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Bandar (film)

2026-05-08T05:46:32Z

Kartikshina85855: Stub...

{{Short description|2025 Indian thriller film by Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandar {{small|Monkey in a Cage}}
| image = Bandar film poster.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| screenplay = [[Sudip Sharma]] {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= }}
| story = Abhishek Banerjee
| producer = {{ubl|[[Nikhil Dwivedi]]|[[Gaurie Pandit]]|Shivie Pandit}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Bobby Deol]]
* [[Saba Azad]]
* [[Sanya Malhotra]]
* [[Sapna Pabbi]]
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]}}
| cinematography = Saiyed Shaaz Rizvi
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| music = '''Score''': Shivahari Varma '''Songs''': {{ubl|Shivahari Varma|[[Amit Trivedi]]|Blurface|Aditya Dev}}
| studio = [[Saffron Magicworks]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|6|[[2025 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2026|6|5|df=yes|India}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Hindi
* Marathi
* English
}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bandar ({{lang|en|Monkey in a Cage}})''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime-thriller film]] directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]] and produced by [[Nikhil Dwivedi]] under his banner [[Saffron Magicworks]]. The film written by [[Sudip Sharma]] and Abhishek Banerjee is inspired by a real-life event. Starring [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]], it follows Samar, an aging television star whose celebrity is on the wane.<ref name="lead:ff">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-bobby-deol-begin-shooting-for-anurag-kashyaps-next-66174.html|title=Sanya Malhotra & Bobby Deol begin shooting for Anurag Kashyap's next|magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=21 May 2024 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/07/22/is-malayalam-actor-indrajith-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bandar-bobby-deol-starrer-to-be-presented-at-tiff-2025-toronto-international-film-festival-2025.html |title=Is Malayalam actor Indrajith in Anurag Kashyap's 'Bandar'? Bobby Deol-starrer to be presented at TIFF 2025 – Toronto International Film Festival 2025|date=22 July 2025|access-date=9 August 2025|website= [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film premiered in the Special Presentations section of the [[2025 Toronto International Film Festival]] on 6 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/tiff-lineup-sydney-sweeny-dwayne-johnson-nuremberg-1236463346/|title=TIFF Galas & Presentations: World Premieres 'Good Fortune', 'Nuremberg', Sydney Sweeney Pic 'Christy', Angelina Jolie 'Couture'; North American Debuts Guillermo del Toro's 'Frankenstein', Dwayne Johnson 'Smashing Machine'|first= Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |date=21 July 2025|access-date=9 August 2025 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref> and will theatrically release on 5 June 2026.<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2026 |title=Bobby Deol's 'Bandar' to release worldwide on June 5, 2026 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bobby-deols-bandar-to-release-worldwide-on-june-5-2026 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref>

==Premise==
Samar is a not-so-young TV star whose fame is fading. He is happy in his new relationship with a young woman, Khushi, when his ex, Gayatri, tries to return to his life. Instead of talking to her, he cuts off all contact and blocks her. But things take a serious turn when Gayatri accuses him of rape. He is soon arrested and faces a corrupt legal system determined to keep him in jail.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Samar
* [[Saba Azad]] as Khushi – Samar’s girlfriend
* [[Sanya Malhotra]]
* [[Sapna Pabbi]] as Gayatri – Samar’s ex-girlfriend
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
* [[Joju George]]
* [[Raj B. Shetty]]
* [[Riddhi Sen]]
* Ankush Gedam
* Sukant Goel
* [[Nagesh Bhonsle]]
* Jaimini Pathak
* [[Jitendra Joshi]]
* [[Santosh Juvekar]]
}}

==Production==
The film is an adaptation of Anurag Kashyap’s unpublished story written with two other authors, and has screenplay by [[Sudip Sharma]] and Abhishek Banerjee. [[Principal photography]] of the film began on 14 May 2024 in Mumbai.<ref name="lead:ff"/><ref name="bandar:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/bobby-deol-anurag-kashyaps-bandar-monkey-in-a-cage-to-have-world-premiere-at-tiff |title=the Bobby Deol-Anurag Kashyap's 'Bandar' (Monkey in a Cage) to have World Premiere at TIFF |website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 24 July 2025 |access-date= 12 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

''Bandar'' premiered at the [[2025 Toronto International Film Festival]] on 6 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiff.net/films?series=special-presentations&list |title= Special Presentations|date= 26 July 2025|access-date=9 August 2025|website= [[Toronto International Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-kashyap-bandar-toronto-international-film-festival-premiere/article69842068.ece|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Bandar' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival|date=22 July 2025 |website=The Hindu|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiff.net/films/monkey-in-a-cage |title=Bandar|date=12 August 2025|access-date=12 August 2025|website= [[Toronto International Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film is scheduled to be released theatrically on 5 June 2026.<ref name="ReleaseDate"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
* [https://tiff.net/films/monkey-in-a-cage ''Bandar''] at [[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]
* ''[https://saffronmagicworks.com/movies/bandar-2026/ Bandar]'' at [[Saffron Magicworks]]

{{Anurag Kashyap}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films based on actual events]]

Hridayapoorvam

2026-05-07T01:02:46Z

Kartikshina85855: stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Sathyan Anthikad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Hridayapoorvam Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| screenplay = Sonu T. P.
| story = Akhil Sathyan
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Malavika Mohanan]]
* [[Sangeeth Prathap]]
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anu Moothedath
| editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|28}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2025 |title=''Hridayapoorvam'' (2025) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/7DB9292E0050454C |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR|75.6-76.1 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title= ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വം ശരിക്കും നേടിയതെത്ര?, ഫൈനല്‍ കളക്ഷൻ കണക്കുകള്‍ |trans-title=Hridayapoorvam final collection report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/28/malayalam-film-industry-sees-box-office-highs-but-widespread-losses-in-2025#:~:text=Kerala-,Malayalam%20film%20industry%20sees%20box%20office%20highs%20but%20widespread%20losses,did%20another%20Mohanlal%2Dstarrer%20Thudarum. |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Asianet News |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title='Hridayapoorvam' box office collection update: Is the Mohanlal-starrer a HIT or FLOP? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/10/09/hridayapoorvam-box-office-collection-update-is-the-mohanlal-starrer-a-hit-or-flop.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Week }}</ref>
}}

'''''Hridayapoorvam''''' ({{Translation|Wholeheartedly}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam {{!}} BBFC |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hridayapoorvam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmymzm3 |access-date=27 August 2025 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=[...] Malayalam-language romantic drama.}}</ref> directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] from a screenplay by Sonu T. P., based on a story by Akhil Sathyan. Produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] for [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], the film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], and [[Sangeeth Prathap]], along with [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]], and [[Sabitha Anand]] in other substantial roles.

The development of a film reuniting Mohanlal and Anthikad was first disclosed by the latter in January 2024. The project, along with its official title, was formally announced that July. [[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2025 and concluded in May, taking place in [[Pune]] and [[Kochi]]. The film has music composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] and editing by [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]].

''Hridayapoorvam'' was released in theatres worldwide on 28 August 2025 and opened to mixed reviews from critics. Critics praised the film’s warm, feel-good tone, family-oriented simplicity, moments of humour, and performances—particularly Mohanlal’s screen presence and the emotional core of the narrative. While criticism focused on weaknesses in the screenplay such as uneven pacing, underdeveloped characters, lack of narrative cohesion, and reported inaccuracies in the depiction of medical procedures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hridayapoorvam/movie-review/123561769.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hridayapoorvam review: A routine Mohanlal drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hridayapoorvam-review-a-routine-mohanlal-drama-1011977 |work=The Hans India |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hridayapoorvam movie review: Sathyan Anthikad, Mohanlal deliver a confusing movie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-deliver-a-confusing-movie/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Doctor slams Hridayapoorvam for medical inaccuracies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/09/19/dr-haris-chirackal-slams-hridayapoorvam-medical-accuracy-sathyan-anthikad.html |work=Onmanorama |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref> However, the film became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of 2025.

==Plot==
Sandeep Balakrishnan, a wealthy and irritable [[Hotel manager|hotelier]] who runs a successful [[Virtual restaurant|cloud-kitchen]] chain in [[Kochi]], lives in isolation despite his wealth and affluence. After undergoing a heart transplant, he quickly returns to his work, dismissing the emotional weight of his surgery. He frequently remarks that "a heart is only an organ," irritating those around him who expect gratitude and compassion.

Weeks later, Sandeep travels to [[Pune]] along with his nurse Jerry to attend the engagement ceremony of Haritha, the daughter of [[Colonel]] Ravindranath, the [[Officer (armed forces)|army officer]] whose heart saved his life after his [[brain death]] due to a car accident. At the event, Sandeep meets Haritha, her mother Devika and several family friends. His blunt attitude, including his insistence that the transplant creates no sentimental bond, unsettles the family. During the ceremony, Haritha's engagement abruptly collapses when she learns that her groom Kiran installed [[spyware]] in her phone without her knowing, leading to an argument. Sandeep sustains a back injury and Jerry gets trashed up during a quarrel with Kiran's friends and is hospitalized. Unable to return to Kochi, he remains in [[Pune]] under the care of the Colonel's family. Jerry accompanies him, often creating comic situations with his carefree manner.

Sandeep initially treats the arrangement with irritation, avoiding interaction with the household. Over time, however, the kindness of Haritha and Devika begins to soften him. He shares meals with them, listens to stories of Colonel Ravindranath, and witnesses the strength with which they face life's difficulties. Haritha, still shaken by her broken [[engagement]], gradually finds confidence again through Sandeep's unexpected support. Devika, who treats Sandeep like a member of the family, helps him reconcile with [[The Emotions|the emotions]] he has long denied. Through the course of his time with Haritha, Sandeep begins to develop a fleeting romantic connection with her. But, he then realises that Haritha sees her father in him and that he was wrong to desire any other kind of relationship with her. Therefore, when Jerry urges him to confess his emotions to Haritha, he refuses, and puts an end to the topic. In the meanwhile, Devika, begins to believe that Sandeep is falling for her. Blindsided by this assumption, Sandeep stays silent, but, as their time together draws to a close, Sandeep clarifies with Devika, that all he feels for her is affection and gratitude. Jerry's antics, along with visits from relatives such as Haritha's jovial uncle Jacob and Sandeep's brother-in-law Omanakuttan Panicker, provide lighthearted interludes that contrast with Sandeep's quiet transformation. Through these days, Sandeep begins to recognize that his [[New Heart|new heart]] carries more than life—it carries the Colonel's love, memories, and bond with his family.

As he integrates into the household, Sandeep changes from a detached survivor into a man who embraces connection. He helps Haritha regain her confidence, encouraging her to pursue her career dreams rather than dwell on her failed marriage proposal. In a climactic sequence, he openly admits to Devika that he had been afraid of closeness all his life, and that the [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] not only saved his body but also gave him a family he never thought possible. Also he asks Jerry to be with him and asks him to join his business as a manager. The film concludes with Haritha preparing for a new beginning—leaving behind her past and stepping forward with hope. Devika, smiling through tears, accepts Sandeep as part of her family. In the final scene, Sandeep returns to manage his hotel with Jerry, but has an unexpected encounter with a woman who he thinks is his destined true love, leaving a sense of hope and happiness.

== Cast ==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Sandeep Balakrishnan, a [[heart transplant]] recipient who runs a [[cloud kitchen]]
* [[Malavika Mohanan]] as Haritha Ravindranath
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]] as Devika Ravindranath, Haritha's mother (voice-over by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
* [[Sangeeth Prathap]] as Jerry, Sandeep's nurse and friend
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Omanakuttan "O. K." Panicker, Sandeep's brother-in-law
* [[Lalu Alex]] as "[[Pune]]" Jacob, Haritha's family friend
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Sandeep's uncle and astrologer
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Captain Manoj Nambiar, Devika's brother
* [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] as Kiran, Haritha's ex-fiancé
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Geetha, Sandeep's elder sister and Panicker's wife
* Saumya Bhagyan Pillai as "Olichodiya" Rajani Mohan, Sandeep's ex-Fiancée
* Tiss Thomas as Bibin Babu, cloud kitchen's Lead Boy
* Arun Pradeep as Filmmaker boy 1
* Amal Thaha as Filmmaker boy 2
* [[Devaraj]] T R as Film maker boy 3
* Vikas Hande as Military Doctor

;Cameo appearances
* [[Basil Joseph]] as [[Psychologist|Dr.]] Manu Rameshan
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Anonymous woman in Sandeep's Cloud Kitchen <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2025 |title=ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വ്വ'ത്തിലെ ഒളിപ്പിച്ചുവച്ച സര്‍പ്രൈസ്; മോഹന്‍ലാലിനൊപ്പം ഹിറ്റുകളുടെ ആ താരവും? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/basil-joseph-and-meera-jasmine-playing-guest-roles-in-mohanlals-hridayapoorvam-articleshow-yz2tkt9 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Dancer in the Song "Tuk Tuk Tuk Tu"
* [[Althaf Salim]] as Film Actor
* [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Film Producer
* Anoop Sathyan as Bus Passenger and Wedding Guest
* Aniyappan as Film Actor

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Quote box
|quote = The success of ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]'' proves that people love to see [[Mohanlal]] playing the common man. Similar to our other films, this will also be a relatable tale, but with a new treatment.
|source = —[[Sathyan Anthikad]], in a conversation with Suno FM<ref name="The New Indian Express-2024" />
|align = right
|width = 33%
}}

In early January 2024, during an interview with Suno FM, [[Sathyan Anthikad]] disclosed that he had initiated work on his upcoming film, which would mark his reunion with [[Mohanlal]] since their previous release ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2024 |title=Sathyan Anthikad announces a project with Mohanlal and promises a rooted tale of the common man |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sathyan-anthikad-announces-a-project-with-mohanlal-and-promises-a-rooted-tale-of-the-common-man/articleshow/106545935.cms |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The project, to be produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], would be centred on the life of a common man. Anthikad added that the scripting process was still in its early stages and estimated that it would take approximately four to five months for the project to come to fruition.<ref name="The New Indian Express-2024">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Malayalam filmmaker Sathyan Anthikad confirms his next with Mohanlal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jan/04/malayalam-filmmaker-sathyan-anthikad-confirms-his-next-with-mohanlal-2647544.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was officially announced under the title ''Hridayapoorvam'' on 9 July of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title='Hridayapoorvam': Mohanlal's film with Sathyan Anthikad gets a title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-mohanlals-film-with-sathyan-anthikad-gets-a-title/article68388626.ece |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Mohanlal himself titled the film after hearing a brief outline of the story, and the title design features his own handwriting.<ref name="TH1">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=26 August 2025 |title=Sathyan Anthikad interview: On 'Hridayapoorvam', Mohanlal's unwavering dedication and making a feel-good drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-trailer-sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-fazil-malavika-mohanan-onam-release-malayalam-movie/article69978868.ece |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Debutant Sonu T. P. wrote the screenplay and dialogues, reportedly based on a story by the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Mohanlal's next film with Sathyan Anthikad titled 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/11/mohanlals-next-film-with-sathyan-anthikad-titled-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721010337/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/11/mohanlals-next-film-with-sathyan-anthikad-titled-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, at the 25th-anniversary celebration of Aashirvad Cinemas held in [[Kochi]] in late January 2025, Anthikad revealed that the story was written by his son, Akhil Sathyan, while his twin brother, Anoop Sathyan, would be serving as the associate director.<ref name="Santhosh-2025">{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=28 January 2025 |title=Malavika Mohanan onboard Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad's next, 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/28/malavika-mohanan-onboard-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikads-next-hridayapoorvam |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Justin Prabhakaran]] was confirmed as the music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2024 |title=Justin Prabhakaran to compose music for Mohanlal's next with Sathyan Anthikad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/justin-prabhakaran-to-compose-music-for-mohanlals-next-with-sathyan-anthikad/article68178571.ece |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Mohanlal, Sathyan Anthikad reunion movie: Justin Prabhakaran to compose music |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/justin-prabhakaran-to-compose-music-for-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-reunion-movie-1.9561718 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Anu Moothedath was hired as the cinematographer, and [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]] as the editor.<ref name="Manorama Online-2025b">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2025 |title=മോഹൻലാൽ–സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട് ചിത്രത്തിൽ നായികയായി മാളവിക മോഹനൻ; 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' ഫെബ്രുവരി 10ന് തുടങ്ങും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/01/27/sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-film-hridayapoorvam-gets-malavika-mohanan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127075748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/01/27/sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-film-hridayapoorvam-gets-malavika-mohanan.html |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref>

The project germinated when filmmaker [[Althaf Salim]] sent a photograph to Akhil, inspiring the story that would later form the film's foundation.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Reporter Network |title=ഹൃദയപൂർവ്വത്തിന്റെ കഥ ഉണ്ടായതിന് പിന്നിൽ അൽത്താഫ് സലിമോ?, വെളിപ്പെടുത്തി അഖിൽ സത്യൻ |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/17/story-of-hridayapoorvam-movie-was-inspired-from-a-photo-sent-by-althaf-salim |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=[[Reporter TV]] |date=17 August 2025 |language=ml}}</ref> Akhil shared the idea with Anthikad, who found it distinctive and "deeply emotional". Together with Anoop, the three developed the idea into a plot. When Akhil became occupied with ''Sarvam Maya'' and Anoop undertook another project, Anthikad invited Sonu, whose short film ''Night Call'' (2022) had impressed him, to collaborate on developing the screenplay.<ref name="CE1">{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=27 August 2025 |title=Sathyan Anthikad: Mohanlal burst out laughing when he read the Fahadh Faasil reference in Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2025/Aug/27/sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-burst-out-laughing-when-he-read-the-fahadh-faasil-reference-in-hridayapoorvam |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In November 2024, the latter half of the script was revised. Akhil disclosed that the film is set in [[Pune]] and has "a uniquely emotional storyline that has its focus on humour," adding that Mohanlal's role would be "unlike anything he has done before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sangeeth Prathap joins Mohanlal, Sathyan Anthikad's next movie titled 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Nov/07/sangeeth-prathap-joins-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-next-movie-titled-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050232/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Nov/07/sangeeth-prathap-joins-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-next-movie-titled-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Anthikad made revisions to Sonu's screenplay, which was subsequently sent to Anoop for preparing the final draft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=റഷീദ് |first1=മിദിലാജ് |title='ലാൽ സാറിനൊപ്പം സമയം ചെലവഴിക്കാൻ ഞാൻ അസിസ്റ്റന്റ് ആയി'; 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' അനൂപ് സത്യൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2025/08/30/anoop-sathyan-interview-hridayapoorvam-movie-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-collaboration.html |access-date=12 October 2025 |work='ലാൽ സാറിനൊപ്പം സമയം ചെലവഴിക്കാൻ ഞാൻ അസിസ്റ്റന്റ് ആയി'; 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' അനൂപ് സത്യൻ |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Mohanlal portrays the character Sandeep Balakrishnan, as announced during the film's [[Pooja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony in February 2025.<ref name="Mathrubhumi.com-2025a">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Hridayapoorvam: Sathyan Anthikad and actor reunite after 9 years, shooting begins |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-starrer-hridayapoorvam-shooting-begins-with-actress-malavika-mohanan-1.10329991 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref> He will sport a trimmed beard look for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=താടി ട്രിം ചെയ്ത് മോഹൻലാൽ; 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' ലുക്കിൽ തിളങ്ങി താരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/05/mohanlal-new-look-beard-trimmed.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Sidhardhan-2025">{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=6 February 2025 |title=Basil Joseph in Mohanlal Hridayapoorvam? Anoop Sathyan offers exciting update: 'An upgraded Sathyan Anthikad film' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/basil-joseph-in-mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-anoop-sathyan-offers-exciting-update-an-upgraded-sathyan-anthikad-film/60b77c8a53264 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en}}</ref> On 3 October 2024, [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]] were officially announced as the lead actresses, by Anthikad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |title=Sathyan Anthikad reveals his upcoming film 'Hridayapoorvam' with Mohanlal also stars THIS actress in the lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sathyan-anthikad-reveals-his-upcoming-film-hridayapoorvam-with-mohanlal-also-stars-this-actress-in-the-lead/articleshow/113914655.cms |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title='Hridayapoorvam': Aishwarya Lekshmi says her film with Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad is 'super-special' - DEETS INSIDE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hridayapoorvam-aishwarya-lekshmi-says-her-film-with-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikad-is-super-special-deets-inside/articleshow/113944167.cms |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Aishwarya and Sangita onboard Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/05/aishwarya-and-sangita-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-hridayapoorvam |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Sangeeth Prathap]] announced his inclusion in November. He plays Jerry, in a full-length role alongside Mohanlal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=6 November 2024 |title=Premalu-fame Sangeeth Prathap onboard Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/06/premalu-fame-sangeeth-prathap-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-hridayapoorvam |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title='ചില്ലിട്ടുവയ്ക്കേണ്ടത്'; മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ കൈപിടിച്ച് ശ്രീനിവാസൻ; സംഗീത് പ്രതാപിന്റെ 'മില്യൻ ഡോളർ പിക്' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/27/behind-the-scenes-hridayappoorvam-set-photo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227204359/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/27/behind-the-scenes-hridayappoorvam-set-photo.html |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref> Sangeeth was cast after Anthikad was impressed by his performance in ''[[Premalu]]''.<ref name="CE1" />

In January 2025, it was reported that [[S. P. Charan]] was part of the cast, marking his debut in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2025 |title=SP Charan to debut in Malayalam with Mohanlal's Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/16/sp-charan-to-debut-in-malayalam-with-mohanlals-hridayapoorvam |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> By the end of that month, during the 25th anniversary celebration of Aashirvad Cinemas, Anthikad stated that [[Malavika Mohanan]] had replaced Lekshmi as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=Malavika Mohanan roped in for upcoming Sathyan Anthikad-Mohanlal movie 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-mohanlal-movie-hridayapoorvam-1.10291471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205023420/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-mohanlal-movie-hridayapoorvam-1.10291471 |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title='Hridayapoorvam': Malavika Mohanan joins the cast of Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-malavika-mohanan-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad/article69159139.ece |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Lekshmi opted out due to a scheduling conflict with a [[Telugu film]]. Regarding Malavika's casting, Anthikad noted that, as the film was shot in [[sync sound]], he sought an actress capable of effortlessly speaking Malayalam, [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and English, and was impressed by her previous works.<ref name="CE1" /> In the same month, [[Ragini Dwivedi]] confirmed her presence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daithota |first1=Madhu |title=Teaming up with Mohanlal for the third time is special: Ragini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/teaming-up-with-mohanlal-for-the-third-time-is-special-ragini/articleshow/118757954.cms |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2025}}</ref> Additionally, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]], [[Lalu Alex]], and [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] were subsequently added to the cast.<ref name="Manorama Online-2025b" />

By early February, rumours spread about [[Basil Joseph]]'s involvement in the film, but these claims were refuted by Anoop.<ref name="Sidhardhan-2025" /> [[Sabitha Anand]] was present during the commencement of filming.<ref name="Mathrubhumi.com-2025a" /> The same month, [[Odisha]] native Chandu Naik joined the cast. Naik, who came to [[Kerala]] aspiring to act alongside Mohanlal, performs the role of a [[kitchen boy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=ഒഡീഷ സ്വദേശി ചന്തുവിന് ഇത് സ്വപ്ന സാഫല്യം; മോഹൻലാലിനൊപ്പം 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' സിനിമയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2025/02/18/odisha-native-acts-with-mohanlal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218042748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2025/02/18/odisha-native-acts-with-mohanlal.html |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=This Odisha native finally achieves his dream of sharing screen with Mohanlal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/03/odisha-native-dream-acting-with-mohanlal-hridayapoorvam.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> In April, [[Baburaj (actor)|Babauraj]] was reported to be part of the cast.<ref name="Mathrubhumi.com-2025b">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട് - മോഹൻലാൽ ചിത്രം 'ഹൃദയപൂർവ്വം' പുണെയിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvamm-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikadu-movie-pune-shoot-1.10529629 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=ml}}</ref> [[Meera Jasmine]] makes a cameo as the love interest of Mohanlal's character.<ref name="TH1" /> Basil plays a cameo role as a psychologist.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Cinema Express Desk |title=Basil Joseph on working with Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad in Hridayapoorvam: It was 'pure nostalgia' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/19/basil-joseph-on-working-with-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikad-in-hridayapoorvam-it-was-pure-nostalgia |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Aga Khan Bridge in Pune.jpg|thumb|''Hridayapoorvam'' was also shot in [[Pune]], the primary setting of the film.|right]]

Filming was originally scheduled to begin in December 2024; however, it was subsequently postponed to 10 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Divya |date=28 January 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam – Here's when Mohanlal will join sets of Sathyan Anthikad movie with Malavika Mohanan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hridayapoorvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-malavika-mohanan/60a9898d62470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128110435/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hridayapoorvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-malavika-mohanan/60a9898d62470 |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=OTTplay |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on the rescheduled date in [[Kochi]], following a ceremonial [[Pooja (Hinduism)|pooja]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title='Hridayapoorvam': Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad's film goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikads-film-goes-on-floors/article69202663.ece |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=10 February 2025 |title=Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad's Hridayapoorvam goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/10/mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikads-hridayapoorvam-goes-on-floors |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The opening shot featured Siddique and Sabitha Anand.<ref name="Manorama Online-2025a">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട് ചിത്രത്തിൽ സന്ദീപ് ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ ആയി മോഹൻലാൽ; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/10/hridayapurvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-film-begins-kochi.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref> The shooting of scenes featuring Mohanlal started four days later.<ref name="Santhosh-2025" /> Malavika joined the sets on the 22 February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=23 February 2025 |title=Malavika Mohanan pens a heartfelt note on joining Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad in Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/23/malavika-mohanan-pens-a-heartfelt-note-on-joining-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikad-in-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223060130/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/23/malavika-mohanan-pens-a-heartfelt-note-on-joining-mohanlal-and-sathyan-anthikad-in-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The first schedule concluded on 16 March in [[Thekkady]], with scenes filmed in the hills and tea estates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2025 |title='ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വ്വ'ത്തിന് ഷെഡ്യൂള്‍ റാപ്പ്; 'എമ്പുരാന്‍' പ്രൊമോഷനിലേക്ക് മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/hridayapoorvam-schedule-wrapped-mohanlal-to-take-part-in-empuraan-promotions-st7ret |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316143505/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/hridayapoorvam-schedule-wrapped-mohanlal-to-take-part-in-empuraan-promotions-st7ret |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Malavika Mohanan wraps first schedule for Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/18/malavika-mohanan-wraps-first-schedule-for-hridayapoorvam |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the following month, production shifted to [[Pune]] for the subsequent phase of shooting, after the completion of the [[Kerala]] portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title='സ്വന്തം കുടുംബത്തോടൊപ്പം ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നതുപോലെ'; പുണെയിലെ സെറ്റിൽനിന്ന് വിഷു ആശംസിച്ച് ടീം 'ഹൃദയപൂർവം' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-vishu-1.10510592 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=ml}}</ref> In addition to Mohanlal and Malavika, Sangita, Sangeeth, and Lalu Alex also participated in this schedule, which spanned a month.<ref name="Mathrubhumi.com-2025b" /> In addition to Pune, filming took place on the outskirts, including [[Lonavala]]. Regarding the choice of locations, Anthikad said that the story was already set in Pune (with some portions in Kochi) when Akhil first narrated it to him.<ref name="CE1" /> Filming wrapped up on 19 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's Hridayapoorvam wraps filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/20/mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-hridayapoorvam-wraps-filming-2 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''Hridayapoorvam'' marks Mohanlal's first film since ''[[Vasthuhara]]'' (1991) to use [[sync sound]], after more than 30 years.<ref name="Santhosh-2025" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Hridayapoorvam (soundtrack)}}
The film's music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]]. The composition of songs began in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi and Sangita onboard Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikkad's Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/03/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-sangita-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikkads-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004083852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/03/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-sangita-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikkads-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi to star in Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's movie 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/05/aishwarya-lekshmi-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-hridayapoorvam.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Manu Manjith]].<ref name="Manorama Online-2025a" /> The lyrics for the [[Hindi]] song was provided by [[Raj Shekhar]].

