|pages= 593–609|publisher =American Economic Association|jstor=1}}</ref> or ''Kodagu Gowdas'', and Tulu Gowdas, are an ethnic group of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and Kodagu. They live in Sulya (in Dakshina Kannada) and in parts of Somwarpet, Kushalanagar, Bhagamandala and Madikeri. They speak a language known as [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]] a dialect of [[Kannada]]. Guddemane Appaiah Gowda along with many other freedom fighters from different communities revolted against the [[British Empire|British]] in an armed struggle which covered entire Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada. This was one of the earliest freedom movements against the British<ref name="usiofindia.org">[http://www.usiofindia.org/article_Jan_Mar06_14.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217040800/http://www.usiofindia.org/article_Jan_Mar06_14.htm|date=17 December 2007}}</ref> called "[[sullia|Amara Sulliada Swantantrya Sangraama]]"<ref>South Kanara, 1799–1860 By N. Shyam Bhatt</ref> (''Amara Sulya Dhange''<ref name="usiofindia.org"/> formally called the 'Coorg Rebellion' by the British) started in 1837.<ref name=deccanherald316455>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/31/stories/2004103102280300.htm |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Madikeri News : Appaiah Gowda's feats to be remembered |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812013941/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/31/stories/2004103102280300.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901540300.htm |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Madikeri News : Appaiah Gowda memorial to honour freedom fighter |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105616/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901540300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/316458/account-uprising.html|title=Account of an uprising|date=4 March 2013|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/316455/fate-insurgents.html|title=Fate of the insurgents|date=4 March 2013|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:KNPark.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaveri River in Kushalnagara|left]]
[[File:Golden temple at Khushalnagar in Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright|Tibetan Buddhist Golden temple, in Bylakuppe near Kushalanagar|left]]

Kodagu is rated as one of the top hill station destinations in India. Some of the most popular tourist attractions in Kodagu include Talakaveri, Bhagamandala, Nisargadhama, [[Mallalli Falls]], [[Abbey Falls]], [[Dubare]], [[Nagarhole National Park|Nagarahole National Park]], [[Irupu Falls|Iruppu Falls]], and the Tibetan Buddhist Golden Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/tourists-throng-favourite-destinations-to-welcome-2020-790328.html|title=Tourists throng favourite destinations to welcome 2020|date=31 December 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

*[[Talakaveri]] is the place where the [[River Kaveri]] originates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The temple on the riverbanks here is dedicated to Lord Brahma, and is one of only two temples dedicated to Brahma in India and Southeast Asia. [[Bhagamandala]] is situated at the Sangama (confluence) of two rivers, the Kaveri and the Kannika. A third river, the Sujyothi, is said to join from underground, and hence this spot is called the Triveni Sangama. [[Iruppu Falls]] is a sacred Kodagu Hindu spot in South Kodagu in the Brahmagiri hill range. The [[Lakshmana Tirtha River]], with the waterfalls, flows nearby and has a Rameshwara temple on its banks. It is said that this sacred river was created when Laxmana, prince of Ayodhya and younger brother of Lord Rama, shot an arrow into nearby hill, the [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri hill]]. Chelavara falls and Thadiandamol peak are also in South Kodagu. [[Nagarhole National Park|Nagarahole]] is a national park and wildlife resort.
*[[Madikeri]] is the capital of the district and [[Raja's Seat]] park is popular with tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Madikeri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Madikeri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> Kootu Poley dam is also popular among tourists. Omkareshwara Temple is a beautiful temple built in the Indo-Sarcenic style in Coorg. A legend is associated with the temple, built by Lingarajendra II in 1820 CE. The king put to death a pious Brahmin who dared to protest against his misdeeds. The spirit of the dead man began to plague the king day and night. On the advice of wise men, the king built this temple and installed a Shivalinga procured from Kashi, North India. [[St. Mark's Church, Mercara|St. Mark's Church]] is located within the [[Madikeri Fort|Mercara Fort]] and was raised in 1859, by the officers and men of the [[East India Company]]. The building was funded by the Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]],<ref name=PennyIII>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras: being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1835 to 1861: Volume III|date=1922|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=98|url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> and placed under the [[Church of England]] in India, Diocese of Madras.<ref name=Lords>{{cite journal|title=Churches Vested in The Crown: Diocese of Madras|journal=Lords Sitting of 31 May 1927|volume=67|issue=5|page=cc650-1|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1927/may/31/diocese-of-chota-nagpur|date=31 May 1927|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> The Church was closed after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], and taken over by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in 1971.<ref name=KSAD>{{cite web|title=Museums in Karnataka|url=http://www.karnatakaarchaeology.gov.in/History_Museums.html|website=Government of Karnataka: Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage|access-date=21 August 2015|year=2015|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018012007/http://www.karnatakaarchaeology.gov.in/History_Museums.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building now houses the Madikeri Fort Museum, managed by the Karnataka State Archaeological Department.<ref name=Madur>{{cite web|last1=Madur|title=Madikeri Fort, Coorg|url=http://www.karnataka.com/coorg/madikeri-fort/|website=Karnataka|access-date=20 August 2015|date=13 October 2014}}</ref>
*[[Dubare]] is mainly an elephant-capturing and training camp of the Forest Department at the edge of Dubare forest; on the bank of the river [[Kaveri]] along the [[Kushalanagara]] – Siddapura road.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.junglelodges.com/index.php/resorts/dubare.html |title=[Jungle Lodges and Resorts Ltd]-[Wildlife and Adventure Ecotourism Destination] |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032718/http://www.junglelodges.com/index.php/resorts/dubare.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Nisargadhama]] is a man-made island and picnic spot near [[Kushalanagara]], formed by the river [[Kaveri]]. [[Namdroling Monastery|The Tibetan Buddhist Golden Temple]] is at Bylakuppe(Mysore district) near Kushalnagara, in the Tibetan refugee settlement.
*[[Abbey Falls]] is a scenic waterfall 5 km from [[Madikeri]]. [[Mallalli falls]] is 25 km from Somawarapet, downhill of the Pushpagiri hills.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/nature/abbey-falls-a-tourists-delight |title=Abbey falls: A tourist's delight |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004053913/https://www.newskarnataka.com/nature/abbey-falls-a-tourists-delight |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mandalapatti is 28 km from Madikeri. On the way to Abbey Falls, before 3 km from Abbey Falls take right, from there 25 km. Kote Betta temple, Kote Abbey falls are also in North Kodagu. Abbi waterfall and other [[waterfall]]s are best during [[monsoon]] season, typically some days after it starts raining in June up to the end of [[rainy season]], while there is more water gushing in the streams and rivers.<ref name=20160729trayaan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trayaan.com/2016/07/a-trip-to-coorg-kodagu-karnataka-in-monsoon-rains.html|title=A trip to Coorg during Monsoon|date=29 July 2016|website=Trayaan|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of Kodavas}}

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

===Armed Forces===


* [[Apparanda Aiyappa]], first Signal Officer in chief & first Chairman of [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]]
* Air Marshal [[K. C. Cariappa]]
* Field Marshal [[K. M. Cariappa]]
* [[Ajjamada B. Devaiah|Squadron Leader Ajjamada Boppayya Devayya]], fighter pilot
* [[Mangerira Chinnappa Muthanna]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dinesh |first1=B C |title=Dedicated to nation's defence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/20/dedicated-to-nations-defence-212491.html |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Biddanda Chengappa Nanda]]
* [[Bansi Ponnappa|C.B. Ponnappa]]
* [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]]
* [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya]]

===Sports===


* [[Len Aiyappa]] - Indian field hockey player.<ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey: Len gives up on India |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Hockey-Len-gives-up-on-India/articleshow/1406937.cms |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 9 February 2006 |accessdate= 17 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Neravanda Aiyappa]] - Cricketer
* [[K. P. Appanna]] - Cricketer
* [[Rohan Bopanna]], Indian tennis player
* [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|K. C. Cariappa]], professional cricketer
* [[Joshna Chinappa]] - Indian [[Squash (sport)|squash]] player <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psaworldtour.com/players/view/7884/joshna-chinappa|title=Joshna Chinappa - Professional Squash Association|website=psaworldtour.com|language=en|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[M. P. Ganesh]] (Mollera Poovaiah Ganesh), Indian hockey captain, player and coach
* [[B. P. Govinda]] (Billimoga Puttaswamy Govinda), Indian hockey player
* [[Arjun Halappa]], Indian hockey captain and player
* [[Ashwini Nachappa]], Indian athlete, Arjuna awardee
* [[Jagat and Anita Nanjappa]] - motor racers<ref>{{cite news |title=Racing duo on full throttle - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/racing-duo-on-full-throttle/articleshow/549127404.cms |website=The Times of India |date=21 January 2002 |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=K - 1000 anyone? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/08/05/stories/2004080501470400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 August 2004 |accessdate=13 July 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Ashwini Ponnappa]], Indian badminton player
* [[V. R. Raghunath]] (Vokkaligara Ramachandra Raghunath), Indian hockey player
* [[M. M. Somaya]] (Maneyapanda Muthanna Somaya) - Indian field hockey player.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/007200906241782.htm|title=Olympians join forces to wrest control of MHA|date=24 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 December 2009|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155235/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/007200906241782.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[A. B. Subbaiah]] (Anjaparavanda Bopaiah Subbaiah) - Indian field hockey goalkeeper and coach<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |title=Why Kodavas, who once blazed through the hockey pitch and Army battles, are abandoning both - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-kodavas-who-once-blazed-through-the-hockey-pitch-and-army-battles-are-abandoning-both/articleshow/69482855.cms |accessdate=10 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=24 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[S. V. Sunil]] (Somwarpet Vittalacharya Sunil), Indian hockey player
* [[Robin Uthappa]], Indian cricketer

===Politics===


* [[K. G. Bopaiah]] (Kombarana Ganapathy Bopaiah), 18th [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly#List of Speakers|Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Prema Cariappa]], first woman Mayor of Bangalore, Rajya Sabha MP
* [[Mantar Gowda]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Madikeri
* [[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]], freedom fighter and politician
* [[A. S. Ponnanna]], [[Virajpet]] MLA
* [[C M Poonacha]] (Cheppudira Muthanna Poonacha) Gandhian, Freedom fighter, politician.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Trilochan |title=Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India. [Northen India and Parliament] |date=1952 |publisher=Arunam & Sheel |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y40MAAAAYAAJ&q=C+M+Poonacha&pg=PA109 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Dr Melkunde |title=A HISTORY OF FREEDOM AND UNIFICATION MOVEMENT IN KARNATAKA |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781329825017 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG1mCwAAQBAJ&q=C+M+Poonacha&pg=PA191 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Appachu Ranjan]], politician
* [[R. Gundu Rao]], Chief Minister of Karnataka
* [[N. Somanna]] (Nidyamale Somanna), lawyer and politician

===Cinema===


* [[Daisy Bopanna]], actress
* [[Aditi Chengappa]], actress
* [[Shwetha Chengappa]], actress
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]], actress
* [[Harshika Poonacha]], actress
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]], actress
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], actress

===Civil Services===


* [[A. S. Bopanna]], Judge of Supreme court
*Diwan Bahadur [[Ketoli Chengappa]], administrator (Chief Commissioner of Coorg province)<ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm |website=www.worldstatesmen.org |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=http://rulers.org/indprov.html |website=rulers.org |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[B. B. Ashok Kumar]], Retd. [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] of Bengaluru
* [[P. K. Monnappa]], first [[Inspector General of Police]] of [[Hyderabad State]] following [[Operation Polo]]
* [[C. B. Muthamma]], first woman officer [[Indian Foreign Service]]
* [[C. G. Somiah]] was the first IAS Officer from [[Coorg]] to rise to be the Home Secretary, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) and Comptroller and Auditor General.<ref name="confident">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=A K|title=The confidential bureaucrat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-confidential-bureaucrat-110090900070_1.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 September 2010}}</ref>

=== Religion ===


* [[Swami Narayanananda]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narayanananda |first1=swami |title=Autobiography of Swami Narayanananda |date=2002 |publisher=N.U. Yoga Trust |isbn=9788779112193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiorQwAACAAJ&q=Swami+Narayanananda |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kalyatanda Ponnappa]] (c.1600) religious leader and warrior
* [[Swami Shambhavananda]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muthanna |first1=I. M. |title=The Coorg Memoirs (the Story of the Kodavas): Muthanna Speaks Out |date=1971 |publisher=Copies available at Usha Press |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLEcAAAAMAAJ&q=Swami+Shambhavananda+coorg |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckerlegge |first1=Gwilym |title=Colonialism, Modernity, and Religious Identities: Religious Reform Movements in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195692143 |pages=136, 137, 139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=Swami+Shambhavananda |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Appayya Swamigalu]] (1885–1956), (born of Kodava parents) founder of Kaveri Ashram<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kamath|title=Karnataka State gazetteer, Volume 20|date=1993|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|location=Bangalore|page=659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCELAQAAIAAJ&q=thimmayya+kodava|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Literature ===


* [[Nadikerianda Chinnappa]], folklore compiler<ref name="hindu story time" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venkatesha |first1=M N |title=Pattole Palame: Kodava Culture – Folksongs and Traditions |journal=Indian Folklore Research |pages=124–129 |url=http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/download/182/189 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713044914/http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/download/182/189 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[B D Ganapathy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Congress |first1=The Library of |title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81114543.html |website=id.loc.gov |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B D Ganapathi |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-114543/ |website=Worldcat |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Appachcha Kavi]] (also called Appachu Kavi), playwright<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Biswajit |title=South Indian theatre |date=2007 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=9788186208540 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kloqAQAAIAAJ&q=appachu+kavi |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[I. M. Muthanna]] author and translator<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Anil |title=Coorgis' peaceful agitation now to extend to French embassy |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/011118/coorgis-peaceful-agitation-now-to-extend-to-french-embassy.html |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=The Asian Age |date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Will Kodagu, heaven on earth, cease to exist ? |url=https://starofmysore.com/will-kodagu-heaven-on-earth-cease-to-exist/ |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=Star of Mysore |date=23 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa]], translators, authors<ref name="hindu story time">{{cite news |title=It's story time, folks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/10/16/stories/2003101600630300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 October 2003 |accessdate=13 July 2019 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Others===


* [[Pandyanda Belliappa]] (also called Pandianda Belliappa or P I Belliappa) Gandhian, freedom fighter, politician, journalist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nehru |first1=Jawaharlal |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 16 July 1952 – 18 October 1952 |date=1996 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |isbn=9780195641936 |page=528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zQIAAAAIAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Press in India |date=1958 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9EfAQAAIAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa&pg=PA299 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQZDAAAAYAAJ&q=P+I+Belliappa |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Biddu]] is a Kodava (Coorgi) by birth. He is a British Indian musician and winner of Grammy award.
* [[Saleem Farook]], tribal rights activist
* [[Guddemane Appaiah Gowda]], 19th century freedom fighter
* [[Kodagina Gowramma]], noted writer
* [[N. S. Narendra]], Firepro founder<ref>{{cite news |title=N.S. Narendra: The Fire Fighter |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/ns-narendra-the-fire-fighter/23912/1 |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Panasonic acquires 76% stake in Firepro Systems |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/panasonic-acquires-76-stake-in-firepro-systems/articleshow/13094230.cms |accessdate=13 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 May 2012}}</ref>
* [[Nima Poovaya-Smith]], museum curator, art historian and writer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Belliappa |first1=CP |title=C.P. Belliappa interviews Dr Nima-Poovaya Smith, founder of Alchemy, involved in promoting art in UK |url=http://www.coorgtourisminfo.com/c-p-belliappas-column/c-p-belliappa-interviews-dr-nima-poovaya-smith-founder-alchemy-involved-promoting-art-uk |publisher=Coorg Tourism |access-date=25 November 2022 |date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125230012/http://www.coorgtourisminfo.com/c-p-belliappas-column/c-p-belliappa-interviews-dr-nima-poovaya-smith-founder-alchemy-involved-promoting-art-uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Coorg | year=1953
| title= Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 | publisher=Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6036/1/42086_1951_COO.pdf
}}

* Belliappa, C. P. ''Tale of a Tiger's Tail & Others Yarns from Coorg''. English.
* Belliappa, C. P. ''Victoria Gowramma''. English.
* Bopanna, P. T. ''Kodagu: Mungaru Maleya Vismayada Nadu''/ ''Discover Coorg''. Kannada/ English.
* Bopanna, P. T. ''Coorg State: Udaya-Pathana'' / ''Coorg State''. Kannada/ English.
* Ganapathy, B. D. ''Kodagu mattu Kodavaru''. Kannada. 1962.
* Ganapathy, B. D. ''Nanga Kodava''. Kodava. 1973.
* Kushalappa, Mookonda. "The early Coorgs". Chennai: Notion Press. 2013.
* Kushalappa, Mookonda. "Long ago in Coorg". Chennai: Pothi books. 2014.
* [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]]. ''[[On a Shoestring to Coorg]]''.
* Puttur Anantharaja Gowda (2015). ''IN PURSUIT OF OUR ROOTS''. Bengaluru: Tenkila Publications.
* [[N Prabhakaran]]. ''Kutaku kurippukal (Coorg Notes)''. Kannur: Kairali Books.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Coorg|volume=7|pages=91–92}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kodagu district}}
{{wikivoyage|Kodagu}}
* [http://kodagu.nic.in/ Kodagu district website]

{{Kodagu (Coorg) topics|state=expanded}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kodagu district| ]]
[[Category:Kodava Takk]]
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Raebareli

2026-02-21T01:59:35Z

KateHinson76890: created new data

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli
| other_name = KVRBL
| image = Main Building of Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Main Building of Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli
| motto = Tat vam Pooshan Apaavrunu
| motto_translation = Lord Remove the covering so that the Seeker may see the Truth
| location = [[Raebareli]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord | 26.211029|81.255366|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date|1973|04|08|df=y}}
| sister_school = All [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s across [[India]]
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| authority = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|MHRD]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]
| schooltype = Public Sector
| founder = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| principal = Ssnjeev Kumar Agarwal (09/11/2017 - )
| chairman = Vaibhav Srivastava, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]] [[District Magistrate]] [[Raebareli]]
| classes_offered = I-XII
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| song =
| houses = Subhash, Tagore, Ashoka, Raman
| campus_type = [[co-educational]]
| colors = Maroon(school colour), Blue, Green, Yellow and Red {{color box|maroon}}{{color box|green}}{{color box|blue}}{{color box|yellow}}{{color box|red}}
| website = {{URL|https://raebareli.kvs.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli''' is a school in [[Raebareli]] run by [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sanghathan]], an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of HRD]]. The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. A civil sector Kendriya Vidyalaya, the school is situated in the peaceful area of Civil Lines Raebareli. The school is roughly at half a mile distance from the [[National Highway 30 (India) (new numbering)|NH 30]] connecting [[Lucknow]] and [[Allahabad]]. It was inaugurated in 1973 and two other Kendriya Vidyalaya in [[Raebareli District]].

==History==
[[File:Indira_Gandhi_inagurating_Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Raebareli.gif|thumb|Inauguration of Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli by Smt. Indira Gandhi on 8 April 1973]] Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli was inaugurated by then Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi|Smt. Indira Gandhi]] on 8 April 1973.<ref name="Source 01">{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-aboutus |title=About us |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-27 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317005041/http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-aboutus |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was also the [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)]] at that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html |title=General (5th Lok Sabha) Election Results India |accessdate=2016-07-27 }}</ref> The school was the first [[Government of India|central government]] sponsored school in Raebareli and remained the only one before [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] was established in 1986 in Maharajganj, Raebareli.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnvraebareli.org/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206084211/http://jnvraebareli.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-12-06 |title=About us |publisher=[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] |accessdate=2016-07-27 }}</ref>
The primary (Classes I-V) building of the school is located near [[Indian Telephone Industries|ITI]], Raebareli and was established in year 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://schoolspedia.com/website/kendriya-vidyalaya-doorbhash-ngr-raebareli |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Doorbhash Ngr Raebareli Up |accessdate=2016-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917020952/http://schoolspedia.com/website/kendriya-vidyalaya-doorbhash-ngr-raebareli |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
Since the academic session of 2011-12 the school has started operating in two shifts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gconnect.in/orders-in-brief/kv-orders-in-brief/kendriya-vidyalaya-operated-in-second-shift.html |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya operated in Second Shift |date=2013-03-13 |accessdate=2016-07-27 }}</ref>

==Administration==
Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli is one of the 43 schools under the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan(KVS) Lucknow Region. KVS Lucknow region is one of the 25 regions under the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvsrolucknow.org.in/english-directories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171432/http://www.kvsrolucknow.org.in/english-directories |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-06-09 |title=Directories |publisher=[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] |accessdate=2016-07-25 }}</ref> According to the latest guidelines by Kendriya Vidyalaya the school must constitute a Vidyalaya Management Committee(VMC) for its general supervision and day-to-day management. As the Vidyalaya is located in civil sector District Magistrate Raebareli serves as the Chairman of VMC and roughly have 15 members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/edu-code-25-04-13.pdf |title=Revision of Education Code for Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan |publisher=[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] |accessdate=2016-07-28 }}</ref> Shri. Surya Pal Gangwar District Magistrate Raebareli is currently the chairman of VMC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-vmc |title=VMC MEMBERS |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-28 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020135007/http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-vmc |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
The [[Headmaster|principal]] serves as the administrative head of the school. The vice-principal of the school assists the principal in matters of academic co-ordination and maintenance of school, who works under the overall guidance of the principal. The headmaster is responsible for running primary sections under the overall guidance of the principal and serves as a supervisor of the Primary Department.

==Academics and facilities==
The school is operated in two shifts, namely '''Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli Shift-I''' and '''Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli Shift-II'''. The shift I operate from 07:00 AM to 12:30 PM, while Shift II from 12:30 PM to 06:00 PM. The same infrastructure is used by both the shifts and the teachers as well other staff are different for both the shifts, but Shri Brij Lal currently acts as the [[Head teacher|principal]] of both the shifts. 
Classes offered here are from I to XII. There are five sections for I class to X class, with the fifth section being approved in August 2009. Three streams [[Science education|Science]], [[Humanities]], and [[Commerce]] are offered at the Senior Secondary level (Class XI-XII).
The school has 59 classrooms along with separate rooms for extracurricular and co-curricular activities like [[art]], [[Socially Useful Productive Work|S.U.P.W.]], [[music]], [[yoga]], and [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Scout & Guide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-facilities |title=Infrastructural Facilities |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-28 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901065238/http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-facilities |url-status=dead }}</ref> Physics, Chemistry and Biology [[Laboratory|Laboratories]] are present for scientific experimentation and measurement. Junior Science Lab and Computer Labs are also there to assist students in understanding elementary science and computer education.<ref name="Source 01"/>
The school has a [[shooting sports|shooting range]] and a room for other indoor games, such as [[chess]], [[carrom]], and [[table tennis]].
Grounds, field, and other facilities exist for outdoor games like [[volleyball]], [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[basketball]], [[handball]], [[kho-kho]], [[kabaddi]], and [[badminton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-gamesandsports |title=Games and Sports |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-27 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901065515/http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-gamesandsports |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Faculty==
The school has teaching staff in three categories: Post-Graduate Teachers (PGTs), Trained Graduate Teachers (TGTs) and Primary Teachers (PRTs). There are 75 teachers in '''Shift I''' and 25 teachers in '''Shift II''' along with other supporting staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-staff |title=LIST OF STAFF MEMBERS |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-28 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919193515/http://www.kvraebareli.org/english-staff |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraebareli.org/shiftII/english-staff |title=Staff Members |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli |accessdate=2016-07-28 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919140225/http://www.kvraebareli.org/shiftII/english-staff |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px>
Image: School Uniform of Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli.jpg| School Uniform of Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli
Image: Statue of Goddess Saraswati at Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli.jpg| Statue of Goddess Saraswati at Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli
</gallery>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
* [[NCERT]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ Official website|http://www.kvraebareli.org/|name=Kendriya Vidyalaya Raebareli}}
* {{ Official website|http://www.kvsrolucknow.org.in/|name=Kendriya Vidyalaya Lucknow Region}}
* {{ Official website |http://kvsangathan.nic.in/|name=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan}}
* {{Official website|http://mhrd.gov.in/|name=Ministry of HRD}}

[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raebareli]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Yamini Singh (Hindi actress)

2026-02-12T06:20:42Z

KateHinson76890: New a bio - done

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yamini Singh
| image = YaminiSingh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1990–present
| spouse =
| children = {{unbulleted list|Dhruv}}
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Yamini Singh''' is an Indian film and television actress who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films and television.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |last1=Seth |first1=Kriti |title=My son calls me a supermom |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/My-son-calls-me-a-supermom/articleshow/3007077.cms? |access-date=10 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2008}}</ref> Her first film role came in [[K. Bikram Singh]]'s ''[[Tarpan (film)|Tarpan]]'' (1994), also starring [[Om Puri]], [[Revathi]], [[Manohar Singh]] and [[Mita Vashisht]]. Some of her television shows are: ''Bandhan'' (1999), ''[[Daaman]]'' (2001), ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go]]'' (2015), ''[[Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari]]'' (2009), ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]'' (2007) and ''[[Jhoome Jiiya Re]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite news |title='Hari Mirchi Laal Mirchi' Yamini Singh to play the role of Rinku's mother |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k7/jan/janrel4.htm |publisher=IndianTelevision.com |date=3 January 2007}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh debuted in the [[K. Bikram Singh]]'s ''[[Revathi]]'' and the [[Mita Vashisht]]-starred film ''[[Tarpan (film)|Tarpan]]'' (1994), where she played the role of [[Om Puri]]'s daughter. After this, she played the character of "Lovely" in the TV series ''Colgate Top 10''.

