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Agasara Nandini

2023-10-02T12:12:06Z

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Billboard Hot 100

2023-09-27T05:04:42Z

KassieDeacon9: Updated introduction to reflect current #1 song and added reference link.

{{Short description|Song chart in the United States}}
{{Redirect|Hot 100}}

{{Italic title|string=Billboard}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}

[[File:Billboard Hot 100 logo.svg|thumb|The current ''Billboard'' Hot 100 logo|240x240px]]

The '''''Billboard'' Hot 100''' is the [[music industry]] standard [[record chart]] in the United States for songs, published weekly by [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'' magazine]]. Chart rankings are based on sales (physical and [[Music download|digital]]), [[Music streaming|online streaming]], and [[airplay|radio play]] in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=May 1, 2018|title=Billboard Finalizes Changes to How Streams Are Weighted for Billboard Hot 100 & Billboard 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8427967/billboard-changes-streaming-weighting-hot-100-billboard-200|access-date=August 4, 2021|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

A new chart is compiled and released online to the public by ''Billboard'' website on Tuesdays but post-dated to the following Saturday, when the printed magazine first reaches newsstands.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Billboard Charts Legend |url=https://www.billboard.com/billboard-charts-legend/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> The weekly tracking period for sales is currently Friday–Thursday, after being changed in July 2015. It was initially Monday–Sunday when [[Nielsen Holdings PLC|Nielsen]] started tracking sales in 1991. This tracking period also applies to compiling online streaming data. Radio airplay is readily available on a real-time basis, unlike sales figures and streaming, but is also tracked on the same Friday–Thursday cycle, effective with the chart dated July 17, 2021.<ref name="Radio Airplay Friday to Thursday">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9599515/bts-butter-number-one-seventh-week-hot-100/|title=BTS' 'Butter' Leads Hot 100 for Seventh Week, Lil Nas X's 'Montero' Returns to Top Five|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=July 12, 2021|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Previously, radio was tracked Monday–Sunday and, before July 2015, Wednesday–Tuesday.<ref name="tracking">{{cite magazine|authors=|date=June 24, 2015|title=Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date|magazine=Billboard|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6605842/billboard-alter-chart-tracking-week-global-release-date|access-date=June 24, 2015}}</ref>

The first number-one song of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 was "[[Poor Little Fool]]" by [[Ricky Nelson]], on August 4, 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umgcatalog.com/news/ricky-nelson-rules-first-ever-hot-100-poor-little-fool|title = Ricky Nelson Rules First-Ever Hot 100 with 'Poor Little Fool'|date = August 4, 2019}}</ref> As of the issue for the week ending on September 30, 2023, the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 has had 1,156 different number-one entries. The current number-one song on the chart is "[[Slime You Out]]" by [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] featuring [[SZA]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/drake-sza-slime-you-out-hot-100-number-one-debut-1235420205/|title=Drake & SZA's 'Slime You Out' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=Billboard|date=September 25, 2023|access-date=September 26, 2023}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:1958 Billboard Hot 100 logo.svg|thumb|1958 iteration of the logo]]
The first chart published by ''Billboard'' was "Last Week's Ten Best Sellers Among the Popular Songs", a list of best-selling sheet music, in July 1913. Other charts listed popular song performances in theatres and recitals. In 1928, "Popular Numbers Featured by Famous Singers and Leaders" appeared, which added radio performances to in-person performances. On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published "Ten Best Records for Week Ending", which recorded the 10 top selling records of three leading record companies as reported by the companies themselves. In October 1938, a review list, "The Week's Best Records", was retitled "The Billboard Record Buying Guide" by incorporating airplay and sheet music sales, which would eventually become the first trade survey of record popularity.<ref name="chart history">{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT149|title= The Chart in Evolution: A Chronicle |magazine=Billboard |page=RS-110 |date=May 21, 1977}}</ref> This led to the full-page "Billboard Music Popularity Chart" for the week ending July 20, 1940, and published in the July 27 issue, with lists covering jukebox play, retail sales, sheet music sales, and radio play. Listed were 10 songs of the national "Best Selling Retail Records", which was the fore-runner of today's pop chart, with "[[I'll Never Smile Again]]" by [[Tommy Dorsey]] its first number one.<ref name="retail records">{{cite magazine |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1940/Billboard-1940-07-27.pdf |title=Billboard Music Popularity Chart|page=11 |magazine=Billboard |date=July 27, 1940 }}</ref>

Starting on March 24, 1945, ''Billboard''{{'}}s lead popularity chart was the ''Honor Roll of Hits''. This chart ranked the most popular songs regardless of performer (it combined different versions of the same song by different artists) based on record and sheet sales, disk jockey, and jukebox performances as determined by ''Billboard''{{'}}s weekly nationwide survey.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=April 24, 1954|title=Billboard Honor Roll of Hits Represents Culmination of Disk's Life on the Charts|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1954/Billboard%201954-04-24.pdf|magazine=Billboard|pages=34}}</ref> At the start of the rock era in 1955, there were three charts that measured songs by individual metrics:<ref name="NPR">{{cite news|last1=Molanphy|first1=Chris|title=How The Hot 100 Became America's Hit Barometer|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2013/08/16/207879695/how-the-hot-100-became-americas-hit-barometer|access-date=March 14, 2018|work=All Things Considered|publisher=NPR|date=August 1, 2013}}</ref>

* ''Best Sellers in Stores'' was the best seller chart first established in July 1940. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country (20 to 50 positions).
* ''Most Played by Jockeys'' was ''Billboard''{{'}}s original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio DJs and radio stations (20 to 25 positions).
* ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' ranked the most played songs in [[jukebox]]es across the United States (20 positions). This was one of the main outlets of measuring song popularity with the younger generation of music listeners, as many radio stations resisted adding [[rock and roll]] music to their playlists for many years.

Although officially all three charts had equal "weight" in terms of their importance, ''Billboard'' retrospectively considers the ''Best Sellers in Stores'' chart when referencing a song's performance before the creation of the Hot 100.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=CHART BEAT CHAT 12/2/2005|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60472/chart-beat-chat|magazine=Billboard|access-date=July 15, 2020|date=December 2, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928024313/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60472/chart-beat-chat|archive-date=September 28, 2015|quote=The main chart was Best Sellers in Stores, and that's the list Billboard uses as THE pre-Hot 100 chart.}}</ref> In its issue of November 12, 1955, ''Billboard'' published '''The Top 100''' for the first time (for the survey weeks ending October 26 and November 2).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Top 100 for survey week ending November 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCEEAAAAMBAJ&q=top+100+sides |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 22, 2023 |date=November 12, 1956}}</ref> ''The Top 100'' combined all aspects of a single's performance (sales, airplay and jukebox activity), based on a point system that typically gave sales (purchases) more weight than radio airplay. The first No. 1 in that chart was "[[Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (song)|Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing]]" by [[The Four Aces]].<ref name="chart history"/> The ''Best Sellers in Stores'', ''Most Played by Jockeys'' and ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' charts continued to be published concurrently with the new ''Top 100'' chart.

On June 17, 1957, ''Billboard'' discontinued the ''Most Played in Jukeboxes'' chart, as the popularity of jukeboxes waned and radio stations incorporated more and more rock-oriented music into their playlists. The week of July 28, 1958, had the final ''Most Played by Jockeys'' and ''Top 100'' charts, both of which had [[Perez Prado]]'s instrumental version of "[[Patricia (Perez Prado song)|Patricia]]" ascending to the top.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bvm2rnwUDIC&pg=PA879 |title=The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 9th Edition|first= Joel |last=Whitburn |date= 2012|isbn=9780307985125|publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |page=879}}</ref>

On August 4, 1958, ''Billboard'' premiered one main all-genre singles chart: the ''Hot 100'', with "[[Poor Little Fool]]" by [[Ricky Nelson]] its first No. 1.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Hot 100 55th Anniversary: Every No. 1 Song (1958-2013) |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-55th-anniversary-every-no-1-song-1958-2013/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 26, 2021 |date=August 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1958-08-02/ |title=Billboard Hot 100 |magazine=Billboard |date=August 4, 1958 }}</ref> The Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and ''Billboard'' discontinued the ''Best Sellers In Stores'' chart on October 13, 1958.