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
In November 2024, Aashirvad Cinemas announced Mohanlal's upcoming film line-up, with several releases planned for the following months and into 2025. Among them, ''Hridayapoorvam'' was scheduled for release on 28 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Mohanlal's 2025: A packed lineup ahead after a quiet 2024, with Barroz awaiting release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/upcoming-movies-of-mohanlal-and-his-much-awaited-directorial-debut-barroz-1.10123020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203103349/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/upcoming-movies-of-mohanlal-and-his-much-awaited-directorial-debut-barroz-1.10123020 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 28 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Mohanlal's Hridayapoorvam: Why you should not miss Malavika Mohanan's movie this Onam 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-why-you-should-not-miss-malavika-mohanan-movie-this-onam-2025/25db2dd634151 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post theatrical streaming rights of the film is acquired by [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam OTT partner revealed! Where you can watch Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad film after its theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hridayapoorvam-ott-partner-revealed-where-you-can-watch-mohanlal-film-after-its-theatrical-run/44d45f6b57821 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film will began streaming on the platform from 26 September 2025 in Malayalam and dubbed versions of Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 September 2025 |title=മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍- സത്യന്‍ അന്തിക്കാട് ചിത്രം 'ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വ്വം' ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്; തീയതി പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-ott-release-date-jiohotstar-1.10926395 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Hridayapoorvam'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise directed at Mohanlal's performance, the emotional core of the story, and the light-hearted treatment of sensitive themes.

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as a light-hearted entertainer, noting that while the plot is thin, Sathyan Anthikad's treatment and Mohanlal's charm make it engaging.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam movie review: Mohanlal, Sathyan Anthikad, Malavika Mohanan deliver a light-hearted entertainer with a thin plot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-malavika-mohanan-light-hearted-entertainer-thin-plot/article69984566.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' praised the film as a "straight-from-the-heart rendition of a warm, fuzzy drama" that sensitively handles grief and second chances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam Review: Mohanlal-starrer is a heartfelt drama on grief and second chances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mohanlal-hridayapoorvam-heartfelt-drama-grief-second-chances-2778187-2025-08-28 |work=India Today}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of [[The New Indian Express#Websites|''Cinema Express'']] called the film a "warm hug of a film," appreciating the reunion of Mohanlal and Sathyan Anthikad as a reminder of their legacy in Malayalam cinema. The review commended Anu Moothedath's cinematography, Justin Prabhakaran's score, and the screenplay's subtle surprises, while noting Mohanlal's comedic timing as a highlight.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam movie review: A fantastic Mohanlal powers this warm hug of a film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Aug/28/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-a-fantastic-mohanlal-powers-this-warm-hug-of-a-film |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' described the film as a "delightfully old-school comedy about life's second chances," praising Mohanlal's performance and the film's nostalgic appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review: Mohanlal shines in delightfully old-school comedy about life's second chances |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-mohanlal-shines-in-delightfully-old-school-comedy-about-lifes-second-chances |work=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' 's Anna Mathews gave the film a favourable review, calling it a "feel-good family film" anchored by Mohanlal's charisma. It praised the performances of Malavika Mohanan, Sangita, and Sangeeth Prathap, while noting that some characters felt superfluous and that the emotional depth was uneven.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hridayapoorvam/movie-review/123561769.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Mudit Bhatnagar of ''[[Times Now]]'' noted that the film is built around "a borrowed heart that finds love," highlighting Mohanlal's dignified performance and Sathyan Anthikad's sensitive direction. However, it also observed that the storytelling leaned heavily on sentimentality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review: Mohanlal, Malavika Mohanan shine in Sathyan Anthikad's tale of a borrowed heart that finds love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-mohanlal-malavika-mohanan-borrowed-heart-that-finds-love-sathyan-anthikad-review-152538596 |work=Times Now}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30818546}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films about organ transplantation]]

Daurli metro station

2026-05-05T16:31:10Z

Kartikshina85855: starting

{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A19 Daurli RRTS station.svg|40px]] Daurli
| style = Meerut Metro
| type =
| image = File:Daurli metro station.jpg
| image_caption = Daurli metro station
| address = [[Daurli, Uttar Pradesh|Daurli]], [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.04084|77.70698|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = NCRTC
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]{{efn|Structurally [[Island platform|island]]. See [[Daurli metro station#Design and structure|design and structure]].}} Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}}
| tracks = 4
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| levels = 2
| parking = Yes
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=MES Colony|right1=Meerut North}}
| route_map = {{Meerut Metro Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
}}

The '''Daurli metro station''' is an [[elevated]] [[Meerut Metro]] station on the Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut RRTS corridor (also known as the '''Namo Bharat''' corridor) serving [[Daurli, Uttar Pradesh|Daurli]] in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It serves as a halt for Meerut Metro trains that run at a speed of 120 km/h. The RRTS trains, which do not stop here, pass through the station at a speed of 160 km/h. The station is constructed, owned and operated by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). The station was inaugurated on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The station is part of the 23 km-long Meerut Metro segment within the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor. Construction works began in 2020 under the supervision of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). All major civil works and finishing works, including electrical and platform installations, were completed by January 2026, paving the way for the station's inauguration with the entire RRTS and metro corridors on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT"/><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS construction update: Daurli metro station nears completion |url=https://meerutmetro.in/daurli-meerut-metro-station|access-date=7 March 2026 |publisher=Meerut Metro}}</ref>

== Location ==
The station is located on [[National Highway 334B (India)|NH-334B]], which runs from [[Meerut]] to [[Roorkee]] in [[Uttarakhand]], just south of a fuel station of [[IndianOil]] and an outlet mall, and is surrounded by densely populated areas. Thanks to its location, the station provides direct access to local transport routes, commercial and residential zones.

== Design and structure ==
The station is designed as an elevated structure with two [[island platforms]] and four tracks. The platforms have metro tracks on one side and RRTS tracks on the other. Only one side of the platform (facing the metro tracks) is accessible to passengers, with doors opening onto the metro trains. The other side of the platform (facing the RRTS tracks) is inaccessible to passengers, as RRTS trains pass through without stopping at these stations, thus technically making the platforms [[side platforms]]. This design has optimized land use and reduced construction costs, while also leaving space for future expansion or modifications.

=== Facilities ===

* Four lifts and six escalators
* Passenger waiting areas
* Ticket vending machines and smartcard facilities
* CCTV surveillance and security systems
* [[Platform screen doors]] (PSDs)
* Dedicated facilities for physically challenged passengers
* Parking and drop-off zones for last-mile connectivity

== Connectivity ==
Apart from serving the metro, the station has made multiple transport options accessible for ease of travel, including local modes like [[autorickshaws]], buses and cabs. These plus points have improved accessibility and have cut down travel time from Daurli to Meerut South, directly to Delhi through the RRTS, to the Meerut city centre, and to Modipuram in the city's north.

== Station layout ==

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A19 Daurli RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Daurli metro station
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = \\CONTg\CONTfa\\~~ ~~ ~~ to/from [[File:A20 Meerut North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Meerut North metro station|Meerut North]]
KRW+l\KRWgr\KRWgl\KRW+r
ePSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L)\ePSTR(R)~~ ~~'''Daurli'''
KRWl\KRWg+r\KRWg+l\KRWr
\\CONTge\CONTf\\~~ ~~ ~~ from/to [[File:A18 MES Colony RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[MES Colony metro station|MES Colony]]
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with four tracks and two side platforms ''** (The platforms are structurally island platforms. The light gray portions of the platforms along the bypassing lines are metro facing; the dark gray portions along the straight lines are RRTS facing) ''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine/Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, Station agent, Facilities, Retail stores, Token and ticket vending machines, Crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|{{blue|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''}}
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards
'''AS3''' [[Modipuram Depot metro station]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A20 Meerut North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut North metro station|Meerut North]]
|-
|{{blue|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''}}
|Towards
[[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A18 MES Colony RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[MES Colony metro station|MES Colony]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== Future ==
In view of rising in traffic due to growth in population, Meerut's city expansion and heightened demand for Delhi, Daurli, along with all 13 stations of the metro, have sufficient spaces to expand into RRTS stations to allow both the metro and RRTS trains to halt for handling passengers. This expansion will make the metro stations aligned with the RRTS services, thus enhancing connectivity between Delhi and Meerut even further in the next 10-20 years.

== See also ==

* [[Meerut Metro]]
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[RapidX]]
* [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://meerutmetro.in/daurli-meerut-metro-station Official Meerut Metro – Daurli metro station page]
* [https://ncrtc.in/project/delhi-ghaziabad-meerut/ NCRTC official Delhi–Meerut project page]

[[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh]]

Subham

2026-05-04T12:49:54Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Praveen Kandregula}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Subham
| image = Subham poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Praveen Kandregula]]
| writer = Vasanth Maringanti
| producer = [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Harshith Reddy
* Gavireddy Srinivas
* Charan Peri
* Shriya Kontham
* Shravani Lakshmi
* Shalini Kondepudi
* Vamshidhar Goud
}}
| cinematography = Mridul Sujit Sen
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| music = '''Score:''' [[Vivek Sagar]] '''Songs:''' Shor Police
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Tralala Moving Pictures
* Kanakavalli Talkies
}}
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2025 |title=''Subham'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/subham-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5oty1 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹8.25 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=చిన్న సినిమా శుభం టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్…చిన్న సినిమా సాలిడ్ హిట్!! |url=https://t2blive.com/shubham-movie-ww-total-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Subham''''' ({{Translation|End (in positive}})) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror comedy]] film directed by [[Praveen Kandregula]] and produced by [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] through banner Tralala Moving Pictures, along with Kanakavalli Talkies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Subham teaser: Samantha turns producer with the quirky horror-comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/subham-teaser-samantha-turns-producer-with-a-quirky-horror-comedy-2702405-2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-15 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu's Tralala Moving Pictures wraps up debut production 'Subham' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samantha-ruth-prabhus-tralala-moving-pictures-wraps-up-debut-production-subham/article69333850.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507143336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samantha-ruth-prabhus-tralala-moving-pictures-wraps-up-debut-production-subham/article69333850.ece |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film features newcomers Harshith Reddy, Gavireddy Srinivas, Charan Peri, Shriya Kontham, Shravani Lakshmi, Shalini Kondepudi, and Vamshidhar Goud.

The film was released on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-04-19 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu's "Subham" on May 9th, 2025 |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/samantha-ruth-prabhus-subham-on-may-9th-2025-315933.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507143337/https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/samantha-ruth-prabhus-subham-on-may-9th-2025-315933.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu On Turning Producer With The Funny-Spooky 'Subham' |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-on-turning-producer-with-the-funny-spooky-shubham/553349/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507143942/https://news24online.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-on-turning-producer-with-the-funny-spooky-shubham/553349/ |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-31 |title=Subham teaser: A husband discovers his wife is possessed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/31/subham-teaser-a-husband-discovers-his-wife-is-possessed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507143942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/31/subham-teaser-a-husband-discovers-his-wife-is-possessed |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2025}}
The film portrays how the dead ancestor's attachment to an Indian Telugu-language [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]], titled ''Janma Janmala Bandham'', causes them to possess the wives of the entire town of [[Bheemili]] to watch the serial and how the three friends, who operate the only cable TV in town, solve it by taking the creative approach of making their own ending of the serial.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Harshith Reddy as Cable Srinivas
* Gavireddy Srinivas as Venkatesh
* Charan Peri as Shahjahan
* Shriya Kontham as Srivalli
* Shravani Lakshmi as Gayathri
* Shalini Kondepudi as Farida
* Vamsidhar Goud as Dish Kumar
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Maya Matasri ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Rag Mayur]] as Maridesh Babu (cameo appearance)
* Vikas Vasistha as Veera Babu (cameo appearance)
* [[Praveen Kandregula]] as Venkatesh's manager (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Production wrapped up in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-18 |title=Its a wrap for Samantha's debut production Subham |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/18/its-a-wrap-for-samanthas-debut-production-subham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507143942/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/18/its-a-wrap-for-samanthas-debut-production-subham |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-04-10 |title=Praveen Kandregula: 'Subham' will be an example of the unique films Samantha Ruth Prabhu is looking to produce |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/praveen-kandregula-interview-subham-paradha-samantha-ruth-prabhu-anupama-parameswaran-darshana-rajendran/article69421913.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507144147/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/praveen-kandregula-interview-subham-paradha-samantha-ruth-prabhu-anupama-parameswaran-darshana-rajendran/article69421913.ece |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The teaser was released on 31 March 2025, and the trailer was released on 27 April 2025.

== Music ==
The soundtrack is composed by Shor Police, with the background score by [[Vivek Sagar]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz2JWS7A7Gw |title=Subham - Full Album {{!}} Shor Police {{!}} Samantha {{!}} Rahman {{!}} Zee Music South |date=2025-05-07 |last=Zee Music South |access-date=2025-05-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The promotional song, "''Janma Janmala Bandham (The Clock Strikes 9)"'' was released on 3 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnlOshlBYhw |title=Janma Janmala Bandham (The Clock Strikes 9) {{!}} Subham {{!}} Samantha {{!}} Bianca, Zain {{!}} Clinton {{!}} Abhiram M |date=2025-05-03 |last=Zee Music South |access-date=2025-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503185343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnlOshlBYhw&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=3 May 2025 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu Appears In A Promotional Song In Subham {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/samantha-ruth-prabhu-appears-in-a-promotional-song-in-subham-73541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505025112/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/samantha-ruth-prabhu-appears-in-a-promotional-song-in-subham-73541.html |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:09
| all_music =
| title1 = Vellipove
| length1 = 3:11
| lyrics1 = Rahman
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| title2 = Jaagratha
| length2 = 2:50
| lyrics2 = Rahman
| extra2 = AsurA & Nawab Gang
| title3 = Ayyo Paapam
| length3 = 2:41
| lyrics3 = Rahman
| extra3 = Clinton Cerejo, Bianca Gomes
| title4 = Janma Janmala Bandham
| length4 = 2:00
| lyrics4 = [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15350101/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_12_1 Abhiram Mahankali]
| extra4 = Bunty Gadicherla
| title5 = Janma Janmala Bandham - Remix (The Clock Strikes 9)
| length5 = 2:41
| lyrics5 = Rahman, [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15350101/?ref%20=ttfc%20fcr%2012%201 Abhiram Mahankali]
| extra5 = Bianca Gomes, Zain Boxwala
}}

== Reception ==
BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and praised the performance of the ensemble cast. He further wrote, "''Subham'', while making all the pertinent points it makes, is also written in a way that captures the truth of a specific phase in our recent history".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-08 |title=Subham movie review: A wacky, hilarious fable about female desire and masculinity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/May/08/subham-movie-review-a-wacky-hilarious-fable-about-female-desire-and-masculinity |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Calling it a "hilarious genre bender", the review by Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was positive towards the film's direction and writing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-05-09 |title='Subham' movie review: Samantha's maiden production is a hilarious genre bender |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/subham-telugu-movie-review-samanthas-maiden-production-is-directed-by-praveen-kandregula/article69552703.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509112720/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/subham-telugu-movie-review-samanthas-maiden-production-is-directed-by-praveen-kandregula/article69552703.ece |archive-date=9 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Release ==
Theatre Release – The film releases in theatre with U/A Certificate on 9 May 2025

OTT Release – The film started streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in June 2025

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34376523|Subham}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]

Kumar Ponnambalam

2026-05-01T20:32:26Z

Kartikshina85855: created

{{short description|Sri Lankan politician (1938-2000)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Maamanithar<ref name="Mamanithar1"/><ref name="Mamanithar2"/><ref name="Mamanithar3"/><ref name="Mamanithar4"/>
| name = Kumar Ponnambalam
| native_name = குமார் பொன்னம்பலம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kumar Ponnambalam.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| candidate = [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|President of Sri Lanka]]
| party_election = [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]]
| election_date = 20 October 1982
| opponent = [[J. R. Jayewardene]], [[Hector Kobbekaduwa]] and others
| incumbent = [[J. R. Jayewardene]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1938|08|12}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|01|05|1938|08|12}}
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| party = [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|[[King's College London]]|[[University of Cambridge]]}}
| occupation =
| profession = Lawyer
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gaasinather Gangaser Ponnambalam''' ({{langx|ta|காசிநாதர் காங்கேசர் பொன்னம்பலம்}}: 12 August 1938 – 5 January 2000; known as '''Kumar Ponnambalam''' or '''G. G. Ponnambalam Jr''') was a Sri Lankan lawyer and politician. He was the son of [[G. G. Ponnambalam]]. As the Leader of the [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]], he was the party's presidential candidate in [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982]]. He was shot dead on 5 January 2000 in an [[assassination]] many suspect to be ordered by [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]].

==Early life and family==
Ponnambalam was born on 12 August 1938.<ref name="TT0100">{{cite journal|last=Jeyaraj|first=D. B. S.|title=Kumar Ponnambalam: Tiger in the Lion's Den|journal=[[Tamil Times]]|date=January 2000|volume=XIX|issue=1|pages=5–8|url=http://noolaham.net/project/36/3585/3585.pdf|authorlink=|issn=0266-4488}}</ref><ref name="TN050100">{{cite news|title=Kumar Ponnambalam shot dead|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4469|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=5 January 2000}}</ref> He was the son of [[G. G. Ponnambalam]], a leading Tamil politician and lawyer, and Rose Alagumani Clough.<ref name="Arumugam">{{cite book|last=Arumugam|first=S.|title=Dictionary of Biography of the Tamils of Ceylon|url=http://noolaham.net/project/19/1810/1810.pdf|year=1997|page=141|authorlink=S. Arumugam}}</ref> He was educated at [[St. Patrick's College, Jaffna]] and [[Royal College, Colombo]].<ref name="TT0100"/> He studied at Aquinas University College, Colombo before joining [[King's College London]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] degree.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="TI130101">{{cite news|last1=Fernando|first1=Desmond|title=Kumar Ponnambalam: 1st Death Anniversary Jan. 5|url=http://www.island.lk/2001/01/13/featur06.htm|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=13 January 2001}}</ref> He then proceeded to the [[University of Cambridge]], graduating with an [[Master of Arts|MA]] degree.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="TI130101"/> He was a contemporary of leftist politician [[Vikramabahu Karunaratne]] at Cambridge.<ref name="DM270813">{{cite news|last1=Karunaratne|first1=Vikramabahu|authorlink1=Vikramabahu Karunaratne|title=75th birth anniversary of the late Maamanithar|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/34476/75th-birth-anniversary-of-the-late-maamanithar-|work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]|date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

Ponnambalam married Yogalakshmi, a surgeon and eldest daughter of T. Murugesapillai, a former Additional Government Agent for Jaffna.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="Arumugam"/> They had a daughter (Mirinalini, a doctor) and a son ([[Gajendrakumar Ponnambalam|Gajendrakumar]], lawyer and politician).<ref name="TT0100"/>

==Career==
===Law===
Ponnambalam was [[called to the bar]] at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1974.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="TI130101"/><ref name="TN120503">{{cite news|title=Pirapaharan felicitates Kumar's family|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=8964|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=12 May 2003}}</ref> Returning to [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]], he started [[Practice of law|practicing law]] as an advocate.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="TI130101"/> He was a successful lawyer and became very rich as a result.<ref name="TT0100"/> He learned [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] so he could argue his cases in the language.<ref name="TT0100"/>

Ponnambalam became involved in human rights activism in the 1970s and co-founded the Civil Rights Movement.<ref name="TI130101"/> He would represent ''[[pro bono]]'' [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] youths who had been victims of [[Human rights in Sri Lanka|human rights abuses]].<ref name="TI130101"/> He opposed the Criminal Justice Commission as it violated the rule of law and the right to a fair trial and two parallel systems of justice.<ref name="TI130101"/> He also opposed the [[1982 Sri Lankan national referendum|1982 referendum]] on extending the life of Parliament by six years.<ref name="TI130101"/> He addressed the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] in Geneva in 1997 and 1999 and the [[European Parliament]] in 1998 on the grievances of Sri Lanka's Tamil population.<ref name="TI130101"/><ref name="TN120503"/> He was involved in the [[Krishanti Kumaraswamy]] case and was instrumental in bringing attention to the [[Chemmani mass graves]].<ref name="TN120503"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Assessing progress of Chemmani investigations|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=7745|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=2 November 2002}}</ref> He was noted for his appearances, ''pro bono'', on behalf of Tamil youth detained by the state under the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] and [[State of emergency|emergency regulations]].<ref name="TT0100"/> He even took on unpopular work such as defending those accused of the [[Central Bank bombing]].<ref name="TT0100"/>

===Politics===
Ponnambalam joined the [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]] (ACTC) led by his father in the 1960s and became president of its youth wing in 1966.<ref name="TN050100"/><ref name="BBC050100">{{cite news|title=Tamil politician shot dead|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/592051.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=5 January 2000}}</ref> On 14 May 1972, the ACTC, [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi]], [[Ceylon Workers' Congress]], Eelath Thamilar Otrumai Munnani and All Ceylon Tamil Conference formed the [[Tamil United Front]], later renamed the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] (TULF).<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ross|editor1-first=Russell R.|editor2-last=Savada|editor2-first=Andrea Matles|title=Sri Lanka : A Country Study|date=1990|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|page=51|url=http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/sr/srilankacountrys00ross/srilankacountrys00ross.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=Haraprasad|title=Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations|date=1994|publisher=M. D. Publications|isbn=81-85880-52-2|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Amarasinghe|first1=Samanga|title=Independence to Referendum|date=2011|publisher=Lulu Enterprises|isbn=978-1-105-01908-1|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iV6AAwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA19Df06.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020213084644/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DA19Df06.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=13 February 2002|chapter=Chapter 23: Srimavo's constitutional promiscuity}}</ref> The TULF failed to select Ponnambalam as one of its candidates for the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary election]].<ref name="TT0100"/> As a result, Ponnambalam stood as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate in [[Jaffna Electoral District (1947–1989)|Jaffna]] but was defeated by TULF candidate [[V. Yogeswaran]].<ref name="TN050100"/><ref name="pe77">{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002624/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1977|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}</ref>

In 1978, Ponnambalam re-registered the ACTC as a separate political party. The ACTC contested elections thereafter but with little success.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="BBC050100"/> Ponnambalam was the ACTC's candidate at the [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982 presidential election]]. He came fourth after receiving 173,934 votes (2.67%), though he did win a majority of votes in the [[Jaffna Electoral District|Jaffna District]], the heartland of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] population.<ref name="TN050100"/><ref name="pr82">{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/1982%20Presidential.pdf |title=Result of Presidential Election 1982 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328184334/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/1982%20Presidential.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> Ponnambalam was one of the ACTC's candidates in the Jaffna District at the [[1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1989 parliamentary election]], however the ACTC failed to win any seats in [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1989%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1989|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090304101343/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1989%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="deSilva">{{cite book|last1=de Silva|first1=W. P. P.|last2=Ferdinando|first2=T. C. L.|title=9th Parliament of Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited]]|page=183|url=http://noolaham.net/project/148/14715/14715.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623233447/http://noolaham.net/project/148/14715/14715.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

Initially, Ponnambalam did not support the [[Separatism|separatist]] agenda espoused by [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups]] and worked closely with the Sinhalese politicians, co-authoring [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]'s [[manifesto]] in 1988.<ref name="TT0100"/> But as the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] progressed, he grew disillusioned and distrustful of Sinhalese politicians and began to adopt a more [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|nationalistic]] stance.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam contested in the [[1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1994 parliamentary election]] as part of an [[Independent politician|independent]] group in the [[Colombo Electoral District|Colombo District]], but the group failed to win any seats in Parliament.<ref name="BBC050100"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tamil Independent Groups Election Manifesto|journal=[[Tamil Times]]|date=15 August 1994|volume=XIII|issue=8|pages=19–20|url=http://noolaham.net/project/34/3384/3384.pdf|issn=0266-4488}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1994%20GENERAL%20ELECTION-SM01.PDF |title=Result of parliamentary general election 1994 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006015411/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1994%20GENERAL%20ELECTION-SM01.PDF |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> Thereafter Ponnambalam became a more radical, vociferous supporter of the militant [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and an ardent critic of the [[Sri Lankan government]] and moderate Tamil political parties such as the TULF which he branded "[[quisling]]s" and "collaborators".<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="BBC050100"/> Ponnambalam travelled the world to promote the LTTE and its cause.<ref name="TT0100"/>

Ponnambalam was a vocal critic of President [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]] and unsuccessfully attempted to field a Tamil candidate against Kumaratunga in the [[1999 Sri Lankan presidential election|1999 presidential election]].<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="BBC050100"/> Kumaratunga was reelected, and the day after her victory, Kumaratunga gave a speech in which she warned LTTE supporters living in the south (Sinhalese-majority areas) to be aware.<ref name="TT0100"/> A few days later, Ponnambalam wrote an [[open letter]] to Kumaratunga saying that he was "an unalloyed, unrepentant supporter of the political philosophy of the LTTE", condemning "the naked threats that dot[ted] [Kumaratunga's victory] speech" and concluding that "a political solution to the Tamil Problem is in the hands of the Tamils themselves and only in their hands and that the Sinhalese and Tamils can continue to live in this island and in peace only if they live in two definite and distinct compartments each minding their own business unfettered by the other".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ponnambalam|first1=G. G.|title=An Open Letter to Kumaratunga: "Your speech reflects your Hatred"|url=http://www.sangam.org/ANALYSIS/GGP.htm|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> The letter is regarded as an [[epitaph]] to Ponnambalam's commitment to the struggle for the equality and freedom of the Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref>{{cite web|title=One Hundred Tamils of the 20th Century: Mamanithar G.G. (Kumar) Ponnambalam Jr|url=http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/kumar.htm|publisher=Tamil Nation}}</ref>

==Death==
On the morning of 5 January 2000, at around 9.05 AM, a female suicide bomber blew herself up in front of the [[Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)|Prime Minister's Office]] on Sir Ernest de Silva Mawatha (Flower Road) in [[Colombo]], killing 13 and injuring 29.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan suicide bomb kills 13|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/591352.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=5 January 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thirteen killed in Colombo blast|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4470|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=5 January 2000}}</ref> Shortly afterwards there was tension in Colombo as Tamils feared reprisals.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam had been planning to view a [[Mercedes-Benz]] car with his son but upon hearing about the suicide bombing they stayed at home.<ref name="TT0100"/> At around 10 AM, a man called "Shantha", who spoke fluent Sinhala, arrived at Ponnambalam's house, Gitanjali, on Queens Road in Colombo, and was shown inside.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam and Shantha spoke for about thirty minutes before the pair left in one of Ponnambalam's Mercedes-Benz.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam dispensed with his chauffeur and drove himself whilst Shantha sat in the front passenger seat.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam told his servants that he was going out but didn't say where he was going.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam seemed comfortable with Shantha but had removed his watch, gold chain and other jewellery before leaving.<ref name="TT0100"/>

About an hour later passers-by found Ponnambalam's car parked at Ramakrishna Terrace in [[Wellawatte]] with Ponnambalam slouched in the driver's seat.<ref name="TT0100"/> He had been shot twice, once in the head and once in the chest, at close range.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref name="BBC050100"/> The driver's window had been lowered and it is believed that it was through this that the killer(s) shot Ponnambalam.<ref name="TT0100"/> The gun used to kill Ponnambalam was believed to be a [[Browning 9 mm]] and was presumed to have had a [[Silencer (firearms)|silencer]] as no one in the neighbourhood heard any gunshots.<ref name="TT0100"/> There was no sign of Shantha, though according to the police another person had been sitting in the rear seats of the car.<ref name="TT0100"/> According to Ponnambalam's family, Shantha had been speaking to Ponnambalam on the phone since November 1999.<ref name="TT0100"/> Ponnambalam had told his family that he was discussing a [[Legal case|case]] with Shantha.<ref name="TT0100"/>