She has acted in soap operas including: ''Bandhan'', ''[[Daaman]]'', ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'', ''[[Koshish - Ek Aashaa]]'', ''[[Shehnai]]'', ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sahara One|Hukum Mere Aaka]]'', ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]'', ''[[Deepti Bhatnagar|Shaadi Street]]'', ''[[List of programs broadcast by DD National|Hari Mirchi Laal Mirchi]]'', ''Hum Hai Na La-Jawab'', ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]'', ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]'', ''Bidaai'', ''[[Jhoome Jiiya Re]]'', ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]'', ''[[Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari]]'' and ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=A TV show about a young boy and his friendship with a car |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=A-TV-show-about-a-young-boy-and-28102015110018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111000321/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=A-TV-show-about-a-young-boy-and-28102015110018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सब टीवी का 'चलती का नाम गाड़ी, लेट्स गो! 'आपके घर आने के लिए बिल्कुल तैयार |url=http://www.mayapurionline.com/%E2%80%8Bsab-tvs-chalti-ka-naam-gaadi-lets-go-gears-up-to-drive-right-into-your-home/ |work=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]] |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721074813/http://www.mayapurionline.com/%E2%80%8Bsab-tvs-chalti-ka-naam-gaadi-lets-go-gears-up-to-drive-right-into-your-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Bharatsingh |title='हरी मिर्ची...' में अब यामिनी सिंह |url=http://xn--j2beko0a2dfo5c.com/television-news/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-107042100003_1.htm |access-date=10 January 2017 |publisher=WebDuniya |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112180512/http://xn--j2beko0a2dfo5c.com/television-news/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-107042100003_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has also had episodic roles in ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' on [[Life OK]]. She appeared in several advertisements, and had a role in a play called ''Silsilay'' at [[Mallika Sarabhai]]'s [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts|Natrani]].<ref name="timesofindia"/>

In the 2018 Hindi feature film [[Evening Shadows]] directed by [[Sridhar Rangayan]] and produced by [[Solaris Pictures]], Yamini Singh plays the role of Sarita, a South Indian woman who tries to look at the brighter side of life, despite coming from a broken marriage due to domestic violence.<ref>{{cite news |title='Evening Shadows' Trailer Raises Hopes of LGBT Community and Parents: Watch |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/evening-shadows-trailer-raises-hopes-of-lgbt-community-and-parents/article_d1ff8676-5516-11e7-8ff8-73ad634496e6.html |website=India West |date=19 June 2017 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203065300/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/evening-shadows-trailer-raises-hopes-of-lgbt-community-and-parents/article_d1ff8676-5516-11e7-8ff8-73ad634496e6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Director
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Tarpan (film)|Tarpan]]'' || rowspan="7" | Hindi || [[K. Bikram Singh]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' || [[Mehul Kumar]]
|-
| 2006 || ''Jai Santoshi Maa'' || Ahmed Siddiqui
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'' || [[Satish Kaushik]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Evening Shadows]]'' || [[Sridhar Rangayan]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Pagglait]]''||Umesh Bist
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title
!Role!! Network
|-
| 1990 || ''Bandhan''
| || [[DD National]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Daaman]]''
| || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2000-2002 || ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
| || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2000-2002 || ''[[Koshish - Ek Aashaa]]''
| || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2001 || ''Shehnai''
| || [[DD National]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sahara One|Hukum Mere Aaka]]''
| || [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]''
| || [[DD National]]
|-
| 2006-2007 || ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''
| || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Deepti Bhatnagar|Shaadi Street]]''
| || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Hum Haen Na LaJawab]]''
| || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]''
| || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]''
| || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2007-2010 || ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
| || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Jhoome Jiiya Re]]''
| || [[Zee Next]]
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
| || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari]]''
| || [[Color]]s
|-
| 2015-2016 || ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go]]''
| || [[SAB TV]]
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''
| || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Gandii Baat]]''
|Eekha
|[[ALTBalaji]]{{Br}}[[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Internet Wala Love]]''
| || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2018–19 || ''[[Krishna Chali London]]''
| || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-promo-of-star-plus-upcoming-show-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/ |title=In Video: Promo of Star Plus' upcoming show Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey |website=Biz Asia |date=November 2021}}</ref>
| || [[Star Plus]]
|-
|2023-2024
|''[[Mann Atisundar]]''
|
|[[Dangal TV]]
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood|Biography|Film}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2223822}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yamini}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Riya Sharma

2026-02-10T03:05:57Z

KateHinson76890: bio

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riya Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1998|10|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]],'' ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]'', ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
}}

'''Riya Sharma''' is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut in 2018 with ''[[Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie]]'' portraying Chinki Tandon. She is best known for her portrayal of Dr. Mayura Dubey Shukla in ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]'', [[Kashibai]] in ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]'' and Rajkumari Tarapriya in ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tv-celebrities-debutants-in-2020-list-of-new-comers-tv-actors-and-actresses-in-2020-1392030/amp|work=ABP Live|access-date=7 May 2021|title=2020 TV Debutants: From Riya Sharma To Kanika Kapur, Stars Who Made Their Small Screen Debut}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sharma was born and brought up in [[Nagpur]].
Her mother's name is Pratima Sharma. She couldn't complete her graduation as she had skipped her college's third years final exam to pursue acting.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-skipped-my-graduation-exam-to-become-an-actress-dhruv-taras-riya-sharma/articleshow/98562299.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en |title=Exclusive- I skipped my graduation exam to become an actress: Dhruv Tara's Riya Sharma }}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma made her acting debut in 2018 with ''[[Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie]]'' portraying Chinki Tandon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! All Episodes Of SAB TV's 'Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie'|work=Sony LIV|access-date=17 July 2019|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/saat-phero-ki-hera-pherie-1700000153}}</ref>

In 2020, she portrayed Sunaina in ''[[Maharaj Ki Jai Ho!]]'' opposite [[Satyajeet Dubey]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/satyajeet-dubey-rajesh-kumar-in-sci-fi-comedy-maharaj-ki-jai-ho/articleshow/74781056.cms|title=Satyajeet Dubey, Rajesh Kumar and Riya Sharma in sci-fi comedy 'Maharaj Ki Jai Ho'|last=|first=|date=23 March 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> It ended in two months due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 August 2020|title='Audience is lapping up rustic, realistic & relatable content'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/audience-is-lapping-up-rustic-realistic-relatable-content/story-GaAkZyUZGTbW2VIlldaTjO.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

From 2020 to 2021, she portrayed Dr. Mayura Dubey Shukla in ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]'' opposite [[Sahil Uppal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! All Episodes Of Colors's Pinjara Khubsurti Ka On Voot|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/pinjara-khubsurti-ka/312075|access-date=20 May 2021|work=Voot}}</ref> She portrayed Mayura Goswami Vashisht in 2021, after the reincarnation track.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-reincarnation-track-to-be-introduced-in-pinjara-khubsurti-ka-the-show-will-swap-time-slots-with-bawara-dil/articleshow/83600713.cms |title= A reincarnation track to be introduced in Pinjara Khubsurti Ka; the show will swap time slots with Bawara Dil|work= timesofindia|date= 17 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> It proved as a major turning point in her career.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinjara Khubsurti Ka completes 200 episodes; Lead actors Riya Sharma and Saahil Uppal express gratitude|work=Pinkvilla|date=31 May 2021|access-date=2 June 2021|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pinjara-khubsurti-ka-completes-200-episodes-lead-actors-riya-sharma-and-saahil-uppal-express-gratitude-759299?amp|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531202722/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pinjara-khubsurti-ka-completes-200-episodes-lead-actors-riya-sharma-and-saahil-uppal-express-gratitude-759299?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sharma started portraying [[Kashibai]] opposite Rohit Chandel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Chandel and Riya Sharma to play Bajirao and Kashibai post-leap in Kashibai Bajirao Ballal|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rohit-chandel-riya-sharma-play-bajirao-kashibai-post-leap-kashibai-bajirao-ballal/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=23 March 2022 }}</ref> in ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]'' from March 2022. The show ended in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashibai Bajirao Ballal is all set to bid adieu; Aishwarya Narkar, Riya Sharma and Rohit Chandel express gratitude to their fans!|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zee-tvs-show-kashibai-bajirao-ballal-set-bid-adieu-aishwarya-narkar-riya-sharma-rohit-chandel-express-gratitude-fans/}}</ref> In October 2022, she was seen portraying Dr. Tulika in ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'' opposite [[Pravisht Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Riya Sharma all set to create love trouble in 'Banni Chow Home Delivery' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharma-all-set-to-create-love-trouble-in-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/94959367.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |date=19 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma was last seen portraying Rajkumari Tarapriya Singh in ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]'' opposite [[Ishaan Dhawan]] from 2023 to 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharmas-track-in-banni-chow-wraps-up-in-two-months-she-signs-another-tv-show/articleshow/96151826.cms | title=Riya Sharma's track in Banni Chow wraps up in two months, she signs another TV show - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Trivedi | first1=Tanvi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhruv Tara - Samay Sadi se Pare {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Sony SAB |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQZdC07tiuk |website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Since June 2025, she playing Jhanak in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Jhanak]]'' opposite [[Arjit Taneja]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 May 2025|title=Jhanak: Arjit Taneja, Twinkle Arora, and Riya Sharma to play lead roles in Hiba Nawab starrer?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/jhanak-arjit-taneja-twinkle-arora-and-riya-sharma-to-play-lead-roles-in-hiba-nawab-starrer-3170668/|access-date=3 June 2025|work=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref>

Sharma made her film debut with Disha Jha's ''Konman'' opposite [[Adhyayan Suman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fraud Saiyaan producer Disha Jha comes up with her new movie 'Konman'|work=Outlook|date=4 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/fraud-saiyaan-producer-disha-jha-comes-up-with-her-new-movie-konman--news-76257/amp}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]''
|Madhavi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-21 |title=Riya Sharma: Delhi is the hub of shopping and eating, its vibes are so special |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharma-delhi-is-the-hub-of-shopping-and-eating-its-vibes-are-so-special/articleshow/90963566.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Konman}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Riya Sharma: Got to do a film and a TV show at the same time|work=Times Of India|date=21 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharma-delhi-is-the-hub-of-shopping-and-eating-its-vibes-are-so-special/articleshow/90963566.cms}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie]]''
| Chinki Tandon
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Maharaj Ki Jai Ho!]]''
| Sunaina
|rowspan="4"|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]''
| Dr. Mayura Dubey Shukla
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Telly Tattle: Riya Sharma talks about her role in Pinjara Khubsurti Ka|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/telly-tattle-riya-sharma-talks-about-her-role-in-pinjara-khubsurti-ka/22912237|access-date=2020-12-22|website=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Mayura Goswami Vashisht
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Pinjara Khubsurti Ka to go off air on August 6|access-date=15 July 2021|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pinjara-khubsurti-ka-to-go-off-air-on-august-6/articleshow/84290242.cms#_ga=2.34709857.1961641228.1660404638-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|date=10 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''
| [[Kashibai]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashibai actress Riya Sharma reveals how she creates her signature look |access-date=5 April 2022|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/kashibai-actress-riya-sharma-reveals-how-she-creates-her-signature-look/videoshow/90639833.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
| Dr. Tulika
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's not a cameo, I'm doing a full-fledged role in Banni Chow Home Delivery: Riya Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-not-a-cameo-im-doing-a-full-fledged-role-in-banni-chow-home-delivery-riya-sharma/articleshow/94643127.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Rajkumari Tarapriya Singh
|rowspan="3"|Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pic-riya-sharma-plays-a-17th-century-princess-in-the-new-show-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96460259.cms | title=Exclusive Pic! Riya Sharma plays a 17th century princess in the new show Dhruv Tara - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| Tara Shastri Seth
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Jhanak Bose Chatterjee
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sehgal|first1=Chirag|title=Arjit Taneja, Twinkle Arora, And Riya Sharma In Talks To Play Lead In Jhanak |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/movies/television/arjit-taneja-twinkle-arora-and-riya-sharma-confirmed-as-new-leads-in-jhanak-aa-9351056.html|access-date=3 June 2025|work=[[News 18]]|date=24 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11944482}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Riya}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Shiv Prakash Misra

2026-02-10T02:40:16Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name =Shiv Prakash Misra
|image =
|caption =
|fullname =
|country ={{flagu|IND}}
|residence =
|birth_date =24 February 1942
|birth_place =[[Secundrabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|height =
|college =
|turnedpro = 1961 (amateur)
|retired =1970
|plays =
|careerprizemoney =
|tennishofyear =
|tennishofid =
|website =
|singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=0|lost=0}}
|singlestitles = 3
|highestsinglesranking =
|currentsinglesranking =
|AustralianOpenresult =
|FrenchOpenresult =1R (1965, 1966)
|Wimbledonresult =2R (1964)
|USOpenresult =3R (1964)
|Othertournaments =
|Olympicsresult =
|doublesrecord =
|doublestitles =
|highestdoublesranking =
|currentdoublesranking =
|grandslamsdoublesresults =
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult =
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|Mixed = 
|mixedrecord =
|mixedtitles =
|AustralianOpenMixedresult =
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}}

'''Shiv Prakash Misra''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2010 |title=Notes from the serve-and-volley era |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/Notes-from-the-serve-and-volley-era/article16145752.ece |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=The Hindu Online}}</ref> is a retired Indian tennis player and former [[Davis Cup]] captain.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2018 |title=India tennis team in fine form — Captain Shiv Prakash Misra |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/india-tennis-team-in-fine-form--captain-shiv-prakash-misra-1.1166721 |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> He was active on the [[ILTF World Circuit]] from 1961 to 1970 and won three singles titles. In addition he won a bronze medal in doubles at the 1966 [[Tennis at the 1966 Asian Games|Asian Games]] held in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Prakash Misra IND India |url=https://olympiandatabase.com/index.php/en/athletes-shiv-prakash-misra |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=Olympian Database}}</ref>

==Career singles (4)==
Included:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player: Shiv Prakash Misra |url=https://tennisarchives.com/player/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=Tennis Archives}}</ref>
===ILTF titles (3)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !!Tournament!!Location!!Surface!!Opponent!!Score
|-
|1964 ||Newport Casino Consolation ||[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]]||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Billy Lenoir]]||default
|-
|1966 ||[[Northumberland Championships]] ||[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]||Grass||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Brian Fairlie]]||6–3, 6–4
|-
|1968 ||[[Western India Championships]]||[[Bombay]]||Clay ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]]||1–6, 8–6, 9–7, 4–6, 6–3
|}

===ILTF finals (2)===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Year !!Tournament!!Location!!Surface!!Opponent!!Score
|-
|1968 ||Visakhapatnam Hard Court Championships ||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Clay||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bill Tym]]||3–6, 6–1, 3–6
|-
|1969<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 1969|title=Misra loses to Ferdinands|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIdlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA17&article_id=1383,468487|accessdate=7 February 2026}}</ref>||[[Ceylon Championships]]||[[Nuwara Eliya]]||Clay||{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rupert Ferdinands]]||6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–8, 1–6
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.atptour.com/en/players/shiv-prakash-misra/mq00/overview ATP Profile]
*[https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/shiv-prakash-misra/800174183/ind/mt/S/overview/ ITF Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Shiv}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Manjappada

2026-02-08T08:16:20Z

KateHinson76890: minor edit

{{Short description|Supporters' group of Kerala Blasters Football Club}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox sport supporter group
|name = Manjappada
|image = Manjappada logo.png
|image_size = 250px
|abbreviation = mjpd
|nickname = The 12th Man
|club = [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|type = [[Supporters' groups|Supporters' group]], [[Ultras]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]]
|location = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|established = {{start date and age|df=y|2014|5|27}}
|colours = {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|yellow|border=darkred
}}
|stand = East Gallery
|website = {{URL|https://manjappada.in/}}
}}

'''Manjappada''' ({{Translation|Yellow Army}}; {{IPA|ml|mɐɲːɐpːɐɖɐ|lang|Manjappada.ogg}}) is an organised [[Supporters' groups|supporters' group]] of the [[Kochi]]-based professional [[Association football|football]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC]], which competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top-tier league of [[Football in India|Indian football]]. One of the largest and most active sports fan groups in the country, Manjappada received the [[Indian Sports Honours]] Fan Club of the Year award three times, in 2017, 2019 and 2024.

Founded in 2014 as a [[Facebook]] page, Manjappada later expanded and have branches in each of [[Kerala]]'s 14 districts and in 17 other [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]]; [[Malayali|Keralites]] in 71 other countries are also part of the group. Manjappada is also known for having one of the largest groups of travelling fans in the country, and their presence in the stadium is often called a yellow sea as they wear as much yellow as possible during the matches of the Blasters. In the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]] season, they displayed a 11752 sq ft [[tifo]], which is now far the second largest tifo displayed during a football match in Asia.

The group has also been supporting the [[India national football team]] in matches at home and abroad. They were recognised by the [[Asian Football Confederation]] for their support of the Indian team at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Manjappada is also known for their engagement in activities other than supporting the Blasters. Since 2022, the group have developed a rivalry with the supporters group of [[Bengaluru FC]], West Block Blues.