The Hot 100 was created by journalists Tom Noonan, [[Paul Ackerman]], and [[Seymour Stein]]; Stein did not recall who chose the name.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Gary|last=Trust|title=Seymour Stein on His Billboard Beginning & How the Hot 100 Was Born on Aug. 4, 1958|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hot-100-co-creator-seymour-stein-interview/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 4, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2022|url-access=subscription|quote=Tom [Noonan] could have come up with the name. I certainly did not. It might have been one of the reporters, or Paul Ackerman. I just don't remember.}}</ref>

The ''Billboard'' Hot 100 is still the standard by which a song's popularity is measured in the United States. The Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by [[Nielsen SoundScan|Nielsen Soundscan]] (both at retail and digitally) and streaming activity provided by online music sources.<ref name="NPR"/>

There are several component charts that contribute to the overall calculation of the Hot 100. The most significant ones are:

* ''[[Radio Songs (chart)|Radio Songs]]'': ''(per Billboard)'' approximately 1,000 stations, "composed of [[adult contemporary]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Country music|country]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], [[Latin music (genre)|Latin]] and [[Christian music|Christian]] formats, digitally monitored twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with [[Arbitron]] listener data."
* ''Hot Singles Sales'': ''(per Billboard)'' "the top selling singles compiled from a national sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled, and provided by [[Nielsen SoundScan]]." The chart is released weekly and measures sales of physical commercial singles. With the decline in sales of physical singles in the US, many songs that become number one on this chart often do not even chart on the Hot 100.
* ''[[Digital Songs]]'': Digital sales are tracked by Nielsen SoundScan and are included as part of a title's sales points.
* ''[[Streaming Songs]]'': a collaboration between ''Billboard'', Nielsen SoundScan and [[National Association of Recording Merchandisers]] which measures the top streamed radio songs, on-demand songs and videos on leading online music services.

== Compilation ==

The tracking week for sales, streaming and airplay begins on Friday and ends on Thursday (airplay used to have a tracking week from Monday to Sunday, but effective with the chart dated July 17, 2021, the week was adjusted to align with the other two metrics<ref name="Radio Airplay Friday to Thursday"/>). A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by ''Billboard'' on Tuesday. Each chart is post-dated with the "week-ending" issue date four days after the charts are refreshed online (i.e., the following Saturday).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8071011/billboard-chart-magazine-dates-release-week-change|title=Billboard Chart & Magazine Dates Now to Align Closer to Release Week|magazine=Billboard|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref> For example:

* Friday, January 1 – tracking-week begins for sales, streaming and airplay
* Thursday, January 7 – tracking-week ends for sales, streaming and airplay
* Tuesday, January 12 – new chart released, with issue post-dated Saturday, January 16

== Policy changes ==

The methods and policies by which this data is obtained and compiled have changed many times throughout the chart's history.

Although the advent of a singles music chart spawned chart historians and chart-watchers and greatly affected [[popular culture|pop culture]] and produced countless bits of trivia, the main purpose of the Hot 100 is to aid those within the music industry: to reflect the popularity of the "product" (the singles, the albums, etc.) and to track the trends of the buying public. ''Billboard'' has (many times) changed its methodology and policies to give the most precise and accurate reflection of what is popular. A very basic example of this would be the ratio given to sales and airplay. During the Hot 100's early history, singles were the leading way by which people bought music. At times, when singles sales were robust, more weight was given to a song's retail points than to its radio airplay.

As the decades passed, the recording industry concentrated more on album sales than singles sales. Musicians eventually expressed their creative output in the form of full-length albums rather than singles, and by the 1990s many record companies stopped releasing singles altogether (see ''Album Cuts'', below). Eventually, a song's airplay points were weighted more so than its sales. ''Billboard'' has adjusted the sales/airplay ratio many times to more accurately reflect the true popularity of songs.

=== Double-sided singles ===

''Billboard'' has also changed its Hot 100 policy regarding "two-sided singles" several times. The pre-Hot 100 chart "Best Sellers in Stores" listed popular A- and-B-sides together, with the side that was played most often (based on its other charts) listed first. One of the most notable of these, but far from the only one, was [[Elvis Presley]]'s "Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog". During the Presley single's chart run, top billing was switched back and forth between the two sides several times. But on the concurrent "Most Played in Juke Boxes", "Most Played by Jockeys" and the "Top 100", the two songs were listed separately, as was true of all songs. With the initiation of the Hot 100 in 1958, A- and-B-sides charted separately, as they had on the former Top 100.

Starting with the Hot 100 chart for the week ending November 29, 1969, this rule was altered; if both sides received significant airplay, they were listed together. This started to become a moot point by 1972, as most major record labels solidified a trend they had started in the 1960s by putting the same song on both sides of the singles provided to radio.

More complex issues began to arise as the typical A-and-B-side format of singles gave way to [[12 inch singles]] and maxi-singles, many of which contained more than one B-side. Further problems arose when, in several cases, a B-side would eventually overtake the A-side in popularity, thus prompting record labels to release a new single, featuring the former B-side as the A-side, along with a "new" B-side.

The inclusion of album cuts on the Hot 100 put the double-sided hit issues to rest permanently.

=== Album cuts ===

As many Hot 100 chart policies have been modified over the years, one rule always remained constant: songs were not eligible to enter the Hot 100 unless they were available to purchase as a single. However, on December 5, 1998, the Hot 100 changed from being a "singles" chart to a "songs" chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2013/08/16/207879695/how-the-hot-100-became-americas-hit-barometer|title=How The Hot 100 Became America's Hit Barometer|work=[[NPR]]|date=August 1, 2013|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> During the 1990s, a growing trend in the music industry was to promote songs to radio without ever releasing them as singles. It was claimed by major record labels{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} that singles were cannibalizing album sales, so they were slowly phased out. During this period, accusations began to fly of chart manipulation as labels would hold off on releasing a single until airplay was at its absolute peak, thus prompting a top ten or, in some cases, a number-one debut. In many cases, a label would delete a single from its catalog after only one week, thus allowing the song to enter the Hot 100, make a high debut and then slowly decline in position as the one-time production of the retail single sold out.

It was during this period that several popular mainstream hits never charted on the Hot 100, or charted well after their airplay had declined. During the period that they were not released as singles, the songs were not eligible to chart. Many of these songs dominated the ''Hot 100 Airplay'' chart for extended periods of time:

* 1995 [[The Rembrandts]]: "[[I'll Be There for You (The Rembrandts song)|I'll Be There for You]]" (number one for eight weeks)
* 1996 [[No Doubt]]: "[[Don't Speak]]" (number one for 16 weeks)
* 1997 [[Sugar Ray]] featuring [[Super Cat]]: "[[Fly (Sugar Ray song)|Fly]]" (number one for six weeks)
* 1997 [[Will Smith]]: "[[Men in Black (song)|Men in Black]]" (number one for four weeks)
* 1997 [[The Cardigans]]: "[[Lovefool]]" (number two for eight weeks)
* 1998 [[Natalie Imbruglia]]: "[[Torn (Ednaswap song)#Natalie Imbruglia version|Torn]]" (number one for 11 weeks)
* 1998 [[Goo Goo Dolls]]: "[[Iris (Goo Goo Dolls song)|Iris]]" (number one for 18 weeks)

As debate and conflicts occurred more and more often, ''Billboard'' finally answered the requests of music industry artists and insiders to include airplay-only songs (or "album cuts") in the Hot 100, while the retail component was reduced from 40% to 25%.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129 |pages=3, 129 |title=A New Hot 100 Reflects Changes in Music Business|magazine=Billboard |date=December 5, 1998}}</ref>

=== EPs ===

[[Extended play]] (EP) releases were listed by ''Billboard'' on the Hot 100 and in pre-Hot 100 charts (Top 100) until the mid-to-late 1960s. With the growing popularity of albums, it was decided to move EPs (which typically contain four to six tracks) from the Hot 100 to the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], where they are included to this day.