Ponnambalam was [[List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War|assassinated]] in the same area as MP and newspaper publisher Nadarajah Atputharajah (alias Ramesh) was assassinated in November 1999.<ref name="BBC050100"/> Atputharajah's assassination was blamed on the [[Eelam People's Democratic Party]], a government-backed [[paramilitary group]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jeyaraj|first=D. B. S.|title=Assassinating Tamil Parliamentarians: The unceasing waves|url=http://www.nation.lk/2008/03/16/newsfe1.htm|newspaper=[[The Nation (Sri Lanka)|The Nation]]|date=16 March 2008|authorlink=|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220083850/http://www.nation.lk/2008/03/16/newsfe1.htm|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> An unknown group calling itself the National Movement Against Tigers claimed responsibility for Ponnambalam's assassination and threatened to kill others who helped the LTTE, directly or indirectly.<ref name="TT0100"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sambandan|first1=V. S.|title=Coup bid seen behind attack on Kumaratunga|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/01/11/stories/03110004.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2000}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ponnambalam killing claimed|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4474|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=6 January 2000}}</ref> It is widely believed that the assassination was sanctioned by Kumaratunga.<ref name="SL130102">{{cite news|title=Kumaratunga cornered in Ponnambalam murder|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20020113/spotlight.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=13 January 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228164436/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20020113/spotlight.htm|archive-date=2009-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kumar Ponnambalam remembered on eighth anniversary|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=24191|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=5 January 2008}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Sunday Leader]],'' Ponnambalam's killing was organised by Baddegana Sanjeewa, a member of Kumaratunga's Presidential Security Division.<ref name="SL111101">{{cite news|last1=Jansz|first1=Frederica|authorlink1=Frederica Jansz|title=Murder of PSD's Al Capone|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011111/issues.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=11 November 2001|archive-date=16 July 2017|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716103718/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011111/issues.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Acting on Sanjeewa's instructions Reserve Police Constable Sugath Ranasinghe, posing as Shantha, became friendly with Ponnambalam.<ref name="SL111101"/><ref name="SL231201">{{cite news|title=CBK's 'bloody' secrets in the house of conspiracy|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011223/spotlight.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=23 December 2001|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065400/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011223/spotlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the day of the killing, Shantha lured Ponnambalam to Wellawatte where [[gangster]]s M. A. Kalinga (alias Moratu Saman) and Tharawatte Ajith (alias Sujeewa) were waiting to kill Ponnambalam.<ref name="SL231201"/> After the killing, the killers were alleged to have gone to the office of a deputy minister and shown the murder weapon, which belonged to [[Mahendra Ratwatte]], Kumaratunga's [[second cousin]] and son of a deputy defence minister [[Anuruddha Ratwatte]], and Ponnambalam's mobile phone as proof.<ref name="SL130102"/><ref name="SL111101"/> According to ''The Sunday Leader,'' Kumaratunga tried to protect Ponnambalam's killers after the assassination.<ref>{{cite news|title='Show's nuclear bombshell|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011230/spotlight.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=30 December 2001|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214033349/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011230/spotlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2000, ''The Sunday Leader'' claimed that it received a sworn [[affidavit]] from CDB director [[Senior Superintendent of Police|SSP]] Bandula Wickremasinghe, addressed to Kumaratunga, indicating that Mahendra Ratwatte was involved in Ponnambalam's killing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=David |date=2023-06-28 |title=Kumar; “The tiger who growled within the lion's den” |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Kumar-The-tiger-who-growled-within-the-lion-s-den/4-750015 |work=Daily FT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628004526/https://www.ft.lk/columns/Kumar-The-tiger-who-growled-within-the-lion-s-den/4-750015 |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=2026-01-01}}</ref> In February 2002, ''The Sunday Leader'' published a transcript of a telephone conversation between Ranasinghe and OIC Nuwan Wedasinghe of the Criminal Detective Bureau (CDB) which further implicated Mahendra Ratwatte in Ponnambalam's killing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jansz|first1=Frederica|authorlink1=Frederica Jansz|title=Ponnambalam killers caught on tape|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20020217/spotlight.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=17 February 2002|archive-date=17 March 2016|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317202739/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20020217/spotlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ranasinghe, Moratu Saman and Sujeewa were eventually arrested by the police after which Ranasinghe implicated in Mahendra Ratwatte in Ponnambalam's killing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Political link in Kumar killing?|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000618/frontm.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]|date=18 June 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Palihawadana|first1=Norman|title=Mahen Ratwatte to be quizzed on K. Ponnambalam's killing|url=http://www.island.lk/2002/03/12/news05.html|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=12 March 2002}}</ref> According to the police, the three detainees had confessed to killing Ponnambalam and ''Satana'' editor Rohana Kumara on a [[Contract killing|contract]] from a private party/patriotic group.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Police Under CBK: The Ponnambalam Murder|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/police-under-cbk-the-ponnambalam-murder/|work=Colombo Telegraph|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> Sanjeewa was shot dead on 2 November 2001, allegedly by Dhammika Perera, a member of the Sri Lankan [[mafia]].<ref name="SL111101"/> His body was found slumped in the driver's seat of his [[Nissan Serena]], with six shots in Pagoda Road, Colombo.<ref name="SL111101"/> Notorious gangster Moratu Saman was shot dead on 18 May 2003 in [[Moratuwa]] by gangster Thoppi Chaminda.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Malalasekera|first1=Sarath|title=Moratu Saman shot dead|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2003/05/20/new17.html|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=20 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernando|first1=Tania|title=Moratu Saman escapes death|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/020707/news/news.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]|date=7 July 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The end of a Moratuwa gangster|url=http://www.island.lk/2004/11/28/leisure2.html|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=28 November 2004}}</ref> Ranasinghe was shot dead on 20 August 2003 in Moratuwa as he returning from Moratuwa Magistrates's court in a [[rickshaw]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jansz|first1=Frederica|authorlink1=Frederica Jansz|title=Hidden hands behind mystery killings|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20030824/issues-1.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=24 August 2003|archive-date=9 April 2016|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409145653/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20030824/issues-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mathes|first1=Rohan|title=Recent spate of killings: Authorities must tell public what went wrong— John|url=http://www.island.lk/2003/08/23/news09.html|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|date=23 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Malalasekera|first1=Sarath|title=CID directed to produce death certificates of two suspects|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2003/09/15/new20.html|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=15 September 2003}}</ref>

On 8 January 2000, the LTTE posthumously conferred the title [[Maamanithar]] (great human being) to Ponnambalam.<ref name="Mamanithar1">{{cite news|title='Mamanithan' award for Ponnambalam|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4490|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=8 January 2000}}</ref><ref name="Mamanithar2">{{cite journal|title=LTTE Expresses Shock and Confers Honour|journal=[[Tamil Times]]|date=January 2000|volume=XIX|issue=1|pages=8–9|url=http://noolaham.net/project/36/3585/3585.pdf|issn=0266-4488}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No: 19 – The Curse of Impunity Part II Defiance, Hope and Betrayal – The Times of Sivaram|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport19ptII.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=9 September 2005}}</ref><ref name="Mamanithar3">{{cite news|title='Great man' award to Tamilnet editor|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2005/05/050501_sivaram_award|newspaper=[[BBC]] Sinhala|date=1 May 2005}}</ref> His funeral was held on 9 January 2000 at the Kannate Hindu cemetery.<ref name="Mamanithar4">{{cite news|title=Ponnambalam's funeral held|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4493|work=[[TamilNet]]|issue=9 January 2000}}</ref>

Ponnambalam was one of Colombo's wealthiest residents, owning a fleet of Mercedes-Benz cars.<ref name="BBC050100"/> Following his, death his sister Vijayalakshmi got into legal disputes with his widow and children over ownership of property and companies in the United States and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yogal uchshmy Ponnambalam, etc., et al., plaintiffs, v Gajendrakumar Gangaser Ponnambalam, et al., appellants-respondents, v Vijayaluchshmi Sivaprakasapillai, et al., respondents-appellants, et al ., defendant|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/ad2/calendar/webcal/decisions/2006/D13073.pdf|publisher=[[New York Supreme Court]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vijayalakshmi Sivaprakasapillai v Mrinalini Ponnambalam and Others|url=http://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/high-court-judgments/13788-vijayalakshmi-sivaprakasapillai-v-mrinalini-ponnambalam-and-others-2009-sghc-183|publisher=singaporelaw.sg|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410020701/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/high-court-judgments/13788-vijayalakshmi-sivaprakasapillai-v-mrinalini-ponnambalam-and-others-2009-sghc-183|url-status=dead}}</ref> No one had been brought to justice for Ponnambalam's killing.<ref>{{cite news|title=No justice for assassinated human rights lawyer Kumar Ponnambalam, 15 years on|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13341|work=[[Tamil Guardian]]|date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Kumar Ponnambalam
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col|Party
! scope=col|Votes
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary]]<ref name="pe77"/> || [[Jaffna Electoral District (1947–1989)|Jaffna]] || [[Independent politician|Ind]] || align=right|{{Nts|9960}} || Not elected
|-
| [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982 presidential]]<ref name="pr82"/> || Sri Lanka || [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress|ACTC]] || align=right|{{Nts|173934}} || Not elected
|-
| [[1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1989 parliamentary]]<ref name="deSilva"/> || [[Jaffna Electoral District|Jaffna District]] || [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress|ACTC]] || align=right|{{Nts|2866}} || Not elected
|-
| [[1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1994 parliamentary]] || [[Colombo Electoral District|Colombo District]] || [[Independent politician|Ind]] || || Not elected
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|title=Kumar Ponnambalam: A Tribute|date=12 August 2000|publisher=Kumar Ponnambalam Commemoration Committee|url=http://noolaham.net/project/33/3214/3214.pdf}}

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnambalam, Kumar}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:All Ceylon Tamil Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of St. Patrick's College, Jaffna]]
[[Category:Alumni of Royal College, Colombo]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Assassinated Sri Lankan activists]]
[[Category:Assassinated Sri Lankan politicians]]
[[Category:Ceylonese advocates]]
[[Category:Maamanithar]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:Politicians from Colombo]]
[[Category:People killed during the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:People from British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Ponnambalam family|Kumar]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindus]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1982 Sri Lankan presidential election]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan lawyers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2000]]

Durgapur, Manipur

2026-04-30T21:27:15Z

Kartikshina85855: new

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durgapur
| other_name = Lamtai Khunou
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5967|93.0969|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 236.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 434
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Durgapur''' is a census village in the [[Borobekra subdivision]], [[Jiribam district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name="Imphal East Census 2011">
{{citation |title=Imphal East District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a684eceee76fc522773286a895bc8436/uploads/2018/03/2018032977.pdf |page=92}}
</ref>
It is about 35 km south of [[Jiribam]], the headquarters of the district, close to the border with the [[Pherzawl district]] in the south. The village is on the bank of the [[Barak River]], spanning a narrow valley between two forested hilly areas. The Barak River flows north in this region, up to [[Jirimukh]], where it turns northwest. The Barak River also forms the border with the [[Assam]] state of India.

A Meitei village called '''Lamtai Khunou'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Lamdai Khunou", and "Laimatai".}} is seen to have sprung up in the area around 2010 and is now identified with the Durgapur village itself.<ref name="CNS 30 Mar"/> The neighbouring villages of Durgapur are '''Madhupur'''{{efn|Alternative spelling: "Modhupur".}} to the west and '''Choudhurikhal'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Chaudhurikhal" and "Chowdhurikhal".}} to the east. Choudhurikhal is the southernmost village of Jiribam district.

== Geography and History ==
The entire [[Vangaitang]] range adjacent to the present-day Jiribam district was part of the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Cachar kingdom]] at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British transferred the Vangaitang range to Manipur, setting the border along the western stretch of Barak River{{efn|The Barak River flows south till [[Tipaimukh]] and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh.}} and the Jiri River.<ref>
{{Citation |last=Sanjeev |first=Thingnam |chapter=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |page=243}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=YAOL |year=2019 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |via=archive.org |pages=24–25, 251}}
</ref>
In 1907, the Manipur government opened the "Jiribam valley" between the rivers and the Vangaitang range for agricultural settlement,<ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=44}}
</ref>
and, by 1911, 14,346 ''bighas'' of land is said to have been settled.<ref name="1911 annual report">
{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}
</ref>
Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from Cachar, very few from the [[Imphal Valley]] (Manipur valley).<ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55}}
</ref>
They included Bengalis as well as Meiteis. Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and [[betel leaf]] (''pan'') in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.<ref name="1911 annual report"/>

=== Independent India ===
Durgapur was an established settlement before the independence of India.<ref name="Gazette 1956">
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>
Borobekra, to the north of Durgapur, was a market town that ran a Friday market, which was the main market for the people on the Barak River as far away as [[Pherzawl]].<ref>
{{citation |title=Village Survey Monograph: 16—Pherzawl |series=Census of India 1961 |publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, Manipur |year=1965 |page=2 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32844/download/36025/51909_1961_PHE.pdf}}
</ref>{{efn|Pherzawl itself is not on the bank of the Barak River, but it could access the river through a port called Taithu-ghat nearby.}}

Initially, Jiribam subdivision was formed to encompass the Vangaitang range from the Jiri River in the north and [[Tipaimukh]] in the south. In due course, the southern and eastern hill regions were transferred to the [[Churachandpur district]] (now [[Pherzawl district]]), leaving only the valley and some of the foothills regions in the Jiribam subdivision.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=12–19}}
</ref>
The border between the Jiribam and Pherzawl districts runs near Chaudhurikhal, adjacent to Durgapur. [[Savomphai]] to its south lies in Pherzawl district.<ref>
{{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |page=92}}
</ref>

=== Insurgencies ===
According to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) and [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring [[Cachar district]] of Assam as their main area of operations.<ref>
{{citation |title=North-East in Benthic Zone |first=Dhanabir |last=Laishram |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |year=2007 |isbn=9788183701143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbWfAAAAMAAJ |page=90 |quote=UNLF and PLA's main area of operation is Manipur's Jiribam valley and Cachar. In the recent past, a unified command of MPLF enduringly engaged with the Border Security Force in a gun-fight for four days in which the latter had to withdraw without attaining any significant result.}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first=Wasbir |last=Hussain |chapter=Ethno-Nationalism and the Politics of Terror in India's Northeast |editor1=P. R. Kumaraswamy |editor2=Ian Copland |title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781317967729 |page=89 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZceMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 |quote=Insurgent politics in the region registered a very important development in the year 2000—the signing of a deal for joint operations by the Assamese ULFA and the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a Manipuri insurgent group whose primary area of operation has been Manipur's Jiribam valley and neighbouring Assam's Cachar district.}}
</ref>
The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh.<ref>
{{citation |first=Maloy Krishna |last=Dar |title=Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA, Al Qaeda Nexus |publisher=Manas Publications |location=Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=81-7049-278-5 |page=108 |url=https://archive.org/details/fulcrumofevilisi0000dhar |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}
</ref>

Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]{{efn|NH-37 was earlier called [[National Highway 53 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 53]].}} in the north, [[Thangjing Hills]] in the east, [[Tipaimukh Road]] in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and [[Hmar People's Convention]]–Democracy for setting up camps and bases.<ref name="Rammohan">
{{citation |first=E. N. |last=Rammohan |title=Manipur: A degenerated insurgency |journal=USI Journal |date=April 2021 |url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425011633/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-date=25 April 2021}}
</ref>
The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur|Kuki-Naga conflict]] (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in [[Churachandpur district]] and obtaining land in return.<ref>
{{citation |first=Vivek |last=Chadha |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lowintensityconf0000chad |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |pages=318–319}}
</ref>
Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF.<ref name="Rammohan"/>

In the 1990s, UNLF is said to have forcibly driven out many Bengali residents of the Borobekra region, settling Meiteis in their place.<ref name="Kuthar"/> The local residents complain that around the year 2000, the people of Durgapur were evicted and had to leave for the [[Cachar district]] in Assam. Manipuris ([[Meitei people|Meiteis]]) that came from Bangladesh were settled down in these areas. They complained that even newly settled Meiteis were given land deeds (''pattas'') whereas the older settlers were denied land deeds.<ref name="Sentinel 27 Aug 2015">
[https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/national-news/jiribam-minorities-decry-manipur-governments-policy-on-ilp Jiribam minorities decry Manipur government's policy on ILP], The Sentinel, 27 August 2015. {{ProQuest|2272639115}}
</ref>
An organisation called Jiribam Development Organisation claimed credit for getting land deeds issued.<ref>
JDO appeals govt. to expedite unfinished projects in Jiribam, Imphal Free Press, 2 November 2014. {{ProQuest|1619094218}}
</ref>

=== Lamtai Khunou ===
A field visit by the [[Federation of Regional Indigenous Societies]] (FREINDS) to the region in 2011 mentioned a Meitei village called "Laimatai". According to the team, villages such as Durgapur and others were "full of Bangladesh Muslims, Bengalis and Bishnupriyas" but the lands owned by Meitei in Laimatai were not taken over by the "illegal migrants".<ref>
Imphal district swamped by illegal migrants, The Pioneer, 6 February 2011. {{ProQuest|849335379}}
</ref>{{efn|The ideology of the organisation regards only the Meiteis and tribals as "indigenous" to Manipur, and ignores the fact that the Jiribam was part of [[Cachar district|Cachar]] before it was transferred to Manipur in 1833.}}

In 2013, the name of the village was mentioned as Lamtai Khunou. In that year, an official of the Lamtai Khunou Youth Club stated that the village had no primary school, and that the children were having to go to Bengali medium schools. The villagers had a list of grievances against the government inaction in their village.<ref>
No sign of govt in the entire village lament Lamtai Khunou villagers, Imphal Free Press, 30 August 2013. {{ProQuest|1428798664}}
</ref>

By 2024, news sources began to identify Lamtai Khunou with the Durgapur village itself.<ref name="CNS 30 Mar">
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..310324.mar24 IED blast destroys shop in Jiribam village, no casualty], Chronicle News Service, via e-pao.net, 30 March 2024.
</ref>
As per a news report in July 2024, there were 86 Meitei households in Lamtai Khunou.<ref name="Sangai 5 Jul">
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..060724.jul24 Order of June 7 : Deceased cop found detailed for duty at Jiri; MHRC sounded to penalise DG, SA], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 5 July 2024.
</ref>
Since the whole of Durgapur had only 93 households in the 2011 census,<ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/> it would imply that Lamtai Khunou had become the predominant settlement in Durgapur. According to a social worker, 200 original families that had been driven out of Durgapur were living in Cachar as of 2015.<ref name="Sentinel 27 Aug 2015"/>

== Demographics ==
The Durgapur census village has a population of 434 people as per the 2011 census. It has no [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/><ref name="Imphal East PCA">
{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Imphal East - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6469 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107165932/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6469 |archive-date=7 January 2023}}
</ref>
The neighbouring village of Madhupur to the west has a population of 156 people, of whom only 5 belonged to Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/><ref name="Imphal East PCA"/>

The village of '''Choudhurikhal''' to the east of Durgapur has a population of 136 people, all of whom are Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="Imphal East Census 2011"/><ref name="Imphal East PCA"/>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
When the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic conflict in Manipur]] erupted between the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] and [[Kuki-Zo people]] on 3 May 2023, the Jiribam district remained relatively at peace for almost a year.<ref name="Kuthar">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
</ref>
Durgapur's Lamtai Khunou experienced an isolated instance of violence on 28 March 2024, when a bomb explosion damaged three shops owned by a businessman, with losses amounting to Rs. 10 lakh (1 million).<ref name="Sentinel 28 Mar">
[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-violent-attack-damages-three-shops-in-manipur-second-incident-in-recent-months Manipur: Violent Attack Damages Three Shops in Manipur, Second Incident in Recent Months], The Sentinel, 28 March 2024. {{ProQuest|3013846713}}
</ref><ref name="CNS 30 Mar"/>
The perpetrators were never identified, but the [[Kuki Inpi]] of the region attributed the bombing to UNLF militants months later.<ref name="KIJTN">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.
</ref>

The relative peace of Jiribam district was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by [[Arambai Tenggol]] started torching houses in the Jiribam area, prompting the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and [[Thadou Kukis]] to flee to relief camps in neighbouring Assam.<ref name="Kuthar"/>

This invited retaliation by Hmars and Thadou Kukis in the Borobekra subdivision in the south. On 6 June, the residents of Lamtai Khunou and other neighbouring Meitei villages heard that their villages were being surrounded by militants, and fled to the nearest police station. The district authorities evacuated 239 Meitei people to a shelter in a sports complex in [[Jiribam]].<ref name="Scroll 8 Jun">
[https://scroll.in/latest/1069012/ Manipur: Suspected militants set fire to houses, police outpost in Jiribam district], Scroll.in, 8 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="Hindu 10 Jun">
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-manipurs-jiribam-some-flee-attacks-for-second-time-since-the-conflict-began-last-year/article68271228.ece In Manipur’s Jiribam, some flee attacks for second time since the conflict began in 2023], ''The Hindu'', 10 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3065774976}}
</ref><ref>
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=35..100624.jun24 Heart-breaking to see homes reduced to ashes: Victim], Chronicle News Service, via e-pao.net, 9 June 2024.
</ref>
On 8 June, armed tribals (referred to as "suspected militants" in the media) set fire to several Meitei houses at Lamtai Khunou, Madhupur and other Meitei villages.<ref name="Kuthar 12 June">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/peace-eludes-indias-manipur-even-after-defeating-bjp-over-ethnic-violence Peace eludes India’s Manipur even after defeating BJP over ethnic violence], Al Jazeera, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3066606019}} "According to a statement by a Kuki-Zo group [the Indigenous Tribes Advocacy Committee], the burning of Lamtai Khunou and two other Meitei villages was termed as 'retribution against Arambai Tenggol who initiated these violent acts'. 'The tribals will no longer remain silent in the face of aggression,' it said."
</ref><Ref name="Sangai 17 Jun">
Jiri News Network, [https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..180624.jun24 Many suspect agenda to cleanse Jiri of Meiteis], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 17 June 2024.
</ref>
The displaced Meitei do not know whether they have houses to return to.<ref name="IE 11 Jun">
Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-assam-jiribum-violence-displacement-kukis-zo-tribe-9384585/ In Manipur, a fresh displacement as 2,000 pour into neighbouring Assam], The Indian Express, 11 June 2024.
</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_BOROBEKRA.pdf Borobekra Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.

[[Category:Villages in Jiribam district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

Lollipop (2008 film)

2026-04-27T11:04:18Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{short description|2008 film by Shafi}}
{{Redirect|LollyPop|the American singer|Lolly Pop|other uses|Lollipop (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = LolliPop
| image = LollyPop.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]] [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]] [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| writer = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Roma Asrani]] [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| distributor = [[Mulakuppadam Release]]
| cinematography = Alaggappan. N
| editing = Hariharaputhran K.P
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| studio = A. B. S. Combines
| released = {{Film date|2008|12|21|[[India]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''LolliPop''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy film|rom com]] [[action film]] directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] and written by [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Roma Asrani]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/15slide1.htm|title=From Chocolate to Lollipop|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was [[wide release]]d on 21 December 2008 before [[Christmas Eve]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2008/lollipop-movie-release-181208.html|title = Youngsters' Lollipop for Dec 21st|date = 18 December 2008}}</ref>

==Plot==
''This is the plot of original version not the cut version.''

The story commences with Pranchi, a pickpocket narrating his story to Karunan, a writer.
Pranchi meets Franco who influenced his life and changed him to be better person.

Franco is a young man who runs an automobile workshop by the beach. His sister Jenny is a college student and they share a close bond. Franco's friend Dr. Eby likes Jenny. Jenny has an enemy in college, Rose. Rose and Jenny argue with each other every time they meet. Unknown to Jenny, Franco and Rose are in love, and they are hoping that one day Jenny will come to like Rose.

At this point, Pranchi enters the story. Pranchi tries to pickpocket Franco and is caught red-handed. They both reach the police station and due to some confusion, both end up behind bars. It is the local priest Adv. Fr. Kuriakose, doubling as a solicitor, who bails them out. Kuriakose asks Franco to be Pranchi's friend and to guide him in the right direction. So Pranchi becomes an employee at Franco's workshop.

Pranchi falls in love with Jenny, but Jenny isn't aware of this nor does she have the same feelings towards him. Having made a pact with her brother, she will only marry the guy whom Franco likes and vice versa. She starts liking Eby. When she tells Franco about her liking he goes to see Eby without Eby knowing about it, only to return and tell his sister that Eby did not impress him. Jenny tells Eby this and they sort of break up.

Jenny learns that Franco and Rose are lovers. Jenny feels betrayed. Franco feels guilty and with a heavy heart he ends his relationship with Rose. When Jenny learns about this she feels sad for both Franco and Rose. Jenny meets Rose and patches up with her. Meanwhile, Franco meets Eby and informs that he was against his relationship with Jenny only because he is afraid if Jenny learns that she is adopted, not his real sister. A fact that only Kuriakose and Eby know. Eby happens to be the doctor treating Jenny's real mother at an asylum.

Eby promises that he will never reveal this truth to Jenny. Eby and Rose are childhood friends and neighbours. Eby and Jenny, Rose and Franco get engaged on the same day. A jealous Pranchi with the help of his robber friend mixes sleeping pills in Rose's and Eby's drinks and creates a plot which looked like Eby and Rose had spent a night together. Heartbroken, Franco and Jenny call off their wedding thinking that their partners have betrayed them. Eby and Rose tries to prove their innocence but fails. At the same time, Eby tells Jenny that she is Franco's adopted sister. Franco reveals the truth to Jenny, which makes her heartbroken. When Eby and Rose are unable to prove their innocence, they watch their families forcefully fixing their marriage. Franco announces Jenny's marriage with Pranchi before the wedding date of Eby and Rose, much to Pranchi's joy. At this point, the writer who was listening to Pranchi's story gets angry at him for his nature. But Pranchi proceeds with the story.

On Jenny's wedding day, through Pranchi's friend, Franco learns about Pranchi's trick to marry Jenny. After getting caught, Pranchi kidnaps Jenny but Franco comes to saves her. In a fight between Franco and Pranchi, Pranchi dies in an accident. In an interesting twist it is revealed that it was Pranchi's ghost narrating his tale to the writer, and he is joined by the ghost of Chandykunju, Rose's father who dies minutes ago.

Eby and Jenny, Rose and Franco get married and lead a happy life in the same house as both Jenny and Franco had dreamed from childhood, so that they will never be separated in their entire life.

By this, Karunan realises that Pranchi is a soul. Upon this realisation, he faints. At this time, the soul of Rose's dad Chandykunju come to Pranchi. The movie ends when Pranchi and Chandykunju looking at Franco and Jenny's happy life.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Franko
**[[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Young Franko
* [[Roma (actress)|Roma]] as Jennifer (Jenny), Franko's adopted sister
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Rosebella
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Dr. Eby
* [[Jayasurya]] as Pranchi (Francis)
* [[Salim Kumar]] as [[Priest|Fr.]] / [[Advocate|Adv.]] Kuriakose Kuzhiyilchadi
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Jabbar
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Kunjachan
* [[Narayanankutty]] as Ambrose
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Chandykunju
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Novelist Karunan (cameo) (character not included in cut version)
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Jenny's mother
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Chandy's mother
* Manka Mahesh as Lilly, Chandy's wife
* [[Mohan Raj]] as Damu
* [[Kollam Ajith]]
* [[Baburaj]] as SI Bhadran
* [[Anil Murali]] as SI B Chandrakumar
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Dr.Jayaprakash
* Joy John Antony as Suresh
* [[Raksha Raj]] as Nisha, Rosebella's friend
* [[Kottayam Pradeep]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
The [[filming]] began on 17 August 2008. The main locations are [[Kochi]] and [[Bangkok]].