==History==
Manjappada, which means ''Yellow Army'',<ref>{{cite web | last=MK | first=Mithun | title='Manjappada', the diehard Kerala Blasters fan group that's making waves | website=thenewsminute.com | date=7 November 2019 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manjappada-diehard-kerala-blasters-fan-group-s-making-waves-111908 | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074452/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manjappada-diehard-kerala-blasters-fan-group-s-making-waves-111908|archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> was founded on 27 May 2014 with a [[Facebook]] page created by three fans.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shukla | first=Kaushal | title=ISL 2016: Kerala Blasters' passionate Manjappada Fan Club the winners before the final | website=Firstpost | date=18 December 2016 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-passionate-manjappada-fan-club-the-winners-before-the-final-3161688.html | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033917/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-passionate-manjappada-fan-club-the-winners-before-the-final-3161688.html |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kerala Blasters had an average attendance of 49,000 during the [[2014 Indian Super League|inaugural season]] of the Indian Super League.<ref>{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=ISL 2014: Inaugural season attracts 1 million people; stands fourth across the globe in average attendance | website=India.com | date=28 November 2014 | url=https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2014-inaugural-season-attracts-1-million-people-stands-fourth-across-the-globe-in-average-attendance-205560/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022131147/https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2014-inaugural-season-attracts-1-million-people-stands-fourth-across-the-globe-in-average-attendance-205560/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2015, Manjappada began to co-ordinate more fans.<ref>{{cite web | title=James praises Manjappada fans, Gregory opens up about his counterpart | website=khelnow.com | date=22 February 2018 | url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2017-18-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-pre-match-press-conference/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012080519/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2017-18-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-pre-match-press-conference |archive-date=12 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Kerala's very own 'Manjappada' – ESPN Video | website=ESPN | date=11 November 2017 | url=https://www.espn.in/video/clip/_/id/3021306 | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=23 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723113841/https://www.espn.in/video/clip/_/id/3021306 | url-status=live }}</ref> The group played an important role, supporting Kerala Blasters during the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 Indian Super League season]] despite the club's poor performance.<ref>{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Kerala Blasters coach Peter Taylor quits after team's fourth straight loss | website=The Indian Express | date=28 October 2015 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kerala-blasters-coach-peter-taylor-quits-after-teams-fourth-straight-loss/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113104/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kerala-blasters-coach-peter-taylor-quits-after-teams-fourth-straight-loss/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> During that season, the Blasters recorded an average attendance of 52,000: the highest in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) history. Most of their games had an attendance of over 60,000.<ref>{{cite web | last=George | first=Dhruv | title=Has the Indian Super League awakened the sleeping giant? | website=EssentiallySports | date=23 December 2014 | url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/indian-super-league-woken-sleeping-giant/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202041247/https://www.essentiallysports.com/indian-super-league-woken-sleeping-giant/|archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Goal | title=Kerala Blasters' Kibu Vicuna: I hope we don't play behind closed doors | website=Goal.com | date=5 July 2020 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/kerala-blasters-kibu-vicuna-manjappada-behind-closed-doors/1kv81knjfldsu1dfdfjrfbnrj4 | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009031906/https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/kerala-blasters-kibu-vicuna-manjappada-behind-closed-doors/1kv81knjfldsu1dfdfjrfbnrj4|archive-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 2016, Manjappada became better organised; they expanded through a [[WhatsApp]] group which initially consisted of 50 members.<ref>{{cite web | author=Web Desk | title=Kerala Blasters fan group 'Manjappada' ends boycott | website=The Week | date=5 December 2018 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2018/12/05/Kerala-Blasters-fan-group-Manjappada-ends-boycott.html | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009143222/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2018/12/05/Kerala-Blasters-fan-group-Manjappada-ends-boycott.amp.html|archive-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സോമു പി ജോസഫ്: നാൽപ്പതോളം രാജ്യങ്ങളിലായി വ്യാപിച്ചുകിടക്കുന്ന 68,000 അംഗങ്ങളുള്ള, ശക്തമായ വാട്ട്‌സ്ആപ്പ് കമ്മ്യൂണിറ്റിയാണ് മഞ്ഞപ്പട |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/somu-p-joseph-manjappada-is-a-68000-strong-whatsapp-community-which-is-spread-across-40-45-countries |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Indian Super League |language=ml}}</ref> Fans throughout [[Kerala]] were connected with WhatsApp and branches were established in all the 14 [[List of districts of Kerala|districts of Kerala]] by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web | last=P S | first=Anandabhaskar |title=Yellow Army: Kerala Blasters' 12th man | website= newindianexpress.com | date=17 November 2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/nov/17/yellow-army-kerala-blasters-12th-man-1703163.html|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321020111/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/nov/17/yellow-army-kerala-blasters-12th-man-1703163.html|archive-date=21 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Zenith | first=Nived | title=ISL 2018–19: "The Manjappada are bigger than Red Star fans", claims Kerala Blasters defender Nemanja Lakic-Pesic | website=sportskeeda.com | date=29 September 2018 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-19-the-manjappada-are-bigger-than-red-star-fans-claims-kerala-blasters-defender-nemanja-lakic-pesic | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812125022/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-19-the-manjappada-are-bigger-than-red-star-fans-claims-kerala-blasters-defender-nemanja-lakic-pesic|archive-date=12 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later the group started expanding outside of Kerala which led to the founding of 17 [[States and union territories of India|states]] chapters across India.<ref>{{cite web | author=YkrisUnited | title=Kerala Blasters and Manjappada | website=Footie Nomads | date=15 November 2018 | url=https://footienomads.com/1524-2/ | access-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live | archive-date=14 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214230723/https://footienomads.com/1524-2/ }}</ref> [[Keralites]] in 64 other countries also became active in the fan club's international groups.<ref>{{cite web | last=MK | first=Mithun | title='Manjappada', the diehard Kerala Blasters fan group that's making waves | website=thenewsminute.com | date=7 November 2019 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manjappada-diehard-kerala-blasters-fan-group-s-making-waves-111908 | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074452/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manjappada-diehard-kerala-blasters-fan-group-s-making-waves-111908|archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fans brave heavy rain to cheer on Kerala Blasters all the way | website=newindianexpress.com | date=25 July 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2018/Jul/25/fans-brave-heavy-rain-to-cheer-on-kerala-blasters-all-the-way-1848257.html|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152207/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jul/25/fans-brave-heavy-rain-to-cheer-on-kerala-blasters-all-the-way-1848257.amp|archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manjappada also have one of India's largest travelling fan bases.<ref>{{cite web | title=The moulders of fan culture in Indian Football – Manjappada – Heart Beat of Kerala Blasters | website=Manjappada | date=21 January 2018 | url=https://manjappada.club/manjappada-the-moulders-of-fan-culture-in-indian-football/ | access-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live | archive-date=8 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008014013/https://manjappada.club/manjappada-the-moulders-of-fan-culture-in-indian-football/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Easwar | first=Nisanth V | title='More than half the stadium was yellow' – Kerala Blasters' Nishu Kumar awe-struck by fan rivalry | website=Goal.com | date=11 August 2020 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-nishu-kumar-manjappada-west-block-blues/1t1jfkfbm5fx711x9sutn81dsu | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113001430/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-nishu-kumar-manjappada-west-block-blues/1t1jfkfbm5fx711x9sutn81dsu|archive-date=13 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manjappada have a women's group, with members of various ages.<ref>{{cite web | title=Girl who loved football! | website=Indian Super League | date=5 August 2020 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/the-girl-who-loves-football | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920083722/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ml/news/the-girl-who-loves-football|archive-date=20 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The idea originated in early 2016, with the intention of developing [[Association football culture|football culture]] in the women in Kerala and eventually, the first WhatsApp group was formed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | title=Navya the Football Freak! | website=Indian Super League | date=26 August 2020 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/navya-the-real-football-freak | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215093441/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ml/news/navya-the-real-football-freak | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Around the same time, Manjappada had evolved into an [[ultras]] group and began using flares and smoke during matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Blasters Manjappada launch a new Anthem for ISL 4 |website=Khel Now |date=9 August 2017 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-fans-anthem-isl-4/ | access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009104258/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-fans-anthem-isl-4|archive-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergence and Evolution of Ultras in Indian football fans culture |website=Khel Now |date=3 October 2019 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-fans-ultras/|access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023095456/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-fans-ultras |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=M.P. Praveen | title=Kerala Blasters' fans raise the roof in Twitter | website=The Hindu | date=8 April 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-blasters-fans-raise-the-roof-in-twitter/article31292377.ece | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009031906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-blasters-fans-raise-the-roof-in-twitter/article31292377.ece |archive-date=9 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2019, Manjappada coordinated and brought forty-one busloads of their fans across Kerala to the venue of [[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20 season]] opener match.<ref>{{cite web | title=There's something about Manjappada fans, says Patrick Owomoyela | website=Indian Super League | date=8 November 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/theres-something-about-manjappada-fans-says-patrick-owomoyela | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008165036/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/theres-something-about-manjappada-fans-says-patrick-owomoyela |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Ogbeche brace helps Kerala down ATK in Hero ISL 2019–20 opener | website=Indian Super League | date=20 October 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/ogbeche-brace-helps-kerala-down-atk-in-hero-isl-2019-20-opener | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003081101/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/ogbeche-brace-helps-kerala-down-atk-in-hero-isl-2019-20-opener |archive-date=3 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Tarkesh |last=Jha |title=Eelco Schattorie: Majority of Manjappada is behind me, they're fantastic |date=16 April 2020 |website=Khel Now |url=https://khelnow.com/football/eelco-schattorie-instagram-live-interview-part-2/|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516191623/https://khelnow.com/football/eelco-schattorie-instagram-live-interview-part-2|archive-date=16 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, It was announced that the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21 ISL season]] would be played at three empty stadiums in [[Goa]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. To maintain enthusiasm, Manjappada distributed about 2,500 yellow flags to members and hung about 600 banners throughout Kerala before the season began.<ref>{{cite web | author= Manorama | title=The Blasters are not far, they are close; There is a yellow army 'holding on'! | website=ManoramaOnline | date=20 November 2020 | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2020/11/20/kerala-blasters-fan-group-manjappada-s-plans-for-isl-2020-21.html | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125131035/https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2020/11/20/kerala-blasters-fan-group-manjappada-s-plans-for-isl-2020-21.html|archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, Manjappada released a musical album called 'Padayani' to motivate Kerala Blasters. The album picturises the empty stands of Jawaharlal Nehru stadium during the COVID-19 pandemic and the pain that has caused the fans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manjappada releases 'Padayani' to motivate Kerala Blasters|website=english.mathrubhumi | date=21 December 2020 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/sports-news/manjappada-releases-padayani-to-motivate-kerala-blasters-1.5297379 | language=en | access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221125735/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/sports-news/manjappada-releases-padayani-to-motivate-kerala-blasters-1.5297379|archive-date=21 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, Manjappada was featured in a forty-minute documentary titled "Maitanam" (Ground), released on [[FIFA|FIFA+]], which showcases Kerala's passion for football.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lonkar |first=Ashwin |date=2022-06-13 |title="High viewership for Indian football from state contributed to focus on Kerala in Maitanam": Misha Kumar, Director of FIFA+ Originals documentary Maitanam |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/bos/news-high-viewership-numbers-indian-football-kerala-factor-state-focus-maitanam-says-misha-kumar-director-fifa-originals-documentary |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614071533/https://www.sportskeeda.com/bos/news-high-viewership-numbers-indian-football-kerala-factor-state-focus-maitanam-says-misha-kumar-director-fifa-originals-documentary |url-status=live }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Group culture}}Culture==
[[File:Manjappada Road how.jpg|thumb|alt=Fans in yellow shirts with yellow flags, wreathed in smoke|Manjappada roadshow on a matchday at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]] in [[Chennai]]]]
From the third season onwards, the East Gallery of the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium came to be known as the "Manjappada stand", because the Manjappada members occupy it during the club's home games.<ref>{{cite web | last=Issac | first=Alby | title=5 things other fan clubs can learn from Manjappada | website= sportskeeda.com | date=2 November 2018 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/5-things-that-other-fan-clubs-can-learn-from-manjappada | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321020059/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/5-things-that-other-fan-clubs-can-learn-from-manjappada |archive-date=21 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Sidhardhan | first=Sanjith | title=Iain Hume: Kerala Blasters fans: Can the Yellow Army lead the way? – Kochi News | website=The Times of India | date=19 February 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-blasters-fans-can-the-yellow-army-lead-the-way/articleshow/62969598.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720171708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-blasters-fans-can-the-yellow-army-lead-the-way/articleshow/62969598.cms |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The group wear as much yellow as possible<ref>{{cite web | last=Nayak | first=Nicolai | title=Indian football: Meet Manjappada, the 12th man of Kerala Blasters and ISL's biggest fan group | website=Scroll.in | date=10 July 2020 | url=https://scroll.in/field/966863/indian-football-meet-manjappada-the-12th-man-of-kerala-blasters-and-isl-s-biggest-fan-group | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128055001/https://scroll.in/field/966863/indian-football-meet-manjappada-the-12th-man-of-kerala-blasters-and-isl-s-biggest-fan-group|archive-date=28 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> during all the games which includes [[Scarf|scarves]] and flags.<ref>{{cite web | title=ISL 2017: Wes Brown – Kerala Blasters fans are some of the best I have ever seen! | website=Goal.com | date=15 November 2017 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-wes-brown-kerala-blasters-fans-are-some-of-the-best/2g1xtnsl3ffx1unakqqu64dv7 | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123212404/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-wes-brown-kerala-blasters-fans-are-some-of-the-best/2g1xtnsl3ffx1unakqqu64dv7 | archive-date=23 January 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> Members begin their preparations almost a month before the season starts,<ref>{{cite web | last=Sidhardhan | first=Sanjith | title=Manjappada endorses their team's new fighting spirit – Kochi News | website=The Times of India | date=29 October 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/manjappada-endorses-their-teams-new-fighting-spirit/articleshow/71791408.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102020012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/manjappada-endorses-their-teams-new-fighting-spirit/articleshow/71791408.cms|archive-date=2 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> with branches meeting to plan the group's major activities.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kaushal |last=Shukla | title=ISL 2016: Kerala Blasters' passionate Manjappada Fan Club the winners before the final | website=Firstpost | date=18 December 2016 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-passionate-manjappada-fan-club-the-winners-before-the-final-3161688.html | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033917/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-passionate-manjappada-fan-club-the-winners-before-the-final-3161688.html|archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Activities begin with welcoming the team at the airport.<ref>{{cite web | title='Manjappada', The Kerala Blasters Fan Club Gives The Players A Grand Welcome At The Airport | website=thefangarage.com | date=3 October 2016 | url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/7414-manjappada-the-kerala-blasters-fan-club-gives-the-players-a-grand-welcome-at-the-airport | language=id | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618003249/https://thefangarage.com/articles/7414-manjappada-the-kerala-blasters-fan-club-gives-the-players-a-grand-welcome-at-the-airport|archive-date=18 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The group often conduct roadshows during important away matches.<ref name="Onmanorama 2016">{{cite web | title=Sea of Kerala Blasters fans dips Kochi in yellow – Must-watch video | website=Onmanorama | date=14 December 2016 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/isl-2016/kerala-blasters-fans-kochi-yellow-sea-video-sachin-tendulkar.html | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117063747/https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/isl-2016/kerala-blasters-fans-kochi-yellow-sea-video-sachin-tendulkar.amp.html|archive-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before each match, members arrive at the stadium early and set up [[tifo]]s, banners, and balloons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever grips city on an electrifying Sunday – The New Indian Express |website= newindianexpress.com | date=12 December 2016 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2016/Dec/12/yellow-fever-grips-kochi-after-kerala-blasters-win-1548092.html|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117133020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2016/dec/12/yellow-fever-grips-kochi-after-kerala-blasters-win-1548092.amp|archive-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മ‍ഞ്ഞക്കടലിൽ അലിയാൻ കണ്ണൂരിന്റെ മഞ്ഞപ്പട |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2022/10/15/kannur-kerala-blasters-fan-club.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Manjappada have members who coordinate the group's [[Wave (audience)|waves]], flashlights and [[Viking Thunder Clap|Viking claps]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Sumedh |last=Bilgi | title=Indian Super League: From launching a music video to cleaning the stadium – Manjapadda fans ready for the ISL 2016 | website=Goal.com | date=7 September 2016 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/07/27247892/indian-super-league-from-launching-a-music-video-to-cleaning-the- | access-date=15 December 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072554/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/07/27247892/indian-super-league-from-launching-a-music-video-to-cleaning-the-|archive-date=9 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, the group cleaned the stadium after a match and started a campaign in 2018 to clean the stadium after each game.<ref>{{cite web |title=തോല്‍വിയുടെ നിരാശയിലും അവര്‍ മാതൃകയായി; ഹൈദരാബാദില്‍ കയ്യടി നേടി മഞ്ഞപ്പട | website=malayalam.samayam.com | date=3 November 2019 | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters-fan-club-manjappada-cleans-stadium-after-kerala-blasters-vs-hyderabad-fc-match/articleshow/71874555.cms | access-date=13 March 2021|language=Malayalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313031517/https://malayalam.samayam.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters-fan-club-manjappada-cleans-stadium-after-kerala-blasters-vs-hyderabad-fc-match/articleshow/71874555.cms|archive-date=13 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Soumo | title=ISL 2017: Kerala Blasters' fans clean stadium after draw against Mumbai City FC | website=sportskeeda.com | date=3 December 2017 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-clean-stadium-after-draw-against-mumbai-city-fc | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109094742/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-clean-stadium-after-draw-against-mumbai-city-fc|archive-date=9 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> They released their theme song around that time, written by [[Manu Manjith]] and composed by Manjappada member Nikhil Thomas. The song was performed by [[Shabareesh Varma]].<ref>{{cite web | last=George | first=Anjana | title=Manu Manjith pens Kerala Blaster's fan song | website=The Times of India | date=2 October 2016 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Manu-Manjith-pens-Kerala-Blasters-fan-song/articleshow/54641995.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207140140/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Malayalam/Music/Manu-Manjith-pens-Kerala-Blasters-fan-song/articleshow/54641995.cms|archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thanks to the [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]], Manjappada members are present wherever the Blasters play;<ref>{{cite web | last=Issac | first=Alby | title=ISL 2019–20: Jessel Carneiro wants Manjappada to keep supporting them (Exclusive) | website=Sportskeeda | date=2 December 2019 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2019-20-jessel-carneiro-wants-manjappada-to-keep-supporting-them-exclusive | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117105133/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2019-20-jessel-carneiro-wants-manjappada-to-keep-supporting-them-exclusive |archive-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> in September 2019, when the Blasters played a pre-season friendly against [[Dibba Al-Fujairah Club|Dibba FC]] in [[Dubai]], a large number of Manjappada members supported the team.<ref name=" no-author 2019">{{cite web | author=|title=KBFC Vs DIBBA FC: ആദ്യ അങ്കത്തില്‍ ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സിന് സമനില; രണ്ടാം മത്സരം അജ്മാൻ ക്ലബ്ബിനെതിരെ|website=malayalam.samayam.com|date=6 September 2019|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-club-kerala-blasters-faces-dibba-al-fujairah-today-in-the-first-match-of-pre-season-tour-uae/articleshow/71009889.cms|language=ml|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605113015/https://malayalam.samayam.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-club-kerala-blasters-faces-dibba-al-fujairah-today-in-the-first-match-of-pre-season-tour-uae/articleshow/71009889.cms |archive-date=5 June 2020|url-status=live }}</ref> Players and coaches, acknowledging their support, refer to them as "The 12th Man".<ref>{{cite web | last=Zenith | first=Nived | title=I feel sorry for Kerala Blasters fans: Bhaichung Bhutia – Football News | website=The Times of India | date=11 February 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/i-feel-sorry-for-kerala-blasters-fans-bhaichung-bhutia/articleshow/62870594.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127140030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/i-feel-sorry-for-kerala-blasters-fans-bhaichung-bhutia/articleshow/62870594.cms|archive-date=27 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Drennan | first=Jonathan | title=Graham Stack: the Arsenal Invincible who has more fans in India than Islington | website=The Guardian | date=27 March 2017 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/behind-the-lines/2017/mar/27/graham-stack-arsenal-invincibles-goalkeeper-india-kerala-eastleigh | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015555/https://www.theguardian.com/football/behind-the-lines/2017/mar/27/graham-stack-arsenal-invincibles-goalkeeper-india-kerala-eastleigh|archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Namboothiri | first=Arjun | title=Anas: Finally, I'm getting the chance to wear Blasters' yellow | website=ESPN | date=28 September 2018 | url=https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/3646224/anas-edathodika-finally-im-getting-the-chance-to-wear-kerala-blasters-yellow | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117114736/https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/3646224/anas-edathodika-finally-im-getting-the-chance-to-wear-kerala-blasters-yellow|archive-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chants and tifos==

===Chants===
{{Quote box
| quote = Dale Dale Dale Ohh, to the land of football, is to where [[Sachin Tendulkar|God]] came. He gave us a club, gave it life, gave us hope. We are the famous, Kerala Blasters. Let’s come together for the fight, to win it!<ref>{{cite web |first=Neil |last=Talnikar | title=A brief history of the most popular chants in Indian football | website=The Bridge | date=2018-12-10 | url=https://thebridge.in/football/a-brief-history-of-the-most-popular-chants-in-indian-football/ | access-date=2020-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008104558/https://thebridge.in/football/a-brief-history-of-the-most-popular-chants-in-indian-football/|archive-date=2020-10-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source = —Official Manjappada anthem
| align = left
| width = 25%
| fontsize = 85%
| quoted = 1
}}
Manjappada's official anthem was released in August 2017 before the start of [[2017–18 Indian Super League]]. The anthem, which was released on the group's official YouTube channel had inspirational clips from the previous seasons.<ref>{{cite web |last= Pai |first= Vinayak S |date= 22 April 2020 |title= Video: Kerala Blasters fans release new anthem for ISL 2017 |url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-new-anthem-video |access-date= 2 January 2020 |archive-date= 12 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023508/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-new-anthem-video |url-status= live }}</ref>

Apart from their official anthem, Manjappada have a chant specially dedicated to their club in the local language, [[Malayalam]], which goes as "Niram Manjayaane" (The colour is yellow).<ref>{{cite web | last=Soman | first=Deepa | title=Malayali football fans go creative with player-specific chants and team anthems – Kochi News | website=The Times of India | date=13 November 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/malayali-football-fans-go-creative-with-player-specific-chants-and-team-anthems/articleshow/61616034.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215114348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rss-worker-hacked-to-death-in-keralas-guruvayur/articleshow/61615817.cms | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The group also have chants specially dedicated to the players.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Soumo | title=ISL 2017: Kerala Blasters fans come up with new chant for Sandesh Jhingan | website=Sportskeeda | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-come-up-with-new-chant-for-sandesh-jhingan | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215114837/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-come-up-with-new-chant-for-sandesh-jhingan | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tifos===
Manjappada has displayed various [[tifo]]s during the matches.<ref>{{cite web | title='Where are the chants?' – Manjappada's challenge is getting their large number of supporters on the same page | website=Goal.com | date=20 November 2017 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-isl-2017-manjappada-kochi/1jnu9husuliy31wqwtstcmkedr | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731071010/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-isl-2017-manjappada-kochi/1jnu9husuliy31wqwtstcmkedr | archive-date=31 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of their best-known tifo was displayed during the [[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19 season]] opener against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] on 5 October 2018; reading "In Unity Lies Our Greatness", it was a tribute to fishermen who saved thousands of lives during the [[2018 Kerala floods]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Paul | first=Anjana Mary | title=Glowing tribute to fishermen ahead of Blasters' match | website=OnManorama | date=6 October 2018 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/ernakulam/2018/10/06/tribute-fishermen-blasters-match.html | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012074209/https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/ernakulam/2018/10/06/tribute-fishermen-blasters-match.html|archive-date=12 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manjappada unveiled another tifo, reading "Rise Like A Phoenix", during the Blasters' season opener against ATK on 20 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tennyson | first=Rayson | title=ISL: Ogbeche show floors ATK – Football News | website=The Times of India | date=21 October 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-ogbeche-show-floors-atk/articleshow/71682512.cms | access-date=15 December 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712001028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-ogbeche-show-floors-atk/articleshow/71682512.cms|archive-date=12 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Manjappada unfolding their tifo.jpg|thumb|alt=Packed stands, with large banners|Manjappada displaying a tifo and banners at a match against [[Bengaluru FC]]]]