=== Digital downloads, online streaming and bundles ===

Since February 12, 2005, the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 tracks paid digital downloads from such internet services as [[iTunes Store|iTunes]], [[Musicmatch]], and [[Rhapsody (online music service)|Rhapsody]]. ''Billboard'' initially started tracking downloads in 2003 with the [[Hot Digital Tracks]] chart. However, these downloads did not count towards the Hot 100 and that chart (as opposed to [[Hot Digital Songs]]) counted each version of a song separately. This was the first major overhaul of the Hot 100's chart formula since December 1998.

The change in methodology has shaken up the chart considerably, with some songs debuting on the chart strictly with robust online sales and others making drastic leaps. In recent years, several songs have been able to achieve 80-to-90 position jumps in a single week as their digital components were made available at online music stores. Since 2006, the all-time record for the biggest single-week upward movement was broken nine times.

In the issue dated August 11, 2007, ''Billboard'' began incorporating weekly data from [[streaming media]] and on-demand services into the Hot 100. The first two major companies to provide their statistics to Nielsen BDS on a weekly basis were [[AOL]] Music and [[Yahoo! Music]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Geoff |last=Mayfield |title=Billboard Hot 100 To Include Digital Streams |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1050326/billboard-hot-100-to-include-digital-streams |magazine=Billboard |date=August 4, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2007}}</ref> On March 24, 2012, Billboard premiered its On-Demand Songs chart, which ranks web radio streams from services such as [[Spotify]], as well as on-demand audio titles.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502020/hot-100-impacted-by-new-on-demand-songs-chart|magazine=Billboard|title=Hot 100 Impacted by New On-Demand Songs Chart|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=March 14, 2012|access-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref> Its data was then incorporated into the equation that compiles the Hot 100, and this was expanded to a broader [[Streaming Songs]] chart in January 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1510640/new-danceelectronic-songs-chart-launches-with-william-britney-at-no-1|magazine=Billboard|title=New Dance/Electronic Songs Chart Launches With Will.i.am & Britney at No. 1|first=Silvio|last=Pietroluongo|date=January 17, 2013|access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref> In February 2013, U.S. views for a song on [[YouTube]] were added to the Hot 100 formula. "[[Harlem Shake (song)|Harlem Shake]]" was the first song to reach number one after the changes were made.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|title=What's Billboard's No. 1? Now YouTube Has a Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/arts/music/billboard-makes-youtube-part-of-hot-100-formula.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2013|date=February 20, 2013}}</ref>

In July 2020, ''Billboard'' announced that they would no longer allow sales of physical/digital bundles to be reported as digital sales. This refers to songs being bought along with merchandise, either from an artists website or through another vendor. The magazine stated that this was a tactic generally used by certain artists to boost their chart positions. Instead, such physical releases are now only counted when they are shipped to the consumer, rendering the tactic "ineffectual".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9417842/billboard-new-chart-rules-no-more-merch-ticket-bundles|title=Billboard Announces New Chart Rules: No More Merch & Ticket Bundles|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=July 13, 2020|access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref>

=== Remixes ===

A growing trend early in the first decade of the 21st century was to issue a song as a "remix" that was so drastically different in structure and lyrical content from its original version that it was essentially a whole new song. Under normal circumstances, airplay points from a song's album version, "radio" mix and/or [[dance music]] remix, etc. were all combined and factored into the song's performance on the Hot 100, as the structure, lyrics and melody remained intact. Criticisms began when songs were being completely re-recorded to the point that they no longer resembled the original recording. The first such example of this scenario is [[Jennifer Lopez]]'s "[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real]]". Originally entering the Hot 100 in its album version, a "remix" was issued in the midst of its chart run that featured rapper [[Ja Rule]]. This new version proved to be far more popular than the album version and the track was propelled to number one.

To address this issue, ''Billboard'' now separates airplay points from a song's original version and its remix, if the remix is determined to be a "new song". Since administering this new chart rule, several songs have charted twice, normally credited as "Part 1" and "Part 2". The remix rule is still in place.

=== Recurrents ===

''Billboard'', in an effort to allow the chart to remain as current as possible and to give representation to new and developing artists and tracks, has (since 1991) removed titles that have reached certain criteria regarding its current rank and number of weeks on the chart. Recurrent criteria have been modified several times and currently ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}), a song is permanently moved to "recurrent status" if it has spent 20 weeks on the Hot 100 and fallen below position number 50. Additionally, descending songs are removed from the chart if ranking below number 25 after 52 weeks.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6770427/adele-tops-hot-100-fourth-week-justin-bieber-alessia-cara|magazine=Billboard|title=Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week; Justin Bieber, Alessia Cara Hit Top 10|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=November 23, 2015|access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> Exceptions are made to re-releases and sudden resurgence in popularity of tracks that have taken a very long time to gain mainstream success. These rare cases are handled on a case-by-case basis and ultimately determined by ''Billboard''{{'}}s chart managers and staff. Christmas songs have been a regular presence on the Hot 100 each December since the relaxation of recurrent rules, culminating in [[Mariah Carey]]'s 1994 recording "[[All I Want for Christmas Is You]]" reaching #1 on the chart in December 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Wish Come True: Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 After 25-Year Wait |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8546418/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-number-one |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref>

=== Adjustment of tracking week ===

''Billboard'' altered its tracking-week for sales, streaming and radio airplay in order to conform to a new Global Release Date, which now falls on Fridays in all major-market territories (United States product was formerly released on Tuesdays before June 2015). This modified tracking schedule took effect in the issue dated July 25, 2015.<ref name="tracking"/>

== Year-end charts ==

''Billboard''{{'}}s "chart year" runs from the first week of December to the final week in November. This altered calendar allows for ''Billboard'' to calculate [[Billboard Year-End|year-end charts]] and release them in time for its final print issue in the last week of December.

Before Nielsen SoundScan, year-end singles charts were calculated by an inverse-point system based solely on a song's performance on the Hot 100 (for example, a song would be given one point for a week spent at position 100, two points for a week spent at position 99 and so forth, up to 100 points for each week spent at number one). Other factors including the total weeks a song spent on the chart and at its peak position were calculated into its year-end total.

After ''Billboard'' began obtaining sales and airplay information from Nielsen SoundScan, the year-end charts are now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total of yearlong sales, streaming, and airplay points. This gives a more accurate picture of any given year's most popular tracks, as the points accrued by one song during its week at number one in March might be less than those accrued by another song reaching number three in January. Songs at the peak of their popularity at the time of the November/December chart-year cutoff many times end up ranked on the following year's chart as well, as their cumulative points are split between the two chart-years, but often are ranked lower than they would have been had the peak occurred in a single year.

== Use in media ==

The Hot 100 served for many years as the data source for the weekly radio countdown show ''[[American Top 40]]''. This relationship ended on November 30, 1991, as ''American Top 40'' started using the [[Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|airplay-only side of the Hot 100]] (then called '''Top 40 Radio Monitor'''). The ongoing splintering of [[Contemporary hit radio|Top 40 radio]] in the early 1990s led stations to lean into specific formats, meaning that practically no station would play the wide array of genres that typically composed each weekly Hot 100 chart.