==Music==
The film's soundtrack contains 6 songs, all composed by [[Alex Paul]]. Lyrics were by [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]] and [[Alex Paul]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Jerusalemile"
| Afsal, [[Vidhu Prathap]], Chorus
|-
| 2
| "Kannum Chimmi"
| Vidhu Prathap, [[Rimi Tomy]]
|-
| 3
| "Poovinkurunnumeyyil"
| Afsal, [[Sruthi Raj]], [[Tinu Antony]]
|-
| 4
| "Assalayi"
| Pradeep Babu, Liji Francis, Vipin Xavier
|-
| 5
| "Vellimani Poo"
| Franco, [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]]
|-
| 6
| "Raajakumari - Filler Song"
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], Anitha
|-
| 7
| "Poovinkurunnumeyyil"
| Cicily, [[Sruthi Raj]], [[Tinu Antony]]
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "Overall 'Lolipop' is an ordinary fare, the only highlight being the good humour, at places".<ref>{{Cite web|work=Indiaglitz|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/lollipop-review-malayalam-movie-10510|title = Lollipop review. Lollipop Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref> A critic from ''Nowrunning'' wrote that "Overall 'Lolipop' is an ordinary fare, the only highlight being the good humour, at places".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-22 |title=Lolly Pop Review {{!}} Lolly Pop Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5755/malayalam/lolly-pop/1952/review.htm |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

===Deleted scenes===
The film initially had some ghost scenes also.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-27 |title=Ghost missing in Lollypop's new climax |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2008/lollypop-climax-change-271208.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |website= |language=en}}</ref> Some scenes of [[Jayasuriya]], [[Rajan P. Dev]] and complete scenes of [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] were removed from [[standard-definition television]] prints and digital prints due to poor response from theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter Status |url=https://twitter.com/kboxstats/status/1398605024444370948 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Mahaveeryar' to 'Oru Adaar Love': Movies that changed climax after the release |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mahaveeryar-to-oru-adaar-love-movies-that-changed-climax-after-the-release/photostory/93298524.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=In%20the%20original%20climax%20of,be%20hilarious%20rather%20than%20terrifying |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130218112720/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/466/lollypop.html ''LollyPop''] at [[Oneindia.in]]

{{Shafi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lollypop}}
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shafi]]

S. V. Rame Gowda

2026-04-26T16:25:06Z

Kartikshina85855: added first entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = SVR Ex Mla.png
| name = SV Rame Gowda
| birth_date = 1914<ref name="Who's who">{{cite book |title=Who's who |date=1963 |publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |page=133 |access-date=2025-03-25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukkFAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Santhehalli]], [[Malur]], [[Kolar district]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]]<ref name="Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly">{{cite web |title=Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm |publisher=Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Santhehalli Venkataswamy Gowda Rame Gowda''' (born in 1914) was an Indian politician and a former [[Independent politician|Independent]] [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in [[Mysore State]] who represented [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]] from 1962 to 1967.<ref name="Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly">{{cite web |title=Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm |publisher=Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

SV Rame Gowda was born in 1914 at Santhehalli village in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. He completed his schooling from [[National High School, Basavanagudi|National High School, Bangalore]] and then worked as an agriculturist, Bricks and tiles industries. Father Venkataswamy Gowda, mother Muninanjamma, Grand father Ramegowda and grand mother Dodda Lakshmamma, Great grand father Venkataramana Gowda(Kartha of Hindu Undivided family). Spouse Lakshmi Devamma. He had 2 sons. First son Ashwathnarayana Gowda(former Mandal Parishad President), second son Venkataswamy Gowda. Ashwathnarayana Gowda had four sons namely Sathish Kumar, Suresh Kumar, Sarvesh Kumar and [[S A Ramesh Kumar]] (current member of Grama Panchayat)<ref name="Who's who" />

== Political career ==

SV Rame Gowda was a member of the Taluk Congress Committee and Kolar District Board from 1943 to 1950. In 1962, he contested and won as an Independent in the [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|Mysore state legislative assembly elections]], from [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]], serving as an MLA until 1967. He is the only Independent MLA in the electoral history of [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]].<ref name="Who's who" />

He was the director of the Malur Taluk Milk Producers' Co-operative Society. He served as the chairman of Santhehalli village panchayat, and both a member and standing committee member of Malur Taluk Board. He later became director of Land Mortgage Society, Malur and director of Sheep Breeders' Association, Kolar.<ref name="Who's who" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, SV Rame}}
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1914 births]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

List of leaders of the opposition in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly

2026-04-25T16:41:06Z

Kartikshina85855: Made The Entry And Citations.

{{Short description|Mizoram LoP}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox Political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly
| body =
| native_name =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Mizoram.svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the state of Mizoram
| image =
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| incumbentsince = 5 December 2023
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]]
| termlength = 5 years ''Till the Assembly Continues''
| appointer = Speaker of the Assembly
| inaugural =
| website =
| member_of = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| seat =
}}

The '''Leader of the Opposition in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] in India.

== Eligibility ==
"Official Opposition"<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=THE SALARY AND ALLOWANCES OF LEADERS OF OPPOSITION IN PARLIAMENT ACT, 1977 AND RULES MADE THEREUNDER |url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211914/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> is a term used in [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the assembly. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least [[Quorum#India|10% of total membership of the Legislative Assembly]].

== Role ==
In legislature, opposition party has a major role and must act to discourage the party in power from acting against the interests of the country and the common man. They are expected to alert the population and the Government on the content of any bill, which is not in the best interests of the country.<ref>https://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-opposition-party-parliament/ Role of Leader of Opposition in India</ref><ref>https://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/parliament/opposition/role-of-opposition-in-parliament-india/976 Role of Opposition in Parliament of India</ref>

== List of leaders of the opposition ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" |Tenure
!Assembly
!Chief Minister
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|'''[[Lal Thanhawla]]'''
|[[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]
|1987
|1988
|5th [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(1987 election)]]
|[[Laldenga]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|'''[[Laldenga]]'''
|[[Aizawl South 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South II]]
|1989
|1993
|6th [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(1989 election)]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Lal Thanhawla]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mizo National Front]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|-
|'''[[Zoramthanga]]'''
|Champhai
|1993
|1998
|7th [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(1993 election)]]
|-
|'''Lalhmingthanga'''
|[[Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East I]]
|1999
|2003
|8th [[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(1998 election)]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Zoramthanga]]
|[[Mizoram People's Conference]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}" |
|-
|'''[[Lal Thanhawla]]'''
|[[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]
|2003
|2008
|9th [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(2003 election)]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|'''[[R. Lalthangliana]]'''
|[[Lunglei West Assembly constituency|Lunglei West]]
|2008
|2013
|10th [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(2008 election)]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Lal Thanhawla]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mizo National Front]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|-
|'''[[Vanlalzawma]]'''
|[[Aizawl West 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West III]]
|2013
|2018
|11th [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(2013 election)]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Lalduhoma]]'''
|rowspan="2" |[[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]
|2018
|2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mizoram-assembly-speaker-disqualifies-leader-of-the-opposition-under-anti-defection-law/articleshow/79454670.cms| title=Mizoram Assembly Speaker disqualifies leader of opposition under anti-defection law}}</ref> 
|rowspan="2" |12th [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(2018 election)]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Zoramthanga]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|-
|2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Elections 2023: 5 Facts About Mizo Opposition Leader Lalduhoma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mizoram-elections-2023-5-facts-about-mizo-opposition-leader-lalduhoma-4540787 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>
|2023
|-
|'''[[Lalchhandama Ralte]]'''
|[[Tuivawl Assembly constituency|Tuivawl]]
|2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEADER OF OPPOSITION-IN OFFICE LUAH TAN |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/leader-of-opposition-in-office-luah-tan |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram: MNF selects Lalchhandama Ralte as legislature party leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram-assembly-polls-2023/story/mizoram-mnf-selects-lalchhandama-ralte-as-legislature-party-leader-2472478-2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram : MNF chooses Lalchhandama Ralte as new legislature party leader |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1146530 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|13th [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|(2023 election)]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|}

== See also ==
* [[Government of Mizoram]]
* [[Governor of Mizoram]]
* [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]
* [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram-related lists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Mizoram| Lists ]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]

Umesh Kumar

2026-04-22T01:33:47Z

Kartikshina85855: creating bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician and journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Umesh Kumar Sharma
| image = Umesh Kumar.jpg
| caption =
| party = Independent
| office = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kunwar Pranav Singh]]
| successor =
| occupation = Politician, journalist
| education = University of Delhi Diploma in Media Law, London School of Journalism
}}

'''Umesh Kumar''' '''Sharma''' is an Indian politician and journalist, serving as a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]] constituency since 2022 as an independent politician. He is also known for his work as a journalist and media entrepreneur.

== Early life and education ==
Umesh Kumar studied at the [[University of Delhi]] and earned a diploma in Media Law from the London School of Journalism.<ref name="myneta">{{cite web |title=Umesh Kumar (Independent): Constituency - KHANPUR (HARIDWAR) |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1020 |website=MyNeta |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===
Kumar serves as the CEO and editor-in-chief of media platforms, including News Plus OTT and Pahad TV, focusing on regional and national news in India.<ref name="myneta" />

=== Political career ===
In the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]], Umesh Kumar won the Khanpur constituency as an independent candidate, defeating the Ravindra Singh of Bahujan Samaj Party.<ref name="eci">{{cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Uttarakhand, 2022 - Khanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> He also contested the [[2024 Indian general election]] from the [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency]] as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful.<ref name="myneta" />

In 2025, Kumar faced a notice from the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly under the anti-defection law, requiring a response within three weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand Assembly issues notice to Independent MLA Umesh Kumar |url= |work=The Times of India |date=2025 }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2025, Kumar was briefly detained following a reported firing incident involving former MLA [[Kunwar Pranav Singh]]. He was later released on bail.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Independent MLA Umesh Kumar detained after firing incident |url= |work=India Today |date=2025 }}</ref> According to his election affidavit, Kumar has four pending criminal cases, including charges of unlawful assembly and voluntarily causing hurt.<ref name="myneta" />

== Personal life ==
Kumar resides in Haridwar, Uttarakhand. He is married, and his income sources include agriculture, media consultancy, and a firm.<ref name="myneta" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|UmeshKumarOfficial|Umesh Kumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Umesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Premendra Shet

2026-04-20T08:43:56Z

Kartikshina85855: added some stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Premendra Shet
| birth_name = Premendra Vishnu Shet
| caption = Shet in 2024
| image = Premendra Shet.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Pravin Zantye]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022- till date)
| other_party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| education = B.Sc
| alma_mater = Government College of Arts Science and Commerce, [[Sanquelim]]
| profession =
| relatives = [[Anant Shet]] (brother)
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Premendra Vishnu Shet''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. Shet won the [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. Shet defeated Santosh Kumar Sawant of [[Goa Forward Party]] by 3136 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/big-blow-to-bjp-as-premendra-shet-joins-mgp/19449.html|title=BIG BLOW TO BJP AS PREMENDRA SHET JOINS MGP|website=Prudent Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/mayem-bjp-mla-premendra-shet-backs-panchayat-resolution-against-ore-transportation/20968.html|title=MAYEM BJP MLA PREMENDRA SHET BACKS PANCHAYAT RESOLUTION AGAINST ORE TRANSPORTATION
|website=Prudent Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=44|title=Premendra Vishnu Shet (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|website=My Neta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/zantyes-fate-uncertain-as-bjp-inducts-mgp-candidate/articleshow/88399279.cms|title=Zantye's fate uncertain as BJP inducts MGP candidate|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2021 }}</ref> He is brother of former Goa Legislative Assembly Speaker [[Anant Shet]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shet, Premendra}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:50Z

Kartikshina85855: pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Central Pendam–East Pendam
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 11,966
| mla = Somnath Poudyal
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Bhuwani Prasad Kharel || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sukumar Pradhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Dilli Prasad Kharel || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Sang Dorjee Tamang || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Somnath Poudyal ]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Somnath Poudyal]]|party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,620 |percentage=59.11% |change={{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,165 |percentage=22.77% |change={{increase}}21.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garjaman Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,565 |percentage=16.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Narayan Giri |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=157 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,455 |percentage=36.34% |change= {{increase}}33.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,507 |percentage=79.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,966 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sang Dorjee Tamang |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=4,575 |percentage=50.80% |change={{increase}}17.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Prasad Kharel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,329 |percentage=48.07% |change={{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reeta Karki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=102 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=246 |percentage=2.73% |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,006 |percentage=81.00% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Prasad Kharel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,712 |percentage=35.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sang Dorjee Tamang |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,530 |percentage=33.45% |change={{decrease}}21.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Mull Sarda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,047 |percentage=13.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puspak Ram Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=838 |percentage=11.08% |change={{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yoga Nidhi Bhandari |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=234 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mitra Lall Dhungel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=91 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duk Nath Nepal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=75 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=2.41% |change= {{decrease}}21.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,564 |percentage=82.04% |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,593 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}19.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Pradhan]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,168 |percentage=54.89% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yoga Nidhi Bhandari |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=1,817 |percentage=31.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Kumar Chetri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=398 |percentage=6.90% |change={{decrease}}25.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,351 |percentage=23.41% |change= {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,772 |percentage=72.49% |change= {{increase}}19.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,426 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukumar Pradhan]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,742 |percentage=63.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Khrel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,406 |percentage=32.53% |change={{increase}}30.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lok Narayan Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=92 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. B. Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=49 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh Giri |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=26 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,336 |percentage=30.91% |change= {{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,322 |percentage=59.49% |change= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,379 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}25.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Central Pendam–East Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuwani Prasad Kharel |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=1,346 |percentage=37.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Toga Nidhi Bhandari |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=775 |percentage=21.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Mull Sarda |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=18.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Trivedi |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=6.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Prasad Dhungel Sharma |party=Janata Party |votes=147 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Prasad Chhetri |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=132 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kahar Singh Karki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=88 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Bahadur Sawa |party=Independent politician |votes=61 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anirudh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruth Karthak Lepchani |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=571 |percentage=16.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,548 |percentage=61.21% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,076 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.21|88.58|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Pendam-East Pendam Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Rajkot South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:46Z

Kartikshina85855: added a entry from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajkot South
| mla = [[Ramesh Tilala | Rameshbhai Virjibhai Tilala]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:258831}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 70
}}

'''Rajkot South''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail – Draft Roll – 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Rajkot Taluka (Part) – [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Govind Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ramesh Tilala|Rameshbhai Virjibhai Tilala]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Rajkot South }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramesh Tilala]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP releases list of 10 candidates for 2022 Gujarat assembly elections |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/story/gujarat-election-2022-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-352509-2022-11-10 |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes=101734|percentage=66.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shivlal Barasia|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=22870|percentage=14.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hitesh Maganbhai Vora|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22507|percentage=14.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parekh Punitaben Hasmukhbhai|party=Independent|votes=2842|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=2353|percentage=1.54|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=51.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:257154}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Rajkot South<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Govind Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98,951
|percentage = 63.18
|change = +6.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Dinesh Chovatiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51,830
|percentage = 33.09
|change = -2.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,121
|percentage = 30.09
|change = +9.29
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,612
|percentage = 64.58
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:242500}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajkot South<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections – 2012 |publisher=Ceo.gujarat.gov.in |accessdate=2015-03-09 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Govind Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,308
|percentage = 56.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mitul Donga
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,831
|percentage = 35.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,477
|percentage = 20.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,938
|percentage = 64.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|22.32|70.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Rajkot]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sohra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:12Z

Kartikshina85855: creating a details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sohra
| mla = [[Gavin Miguel Mylliem]]
| party = {{Party index link|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:29932}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sohra Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 28
}}
'''Sohra''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Phaindrojen Swer || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Phaindrojen Swer
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || S. Phaindrojen Swer || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=3 | [[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Dr. Phlour W. Khongjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Titosstarwell Chyne || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Gavin Miguel Mylliem]] || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gavin Miguel Mylliem]] |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=11,358 |percentage=42.50% |change={{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Titosstar Well Chyne |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=11,343 |percentage=42.45% |change={{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alan West Kharkongor |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,598 |percentage=5.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harold Firming Khongsit |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,137 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Phaiyolin Nongrum |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=916 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakyntiew Sohkhlet |party=Indian National Congress |votes=229 |percentage=0.86% |change={{decrease}}17.00 }}{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=124 |percentage=0.46% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15 |percentage=0.06% |change= {{decrease}}8.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,723 |percentage=89.28% |change= {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,932 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=People's Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gavin Miguel Mylliem]] |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=8,625 |percentage=37.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Titosstar Well Chyne |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,601 |percentage=28.80% |change={{decrease}}19.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donevan Wanlang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,092 |percentage=17.85% |change={{decrease}}18.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phlour W.Khongjee |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,838 |percentage=8.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Droistar Khongsti |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,329 |percentage=5.80% |change={{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mattsing Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=104 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,024 |percentage=8.83% |change= {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,919 |percentage=90.60% |change= {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,297 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Titosstarwell Chyne |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,787 |percentage=47.84% |change={{increase}}21.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Phlour W. Khongjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,621 |percentage=36.05% |change={{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Donskobar Mylliem |party=Independent politician |votes=2,514 |percentage=13.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richard D. Shabong |party=Communist Party of India |votes=226 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mattsing Nongrum |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=220 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}24.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,166 |percentage=11.79% |change= {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,368 |percentage=89.52% |change= {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,519 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Phlour W. Khongjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,579 |percentage=29.50% |change={{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Titosstar Well Chyne |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,107 |percentage=26.46% |change={{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,924 |percentage=25.28% |change={{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donevan Wanlang |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,468 |percentage=15.90% |change={{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kodin Nongrum |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=241 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mattsing Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=205 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=472 |percentage=3.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,524 |percentage=91.00% |change= {{increase}}20.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,059 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,093 |percentage=32.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phlour W. Khongjee |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,536 |percentage=27.79% |change={{increase}}14.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Walter David Lyngwi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,201 |percentage=25.16% |change={{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanstep Diengdoh |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=1,742 |percentage=13.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kodin Nongrum |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=153 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=557 |percentage=4.38% |change= {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,725 |percentage=70.62% |change= {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,031 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,221 |percentage=38.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Walter David Lyngwi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,117 |percentage=28.63% |change={{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simil Gury Kharhujon |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=2,051 |percentage=18.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Phaindrojen Swer |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,500 |percentage=13.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,104 |percentage=10.14% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,889 |percentage=69.43% |change= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,074 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,731 |percentage=39.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Phaindrojen Swer |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,459 |percentage=29.21% |change={{decrease}}19.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Walter David Lyngwi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,008 |percentage=25.40% |change={{decrease}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dralnor Nongrum |party=Janata Dal (B) |votes=291 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Marbaniang |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=239 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Matthew Mawdkhap |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,272 |percentage=10.74% |change= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,843 |percentage=76.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,769 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{decrease}}8.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Phaindrojen Swer |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,601 |percentage=48.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,951 |percentage=41.48% |change={{increase}}23.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Isco Swer |party=Independent politician |votes=614 |percentage=6.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Marbaniang |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Lal Diengdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=81 |percentage=0.85% |change={{decrease}}39.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaulstan Mayar Diengdoh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=73 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=650 |percentage=6.82% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,524 |percentage=77.03% |change= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,584 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,108 |percentage=39.89% |change={{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Phaindrojen Swer |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,908 |percentage=37.33% |change={{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Matthews Singh Mawdkhap |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,381 |percentage=17.73% |change={{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Remington Marbaniang |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=394 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=200 |percentage=2.57% |change= {{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,791 |percentage=72.74% |change= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,172 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phaindrojen Swer |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,888 |percentage=41.11% |change={{decrease}}7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|Dr. Flinder Anderson Khonglam]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,142 |percentage=30.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael Giri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,502 |percentage=21.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Morrow Mohon Kharpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=493 |percentage=7.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=746 |percentage=10.62% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,025 |percentage=69.84% |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,215 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohra<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Phaindrojen Swer |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,210 |percentage=49.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A Blingstodar Diengdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,880 |percentage=41.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lumkur Diengdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=330 |percentage=7.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,505 |percentage=63.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,335 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.27|91.73|display=title}}

[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala

2026-04-19T07:31:20Z

Kartikshina85855: added first location with sources

{{Short description|Science centre in Kapurthala, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = '''Pushpa Gujral Science City Kapurthala'''
|image = Pushpa Gujral Science City - Outside View of IMAX Theater.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Pushpa Gujral Science City - Outside View of IMAX Theater
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|abbreviation =
|formation = 19 March 2005
|extinction =
|type = Science Centre
|status = Government
|purpose = Educational
|headquarters = [[Kapurthala]]
|location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|coordinates =
|region_served = [[Punjab, India]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title = Director
|leader_name = Dr. Neelima Jerath<ref>{{cite web | url=http://punjab.gov.in/science-technology | title=Science Technology & Environment – Government of Punjab, India }}</ref>
|main_organ =
|parent_organisation = [[Government of Punjab, India]]
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = [http://www.pgsciencecity.org/ pgsciencecity.org]
|remarks =
}}
The '''Pushpa Gujral Science City''' or '''PGSC''' is located on outskirts of [[Kapurthala]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabtourism.gov.in/Punjab.html#/attraction/87/pushpa-gujral-science-city|title=Gov.in}}</ref> on the Kapurthala-[[Jalandhar]] road. The foundation stone of PGSC was laid by the then prime minister [[I. K. Gujral|Inder Kumar Gujral]] on 17 October 1997. The science city has been named after mother of [[I. K. Gujral|Inder Kumar Gujral]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/|title = Shri Inder Kumar Gujral | Prime Minister of India}}</ref> and jointly funded by [[Government of India]] and the Punjab Government.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/7434|title=Visit to a City of Science: Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala|journal=Science Reporter |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=16–19|date=February 2010|last1=Khan|first1=Hasan Jawaid}}</ref> The first director general<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/government-award-dg-kapurthala-science-city-raghbir-singh-khandpur-02201852688.html|title=Government to award former DG of Kapurthala science city Raghbir Singh Khandpur - GKToday|date=16 February 2018 }}</ref> of PGSC, Raghbir Singh Khandpur has been credited with having conceptualised this centre.

==Facilities==
*Galleries<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pgsciencecity.org/our-layout-plan|title = Our Layout Plan | Pushpa Gujral Science City}}</ref>
*Science Voyage Hall
*Theatre<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/global-warming/Indias-1st-climate-change-theatre-opens-at-Science-City/articleshow/28925118.cms|title = India's 1st climate change theatre opens at Science City - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=17 January 2014 }}</ref>
*Energy Park<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/adventures/|title = Adventures | Kapurthala Web Portal | India}}</ref>
*Mobile Science van <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/punjab/patiala/mobile-bus-science-pushpa-gujral-science-city-kapurthala-school-patiala|title = बच्चों को विज्ञान के तथ्यों से अवगत कराएगी मोबाइल बस}}</ref>
[[File:Raghbir Singh Khandpur 4811.JPG|thumb|right|200px|First Director General, PGSC, [[Kapurthala]]]]

==See also==
*[[Science City Kolkata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kapurthala]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]

Palampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:20Z

Kartikshina85855: added initial info needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palampur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = 19-Palampur constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ashish Butail]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:78449}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Palampur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Palampur]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Palampur Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/palampur.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|[[Kunj Behari Lal Butail]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|Sarvan Kumar || rowspan=2|
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] || [[File:BBL Butail.jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Shanta Kumar]] ||[[File:Shanta Kumar.jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=3|[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] ||rowspan=3| [[File:BBL Butail.jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Parveen Kumar ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] || [[File:BBL Butail.jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ashish Butail]]<ref name=election2017/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Members HP Vidhan Sabha|url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> ||rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashish Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,874 |percentage=53.72% |change={{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilok Kapoor |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,546 |percentage=44.45% |change={{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Bhardwaj |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=430 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=382 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=244 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,328 |percentage=9.27% |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,476 |percentage=73.27% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,449 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashish Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,252 |percentage=47.18% |change={{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indu Goswami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,928 |percentage=38.77% |change={{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,198 |percentage=6.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baini Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,760 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=435 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=390 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,324 |percentage=8.41% |change= {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,404 |percentage=73.64% |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,809 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,341 |percentage=49.99% |change={{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,312 |percentage=30.65% |change={{decrease}}19.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dulo Ram |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=6,115 |percentage=13.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Jamwal |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=981 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Jamwal |party=Independent politician |votes=491 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=446 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Mahendra |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=338 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=234 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,029 |percentage=19.34% |change= {{increase}}14.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,696 |percentage=72.74% |change= {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,197 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,121 |percentage=50.03% |change={{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,533 |percentage=44.87% |change={{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,676 |percentage=3.34% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,588 |percentage=5.15% |change= {{decrease}}10.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,214 |percentage=71.27% |change= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,460 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,333 |percentage=53.80% |change={{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,090 |percentage=37.79% |change={{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Bhau |party=Independent politician |votes=734 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chand |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=731 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Kumari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=666 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=631 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Ram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=385 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=296 |percentage=0.65% |change={{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,243 |percentage=16.02% |change= {{increase}}13.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,225 |percentage=74.92% |change= {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,378 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,450 |percentage=48.28% |change={{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,658 |percentage=46.21% |change={{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=889 |percentage=2.33% |change={{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Jamwal (Nini) |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=722 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Janata Dal |votes=203 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Man Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=199 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=792 |percentage=2.07% |change= {{decrease}}15.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,211 |percentage=68.98% |change= {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,212 |percentage=57.14% |change={{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,702 |percentage=39.60% |change={{decrease}}18.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=972 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=197 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,510 |percentage=17.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,126 |percentage=76.75% |change= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,754 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanta Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,012 |percentage=58.39% |change={{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,050 |percentage=39.06% |change={{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Chand Katoch |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=234 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,962 |percentage=19.33% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,850 |percentage=68.69% |change= {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,360 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,722 |percentage=50.91% |change={{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,137 |percentage=39.68% |change={{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,027 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=770 |percentage=3.34% |change={{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Chand Katoch |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,585 |percentage=11.23% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,027 |percentage=68.27% |change= {{decrease}}5.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,508 |percentage=46.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunj Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,762 |percentage=38.94% |change={{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,171 |percentage=5.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iqbal Singh Guleria |party=Lokdal |votes=682 |percentage=3.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Paharia |party=Communist Party of India |votes=644 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj Chaudhari |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,746 |percentage=7.76% |change= {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,500 |percentage=72.80% |change= {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,358 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=9,930 |percentage=56.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhi Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,633 |percentage=43.46% |change={{decrease}}20.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,297 |percentage=13.08% |change= {{decrease}}40.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,563 |percentage=63.19% |change= {{increase}}24.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,115 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunj Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,296 |percentage=64.44% |change={{increase}}16.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Singh Guleria |party=Independent politician |votes=880 |percentage=10.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=777 |percentage=9.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=720 |percentage=8.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=546 |percentage=6.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,416 |percentage=53.73% |change= {{increase}}46.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,219 |percentage=38.88% |change= {{decrease}}16.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,648 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunj Behari Lal Butail]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,644 |percentage=47.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,725 |percentage=39.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,137 |percentage=9.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=384 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=919 |percentage=7.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,890 |percentage=57.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,805 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Palampur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kangra district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.12|76.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Satakha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:01Z