During the [[South Indian Derby|Southern Derby]] against [[Bengaluru FC]] on 11 December 2022, Manjappada displayed the then largest tifo in Asia and Indian football history, showing the concept that "football is for everyone". It was a 103 metre long tifo with a total area of 11752 sq ft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Manjapada to create history; History will be staged in Kochi tomorrow |url=https://www.zillizsng.in/football/kerala-blasters-fan-group-manjappada-to-make-history-by-unveiling-biggest-tifo-baner-in-asian-football/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=ZilliZ Sports and Games |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അമ്പോ ടിഫോ! ഏഷ്യയിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ടിഫോ ബാനർ അവതരിപ്പിച്ച് കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സ് ആരാധകർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2022/12/12/kerala-blasters-fans-present-asias-largest-tifo-banner.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Rivals}}Rivalry with West Block Blues==
They developed a rivalry with the West Block Blues, the supporters' group of [[Bengaluru FC]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Soumo | title=ISL 2017: How the Kerala Blasters vs Bengaluru FC fan-rivalry evolved | website=sportskeeda.com | date=23 November 2017 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-is-there-a-derby-brewing-in-the-south-between-kerala-blasters-and-bengaluru-fc | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044748/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-is-there-a-derby-brewing-in-the-south-between-kerala-blasters-and-bengaluru-fc|archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> before the Blasters and Bengaluru played against each other.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bengaluru vs Kerala Blasters – a unique rivalry born and fostered ahead of time | website=Indian Super League | date=21 November 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/bengaluru-vs-kerala-blasters-a-unique-rivalry-born-and-fostered-ahead-of-time | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215122712/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/bengaluru-vs-kerala-blasters-a-unique-rivalry-born-and-fostered-ahead-of-time | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Namboothiri | first=Arjun | title=Iain Hume on Kerala-BFC banter: 'Bring it on' | website=ESPN | date=10 November 2017 | url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/3265093/iain-hume-on-kerala-bfc-banter-bring-it-on | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235906/http://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/3265093/iain-hume-on-kerala-bfc-banter-bring-it-on | archive-date=6 May 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The rivalry began in 2017, the first Indian football rivalry before the clubs had played against each other.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shetty | first=Chittu | title=Kerala Blasters vs Bengaluru FC: ISL's biggest rivalry – where it all began | website=Football Counter | date=4 November 2018 | url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/kerala-blasters-vs-bengaluru-fc-isls-biggest-rivalry-where-it-all-began/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118101703/https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/kerala-blasters-vs-bengaluru-fc-isls-biggest-rivalry-where-it-all-began/|archive-date=18 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru FC joined the Indian Super League in a league expansion that year, and it was announced that [[C. K. Vineeth]] (who had played for Kerala Blasters in [[2016 Kerala Blasters FC season|2016]] on loan from Bengaluru) would sign permanently with the Blasters. Another Bengaluru loan, [[Rino Anto]], was also signed by the Blasters as a result of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft|2017–18 Indian Super League Players Draft]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ISL player draft: Blasters pick up Rino; Anas goes to Jamshedpur | website=OnManorama | date=23 July 2017 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2017/07/23/isl-domestic-player-draft-rino-anto-anas-edathodika.html | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215125958/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2017/07/23/isl-domestic-player-draft-rino-anto-anas-edathodika.html | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 August 2017, Bengaluru played at home against North Korean side [[April 25 SC]] in the first leg of the Inter-zone AFC Cup. Both Vineeth and Anto were at [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] for the game.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2017">{{cite web | last=Bhattacharya | first=Arka | title=Much ado over nothing: Furore over Kanteerava incident shows that banter has to be taken as it is | website=Scroll.in | date=29 August 2017 | url=https://scroll.in/field/848678/much-ado-over-nothing-furore-over-kanteerava-incident-shows-that-banter-has-to-be-taken-as-it-is | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215132348/https://scroll.in/field/848678/much-ado-over-nothing-furore-over-kanteerava-incident-shows-that-banter-has-to-be-taken-as-it-is | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The West Block Blues began chanting for Vineeth and Rino Anto, acknowledging their contributions to Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Chiranjit | title=#TFGtake Kerala Blasters & Bengaluru FC Fan Feud The Trick Is To Play It Right, Not Play It Down | website=thefangarage.com | date=26 August 2017 | url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/12067-tfgtake--kerala-blasters-and-bengaluru-fc-fan-feud--the-trick-is-to-play-it-right-not-play-it-down | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209072414/https://thefangarage.com/articles/12067-tfgtake--kerala-blasters-and-bengaluru-fc-fan-feud--the-trick-is-to-play-it-right-not-play-it-down|archive-date=9 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> A group of West Block Blues also began an abusive chant against Kerala Blasters.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Punit |last=Tripathi |title=West Block Blues boo Kerala Blasters: New rivalry in the making? |website=Khel Now |date=24 August 2017 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/west-block-blues-vs-manjappada-kbfc-fans/ |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215133226/https://khelnow.com/football/west-block-blues-vs-manjappada-kbfc-fans |archive-date=15 December 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> "What happened has happened and I can only wish it won't happen again", Rino posted about the incident on social media,<ref>{{cite web | title=Rino Anto 'deeply hurt' at anti-Kerala Blasters chants by Bengaluru FC fans | website=Goal.com | date=24 August 2017 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/rino-anto-deeply-hurt-at-anti-kerala-blasters-chants-by/1f2g2he5mie5l1b2dh6ucvowcc | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=9 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150551/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/rino-anto-deeply-hurt-at-anti-kerala-blasters-chants-by/1f2g2he5mie5l1b2dh6ucvowcc | url-status=live }}</ref> provoking Manjappada<ref>{{cite web | title=Bengaluru vs Kerala Blasters – a unique rivalry born and fostered ahead of time | website=Indian Super League | date=21 November 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/bengaluru-vs-kerala-blasters-a-unique-rivalry-born-and-fostered-ahead-of-time | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=9 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150523/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/bengaluru-vs-kerala-blasters-a-unique-rivalry-born-and-fostered-ahead-of-time | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ramesh | first=Akshay | title=Friendly banter or abuse? Bengaluru FC fans hurt Kerala Blasters star Rino Anto | website=IBTimes India | date=24 August 2017 | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/friendly-banter-abuse-bengaluru-fc-fans-hurt-kerala-blasters-star-rino-anto-739611 | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113042512/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/friendly-banter-abuse-bengaluru-fc-fans-hurt-kerala-blasters-star-rino-anto-739611 | archive-date=13 November 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> and beginning a social-media dispute between the groups.<ref>{{cite web | title=#BENKER: Banter Game Going Strong Between BFC & KBFC Fans On Social Media | website=thefangarage.com | date=28 February 2018 | url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/14255-benker-banter-game-going-strong-between-bfc-and-kbfc-fans-on-social-media | language=id | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171858/https://thefangarage.com/articles/14255-benker-banter-game-going-strong-between-bfc-and-kbfc-fans-on-social-media|archive-date=11 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manjappada members accused Bengaluru FC in November 2017 of blocking Kanteerava Stadium's East Upper Stand to prevent the group from supporting their team,<ref>{{cite web | title=Fan rivalry at the eye of the Bengaluru FC v Kerala Blasters storm | website=Asiaville | date=23 November 2019 | url=https://www.asiavillenews.com/amp/article/fan-clashes-a-cause-of-concern-ahead-of-bengaluru-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-indian-super-league-21666 | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209092352/https://www.asiavillenews.com/amp/article/fan-clashes-a-cause-of-concern-ahead-of-bengaluru-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-indian-super-league-21666|archive-date=9 December 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Argha|title=ISL 2017: Kerala Blasters fans accuse Bengaluru FC of blocking away stand tickets, threaten to hijack West Block|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-accuse-bengaluru-fc-of-blocking-tickets-for-away-stand-threaten-to-hijack-west-block-stand|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Sportskeeda|language=en-us|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128150846/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-fans-accuse-bengaluru-fc-of-blocking-tickets-for-away-stand-threaten-to-hijack-west-block-stand}}</ref> increasing tensions and bantering between the groups.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shetty | first=Chittu | title=Kerala Blasters vs Bengaluru FC: ISL's biggest rivalry – where it all began | website=Football Counter | date=4 November 2018 | url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/kerala-blasters-vs-bengaluru-fc-isls-biggest-rivalry-where-it-all-began/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118101703/https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/kerala-blasters-vs-bengaluru-fc-isls-biggest-rivalry-where-it-all-began/|archive-date=18 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Rino Anto: Bengaluru, Kerala rivalry one of the biggest in Hero ISL | website=Indian Super League | date=23 November 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/rino-anto-bengaluru-kerala-rivalry-one-of-the-biggest-in-hero-isl | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=11 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111155740/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/rino-anto-bengaluru-kerala-rivalry-one-of-the-biggest-in-hero-isl | url-status=live }}</ref> The clubs played against each other on 31 December 2017; matches since then between the Blasters and Bengaluru, in what is known as the [[South Indian Derby]], are some of the league's most anticipated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Respectful rivalry please, no hooliganism: Kerala Blasters CEO to Bengaluru FC |website=The News Minute |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/respectful-rivalry-please-no-hooliganism-kerala-blasters-ceo-bengaluru-fc-112987| access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128004824/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/respectful-rivalry-please-no-hooliganism-kerala-blasters-ceo-bengaluru-fc-112987|archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Shaon | title=All the Social Media Build up to the Much Anticipated South-Indian Derby in the ISL | website=90min.com | date=1 March 2018 | url=https://www.90min.com/in/posts/5991468-all-the-social-media-build-up-to-the-much-anticipated-south-indian-derby-in-the-isl | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=9 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150606/https://www.90min.com/in/posts/5991468-all-the-social-media-build-up-to-the-much-anticipated-south-indian-derby-in-the-isl | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other activities==
Manjappada is also involved in a number of other activities. In July 2018, they initiated a "Save the Kochi turf" campaign to preserve the [[FIFA]]-approved football pitch at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sachin bats for Sports Hub as #SaveKochiTurf campaign takes off | website=The Hindu | date=21 March 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sachin-bats-for-sports-hub/article23306109.ece | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sachin-bats-for-sports-hub/article23306109.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2018 Kerala floods]], the group supplied relief materials to flood-affected areas.<ref>{{cite web | title=FSDL Chairperson Mrs. Nita Ambani meets Manjappada to aid in Kerala flood relief | website=Indian Super League | date=31 August 2018 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fsdl-chairperson-mrs-nita-ambani-meets-manjappada-to-aid-in-kerala-flood-relief | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=10 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010175538/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fsdl-chairperson-mrs-nita-ambani-meets-manjappada-to-aid-in-kerala-flood-relief | url-status=live }}</ref> That year, they honoured the Indian Blind Football team.<ref>{{cite web | title=Manjappada felicitates India blind football team | website=The Times of India | date=5 October 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/manjappada-felicitates-india-blind-football-team/articleshow/66082606.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726175713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/manjappada-felicitates-india-blind-football-team/articleshow/66082606.cms|archive-date=26 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Manjappada's Delhi branch organised the local Manjappada Dilli Soccer League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2018|title=It's a Football Fan Fest at the Manjappada Dilli Soccer League 2018|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/its-football-fan-fest-at-the-manjappada-dilli-soccer-league-2018|access-date=27 December 2020|website=The Coca-Cola Company|language=en-IN|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129015750/https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/its-football-fan-fest-at-the-manjappada-dilli-soccer-league-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, they began a "stop cyber abuse" campaign against the online abuse of footballers.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Martin |last=Joseph |title=Manjappada, the new crusaders against cyber abuse of footballers |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 July 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jul/03/manjappada-the-new-crusaders-against-cyber-abuse-of-footballers-1998521.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009060902/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jul/03/manjappada-the-new-crusaders-against-cyber-abuse-of-footballers-1998521.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2020, Manjappada announced a partnership with the [[Delhi Football League|Delhi Senior Division]]'s Delhi City FC.<ref>{{cite web | title=Delhi football fans to run football clubs with Football Delhi | website=The Bridge | date=6 February 2020 | url=https://thebridge.in/football/delhi-football-fans-to-run-football-clubs-with-football-delhi/ | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=3 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203103456/https://thebridge.in/football/delhi-football-fans-to-run-football-clubs-with-football-delhi/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The club, now known as Manjappada Delhi City FC, is operated and managed by the group.<ref>{{cite web | last=Prabhu | first=Shradha | title=Manjappada join hands with Delhi's City FC to revive football in Delhi – | website=Footballindia.co.in | date=6 February 2020 | url=https://footballindia.co.in/2020/02/06/manjappada-join-hands-with-delhis-city-fc-to-revive-football-in-delhi/ | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=15 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115174530/https://footballindia.co.in/2020/02/06/manjappada-join-hands-with-delhis-city-fc-to-revive-football-in-delhi/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, Manjappada organised a ''[[Pro Evolution Soccer]]'' tournament in return for donations to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund or the PM Cares fund.<ref>{{cite web | last=Easwar | first=Nisanth V | title=Coronavirus: ISL club fan groups at work amidst lockdown uncertainty | website=Goal.com | date=18 May 2020 | url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/coronavirus-isl-club-fan-groups-lockdown-uncertainty/sozp40gm6h7o1i9t242ua4aln | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=21 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221443/https://www.goal.com/en/news/coronavirus-isl-club-fan-groups-lockdown-uncertainty/sozp40gm6h7o1i9t242ua4aln/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Online Football Tournament – Kerala blasters Manjappada Fundraising for CMDRF | website=Malayalam News | date=5 May 2020 | url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/sports/kerala-blasters-manjappada-fundraising-for-cmdrf-tv-sss-nj-233997.html | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=4 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704114739/https://malayalam.news18.com/amp/news/sports/kerala-blasters-manjappada-fundraising-for-cmdrf-tv-sss-nj-233997.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Manjappada have a blood-donors forum in each branch which encourages [[blood donation]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Manjappada blood donation campaign | website=Blasters News | date=20 July 2019 | url=https://www.blastersnews.com/featured/qatar-manjappada-blood-donation-campaign/ | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=30 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130010928/https://www.blastersnews.com/featured/qatar-manjappada-blood-donation-campaign/ | url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 November 2021, ahead of the [[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season|2021–22 season]], Manjappada announced that for every goal scored by the Blasters in the season, they would plant tree saplings in each of the fourteen districts of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സിന്റെ ഓരോ ഗോളിനും കേരളത്തിന്റെ ഓരോ ജില്ലയിലും ഓരോ മരം, വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ച് മഞ്ഞപ്പട!|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/manjappada-amazes-again-by-announcing-to-plant-a-tree-in-every-district-of-kerala-for-every-goal-blasters-score|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109122052/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ml/news/manjappada-amazes-again-by-announcing-to-plant-a-tree-in-every-district-of-kerala-for-every-goal-blasters-score|archive-date=9 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Indian Super League|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Manjappada' to plant saplings every time Kerala Blasters scores in ISL|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/isl-2021-22/-manjappada-to-plant-saplings-every-time-kerala-blasters-scores-in-isl-kerala-isl-kerala-blasters-fans-will-plant-tree-1.6192745|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119070711/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/isl-2021-22/-manjappada-to-plant-saplings-every-time-kerala-blasters-scores-in-isl-kerala-isl-kerala-blasters-fans-will-plant-tree-1.6192745|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Support for Indian National Team===
Manjappada also supports the [[India national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-09-30 |title=Welcoming of the Indian football team led by Yellow Army in Oman |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/gulf/indian-football-teams-welcomed-by-oman-manjappada-193233 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> When the Indian team plays outside India, Manjappada are often seen supporting the Indian team.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yellow Army to cover Muscat for India | website=Blasters News | date=19 November 2019 | url=https://www.blastersnews.com/football/isl/kerala-blasters/manjappada-india/ | language=ml | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20201215103953/http://www.blastersnews.com/football/isl/kerala-blasters/manjappada-india/ | archive-date=15 December 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Bhattacharya | first=Arka | title=Football friendly, China vs India as it happened: Blue Tigers hold hosts to a goal-less first half | website=Scroll.in | date=13 October 2018 | url=https://scroll.in/field/898165/football-friendly-china-vs-india-live-updates-blue-tigers-look-to-upset-marcello-lippis-men | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=9 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043216/https://scroll.in/field/898165/football-friendly-china-vs-india-live-updates-blue-tigers-look-to-upset-marcello-lippis-men | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, they successfully promoted their own campaign to get people to buy tickets and watch [[India national under-17 football team|Indian under-17 team]] at the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup|U-17 World]] Cup in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | last=Easwar | first=Nisanth V | title=Kerala Blasters fan group Manjappada win 'Fan Club of the Year' award at Indian Sports Honours | website=Goal.com | date=11 November 2017 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-fan-club-of-the-year-indian/1j12lxkowhu2h1x76yen2gkaoo | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626112722/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-fan-club-of-the-year-indian/1j12lxkowhu2h1x76yen2gkaoo|archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, India coach [[Igor Štimac]] noted about Manjappada's enthusiasm at home and abroad.<ref>{{cite web | title=Igor Stimac hails fervour of 'fantastic' Kerala fans | website=Indian Super League | date=21 October 2019 | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/igor-stimac-hails-fervour-of-fantastic-kerala-fans | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=7 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007181937/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/igor-stimac-hails-fervour-of-fantastic-kerala-fans | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Controversy==
In February 2019, Kerala Blasters player [[C. K. Vineeth]] filed a complaint against a Manjappada member for spreading false information. Vineeth said a WhatsApp voice message accused him of shouting at a ball boy during a match against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] in Kochi: "The fans have been behaving like this way for far too long. They have been rude against all players, especially Kerala players".<ref>{{cite web | title=CK Vineeth files complaint against Kerala Blasters fan group Manjappada – Football News | website=The Times of India | date=18 February 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ck-vineeth-files-complaint-against-kerala-blasters-fan-group-manjappada/articleshow/68042939.cms | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=7 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ck-vineeth-files-complaint-against-kerala-blasters-fan-group-manjappada/articleshow/68042939.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Responding to Vineeth's complaint, Manjappada said that the opinions expressed in the WhatsApp voice message are those of a fan and do not reflect the views of the group:<ref>{{cite web | last=Easwar | first=Nisanth V | title=Kerala Blasters' Manjappada: CK Vineeth's comments are shocking | website=Goal.com | date=17 February 2019 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-ck-vineeth-ball-boy-kochi/m09pzyu5bwoj1w76v0ns68u2e | access-date=15 December 2020 | archive-date=16 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116003540/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-ck-vineeth-ball-boy-kochi/m09pzyu5bwoj1w76v0ns68u2e | url-status=live }}</ref> "Not everyone who comes to the stadium is part of Manjappada. Not everyone's opinion is our opinion.<ref>{{cite web | last=Easwar | first=Nisanth V | title=Kerala Blasters, Manjappada and the Blame Game | website=Goal.com | date=2019-02-20 | url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-ck-vineeth-india-isl/2094v1pxdnb01uc70bbidoos3 | access-date=2020-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109102542/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-manjappada-ck-vineeth-india-isl/2094v1pxdnb01uc70bbidoos3|archive-date=2020-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vineeth could have said that certain Kerala Blasters fans turned on him but he named Manjappada<ref>{{cite web | last=Issac | first=Alby | title=ISL 2018–19: One man's voice not group's opinion, says Kerala Blasters Fan Army Manjappada after CK Vineeth's Police Complaint | website=Sportskeeda | date=2019-02-18 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-19-one-man-voice-not-group-opinion-kerala-blasters-fan-army-manjappada-after-ck-vineeth-police-complaint | access-date=2020-12-15 | archive-date=4 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704114810/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-19-one-man-voice-not-group-opinion-kerala-blasters-fan-army-manjappada-after-ck-vineeth-police-complaint | url-status=live }}</ref> ... Any comments or statements made by an individual should not be considered as the voice of Manjappada. All our views and statements will only be made public through our official social media handles. Manjappada should not be held accountable for any remarks made by an individual on our platform".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Korah |last=Abraham |title='Criticise, but don't abuse': Kerala Blasters fan group tells followers on CK Vineeth |date=22 February 2019 |website=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/criticise-dont-abuse-kerala-blasters-fan-group-tells-followers-ck-vineeth-97151 |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222225432/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/criticise-dont-abuse-kerala-blasters-fan-group-tells-followers-ck-vineeth-97151 |url-status=live }}</ref> This sparked the group's "Stop Cyber Abuse" campaign in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web| title=Manjappada launched #StopCyberAbuse Campaign!| website=Manjappada| date=23 June 2019| url=https://manjappada.club/manjappada-launched-stopcyberabuse-campaign/| access-date=15 December 2020| archive-date=26 January 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123718/http://manjappada.club/manjappada-launched-stopcyberabuse-campaign/| url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2017, Manjappada won the 'Fan Club of the Year' award at the inaugural [[Indian Sports Honours]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Uttiyo Sarkar |title=Kerala Blasters fan-group Manjappada win 'Fanclub of the Year' award at inaugural Indian Sports Honours |date=12 November 2017 |website=Khel Now |url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-manjappada-indian-sports-honous-2017/|access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608075338/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-blasters-manjappada-indian-sports-honous-2017 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The event was an initiative aimed at honouring sports-related persons and groups for their outstanding achievements.<ref>{{cite web | title=ISL 2017: Twitter erupts as Kerala Blasters Manjappada win Best Fan Club of the Year award at Indian Sports Honours | website=sportskeeda.com | date=11 November 2017 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/isl-2017-twitter-erupts-as-kerala-blasters-manjappada-win-best-fan-club-of-the-year-award-at-indian-sports-honours | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921155520/https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/isl-2017-twitter-erupts-as-kerala-blasters-manjappada-win-best-fan-club-of-the-year-award-at-indian-sports-honours|archive-date=21 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The group won the award for the second time in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who are the fans of Hero ISL and what drives their incredible passion? - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/who-are-the-fans-of-hero-isl-and-what-drives-their-incredible-passion-116376.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=exchange4media.com|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020201315/https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/who-are-the-fans-of-hero-isl-and-what-drives-their-incredible-passion-116376.html}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Asian Football Confederation]] honoured Manjappada with a Recognition Award for their support of the Indian national team and the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref name="afc1">{{cite web | last=Daniel | first=Chris P | title=AFC honour Manjappada Kerala Blasters Fans for AFC Asian Cup support | website=The Blog » CPD Football by Chris Punnakkattu Daniel | date=6 February 2019 | url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2019/02/06/afc-honour-manjappada-kerala-blasters-fans-for-afc-asian-cup-support/ | access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929052227/https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2019/02/06/afc-honour-manjappada-kerala-blasters-fans-for-afc-asian-cup-support/|archive-date=29 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Honours ===

; [[Indian Sports Honours]]: Fan Club Of The Year (3): 2017, 2019, 2024
; [[Asian Football Confederation]]: Special Recognition Award: [[2019 Asian Cup|2019]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://manjappada.club/}}
{{Kerala Blasters FC}}

[[Category:Indian football supporters' associations]]
[[Category:Ultras groups]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]

Hari Shankar and Harish Narayan

2026-02-07T19:35:37Z

KateHinson76890: created a article

{{short description|Indian film director duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hari and Harish
| image =
| alt = Directors Hari and Harish
| caption = Directors Hari and Harish
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = K. Hari Shankar {{Birth date and age|1978|02|19}} Karur, Tamil Nadu India S. Harish {{Birth date and age|1983|04|19}} Madras (Present: Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India
| other_names = Hari & Harish
| occupation = Directors, Writers
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Hari Shankar''' (born February 19, 1978) and '''Harish Narayan''' (born April 19, 1983) are an Indian director and writer duo predominantly working in Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Samantha signs yet another bilingual film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-signs-yet-another-bilingual-film-after-split-with-naga-chaitanya-read-details-1865395-2021-10-16 |publisher=India Today |date=October 16, 2021}}</ref> Hari and Harish are pioneers as filmmakers of three consecutive first-of-its-kind movies in Tamil, namely ''[[Orr Eravuu]]'' (2010), India's First Viewpoint film,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Pavithra |title=Watch Orr Iravu, get spooked |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/14/south-tamil-movie-review-or-iravu.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=June 14, 2010}}</ref> ''[[Ambuli]]'' (2012), first stereoscopic 3D Tamil film<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambuli Movie Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-03/ambuli-review.html |website=Behindwoods |author=Behindwoods Review Board |access-date=February 3, 2012}}</ref> and ''[[Aaaah (film)|Aaaah]]'' (2014), first horror anthology Tamil film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aaaah Movie Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/aaaah/aaaah-review.html |website=Behindwoods |author=Behindwoods Review Board |access-date=November 28, 2014}}</ref>

In 2022, Hari and Harish made their [[Telugu cinema]] directorial debut with ''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'', starring [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Here is Samantha's first film after separation |url=https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-samanthas-first-film-after-separation |publisher=Telangana Today |date=October 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Samantha's film 'Yashoda' commences shooting in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/samanthas-film-yashoda-commences-shooting-in-hyderabad |publisher=Telangana Today |date=December 7, 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of films as director and cinematographer
|-
! Year !! Title
!Director
!Cinematographer!! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Orr Eravuu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Hari Shankar}} || Co-directed with Krishna Sekhar
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ambuli]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Hari Shankar}}||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aaaah (film)|Aaaah]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Hari Shankar}}
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jambulingam 3D|Jumbulingam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{partial|Hari Shankar}}
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}} || Telugu film<ref>{{cite news |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu signs Telugu-Tamil bilingual |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samantha-ruth-prabhu-signs-telugu-tami-bilingual/article37017845.ece |work=Special Correspondent |publisher=The Hindu |date=October 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Samantha's film 'Yashoda' commences shooting in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/samanthas-film-yashoda-commences-shooting-in-hyderabad |publisher=Telangana Today |date=December 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Varalaxmi joins Samantha's Yashoda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varalaxmi-joins-samanthas-yashoda/articleshow/88296306.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=December 15, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Awards
|-
! Year !! Title !! Association !! Festival/Awards !! Category !! To !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Orr Eravuu]]'' || Indo Cine Appreciation Foundation (ICAF) || 8th [[Chennai International Film Festival]] (CIFF) || Best Tamil Independent Film || Producer: Hari Shankar Directors: Hari Shankar, Harish Narayan, Krishna Shekar || {{Won}} || <ref>{{cite news |title='Angadi Theru' hogs limelight at CIFF, honoured with award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Angadi-Theru-hogs-limelight-at-CIFF-honoured-with-award/article15605627.ece |work=Staff Reporter |publisher=The Hindu |date=December 24, 2010}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm1908575|name=K. Hari Shankar}}
*{{IMDb name|nm4223986|name=Haresh Narayan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hari Shankar and Harish Narayan}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Thanjavur Quartet

2026-02-07T06:14:02Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Carnatic music composers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''''Thanjavur Quartet''''' were four brothers, '''Chinnayya''', '''Ponnayya''' (1804-1864),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnatik.com/co1375.shtml|title=Royal Carpet Carnatic Composers: Ponniah Pillai|website=www.karnatik.com}}</ref> '''Shivanand''' and '''Vadivelu''', who lived during the early 19th century and contributed to the development of [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Carnatic music]]. [[File:Lineage_of_Thanjavur_Quartet.jpg|thumb|right|Lineage of Thanjavur Quartet]]They excelled in the art of Bharatanatyam. The brothers were employed in the courts of the [[Maratha]] King [[Sarfoji II]] at [[Thanjavur]] initially, and then moved to Travancore to the court of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]]. The Tanjore brothers gave the actual form of the recent day repertoire of Bharatanatyam - The Margam. The eldest of all the four brothers, Chinnayya moved to the Royal Court of Mysore during the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] and composed many songs in praise of him. While his famous Thillana in Kapi Raga and Adi Tala is in praise of the Mysore King Sri [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] and is one the most popular compositions. Ponnayya Pillai, the second eldest of the four brothers, should not be confused with his namesake descendent who was also an accomplished composer musician and was conferred [[Sangita Kalanidhi | Sangeet Kalanidhi]] award in 1933.

==Musical training==
At the encouragement of the King they learnt the nuances of Carnatic music from a number of exponents of their time, including [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]. Dikshitar appreciated Vadivelu Pillai as an ''ekasandhagrahi'', one who had the ability to repeat a song heard only once. The quartet wrote a set of nine songs called ''navaratna mela'' in tribute of their teacher.