An artist or band's ability to have hits in the Hot 100 across multiple decades is recognized as a sign of longevity and being able to adapt to changing musical styles. Only five artists had a Hot 100 Top 40 hit in each of the four decades from the 1980s through the 2010s: [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (artist)|Madonna]], [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[U2]], and [[Kenny G]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8542554/kenny-g-top-40-hits-four-decades-kanye-west-use-this-gospel | title = Thanks to Kanye, Kenny G Is Just the Fifth Act With Hot 100 Top 40 Hits in Each of the Last Four Decades | first = Gary | last = Trust | date = November 4, 2019 | access-date = November 6, 2019 | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> [[Mariah Carey]] is the first artist to have a number-one single in four different decades.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547157/mariah-carey-number-one-hot-100-four-decades-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you | title = Mariah Carey Becomes First Artist at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 in Four Decades, Thanks to 'All I Want for Christmas' | first = Gary | last = Trust | date = December 30, 2019 | access-date = December 30, 2019 | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>

== Similar charts ==

A new chart, the [[Pop 100]], was created by ''Billboard'' in February 2005 to answer criticism that the Hot 100 at the time was too dominated by hip hop and R&B. It was discontinued in June 2009 due to the charts becoming increasingly similar.

The [[Canadian Hot 100]] was launched June 16, 2007. Like the Hot 100 chart, it uses sales and airplay tracking compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|BDS]].<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Billboard Launches Canadian Hot 100 Chart | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1051685/billboard-launches-canadian-hot-100-chart | magazine = Billboard | date = June 7, 2007 | access-date = June 4, 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Billboard Japan Hot 100|''Billboard'' Japan Hot 100]] was launched in the issue dated May 31, 2008, using the same methodologies as the Hot 100 charts for the U.S. and Canada, using sales and airplay data from SoundScan Japan and radio tracking service Plantech.<ref>{{cite magazine | first = Gary | last = Trust | title = Billboard Japan Hot 100 Finds Global Audience | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1045309/billboard-japan-hot-100-finds-global-audience | magazine = Billboard | date = May 21, 2008 | access-date = June 4, 2010 }}</ref>

The Vietnamese edition of Hot 100, [[Billboard Vietnam Hot 100|''Billboard'' Vietnam Hot 100]], was launched on January 14, 2022.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Billboard Vietnam Hot 100 | url = https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/ | magazine = Billboard | date = January 20, 2022 | access-date = January 19, 2022 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=22em}}

* ''[[American Top 40]]''
* [[Bestseller (music)|Bestseller]]
* [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]
* [[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]]
* [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]]
* [[Chart-topper]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States]]
* [[List of best-selling music artists]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s]]
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles|List of ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top-ten singles]]
* [[List of Billboard number-one singles|List of ''Billboard'' number-one singles]]
* [[Single certifications]]
* [[Rolling Stone Top 100|''Rolling Stone'' Top 100]]

{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}

* [[Fred Bronson|Bronson, Fred]]. ''Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition'' ({{ISBN|0-8230-7677-6}})
* Feldman, Christopher G. ''The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles'' ({{ISBN|0-8230-7695-4}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''Top Pop Singles 1955–2008, 12 Edition'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-180-2}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Pop Charts, 1955–1959'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-092-X}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-074-1}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-076-8}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-079-2}})
* [[Joel Whitburn|Whitburn, Joel]]. ''The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties'' ({{ISBN|0-89820-137-3}})

{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100}}

{{Number-one singles in the United States}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Billboard}}
{{Music industry}}
{{Hot 100 year-end charts}}

[[Category:Billboard charts|Hot 100]]
[[Category:Top lists]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in the United States]]

Palva Palvi

2023-09-15T20:42:47Z

KassieDeacon9: Published a valuable publication.

'''''Palva Palvi''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by directed by [[Dada Kondke]] produced by Vijay Kondke under the banner of Jyoti Arts Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PALVA PALVI (1990) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f88bc25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520120402/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f88bc25 |archive-date=2019-05-20 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Dada Kondke and [[Usha Chavan]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दादा कोंडके यांचे 'हे' चित्रपट पाहून खळखळून हसाल |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-songadya-to-palva-palvi-know-about-dada-kondke-movie-1188824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915160801/https://marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-songadya-to-palva-palvi-know-about-dada-kondke-movie-1188824 |archive-date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Raamlaxman]] and songs were provided by [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and [[Anupama Deshpande]], recorded by [[B. N. Sharma]].<ref name=":0" />

{{Infobox film
| image = Palva Palvi film.jpg
| director = [[Dada Kondke]]
| writer = Dada Kondke Rajesh Mujumdar
| screenplay = Rajesh Mujumdar
| story = Dada Kondke Rajesh Mujumdar
| producer = Vijay Kondke
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dada Kondke]]
*[[Usha Chavan]]
}}
| cinematography = Chinnu Shah
| editing = Vishwas – Anil
| music = [[Raamlaxman]]
| studio = Jyoti Arts Productions
| released = 1990 (India)
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

== Plot ==
A local girl and a man fall in love, but they break up when the latter marries a wealthy man because of financial difficulties. The distraught boyfriend learns quickly that the girl is being mistreated by her spouse.

== Cast ==

* [[Dada Kondke]] as Shirpya
* [[Usha Chavan]] as Hausa
* Raghuvendra Kadkol as Munimji
* Dinanath Takalkar as Chole Guruji
* Dinkar Inamdar as Savkar
* [[Asha Patil]] as Mausi, Phulabai
* Bhalchandra Kulkarni as Hawaldar
* Vasant Shinde
* Rahul Solapurkar as Chabburao Nagre
* Shanta Inamdar as Kaku

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Palva Palvi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Raamlaxman]]
| released = 1991<ref>{{Citation |title=Palva Palvi Songs: Palva Palvi MP3 Marathi Songs by Ram-Laxman Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/palva-palvi |work=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=2023-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129230526/https://gaana.com/album/palva-palvi |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=2020-11-29}}</ref>
| studio = Bombay Sound Service
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=24}}
| language = Marathi
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Ishtar Music]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube |esAQB13EQ50VeeNS|Palva Palvi - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The album is composed by [[Raamlaxman]], sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and [[Anupama Deshpande]]. The songs are recorded at the Bombay Sound Service by [[B. N. Sharma]], while the [[Recording studio|sound recording]] is done by Ashwin Vavhal in Vijaya Cine Sound.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Palva Palvi (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AFCE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915161327/https://indiancine.ma/AFCE |archive-date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Track listing
!#
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|1
|"Nako Dhanda An Chakari"
|Mahendra Kapoor
|4:35
|-
|2
|"Chincha Bor Keli Rataal"
|Anupama Deshpande
|4:17
|-
|3
|"Tuzya Hiriche Pani Lai God"
|Mahendra Kapoor, Anupama Deshpande
|3:44
|-
|4
|"Aga Hausa Bhar Divsa"
|Mahendra Kapoor, Anupama Deshpande
|4:54
|-
|5
|"Bazaar Aahe Band"
|Mahendra Kapoor, Anupama Deshpande
|4:58
|-
|6
|"Dena Ekach Muka"
|Mahendra Kapoor, Anupama Deshpande
|4:06
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0232261}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/palva-palvi/0-0-movie_829162250 Palva Palvi]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* ''[https://www.tvguide.com/movies/palva-palvi/cast/2000361596/ Palva Palvi]'' at [[TV Guide (magazine)|TV Guide]]
* {{BFI|id=4ce2b7f88bc25}}

[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1990s comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Nirgun and Sargun

2023-07-17T19:46:22Z

KassieDeacon9:

{{Short description|Philosophical concept in Sikhism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}'''Nirgun''' '''and''' '''Sargun''' is terminology used within [[Sikhism]] to refer to the ineffable (''nirgun'') and the manifest (''sargun'') nature of God.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pemberton |first=Kelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkuTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT90&dq=nirgun+and+sargun&hl=en |title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia |last2=Nijhawan |first2=Michael |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-90476-0 |language=en}}</ref> There is no dichotomy in the ''nirgun'' and ''sargun'' nature of God,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13PXAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Current Thoughts on Sikhism |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |isbn=978-81-85815-01-5 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref> as there only One ([[Ik Onkar]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=Surindara Pala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsTXAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Inner Dynamics of Guru Granth Sahib |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |isbn=978-81-7770-115-9 |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ang 250 of Guru Granth Sahib Ji - SikhiToTheMax |url=https://www.sikhitothemax.org/ang?source=G&ang=250 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.sikhitothemax.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Quote|text="He Himself is formless, and also formed; the One Lord is without attributes, and also with attributes."|sign=SGGS. Ang 250|source=}}

== In the Guru Granth Sahib ==
{{Guru Granth Sahib sidebar}}Before creation, God existed all alone as ''Nirgun'' in a state of ''Sunn Samadhi'', deep meditation, as says [[Guru Nanak]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munde |first=Amarpreet Singh |title=Introduction to Sikhism - Section II: God and His Universe |url=http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/introductiontosikhism2/chapter2.html#How%20was%20the%20world%20created,%20according%20to%20Sikhism? |access-date=2017-12-11 |website=www.gurmat.info}}</ref>
{{Quote|text="There was darkness for countless years.

There was neither earth nor sky; there was only Its Will.

There was neither day nor night, neither sun nor moon.

They (God) were in deep meditation.
There was nothing except Itself."|sign=SGGS. Ang 1035|source=}}Then God willed, created the Universe, and diffused into nature as ''Sargun.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Evolutionary biology |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/environment/sikhbeliefsrev3.shtml |access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>

== In Indian philosophy ==
The Sikh view of the dual nature of Absolute God runs parallel to [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s Vedic ([[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] and [[Para Brahman|Nirguna) Brahman]] conception, as well as the tradition of [[Indian philosophy]] in general.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mohinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA44&dq=nirguna+and+sarguna&hl=en |title=History and Culture of Panjab |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Waheguru]]
*[[Ik Onkar]]
*[[Monotheism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Sikhism-stub}}
[[Category:Names of God in Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikh terminology]]
[[Category:Sikh philosophy]]

Siya Gokhale

2023-07-17T09:01:52Z

KassieDeacon9: Article designed.

{{short description|Indian-born Emirati cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Siya Gokhale
| female = true
| image =
| country = United Arab Emirates
| fullname = Siya Swarup Gokhale
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm Medium fast
| role = Bowling Allrounder

| international = true
| T20Idebutdate = 20 March
| T20Idebutyear = 2022
| T20Idebutagainst = Qatar
| T20Icap = 25
| lastT20Idate = 9 October
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = Pakistan
| date = 17 July 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/siya-gokhale-1306437 Cricinfo
}}

'''Siya Gokhale''' (born 15 August 2005) is an Indian-born Emirati cricketer who plays for the [[United Arab Emirates women's national cricket team|United Arab Emirates national cricket team]].

== International career ==
In March 2022, Gokhale was named in the UAE's [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]] squads for the [[2022 GCC Women's Gulf Cup]] which was held in [[Muscat]], Oman.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=EmiratesCricket |number=1504436824109891587 |title=Our UAECricket women are heading to Oman to compete in the GCC T20I Gulf Cup Championship}}</ref> On 20 March 2022, She made her WT20I debut against [[Qatar women's national cricket team|Qatar]] in GCC Women's Gulf Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/gcc-women-s-twenty20-championship-cup-2021-22-1306377/qatar-women-vs-united-arab-emirates-women-2nd-match-1306384/full-scorecard|title=2nd Match, Al Amerat, March 20, 2022, GCC Women's Twenty20 Championship Cup|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

In October 2022, Gokhale was named in UAE's team squads for the [[2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emiratescricket.com/news-detail/R8M7Vl4zbq73eprOZqEg |title=ECB announces team to represent UAE at upcoming inaugural ACC Women's T20 Asia Cup |work=Emirates Cricket Board |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of United Arab Emirates women Twenty20 International cricketers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cricinfo|id=1306437}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Cricket|Sports|United Arab Emirates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Siya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Emirati women cricketers]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirates women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]]

New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22

2023-06-22T12:48:22Z

KassieDeacon9: fix

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team2_name = New Zealand
| from_date = 17 November
| to_date = 7 December 2021
| team1_captain = [[Virat Kohli]]<ref name="Kohli" group="n">[[Ajinkya Rahane]] captained India for the first Test match.</ref> (Tests) [[Rohit Sharma]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Kane Williamson]]<ref name="Williamson" group="n">[[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] captained New Zealand for the second Test match.</ref> (Tests) [[Tim Southee]]<ref name="Southee" group="n">[[Mitchell Santner]] captained New Zealand for the third T20I match.</ref> (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (242)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] (163)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (14)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ajaz Patel]] (17)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (159)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Martin Guptill]] (152)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Harshal Patel]] (4) [[Axar Patel]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Tim Southee]] (4) [[Mitchell Santner]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand cricket team]] toured India in November and December 2021 to play two [[Test cricket|Test]] and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/complete-schedule-of-indian-cricket-team-in-2021-including-ipl-and-t20-world-cup-at-home-1.1135274 |title=Complete schedule of Indian cricket team in 2021 including IPL and T20 World Cup at home |work=The National |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The Test matches formed part of the [[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC confirms details of next World Test Championship|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2188985|access-date=21 September 2021|work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> In September 2021, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the schedule for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-new-zealand-west-indies-sri-lanka-and-south-africa-in-next-nine-months-1278633 |title=India to host New Zealand, West Indies, Sri Lanka and South Africa in next nine months |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155092/update-9th-apex-council-meeting |title=Update - 9th Apex Council Meeting |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

Prior to the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], [[Virat Kohli]] announced that he would be stepping down as the captain of India's T20I team following the conclusion of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/virat-kohli-to-step-down-as-t20-captain-after-t20-world-cup-1278140 |title=Virat Kohli to step down as India's T20I captain after T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, the BCCI named [[Rohit Sharma]] as India's T20I captain for the matches against New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rohit-sharma-to-captain-india-in-t20is-against-new-zealand-1288508 |title=Rohit Sharma to captain India in T20Is against New Zealand |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> [[Ajinkya Rahane]] was named as India's captain for the first Test,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2349258 |title=Rahane to lead India in first New Zealand Test |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> with Virat Kohli joining the team to captain the side for the second Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-2021-22-rohit-sharma-rishabh-pant-jasprit-bumrah-and-mohammed-shami-to-sit-out-test-series-1288926 |title=Rohit, Pant, Bumrah and Shami to sit out Test series against New Zealand |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Before the start of the T20I series, [[New Zealand Cricket]] announced that [[Kane Williamson]] would miss the T20I matches to focus on his preparation for the Test matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzc.nz/news-items/williamson-to-miss-india-t20s-to-focus-on-tests |title=Williamson to miss India T20s to focus on Tests |work=New Zealand Cricket |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> with [[Tim Southee]] named as captain in his absence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kane-williamson-to-sit-out-india-t20is-will-join-team-for-tests-1289544 |title=Williamson to sit out India T20Is, will join team for Tests |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354707 |title=Williamson to miss T20I series against India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> Williamson also missed the second Test, due to an injury, with [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] named as New Zealand's captain for the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/300470146/black-caps-skipper-kane-williamson-out-of-second-test-v-india-through-injury |title=Black Caps skipper Kane Williamson out of second test v India through injury |work=Stuff |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