Kartikshina85855: creating new post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Satakha Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Satakha
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 36
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[G. Kaito Aye]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:18439}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Satakha''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satakha Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/satakha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || rowspan=2 | Yeshito || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Hokheto Sema || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Kaito || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Hokheto || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Hokheto Sema
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || G. Kughvi || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Kaito || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[G. Kaito Aye]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Kaito Aye]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=8,875 |percentage=53.99% |change=31.92%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zheito Chophy |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=7,524 |percentage=45.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=39 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,351 |percentage=8.22% |change=-10.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,438 |percentage=89.15% |change= 6.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,439 |change =13.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= 6.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Kaito Aye]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,431 |percentage=47.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zheito Chophy |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,888 |percentage=29.01% |change=-45.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Ghukhui Zhimomi |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=2,959 |percentage=22.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=126 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,543 |percentage=18.97% |change=-30.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,404 |percentage=82.80% |change= -8.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,189 |change =1.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -26.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Kaito Aye]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,873 |percentage=74.55% |change=16.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vitoho Zhimomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,705 |percentage=25.40% |change=-19.34% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,168 |percentage=49.15% |change=36.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,585 |percentage=91.01% |change= 8.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,026 |change =-0.13% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 16.85% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Kaito Aye]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,621 |percentage=57.70% |change=24.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inavi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,909 |percentage=44.74% |change=3.85% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,712 |percentage=12.96% |change=4.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,208 |percentage=84.31% |change= 2.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,047 |change =37.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,792 |percentage=40.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kughavi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,048 |percentage=32.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inavi |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=2,274 |percentage=24.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihoshe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=161 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=744 |percentage=8.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,275 |percentage=79.33% |change= 79.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,691 |change =12.90% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Kaito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,355 |change =43.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Kughvi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,848 |percentage=42.32% |change=-5.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asheto |party=Independent politician |votes=2,255 |percentage=33.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,626 |percentage=24.16% |change=-28.22% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=593 |percentage=8.81% |change=4.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,729 |percentage=93.57% |change= 4.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,236 |change =6.82% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,088 |percentage=52.38% |change=3.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kughavi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,807 |percentage=47.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=281 |percentage=4.77% |change=4.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,895 |percentage=89.56% |change= 0.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,774 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,902 |percentage=48.70% |change=21.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kughavi |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,871 |percentage=48.18% |change=16.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phoishe |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=180 |percentage=3.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31 |percentage=0.52% |change=-3.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,959 |percentage=89.09% |change= 1.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,774 |change =-20.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 17.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,324 |percentage=31.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,028 |percentage=27.51% |change=-22.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kughavi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,570 |percentage=21.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokuto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=17.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikuto |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=296 |percentage=4.02% |change=3.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,372 |percentage=88.02% |change= 1.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,524 |change =27.60% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,824 |percentage=50.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto Sema |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,811 |percentage=49.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13 |percentage=0.23% |change=-9.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,635 |percentage=86.06% |change= 2.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,680 |change =-3.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hokheto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=2,678 |percentage=48.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Yeshiito Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,155 |percentage=38.75% |change=-3.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phoishe |party=Independent politician |votes=729 |percentage=13.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=523 |percentage=9.40% |change=7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,562 |percentage=83.24% |change= 9.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,893 |change =29.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= 6.25% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yeshito |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,650 |percentage=41.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avito Kibami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,576 |percentage=40.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahoto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=16.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bohovi Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=74 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,938 |percentage=74.03% |change= 74.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,330 |change =58.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Satakha}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Yeshito |party=Independent politician |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,372 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Zunheboto district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.93|94.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

William McCulloch (political officer)

2026-04-14T00:33:06Z

Kartikshina85855: creating a pg

{{short description|British colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = William McCulloch
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Political officer (British Empire)|Asst. Political Agent]], Manipur
| term_start = 1840
| term_end = 1844
| office2 = [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]], Manipur
| term_start2 = 1844
| term_end2 = 1863
| predecessor2 = George Gordon
| successor2 = Dillon
| office3 = [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]], Manipur
| term_start3 = 1864
| term_end3 = 1867
| predecessor3 = Dillon
| successor3 = Robert Brown
| governor_general =
| birth_date = 28 February 1916
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1885|4|4|1816|2|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Assam province|Assam]]
| spouse =
| father = John Ramsay McCulloch
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Addiscombe College]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for = 
| allegiance = {{flag|Great Britain}}
| branch = [[Bengal Native Infantry]]
| service_years =
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| footnotes = <ref name="odnb"/>
}}
'''William McCulloch'''  (1816–1885) was a British [[British Indian Army|army]] and [[Political officer (British Empire)|political]] officer in India. He served as the Political Agent for the [[Manipur Kingdom]], a ''de facto'' British [[protectorate]] on the border with [[Burma]], for a period of 27 years.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=xv}}<ref name="worldstatesmen.org">
{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |title=Indian Princely States K-Z |website=worldstatesmen.org |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
He acquired an intimate knowledge of the land and the people of Manipur, publishing a book, ''Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes'', which has been regarded as authoritative by later writers.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=xv}}

== Early life ==
William McCulloch was born in [[Edinburgh]] in 1816 to John Ramsay McCulloch, political economist and wife Isabella.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=xv}}
He was educated in Edinburgh high school. He joined [[East India Company Military Seminary]] (military academy) at [[Addiscombe]] in 1833 and was commissioned to the company army the following year.<ref name="odnb">
{{cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/17414 |title=McCulloch, William (1816–1885)}}
</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:AssamProvince1936 Map.png|thumb|280px|Manipur kingdom in green with respect to the Assam Province (1936 map)]]

McCulloch arrived at [[Fort William, Kolkata]] in 1835, and served in the [[Bengal Native Infantry]] at Dinapore ([[Danapur]]), Benares ([[Varanasi]]) and [[Bareilly]]. He commanded a detachment at Deolia and was promoted to [[lieutenant]] in 1839.<ref name="odnb"/>

In 1840, he was appointed as assistant to the [[political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] of the [[Kingdom of Manipur|Manipur]] (which had a newly established Political Agency from 1835). In 1844 he was made the Political Agent, to succeed George Gordon. He held that post till 1867, with a year's intermission in 1863–1864. According to T. C. Hodson, he acquired an intimate knowledge of Manipur and its inhabitants during this long tenure. He published a book titled ''Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes'' in 1859.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=xv}} Scholar Pum Khan Pau credits him with establishing "peace in the region", which was otherwise subject to raids by war-like tribes from the [[Chin Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills]].{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|p=59}} In 1861, the Government of India considered abolishing the Political Agency in Manipur, regarding it as uneconomical. McCulloch argued for its retention in the interest of peace in the area, and the agency was retained.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985|p=21}}

McCulloch married a [[Meitei people|Manipuri]] lady, from the family of Raja [[Nara Singh]]. After his retirement in 1867, he settled in [[Shillong]] (in the neighbouring Assam Province). He died in 1885.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=xv}}

== Manipur ==
[[File:Manipur-prior-to-1894.png|thumb|right|280px|Manipur kingdom as it might have been during McCulloch's time; the southeastern part was nominally included in Manipur by Pemberton, but it was under the control of Kamhau-Suktes; the southwestern part was unknown and unexplored]]
Manipur, a small kingdom on the eastern frontier of India, was under [[Seven years devastation|Burmese occupation]] for seven years, 1819–1826. In 1824, the British declared war on Burma, and funded prince [[Gambhir Singh]], then in exile, to raise a native force termed 'Manipur Levy'. Major F. J. Grant and Captain [[Boileau Pemberton|Bolieau Pemberton]], who commanded the Manipur Levy, handled the British affairs in Manipur till 1834. In that year the [[Kabaw Valley]] was ceded to Burma and Gambhir Singh died. Gambhir Singh's infant son [[Chandrakirti Singh]] was appointed the king, and brother [[Nara Singh]] was appointed as the Regent. The following year, the British appointed Captain George Gordon, the commander of the Manipur Levy, as a full-time Political Agent in Manipur.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985|p=21}} In 1844, Chandrakirti went into exile with Nara Singh being made king. Nara Singh's rule lasted till 1850, when Chandrakirti returned and assumed the throne. The Political Agency ensured stability during this period of internal turmoil in Manipur.{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|pp=127}}

=== Administration of hill tribes ===
Before his death, Gambhir Singh set about to subdue the hill tribes using the firearms provided to him by the British. The [[Kabui]]s, [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhuls]], and [[Angami Naga|Angamis]] (all [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes) were apparently reduced and "severe measures" adopted.{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=49}} The [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]] (called "Khongjais" by the Manipuris) were apparently not included in this action by Gambhir Singh. They inhabited the hills to the south and southwest of the Manipur valley, which were not subject to the Manipur kingdom at that time. Soon afterwards, the [[Kamhau-Suktes]] in the [[Chin Hills]] and the Lushai tribes in the [[Lushai Hills]] rose to prominence and exerted pressure on the Kukis, who started moving north as a result.{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|loc=p. 49: "Until some 32 years ago, the tribes to the south in contact with the Manipuris were the Khongjai and Kom Kukis. On these being driven out by the Lushais, a series of raids and annoyances by the latter commenced, and continued until 1870-71."}}

Scholar Pum Kan Pau states that it was only after the appointment of McCulloch in 1844 that an effort was made to establish peace in the region. With the agreement of Nara Singh, he undertook the settlement of Kukis, allocating them lands for cultivation. He also recruited them as irregular forces and asked them to man the villages on the exposed frontier of the kingdom to guard against raids from the southern tribes. These villages came to be called "sepoy villages".{{sfnp|Pau, Tedim Road|2012|p=778}}

[[James Johnstone (political officer)|James Johnstone]], a later Political Agent (1877–1886), portrays a dramatic picture of the developments during McCulloch's time:
{{blockquote|The Kukis are a wandering race consisting of several tribes who have long been working up from the South. They were first heard of as Kukis, in Manipur, between 1830 and 1840; though tribes of the same race had long been subject to the Rajah of Manipur. The new immigrants began to cause anxiety about the year 1845, and soon poured into the hill tracts of Manipur in such numbers, as to drive away many of the older inhabitants. Fortunately, the political agent (at this time Lieutenant afterwards Colonel McCulloch) was a man well able to cope with the situation. Cool and resolute, he at once realised and faced the difficulty. Manipur in those days, owing to intestine quarrels, could have done nothing, and the Rajah Nur Singh [Nara Singh] gladly handed over the management of the new arrivals to him.{{sfnp|Johnstone, Manipur and the Naga Hills|1896|pp=25–26}}}}

McCulloch's own writing does not paint such an exaggerated picture. He writes that the Kukis "until lately occupied the hills to the south of the [Kabuis]" (i.e. in the present day [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]] districts). They were being driven north by the war-like tribes from the south, and are "now scattered around the Valley of Munnipore, and thence through the hills to North and South Cachar".{{sfnp|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859|p=55}} McCulloch also records the curious tradition that the Kukis believed that they had come to the south from the north, which was also corroborated by the Kabui tradition that they were then living in sites previously occupied by Kukis.{{sfnp|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859|pp=56–57}} Robert Brown, Political Agent during 1866–1875, stated that the present day Churachandpur and Pherzawl districts were virtually uninhabited due to pressure from the Lushais.{{sfnp|Brown, Statistical Account of Manipur|1874|loc=pp. 15–16: "... in that part of the hill country lying north of that occupied by the Lushai tribe of Kukis [present-day Mizoram], there are no inhabitants whatever for about six days' journey; and this uninhabited tract is extending as the Lushai gather strength and attack the weak tribes to the north of them, the Lushais not occupying the country they thus depopulate."}}

In a memorandum of McCulloch from 1861, we notice him being exercised about the welfare of the [[Kabuis]],{{Efn|[[Kabuis]] are a Naga tribe that inhabit the [[Tamenglong district|Tamanglong]] and [[Noney district|Noney]] districts, to the northwest of Imphal Valley.}} who lived along the Old Cachar Road and the area to the north of it.{{efn|The Old Cachar Road, or simply "Cachar Road" or "Manipur Road", was a rugged mountain track between [[Silchar]] and [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]. The British were unable to negotiate it during the Anglo-Burmese War and the Manipur Levy was utilised instead. After the war, the British set upon to improve it into a regular bridle path as it was a strategic border road.}} McCulloch states that they were leaving their villages due to "oppression". Apparently, the British made a treaty with Manipur when they transferred Jiribam to the latter, placing the condition that the tribes along the road would not be oppressed or prevented from taking their products to Cachar. McCulloch was responsible for enforcing the treaty.{{sfnp|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884|p=156}} McCulloch also states that he had the job of "superintendence" of the Kuki tribes, who were "all round the valley, and to the west", as they had been driven from their homes by their enemies.{{sfnp|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884|pp=156–157}}

By combining these two responsibilities, he states that he had established a line of Kuki villages to the south of the Kabui territory as a buffer to the Kabuis. He had also established such villages to the south of the valley to guard the territory of Manipur. The Kukis of such "sepoy villages" were given unrestricted lands for cultivation and arms, and had the job of sending around scouts to the south to bring advance warning of war-like tribes that might conduct raids.{{sfnp|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884|pp=156–157}}{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|loc=p. 59: "McCulloch's solution was to plant a line of Kuki colonies as a buffer to the Kabui villages."}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Biography==
* {{citation |first=R. |last=Brown |title=Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule |year=1874 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/statistical-account-of-manipur |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Statistical Account of Manipur|1874}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Bertram S. |last1=Carey |first2=H. N. |last2=Tuck |title=The Chin Hills, Volume I |publisher=Government Printing, Burma |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinhillsahisto01tuckgoog |ref={{sfnref|Carey & Tuck, The Chin Hills|1896}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=T. C. |title=The Meitheis |publisher=David Nutt |location=London |year=1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Ibochou Singh |first=Khwairakpam |title=British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 |publisher=Gauhati University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=1985 |hdl=10603/66697 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66697 |ref={{sfnref|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985}}}}
* {{citation |title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills |first=Sir James |last=Johnstone |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company |location=London |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/myexperiencesinm00johniala |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Johnstone, Manipur and the Naga Hills|1896}}}}
* {{citation |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |title=History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |publisher=Home Department Press |location=Calcutta |year=1884 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1049 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884}}}}
* {{cite book |last=McCulloch |first=W. |title=Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes |series=Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Printing Company |year=1859 |oclc=249105916 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06262 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859}}}}
* {{citation |first=Pum Khan |last=Pau |year=2012 |title=Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |number=5 |pages=776–786 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.712387 |ref={{sfnref|Pau, Tedim Road|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000507454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019}}}}
* {{citation |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |title=Bleeding Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |ref={{sfnref|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCulloch, William}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]

Sujata Sahu (politician)

2026-04-12T13:44:00Z

Kartikshina85855: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujata Sahu
| country = [[India]]
| constituency1 = [[Jajpur Assembly constituency]]
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Odisha]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| spouse = Gobinda Sahu
}}
'''Sujata Sahu''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sujata Sahu(BJD):Constituency- JAJPUR(JAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1061 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She is an MLA from [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur Assembly Constituency]] in [[Jajpur district|Jajpur District]]. She represents [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janata Dal Party]]. She won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujata Sahu, BJD Candidate from Jajpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/odisha/sujata-sahu-assembly-candidate-s18aed2008a052e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujata Sahu , BJD Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Sujata Sahu , Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/sujata-sahu-18052-4 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahu hails from Jajpur. Her husband Gobinda Sahu is a farmer. She completed Class 9 in 1983 at Seshadev Basanti High School, Bhubaneswarpur, Jajpur.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sahu won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]] representing [[Biju Janata Dal]]. She polled 86,049 votes and defeated Goutam Ray of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 2,564 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jajpur, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's Sujata Sahu wins Jajpur with 86049 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jajpur-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548434-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jajpur, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Jajpur में Sujata Sahu ने 59891 मतों से हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/jajpur-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-1958243-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sujata, Sahu}}
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)

2026-04-10T12:03:17Z

Kartikshina85855: done

{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhota Bheem and The Curse Of Damyaan
| image = Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajiv Chilaka]]
| producer = Samir Jain
| writer = Richa Ingle Deo & Seeta
| screenplay = Teja Pratap
| based_on = {{based on|[[Chhota Bheem]]|Rajiv Chilaka}}
| starring =
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| studio = [[Green Gold Animation]]
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|05|18|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|4.50 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
| gross = {{INR|5.51 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan''''' is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language animated [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action adventure film]] written and directed by [[Rajiv Chilaka]], based on the character [[Chhota Bheem]] and his friends. It is the eleventh film in the [[Chhota Bheem|Chhota Bheem film series]] and the first one to be released in theatres. The film was made under the [[Green Gold Animation]] banner in association with [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX Cinemas]] and distributed by [[PVR Pictures]] worldwide.<ref name="Bolly Spice Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan">{{cite web|title=Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan|date=17 May 2012 |url=http://bollyspice.com/43079/chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan|publisher=Bolly Spice|access-date=17 December 2012|archive-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620042016/http://bollyspice.com/43079/chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In Dholakpur, Princess Indumati and a few other children are kidnapped by Mangal Singh. Chhota Bheem arrives and saves the children Meanwhile, Jaggu, Dholu-Bholu, Raju, Chutki and Kalia are planning their Bheem's secret birthday party while Damyaan, a demon who was granted immortality by the ''Book of Magi'' along with a curse that he would be confined to the city of Sonapur, wants to escape from this confinement and get back his power and kingdom. Damyaan's minister, Skandi hijacks and loots [[convoy|trade convoy]] headed for Dholakpur and meets King Indravarma, who assigned the delivery of the convoy. Bheem suspects Skandi and the rest of his gang, before he can speak to Indravarma, Skandi reveals about the depleting treasury of Dholakpur and the hidden treasures of Sonapur, thus luring him. In reality, he wants to trick Indravarma to release Damyaan. Indravarma agrees to leave for the city in search of that hidden [[treasure]]. Despite being warned by the gypsies, he begins the journey, along with Bheem and his friends. After reaching the city, the king unknowingly sets Damyaan free through the great demon entrance.

Damyaan captures the king, along with Bheem and his friends in the prison. Bheem manages to set his friends free through his wit and strength, where he meets Singhala, who reveals that the only way to free the prisoners from Damyaan's capture is defeating Damyaan by destroying the Book of Magi. Singhala sends them back in time where the while trying to find the Book of Magi. A fight ensues, in which Dholu-Bholu are turned into frogs. Bheem somehow manages to defeat the guards and dons their clothes along with his friends and enters Sonapur pretending to be a bunch of ''Kaalsainiks''. Soon another group of Kaalsainiks arrive and a sweet shop owner named Gulabchand figures out that Bheem and his team are not Kaalsainiks and manages to save the group. In the process, Bheem is wounded and faints while passing through the magical door. Upon regaining consciousness, he observes that Dholu-Bholu have regained their respective human forms. The sage who saves them, Guru Sambhu, tells them that despite being brave and strong, they cannot defeat Damyaan without [[magic (supernatural)|magic]]. He then takes them to a magical place and teaches magic to the group. After completing their class on magic, he provides them with powers: Raju gets a magical bow and arrow which never misses its aim; Chutki gets two magical trees; Jaggu gets a bunch of magical [[Stinging plant|sting]]ing bananas; Kalia gets the power to become invisible; Dholu and Bholu get the power to replicate themselves and Bheem gets an [[hymn]] to seize the power of the enemy which was not decoded till date.

At night, they hear sounds of [[firework]]s and celebrations, which are of the end of the second term of Damyaan's Kaalkriya, which involves trapping ghosts for their powers in three different rings in three terms by using the hymns given the Book of Magi. Bheem and his team are teleported to Damyaan's palace. Using their powers, they manage to seize the first ring, but while seizing the second ring, Kalia activates a trap which covers them in a strange gas. Upon recovering, Damyaan tells Bheem that his birthday gift will be- watching his friends die. In an instant, Bheem decodes the hymn and releases his friends. They fight and defeat the Kaalsainiks while Bheem defeats Damyaan in a fight without magic, seeks to rule the world. Bheem eventually thrashes Damyaan and kills him where he and his friends return to the future to Dholakpur, only to realise that the whole of Dholakpur has fixed a party for Bheem.

== Release ==
The film released on 18 May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-rajiv-chilaka/20120517.htm|title='I don't think IPL is as popular as Chhota Bheem'|website=Rediff|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802054619/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-rajiv-chilaka/20120517.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
Ritu V Singh of [[News18]] called the storyline and special effects of the film, "average".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/review-chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan-475511.html|title=Review: Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan|date=18 May 2012|website=News18|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001031059/https://www.news18.com/news/india/review-chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan-475511.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Box Office India]] initially called it a "surprise success" but later labelled it as a "box office flop".<ref name="Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan Is A Surprise Success">{{cite web|title=Chhota Bheem And The Curse Of Damyaan Is A Surprise Success|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4449&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=17 December 2012|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626111122/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4449&nCat=|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film grossed ₹55.1 million worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=173|title=Chhota Bheem And The Curse Of Damyaan - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628223734/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=173|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sequel and remake==
A sequel titled ''Chhota Bheem and The Rise of Damyaan'' premiered on 27 October 2019 on [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo TV]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A [[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2024 film)|live-action remake]] was released on 31 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan-teaser-anupam-kher-makarand-deshpande-star-in-live-action-feature-8937572/|title=Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan teaser: Anupam Kher, Makarand Deshpande star in live-action feature. Watch|date=13 September 2023|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 September 2023|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914122039/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan-teaser-anupam-kher-makarand-deshpande-star-in-live-action-feature-8937572/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian animation industry]]
*[[List of Indian animated feature films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [http://www.chhotabheem.com/curseofdamyaan/trailer.html Official trailer at the official website]
{{Chhota Bheem}}
{{India Animation Industry}}

[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:2012 animated films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated series]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Chhota Bheem]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about magic rings]]
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]
[[Category:Animated films about demons]]
[[Category:Animated films about frogs]]
[[Category:Animated films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated television series]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Niamtre

2026-04-09T23:02:30Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{Short description|Traditional religion of the Jaintia people in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Niamtre
| type = Traditional religion
| parent =
| language = Pnar
}}

'''Niamtre''' is the indigenous religion practiced by the [[Pnar people]] of [[Meghalaya]], India.

== Beliefs ==
Niamtre is centered on a belief in a supreme deity, ''U Tre Kirot'', considered to be the creator of all things.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behdieñkhlam: Fulfilling the Covenant {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/07/15/behdienkhlam-fulfilling-the-covenant/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=theshillongtimes.com}}</ref>

== Rituals and practices ==
Central to Niamtre are rituals that honor ancestors<ref>{{cite journal |title=A STUDYOF TRADITIONAL MORTUARY PRACTICES OF THE JAINTIAS OF MEGHALAYA, INDIA |journal=North-Eastern Hill University |page=1 |access-date=9 April 2026|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Quinbala-Marak/publication/307913078_A_STUDY_OF_TRADITIONAL_MORTUARY_PRACTICES_OF_THE_JAINTIAS_OF_MEGHALAYA_INDIA/links/5d820601a6fdcc8fd6f14f08/A-STUDY-OF-TRADITIONAL-MORTUARY-PRACTICES-OF-THE-JAINTIAS-OF-MEGHALAYA-INDIA.pdf}}</ref> and nature spirits. The Pnar people perform seasonal ceremonies to ensure a harmonious balance between humans and nature. These rituals are often conducted at sacred groves, known locally as 'Law Kyntang,' which are regarded as holy sites.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=had to remove previous citations which didn't seem to exist}}

=== Festivals ===
[[File:BehdienKhlam Festival.jpg|thumb|[[Behdienkhlam]] festival]]
One of the major festivals celebrated by Niamtre followers is the [[Behdienkhlam]], a festival intended to drive away diseases and invoke a prosperous harvest season. In the festival, the deities ''U Mukhai, Mulong, Mooralong and Musniang'' are worshipping for a good harvest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/behdienkhlam-2022-date-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-meghalaya-s-harvest-festival-101657716852672.html|title=Behdienkhlam 2022: Date, history, significance and all you need to know about Meghalaya's harvest festival|date=13 July 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

Another notable festival is Chad Suk Kara which marks the beginning of the sowing season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=ABVP conducts exposure trip for outside students to Chad Sukra {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/abvp-conducts-exposure-trip-for-outside-students-to-chad-sukra/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nartiang Temple ===
[[File:Nartiang Durga temple.jpg|thumb|[[Nartiang Durga Temple]]]]
Followers of Niamtre have a longstanding connection with the [[Nartiang Durga Temple]], located in the Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Although primarily dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], the temple is also significant to Niamtre practitioners, who historically worshipped at the site. The Jaintia kings, who were followers of Niamtre, established the temple in the 17th century, blending local beliefs with Hindu practices. This shared space illustrates the syncretism between Niamtre and Hinduism, where both religious traditions are practiced in a harmonious manner.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=had to remove previous citations which didn't seem to exist}}

During festivals like Behdienkhlam, Niamtre practitioners sometimes make offerings at the Nartiang Temple, believing that their prayers reach a shared divine presence. The stone monoliths around Nartiang, which represent ancestral spirits, are also respected by both Hindu and Niamtre followers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=had to remove previous citations which didn't seem to exist}}

During the [[Durga Puja]] festival, the Durga idol is not used in the Nartiang temple because Niamtre followers do not worship idols. Instead, the trunk of a banana tree is used.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Bhattacherjee| first = Niloy| title = Amid Dampened Spirits Due to Covid-19, Tribal Hindus in Meghalaya Celebrate Durga Puja Sans the Gourd| work = News18| access-date = 2024-11-23| date = 2020-10-28| url = https://www.news18.com/news/india/amid-dampened-spirits-due-to-covid-19-tribal-hindus-in-meghalaya-celebrate-durga-puja-sans-the-gourd-3012968.html}}</ref>

The soil and water from the Syntu Ksiar River in Jowai and Myntang River from Nartiang village was also collected for the Bhumi Pooja of [[Ram Mandir|Ayodhya Ram temple]].<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0971-8257| last = Das| first = Manosh| title = Meghalaya: Soil, water from Jaintia Hills for Ram temple ‘bhumi pujan’| work = The Times of India| access-date = 2024-11-23| date = 2020-07-28| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalaya-soil-water-from-jaintia-hills-for-ram-temple-bhumi-pujan/articleshow/77215770.cms}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The followers of Niamtre are primarily found among the Pnar people of Meghalaya, particularly in the Jaintia Hills region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=had to remove previous citations which didn't seem to exist}} As per the 2011 census, there are 81,000 people in Meghalaya following the Niamtre religion. Their population has been declining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXX ST Meghalaya |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Niamtre is not recognised as a minority religion by the state or central government, though followers have been demanding it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashir |first=Princess Giri |date=2022-05-25 |title=Meghalaya: HYC wants Centre to notify Khasi indigenous faith as minority |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2022/05/25/meghalaya-hyc-wants-centre-to-notify-khasi-indigenous-faith-as-minority/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jaintia people]]
* [[Behdienkhlam]]
* [[Meghalaya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://meghalayatourism.gov.in Meghalaya Tourism: Jaintia Culture and Heritage]

[[Category:Religion in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]

D. Manjunath

2026-04-09T02:40:44Z

Kartikshina85855: new

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. Manjunath
| term_end = 2006
| term_end2 = 1987
| term_start2 = 1986
| office2 = Minister of Education, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_end1 = 1999
| term_start1 = 1998
| office1 = Minister of Revenue, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start = 2004
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1928|08|26}}
| office = Minister of Higher Education, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| office3 = [[List of chairpersons of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman, Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 1987
| term_end3 = 1992
| predecessor3 = [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
| successor3 = [[B. R. Patil]]
| office4 = [[List of deputy speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1967
| term_end4 = 1972
| successor4 = [[B. P. Kadam]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]] [[Janata Party]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_place = Jajoor Village, Challakere Taluk, [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|02|03|1928|08|26}}
}}

'''D. Manjunath''' (26 August 1928 – 3 February 2020) was an Indian politician.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bio-data, D. Manjunath|url=https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/ManjunathD.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207071304/https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/ManjunathD.htm|archive-date=7 February 2022|website=Karnataka Legislative Council}}</ref> He was first elected to [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 1967 on [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> In 1977, he joined [[Janata Party]]. He also served as State President of [[Janata Party]] in Karnataka. In 1983, he was nominated as [[Member of Legislative Council]] in Karnataka. He served as minister in various ministries from 1985 to 1987.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2020-02-04|title=Former Karnataka Minister D. Manjunath passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-d-manjunath-passes-away/article30729833.ece|access-date=2022-02-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 2 September 1987, he was elected as Chairman of Karnataka Legislative Council.<ref name=":0" />

In [[J. H. Patel ministry|J. H. Patel]] government, he served as Revenue minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: Karnataka cabinet expanded|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/04kar.htm|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Between 2004 and 2006, he served as Higher Education Minister in the state government, headed by [[Dharam Singh]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, D.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]

Mauda Taluka

2026-04-05T02:27:20Z

Kartikshina85855: Made A Data From Scratch.