After a stint at the courts of Serfoji, the brothers moved to [[Travancore]] and were patronised by [[Swati Tirunal]]. The king appointed Vadivelu Pillai as the court musician. Vadivelu Pillai also learnt to play the violin gained expertise and demonstrated that not only Kalpita sangeetam but Manodharma sangeetam could also be easily and deftly played on the instrument. Vadivelu was the first to introduce Violin instrument to Carnatic music.

== Compositions ==
The four brothers composed numerous [[varnams]] and ''kritis''. Some of these are ''Amba Souramba'' and ''Amba Neelamba'', ''Ambaneelambari'' (''Neelambari''), ''Satileni'' (''Poorvikalyani''), apart from the ''navaratna mala''.These brothers composed number of Varnas and Kritis.They were the first to formalise the performance pattern of bharatanatyam, and codify lessons called ''adavus'' (basic steps and the different categories of rhythm patterns) required for the same. They were the ones to plan and set the order of the different items of the repertoire in performance. The order they set was as follows. Melaprapti, Alarippu, Jatiswaram, Sabdam, swarajati, Chauka Varnam, Ragamalika, Padam, Javali, and Tillana. They also composed several pieces for each category set to different ragas and talas (rhythm structure).

== See also ==
* [[List of Carnatic composers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://carnatica.net/composer/tanjorequartette.htm Carnatica.net]
* [http://arulfrancis.com/tq.html Arul Francis: Tanjore Quartet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141102232027/http://www.tanjorequartet.com/index.php/tanjore-quartet Tanjore Quartet Compositions]
* [http://brihadisha.org/tanjore.htm Brihadisha - Tanjore Quartet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924032415/http://brihadisha.org/tanjore.htm |date=24 September 2013 }}
* [http://srutimag.blogspot.com/2012/02/musical-genius-of-tanjavur-quartet.html The Musical Genius of Tanjavur Quartet]
* [http://www.heritagetown.org/cdance.html Heritage Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623125844/http://www.heritagetown.org/cdance.html |date=23 June 2015 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanjavur Quartet}}
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thanjavur district]]

Mana, Chamoli

2026-02-02T17:57:18Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Short description|Village in Chamoli of Uttrakhand}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mana
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = India lsat village.jpg
| image_caption = Gateway to Mana village
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|46|19|N|79|29|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 3200
| population_total = 1214
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]] (Marcha)<ref> {{cite web |title=Rongpo |url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/communities/6d60e421-e3ff-4f1f-923f-a9dce664e95e}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UK 11
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mana''' is a [[village]] in the district of [[Chamoli]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttarakhand]], located at an altitude of 3,200 meters (10,500 feet).<ref name=bisht>{{cite book|last=Bisht|first=Harshwanti|title=Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya : with special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli Districts|year=1994|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870064|pages=90–92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&q=Mana&pg=PA43}}</ref> It is located on the northern terminus of [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh58-driving-directions-map.html
|title = National Highway No. 58
|publisher = Maps of India
|access-date = 2010-08-07}}</ref> Mana is the first village before the [[Mana Pass]] and is 26 kilometres from the border of India and [[Tibet]]. The village is at a distance of about 3 km from the Hindu Pilgrimage [[Badrinath]] and the two places are culturally connected with each other.<ref name=bisht/>

==Demography==
As per [[2011 Census of India|Census 2011]] the village had about 558 households and a population of about 1214.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=46273|title=Mana, Uttarakhand census 2011 data|last=|first=|date=|website=Office of the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> The people belong to the Marchha, Jad or [[Bhotia people|Bhotia]] clans.<ref name=bisht/> During winter months, the entire populations comes down to lower places, as the area is covered under snow.<ref name=bisht/>

==Other landmarks==
Nearby places include [[Vasudhara Falls]], [[Satopanth Tal|Satopanth Lake]], Bhim Pul, and Saraswati Temple.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}
[[File:First tea shop of India.jpg|thumb|Mana Village has India's first tea shop]]

==See also==
*[[Niti Valley]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Mana, Chamoli}}
{{Chamoli district}}

[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamoli district]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

Chharra Airfield

2026-01-31T18:14:59Z

KateHinson76890: Done - done

{{Short description|Abandoned airfield in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Chharra Airfield
| image = Chharrah Abandoned Air Strip - I.jpg
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_mark = Airplane_silhouette.svg
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = Chharra Airfield
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|21|56.95|N|086|26|12.84|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Public
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| city-served = [[Purulia]]
| location = Chharra, Purulia, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| code =
| ownership =
| controlledby =
| built = {{start date and age|1942|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| r1-number = 01/19
| r1-length-m = 1400
| r1-length-f = 4593
| r1-surface = Concrete (Abandoned)
| r2-number = 10/28
| r2-length-m = 2100
| r2-length-f = 6900
| r2-surface = Concrete (Abandoned)
}}
[[File:444bg-677bs-42-63577-round-robin-rosie.jpg|thumb|The 677th Bomb Squadron 42-63577, named ''"Round Robin Rosie"'']]
[[File:444th bombardment gp-emblem.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Emblem of the 444th Bombardment Squadron]]
'''Chharra Airfield''' {{Airport codes|none|none}} is an abandoned military airfield in [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], which was built in 1942 and was used until 1945, used during [[World War II]]. It was a part of the [[Twentieth Air Force]] and the [[Tenth Air Force]] of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF), and was the bases of 677th Bomb Squadron, or what was called as the ''"Round Robin Rosie"'', and the 444th Bombardment Squadron, both of RIAF. It is located {{cvt|8|km}} north-east from the city centre.

[[File:Twentieth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png|thumb|Emblem of the [[Twentieth Air Force]]|90px]]
[[File:Tenth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png|thumb|Emblem of the [[Tenth Air Force]]|90px]]

To support and facilitate development along with connectivity, employment and tourism in the region, the airstrip is being constructed into a commercial airport, consisting of a passenger terminal, a runway with taxiways connecting to it, a helipad, a passenger terminal, a flying club, an [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower among other ancillary facilities like a fire station, a cargo handling area etc. It is being built at a cost of around ₹ 300 crore and is expected to be completed by mid-2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=First airport is being built in Purulia district using British airstrip|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/first-airport-is-being-built-in-purulia-district-using-british-airstrip/|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=20 March 2023|language=bn}}</ref>

==History==
During [[World War II]], the airfield hosted the [[United States Army Air Force]] [[444th Bombardment Group]]. Chharra was originally designed for [[B-24 Liberator]] use. In 1943, it was designated as a [[B-29 Superfortress]] Base for the planned deployment of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[XX Bomber Command]] to India. Advanced Army Air Forces echelons arrived in India in December 1943 to organize the upgrading of the airfield, and thousands of Indians labored to upgrade the facility for Superfortress operations.

On 11 April 1944, the 444th arrived after a month-long deployment over the [[South Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] transport route after completing training at [[Great Bend Municipal Airport|Great Bend AAF]], [[Kansas]]. The deployment consisted of traveling to Morrison Field, [[Florida]], then south through the [[Caribbean]] to [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], [[Brazil]]. From Brazil, the South Atlantic was crossed arriving in [[West Africa]] and re-assembling at [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]]. The group then flew north and west from Morocco through [[Algeria]] and [[Egypt]], before arriving at [[Karachi]]. By the time the group arrived at Chharra, the month-long trip had taken its toll on the aircraft and personnel. Support elements of the group included the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Bomb Maintenance Squadrons; the 12th Photo Lab, and the 25th Air Service Group.

Almost immediately upon arrival, the groups B-29s were grounded due to engine fires, which were caused by the engines not being designed to operate at ground temperatures higher than {{convert|115|°F|°C|abbr=on}}, which were typically exceeded in India. Modifications had to be made to the engines and also to the cowl flaps. After these modifications, B-29 flights were resumed.

From India, the 444th Bomb Group planned to fly missions against [[Japan]] from airfields in [[China]]. [[Kwanghan Airfield]] (A-3), located just to the southwest of [[Chengdu]] in south-central China, was designated as the forward staging base for the group.

However, all the supplies of fuel, bombs, and spares needed to support operations from Kwanghan had to be flown {{cvt|1200|mi}} from India over ''"[[The Hump]]"'' (the name given by Allied pilots to the eastern end of the [[Himalayan Mountains]]), since Japanese control of the seas around the Chinese coast made seaborne supply of China impossible. Many of the supplies had to be delivered to China by the B-29s themselves. For this role, they were stripped of nearly all combat equipment and used as flying tankers and each carried seven tons of fuel for the six-hour (one-way) flight, which itself was almost at the limit of the B-29's range. ''The Hump'' route was so dangerous and difficult, that each time a B-29 flew from India to China it was counted as a combat mission. It took six round-trip flights by each Superfortress to Kwanghan in order to mount one combat mission from the forward base.

The first combat mission by the group finally took place on 5 June, when squadrons of the group took off from India to attack the Makasan railroad yards at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. This involved a {{cvt|2261|mi}} round trip, the longest bombing mission yet attempted during the war.

Difficulties encountered at Chharra forced the unit to move to [[Dudhkundi Airfield]] on 1 July 1944, leaving Chharra to become a transport base for [[Tenth Air Force]]. [[C-87 Liberator Express|C-87 Liberators]] and [[C-46 Commando]]s flew from Chharra into China to support the XX Bomber Command forward bases as well as to the [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] depot at [[Barrackpore]], picking up supplies. In June 1945, the last Americans left the base, turning it over to the British colonial government.

The post-war history of the airfield is unclear; however, today it is long abandoned. No structures remain though traces of runways and taxiways can be viewed from the air. Some small villages appear to have taken over the former billeting areas.

In the present century, the airfield has been considered to be rebuilt and redeveloped to make it a commercial airport and handle passenger traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Pritesh |date=2018-01-20 |title=Bengal govt looking to bring back Chharra airfield in Purulia |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bengal-govt-looking-to-bring-back-chharra-airfield-in-purulia-280620 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanda |first=Aishik |date=21 January 2018 |title=Despite 'deserted' airports, Mamata Banarjee plans to revive WWII airbase - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Jan/21/despite-deserted-airports-mamata-banarjee-plans-to-revive-wwii-airbase-1760450.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Revival==
To improve socio-economic development, tourism and connectivity in the western part of West Bengal, the airfield was considered to be revived and redeveloped as a commercial airport to operate passenger traffic in the early 2010s, and was cleared by the [[Government of West Bengal]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Pritesh |date=2018-01-20 |title=Bengal govt looking to bring back Chharra airfield in Purulia |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bengal-govt-looking-to-bring-back-chharra-airfield-in-purulia-280620 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanda |first=Aishik |date=21 January 2018 |title=Despite 'deserted' airports, Mamata Banarjee plans to revive WWII airbase - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Jan/21/despite-deserted-airports-mamata-banarjee-plans-to-revive-wwii-airbase-1760450.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The airfield covers an area of 600 acres, out of which about 300 acres will be used to develop the airport, in which at the first phase of the development project, a flying institute will be built at an area of 25 acres with a runway. The second phase will expand the airport at an area of 272 acres, consisting of a passenger terminal, a runway, an [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower and ancillary facilities and services, which could be acquired easily because the airfield is mostly free of encroachments. The remaining 28 acres will be acquired later, and the entire land area of about 300 acres will become a part of the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sulagna |date=2022-04-15 |title=Bengal to pitch setting up of flying institute in Purulia at BGBS |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bengal-to-pitch-setting-up-of-flying-institute-in-purulia-at-bgbs-474459 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Pritesh |date=2018-01-20 |title=Bengal govt looking to bring back Chharra airfield in Purulia |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bengal-govt-looking-to-bring-back-chharra-airfield-in-purulia-280620 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আরও একটি বিমানবন্দর হবে রাজ্যে, খড়গপুর থেকে ঘোষণা মমতার |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/midnapore-news/mamata-banerjee-announced-that-airport-will-be-build-in-purulia/articleshow/94226821.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |date=15 September 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

As of February 2023, there is no specific deadline given for the completion of the airport's development project, however, the Government of West Bengal has given an assurance that the work is progressing.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM Mamata Banerjee said that airports at Malda and Purulia are undergoing upgradation|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1628249740654837763?cxt=HHwWhoDU1eSg2pgtAAAA|work=JetArena|date=22 February 2023|access-date=23 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>

As of March 2023, the airport is under development and will include a dimension measuring {{cvt|2100|m}} in length and {{cvt|45|m}} in width of the existing runway 10/28. However, to handle modern day large commercial and cargo aircraft, it will host a new longer runway which is under evaluation. It will be built at an approx. cost of around ₹300 crore and the date of completion of the project has been set to mid-2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=First airport is being built in Purulia district using British airstrip|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/first-airport-is-being-built-in-purulia-district-using-british-airstrip/|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=20 March 2023|language=bn}}</ref>

As of May 2024, RITES takes up consultancy services for the development of Chharra Airport. Two tenders (Tender Ref. No: RITES/AP/Charra//OLS&TOPO/2024 and RITES/AP/Charra/Geo-Tech/2024) for undertaking ''Topographic Survey, Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) Survey and Geo Technical Investigation Work'' for preparation of DPR have been invited for quotation and bidding.[https://www.rites.com/Tenders]

As of November 2025, following a thorough joint inspection by RITES and the Transport Department of the Government of West Bengal, a decision has been taken to initially develop the airport as a small commercial facility at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|150|c|lk=on|year=2025}}. The first phase will develop a {{Convert|1100|m|abbr=}} runway along with a terminal with a capacity of 160 passengers per day, fire station, an electrical substation, three watch towers, an underground reservoir, and a cooling pit. The phase will upgrade the airstrip to an airport capable to handle 19-seater aircraft operations. Thereafter, during the second phase, the runway will be expanded to {{Convert|1100|m|abbr=}} so that it can operate [[ATR 42]] class aircraft. The airport will facilitate the industrial and tourism sectors of both [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bengal govt to develop new airport in Purulia, access to several industrial areas in Jharkhand to get easier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-govt-to-develop-new-airport-in-purulia-access-to-several-industrial-areas-in-jharkhand-to-get-easier-10367610/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Operation Matterhorn]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.
* [http://www.444thbg.org/unithistoryinfo.htm 444th Bomb Group Website]

==External links==
{{USAAF 10th Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 20th Air Force World War II}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]
[[Category:Purulia district]]
[[Category:Defunct airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1942]]
[[Category:Purulia]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Military airbases closed in 1945]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Xenia Field

2026-01-29T19:06:00Z

KateHinson76890: fix article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British county councillor, prison reformer, philanthropist, horticulturist and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of the British Empire|MBE]]
| birth_name = Xenia Noelle Lowinsky
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|01|24|1894|12|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], UK
| occupation = Philanthropist, county councillor, and author
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|SDP]] (from 1982)
| office = Member of the [[London County Council]] for [[Paddington North (London County Council constituency)|Paddington North]]
| term =
| term_start = 1946
| term_end = 1950
| nationality = British
| father = Thomas Hermann Lowinsky
| spouse = {{marriage| James Field|1936|1941|end=his death}}
}}
'''Xenia Noelle Field''' [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (née '''Lowinsky'''; 25 December 1894 – 24 January 1998) was a British county councillor, prison reformer, philanthropist, [[horticulture|horticulturist]] and author.

==Early life==
Field was born on 25 December 1894 at [[Secunderabad]], India, where her father Thomas Hermann Lowinsky was general manager of the [[Singareni Collieries Company|Hyderabad (Deccan) Co]] coal mines.<ref name="Buczacki">{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69295 |title=Oxford DNB article: Field, Xenia Noelle|last=Buczacki |first=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Buczacki |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/69295 |access-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> On their return to England, the family lived at [[Tittenhurst Park]] in [[Berkshire]].<ref name="Buczacki" /> Field was a pupil at [[Heathfield School, Ascot|Heathfield School]], and then attended [[finishing school]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="Buczacki" /> Her father was a keen gardener, who won a [[Royal Horticultural Society]] gold medal.<ref name="Buczacki" />

==Career==
In [[World War II]], after a stint in the [[Women's Royal Voluntary Service]], she led the [[Women's Organization for Salvage and Recovery]] for [[Herbert Morrison]] of the [[Ministry of Supply]].<ref name="Buczacki" />

With Morrison's support, she was elected as a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] member of [[London County Council]] in 1946, representing [[Paddington North (London County Council constituency)|Paddington North]] electoral division.<ref name="Buczacki" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Achievement: A short History of the London County Council|page=262|author=W Eric Jackson|publisher=[[Longmans]]|year=1965}}</ref> She stood, unsuccessfully, for parliament, first at [[North Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North Somerset]] in [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]] and then at [[Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Colchester]] in [[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951]].<ref name="Buczacki" /> She also sat as a [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrate]], and became interested in [[prison reform]].<ref name="Buczacki" /> She joined the breakaway [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) in 1982, shortly after their formation.<ref name="Buczacki" />

She used a bequest from her father to establish a [[charitable trust]], the Field Foundation, under whose auspices she gave financial support to [[The Salvation Army]], persuading them to set up the first bail hostel in Britain, in 1971.<ref name="Buczacki" /> She was made a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in 1958, and appeared as a castaway on the [[BBC Radio]] programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' on 12 June 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/24127a2c#p009y2rr |title=Desert Island Discs - Castaway : Xenia Field |work=[[BBC Online]] |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> She also won the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[The Veitch Memorial Medal|Veitch Memorial Medal]], in 1972.<ref name="Buczacki" />

==Personal life==
She married Dr. James Field, a much older man, in 1936; he died only five years later.<ref name="Buczacki" />

==Death==
She died at Goldsborough Nursing Home, [[Ladbroke Road]], [[Kensington]], London on 24 January 1998, from a [[stroke]].<ref name="Buczacki" /> She was 103.

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Window Box Gardening }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Growing Bulbs in the House |year=1954 }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=The Housewife Book of House Plants |year=1956 |publisher=The Garden City Press Limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Under Lock and Key: a Study of Women in Prison |year=1963 }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Indoor Plants |year=1966 |publisher=Paul Hamlyn Limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Colorful World of Roses |year=1969 |publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Book of Garden Flowers |year=1971 |publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Gardening From Scratch |year=1973 |publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Xenia |author-mask=0 |title=Gardening Week by Week |year=1975 |publisher=Crescent Books }}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field, Xenia}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:English garden writers]]
[[Category:British prison reformers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of London County Council]]
[[Category:20th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century British women civil servants]]
[[Category:British horticulturists]]
[[Category:English philanthropists]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) councillors]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party (UK) politicians]]
[[Category:Veitch Memorial Medal recipients]]
[[Category:British reformers]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category:English people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British women centenarians]]
[[Category:Women councillors in England]]
[[Category:People from Secunderabad]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century English women writers]]

Bharkhani

2026-01-28T05:03:11Z

KateHinson76890: done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bharkhani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bharkhani block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bharkhani (#575) in Bharkhani CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.584465|N|79.79708|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Bharkhani" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.661
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5681
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bharkhani''' is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Hardoi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=146–79 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0924_PART_A_DCHB_HARDOI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> It has several schools, one clinic, and a public library, and there is a regular market as well as a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> A fair called Banshi Baba is held here on [[Chaitra]] Badi 30.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (36 - Hardoi District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=158, xiv-xv of section "Shahabad Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/987/1/22855_1961_HAR.pdf |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> The main staple crops here are [[wheat]] and [[rice]].<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi |date=1982 |pages=40–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1229/1/27831_1981_HAR.pdf |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, the population of Bharkhani is 5,681, in 888 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Demographic history ==
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bharkhani as comprising 6 hamlets, with a combined population of 2,383 (1,263 male and 1,120 female), in 498 households and 294 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The area of the village was given as 2,682 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bharkhani as having a population of 3,366, in 656 households, and covering an area of 1,065.98 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