India won the first T20I match by five wickets,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-1st-t20i-1278671/match-report |title=Ashwin, Suryakumar, Rohit shine as India earn hard-fought victory |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> and won the second match by seven wickets to win the series with a match to spare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/300458462/black-caps-vs-india-hosts-power-to-series-victory-in-twenty20-game-two-in-ranchi |title=Black Caps vs India: Hosts power to series victory in Twenty20 game two in Ranchi |work=Stuff |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> India won the third T20I match by 73 runs to win the series 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-t20i-1278673/match-report |title=Rohit and Axar sparkle as India complete 3-0 sweep |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> The first Test match was drawn,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59460060 |title=India v New Zealand: Tourists bat out final day to earn draw in Kanpur |work=BBC Sport |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> with India needing one wicket for victory before bad light stopped play late on the fifth and final day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/300465955/stubborn-black-caps-earn-thrilling-draw-against-india-in-first-test-in-kanpur |title=Stubborn Black Caps earn thrilling draw against India in first test in Kanpur |work=Stuff |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> With the draw, it extended New Zealand's undefeated record in Test cricket to ten consecutive matches, their longest streak in the format.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-2021-1st-test-r-ashwins-new-record-a-rare-draw-with-nine-wickets-down-nzs-longest-unbeaten-streak-1291627 |title=Ashwin's new record, a rare draw with nine wickets down, and New Zealand's longest unbeaten streak |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> In the second Test, New Zealand's [[Ajaz Patel]] became the third bowler to take all [[List of Test cricket records#Best figures in an innings|ten wickets in an innings]] in Test cricket, bowling India out for 325 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2394983 |title=Laker, Kumble, Patel: how the trio claimed all ten |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> However, in reply New Zealand were bowled out for only 62 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-2021-2nd-test-new-zealand-62-all-out-the-lowest-total-in-a-test-match-in-india-1292233 |title=New Zealand's 62 all out: The lowest total in a Test match in India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> India went on to win the match by 372 runs, winning the Test series 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2397225 |title=Jayant, Ashwin complete four-fers as India seal series win |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155640/india-s-squad-for-tests-against-new-zealand-announced |title=India's squad for Tests against New Zealand announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|NZ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzc.nz/news-items/patel-and-somerville-to-lead-test-spin-attack-in-india |title=Patel & Somerville to lead Test spin attack in India |work=New Zealand Cricket |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155635/india-s-squad-for-t20is-against-new-zealand-india-a-squad-for-south-africa-tour-announced |title=India's squad for T20Is against New Zealand & India 'A' squad for South Africa tour announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|NZ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/126013220/black-caps-announce-twenty20-world-cup-squad-two-debutants-for-leadup-tours-with-stars-absent |title=Black Caps announce Twenty20 World Cup squad, two debutants for leadup tours with stars absent |work=Stuff |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[K. S. Bharat]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* <s>[[KL Rahul]]</s>
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Jayant Yadav]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Kane Williamson]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] ([[captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Tom Blundell (cricketer)|Tom Blundell]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Devon Conway]]</s>
* [[Kyle Jamieson]]
* [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]
* [[Henry Nicholls (cricketer)|Henry Nicholls]]
* [[Ajaz Patel]]
* [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]
* [[Rachin Ravindra]]
* [[Mitchell Santner]]
* [[Will Somerville (cricketer)|Will Somerville]]
* [[Tim Southee]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]]
* [[Neil Wagner]]

|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Venkatesh Iyer]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
* [[Tim Southee]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* <s>[[Kane Williamson]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])</s>
* [[Mitchell Santner]] ([[vice-captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Todd Astle]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
* [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]]
* <s>[[Devon Conway]]</s>
* [[Lockie Ferguson]]
* [[Martin Guptill]]
* <s>[[Kyle Jamieson]]</s>
* [[Adam Milne]]
* [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]
* [[James Neesham]]
* [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]
* [[Rachin Ravindra]]
* [[Tim Seifert]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ish Sodhi]]
|}

[[Adam Milne]] was named as injury cover for New Zealand's T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/t20-world-cup-squad-revealed-mcconchie-and-sears-called-up-for-bangladeshpakistan |title=T20 World Cup squad revealed: McConchie and Sears called up for Bangladesh/Pakistan |work=New Zealand Cricket |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> [[Trent Boult]] and [[Colin de Grandhomme]] both opted out of New Zealand's Test squad, citing [[Bio-secure bubble|bubble fatigue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-tour-of-india-2021-no-trent-boult-or-colin-de-grandhomme-in-spin-heavy-nz-squad-for-india-tests-1287509 |title=Boult and de Grandhomme opt out, New Zealand name spin-heavy squad for India Tests |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> [[Devon Conway]] was ruled out of New Zealand's T20I and Test squads after breaking his hand during the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup#Semi-finals|semi-final match]] against [[England cricket team|England]] at the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/300452732/black-caps-blow-as-devon-conway-ruled-out-of-twenty20-world-cup-final |title=Black Caps blow as Devon Conway ruled out of Twenty20 World Cup final |work=Stuff |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] was named as Conway's replacement in New Zealand's Test side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-test-series-2021-22-daryl-mitchell-replaces-devon-conway-for-india-test-series-1289143 |title=Daryl Mitchell replaces Devon Conway for India Test series |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> [[Kyle Jamieson]] opted out of New Zealand's T20I squad to focus on the Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nz-tour-of-india-kyle-jamieson-opts-out-of-india-t20is-to-focus-on-test-series-1289677 |title=Jamieson opts out of India T20Is to focus on Test series |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Following the T20I series, [[Suryakumar Yadav]] was added to India's Test squad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/new-zealand-in-india/suryakumar-yadav-added-to-team-india-for-kanpur-test/articleshow/87854800 |title=Shardul Thakur for A tour to SA, Suryakumar Yadav included in Test squad for NZ series |work=The Indian Express |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> replacing [[KL Rahul]], who was ruled out of the Test matches due to a muscle strain injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-1st-test-injured-kl-rahul-out-of-new-zealand-tests-suryakumar-yadav-added-to-india-s-squad-1290722 |title=Suryakumar Yadav replaces injured KL Rahul in India squad for New Zealand Tests |work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 164/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Martin Guptill]] 70 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 62 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278671.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
* This was the first T20I match to be [[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds|played at this ground]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-1st-t20i-1278671/match-preview |title=Road to 2022 T20 World Cup begins as new-look India host weary New Zealand |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 November 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 153/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] 34 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/3 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 65 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278672.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harshal Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Harshal Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 November 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 184/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 56 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Martin Guptill]] 51 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/9 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 73 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278673.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Axar Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–29 November 2021
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 345 (111.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 105 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tim Southee]] 5/69 (27.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 296 (142.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] 95 (282)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Axar Patel]] 5/62 (34 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 234/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 65 (125)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kyle Jamieson]] 3/40 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 165/9 (98 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] 52 (146)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/40 (28 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278674.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Rachin Ravindra]] (NZ) both made their Test debuts.
* Shreyas Iyer (Ind) scored his [[List of centuries scored on Test cricket debut|maiden century in Tests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/shreyas-iyer-slams-century-on-test-debut-joins-elite-list-of-indian-cricketers-to-do-so/835384 |title=Shreyas Iyer slams century on Test debut, joins elite list of Indian cricketers to do so |work=Times Now |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Kyle Jamieson]] (NZ) took his 50th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-new-zealand-2021/kyle-jamieson-fastest-new-zealand-cricketer-to-50-test-wickets-2627158/|title=Kyle Jamieson Fastest New Zealand Cricketer to 50 Test Wickets |work=NDTV Sports |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: India 4, New Zealand 4.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–7 December 2021<ref name="Days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the second Test reached a result in four days.</ref>
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 325 (109.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 150 (311)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ajaz Patel]] 10/119 (47.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 62 (28.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kyle Jamieson]] 17 (36)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/8 (8 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 276/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (70 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 62 (108)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ajaz Patel]] 4/106 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 167 (56.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 60 (92)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/34 (22.3 overs)

| result = India won by 372 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278675.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No play was possible before lunch on day 1 due to rain.
| notes = [[Ajaz Patel]] (NZ) became the third bowler to take [[List of Test cricket records#Best figures in an innings|ten wickets in an innings]] in Tests, after [[Jim Laker]] and [[Anil Kumble]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/127189224/black-cap-ajaz-patel-becomes-third-bowler-in-history-of-tests-to-take-all-10-wickets |title=Black Cap Ajaz Patel becomes third bowler in history of tests to take all 10 wickets |work=Stuff |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest win in Tests [[List of India Test cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|in terms of runs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1278675/match-report-4 |title=India canter to victory as Jayant, Ashwin return four-fors |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: India 12, New Zealand 0.
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658 Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2021–22}}
{{2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021-22}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket tours of India]]