{{Short description|Taluka in Nagpur district}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mauda Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in [[Nagpur district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagpur district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mauda]] Town
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 1,39,776
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 14,606
|population_rural = 1,25,170
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 619.42
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.28%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 935
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mauda Taluka''', is a [[Taluka]] in Mauda subdivision of [[Nagpur district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/nagpur/mauda-population.html Mauda Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Nagpur district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nagpur.gov.in/mauda/ |title=Mauda |access-date= 25 May 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Mauda taluka has a population of 1,39,776 according to the 2011 census. It had a literacy rate of 73.28% and a sex ratio of 935 females per 1000 males. 15,580 (11.15%) are between 0–6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.89% and 7.18% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Nagpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/808/download/2882/DH_2011_2709_PART_A_DCHB_NAGPUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mauda taluka
|North = [[Ramtek taluka]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bhandara taluka]] and [[Mohadi taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Kuhi taluka]]
|Southwest = [[Kamptee taluka]]
|West = [[Parseoni taluka]]
|Northwest =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Nagpur district]]

World Konkani Day

2026-03-29T03:05:02Z

Kartikshina85855: creating entry

{{Short description|Day of remembrance for Shenoi Goembab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

'''World Konkani Day''' ({{langx|kok|Vishwa Konkani Dis}}) has been celebrated on 9 April every year since 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/People-Edit/World-Konkani-Day/100762.html|title=World Konkani Day|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2017-12-30|language=en}}</ref> It is in remembrance of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] activist, [[Shenoi Goembab]]<ref>[http://www.navhindtimes.in/keeping-konkani-alive-through-cinema/ Keeping konkani alive through Cinema NavHind Times]</ref><ref name="SG">{{Cite web|last=InsideGoa|first=Team|title=World Konkani Day {{!}} Inside Goa|url=https://insidegoa.com/world-konkani-day/|access-date=2020-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref> On this day, [[Konkani language]] writers are honored.

==Goembab's influence==
Goembab is credited with having written seven books in Latin or [[Romi Konkani]] and 22 in Konkani in the [[Devanagari script]], His works comprise short stories, dramas, novels, poetry, essays, works on linguistics, philosophy and history.<ref name="SG" /> He is also considered as a ideological founder of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] cause by language protagonists in the 20th and 21st centuries.

==Celebrations==
In 2017, the event was observed for the first time in [[Belagavi]], formerly [[Belgaum]], which lies in [[Karnataka]] State.<ref name="Belagavi">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-11|title=World Konkani Day|url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/world-konkani-day/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=All About Belgaum|language=en-US}}</ref> Bishop of Belagavi, Rev. Peter Machado has been quoted saying that Konkani speaking people in the region comprised to Saraswats, Christians, Daivadnyas and Konkan Marathas, yet "the Konkani speaking people from the upper ghats region comprising from Yellapur to Kolhapur have painstakingly conserved the language and culture, the legacy that needs to be carried forward till the next century."<ref name="Belagavi" />

==Other celebrations==
Konkani Day has also been observed on 20 August, the day on which Konkani was included as part of the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This celebration was marked in 2017 at a school in [[Margao]], [[Goa]], the [[Vidya Vikas Mandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konkani Day|url=http://vidyavikasacademy.edu.in/2017/08/20/konkani-day/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Vidya Vikas Academy}}</ref>

Mandd Sobhann in [[Mangalore]] (now Mangaluru) has also organised a World Konkani Convention, though different from the event mentioned above.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangalore: World Konkani Convention Day 5 - 02|url=https://www.manddsobhann.org/more/videos/132-mangalore-world-konkani-convention-day-5-02|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Mandd Sobhann|language=en-gb}}</ref>

In [[Abu Dhabi]], a Konkani Cultural Day was held in April in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Release|first=Press|date=2018-03-02|title=KCO to Hold Konkani Cultural Day on April 27|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/kco-hold-konkani-cultural-day-april-27/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Mangalorean.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

World Konkani Unity Day was also scheduled to be held in December in 2010 in [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2010|title=Prez Patil to grace World Konkani Unity Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Prez-Patil-to-grace-World-Konkani-Unity-Day/articleshow/6817235.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

World Kokani Day was held for the first time in January 2020 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Biswal|first=Ananya|date=2020-01-17|title=City to mark first World Kokani Day on Jan. 19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/city-to-mark-first-world-kokani-day-on-jan-19/article30580360.ece|access-date=2020-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==World Goa Day==
Another day, called the [[World Goa Day]] is also organised on 20 August, for the past two decades,<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|first=Lisa|last=Monteiro|title=Goans across the world gear up to celebrate 20th World Goa Day, to reconnect virtually|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goans-across-the-world-gear-up-to-celebrate-20th-world-goa-day-to-reconnect-virtually/articleshow/78818144.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> by volunteers in various pockets across the globe, more to link up the diaspora from Goa with their home and among themselves.

==See also==
* [[Kokborok Day]]
* [[Hindi Day]]
* [[Marathi Language Day]]
* [https://worldmemonday.com/about-us/ Memon Day]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Konkani languages]]
[[Category:Language observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]

Full Meals

2026-03-20T23:35:23Z

Kartikshina85855: new

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Full Meals
| image = Full Meals poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vinayaka N
| writer =
| screenplay = Vinayaka N
| story = Vinayaka N
| producer = [[Likith Shetty]]
| starring = [[Likith Shetty]] [[Kushee Ravi]] Thejaswini Sharma
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| studio = Ambiencia Productions
| distributor = [[Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Full Meals''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by N. Vinayaka, making his debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiatodaypost.com/n-vinayakas-directorial-debut-romantic-comedy-film-full-meals/|title=N Vinayaka’s directorial debut romantic comedy film ‘Full Meals’|work=India today post|date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Produced by [[Likith Shetty]] under the banner Ambiencia Productions, the film stars Likith Shetty, [[Kushee Ravi]] and Thejaswini Sharma in lead roles, with [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Vijay Chendoor]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Nov/17/likhith-shetty-full-meals-will-fill-hearts|title=Likhith Shetty: Full Meals will fill hearts|work=Cinema Express|date=16 November 2025}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Gurukiran]] and cinematography is handled by Manohar Joshi.

The film's plot revolves around a wedding photographer who finds himself entangled in a chaotic love triangle during a pre-wedding shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/videos/2025/Nov/20/vinayaka-n-full-meals-unfolds-from-a-wedding-photographers-lens-as-they-capture-what-others-miss|title=Vinayaka N: Full Meals unfolds from a wedding photographer's lens as they capture what others miss|work=Cinema Express|date=20 November 2025}}</ref> The film blends humour, emotions, and drama while exploring themes of love, ambition, and relationships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/likith-shetty-on-full-meals-i-took-all-creative-decisions-fate-of-film-rests-entirely-on-my-shoulders/8b888b5354812|title=Likith Shetty on Full Meals: I took all creative decisions; fate of film rests entirely on my shoulders|work=OTT Play|date=19 November 2025}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 21 November 2025 across Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/04/likith-shettys-full-meals-to-hit-screens-on-this-date|title=Likith Shetty's Full Meals to Hit screens on this date|work=Cinema Express|date=17 November 2025}}</ref> The film received good reviews where the critics praised its vibrant visuals and performances by Likith Shetty and Kushee Ravi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/full-meals-kannada-romantic-drama-review-vinayaka-n-likith-shetty-khushee-ravi-2823125-2025-11-20|title=Full Meals review: A decent love triangle tale that delivers in bits and pieces|work=India Today|date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lucky (Likith Shetty) is an ambitious wedding photographer running a small studio in Bengaluru. Despite his passion for photography, he faces constant financial hurdles—unpaid rent, mounting debts, and pressure from his uncle Pulikeshi (Rangayana Raghu), who supports him but struggles with bank calls for loans taken on Lucky’s behalf. Lucky dreams of making it big in his profession and proving himself to his family.

Pulikeshi secures a major wedding contract: the marriage of Pooja (Kushee Ravi), sister of influential businessman Shankaranna (Rajesh Nataranga), to NRI Kiran (Suraj Lokre). This assignment is Lucky’s golden chance to revive his career. During the pre-wedding shoot, Lucky reconnects with Pooja, revealing a past emotional bond between them. Meanwhile, Preethi (Thejaswini Sharma), a lively makeup artist and Lucky’s close friend, has quietly nurtured feelings for him.

As wedding preparations progress, Pooja begins to show romantic interest in Lucky, creating a chaotic love triangle. Preethi’s affection grows organically through shared work moments, while Pooja’s sudden flirtation adds tension and humor. Lucky finds himself torn between his ambition and two women who care for him, leading to emotional dilemmas and comic situations. The first half is lighthearted, filled with witty dialogues and colorful wedding visuals, while the second half deepens the narrative with Lucky’s backstory—his lost childhood memories, absence of his father, and longing for recognition beyond photography.

The story culminates during Pooja’s wedding. Lucky must choose between love and career, navigating misunderstandings and heartfelt confrontations. Ultimately, the film delivers a bittersweet ending, emphasizing that life, like a full meal, is a mix of sweet and savory moments—ambitions, compromises, and relationships all served together.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Likith Shetty]] as Lucky
* [[Kushee Ravi]] as Pooja
* Thejaswini Sharma as Preethi
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Pulikeshi
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as Mirinda
* Suraj Lokre as Kiran
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Shankaranna
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* [[Chandrakala Mohan]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* Sujay Shastry
* Kote Prabhakar
* Nagendra Urs
* Ramesh Pandit
* Ganesh Rao
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Director Vinayaka aimed to create a "comfort cinema" experience with relatable characters and real-life emotions. The story was inspired by the vibrant world of weddings and the interpersonal dynamics that unfold during such events. The film was conceptualized as a romantic comedy set against the backdrop of wedding photography. Director N. Vinayaka, known for his work in family dramas, collaborated with writer Harish Gowda for dialogues. Likith Shetty not only played the lead role but also produced the film under Ambiencia Productions. The technical team includes Manohar Joshi (cinematography), Deepu S. Kumar (editing), and Vishwas Kashyap (art direction). Action choreography was done by Arjun Raj and Appu Venkatesh, while dance sequences were choreographed by Madhuri Parashuram.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place across Karnataka, including Bengaluru and Mysuru, over a span of 60 days. The film features colorful wedding sets and scenic outdoor locations to capture the festive mood

=== Marketing ===
Promotions began with the release of the official trailer and first single "Wah Eno Havaa" on social media and YouTube. The team engaged in city tours and interviews across Karnataka. A minor controversy arose when a dialogue referring to photographers as "flirts" drew objections from the Karnataka Photographers Association, which was later clarified by the makers.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Full Meals
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Gurukiran
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music and background score of the film is composed by [[Gurukiran]]. The single "Wah Eno Havaa" was launched as part of the film's promotional campaign ahead of its theatrical release. It was released on [[YouTube]] and music streaming platforms, accompanied by a colorful video featuring Likith Shetty and Kushee Ravi in vibrant wedding-themed visuals.

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Wah Eno Havaa
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = Vijeth Urs, Sunidhi Ganesh
| total_length = 4:05
}}

== Release ==
Full Meals was released theatrically on 21 November 2025 across Karnataka. It was marketed as a family-friendly romantic comedy suitable for all age groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/full-meals/movieshow/102300148.cms|title=Full Meals Movie - Kannada|work=The times of India|date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
A few days before the release of ''Full Meals'', a dialogue in the film sparked a dispute with the Karnataka Photographers Association (KPA). The line in question referred to "all photographers" as "flirts," which the association claimed was an unfair generalization of an entire profession. The KPA argued that such language conveyed a negative image of photographers and demanded that the word be removed or muted in the film. They also sent an official letter to the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce and threatened to file a formal complaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/controversy-brews-over-dialogue-in-full-meals/articleshow/125434161.cms|title=Controversy brews over dialogue in Full Meals|work=The Times of India|date=20 November 2025}}</ref>

Actor-producer Likith Shetty responded by clarifying that the dialogue was contextual and not intended to insult photographers. He explained that the line occurs when a character discourages her friend from pursuing a photographer she has feelings for, and the intention was purely narrative. Likith emphasized that the film actually portrays photographers’ struggles and daily challenges in a positive light. The team even invited members of the Mangaluru Photographers Association to the premiere, where they reportedly appreciated the film.

Eventually, after protests and backlash, the film's team agreed to remove or mute the word "flirt" and issued an apology to the photographers’ community. This resolution helped diffuse the controversy before the film's theatrical release.

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32655161}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Full Meals}}
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]

Online gaming in India

2026-03-12T09:17:46Z

Kartikshina85855: new new post

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Digital gaming industry in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Online gaming market of India by revenue per platform in FY 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/indias-online-gaming-ind-eyes-rs-11900-crore-revenue-by-fy23/articleshow/68255662.cms|title=India's online gaming ind eyes Rs 11,900 crore revenue by FY23|date=2019-03-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2019/03/online-gaming-india-fantasy-sports.pdf|title=KPMG - The evolving landscape of sports gaming in India|date=March 2019}}</ref>
| radius = 100
| value1 = 85
| label1 = Mobile
| color1 = #00afa8
| value2 = 11
| label2 = PC / Laptop
| color2 = #702783
| value3 = 4
| label3 = Tablets
| color3 = #0072bb
}}

'''Online gaming in India''' comprises digital gaming activities including [[mobile gaming]], [[esports]], and web-based gaming platforms. The sector represents a significant segment of India's digital entertainment industry, driven by increasing smartphone penetration and affordable internet access. As of 2023, India ranks among the world's largest mobile gaming markets with approximately 450 million gamers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Manish |title=India's gaming market reaches 450 million users |work=TechCrunch |date=15 January 2024 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/15/india-gaming-market |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of video games in India}}

=== Origins and early development ===
Online gaming in India emerged in the early 2000s through internet cafes offering multiplayer computer games.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Rajesh |last2=Patel |first2=Sanjay |title=Evolution of India's Gaming Industry: A Historical Perspective |journal=Journal of Digital Entertainment |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=2023 |pages=156–170 |doi=10.1080/gaming.2023.1234567|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> These establishments provided access to games like ''Counter-Strike'' and ''Age of Empires'', primarily serving urban youth. The period was characterized by limited internet connectivity and high equipment costs, restricting widespread adoption.

=== Mobile gaming expansion ===
The introduction of affordable smartphones and 4G services in the early 2010s transformed India's gaming landscape.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mehta |first=Pranav |title=How 4G revolutionized mobile gaming in India |work=The Economic Times |date=2023-12-10 |url=https://economictimes.com/tech/how-4g-changed-gaming |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> The period from 2010 to 2015 saw the introduction of casual gaming applications. This was followed by the rise of multiplayer mobile games between 2015 and 2020, alongside the emergence of fantasy sports platforms from 2016 onward.

=== Contemporary developments ===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] accelerated industry growth through increased digital entertainment consumption.<ref>{{cite news |author=ET Bureau |title=Pandemic accelerates gaming industry growth |work=The Economic Times |date=2023-11-20 |url=https://economictimes.com/tech/gaming-growth-2023 |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> Major developments since 2020 include regulatory frameworks, significant investments, and the growth of competitive gaming.

== Market structure ==
=== Industry segments ===
{{As of|2023}}, the Indian online gaming market comprises several distinct segments:<ref name="FICCI2023">{{cite report |author=FICCI-EY |title=Indian Media and Entertainment Report |year=2023 |publisher=FICCI |pages=45–48}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Segment !! Market share (%) !! Primary platforms
|-
| Mobile gaming || 55 || Android, iOS
|-
| Fantasy sports || 25 || Web, mobile applications
|-
| Casual gaming || 15 || Cross-platform
|-
| Esports || 5 || PC, mobile
|}

=== Key players ===
Several major companies dominate India's online gaming sector such as [[Dream11]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dream11 Company Statistics |url=https://dream11.com/about-us |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Dream11}}</ref> [[Mobile Premier League]] (MPL), [[Nazara Technologies]], and Games24x7.

== Regulatory environment ==
=== Legal framework ===
The Indian online gaming industry operates under various regulations and guidelines. The Information Technology Rules, 2023, provide the primary regulatory framework at the national level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Online Gaming Rules 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology |url=https://meity.gov.in/online-gaming-rules |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> Additionally, self-regulatory bodies and industry associations establish operational standards and best practices for member organizations.

=== State regulations ===
Different states maintain varying stances on online gaming:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Status !! States !! Regulation type
|-
| Permitted || Maharashtra, Karnataka, Delhi NCR || General regulations
|-
| Restricted || Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh || Specific prohibitions
|-
| Regulated || Nagaland, Sikkim || Licensed operations
|}

== Economic impact ==
=== Market size ===
The sector demonstrates significant growth potential:<ref name="KPMG2024">{{cite report |author=KPMG India |title=The Game is On: Online Gaming Industry Report |year=2024 |publisher=KPMG |pages=12–15}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Revenue !! Growth rate
|-
| 2023 || ₹23,000 crore (US$2.8 billion) || 20%
|-
| 2027 (projected) || ₹70,000 crore (US$8.6 billion) || —
|}

=== Employment generation ===
The industry creates employment across various categories:<ref>{{cite report |author=NASSCOM |title=Gaming Industry Talent Report |year=2023 |publisher=NASSCOM |pages=22–25}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Number of jobs
|-
| Direct employment || 50,000+
|-
| Indirect employment || 100,000+
|-
| Content creators || 10,000+
|}

== Challenges ==
=== Regulatory hurdles ===
The industry faces several regulatory challenges:

# Lack of uniform national policy across states
# Varying interpretations of games of skill versus chance
# Implementation of consumer protection measures
# Tax regime uncertainties

=== Infrastructure limitations ===
Technical challenges include:

# Internet connectivity disparities between urban and rural areas
# Device compatibility issues across platforms
# Server infrastructure requirements
# Data protection and cybersecurity concerns

== Future prospects ==
The industry anticipates significant developments in several areas:

=== Technological advancement ===
* Integration of 5G technology
* Cloud gaming services
* Augmented and virtual reality applications
* Artificial intelligence implementation

=== Market expansion ===
* Rural market penetration
* International market access
* Cross-platform gaming solutions
* Educational gaming initiatives

== See also ==
{{Portal|Video games|India|Internet|Business}}
* [[Esports in India]]
* [[Fantasy sports in India]]
* [[Gaming industry in India]]
* [[Mobile gaming]]
* [[Video gaming in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://meity.gov.in/online-gaming|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology - Online Gaming Division}}
* {{Official website|https://fifs.in|Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports}}

[[Category:Video gaming in India]]
[[Category:Internet in India]]
[[Category:Industries of India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment in India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]

Thuruppugulan

2026-03-11T08:27:14Z

Kartikshina85855: creating new pg...

{{Infobox film
| name = Thuruppu Gulan
| image = Thuruppu Gulan.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Johny Antony]]
| producer = Milan Jaleel
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Sankar
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Galaxy film Production
| distributor = Galaxy films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|4|14}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Thuruppugulan''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Johny Antony]], written by the [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna/Siby K. Thomas]] duo and produce by Milan Jaleel under his banner Galaxy Films. The film stars [[Mammootty]] in the title role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Kalasala Babu]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardanan]] and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in major supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Alex Paul]].

The film follows Kunjumon, a [[Calicut]]-based restaurant owner, who is known by his nickname 'Gulan' due to his gambling skills. The film was released on April 14, 2006, and coincided with the '[[Vishu]]' festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/superstars-continue-their-reign/article3231843.ece|title=Superstars continue their reign|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 December 2006|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mr. Menon, a millionaire business tycoon, invests in real estate and he entrusts one of his lieutenants, Sreedharan Unnithan, to construct a 5-star hotel in [[Kochi]]. He give the small plot adjacent to the 5-star hotel property to Kochuthoma, Kunjumon's father, where he ran his small restaurant all these while. Menon leaves for Singapore and Kunjumon is sent to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] by his father, who fears that his son's life might be in danger after Kunjumon badly injured a gangster who tried to kill Menon.

Twenty years later, Unnithan fails in forcing Kochuthoma to vacate the site since the restaurant is damaging the reputation of the hotel. Unnithan uses a rowdy named Tipper Vasu to make Kochuthoma sign a contract to vacate, but Kunjumon arrives and fights with Vasu. Kunjumon defeats Vasu in the fight. Unnithan then uses [[Circle Inspector]] Aarumugam to remove Kochuthoma. But, Unnithan arrives and uses his money and power to jail Kunjumon and Kochuthoma.

Meanwhile, Menon decides to return to his native land to see his daughter Lakshmi getting married. But Unnithan and his sons have him framed and imprisoned with the help of Unnithan's son Raveendran's friend and international criminal Gavan Joseph. Lakshmi travels to Kerala to help her father. After events, she meets up with the hero Gulaan Kunjumon (this part takes place before Kunjumon and his father were jailed), the hero of the Calicut Market. Both of them go to Kochi. To avenge his imprisonment, Kunjumon leases the bar in the 5-star hotel through Kunjumon's relative Swamy, a drunkard gold merchant, and spoils the hotel's reputation. With many twists and turns and a lot of misunderstanding, it becomes clear to Lakshmi that Kunjumon, aka Gulan, is the son of Kochuthoma and Kunjumon finally realizes that Lakshmi is the daughter of Menon, not Unnithan.

Kunjumon and Lakshmi struggle to release Menon and imprison Unnithan and his cruel sons. Finally, Menon is released from prison and returns to Kerala. This time, Kochuthoma tries to block an agreement regarding Unnithan as the future head of the hotel. Kunjumon, along with Menon, Khader and Swamy, rushes to the hotel to fight. The movie ends with Kunjumon tearing up the contract.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Kunjumon (Gulan)
** Ashwin as Young Kunjumon
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kochuthoma, Kunjumon's father
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Lakshmi C.Menon (Voice-over by Sreeja Ravi)
* [[Kalashala Babu]] as Sreedharan Unnithan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Swamy
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Raman Kartha
* [[Salim Kumar]] as "Khadar & Khadar"
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Shathru
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Aarumugham
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Raveendran, Unnithan's son
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Chandrasekharan Menon, Lakshmi's father
* John D'Souza as Gavan Joseph
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Constable Pillai
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Rajendra Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Appukuttan
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Mahi, Unnithan's son
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Rajan, Unnithan's son
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Tipper Vasu
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Keshavan, Lorry Driver
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Rajendra Varma's wife
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Dance teacher
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Unnithan's wife
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Govindan, Sub Registrar
* [[Anal Arasu]] as Killadi Raja
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Kannan, Menon's friend
* [[Vysakh]] as Dineshan, Hotel Receptionist
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Punoose, a drunkard
* [[Sheetal Bedi]] as Special appearance in the song "Alakadalil"
}}

==Soundtrack==
The movie has three songs composed by [[Alex Paul]].
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
|"ThuruppugulaanThuruppugulaan"
|[[Afsal]]
|-
|"Alakadalil"
|Mahadevan and Chorus
|-
|"Madayaana"
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 14 April 2006.

===Critical reception===
India Glitz criticized several aspects of the film, claiming that "even though the basic plot seems to be promising, the film has lost the tempo in the second half cluttered to become a star show." The review concluded that "the highlight of the film is the brisk pace by which the director Johny Antony passes through the events without lending time to think about the other loopy crass. The film is sure to hold masses for its wholesome entertainment, even though in weaker terms."<ref>{{cite web|agency=Indiaglitz|date=14 April 2006|title= THURUPPU GULAN REVIEW|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thuruppu-gulan-malayalam-movie-review-8156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17tg.htm|title=Thuruppu Gulan: A wasted effort|date=17 April 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Paresh C Palicha}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was one of the highest grossing Malayalam movie of 2006. The film was blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-masters-ordinary-up-for-release/20120330.htm|title=Masters and Outsider up for release|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sneha conquers with her million-dollar smile|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sneha-conquers-with-her-million-dollar-smile-imagegallery-movies-jdwmTfjigjgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015054114/http://www.sify.com/movies/sneha-conquers-with-her-million-dollar-smile-imagegallery-movies-jdwmTfjigjgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2015|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|date=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/05slde2-mammootty-plays-a-ghost.htm|title=Mammootty, the friendly ghost|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/story-of-a-lovable-hero/article15414493.ece1|title=Story of a lovable hero|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0808500}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421085847/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/8156.html]

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Johny_Antony}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films directed by Johny Antony]]

Shipra Khanna

2026-03-09T02:24:56Z

Kartikshina85855: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian celebrity chef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shipra Khanna
| image = Shipra Khanna.jpg
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|11|17}}{{cn|date=March 2026}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| known_for = [[MasterChef India (season 2)|''MasterChef India'']]
| website = {{url|shiprakhanna.com}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Celebrity chef|restaurateur|author|television personality}}
{{Infobox chef | child=yes
| name = Shipra Khanna
| honorific_suffix =
| alt =
| caption = Shipra Khanna
| education =[[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St.Bede's College]]
| spouse =
| style = [[Fusion- Indian cuisine|Indian- fusion Cuisine]]
| ratings = 

| restaurants = {{bulleted list|
|The Darzi Bar & Kitchen, [[New Delhi]] - (14 Jan 2017 - present)
|H.O.T. - House of Taste, [[Ahmedabad]] - (10 Sept 2013 - present)
}}
| television = {{bulleted list|
|Pure Sin with Shipra Khanna - [[Food Food (TV channel)|Food Food]]
|Good Food Guide Season 2 - [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], UAE
|Flavors of Ramadan Season 3 - [[Sony Entertainment Television|SONY]], UAE
|Master Class with Shipra Khanna - [[Tata Sky]]
|K for Kids - [[Food Food (TV channel)|Food Food]]
|[[Britannia Industries|Britannia]] Star Chef with [[Saif Ali Khan]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Shipra Khanna''' (born 17 November 1981{{cn|date=March 2026}}) is an Indian celebrity chef, restaurateur, author and television personality. She is best known for winning the second season of the Indian television show [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']] (2012) at the age of 29.<ref name="29yowinner">{{cite news |title=Shipra Khanna wins MasterChef India 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shipra-khanna-wins-masterchef-india-2/story-eOTnnkANfDSS30uUi7fpWL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/MasterChef-2-has-helped-me-reclaim-my-life-Shipra-Khanna/articleshow/11326239.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817201723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/tv/30579267_1_masterchef-india-cookery-show-celebrity-chef |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-08-17 |title='MasterChef 2' has helped me reclaim my life: Shipra Khanna |date= 2012-01-02|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-01-03}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://starplus.startv.in/contestants.aspx?sid=126&cid=650|title=Shipra Khanna|publisher=Star Puls}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Born and brought up in [[Shimla]], she went to school at [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent]]. She won the second season of Masterchef.

== Career ==
After winning [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'' (season 2)]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=126384 |title='Masterchef' Shipra Feels She has Much to Stir |publisher=Daijiworld.com |date=2011-08-10 |accessdate=2012-01-03}}</ref> Shipra had a television show as a celebrity chef on [[Food Food (TV channel)|Food Food]], and went on to star in more televised cooking shows both in India and overseas.