== Villages ==
Bharkhani CD block has the following 183 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Lakhnaur, Hardoi|Lakhnaur]] || 894.7 || 4,655
|-
| [[Sahsoga]] || 226.6 || 1,020
|-
| [[Kamalpur, Bharkhani|Kamalpur]] || 937 || 4,450
|-
| [[Hullapur]] || 101.1 || 0
|-
| [[Pateora]] || 271 || 1,991
|-
| [[Bhabhar Keshopur]] || 369.2 || 2,002
|-
| [[Ahukhana]] || 68.5 || 0
|-
| [[Baruara]] || 498.7 || 2,489
|-
| [[Kurari, Hardoi|Kurari]] || 288.9 || 1,534
|-
| [[Maikpur]] || 551 || 3,263
|-
| [[Ghaso]] || 374.4 || 1,115
|-
| [[Girdhar, Hardoi|Girdhar]] || 153.4 || 931
|-
| [[Jujharpur]] || 175.6 || 536
|-
| [[Ubri Khera]] || 221.1 || 1,584
|-
| [[Naibasti]] || 819 || 3,662
|-
| [[Pachdeora]] || 721.4 || 4,151
|-
| [[Amtara]] || 432.6 || 2,918
|-
| [[Pakra, Bharkhani|Pakra]] || 201.4 || 946
|-
| [[Udaipur, Hardoi|Udaipur]] || 82.6 || 631
|-
| [[Sultanpur, Bharkhani|Sultanpur]] || 606.2 || 1,964
|-
| [[Anangpur]] || 393 || 3,088
|-
| [[Murtaza Nagar]] || 394.8 || 1,561
|-
| [[Jalpapur, Hardoi|Jalpapur]] || 270.7 || 1,708
|-
| [[Dariyabad, Bharkhani|Dariyabad]] || 102 || 221
|-
| [[Gautia]] || 52.2 || 499
|-
| [[Chakrachha]] || 79.4 || 797
|-
| [[Biriya, Hardoi|Biriya]] || 92.3 || 234
|-
| [[Jamalpur, Bharkhani|Jamalpur]] || 52 || 881
|-
| [[Lalpur, Bharkhani|Lalpur]] || 67.2 || 0
|-
| [[Naya Gaon, Bharkhani|Naya Gaon]] || 87.7 || 305
|-
| [[Chandpur, Bharkhani|Chandpur]] || 218.2 || 1,100
|-
| [[Nagla Husain]] || 160.8 || 1,046
|-
| [[Kundi, Hardoi|Kundi]] || 368.6 || 2,215
|-
| [[Nasa, Hardoi|Nasa]] || 207.8 || 713
|-
| [[Pipariya, Hardoi|Pipariya]] || 136.6 || 1,169
|-
| [[Kapoorpur, Bharkhani|Kapoorpur]] || 202.6 || 1,013
|-
| [[Kheriya]] || 182.7 || 1,160
|-
| [[Narbha]] || 195.3 || 1,026
|-
| [[Chandrampur]] || 158.5 || 585
|-
| [[Birampur, Hardoi|Birampur]] || 329.7 || 1,593
|-
| [[Umaria Kalan]] || 119.7 || 314
|-
| [[Khwajgipur, Bharkhani (census code 139552)|Khwajgipur]] || 272.5 || 1,895
|-
| [[Mundramau]] || 277.2 || 1,681
|-
| [[Randhirpur, Hardoi|Randhirpur]] || 160.5 || 579
|-
| [[Kaharkola]] || 332.3 || 1,334
|-
| [[Bhahpur Sapha]] || 540.9 || 1,234
|-
| [[Dwar Nagla]] || 143.2 || 521
|-
| [[Ghanu Nagla]] || 142.6 || 956
|-
| [[Dhani Nagla]] || 212.5 || 935
|-
| [[Manpara]] || 344.5 || 1,200
|-
| [[Rudrapur, Hardoi|Rudrapur]] || 53.4 || 0
|-
| [[Rupapur, Bharkhani|Rupapur]] || 135 || 1,162
|-
| [[Babarpur Pansala]] || 5.5 || 0
|-
| [[Babarpur Sisala]] || 396.8 || 2,474
|-
| [[Chanduapur]] || 51.8 || 0
|-
| [[Menghpur]] || 129.5 || 120
|-
| [[Hunseypur]] || 47.9 || 0
|-
| [[Sarai Saif Sisala]] || 48.7 || 0
|-
| [[Sarai Saif Pansala]] || 151.1 || 489
|-
| [[Bhagwantpur, Hardoi|Bhagwantpur]] || 72.9 || 825
|-
| [[Sakrauli]] || 165.8 || 553
|-
| [[Naglapattu]] || 416.8 || 982
|-
| [[Ramapur, Bharkhani|Ramapur]] || 297.9 || 1,276
|-
| [[Kunwarpur]] || 78.3 || 915
|-
| '''Bharkhani''' (block headquarters) || 1,066.1 || 5,681
|-
| [[Pachraiya]] || 282.7 || 794
|-
| [[Hasnapur, Bharkhani|Hasnapur]] || 338.9 || 1,967
|-
| [[Bilsari Malik]] || 128.3 || 434
|-
| [[Malikapur]] || 240.9 || 1,303
|-
| [[Paintpur]] || 350.5 || 1,447
|-
| [[Binaika Mafi]] || 188.2 || 426
|-
| [[Deoniapur Balbhadra]] || 906 || 363
|-
| [[Sandi Khera]] || 39.2 || 233
|-
| [[Bahrampur]] || 140 || 741
|-
| [[Serhamau]] || 132.2 || 951
|-
| [[Newada, Bharkhani|Newada]] || 150.8 || 536
|-
| [[Sahuapur]] || 182.8 || 820
|-
| [[Bilsar Helan]] || 282.9 || 1,475
|-
| [[Bilsar Harsen]] || 387.9 || 1,309
|-
| Naseerpur || 138.8 || 690
|-
| [[Bibiyapur]] || 230.4 || 56
|-
| [[Bisauli, Hardoi|Bisauli]] || 344.9 || 792
|-
| [[Man Nagla]] || 474 || 2,067
|-
| [[Ismailpur, Bharkhani|Ismailpur]] || 186.9 || 926
|-
| [[Hathuara]] || 565.9 || 1,903
|-
| [[Atariya]] || 200.2 || 437
|-
| [[Daghela]] || 262.9 || 2,159
|-
| [[Baragaon, Bharkhani|Baragaon]] || 240.6 || 341
|-
| [[Thariya]] || 109.2 || 648
|-
| [[Rajuapur]] || 221.3 || 598
|-
| [[Mahmoodpur]] || 157.3 || 1,064
|-
| [[Tera, Bharkhani|Tera]] || 186.8 || 691
|-
| [[Nagla Bhainsi]] || 187.5 || 1,416
|-
| [[Farigahana]] || 392 || 2,629
|-
| [[Aliyapur]] || 103.4 || 613
|-
| [[Behti]] || 221 || 1,417
|-
| [[Jeora]] || 750.7 || 2,084
|-
| [[Deoniyapur Sarsai]] || 91.5 || 0
|-
| [[Semar Jhala]] || 658.4 || 2,275
|-
| [[Dhauraliya]] || 97.7 || 295
|-
| [[Gajiyapur]] || 44.3 || 568
|-
| [[Adampur, Bharkhani|Adampur]] || 44.7 || 473
|-
| [[Nizampur, Bharkhani|Nizampur]] || 279.8 || 2,853
|-
| [[Pali Dehat Sisala]] || 129.4 || 0
|-
| [[Pali Dehat Pansala]] || 13.5 || 0
|-
| [[Ahmadpur, Hardoi|Ahmadpur]] || 81.7 || 511
|-
| [[Rajarampur]] || 73.7 || 69
|-
| [[Bhahpur]] || 144.1 || 510
|-
| [[Khankalapur]] || 97.1 || 890
|-
| [[Jahanpur, Hardoi|Jahanpur]] || 123.4 || 195
|-
| [[Akhri, Hardoi|Akhri]] || 71.8 || 177
|-
| [[Munder, Hardoi|Munder]] || 655.1 || 6,233
|-
| [[Kausiya]] || 122.8 || 576
|-
| [[Sarsai, Hardoi|Sarsai]] || 345.5 || 1,645
|-
| [[Timirpur]] || 210.7 || 1,325
|-
| [[Saidapur, Bharkhani|Saidapur]] || 128.5 || 948
|-
| [[Markara, Hardoi|Markara]] || 187.5 || 811
|-
| [[Amirta, Bharkhani|Amirta]] || 342.4 || 1,311
|-
| [[Rahtaura]] || 290 || 1,699
|-
| [[Khwajgipur, Bharkhani (census code 139630)|Khwajgipur]] || 49.1 || 438
|-
| [[Dharampur, Bharkhani|Dharampur]] || 169.1 || 534
|-
| [[Kishanpur, Hardoi|Kishanpur]] || 131.1 || 0
|-
| [[Ratanpur, Bharkhani|Ratanpur]] || 165.4 || 1,118
|-
| [[Garhuapur]] || 599.1 || 0
|-
| [[Ramapur Lal]] || 107.7 || 541
|-
| [[Ramdaspur, Hardoi|Ramdaspur]] || 68.8 || 480
|-
| [[Mahamdapur]] || 59.8 || 0
|-
| [[Khanjahanpur]] || 94.7 || 0
|-
| [[Asmadha]] || 134.4 || 1,303
|-
| [[Daulatpur, Bharkhani|Daulatpur]] || 37.1 || 664
|-
| [[Bhorapur]] || 180.5 || 1,309
|-
| [[Sahjanpur]] || 429 || 1,836
|-
| [[Nand Khera]] || 269.2 || 1,394
|-
| [[Baseliya]] || 82.8 || 1,022
|-
| [[Gaura Udaipur]] || 252.8 || 1,280
|-
| [[Kahrai Naktaura Sisala]] || 210 || 1,878
|-
| [[Kahrai Naktaura Pansala]] || 72 || 0
|-
| [[Raipur, Bharkhani|Raipur]] || 181 || 905
|-
| [[Kankapur Ubariya]] || 450.2 || 2,349
|-
| [[Kanhari]] || 246 || 1,471
|-
| [[Bahauddinpur]] || 155.3 || 1,191
|-
| [[Kaitha, Hardoi|Kaitha]] || 150.9 || 1,014
|-
| [[Pandeypur]] || 273.8 || 1,931
|-
| [[Rajpur Labhera]] || 206.4 || 671
|-
| [[Ubriakalan]] || 360 || 1,350
|-
| [[Chakauti Khurd]] || 236.1 || 1,114
|-
| [[Chakauti Kalan]] || 255.5 || 943
|-
| [[Ubariya Khurd]] || 254 || 416
|-
| [[Khetauli]] || 188.1 || 1,022
|-
| [[[[Nizampur Saida]]]] || 49.5 || 408
|-
| [[Rampura Khamariya]] || 560.2 || 2,111
|-
| [[Madnapur, Bharkhani|Madnapur]] || 192 || 1,692
|-
| [[Chaura Rai]] || 924 || 2,112
|-
| [[Singhapur]] || 205.1 || 717
|-
| [[Jaitpur, Hardoi|Jaitpur]] || 328 || 506
|-
| [[Semariya]] || 270.6 || 1,380
|-
| [[Khandaua Mirzapur]] || 244.1 || 987
|-
| [[Gaur Khera]] || 236.1 || 971
|-
| [[Sawaizpur]] || 512.5 || 5,044
|-
| [[Silwari]] || 642 || 1,862
|-
| [[Dhikaha]] || 814 || 817
|-
| [[Ramapur Misra]] || 129.9 || 579
|-
| [[Pahunchna Khera]] || 85.6 || 223
|-
| [[Lakhmapur Sisala]] || 193 || 789
|-
| [[Lakhmapur Pansala]] || 54.4 || 715
|-
| [[Haran Kuda Sisala]] || 45.7 || 490
|-
| [[Haran Kuda Pansala]] || 72 || 0
|-
| [[Gurdharu]] || 84.8 || 549
|-
| [[Salhoni Sisala]] || 136.5 || 2,482
|-
| [[Salhoni Pansala]] || 83.3 || 0
|-
| [[Dahirapur]] || 1,484.6 || 1,005
|-
| [[Saraj Ragho Pansala]] || 100.1 || 0
|-
| [[Sarai Ragho Sisala]] || 241.3 || 2,363
|-
| [[Nagla Pahladpur]] || 195.2 || 324
|-
| [[Udharna Pur]] || 279.5 || 687
|-
| [[Bhaila Mau Sisala]] || 389.8 || 1,695
|-
| [[Bhaila Mau Pansala]] || 40.4 || 0
|-
| [[Kankapur Lal]] || 40.3 || 750
|-
| [[Binaika Akbarpur Sisala]] || 51.6 || 632
|-
| [[Binaika Akbarpur Pansala]] || 153.9 || 500
|-
| [[Menhdiyarpur]] || 88.8 || 220
|-
| [[Baroura Sisala]] || 123.8 || 1,426
|-
| [[Baraura Pansala]] || 92 || 0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hardoi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hardoi district]]

Rang De Basanti (soundtrack)

2026-01-27T03:19:10Z

KateHinson76890: refine article as per guidelines and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Rang De Basanti
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = RDB_soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| released = 8 December 2005
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]] [[AM Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 44:00
| label = [[Sony BMG]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Water (Soundtrack)|Water]]
| prev_year = 2005
| year = 2006
| next_title = [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]
| next_year = 2006
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = Planet Bollywood
| rev1Score = {{Rating|8|10}}
}}
The soundtrack to the 2006 film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' was released by [[Sony BMG|Sony Music Entertainment]] on 8 December 2005 and had its music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyrics in Hindi and English by [[Prasoon Joshi]] and [[rapper]] [[Blaaze]].<ref name="hindu_joshi">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200612151240.htm
|title=Ad-making still my first love: Prasoon Joshi|date=2006-12-15|work=The Hindu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="hindu_blaaze">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/29/stories/2006042900020400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127020822/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/29/stories/2006042900020400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2007-11-27
|work=[[The Hindu]]|title= 'Rap is rhythm 'n' poetry'|date=2006-04-29}}</ref> The title track was used at a flash mob at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in Mumbai on 27 November 2011 in honour of those who died in the [[26/11]] attack.

==Overview==
From the film's announcement in April 2005, Rahman was slated to compose the music.<ref name="Angad_produces">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-17|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/593812.cms
|title=Aamir paints it yellow!|last=Doval|first=Nikita|date=2004-04-01|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In a press conference with [[Pop music|pop]] singer [[Nelly Furtado]], he said that she was to originally have featured on the soundtrack, although this was ultimately prevented from happening due to a change in producers and other factors.<ref name="hindu_furtado">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200612302082.htm
|title=Nelly Furtado was to feature in RDB: A R Rehman|date=2005-12-30|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103191327/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200612302082.htm|archive-date=2007-01-03}}</ref> Star [[Aamir Khan]], with his knowledge of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]],<ref name="TOI_AK_Urdu">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-comes-to-rescue/articleshow/2429355.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023083530/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-05/news-interviews/27983241_1_aamir-khan-murgadoss-ghajini
|url-status=live
|archive-date=2012-10-23
|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Aamir comes to rescue|date=2007-10-05}}</ref> worked with Rahman and Joshi for the film's soundtrack.<ref name="HT_mehra">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-20|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=418b4a10-e663-43f3-9479-1be84bde42b8&ParentID=a56c7701-5c64-4310-aba0-322fda525994&&Headline=%27iRang+De+Basanti%2fi+a+contemporary+film%27|title=Rang De Basanti a contemporary film|date=2006-01-27|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In addition, screenwriter and director [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] and Rahman were reported to have chosen him to sing for one of the songs,{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} though his recorded performance turned out to be more a poetic recitation.

Joshi was impressed with Mehra, who was ready to adjust to his style of writing as well as his creativity.<ref name="hindu_joshi"/> Confessing that the film's soundtrack was his favorite out of all his previous works, Joshi felt that it "was a wonderful experience getting to know the mindset of today’s youth and to pen down their feelings".<ref name="TOI_joshi">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-a-perfectionist-like-Aamir/articleshow/2826935.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023083536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-01/news-interviews/27752027_1_perfectionist-tzp-maa
|url-status=live
|archive-date=2012-10-23
|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=I'm a perfectionist like Aamir|date=2008-03-01}}</ref> Speaking about one of his songs, "Luka Chuppi", in which veteran [[Lata Mangeshkar]] sang with Rahman,<ref name="HT_mehra"/> Joshi said that it was developed while discussing with Rahman the scene about a mother losing her son. Joshi wrote the lyrics about the mother and son playing hide-and-seek with the sad reality of the son being hidden forever.<ref name="tehelka_joshi">{{cite news|access-date=2008-03-21|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=hub150308prose_is.asp|title=Prose is for lazy people, poetry for the imaginative|date=2008-03-15|last=Kabir|first=Nasreen|work=Tehelka Weekly|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913144222/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=hub150308prose_is.asp|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> He confessed to have been in tears while Mangeshkar was singing the song.<ref name="oscar_nom">{{cite news|title='I was in tears when Lataji was singing the song|last=Singh|first=Ruma|date=2006-12-16|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City_Supplements/Ahmedabad_Times/I_was_in_tears_when_Lataji_was_singing_the_song/articleshow/824712.cms|access-date=2009-02-23}}</ref> The soundtrack won the [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]],<ref name="filmfare">{{cite news|title=Rang De Basanti sweeps Filmfare awards|date=2007-02-25|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rang_De_Basanti_sweeps_Filmfare_awards/articleshow/1676126.cms|access-date=2009-02-23}}</ref> and had two of its tracks, "Khalbali" and "Luka Chuppi", considered for an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] nomination.<ref name="oscar_nom"/>

While discussing typical [[Bollywood]] [[soundtrack]]s, Nilanjana Bhattacharjya, a [[professor]] of [[music]] at [[Colorado College]] noted that Rahman integrated traditional Punjabi cultural elements within his music for this soundtrack. Regionally defined elements such as a woman's prayer at the Sikh [[Gurudwara]] (Golden Temple) and the [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]] harvest dance are incorporated alongside more contemporary, global styles such as [[hard rock]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] to depict the cosmopolitan lifestyle of the youngsters in the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhattacharjya |first=Nilanjana |magazine=ASIANetwork Exchange |volume=XV |issue=1 |pages=11{{ndash}}12 |date=Fall 2007 |url=http://www.asianetwork.org/exchange/2007-fall/anex2007-fall.pdf |title=But it has Some Good Songs |lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725021412/http://www.asianetwork.org/exchange/2007-fall/anex2007-fall.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 19,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's third highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| total_length = 44:02
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ik Onkar
| extra1 = [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| length1 = 1:27
| title2 = Rang De Basanti
| extra2 = [[Daler Mehndi]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 6:06
| title3 = Masti Ki Paathshaala
| extra3 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Mohammed Aslam]]
| length3 = 7:50
| title4 = Tu Bin Bataayein
| extra4 = Naresh Iyer, [[Madhushree]]
| length4 = 5:58
| title5 = Khalbali
| extra5 = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Mohammed Aslam]], Nacim
| length5 = 6:19
| title6 = Khoon Chala
| extra6 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length6 = 3:09
| title7 = Paathshaala (Be A Rebel)
| extra7 = Naresh Iyer, [[Mohammed Aslam]], [[Blaaze]]
| length7 = 3:09
| title8 = Luka Chuppi
| extra8 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], A. R. Rahman
| length8 = 6:37
| title9 = Lalkaar
| extra9 = [[Aamir Khan]]
| length9 = 2:59
| title10 = Roobaroo
| extra10 = A. R. Rahman, Naresh Iyer
| length10 = 4:45
}}

==Awards==
;[[Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2008-05-10|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061222/asp/etc/story_7144101.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224121035/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061222/asp/etc/story_7144101.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2007|title= 'I'm dedicating it to Ustad'|last=Hazarika|first=Sneha|date=2006-12-22|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
*Longlisted- [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] – [[A. R. Rahman]] for ''Lukka Chuppi''
*Longlisted- Academy Award for Best Original Song – A. R. Rahman for ''Khalbali''

;[[National Film Awards]]
*Won- [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback]] – [[Naresh Iyer]] for ''Rubaroo''

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
*Won- [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]] – A. R. Rahman
*Nominated- [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]] – [[Prasoon Joshi]] for ''Rubaroo''

;[[IIFA Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/movies/bollywood/iifa-awards-2007.php |title=IIFA nominations list |publisher=Whereincity.com |date=2007-05-26 |access-date=2011-07-08}}</ref>
*Won- [[IIFA Best Music Director Award|Best Music Direction]] – A. R. Rahman
*Nominated- [[IIFA Best Male Playback Award|Male Playback]] – A. R. Rahman for ''Rubaroo''
*Nominated- Male Playback – Naresh Iyer for ''Rubaroo''
*Nominated- [[IIFA Best Female Playback Award|Female Playback]] – [[Lata Mangeshkar]] for ''Lukka Chuppi''
*Nominated- [[IIFA Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyrics]] – Prasoon Joshi for ''Rubaroo''

;[[Zee Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/02/26/2308/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055106/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/02/26/2308/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2008 |title=Zee Cine Awards nominations List |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2007-02-26 |access-date=2011-07-08}}</ref>
*Won- [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]] – A. R. Rahman
*Nominated- [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]] – Prasoon Joshi for ''Paathshaala''
*Nominated- Best Choreographer – Ganesh Acharya for ''Paathshaala''

;[[Star Screen Awards]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
*Won- [[Star Screen Award for Best Background Music]] – A. R. Rahman
*Nominated- [[Star Screen Award for Best Music Director]] – A. R. Rahman

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2005 soundtrack albums]]

Dacca football team

2026-01-26T00:04:12Z

KateHinson76890: Stub - done

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Dacca
| current =
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Dacca football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded = 1941
| dissolved = 1947
| ground = [[Paltan Maidan]], [[Dhaka|Dacca]]
| capacity =
| owner = Dacca Sporting Association
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle =
| manager =
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season =
| position =
}}
The '''Dacca football team''' was an Indian domestic football team that represented the city of [[Dhaka|Dacca]] and the eastern region of [[Bengal Presidency]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]]. The team played in the Santosh Trophy from [[1944–45 Santosh Trophy|1944–45]] season until [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945–46]] season in [[British Raj|India]], before the [[partition of India]].

==History==
===Origins of Dacca football===
The Dacca Sporting Association (DSA) was formed in 1895 as an apex body for the control of sports in [[Dhaka|Dacca]], and also played an important role in the spread of [[association football]] in eastern Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/kaler-khela/2014/05/23/87414|title=ব্রাজিলিয়ানদেরও আগে বাঙালিরা!|date=23 May 2014|language=bn|website=Kaler Kantho|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215143848/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/kaler-khela/2014/05/23/87414|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="ijcrt">{{Cite web|url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2207661.pdf|title=Origins and Growth of Football Club Culture in Colonial East Bengal (Present Bangladesh)|first=Dhurba|last=Kar|date=7 July 2022|publisher=IJCRT|access-date=26 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226110030/https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2207661.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The players from eastern Bengal played for the [[Calcutta]]-based clubs that participated in the [[Calcutta Football League]] and the [[Dhaka|Dacca]]-based clubs such as [[Wari Club Dhaka|Wari Club]], which participated in the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] tournaments such as [[IFA Shield]], [[Trades Cup]] etc. The players also represented the [[West Bengal football team|Bengal football team]] or IFA XI representative sides which was administered by the IFA for [[Bengal Presidency]].

DSA representative sides also played friendly matches against other Indian and British sides. One such notable moment came in 1937, when DSA secured a victory against a visiting British side in 1937. They defeated [[Islington Corinthians F.C.|Islington Corinthians]] 1–0, on 22 November 1937, with the goal scored by Pakhi Sen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/|title=Kick, Score, Scream! The History of Football in Dhaka|first=Dhrubo|last=Alam|location=Dhaka|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Ice Today|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015051/http://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sub-editorial/2017/11/21/568060|title=৮০ বছর আগে ঢাকার ফুটবলে জয়|date=November 1, 2017|website=www.kalerkantho.com}}</ref>

===Provincial representation===
The [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] which was formed in 1937, then instituted the national football championship for inter-state football competition, which came to be known as the [[Santosh Trophy]]. Dacca became the provincial member under Dacca Sporting Association on 29 December 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) - Friday 30 December 1938|page=21|url=https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19381230/292/0021|access-date=2026-01-07|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> The team was slated to participate in the inaugural Santosh Trophy in the [[1941–42 Santosh Trophy|1941–42]] season against [[West Bengal football team|Bengal football team]], but withdrew.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.1464/page/4/mode/1up Inter Provincial Football], Bombay Chronicle, 18 April 1941</ref> Bengal received a walkover as Dacca withdrew drew to communal riots, while the match was scheduled to be held in Dacca on 13 July.<ref name=abj7>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/OUVGZm1XRVlDWTRCcjVWRXRKeWxCUT09 Dacca withdraws due to riots], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 7 July 1941</ref> Dacca made its national debut in the Santosh Trophy in the 1944–45 season, when it played its first match but lost 2–0 against Bengal.<ref name=expaug28>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Is-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5011%2C2922698|title=Bengal beat Dacca|publisher=The Indian Express|date=28 August 1944|language=en|access-date=26 February 2025|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226104817/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Is-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5011%2C2922698|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1945–46 season, it played against [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]], but lost 3–0 in their last appearance at the national championships.<ref>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/Q1JpWnJnNkdpVFppUmRWR3JHMzB6UT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 8 October 1945</ref>

===Successor===
Following the independence and partition of India, the Dacca team became defunct as they could no longer participate in the national championships, as the region became a part of [[Pakistan]] as the province of [[East Bengal]] (later [[East Pakistan]]). The domestic league continued with the [[Dhaka Football League]] from 1948.

Eventually, players from Dacca would represent teams from [[East Pakistan]] in the [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|Pakistan National Football Championship]]. In 1961, after the National Championship was made division-based, Dacca Division would win the tournament in both 1961–62 and 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/sport/2024/01/06/1352503|title=ফুটবলে তখন নাম ছিল, টাকা-পয়সার ব্যাপার ছিল না|first=Shajahan|last=Kabir|date=6 January 2024|website=Kalerkantho|language=bn|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107182356/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/sport/2024/01/06/1352503|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

Eventually in 1971, Bangladesh became independent and the [[Bangladesh national football team]] played its first international match in 1973. In the same year, the Dhaka District football team would win the [[National Football Championship (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2020/07/26/939253 |script-title=bn:সেদিন লাল-সবুজ পতাকা উড়িয়েছিল ফুটবল |date=25 July 2020 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830102857/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2020/07/26/939253 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Squads==
The Dacca squad for the [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy]]:
* G Burton; D. Dutta and [[Sheikh Shaheb Ali|Shaheb Ali]]; H Mitra, S Guha and R Sen; S Bose, A Roy, P Mukerjee, A Rachia, A Das, B. Bose, R. Talukdar, C. Bose, Bailey, S. Sen
The Dacca squad for the [[1944–45 Santosh Trophy]]:
* Marshall; A Mukherjee; [[Sheikh Shaheb Ali|Shaheb Ali]]; Shubal Pal; Reynolds; Onahoy; Horn; Alom; Dutch; A Das; Abbas<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-8-241#?open=true&cv=3&xywh=-5156%2C-1%2C15979%2C9620|title=Jugantar. Vol: 07; Issue: 342; Page: 04 (29 August 1944)|language=bn|access-date=2 January 2026|website=eap.bl.uk|archive-date=2 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102082718/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-8-241#?open=true&cv=3&xywh=771%2C1000%2C2149%2C1659|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}

[[Category:Football in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]

Pongringlong (Charoi pandongba)

2026-01-22T16:44:29Z

KateHinson76890: starting

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pongringlong
| official_name = Charoipandongba Kabui Village
| population_total = 816
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN code(s)]]
| postal_code = 795 159
| subdivision_type3 = [[Sub- divisions of India|Sub Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = Saitu-Gamphazol
}}

'''Pongringlong (Charoipandongba)''', also known locally as '''Puangringluang''', is a [[Rongmei Naga people|Rongmei Naga]] village located along [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 37]]. The village is located within the Saitu Gamphazol subdivision of [[Senapati district]], [[Manipur]] state, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/vehicles-torched-during-24-hr-bandh-in-manipur/180090.html |title=Vehicles torched during 24-hr bandh in Manipur |website=nagalandpost.com |publisher=[[Nagaland Post]] |date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kiran.nic.in/pdf/Extra/farmers_tamenglong.pdf |title=List of Farmers: Tamengloong |website=kiran.nic.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] }}</ref> The villagers are mostly small farmers practicing [[Slash-and-burn]], or ''jhum'', cultivation of land that is communally owned.