Civil marriage

2022-03-16T12:37:05Z

KassieDeacon9:

{{Short description|Marriage performed, recorded, and recognized by a government official}}
{{More citations needed}}
[[Image:Albert Anker - Die Ziviltrauung (1887).jpg|thumb|A civil marriage in 19th century [[Switzerland]] ([[Albert Anker]], 1887)]]
A '''civil marriage''' is a [[marriage]] performed, recorded, and recognized by a government official.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marriage.about.com/od/marriagelaws/g/civilmarriage.htm |title=Civil Marriage Definition |publisher=Marriage.about.com |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> Such a marriage may be performed by a [[religion|religious]] body and recognized by the state, or it may be entirely [[secular]].

==History==
Every country maintaining a [[Civil registry|population registry]] of its residents keeps track of [[marital status]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/mar/default.htm |title=Demographic and Social Statistics: Marriage and divorce |website=unstats.un.org }}</ref> and all UN Member countries except [[Iran]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], and [[Tonga]] have signed or ratified either the United Nations [[Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage, and Registration of Marriages]] (1962)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/MinimumAgeForMarriage.aspx | title=OHCHR | Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage}}</ref> or the United Nations [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]] (1979) which carry a responsibility to register marriages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/08_08/08_04_08/080408_child.htm |title=Child Marriage - Consent to Marriage - CEDAW - UN Convention on Marriage |access-date=2013-03-31 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201715/http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/08_08/08_04_08/080408_child.htm |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref> Most countries define the conditions of civil marriage separately from religious requirements. Certain countries, such as [[Israel]], allow couples to register only on the condition that they have first been married in a religious ceremony recognized by the state, or were married in a different country.

===In England===
In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], marriage was governed by [[canon law]], which recognized as valid only those marriages where the parties stated they took one another as husband and wife, regardless of the presence or absence of witnesses. It was not necessary, however, to be married by any official or cleric. This institution was canceled in England with the enactment of "[[Marriage Act 1753|Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act]]" of 1753, which required that, in order to be valid and registered, all marriages were to be performed in an official ceremony in a religious setting recognized by the state, i.e. [[Church of England]], [[Religious Society of Friends|the Quakers]], or in a [[Jewish|Jewish ceremony]]. Any other form of marriage was abolished. Children born into unions that were not valid under the Act would not automatically [[Inheritance|inherit]] the property or titles of their parents. For historical reasons, the Act did not apply in Scotland. Consequently, until 1940, it continued to be enough in [[Scotland]] for a man and a woman to pledge their commitment to each other in front of witnesses to legalize their marriage. This led to an industry of "fast marriages" in Scottish towns on the border with England; the town of [[Gretna Green]] was particularly well known for this. In [[Marriage Act 1836|1836]], the requirement that the ceremony takes place in a religious forum was removed, and [[Register office|registrar]]s have given the authority to register marriages not conducted by a religious official.

===In other European countries===
[[File:A cauple wait for wedding.jpg|thumb|A couple waiting to get married in the town of [[Alghero]] on the island of [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]]]
Many European countries had institutions similar to [[common-law marriage]]. However, The [[Catholic Church]] forbade [[clandestinity (canon law)|clandestine marriage]] at the [[Fourth Lateran Council]] (1215), which required all marriages to be announced in a church by a priest. In 1566, the edict of the [[Council of Trent]] was proclaimed denying [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]] any form of marriage not executed in a religious ceremony before a priest and two witnesses.

The [[Protestant]] pastor and theologian of [[Geneva]], [[John Calvin]], decreed that in order for a couple to be considered married they must be registered by the state in addition to a church ceremony.

In 1792, with the [[French Revolution]], religious marriage ceremonies in France were made secondary to civil marriage. Religious ceremonies could still be performed, but only for couples who had already been married in a civil ceremony. [[Napoleon]] later spread this custom throughout most of Europe. In present-day France, only civil marriage has legal validity. A religious ceremony may be performed after or before the civil union, but it has no legal effect.

In Germany, the [[Napoleonic code]] was valid only in territories conquered by Napoleon. With the fall of his empire, civil marriage in Germany began to die out. However, certain sovereign German states introduced civil marriages, which were either obligatory (like the French model) or optional, with either a religious or civil ceremony being accepted. Already before 1848, the Grand-Duchy of [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] enacted optional civil marriages, followed by the German republics of [[Free City of Frankfurt| the Free City of Frankfurt upon Main]] (1850, obligatory), [[Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg]] (1851, optional) and [[Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck]] (1852, optional). German Grand-Duchies such as [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]] (1852/55, optional), [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (1860), and [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]] (1860) as well as the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] (1863) followed suit.<ref>Julius Schoeps, "Emanzipation der Herzen – oder: Der Fall Ferdinand Falkson", in: ''PreußenJahrBuch: Ein Alamanch'' [published on the occasion of the Projekt Preussen 2001], Museumspädagogischer Dienst Berlin (MD Berlin) in collaboration with the Landesverband der Museen zu Berlin and Museumsverband des Landes Brandenburg (ed.), Berlin: MD Berlin, 2000, pp. 52–56, here p. 56. {{ISBN|3-930929-12-0}}.</ref> Civil marriages enabled [[interfaith marriage]]s as well as marriages between spouses of different Christian denominations. After the [[unification of Germany]] in 1871, the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] adopted a bill initiated by Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] as the "Civil Marriage Law" in 1875 (see: [[Kulturkampf]]); since then, only civil marriages have been recognized in Germany. Religious ceremonies may still be performed at the couple's discretion. Until December 31, 2008, religious marriages could not be performed until the couple had first married in a civil ceremony.

==Civil marriage in the world currently==
{{See also|Marriage law}}
[[File:Marriage law.svg|400px|thumb|right|{{center|'''Civil marriage by country'''}}
{{legend|#00ffffff|State recognizes civil marriages only}}
{{legend|#008000ff|State recognizes both civil and certain religious marriages}}
{{legend|#afdde9ff|State recognizes civil marriages; no additional information}}
{{legend|#ff0000ff|State recognizes religious marriages only}}
{{legend|#ff9955ff|Civil marriages only for foreigners}}
{{legend|#ffff00ff|Civil marriages only for non-Muslims}}
]]

===England and Wales===

Today marriages in England or Wales must be held in authorized premises, which may include register offices, premises such as stately homes, castles, and hotels that have been approved by the local authority, churches or chapels of the Church of England or Church in Wales, and other churches and religious premises that have been registered by the registrar general for marriage.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.weddingguideuk.com/articles/legal/englandwales.asp | publisher = Wedding Guide UK | type = article | title = Legal | contribution = England and Wales |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130209043344/http://www.weddingguideuk.com/articles/legal/englandwales.asp | archive-date = 2013-02-09 }}</ref>

Civil marriages require a certificate and at times a license, that testify that the couple is fit for marriage. A short time after they are approved in the superintendent registrar's office, a short non-religious ceremony takes place which the registrar, the couple, and two witnesses must attend; guests may also be present. Reference must not be made to God or any deity, or to a particular religion or denomination: this is strictly enforced, and readings and music in the ceremony must be agreed upon in advance.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://celebratewithmusic.co.uk/songs-you-cant-have-at-a-civil-ceremony/ | publisher = Wedding Music Designer (Simon Jordan) | type = article | title = Music Not Allowed at Civil Ceremonies | date = 30 August 2015 | contribution = England and Wales}}</ref>

===United States===
[[Marriage in the United States]] is largely regulated by state laws, though the Supreme Court has the authority to strike down unconstitutional laws — see cases [[Loving v. Virginia]] and [[Obergefell v. Hodges]].