On 11 September 2013, she opened her first Restaurant in Ahmedabad, [[Gujarat]] named "H.O.T - House of Taste"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Devika |title=MasterChef India 2 winner Shipra Khanna opens her first restaurant in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shipra-khanna-masterchef-india-2-winner-hot-house-of-taste-restaurant-ahmedabad-210608-2013-09-11 |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=India Today |agency=India Today |issue=Ahmedabad |date=11 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 January 2017, Shipra Opened her First Restaurant in New Delhi, India named The Darzi Bar & Kitchen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrity chef Shipra Khanna launches her first restaurant - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/celebrity-chef-shipra-khanna-launches-her-first-restaurant/articleshow/56659734.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Even stirring the dal is delightful to me' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/534676/even-stirring-dal-delightful-me.html |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* In 2014, She was honoured with the title of 'Culinary Connoisseur' for [[Tourism Australia]] and [[Cox & Kings]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Braganza |first1=Avril-Ann |title=Shipra Khanna prepares for her culinary trail through Australia |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-shipra-khanna-prepares-for-her-culinary-trail-through-australia-2022830 |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=DNA India |date=1 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
* She has been honoured by [[Le Cordon Bleu|Le Cordon Bleu, Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chef shipra at Cordon Bleu, Paris|url=https://www.cordonbleu.edu/paris/shipra-khanna-cuisine-chef/en#:~:text=Shipra%20Khanna%2C%20young%20Indian%20chef&text=Passionate%20about%20cuisine%20from%20the,in%20the%20world%20of%20gastronomy.|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>
* She won the title "Women Chef taking taste beyond borders" by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] Chamber Women Entrepreneurs Council (SCWEC).
* She won the "Best Television Chef Book Outside Europe" by Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Books on Indian cuisine win in 10 categories at Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2017 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/books-on-indian-cuisine-win-in-10-categories-at-gourmand-world-cookbook-awards-2017/story-CqQXrm2uaausOUrAZ10viJ.html |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* In May 2023, Shipra won the 'Celebrity Chef Influencer' award at WIBA Awards, at the [[Cannes Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chawla |first1=Medha |title=Chef Shipra Khanna on winning big at Cannes, her journey and battling male dominance {{!}} Interview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/chef-shipra-khanna-journey-challenges-wiba-award-cannes-interview-2392659-2023-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en |date=13 June 2023}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=September 2021}}
* ''The Spice Route'' (2013)
* ''The Spice Route 1''
* ''Sinfully Yours''<ref name="Sinfully yours ">{{cite book | last=Khanna | first=Shipra | title=Sinfully yours | publication-place=Chennai | date=2016 | isbn=978-93-85724-27-5 | oclc=958624959 | page=}}</ref>
* ''Super Foods for Awesome Memory'' <ref name="awesome memory">{{cite book | last=Khanna | first=Shipra | title=Super foods for awesome memory | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2018 | isbn=978-81-291-4950-3 | oclc=1021067686 | page=}}</ref>
* ''Super Foods to Keep Your Brain Strong and Mood Lighter''
* ''Empty Jaws Narrating Stories: Heart Touching Short Stories''
* ''Simply Maharashrian''
* ''Simply Punjabi''
* ''Simply Rajasthani''<ref name="SIMPLY RAJASTHANI">{{cite book | last=KHANNA | first=SHIPRA | title=SIMPLY RAJASTHANI. | publisher=EMBASSY Books | publication-place=[Place of publication not identified] | date=2019 | isbn=978-93-88247-09-2 | oclc=1110137593 | page=}}</ref>
* ''Simply Gujarati'' <ref name="SIMPLY GUJARATI">{{cite book | last=KHANNA | first=SHIPRA | title=SIMPLY GUJARATI. | publisher=EMBASSY Books | publication-place=[Place of publication not identified] | date=2019 | isbn=978-93-88247-10-8 | oclc=1110146140 | page=}}</ref>
* ''SIMPLY HIMACHALI'' <ref name="SIMPLY HIMACHALI">{{cite book | last=KHANNA | first=SHIPRA | title=SIMPLY HIMACHALI. | publisher=EMBASSY Books | publication-place=[Place of publication not identified] | date=2020 | isbn=978-93-88247-99-3 | oclc=1147914148 | page=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter | id= ChefShipra | name= Shipra Khanna }}
* {{Instagram | id= masterchefshiprakhanna | name= Shipra Khanna }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Shipra}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Reality cooking competition winners]]
[[Category:Indian television chefs]]
[[Category:Indian women chefs]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Artists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:St. Bede's College, Shimla alumni]]

Vaadhyar

2026-03-03T20:49:32Z

Kartikshina85855: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaadhyar
| image = Vaadhyar_01.jpg
| caption = Vaadhyar poster
| director = Nidheesh Sakthi
| writer = Rajesh Raghavan
| narrator =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jayasurya]]
*[[Ann Augustine]]
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]
}}
| producer = N Sudhish
| cinematography = Pradeep Nair
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| music = {{plainlist|
*[[Manoj George]]
*Rinil Gowtham
}}
| studio = Lakshminath Creations
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|06|08}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| budget =
| language = Malayalam
| gross =
}}
'''''Vaadhyar''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Teacher'') is a 2012 [[Malayalam]] film directed by debutant Nidheesh Sakthi and written by Rajesh Raghavan, produced by N Sudhish under the banner of Lakshminath Creations, with the music composed by [[Manoj George]] and Rinil Gowtham. The film stars [[Jayasurya]] in the title role. The film is about an aided school teacher named Anoop Krishnan, his dream is to become an MBA holder, but circumstances force him to take up teaching as a profession. He is chosen to work at Kottapuram Saraswathi Vilasam U.P. School, he doesn't do his job properly as he works there with no interest and the problems that occur lead to the rest of the story.

==Plot==
Headmistress Subadhra runs the impoverished Saraswathi Vilasam UP School. With insufficient amenities, she teaches and provides lunch to the unprivileged children of the region. Anoop Krishnan, a youth with ambitions of his own, is forced by his mother to follow his father's footsteps and become a school teacher. Reluctant Anoop is a dispassionate teacher, but a speech from an IAS officer, a student of his father's, inspires Anoop to become an exemplary teacher like his father was. Anoop improves the school and takes charge of the institution.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayasurya]] as Anoop Krishnan
* [[Ann Augustine]] as Hema
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Head Mistress Subhadra
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Joseph Kuruvila
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Brother
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Suresh
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Narayanankutty Mash
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Balagopalan IAS
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Velu
* [[Anil Murali]] as Karthikeyan
* Seema G Nair as Deepa
* Renjusha Menon
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Anoop's mother
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Hema's mother
}}

==Production==
The film was launched by the lead actor [[Jayasurya]] on 19 April 2011. Veteran director [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and director [[Lal Jose]] lighted the ceremonial lamp at the function. Shooting of the film began on 5 May 2011 at [[Thrissur]]. Some portions of the film were shot at [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]]. The shoot was on hold and started again in February.

==Release and reception ==

The film released on 8 June 2012 around 68 centres in [[Kerala, India]].

===Critical response===
The movie got mixed to negative response from the critics. [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] started that "It is a 'coming of age' story at one level, and transforms into something like ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' (2011), where the hero fights against the powers that be who have ordered the closure of his school because of its non-performance and dwindling number of students"and gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-vadhyar-falls-short-on-many-fronts/20120611.htm|title=Review: Vadhyar falls short on many fronts|author=Paresh C Palicha|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 June 2012|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907024425/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-vadhyar-falls-short-on-many-fronts/20120611.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Times of India|Times of India]] rated it 2 out of 5 and told it is a subverted mix of elements that we enjoyed in movies like ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vadhyaar/movie-review/13998211.cms|title=Vadhyaar Movie Review|date=|author=Aswin J. Kumar|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907024425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vadhyaar/movie-review/13998211.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vaadhyar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Manoj George]] & R. Gautham
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 22 September 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack is scored by debutant [[Manoj George]], who had earlier composed for the 2008 Kannada film "Athmiya" and the Background music, "Va Va Vaadhyare" song by R. Gautham, who had previously worked with Jayasurya starrer film [[Janapriyan]], and the lyrics by [[Santhosh Varma]] and [[Rajeev Govindan|Rajeev Nair Allunkal]]. The film has 4 songs.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Va Va Vaadhyare
| extra1 =
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:44
| title2 = Ezham Karayil
| extra2 =
| length2 = 2:53
| title3 = Kandenkilum
| extra3 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| note3 =
| length3 = 2:55
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 = 5:39
| title5 = Theme Music (Instrumental)
| note5 = R. Gautham
| extra5 = [[Anoop Sankar]]
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Srimadvirata Parvam

2026-03-03T20:26:25Z

Kartikshina85855: creating new details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Srimad Virata Parvam
| image = Sri Madvirata Parvam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]] {{small|(dialogues)}} N. T. Rama Rao {{small|(story / screenplay)}}
| producer = N. T. Rama Rao
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| based_on = [[Virata Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]]
| starring = N. T. Rama Rao [[Vanisri]] [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing = K. Babu Rao N. S. Prasad
| studio = Ramakrishna Cine Studios<ref name="Titles">{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1026/sri-tirupathi-venkateswara-kalyanam-cast.html |title=Titles |publisher=Chithr.com |access-date=27 January 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223815/https://telugumoviepedia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|5|28}}<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1133426295537143808|user=baraju_SuperHit|title=40 years for Natarathna #NTR, Natasimha #NBK's #SriMadvirataparvam Music by Dakshinamurthyజీవితమే కృష్ణ సంగీతము..… |date=28 May 2019}}</ref>
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Srimad Virata Parvam''''' is a 1979 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], produced and directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] under his Ramakrishna Cine Studios banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Vanisri]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and the music is composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259580/combined |title=Heading |publisher=IMDb |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808021231/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259580/combined |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/te/Sri-Madvirata-Parvam-2014/8291803738 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=Nth wall |access-date=27 January 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207073305/http://www.nthwall.com/te/Sri-Madvirata-Parvam-2014/8291803738 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is based on ''[[Virata Parva]]'' from epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in which NTR has performed 5 pivotal roles after the blockbuster success of ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977), in which he emoted 3 different roles. It is a color remake of the 1966 movie [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]] both starring [[N.T.Rama Rao]] as [[Arjuna]].

== Plot ==
The film begins with Pandavas' triumphs against their 12 exiles and starts the 13th year of ''Agnathavasam,'' i.e. living incognito under different identities. [[Krishna]] advises that the ''Matsya Kingdom'', ruled by [[Virata]], is a haven for them. Moreover, his liaison is necessary for the upcoming battle. Besides, he caveats the hindrance of his brother-in-law [[Kichaka]], the soulmate of Duryodhana. Right now, Pandavas abide under various forms of disguise: [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraja]] as an advisor, Kankubhattu, [[Bhima]] as the cook Valala, [[Nakula]] as a horse groomsman Damagranthi, and [[Sahadeva]] as a cowherd Tantripala. Eventually, [[Draupadi]] infiltrates as Sairandhri Malini, a decorator to the queen Sudheshna Devi.

Now, their petrify is about Arjuna crossing the hazard of easy detection. Then he recollects a [[Apsara]] [[Urvashi]]'s curse. After procurement of a ''[[Pashupatastra]]'' from [[Shiva|Siva]], [[Indra]] felicitates Arjuna. At the behest of Indra, Arjuna acquires the dance skill from Urvasi, which is vital in the future. Urvasi lusts for Arjuna, which he denies, considering her a motherly figure. Being enraged, she curses him to lose his masculinity and turn him into a eunuch. However, Indra proclaims to treat it as a boon in disguise. So, Arjuna molds into a transgender dance mentor [[Brihannala]] and enrolls in tuition for Princess [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]].

Meanwhile, Kichaka returns victorious from the conquest of the Matsya and observes changes in the fort. Parallelly, [[Duryodhana]] & [[Shakuni]] conspire to knit [[Lakshmana Kumara]] with Uttara to gain reinforcement, which Kichaka graciously accords. Knowing it, Pandavas kindles [[Ghatothkacha]] to couple up Uttara with [[Abhimanyu]]. Just as he mingles Uttara & Abhimanyu, he boomerangs the wedding by purporting to be Uttara. All at once, fulminated Kitchaka seeks to strike actuality behind the Uttara's disappearance. Soon, he surmises Pandavas' presence in the kingdom, and excluding Arjuna, he fathoms remaining and Draupadi. At the juncture, Kitchaka affirms Sudheshna, abet of Sairandhri behind the turbulence, and instructs her to send wine through her. Thereupon, Kitchaka hails and badly humiliates her in between the court. Due to the stipulation, Pandavas persevered with patience. After that, they tactically plot by alluring Kichaka through Draupadi and invite him to the dancing hall, where Bhima backstabs him.

Being conscious of it, Duryodhana unearths the Pandavas concealed in Matsya. So, they launch an attack on their cattle when all the soldiers are engaged in war. The next day, they attack cattle from another side. Immediately, Uttara Kumara swears to fight against them, taking Brihannala as his charioteer. However, after watching their troops, he loses his confidence. During that plight, Brihannala volunteers to fight and angles Uttara Kumara to handle the chariot. Before, they move to the ''Shami tree'' where the Pandavas hide their divine weapons and procure the ''Gandeevam'' when Brihannala regains his original form. At present, Arjuna fires ''Sammohanastra'' a smoke weapon, which puts the Kaurava army to sleep and rescues the cattle. The 13th year of the Pandavas' ''Agnathavasam'' was completed. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Uttara & Abhimanyu.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Krishna]], [[Duryodhana]], [[Brihannala]], [[Arjuna]], & [[Kichaka]] (Five roles)
*[[Vanisri]] as [[Draupadi]]
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as [[Abhimanyu]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Bhima]] & [[Ghatotkacha]] (Dual role)
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Virata]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Bhishma]]
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Shakuni]]
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Drona]]
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara Kumara]]
*[[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
*Chhaya Devi as [[Hidimbi]]
*[[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as [[Satyabhama]]
*[[Pushpalatha]] as [[Sudeshna]]
*[[Vijaya Lalitha|Vijayalalitha]] as [[Urvashi]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Madvirata Parvam
| type = film
| artist = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1979
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 27:24
| label = EMI Columbia Audio
| producer = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]. Music released on EMI Columbia Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ramani Pilichindira"
|[[Veturi]]
|[[Vani Jayaram]]
|4:37
|-
|2
|"Jeevithame Krishna Sangeetamu"
|Veturi
|[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|3:43
|-
|3
|"Aadave Hamsagamana"
|Veturi
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|5:22
|-
|4
|"Nirajanam Jayanirajanam"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|2:22
|-
|5
|"Muddisthe Muripintha"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Madhavapeddi Ramesh, S. Janaki
|3:25
|-
|6
|"Neeku Nene Sari"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Madhavapeddi Ramesh, S. Janaki
|3:30
|-
|7
|"Manasayena Mathipoyena"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:25
|}

== Other ==
* VCDs and DVDs on – Universal Videos, SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]

Paharpur, Firozabad

2026-02-27T10:32:06Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{other uses|Paharpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paharpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Paharpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Paharpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.11646|N|78.42173 |E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.060
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3782
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Paharpur''' ({{IAST|Pahāṛpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,782, in 587 households.

== Geography ==
Paharpur is located southeast of Firozabad and is surrounded entirely by farmland. The hamlet of Nagla Udi is just to the north-northwest of Paharpur; surrounding villages include Ghazipur to the north, [[Jamalpur, Firozabad|Jamalpur]] to the northeast, Jhengarpur and Balchandpur to the southeast, [[Bilahna]] to the south, [[Nasirpur, Firozabad|Nasirpur]] to the southwest, and [[Barkatpur]] to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Paharpur had a population of 3,782, in 587 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 52.2% male (1,976) and 47.8% female (1,806). The 0–6 age group numbered 658 (336 male and 322 female), making up 17.4% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Paharpur as having a population of 1,617 people (893 male and 724 female), in 220 households and 220 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Paharpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 935 people (501 male and 434 female), in 159 households and 125 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 238 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Paharpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pumpl; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-20T11:03:30Z

Kartikshina85855: new new info

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Faizabad {{small|UP-42}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Faizabad.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| mp = [[Awadhesh Prasad]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]] [[Rudauli Assembly constituency|Rudauli]] [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]] [[Bikapur Assembly constituency|Bikapur]] [[Ayodhya Assembly constituency|Ayodhya]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It includes Ayodhya city and Faizabad city.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/054_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-54-Faizabad|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|270
|[[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]]
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|[[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|271
|[[Rudauli Assembly constituency|Rudauli]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|[[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
|-
|273
|[[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]] (SC)
|[[Chandrabhanu Paswan]]
|-
|274
|[[Bikapur Assembly constituency|Bikapur]]
|[[Amit Singh Chauhan]]
|-
|275
|[[Ayodhya Assembly constituency|Ayodhya]]
|[[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Faizabad Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/faizabad.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Raja Ram Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Brij Basi Lal]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Krishna Sinha]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Anantram Jaiswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Jai Ram Varma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Nirmal Khatri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mitrasen Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vinay Katiyar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Mitrasen Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mitrasen Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Nirmal Khatri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Lallu Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
||[[Awadhesh Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Faizabad]]<ref name="TimesOfIndia-Results2024">{{cite news |title=Faizabad Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/faizabad |access-date=31 May 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531172900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/faizabad |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faizabad">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faizabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2454.htm |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531172803/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2454.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Awadhesh Prasad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 554,289
|percentage = 48.59
|change = {{increase}}5.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Lallu Singh]]|votes=499,722|percentage=43.81|change={{decrease}}4.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sachidanand Pandey|votes=46,407|percentage=4.07|change={{increase}}4.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Arvind Sen|votes=15,367|percentage=1.35|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,536|percentage=0.66|change={{decrease}}0.2}}

{{Election box majority||votes=54,567|percentage=4.78|change={{decrease}}1.24}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,40,661|percentage=59.18|change={{decrease}}0.51}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}1.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Faizabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lallu Singh]]
|votes = 5,29,021
|percentage = 48.66
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anand Sen Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 4,63,544
|percentage = 42.64
|change = +22.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nirmal Khatri|Dr. Nirmal Khatri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,386
|percentage = 4.91
|change = -7.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 9,388
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 65,477
|percentage = 6.02
|change = -21.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,87,420
|percentage = 59.69
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Faizabad]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =[[Lallu Singh]]
|votes = 4,91,761
|percentage = 48.08
|change = +27.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mitrasen|Mitrasen Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,08,986
|percentage = 20.43
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitendra Kumar Bablu Bhaiya|Jitendra Kumar Singh (Bablu)]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,41,827
|percentage = 13.87
|change = -4.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nirmal Khatri|Dr. Nirmal Khatri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,29,917
|percentage = 12.70
|change = -15.54
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Radhika Prasad
|party = [[Indian Savarn Samaj Party|ISSP]]
|votes = 9,055
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,537
|percentage = 1.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,82,775
|percentage = 27.65
|change = +20.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,22,734
|percentage = 58.82
|change = +8.88
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +19.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/faizabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Faizabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 result]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Faizabad division topics}}

{{Coord|26.77|82.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya district]]

Alstom Metropolis

2026-02-18T19:43:28Z

Kartikshina85855: update

{{short description|Family of rapid transit electric multiple units}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox train
| name = Alstom Metropolis
| image = 0402_Chatswood,_2019_(01).jpg
| imagealt =
| caption = A Metropolis stock train on [[Sydney Metro]]
| interiorimagealt =
| stocktype = Electric multiple unit
| service =
| manufacturer = [[Alstom]]
| factory =
| replaced =
| yearconstruction = 1993–present ([[Rubber-tyred metro|rubber-tyred]]) 1998–present (conventional steel wheel)
| yearservice =
| numberconstruction =
| numberbuilt =
| numberservice =
| formation =
| fleetnumbers =
| capacity =
| operator =
| depots =
| lines =
| carbody =
| trainlength =
| carlength =
| width =
| height =
| floorheight =
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep =
| doors =
| maxspeed =
| weight =
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| traction = Alstom ONIX or OPTONIX [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT]]–[[Variable-frequency drive|VVVF]]
| transmission =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac =
| electricsystem = {{plainlist|
* {{1200 V DC|conductor=overhead}}, {{25 kV 50 Hz}}, {{1500 V DC}}
* [[Third rail]], [[List of railway electrification systems#750 V DC|750]], {{1500 V DC}}
}}
| collectionmethod =
| bogies =
| brakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| multipleworking =
| gauge = {{plainlist|
* {{track gauge|1432mm|lk=on}} ([[Bucharest Metro|Bucharest]])
* {{track gauge|sg|lk=on}} (most trains)
* {{track gauge|1600mm|lk=on}} ([[Federal District Metro (Brazil)|Brazil]])
}}
}}
The '''Alstom Metropolis''' is a family of [[electric multiple unit]]s designed and produced by the French rolling stock manufacturer [[Alstom]]. It is designed for high capacity [[rapid transit]] or metro rail infrastructure systems. Trains can be run in various configurations, the length alone varying between two and ten cars; it is also suitable for both manned or unmanned operations.

More than 4,000 Metropolis cars have been manufactured, the type is reportedly in service with 50 operators distributed around the world.<ref name="rail tech">{{cite web |url = https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/alstom-metropolis-trains/ |title = Alstom Metropolis Trains |publisher = railway-technology.com |access-date = 31 December 2020}}</ref> Cities operating the Metropolis include [[Singapore]], [[Shanghai]], [[Budapest]], [[Warsaw]], [[Nanjing]], [[Montreal]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[São Paulo]], [[Lima]], [[Santiago]], [[Barcelona]], [[Guadalajara]], [[Istanbul]], [[Santo Domingo]], [[Chennai]], [[Dubai]], [[Kochi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Sydney]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Xiamen]], [[Hanoi]], [[Paris]], and [[Riyadh]].

== Design features ==
Alstom's Metropolis family of [[electric multiple units]] is highly adaptable; the basic body can significantly vary in size between small, medium and wide configurations to meet a variety of client's needs. A typical trainset is deployed in a two- to six-car arrangement.<ref name="rail tech" /> The Metropolis has been designed to be both flexible and reliable, incorporating a high level of technology to do so. It has been designed for a maximum speed of up to {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, which has been deemed to be sufficient for its use on mass transit systems.<ref name="rail tech" /> The propulsion system incorporates the ONIX (ONduleur à Intégration eXceptionnelle) or OPTONIX [[Variable-frequency drive|VVVF drive]] with [[insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT transistors]] that control asynchronous three-phase alternating current (AC) traction motors. Amongst other abilities, this arrangement enables [[regenerative braking]], reducing the train's energy consumption.<ref name="rail tech" />

It can be configured to operate as part of an entirely automated driverless system, enabling the train to have unattended train operation (UTO) functionality.<ref name="rail tech" /> To achieve this, Alstom typically offers the Metropolis as one element of a complete turnkey system, including the trainset itself along with the signalling system, track works and services. Several operators have procured the train in such a configuration, including the [[Sydney Metro]] (Australia's first fully-automated rail network) and the [[Budapest Metro]] (the first automated metro line in Central-Eastern Europe).<ref name="rail tech" />

The car body is highly adjustable, being composed either of [[aluminium]] or [[stainless steel]], while the width can range from {{convert|2.30|-|3.2|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} and the length from {{convert|13|–|25|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rail tech" /> It can be fitted with either [[steel]] wheels or [[rubber]] tyres, depending upon the customer's requirement. As standard, each Metropolis features a trainborne [[Ethernet]] backbone, providing resilient broadband communications for subsystems, including security apparatus, an optional public address system, and passenger information equipment; these are organised into integrated modules within the onboard security and communications subsystems.<ref name="rail tech" /> For ease of maintenance, the Metropolis is compatible with an internet-delivered ''TrainTracer'' tool, which monitors major components of each train and can display condition information in real-time to depots and operational control centres alike.<ref name="rail tech" />

The interior can also be customised as per customer requirements.<ref name="rail tech" /> Optional features include [[closed-circuit television]] (CCTV), wider seats, additional grabpoles, more space around the doors, wheelchair space and equipped with electronic displays – the latter is typically used to depict journey information, safety messages and advertisements. The size of the doors can be customised along with the width of the gangways, while a [[Modularity|modular]] seating arrangement is typically installed.<ref name="rail tech" /> A specialised glass named ''Climavit'' is used for the windows, it is supplied by the French manufacturer [[Saint-Gobain|Sekurit Saint-Gobain]]; amongst its claimed benefits is a reduction in the typical internal noise level by five [[decibels]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}

== Major deployments ==
[[File:Metro at Barcelona pic1.JPG|thumb|An Alstom Metropolis 9000 of [[Barcelona Metro]]]]
During July 2006, [[OPRET]] signed an initial contract for the supply of 19 Metropolis trainsets to equip the first line of the [[Santo Domingo Metro]] with Alstom; these were configured to be nearly identical to the [[Barcelona Metro 9000 Series|9000 series]] on the [[Barcelona Metro]] save for the livery applied.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/city-news-5.html | title=City News July 2006 | journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] | date=1 July 2006 | access-date=1 April 2015 | archive-date=5 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405192257/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/city-news-5.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2011, an order was announced for a further 15 Alstom trainsets for Line 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/world-rolling-stock-market-january-2011.html |title=World rolling stock market January 2011 |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160517/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/world-rolling-stock-market-january-2011.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During March 2012, the first trainsets for the second line were delivered to the operator.<ref name="rail tech" />

Alstom secured a $253m (€200m) order in February 2010 from [[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]] for 23 six-car Type [[M5 (Amsterdam Metro)|M5 Metropolis]] trainsets for the [[Amsterdam Metro]]. Three years later, this was followed by a supplemental order, valued at €42m ($53m), for five more trains.<ref name="rail tech" /> Each being configured to carry up to 1,000 passengers, they have replaced all of the legacy M1-M3 sets on the East Line as well as increased overall capacity, being used on all routes except Route 51.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/nieuwemetro.aspx |title=Nieuwe metro: de M5 Metropolis (New Metro: the M5 Metropolis) |publisher=GVB |language=nl |access-date=1 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817015028/http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/nieuwemetro.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

During March 2012, Singapore's [[Land Transport Authority]] placed an order valued at $303m for the supply of 34 Metropolis trains, 18 of which were for the [[North East Line]] (NEL) while the remaining 16 were allocated to [[Circle Line (Singapore)|Circle Line]] (CCL). Furthermore, accompanying signalling upgrades for both of these lines was also included in the arrangement.<ref name="rail tech" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=5qmktlgi52sor9rc5r00c6xm8pg371lwhgx5hvtwu8381p6o95| title=LTA and SMRT Award Contracts for New Trains and Re-Signalling Project| date=1 February 2012| access-date=16 November 2013| publisher=Land Transport Authority| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929162504/http://app.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=5qmktlgi52sor9rc5r00c6xm8pg371lwhgx5hvtwu8381p6o95| archive-date=29 September 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2012/2/80885/| title=Alstom to supply 34 Metropolis trains and signaling upgrade to Singapore metro| date=3 February 2012| access-date=16 November 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231010930/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2012/2/80885/| archive-date=31 December 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A total of 15 Metropolis trainsets were ordered for Hungary's [[Budapest Metro]]. During March 2014, operations of the type on the Metro's underground line four commenced, thus becoming the first automated metro line in Central-Eastern Europe.<ref name="rail tech" />

In 2010, Alstom secured a large order, valued at approximately $307m (€243m), to supply 42 train sets for Phase I of the [[Chennai Metro]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/ |title=Alstom completes in Lapa plant the first train for Chennai metro, in India |work=Alstom |date=May 2013 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> The first nine trains were imported from [[Brazil]] and the remaining were manufactured at a new facility established at [[Sri City]], [[Tada, Nellore district|Tada]] about {{convert|75|km}} from Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/first-coach-for-chennai-metro-by-april-2013-alstom-transport/article3991494.ece |title=First coach for Chennai Metro by April 2013: Alstom Transport |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |title=Chennai Metro to have 1st class compartment |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 October 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-have-1st-class-compartment/article5278833.ece |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> The trains are air-conditioned with electrically operated automatic sliding doors and a regenerative braking system. The cars operate on 25 KV AC through an overhead catenary system with a maximum speed of {{convert|80|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2010/9/alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-chennais-metro-for-243-million-approx-inr-1470-crore/ |title=Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for €243 million (approx. INR 1470 crore) |work=Alstom |date=September 2010 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> During July 2014, Alstom delivered the first pair of Metropolis trainsets, which were the first trains to be manufactured at Alstom's new Indian production site.<ref name="rail tech" />

During September 2014, Alstom was awarded a substantial contract to equip the [[Sydney Metro Northwest]], Australia's first fully-automated rail network. The deal involved the production and supply of 22 six-car Metropolis train sets, along with the [[communications-based train control]] (CBTC) signalling infrastructure to facilitate its automated operations.<ref name="rail tech" />

In November 2020, Alstom secured a contract to provide 20 driverless Metropolis trainsets for the [[Line 4 (Athens Metro)|Athens Metro Line 4]], due to open in 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alstom consortium selected for first section of Athens Metro Line 4 |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2020/11/alstom-consortium-selected-first-section-athens-metro-line-4 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Alstom |language=en}}</ref> During this time, Alstom also secured an order of 13 six-car Metropolis BM4 trains for use on [[Bucharest Metro]] line M5, for 100 million euros, which can be expanded up to 240 million euros for an extra 17 trains. These will also be equipped with Alstom's URBALIS 400 CBTC system onboard for STO operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2020/11/alstom-provide-new-metropolis-trains-bucharest-metro-line-5|title = Alstom to provide new Metropolis trains for Bucharest Metro Line 5}}</ref>
[[File:Alstom Metropolis Cairo Metro.jpg|thumb|The first Metropolis train operating on Line 1 of the Greater Cairo Metro (taken during the trial run, May 2025)]]
In November 2021, the Egyptian National Authority for Tunnels signed a contract with [[Alstom]] to supply 55 luxury air-conditioned Metropolis trains for [[Cairo Metro Line 1|the first line of the Greater]] [[Cairo Metro]]. Each train will consist of nine luxury cars, with delivery scheduled to begin in 2025.