== Etymology ==
''Pongringlong'' derives from the range of hills where ''Puangring Pwang'', a species of flower, grows abundantly near the site selected for the village. Thus the elders named the area Pongringlong Village.

Pongringlong Village was officially named Charoipandongba (from the [[Meitei language|Meitei]] words 'Charoi', referring to 'Black Sparrow', and 'Pandongba', referring to 'sitting on the village fence') by a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] king during his visit to the village, according to village elders.

== History ==
Those who settled that would become Pongringlong Village were the descendants of the Tenyimi family, scattered from the Makhel to the Ramting Kabin, who migrated to Gwangpuning and later to Makuilongdi.<ref name = "aph">Aphun, K. (2008). The Kabui Naga of Manipur: A study of identity and identity-crisis. Thesis of Ph.D., Submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University, centre for the study of Social Systems, School of Social Sciences, New Delhi.</ref> According to Gangmumei Kamei, Rembangbe—the third son of Chief Nguiba of Makuilongdi Village—and some villagers migrated to the south and called themselves ''Rongmei'', or ''Marongmei'' (southerners or people migrated to the south). They first settled in Kajinglong, and in succeeding generations people went out in many directions, founding villages to the south of the Irang River.<ref name = "aph"/>

According to traditional practice, the band or group of exogamous clans (led by elders) ensure the settlement (''Nam Phumei'') would be secure and safe from outside attack, would have water sources, and would have good vegetation for hunting and for cultivation.<ref name = "aph"/> The founding of Pongringlong Village is no exception. The family of Reikhamnang Daimei and Namdirei Malangmei (disguising himself as being from the Khandangmei clan for his safety) selected the new site and settled in Thing-gi-puram (above Pongringlong Pondaijang Part IV).

The site was not conducive to settlement, and they invited Maoteina Panmei to join them to search for a new site. They named the location they found Pongringlong (hill range of the Puangring Pwan species of flower). The water sources they found were named for their clans: Khundaipang for the Malangmei Clan, Luangsangpang for the Daimei Clan, and Changphaipang for the Panmei Clan. Already having found and named water sources for each clan, they found another on their way and named it Luandaipang, according to village elders.

The village prospered and grew in size both by procreation and by adding and registering (''Pei Kho Joulai Puanloumei'') new members from kinsmen of the founding clans. The three founding clans (Daimei, Malangmei/Khandangmei, and Panmei) have their associated water sources, Memorial Stone heap (Tau Khuan) for burial, and Ramphung (ranges of land used for farming). The village has been divided into different sections, or 'khel': Part I (Pongringlong Chingkao), Part II (Pongringlong Kanungjang), Part III (Pongringlong Machunjang), and Part IV (Pongringlong Pondaijang), whose clans are the Malangmei, Daimei, Panmei, Gangmei, Kamei, and Phaomei.

== Geography ==
Pongringlong Village is located {{convert|166|km}} from Senapati district headquarters—via [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-37]], or via Jiribam Imphal Road and [[National Highway 102 (India)|NH-102A]]—and is {{convert|11|km}} from [[Noney district]]. The village is bordered by the Tupul River (Phaan Dui Thuak) on the south; by Makhuam Village and the Aga River on the west; by Kharam Village, Sehjang Village, and the Taru River on the north; and by Mangshen Haibut and Rukhunpang on the east. The village is physically divided into four parts, or ''khel'': Part I (Pongringlong Chingkao), Part II (Pongringlong Kanungjang), Part III (Pongringlong Machunjang) and Part IV (Pongringlong Pondaijang).

Important historical tourist spots—such as Kimbut (where Gairiamnang played his music), Luangdaimei (where Loichingmei once lived), Mangshen Haibut (where the British communicated by mirror flashes)—are the pride of the village, the Zeliangrong in particular, and of the Naga as a whole. The nearest bank is the [[State Bank of India]] branch at the Noney army camp.

== Demographics ==
According to the Indian census of 2011, Pongringlong (Charoipandongba) Village has 155 family households, with approximately 816 members: 400 of whom are male and 416 are female, for a sex ratio of 1040 females per 1000 males, which is higher than the state ratio of 985, the child sex ratio being 892 which is lower than the state child ratio of 930. The village literacy rate is 54.83%, which is lower than the state literacy rate of 76.94%, with the literacy rate for males being 64.18%, for females, 46.09%.<ref>Latest Census (2011) Charoipandongba Kabui Population - Senapati, Manipur http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268833-charoipandongba-kabui-manipur.html</ref>

99% of the villagers speak the [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] dialect.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Few speak English, Hindi, or [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]].

The major religions are Christian (Baptist and Catholic), with [[Rongmei Naga people|Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak]] (TRC) religion being still found in Pongringlong parts I and III.

== Administration ==
Before the splitting of Manipur district into seven new districts,<ref>''Times of India'' (9/12/2016). "[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/manipur/Manipur-cabinet-decides-formation-of-7-new-districts/articleshow/55891241.cms Manipur Cabinet Decides Formation of 7 new districts]"</ref> the village was in Senapati district, within the Saitu Gramphazol subdivision, with its post office and police station at Langjing. Due to being distant from the Senapati district headquarters, the Langjing police and post office referred the villagers to the Tupul-Noney police and post office in the [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]] district, which was more convenient for both villagers and authorities. These inconveniences led to the villagers wanting to have the village be part of the newly created Noney district, which is just {{convert|11|km}} away.

Given the freedom to uphold the Naga Customary Law and Code of Conduct by the Indian Constitution in Article 371 (A), and following, the Pongringlong Village Council (Pei) is the apex administrative body of the village. The village council comprises village elders, who handle issues such as land disputes, resource disputes, criminality, divorce, minor offences, and tasks related to new membership in the village. The Pongringlong Village Authority, headed by a chairman, established under the Manipur Village Authority Act 1956,<ref name = "aph"/> is a body parallel to the Pei. The Village Authority handles formal administrative and developmental work for the village. Religious institutions are independent. All these social institutions co-exist mutually and interdependently to serve the economic, political, religious, and social needs of the villagers.

The Pongringlong pincode is 795159 and the postal head office is at [[Noney]].

== Communal ownership and land use ==
Pongringlong Village land and resources are held in common, which is usual among the [[Zeliangrong]] community and the [[Naga people]], a society that is egalitarian, with equal ownership of land by all the members of a village. Land is a crucial in defining the Naga in general and the village in particular. Forceful occupation of their land is an attack on their identity and culture.<ref>Samson, Kamei (2014). Zeliangrong Movement in North-East India: A Study of Perspectives from the past and the present. Thesis submitted to the Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.</ref> The chief or headman is the caretaker of the village's land and resources. He is ordained by the ''Pei'' (Village Council), based on his hereditary seniority from the village's founding clans. He should have an exceptionally fine character, without blemish (''Heak Chuimei Panti'').

Terms used by the Pongringlong Village Pei with regard to land and natural resources include ''Ramphung'' (range of land associated with a certain founding clan, commonly understood in the manner of responsibility, egalitarian spirit, respect for the land, and also respect for the village's founding clans). The Pei decides which Ramphung will be cultivated in the coming years. The clan associated with that Ramphung has the responsibility to bless the land for fertility and for a good harvest. All the households of the village will select the plots to be cultivated and each plot allotted to a household is called a ''Lauru'' (selected/chosen cultivated field). It is clear that the Ramphung encompass all the villagers' Lauru. Selling, giving, and buying village land, or Lauru, to those outside the village or other than kinsmen is illegal by the customs and code of the village Pei.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news |title=Tenyimi Day message from TPO president |url=https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/nagaland/tenyimi-day-message-from-tpo-president/ |date=22 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The India Post]] |access-date=19 July 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in Senapati district]]

Anchal Sabharwal

2026-01-18T18:30:06Z

KateHinson76890: stub

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anchal Sabharwal
| image = Aanchal sabharwal.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| height =
| other_names = Aanchal, Sobhana
| occupation = [[Actress]], model
| website =
}}

'''Anchal Sabharwal''' is a film actress and model, who has appeared in [[Hindi]] television series and regional feature films.

==Career==
Anchal first appeared in many TV commercials and then in few Hindi television series. Her first film was in Telugu, ''Masth''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} She appeared in Hindi film ''Aamras'' which is the directorial debut of Rupali Guha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha K|first=Subhash|title=Aamras Turns 15: When Rupali Guha Was Asked To Get 'Shahid Kapoor Play Boyfriend' In A Film About Four Girls|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/aamras-turns-15-when-rupali-guha-was-asked-to-get-shahid-kapoor-play-boyfriend-in-a-film-about-four-girls-article-113247245|website=timesnownews.com|publisher=[[Times Now|Times Now News]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> She made her debut in Kannda in 2011 and played a supporting role in ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]''. She was first supposed to play the lead role in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raagini replaces Aanchal Sabharwal|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raagini-replaces-aanchal-sabharwal-news-kannada-kkguCOhjfeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324155112/http://www.sify.com/movies/raagini-replaces-aanchal-sabharwal-news-kannada-kkguCOhjfeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2014|access-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> She replaced [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] as Aarti Jhaveri in the sitcom ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anchal Sabarwal replaces Mugdha in Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/news/Anchal-Sabarwal-replaces-Mugdha-in-Sajan-Re-Jhoot-Mat-Bolo/8790|access-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''Aamras'' || Sanya Balsara || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
|2011||''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]''||Meera||[[Malayalam]]||

|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role
|-
| 2006–2008 || ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein''|| Zoya Ali
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bhaskar Bharti]]'' || Payal Mehra
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' || Aarti Jhaveri
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' || Damini
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi ki]]'' || Contestant
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Uttaran]]''||Fida
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''|| Mansi
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Tamanna (TV series)|Tamanna]]''|| Lavanya<ref>{{Cite web|last=Razzaq|first=Sameena|date=4 March 2016|title=Aanchal all set to join Tamanna as parallel lead|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/040316/aanchal-all-set-to-join-tamanna-as-parallel-lead.html|website=deccanchronicle.com|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]'' || Nitya
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4006132}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|anchal-sabharwal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabharwal, Anchal}}
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

NGEF

2025-12-30T10:43:26Z

KateHinson76890: fixed issues

{{Short description|Electrical company in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NGEF
| logo =
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Public Sector|PSU]]) [[Government-owned corporation|State-owned enterprise]]
| company_slogan =
| foundation = 1956
| location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Electrical]]
| products = pump sets transformers motors switchgear power electronics semi conductor devices mechanical engineering
| revenue =
| homepage =
}}

'''NGEF (New Government Electrical Factory)''' of [[Karnataka]] in India was an [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001]] certified company with German collaborators and known for technology.<ref name="Organizational Theory">{{cite book|last=Gareth R.|first=Jones|title=Organizational Theory, Design, and Change|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=332|isbn=9788131754160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ETvcOjAooC&dq=ngef&pg=PA332|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> It is taken as an example of an Indian company that declined.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/>

==The Company==

NGEF was incorporated as a company in 1956<ref>{{cite web|title=Writ Petition, High Court Bangalore|url=http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgments/bitstream/123456789/720682/1/WP22817-10-03-08-2012.pdf|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Company Petition, 2002, High Court, Bangalore|url=http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgments/bitstream/123456789/905335/1/CA1555-12-29-10-2013.pdf|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Writ Petition, Liquidation|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/160901256/|publisher=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NGEF plan">{{cite news|last=Srivatsa and Ramesh|title=Employees of NGEF seek its revival|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/15/stories/2010051564221200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519191709/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/15/stories/2010051564221200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2010|accessdate=14 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2010}}</ref> in partnership with the former company [[AEG (German company)|AEG]] (Aktiengesellschaft or Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft<ref name="Aktie">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dm-aktie.de/dmaktien/aeg.html |title=AEG-Teilschuldverschreibung [[Bond (finance)]] from 1962 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912141102/http://www.dm-aktie.de/dmaktien/aeg.html |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) of Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Charging into an alliance|journal=Business Today|date=22 Apr 1994|volume=3|issue=556–562|pages=54, 81, 87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MkSAQAAMAAJ&q=ngef|accessdate=14 February 2014|publisher=Living Media India Limited}}</ref> It had six divisions — transformer, motors, switchgear, power electronics, semi conductor devices and mechanical engineering.<ref name="NGEF plan"/> NGEF was once a leader in [[pump]]s, [[electric motor]]s and [[Switchgear|switch gears]] in Bangalore.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/>

It manufactured pump sets, to provide continuous water supply for farms, and [[Electric motor|motor]]s, to power the [[pump]]s, hence contributing its bit to increase agricultural production.<ref>{{cite journal|title=NGEF|journal=Yojana|year=1976|volume=20|pages=5, 28, 54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioBCAAAAYAAJ&q=ngef|accessdate=14 February 2014|publisher=Publications Division}}</ref> NGEF also helped the [[Railways]] Modernisation Programme by executing seven major contracts for equipping 20 traction substations in the [[Central Railways|Central]] and [[Western Railways]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=AEG Telefunken and NGEF lay a new track in electrical technology|journal=Indian Railways|year=1983|volume=28|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkNgUwhCQ9MC&q=ngef|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> It also manufactured the electrical components for the [[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Salient Features, Electrical Department|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|publisher=Metro Railway, Kolkata|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref>

==Allegations==

There were allegations made against [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] by opposition leaders, in a case involving the transfer of shares by the NGEF company which was owned by the [[Karnataka]] state Government and run by public servant officers.<ref name=Allegation>{{cite web|title=A Bomb waiting to explode|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203521|publisher=Outlook|accessdate=14 February 2014|date=14 May 1997}}</ref> In the mid-1980s the [[Indian Navy]] was to buy [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] [[submarine]]s and [[torpedo]]es from [[AEG (German company)|AEG]]-T. NGEF, AEG's technical collaborator in India, was legally entitled to a commission on every AEG sale in the country. Instead it was found that [[AEG (German company)|AEG]] ended up paying bribes to public servants instead of the due commission. It was also alleged that [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] and [[J. H. Patel]] (both had been Chief Ministers of [[Karnataka]]) had joined with the NGEF administrators to deny the company the commission. An inquiry by retired judge Alvares found Commercial Director Srivathsa guilty of forging documents under orders from NGEF chairman Rao. The case was referred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] who registered a [[First Information Report|FIR]] in March 1990. The bribes were found to have been routed to highly placed persons through Delhi-based Roger Enterprises. The COD headed by Diwakar also launched an investigation and presented a report to the Home Department in October 1996.<ref name=Allegation/>

==Liberalisation==

The liberalisation of Indian economic policies in the early 1990s jolted many PSUs (Public Sector Units) in India, one of them being NGEF.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/> It took a turn for the worse by the late 1990s.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/> By mid 2000, the Government tried to revive it but when it was not seen as viable the Government decided to privatise it and put it up for sale.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/> But no feasible offer came forward to privatise the company and hence it was shut down. However the land owned by NGEF was deemed valuable. [[Ernst and Young]] were the consultants that managed the process of phasing out the company.<ref name="Organizational Theory"/> While about 1,800 employees availed of the voluntary retirement scheme (VRS), 122 refused VRS.<ref name="NGEF plan"/> NGEF closed down in 2002 after incurring losses.<ref name="NGEF plan"/>

==Aftermath==

NGEF is remembered for the land it owned, a part of it is currently a residential area called NGEF layout (located in [[Nagarbhavi]] 2nd stage) <ref name="Organizational Theory"/> and the [[Baiyappanahalli metro station]]. The NGEF land was surveyed and the KSRTC, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] and the [[Namma Metro|BMRCL]] had sought 53 acres of the sprawling 240-acre factory campus in [[Baiyyappanahalli]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="NGEF plan"/> [[Namma Metro|BMRCL]] constructed its depot, ([[Baiyappanahalli metro station]]), in the land. Also, [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] has built one of its bus depots and [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] has built the [[Baiyyappanahalli#Satellite bus station, NGEF|Baiyappanahalli bus stand]] in the area.<ref name="NGEF plan"/>

However while NGEF Ltd., [[Bangalore]], no longer exists, its subsidiary in [[Hubli]] continues to operate.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGEF (Hubli) Ltd|url=http://www.ngefhub.com/aboutus.html|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> The unit NGEF (Hubli) Ltd. was set up in 1984 as a motor manufacturing unit of NGEF at Gokul industrial estate Hubli. By 1988 all Mfg, activities were fully shifted from Gokul industrial estate to Rayapur at 10 acres of developed land allotted by KIADB with 1,02,000 Sq.ft. built-up plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to NGEF (HUBLI) LTD.|url=http://www.ngefhub.com/index.html|accessdate=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221173427/http://www.ngefhub.com/index.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While the Hubli unit continues to make profit and is hence supported by the state government,<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff CORRESPONDENT|title=Shettar promises funds for revival of NGEF (Hubli) Ltd.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/shettar-promises-funds-for-revival-of-ngef-hubli-ltd/article4233745.ece|accessdate=14 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012}}</ref> there were talks of reviving the Bangalore unit by utilising its property and machinery.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff CORRESPONDENT|title=Shobha Karandlaje looks to salvage NGEF, Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/shobha-karandlaje-looks-to-salvage-ngef-bangalore/article4233757.ece|accessdate=14 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012}}</ref> In 2009, years after NGEF was shut down, there were still some employees whose dues had not been paid yet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhav|first=Vinay|title=WAITING in vain |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=07-09-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00400&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051321/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=07-09-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar00400&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2014|accessdate=14 February 2014|newspaper=Times of India Mobile}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/27767928?uid=2&uid=4&purchase-type=both&accessType=RR&sid=21103390655501&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true About similar PSUs]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Science and technology in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Electrical engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1956]]

Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry

2025-11-25T18:04:36Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Union Council of Ministers headed by Indira Gandhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry
|cabinet_type= ministry
|cabinet_number = 11th
|jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
| flag_border = true
|image = Indira Gandhi 2017 stamp.png
|date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1980|01|14}}
|date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1984|10|31}}
|government_head = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head =
|state_head = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] {{Small|(until 1982)}} [[Zail Singh]] {{small|(from 1982)}}
|current_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|political_party = [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
|election = [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|last_election = [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1980|01|14|1984|10|31}}
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|opposition_leader = ''Vacant'' (in Lok Sabha) [[Lal Krishna Advani]] (in Rajya Sabha) (21 January 1980 – 7 April 1980)
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Charan Singh ministry]]
|successor = [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry]]
}}
{{Indira Gandhi series}}
The '''Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry''' was formed on 14 January 1980 after the Congress (I)'s victory in the [[1980 Indian general election|1980 general election]]. [[Indira Gandhi]] was sworn-in as the Prime Minister for the fourth time and also marked her return to the premiership after three years since her defeat in 1977.

The ministry remained in office until the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] on 31 October 1984. She was succeeded by her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]] as the Prime minister.