All states and the District of Columbia, as well as [[U.S. Territories]], require a marriage license issued by local civil authorities. As a rule, ministers of religion (e.g. rabbis or Christian pastors) are authorized in law to perform marriages; various state or local officials, such as a mayor, judge, [[deputy marriage commissioner]], or justice of the peace, are also empowered to conduct civil wedding ceremonies, which may take place in public offices. Many counties in Pennsylvania allow [[self-uniting marriage]]s for which no official minister is required, owing to the state's [[Quaker]] heritage. The type of ceremony (religious or civil) has no bearing on the legal validity of the marriage, and there is no requirement to precede a religious rite with a civil ceremony.{{citation needed}} Marriages performed outside of the United States are legally binding if officially recognized by the government of the country in which they are performed.

===Countries with mandatory civil marriage===
In most [[Europe]]an and [[Latin America]]n countries there is a civil ceremony requirement. Following the civil marriage ceremony, couples are free to marry in a religious ceremony. Such ceremonies, however, only serve to provide a religious recognition of the marriage, since the state's recognition has already been given. In some of these countries (e.g. [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Turkey]]) most couples marry without any religious ceremony at all.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal wedding in Turkey |url=https://blissfulplans.com/getting-married-in-turkey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Full, formal weddings, complete with wedding gowns and the presence of family and friends, are usually conducted in special ceremonial rooms in the town hall.

===Countries with no civil marriage===
There is no civil marriage in many [[Middle Eastern]] countries like [[Egypt]], [[Syria]],<ref>{{Citation | publisher = UNHCR | url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,464db4f52,465161be2,3ae6ad796b,0.html | title = Syria: Social repercussions of a marriage between a male Druze and a Muslim woman}}</ref> [[Jordan]],<ref>{{Citation | url = http://jordan.usembassy.gov/acs_marriage_in_jordan2.html | title = Marriage in Jordan | publisher = Jordan embassy | place = USA |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006030656/http://jordan.usembassy.gov/acs_marriage_in_jordan2.html | archive-date = 2011-10-06 }}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[Yemen]], [[Iran]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Israel]], as well as [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], and [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{Citation | url = http://bccvisalaw.com/marriage/marriage_in_indonesia.php | title = Marriage in Indonesia | publisher = BCC Visa Law | access-date = 2011-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103042404/http://bccvisalaw.com/marriage/marriage_in_indonesia.php | archive-date = 2011-11-03 | url-status = dead }}</ref> among others; all marriages are conducted by religious authorities, and are registered by civil authorities only after having been registered by authorities of officially approved religions, or, having been registered abroad. Some of those countries as Israel, [[Religion in Syria|Syria]], and [[Demographics of Lebanon#18 recognized religious groups|Lebanon officially recognize]] Islam, Christianity, Druze, Judaism, and marriage are possible but usually only within the same community. Contrary to the situation in Lebanon, Syrian law prohibits the recognition of any marriage that falls outside the existing proscriptions of its personal status laws, even if the couple marries abroad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hassan |first1=Ali Wadea' |title=Between Church and State: Civil Marriage in the Arab World |url=https://raseef22.com/en/life/2017/05/07/church-state-civil-marriage-arab-world/}}</ref>{{efn|During the [[Mandate for Syria and Lebanon]], French [[High Commissioner of the Levant]] [[Damien de Martel]] enacted Law no. 60/LR (''Lois et Réglements'') on 13 March 1936, which would give different religious communities the right to form their family laws in their own religious courts. However, Muslims rejected the notion which would make them equal to non-Muslims and lose the privileged status made by the Ottoman ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]]'' system. The Muslims also rejected Law no. 146/LR on 18 November 1938 enacted by High Commissioner [[Gabriel Puaux]], which would recognize civil marriages contracted abroad, and require citizens to follow civil laws which are not explicitly regulated within one's religious community.{{sfn|van Eijk|2016|pp=29–30}}}} Egypt recognizes civil marriages but is very complicated. One needs to complete all necessary paperwork and then one must go{{where}} with two men as one's witnesses. Foreigners will need a paper from their embassy. This yields particular problems for those refused divorce by their spouses, or couples in religious traditions that forbid divorce altogether. [[Malaysia]] and [[Abu Dhabi]], the capital city of [[United Arab Emirates]], allows civil marriage for non-Muslims only,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marriage |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/social-affairs/marriage |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Official Portal of the UAE Government}}</ref> while in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{Citation | url = http://kabul.usembassy.gov/marriage.html | title = Marriage in Afghanistan | publisher = Kabul embassy | place = USA |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110906135737/http://kabul.usembassy.gov/marriage.html | archive-date = 2011-09-06 }}</ref> it is allowed for foreign citizens only.

===Civil marriage and other unions of same-sex couples===
[[File:Wedding party at Town Hall.jpg|thumb|People leaving the town hall of [[Høje-Taastrup]], [[Denmark]] following a civil marriage]]
{{Main|Same-sex marriage}}
{{See also|Civil union|Domestic partnership}}

{{asof|2022|10}}, the following jurisdictions permit same-sex marriages:
* [[Same-sex marriage in Argentina|Argentina]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Australia|Australia]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Austria|Austria]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Belgium|Belgium]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|Brazil]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|Canada]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Chile|Chile]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Colombia|Colombia]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Cuba|Cuba]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Denmark|Denmark]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Ecuador|Ecuador]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Finland|Finland]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in France|France]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Germany|Germany]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Iceland|Iceland]]
* [[Same sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Malta|Malta]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico|Mexico]]{{efn|[[Same-sex marriage in Mexico City|Mexico City]] and other 27 states}}
* [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Norway|Norway]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Portugal|Portugal]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Slovenia|Slovenia]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in South Africa|South Africa]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Spain|Spain]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Sweden|Sweden]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Taiwan|Taiwan]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dysk.onet.pl/file_download/ojqCz |title=Archived copy |website=dysk.onet.pl |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104233805/https://dysk.onet.pl/file_download/ojqCz |archive-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|United States]]
* [[Same-sex marriage in Uruguay|Uruguay]]
* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Israel|Israel]] recognizes same-sex marriage performed abroad<ref>[http://israelinsider.com/Articles1/Politics/9915.htm Israel's Supreme Court approves same-sex marriages performed abroad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930142016/http://israelinsider.com/Articles1/Politics/9915.htm }} Israel Insider, November 21, 2006</ref>
* [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Armenia|Armenia]] recognizes same-sex marriage performed abroad

In 22 countries worldwide and in several jurisdictions within Mexico, a same-sex couple can be legally partnered in a [[civil union]], [[domestic partnership]] or [[registered partnership]]. Couples in these unions or partnerships are afforded rights and obligations similar to, but not identical to, those of a married couple.

==See also==
*[[Civil union]]
*[[Common-law marriage]]
*[[Domestic partnership]]
*[[Same-sex marriage]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=van Eijk|first=Esther|title=Family Law in Syria: Patriarchy, Pluralism and Personal Status Laws|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2016|isbn=9781786730190}}

==External links==
*

{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Civil Marriage}}
[[Category:Family law]]
[[Category:Types of marriage]]