==Composition==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:20em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] And also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issuesnot allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-01-14_002.pdf|title=Allocation of portfolios among members of the union council of ministers|date=14 January 1980|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 2 August 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1984-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1984-08-02_074.pdf|title=Re-allocation of portfolios among the members of the council of ministers|date=2 August 1984}}</ref>
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 July 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 July 1984<ref name="19Jul1984">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1984-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1984-07-19_073.pdf|title=Re-allocation of portfolios among the members of the council of ministers|date=19 July 1984|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 August 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Zail Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 22 June 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 June 1982
| minister2_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1982-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1982-09-02_071.pdf|title=Press Communique: Re-allocation of portfolios among members of the union council of ministers.|date=2 September 1982|website=archive.pib.gov.in|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 19 July 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| minister4_termstart = 19 July 1984<ref name="19Jul1984"/>
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education and Culture]] [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Deputy Minister in the Department of Social Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[B. Shankaranand]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 8 August 1981<ref name="8Aug1981">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1981-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1981-08-08_107.pdf|title=Re-allocation of portfolios upon ministers of the union|date=8 August 1981|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| minister3_termstart = 8 August 1981<ref name="8Aug1981"/>
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Energy]]
| minister1 = [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister in the Department of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982<ref name="6Sep1982">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1982-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1982-09-06_073.pdf|title=Re-allocation of portfolios among ministers of the union|date=6 September 1982|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|The ministry was merged with Ministry of Energy.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Irrigation]]
| minister1 = [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 June 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kedar Pandey]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-05-08_072.pdf|title=Appointment of ministers for the union and allocation/re-allocation of portfolios|date=8 June 1980|author=Rashtrapati Bhawan}}</ref>
| minister2_termend = 12 November 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 12 November 1980
| minister3_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Kedar Pandey]]
| minister4_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister4_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister5_termend = 2 August 1984
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister6 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister6_termstart = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984"/>
| minister6_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister6_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Vasant Sathe]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[N. K. P. Salve]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| minister3_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jagannath Kaushal]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1982-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1982-01-15_001.pdf|title=Appointment of ministers for the union and re-allocation of portfolios among the members of the council of ministers|date=15 January 1982|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 12 November 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kedar Pandey]]
| minister2_termstart = 12 November 1980
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
| minister4_termstart = 19 July 1984<ref name="19Jul1984"/>
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Shipping and Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Veerendra Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[C. M. Stephen]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1983-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT/PDF/RPB-1983-02-02_021.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Shri C.M. Stephen and Shri C.P.N. Singh from the council of ministers and allocation of portfolio to Shri K. Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy|date=2 February 1983|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| minister4_termstart = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983"/>
| minister4_termend = 7 September 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Veerendra Patil]]
| minister5_termstart = 7 September 1984
| minister5_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Tourism and Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 June 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Civil Aviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Tourism and Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Works and Housing]]
| minister1 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]]
| minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 7 September 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1984-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1984-08-14_079.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Vishwanath Pratap Singh from the council of ministers|date=14 August 1984}}</ref>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 September 1984
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-01-16_003.pdf|title=Allocation of portfolios among members of the union council of ministers|date=16 January 1980|website=archive.pib.gov.in|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister1_termend = 3 April 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 April 1980
| minister2_termend = 8 August 1981
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| minister3_termstart = 8 August 1981<ref name="8Aug1981"/>
| minister3_termend = 3 August 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1984-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1984-08-03_075.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of N. D. Tiwari from the council of ministers|date=3 August 1984}}</ref>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister4_termstart = 3 August 1984
| minister4_termend = 14 August 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| minister5_termstart = 14 August 1984
| minister5_termend = 7 September 1984
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| minister6_termstart = 7 September 1984
| minister6_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister6_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum]] and [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals]]
| minister1 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Veerendra Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 March 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-03-07_045.pdf|title=Appointment of Veerendra Patil as Cabinet Minister and allocation of portfolio|date=7 March 1980|author=Rashtrapati Bhawan}}</ref>
| minister2_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister3_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| minister4_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister4_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Department of Petroleum and Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Vasant Sathe]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[B. Shankaranand]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-03-03_041.pdf|title=Appointment of ministers for the union and allocation of portfolios|date=3 March 1980|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[C. M. Stephen]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister4_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel and]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[N. K. P. Salve]]
| minister3_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 June 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 19 March 1981<ref name="19Mar1981">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1981-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1981-03-19_043.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Vidya Charan Shukla from the council of ministers and allocation of additional charge of portfolio of Civil Supplies to Rao Birender Singh|date=19 March 1981|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 19 March 1981<ref name="19Mar1981"/>
| minister3_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Renamed as Civil Supplies and Cooperation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Civil Supplies and Cooperation]]
| minister1 = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| minister3_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 June 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| minister3_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister3_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| minister4_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister4_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Merged with Department of Rehabilitation to form Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = [[Veerendra Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Supply and Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Vasant Sathe]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Labour and Department of Rehabilitation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Supply and Sports
| minister1 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Reconstruction]]
| minister1 = [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 January 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-01-20_005.pdf|title=Allocation of Ministry of Rural Reconstruction to Rao Birender Singh, Minister of Agriculture|date=20 January 1980|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister1_termend = 23 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Rural Development.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = Harinath Mishra
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 2 August 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984"/>
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of Planning]]
| minister1 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 August 1971
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 August 1981<ref name="8Aug1981"/>
| minister2_termend = 19 July 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 19 July 1984<ref name="19Jul1984"/>
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister in the Department of Electronics]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister in the Department of Science and Technology]] [[Department of Space|Minister in the Department of Space]]
| minister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:20em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[R. V. Swaminathan]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = Ram Baleshwar
| minister2_termstart = 16 January 1982
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Yogendra Makwana]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Jagannath Pahadia]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 6 June 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1980-JAN-DEC-RASPATI-BHAWAN/PDF/RPB-1980-06-06_071.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Jagannath Pahadia as minister for the union|date=6 June 1980|author=Rashtrapati Bhawan}}</ref>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Sawai Singh Sisodiya]] {{nobold|(Revenue and Expenditure)}}
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[S. M. Krishna]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 February 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister4_termend = 7 September 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984"/>
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Yogendra Makwana]]
| minister2_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 February 1984<ref name="7Feb1984">{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1984-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1984-02-07_026.pdf|title=Re-allocation of portfolios among the members of the council of ministers|date=7 February 1984|author=Rashtrapati Bhawan}}</ref>
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Kartik Oraon]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 January 1980<ref name="14Jan80"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 June 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Chandulal Chandrakar]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 16 January 1980<ref name="16Jan1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Sitaram Kesri]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980"/>
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[Kalpnath Rai]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = C. P. N. Singh
| minister1_termstart = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Charanjit Chanana]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 8 April 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1983-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT/PDF/RPB-1983-04-09_066.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Virbhadra Singh from the council of ministers|date=8 April 1983|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[S. M. Krishna]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister4_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5 = [[S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao]]
| minister5_termstart = 7 February 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister5_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister6 = [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]
| minister6_termstart = 7 September 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister6_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce]]
| minister1 = [[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 March 1980<ref name="3Mar1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister3_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister3_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 February 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister4_termend = 7 September 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5 = [[S. M. Krishna]]
| minister5_termstart = 7 September 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister5_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Kartik Oraon]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 December 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Yogendra Makwana]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Chemicals]]
| minister1 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Petroleum and Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum]]
| minister1 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Energy.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Ramchandra Rath]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[T. Anjaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 11 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| minister2_termstart = 11 September 1982
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = Dharam Vir
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping and Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Buta Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Sitaram Kesri]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Vikram Chand Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Gargi Shankar Mishra]] {{nobold|(Coal)}}
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]] {{Nobold|(Petroleum)}}
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982
| minister3_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = C. P. N. Singh {{nobold|(Non-Conventional Energy Sources)}}
| minister4_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister4_termend = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983"/>
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister5 = [[Gargi Shankar Mishra]]
| minister5_termstart = 6 September 1982<ref name="6Sep1982"/>
| minister5_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister6 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]] {{nobold|(Coal)}}
| minister6_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister6_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister7 = [[Gargi Shankar Mishra]] {{nobold|(Petroleum)}}
| minister7_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister7_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister7_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister8 = [[Chandrashekhar Singh]] {{nobold|(Power)}}
| minister8_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister8_termend = 14 August 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1983-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT/PDF/RPB-1983-08-14_157.pdf|title=Acceptance of resignation of Chandrashekhar Singh from the council of ministers|date=14 August 1983|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister8_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister9 = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| minister9_termstart = 7 February 1984<ref name="7Feb1984"/>
| minister9_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister9_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Irrigation]]
| minister1 = [[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = Harinath Mishra
| minister2_termstart = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education and Culture]] [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Department of Social Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 8 August 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Department of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = C. P. N. Singh
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983"/>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of State in the Department of Electronics]]
| minister1 = C. P. N. Singh
| minister1_termstart = 30 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983"/>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Reconstruction]]
| minister1 = [[R. V. Swaminathan]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 November 1980
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel and Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Charanjit Chanana]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Gargi Shankar Mishra]]
| minister3_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 6 September 1982<ref name="6Sep1982"/>
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[A. A. Rahim]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Department of Environment]]
| minister1 = C. P. N. Singh
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 2 September 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of State in the Department of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = C. P. N. Singh
| minister1_termstart = 15 February 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1982-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1982-02-15_014.pdf|title=Allocation of additional charge of Minister of State in the Department of Ocean Development upon Shri C. P. N. Singh|date=15 February 1982|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister1_termend = 2 February 1983<ref name="2Feb1983"/>
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Works and Housing]]
| minister1 = [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[A. A. Rahim]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 August 1984<ref name="2Aug1984"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]] [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Deputy Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:20em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Industry]]
| minister1 = P. Venkata Reddy
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[P. A. Sangma]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 October 1980
| minister2_termend = 15 February 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Kalpnath Rai]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 February 1982
| minister3_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Deputy Minister in the Minister of Works and Housing]]
| minister1 = [[Mohammed Usman Arif]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister3_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister4 = [[Mohammed Usman Arif]]
| minister4_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister4_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Maganbhai Barot]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Janardhana Poojary]] {{nobold|(Banking and Insurance)}}
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Deputy Minister in the Department of Science and Technology]] [[Department of Space|Deputy Minister in the Department of Space]]
| minister1 = [[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 19 October 1980
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Supply and Rehabilition
| minister1 = [[Prem Khandu Thungon]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 June 1980<ref name="8Jun1980"/>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Kamla Kumari]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Mohammed Usman Arif]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 1983
| minister3_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Mohammed Usman Arif]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[M. S. Sanjeevi Rao]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 July 1983
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister3 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister3_termstart = 8 February 1984
| minister3_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Labour]]
| minister1 = P. Venkata Reddy
| minister1_termstart = 19 October 1980
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = Dharam Vir
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Labour and Rehabilitation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = Dharam Vir
| minister1_termstart = 6 September 1982<ref name="6Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 September 1982<ref name="6Sep1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Rural Reconstruction]]
| minister1 = [[Kamla Kumari]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 November 1980
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Education and Culture]] [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Deputy Minister in the Department of Social Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 November 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1981-JAN-DEC-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1981-11-21_134.pdf|title=Allocation of portfolio of Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare on Shri Mallikarjun|date=21 November 1981|author=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]}}</ref>
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Prem Khandu Thungon]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister in the Department of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Kalpnath Rai]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister2_termend = 6 September 1982
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Commerce]]
| minister1 = [[P. A. Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Deputy Minister in the Department of Electronics]]
| minister1 = [[M. S. Sanjeevi Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982<ref name="15Jan1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 29 January 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 8 February 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 14 February 1983
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Civil Aviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 February 1983
| minister1_termend = 7 February 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister2 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 February 1984
| minister2_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Deputy Minister in the Department of Ecology
| minister1 = [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 September 1982<ref name="2Sep1982"/>
| minister1_termend = 31 October 1984
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of Indian union ministries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian federal ministries}}
[[Category:Indian union ministries|Indira IV]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1984 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1980]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1984]]
[[Category:1980 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1980|Indira IV]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1984|Indira IV]]

List of Marathi films

2025-11-20T02:00:02Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Marathi films}}
This is the list of films produced in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language in [[India]].
''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'' was the first talkie Marathi film that released in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swamy|first=Rohan|date=15 May 2013|title=We were lucky that we could save Ayodhyecha Raja: Anil Damle|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/we-were-lucky-that-we-could-save-ayodhyecha-raja-anil-damle/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109074407/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/we-were-lucky-that-we-could-save-ayodhyecha-raja-anil-damle/|archive-date=9 January 2021|access-date=9 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== 1910 to 1919 ==
* [[List of Marathi films of 1910-1919]]

== 1920 to 1929 ==
* [[List of Marathi films of 1920]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1921]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1922]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1923]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1924]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1925]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1926]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1927]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1928]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1929]]

== 1930 to 1939 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 1930]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1931]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1932]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1933]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1934]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1935]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1936]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1937]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1938]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1939]]

== 1940 to 1949 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 1940]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1941]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1942]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1943]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1944]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1945]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1946]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1947]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1948]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1949]]

== 1950 to 1959 ==
* [[List of Marathi films of 1950]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1951]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1952]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1953]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1954]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1955]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1956]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1957]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1958]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1959]]

== 1960 to 1969 ==
* [[List of Marathi films of 1960]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1961]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1962]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1963]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1964]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1965]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1966]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1967]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1968]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1969]]

== 1970 to 1979 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 1970]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1971]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1972]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1973]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1974]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1975]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1976]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1977]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1978]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1979]]

== 1980 to 1989 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 1980]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1981]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1982]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1983]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1984]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1985]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1986]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1987]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1988]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1989]]

== 1990 to 1999 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 1990]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1991]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1992]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1993]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1994]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1995]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1996]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1997]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1998]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 1999]]

== 2000 to 2009 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 2000]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2001]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2002]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2003]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2004]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2005]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2006]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2007]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2008]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2009]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2010]]

== 2010 to 2019 ==

* [[List of Marathi films of 2010]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2011]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2012]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2013]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2014]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2015]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2016]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2017]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2018]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2019]]

== 2020 to present==
* [[List of Marathi films of 2020]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2021]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2022]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2023]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2024]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2025]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2026]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lists of films by language}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Cinema}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language]]
[[Category:Marathi-language films|#]]

Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies

2025-10-28T14:46:30Z

KateHinson76890: improved article

{{short description|University in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies
| native_name = {{Small|കേരള മത്സ്യബന്ധന സമുദ്രഗവേഷണ സർവ്വകലാശാല|}}
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = KUFO logo.png
| image_size = 160px
| caption =
| image_alt =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng = ''Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime.''
| established = {{Start date and age|2010|11|20|df=yes}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9106|76.3172|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
 | closed =
| type = [[Public university]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Kerala]]
| president =
| Vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Appukuttannair Biju Kumar
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| head_label = [[Pro Chancellor]]
| head = [[Saji Cherian]], Minister for Fisheries, {{Small|Government of Kerala|}}
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Kochi]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label = Administratively part of
| free = Department of Fisheries, [[Government of Kerala]]
| colors = {{color box|#0077BE}} [[Blue]]
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = [http://www.kufos.ac.in/ www.kufos.ac.in]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies''' ('''KUFOS''') is a [[university]] established by the [[Government of Kerala]] devoted to studies in [[fisheries]] and [[ocean]] sciences. The bill seeking to establish the university was passed by the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] on 30 December 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fisheries varsity Bill passed|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123153980600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104232544/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123153980600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2011|access-date=19 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 December 2010}}</ref> KUFOS has its headquarters in the premises of the College of Fisheries, [[Panangad, Kochi|Panangad]], near Madavana Junction along the [[Kochi Bypass]]. The College of Fisheries, established in 1979, was a constituent college of the [[Kerala Agricultural University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=College of Fisheries, Panangad |url=http://www.kau.edu/cofishpanangad.htm |publisher=Kerala Agricultural University |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010710/http://kau.edu/cofishpanangad.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 }}</ref> KUFOS is the first university in [[India]] exclusively dedicated to studies in fisheries and allied disciplines.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clearance for fisheries university|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062454690400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628011934/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062454690400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2010|access-date=19 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2010}}</ref> The university was inaugurated and dedicated to the nation in a function held at the campus of the College of Fisheries, Panangad, on 20 February 2011.

[[B. Madhusoodhana Kurup|Dr. B. Madhusoodhana Kurup]], a member of the Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority and Director of the School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, is the inaugural Vice-Chancellor of the university. Dr. Mohanakumaran Nair, Dean and head of Department of aquaculture, college of fisheries, [[Panangad, Kochi|Panangad]] is the first Pro Vice-chancellor of the University. Dr. Tresa Radhakrishnan Head of the Department, Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, is the first Registrar of the University.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madhusoodhana Kurup first VC of Fisheries varsity|url=http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=20976|access-date=6 March 2011|newspaper=Mathrubhumi Education|date=24 February 2011|archive-date=18 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318165034/http://education.mathrubhumi.com/php/news_events_details.php?nid=20976|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies is an autonomous publicly funded institution established on 20 November 2010, and governed by the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Act, 2010 passed by the Kerala Law (Legislation 1) Department vide Notification No. 19540 / Leg.1 / 2010/Law dated 28 January 2011. This is the first Fisheries University in India coming under the Fisheries Ministry with its headquarters at Panangad, Kochi, along the [[Kochi Bypass]] section of the NH-66. Ernakulam South Railway Station is the nearest Railway Station, 12 km away from the campus. Total land area is 69 acres.

The College of Fisheries, Panangad, Kochi, and the Fisheries Research Station, [[Puthuvype]], were disaffiliated from Kerala Agricultural University to form KUFOS which started functioning on 1 April 2011. It is the primary instrument of Kerala state in providing human resources, skills and technology required for the sustainable development of fisheries and the ocean. It acts as a centre of excellence for human resource development in Fisheries and Ocean Studies and the nodal agency to establish relationship with institutions and universities functioning at national and international level.

The [[Governor of Kerala]], is the Chancellor and the Minister for Fisheries is the Pro-Chancellor of the university. The supreme authority of the university is the Senate and the chief executive body is the Governing Council. The Vice- Chancellor is the principal executive who is assisted by the Pro-Vice chancellor, Registrar, Finance Officer, Deans of Faculties, Controller of examination, Director of Research, Director of Extension, Directors of Schools and Heads of Departments.

==Education==
The study of Fishery Science includes aquaculture, artificial breeding, fish culture and fishery resources. Teaching is carried out at the [[Panangad, Kochi|Panangad]] campus of the university. The university has teacher scientists, laboratories, fish hatcheries, farms, library and a computer lab. National Service Scheme, NCC ( Naval Wing ), Placement Cell and the Parent Teacher Association take care of the extra-curricular activities of the students. Facilities are available for sports and games. A hostel facility is available for both boys and girls.

The university offers undergraduate (B.F.Sc.), postgraduate (M.F.Sc.) and Doctoral (Ph.D.) programmes in Fisheries Science under the Faculty of Fisheries. The courses under the Faculty of Fisheries are offered in full compliance with the ICAR pattern. Postgraduate programmes are offered in four disciplines and Doctoral programmes in three disciplines. There are 50 seats for the B.F.Sc. programme out of which 31 seats are open. Seven seats are allotted to ICAR candidates and six reserved for children of fishermen. Out of the 14 seats for the M.F.Sc. programme, four seats are allotted to ICAR candidates.

In the academic year 2012–2013, the university started postgraduate courses in MBA under the School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Physical Oceanography & Ocean Modelling (M.Sc.-PO & OM), and Biological Oceanography & Bio-Diversity (M.Sc.-BO & BD).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kufos.ac.in/about_kufos.htm |title=About COF |access-date=2011-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325183127/http://www.kufos.ac.in/about_kufos.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Courses==
*BFSc
*MFSc
*BTech Food Technology
*MSc Food Science and Technology
*MSc Marine Chemistry
*MSc Marine Biology
*MSc Marine Microbiology
*MSc Physical Oceanography and Ocean modelling
*MBA Energy Management
*MSc Biotechnology
*LLM Maritime Law
*MTech Coastal and Harbour Engineering
*MTech Integrated Coastal Zone Management
*M.Tech Ocean and Coastal Safety Engineering
*MSc Remote Sensing and GIS
*MSc Disaster Management
*MSc Environmental Science
*MSc Climate Science
*PhD Remote Sensing and GIS
*PhD Disaster Management
*PhD Environmental Science
*PhD Climate Science

==Departments==
*FACULTY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE (FFS)
*FACULTY OF OCEAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY(FOST)
*FACULTY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (FFM)
*FACULTY OF FISHERIES ENGINEERING (FFE)

==Vice chancellor==
*[[B. Madhusoodhana Kurup|Dr. B. Madhusoodhana Kurup]]
*Dr. A. Ramachandran
*Dr. K. Riji John
*Dr. M. Rosalind George
*Dr. Pradeep Kumar Thayyil
*Dr. A. Biju Kumar

==Notable alumni==
*Dr. K. Riji John
*Dr. B.Manojkumar
*Dr. M Rosalind George
*Dr.Devika Pillai

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies}}

{{Universities in Kerala}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Kochi]]
[[Category:Fishing in India]]
[[Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Public universities in India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]

Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association

2025-10-28T02:48:18Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Sports governing body in India}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
| name = Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association
| logo = IKCA.png
| sport = [[Kayaking]] [[Canoeing]]
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| founded = 1985
| aff=[[International Canoe Federation]]
| region= [[Asian Canoe Confederation]]
| abbrev = IKCA
| headquarters = [[Lajpat Nagar]], [[South East Delhi]]
| president = Prashant Kushwaha
| url = ikca.in
|countryflag=India
}}

The '''Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association''' is the governing and controlling body of canoeing and [[kayaking in India]]. It was established in 1985 to bring awareness to the sport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – IKCA |url=https://ikca.in/about/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> IKCA is responsible for organizing and conducting various events including [[canoe sprint]], [[canoe slalom]], [[canoe polo]], [[Dragon boat|dragon boat racing]], [[rafting]], [[sea kayak]] and [[canoe marathon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Activities – IKCA |url=https://ikca.in/ouractivities/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Prashant Kushwaha is the current president of IKCA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-22 |title=MP's Kushwaha is canoe assn nat'l chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mps-kushwaha-is-canoe-assn-natl-chief/articleshow/90990277.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the International Canoe Federation}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Canoe Confederation]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1985]]

{{india-sport-stub}}

National Highway 121 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T05:58:39Z

KateHinson76890: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 309 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission

2025-10-03T09:39:40Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Indian digital health mission}}
'''Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission (PMDHM)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-launch-pradhan-mantri-digital-health-mission-on-sept-27-4976356/|title = PM Modi to Launch Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission on Sept 27|date = 23 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-rollout-pradhan-mantri-digital-health-mission-1856168-2021-09-23|title = PM Modi to announce nationwide rollout of Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-to-announce-nationwide-roll-out-of-pradhan-mantri-digital-health-mission-on-sept-27/article36626678.ece|title=Modi to launch Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission on Sept. 27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2021}}</ref> is a health initiative of the [[Government of India]] that will provide a complete digital health record and ID for individuals. It will be launched by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Narendra Modi on 27 September 2021. [[Andaman & Nicobar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Ladakh]], [[Lakshadweep]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] have already piloted the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-launch-pradhan-mantri-digital-health-mission-on-sept-27-4976356/|title=PM Modi to Launch Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission on Sept 27|date=23 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:India politics-related lists]]
[[Category:India government-related lists|India]]
[[Category:Indian missions]]

Medhipalayam

2025-09-20T08:16:08Z

KateHinson76890: Adding A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medhipalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4943478|N|80.1219215|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 3
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1052
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628556
| footnotes =
}}
'''Medhipalayam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Medhipalayam has 283 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.33%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1052 || 503 || 549
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 142 || 62 || 80
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 549 || 312 || 237
|-
| Workers (all) || 430 || 298 || 132
|-
| Main workers (total) || 393 || 291 || 102
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 222 || 135 || 87
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 169 || 154 || 15
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 37 || 7 || 30
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 36 || 7 || 29
|-
| Non-workers || 622 || 205 || 417
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Shirish Baban Deo

2025-08-26T12:46:57Z

KateHinson76890:

{{Short description|Former Vice Chief the Indian Air Force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal]]
| name = Shirish Baban Deo
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Air Marshal S.B. Deo takes over as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff, in New Delhi on January 02, 2017.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = Air Marshal SB Deo
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| serviceyears = 15 June 1979 – 30 September 2018
| rank = [[File:Air Marshal of IAF.png|20px|]] [[Air Marshal]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit =
| commands = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] Director General Air Operations
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| spouse = Anjna
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}

'''[[Air Marshal]] Shirish Baban Deo''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] was the [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] (VCAS) of the Indian Air Force. He assumed the office of Vice Chief on 31 December 2016 from [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] and served in the same capacity till his retirement on 30 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/air-marshal-sb-deo-to-be-new-vice-chief-of-iaf-air-marshal-c-hari-kumar-to-take-charge-of-western-air-command/489723/|title=Air Marshal SB Deo to be new Vice chief of IAF; Air Marshal C Hari Kumar to take charge of Western Air Command|date=2016-12-29|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2016-12-31|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001650/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/air-marshal-sb-deo-to-be-new-vice-chief-of-iaf-air-marshal-c-hari-kumar-to-take-charge-of-western-air-command/489723/|archivedate=2017-01-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:126535|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/29/air-marshal-c-hari-kumar-to-take-charge-of-western-air-command/|title=Air Marshal C. Hari Kumar To Take Charge Of Western Air Command|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-12-31|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001007/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/29/air-marshal-c-hari-kumar-to-take-charge-of-western-air-command/|archivedate=2017-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/air-marshal-anil-khosla-to-take-charge-as-vice-chief-of-air-force-on-monday-118092801236_1.html|title=Air Marshal Anil Khosla to take charge as Vice Chief of Air Force on Monday|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-09-28|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Deo was born in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. He attended Somalwar School and is an alumnus of [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/12/30/Moment-of-pride-for-Nagpur--Air-Marshal-S-B-Deo-to-be-next-Vice-Chief-of-IAF.aspx|title=Moment of pride for Nagpur: Air Marshal S B Deo to be next Vice-Chief of IAF|website=www.thehitavada.com|access-date=2016-12-31|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170146/http://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/12/30/Moment-of-pride-for-Nagpur--Air-Marshal-S-B-Deo-to-be-next-Vice-Chief-of-IAF.aspx|archivedate=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kartiklokhande.blogspot.in/2015/04/uniform-means-mission-excellence.html|title=Uniform means Mission, Excellence, Integrity: Air Marshal S B Deo|website=kartiklokhande.blogspot.in|access-date=2016-12-31|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170604/http://kartiklokhande.blogspot.in/2015/04/uniform-means-mission-excellence.html|archivedate=2016-12-31}}</ref>

== Career ==

Deo was commissioned into the fighter stream of the Indian Air Force on 15 June 1979. He has clocked more than 4000 hours of operational and training flying experience. He held several key operational and administrative appointments at various stages of his service including Fighter Combat Leader; A2 qualified instructor and Directing Staff at TACDE; Chief Operations Officer of a front-line forward base; Commanding Officer of Air Force Station Jodhpur; Director General Air Operations at Air Headquarters; Air Officer Commanding of COBRA Group; AD Commander; Air-I at Headquarters; Central Air Command; Air Officer Commanding in Chief of [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] and Air Officer Commanding in Chief of [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Awards and medals ==
Deo has been awarded several medals: the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]], the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]], and the [[Vayu Sena Medal]]. He was also appointed as Honorary [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to the [[President of India]] on 1 January 2016.<ref name=":1" />

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]

|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"

|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Personal life ==
Deo is married to Mrs. Anjna Deo and they have a son, Karan Deo, who is a group captain in the [[Indian Air Force]]. His younger brother, Justice Rohit Deo, is elevated as a Judge of the Bombay High Court on 5 June 2017.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}

{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Air Staff]]
| years = 31 December 2016 – 30 September 2018
| before = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| after = [[Anil Khosla]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Air Command]]
| years = 1 September 2015 – 31 December 2016
| before = S S Soman
| after = [[Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]
| years = 1 January 2015 – 31 August 2015
| before = R K Jolly
| after = [[Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief of the Air Staff (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Shirish Baban}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]