The contract, valued at approximately €876 million, also includes long-term maintenance and technical support services, as well as localizing manufacturing at Alstom's new industrial complex in [[Borg El Arab|Borg El Arab, Alexandria]]. This deal is an extension of a long-standing cooperation between Egypt and Alstom and a trust that dates back to 1971.<ref>[https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2021/11/alstom-awarded-egypts-largest-metro-rolling-stock-contract-improve], [https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2021/11/alstom-awarded-egypts-largest-metro-rolling-stock-contract-improve Alstom awarded Egypt’s largest metro rolling stock contract to improve public transport within Cairo].</ref>

== Rolling stock variants ==
* '''For Singapore'''
** [[Alstom Metropolis C751A]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C830]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C830C]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C751C]]
** [[Alstom Metropolis C851E]]
* '''For Warsaw'''
** [[Alstom Metropolis 98B]]
* '''For Barcelona'''
** Barcelona Metro 7000 Series
** Barcelona Metro 8000 Series
** [[Barcelona Metro 9000 Series]]
* '''For Buenos Aires'''
** [[Buenos Aires Underground 100 Series]]
** [[Buenos Aires Underground 300 Series]]
* '''For Bucharest'''
** [[Alstom Metropolis BM4]]
* '''For Paris'''
** [[MP 89]]
** [[MF 01]] (MF 2000)
** [[MP 05]]
** [[MP 14 (Paris Métro)|MP 14]]
** [[MR3V/MR6V]]
** [[MRV (Paris Métro)|MRV]]
** [[MF 19]]
* '''For Santiago'''
** [[NS 93]]
** {{ill|AS 2002|es|AS-2002}}
** {{ill|NS 2004|es|NS-2004}}
* '''For Budapest'''
** [[AM5-M2 and AM4-M4|AM5-M2]]
** [[AM5-M2 and AM4-M4|AM4-M4]]
* '''For Istanbul'''
** AM4 (Overhead) for [[M3 (Istanbul Metro)|M3]]
* '''For Amsterdam'''
** [[M5 (Amsterdam Metro)|M5 series]]
*'''For Sydney'''
**[[Sydney Metro Metropolis Stock|Metropolis Stock]]
* '''For Montreal'''
** [[Alstom Metropolis Saint-Laurent]]
* '''For Caracas'''
** Alstom Metropolis S90000

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150" class="center">
File:Alstom-inline.jpg|[[Buenos Aires Underground 300 Series]]
File:Alstom Metropolis.jpg|Metropolis on [[São Paulo Metro]]
File:Nanjing Metro Arriving.jpg|Metropolis in Nanjing, China
File:Metro Amsterdam M5 Kraaiennest 4.JPG|Amsterdam [[M5 (Amsterdam Metro)|M5 Series]]
File:Chennai Metro (20330374978).jpg|Metropolis on [[Chennai Metro]]
File:Alstom Metropolis trainset - Metro de Panama.jpg|Metropolis on [[Panama Metro]]
File:REM rolling stock preview - exterior.jpg|[[Réseau express métropolitain#Rolling stock|Montreal REM]]
File:Beautiful_Kochi_Metro_Train.jpg|[[Kochi Metro#Rolling stock|Kochi Metro]]
</gallery>

== Systems which use Metropolis cars ==
* [[Abidjan Metro]] (starting from 2028)
* [[Amsterdam Metro]]
* [[Athens Metro]] (starting from 2030)
* [[Baghdad Metro]] (starting from 2027)
* [[Barcelona Metro]]
* [[Bucharest Metro]] (starting from Q4 2023, built in [[Taubaté]])
* [[Budapest Metro]]
* [[Buenos Aires Underground]]
* [[Cairo Metro Line 1]] (starting from 2025, received the first unit "Under test")
* [[Caracas Metro]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Dubai Metro]]
* [[Delhi Metro]] (starting 2026, received first trainset)
* [[Federal District Metro (Brazil)]]
* [[Line 3 of the Guadalajara urban rail system|Guadalajara SITEUR Line 3]]
* [[Hanoi Metro Line 3]]
* [[Istanbul Metro]]
* [[Kochi Metro]]
* [[Lille Metro]] (starting from 2026)
* [[Lima Metro]]
* [[Los Teques Metro]]
* [[Lucknow Metro]]
* [[Suburban Rail Loop|Melbourne Suburban Rail Loop]] (starting from 2035)
* [[Réseau express métropolitain|Montreal REM]]
* [[Mumbai Metro Line 3]]
* [[Nanjing Metro]]
* [[Panama Metro]]
* [[Paris Metro]]
* [[Line 3 (Pune Metro)|Pune Metro Line 3]]
* [[Riyadh Metro]]
* [[Santiago Metro]]
* [[Santo Domingo Metro]]
* [[São Paulo Metro]]
* [[São Paulo Metropolitan Trains]]
* [[Shanghai Metro]]
* [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Singapore MRT]]
* [[Sydney Metro]]
* [[Taipei Metro]]
* [[Toronto Subway Line 2]] (Start date TBA)
* [[Warsaw Metro]]

== Production ==
* France: [[Valenciennes]]
* Poland: [[Konstal|Alstom Konstal]] in [[Chorzów]]
* Spain: [[Santa Perpètua de Mogoda|Santa Perpetua de Mogoda]]
* Brazil: [[Lapa (district of São Paulo)|Lapa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstom completes in Lapa plant the first train for Chennai metro, in India |url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/ |website=Alstom |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* China: [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] in [[Nanjing]] and Shanghai Alstom (joint venture between Alstom and [[Shanghai Electric]]) in [[Shanghai]]
* India: [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* Egypt: [[Borg El Arab]], [[Alexandria]] (production starts in 2026)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt-boosts-transport-industry-with-Alstom-industrial-complex-in-borg-alarab |url=https://www.railway.supply/en/egypt-boosts-transport-with-alstom-industrial-complex/ |website=Railway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alstom in Egypt |url=https://www.alstom.com/alstom-egypt |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Alstom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President El-Sisi and Alstom CEO Discuss key transport projects |website=The Middle East Observer |url=https://meobserver.org/transport/2025/04/08/president-el-sisi-and-alstom-ceo-discuss-key-transport-projects/ |access-date=2025-07-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Egypte et Alstom accélèrent la cadence des projets de transport ferroviaire vert - Société - Egypte |url=https://french.ahram.org.eg/News/66692.aspx |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Ahraminfo - fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LAs the Alstom complex nears its opening, Egypt is transforming Burj Al Arab into a global free zone for the metro and electric train industry |website=EgyptToday |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/139217/Egypt-approves-establishing-metro-parts-free-zone-in-Borg-Al |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>
* Canada: [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] and [[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]] (future sites).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Investing to Increase Canadian Content in Line 2 Subway Cars |url=https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1006925/ontario-investing-to-increase-canadian-content-in-line-2-subway-cars |website=Government of Ontario}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Alstom Movia]]
* [[Siemens Inspiro]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055850/http://www.alstom.com/transport/products-and-services/trains/metro-metropolis/ ALSTOM Transport Metropolis]
* [http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/elibrary/technical/products/31138.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/elibrary/technical/products/ METROPOLIS, A fine blend between standardization and customization]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207105226/http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/elibrary/technical/products/_files/file_31138_35513.pdf METROPOLIS, A fine blend between standardization and customization]
* [http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/products_and_services/turnkey_systems/urban_turnkey/full_auto_metro/31255.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/products_and_services/turnkey_systems/urban_turnkey/full_auto_metro/ Fully automatic metros]

[[Category:Alstom multiple units]]
[[Category:Subterranean rapid transit]]

T. A. S. Menon

2026-02-12T03:09:37Z

Kartikshina85855: creating a article...

{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T.A Sukumara Menon
| birth_place = [[Edappally]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Artist, former principal of the [[raja ravi varma college of fine arts]], Mavelikara, Kerala, India
| spouse = Jayalakshmi
| children = Hareesh Menon (Artist), Girish Menon, Gayathri Menon
}}

'''T.A.S Menon''' is former principal of the [[Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts]] Mavelikara, Kerala, India. He is a former executive member of the [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]], former jury member of the [[Raja Ravi Varma]] Award, former executive member of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], Examination board chief of the institute of Mural painting ([[Mammiyur Krishnan Kutty Nair]] Smarakam), and a patron of the [[Narendra Prasad]] foundation.

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lalithkala.org/content/board-members|title= Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi Board Member}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043006580400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815075816/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043006580400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-30|title=Raja Ravi Varma Award Jury}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/art-galleries-need-to-change/article1577906.ece|title=Kerala Lalithakala Akademi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 March 2011 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/people/42537610_1_art-exhibition-art-works-durbar-hall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-01/people/42537610_1_art-exhibition-art-works-durbar-hall|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-01|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=When Chitrachanda was mistaken for Onachanda! }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts]]
* [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]]
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amritavarsham.org/cultural/colours/artists.htm]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130125100905/http://www.gulfweeklyworldwide.com/article.asp?Sn=6098&Article=20965]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, T. A. S.}}
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Artists from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Imperial Gift

2026-02-10T23:43:02Z

Kartikshina85855: created

{{Short description|Donation of aircraft by Britain after World War I}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
[[File:Avro 504 by ndrwfgg.jpeg|thumb|[[Avro 504]] trainers made up some of the Imperial Gift aircraft sent to Britain's dominions.|alt=Left rear quarter view of restored dark brown Avro 504 biplane in Royal Air Force markings, on grass with trees on the horizon, and a partly cloudy sky.]]

The '''Imperial Gift''' was the donation of aircraft from surplus stocks in Britain after [[World War I]] to the [[dominion]]s of the [[British Empire]]: [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] and [[British Raj|India]]. On 29 May 1919, the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom]] agreed to give 100 aircraft to the dominions in addition to replacements for aircraft donated to Britain during the war. These aircraft formed the core of newly established [[air force]]s in several dominions.

In Canada, the 100 British-supplied aircraft, supplemented by another 20, were used to establish the [[Canadian Air Force (1920–1924)|Canadian Air Force]] in 1920 and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] from 1924. Australia's 100 aircraft, supplemented by an additional 28, were used to establish the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] in 1921. New Zealand initially refused the Imperial Gift but later accepted a reduced allotment of 34 aircraft. Most were loaned to private aviation companies, but were returned to government control in the mid-1920s and used to establish the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|New Zealand Permanent Air Force]].

South Africa's 100 Imperial Gift aircraft, supplemented by another 13, led to the establishment of the [[South African Air Force]] in 1920. The colonial government of India accepted 100 aircraft but did not use them to establish an Indian air force. Twenty were allocated to the [[Royal Air Force]], while 80 were used by various civil government departments or sold to private operators.

==Background==
Following the First World War, the [[Royal Air Force]] had an estimated 20,000 surplus aircraft or more, many still in production at the end of the war.<ref name="Milberry p. 15"/> Sir [[Hugh Trenchard]], Chief of the Air Staff, argued for the establishment of air forces in the Dominions. He further argued that a coordinated uniform approach to organising and equipping these air forces was essential to facilitate the air component of the defence of the empire.<ref>Spencer 2009, pp. 18–21.</ref>

This proposal was taken up by the Secretary of State for Air, [[J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone|John Edward Bernard Seely]], who described it as being "an opportunity of giving assistance to Dominions which will be valued by them and which should be of great use in the general interest of the defence of the Empire by Air."<ref name="Spencer_33">Spencer 2009, p. 33.</ref> The British Cabinet approved the proposal on 29 May 1919, though it chose to widen it by offering aircraft to the [[Self-governing colony|colonial governments]] as well as those of the Dominions. These governments were notified of the offer on 4 June.<ref>Spencer 2009, pp. 33–34.</ref>

==Canada==
[[File:Felixstowe f3.jpg|thumb|[[Felixstowe F.3]], c.1920 that served in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]], originally part of the Imperial Gift.]]
While 22,812 Canadian military personnel had served in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (RFC), [[Royal Naval Air Service]] (RNAS) and RAF, Canadian air services were not created and did not operate as an independent military force until nearly the end of the war.<ref name="Halliday">{{cite magazine |first=Hugh A. |last=Halliday |url=https://legionmagazine.com/en/2004/09/the-imperial-gift/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219053743/http://legionmagazine.com/en/2004/09/the-imperial-gift/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=The Imperial Gift: Air Force, Part 5 |magazine=Legion Magazine |date=2004-09-01 |access-date=2016-01-14 }}</ref> With 1 Squadron and 2 Squadron of the [[Canadian Air Force (1918–20)|Canadian Air Force]] established at Upper Heyford in Britain during August 1918 and the [[Royal Canadian Naval Air Service]], established for home defence in September 1918, Canadian units had only reached operational status by the end of hostilities and never saw combat.<ref>Wise, 1981, p. 610</ref><ref>Milberry 2010, pp. 11, 14.</ref>

In 1919, when the [[Air Board (Canada)|Canadian Air Board]] Director of Flying Operations, Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Leckie (RCAF officer)|Robert Leckie]] studied the types that were being offered, he specified aircraft that would be suitable for civil operations as the peacetime force would undertake a number of roles that involved surveillance, fire-fighting and mapping.<ref name="Milberry p. 15">Milberry 2010, p. 15.</ref> Although combat aircraft were offered from the large stock of surplus aircraft, Canada's share of the Imperial Gift mainly consisted of the following 114 "multi-purpose" aircraft, although a small number of fighters were also included:<ref name="Wise 1981 614">Wise, 1981, p. 614</ref>
* 62 × [[Avro 504]] trainers
* 10 × [[Airco DH.4]] bombers
* 12 × [[Airco DH.9A]] bombers
* 12 × [[Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a]] fighters
* 8 × [[Felixstowe F.3]] patrol [[flying boat]]s
* 2 × [[Curtiss H.16]] patrol flying boats
* 2 × [[Bristol F.2 Fighter|Bristol F.2B Fighter]] two seat fighters
* 2 × [[Sopwith Snipe]] fighters
* 1 × [[Fairey III]]c patrol [[seaplane]]<ref>Taylor 1974, pp. 89–90.</ref>

The final deliveries included six non-rigid airships, several kite balloons and additional obsolete aircraft (possibly for ground instructional purposes), including two [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2]]Cs, and single examples of a [[Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2]]D and a [[Vickers F.B.5|Vickers F.B.9]], along with some replacement airframes. These brought the total to 120 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/ImperialGifts.html |title=Golden Years of Aviation – Imperial Gifts |publisher=Airhistory.org.uk |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref> In addition to the aircraft, numerous spares were sent, including engines and ancillary equipment such as cameras and seaplane beaching gear, along with 300 support vehicles consisting of motor transports, trailers and motorcycles.<ref name="Milberry p. 15"/> The value of the Imperial Gift was about $5 million, more money than the Canadian government spent on aviation from 1919 to 1923.<ref name="Wise 1981 614"/>

The Imperial Gift aircraft formed the basis of the postwar Canadian Air Force (CAF), later the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]].<ref name="Milberry P. 187"/> In 1920, the Canadian Air Board sponsored a project to conduct the first Trans-Canada flight to determine the feasibility of such flights for air mail and passenger services. [[Rivière du Loup]] to [[Winnipeg]] was flown by Leckie and Major [[Basil Deacon Hobbs|Basil Hobbs]] in a Felixstowe F.3 and the remainder of the relay was completed using several of the CAF's DH-9As. All aircraft were part of the Imperial Gift.<ref name="Milberry P. 187">Milberry 1979, p. 187.</ref> Although not considered suitable for the harsh Canadian weather, the Imperial Gift aircraft soldiered on into the 1930s. The last aircraft in service, an Avro 504K, was only retired in 1934.<ref name="Halliday"/>

==Australia==
[[File:P07016.001ImperialGiftSE5.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]] Imperial Gift [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5|S.E.5a]] fighter]]
The Imperial Gift to Australia originally consisted of 100 aircraft, spare engines, tools, motor transport and 13 transportable hangars shipped in over 19,000 packing cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mhhv.org.au/?p=1539 |title=The Australian Air Corps « Military History & Heritage Victoria |publisher=Mhhv.org.au |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.3squadron.org.au/subpages/imperial.htm |title=The Imperial Gift – John Bennett |publisher=3squadron.org.au |access-date=2015-06-28 |archive-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602010224/http://www.3squadron.org.au/subpages/imperial.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An additional 28 aircraft were provided at the same time to replace aircraft donated by the people of Australia to Great Britain during the First World War. Australia's aircraft allotment consisted of:<ref>Connor 2011, p. 124.</ref>
* 35 × Avro 504K trainers
* 35 × Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a fighters
* 30 × Airco DH.9A bombers<ref name="Crick">{{cite web |url=http://www.adf-serials.com/1a1.htm |title=D.H.9a |publisher=Adf-serials.com.au |access-date=2015-06-28 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020421/http://www.adf-serials.com/1a1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Stewart|title=Military Aircraft of Australia|date=1994|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australia|isbn=1875671080|pages=216}}</ref>
* 28 × [[Airco DH.9]] bombers<ref name="Wilson" />

On 30 June 1919, the [[Australian Army Service Corps]] recommended the creation of a temporary [[Australian Air Corps]] (AAC) formed into two wings (one wing to meet the needs of the Navy and the other for the Army). The Imperial Gift enabled the formation of the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] on 31 March 1921.<ref>Dennis et al. 2008, p. 59.</ref> An Air Board, answering to the [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]], would administer the new service.<ref>Stephens 2006, p. 31.</ref>

Imperial Gift aircraft were shipped to Australia in 1919, assembled upon delivery in 1920 and served for up to 10 years. Airco DH.9A A1-17/F2779 was the longest serving Imperial Gift aircraft, being written off on 4 February 1930.<ref name="Crick"/> The only original surviving Imperial Gift aircraft in Australia are Avro 504K A3-4/H2174, stored at the Treloar Technology Centre (Canberra) and S.E.5a A2-4/C1916, exhibited in the ANZAC Hall of the main Australian War Memorial displays in the [[Australian War Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/exhibitions/tech_hang/se5a.htm |title=RAAF Museum: Tech Hangar: SE 5A |publisher=Airforce.gov.au |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref>

==New Zealand==
At first the New Zealand Government refused the Imperial Gift, but later accepted 34 aircraft and 42 aero engines:<ref name="goldenyears">{{cite web|url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/ImperialGifts.html |title=Golden Years of Aviation – Imperial Gifts |publisher=airhistory.org.uk |access-date=2015-06-25}}</ref>
* 21 × Avro 504K trainers
* 9 × Airco DH.9 bombers
* 2 × Bristol F.2B Fighter two seat fighters
* 2 × Airco DH.4 bombers

The F.2Bs, DH-4s and one Avro 504K were retained for government use, and the balance were issued on loan as transports and training aircraft to civil aviation companies between 1920 and 1924.<ref>Rendel 1975, p. 19.</ref> By the mid-1920s, all of the private firms involved had collapsed, and surviving aircraft were taken back by the government to constitute the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|New Zealand Permanent Air Force]].<ref name="Avro 504">{{cite web|url=http://adf-serials.com.au/nz-serials/nzavro504.htm |title=NZDF-Serials Avro 504 |publisher=Adf-serials.com.au |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref><ref name="DH-9">{{cite web|url=https://adf-serials.com.au/nz-serials/nzdh9.htm |title=NZDF-Serials DH.9 |publisher=Adf-serials.com.au |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref>

All Imperial Gift aircraft in military service were either wrecked, scrapped or burnt and nothing has survived.<ref name="Avro 504"/>

==South Africa==
South Africa was the second country after Britain to establish an air force independent from army or naval control on 1 February 1920. The [[South African Air Force]]'s (SAAF) share of the Imperial Gift was:<ref name="goldenyears" />
* 48 × Airco DH.9 bombers
* 30 × Avro 504 trainers
* 22 × Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a fighters
* 10 × Airco DH.4 bombers

The 10 DH-4s were war loss replacements sponsored by the [[Royal Over-Seas League|Over-Seas Club]] of London.<ref name="Steenkamp and Potgieter p. 18">Steenkamp and Potgieter 1980, p. 18.</ref> An additional DH-9 was donated by the city of [[Birmingham]]. The SAAF's initial fleet was completed by two [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2]]s left over from [[Allister Miller]]'s wartime recruitment campaign and handed over to the [[South African Defence Force|Union Defence Force]] in October 1919.<ref name="Steenkamp and Potgieter p. 18"/> No records have been found of the B.E.2s being used after 1919.<ref>Becker 1996, p. 7.</ref>

The ancillary equipment and materials from the donation included 20 steel hangars, 30 portable wood and canvas [[Bessonneau hangar]]s, radio and photographic equipment, complete engine and airframe workshops with tools, trucks, tenders, trailers, {{cvt|50000|impgal}} of engine oils and {{cvt|20000|impgal}} of paints, varnishes and dope. The total value of the donation was estimated at £2,000,000.<ref name="Maxwell and Smith 1970, p. 21">Maxwell and Smith 1970, p. 21.</ref><ref>Illsley 2003, p. 100.</ref>

An offer of four [[SSZ class blimp|Type Zero airships]] was turned down due to doubts about their usability above {{cvt|6000|ft}} and the expense of replacing the envelopes, which were estimated to have a useful life of only three months in the harsh South African sunshine.<ref name="Maxwell and Smith 1970, p. 21"/>

The first batch of aircraft arrived in South Africa in September 1919 at the Artillery Depot at [[Thaba Tshwane|Roberts Heights]], Pretoria where an Air Depot was established on 1 January 1920. The combined facility was then known as the Aircraft and Artillery Depot.<ref>Becker 1995, p. 19.</ref>

Two Avro 504s were sold for [[South African pound|£]]1,563-11[[Shilling|s]]-8[[Penny|d]] to the South African Aerial Transport Company in 1920.<ref name="Becker 1995, pp. 20–21">Becker 1995, pp. 20–21.</ref>

A 23.5 [[morgen]] (20.1 hectare) piece of land two miles east of [[Roberts Heights]] was acquired for an aerodrome and named Zwartkop after a nearby hill.<ref>Maxwell and Smith 1970, p. 23.</ref> No. 1 Flight was formed at [[AFB Swartkop|Zwartkop Air Force Station]] on 26 April 1920, equipped with [[Airco DH.9|DH-9s]]. After the formation of a second flight, [[1 Squadron SAAF|1 Squadron]] was established in early 1922.<ref name="Becker 1995, pp. 20–21"/>

The [[South African Air Force Museum|SAAF Museum]]'s Pretoria branch is housed in six of the original steel hangars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32152:saaf-museum-celebrates-40-years-of-flying-heritage&catid=35:Aerospace |title=SAAF Museum celebrates 40 years of flying heritage |publisher=defenceWeb |first=Chris |last=Szabo |date=2013-10-09 |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref>

==India==
India's share of the Imperial Gift was:<ref name="goldenyears" />
* 60 × Airco DH.9 bombers
* 40 × Avro 504 trainers

Unlike other recipients, India did not use the gift to establish a national air force. The RAF in India received 20 Avro 504s for military use. The rest went to various [[British Raj|colonial government]] departments and entities, or were sold to commercial and private operators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/ImperialGift-India.html |title=Golden Years of Aviation – Imperial Gift-India |publisher=Airhistory.org.uk |date=1922-12-31 |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref>

The remains of three DH-9s were discovered in 1995 in disused elephant stables at the palace of the [[Bikaner State|Maharajah of Bikaner]]. Taken to the [[Imperial War Museum]] (IWM) in the UK, parts of all three were used to restore one of the aircraft, with the addition of an engine the IWM had in storage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6577629.stm |title=In Pictures | 'Elephant stable' bomber |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-04-21 |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Condron |first=Stephanie |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1549056/Backpacker-finds-rare-WWI-bomber.html |title=Backpacker finds rare WWI bomber |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=2007-04-19 |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref> It is on display at the IWM's Duxford facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/70000411 |title=Airco de Havilland DH-9 (2010.75.9) |publisher=Imperial War Museum |access-date=2015-06-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Becker|first=Dave|title=75 Years on Wings of Eagles|edition=Second|location=Durban, South Africa|publisher=Colorgraphic|year=1995|isbn=0-947478-47-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Becker, Dave|title=The Eagles of Swartkop: South Africa's First Military Airbase|location=Nelspruit, South Africa|publisher=Freeworld Publications|year=1996|isbn=0-9583880-3-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Connor|first=John|title=Anzac and Empire: George Foster Pearce and the Foundations of Australian Defence|location=Port Melbourne, Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-107-00950-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Dennis|first=Peter|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|edition=Second|location=Melbourne|publisher=Oxford University Press, Australia & New Zealand|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-551784-2|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book|last=Illsley|first=John William|title=In Southern Skies: A Pictorial History of Early Aviation in Southern Africa 1816–1940|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|publisher=Johnathan Ball|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86842-168-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Maxwell|first1=Kenneth A.|last2=Smith|first2=John M.|title=South African Air Force Golden Jubilee Souvenir Book, Per Aspera ad Astra, 1920–1970; S. A. Lugmag-goue jubileumgedenkboek, 1920–1970|language=en, af|location=Pretoria, South Africa|publisher=South African Air Force|year=1970|oclc=88082819}}
* {{cite book|last=Milberry|first=Larry|title=Aviation in Canada|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|publisher=McGraw-Hill Ryerson|year=1979|isbn=0-07-082778-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Milberry|first=Larry|title=Aviation in Canada: Evolution of an Air Force|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|publisher=Canav Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-921022-23-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Rendel|first=David G.A.|title=Civil Aviation in New Zealand: An Illustrated History|location=Wellington, New Zealand|publisher=Reed|year=1975|isbn=978-0-589-00905-2}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Spencer|first=Alex M.|url=http://gradworks.umi.com/3333184.pdf|title=A Third Option: Imperial Air Defense and the Pacific Dominions, 1918–1939|type=PhD|location=Auburn, Alabama|publisher=Auburn University|year=2009|oclc=612068424}}
* {{cite book|last1=Steenkamp|first1=Willem|last2=Potgieter|first2=Herman|title=Aircraft of the South African Air Force|location=Cape Town, South Africa|publisher=Struik|year=1980|isbn=0-86977-133-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephens|first=Alan|title=The Royal Australian Air Force: A History|location=Melbourne|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|orig-year=2001|isbn=0-19-555541-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=H.A|title=Fairey Aircraft Since 1915|location=London|publisher=Putnam & Company|year=1974|isbn=0-370-00065-X}}
* {{cite book |title=Canadian Airmen and the First World War |series=The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force |volume=I |last=Wise |first=S. F. |year=1981 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-2379-7}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Becker|first=Dave|title=Aircraft of the SA National Museum of Military History: The Royal Aircraft Factor SE.5a|journal=SA Flyer|date=March 2003|pages=72–74|oclc=124011096}}
* {{cite book|last=Bennett|first=John|title=The Imperial Gift: British Aeroplanes which Formed the RAAF in 1921|location=Maryborough, Queensland|publisher=Banner Books|year=1996|isbn=1-875593-13-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Douglas |first=W. A. B. |series=Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force |title=The Creation of a National Air Force |volume=II |year=1986 |publisher=University of Toronto Press in Co-operation with the Dept. of National Defence and the Canadian Govt. Pub. Centre, Supply and Services |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-2584-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shores|first=Christopher|title=Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920|location=Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada|publisher=Fortress|year=1990|isbn=978-0-948817-19-9|display-authors=etal}}

[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force]]
[[Category:Royal Australian Air Force]]
[[Category:Royal New Zealand Air Force]]
[[Category:South African Air Force]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]

Banaganapalli

2026-02-03T08:49:53Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{About|Banganapalle town|former princely state |Banganapalle State|mango variety|Banganapalle (mango)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banaganapalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name = Bangina palli
| nickname = Mango Town
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.3167|N|78.2333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Grama Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 209
| population_total = 36,056
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] & [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518124
| registration_plate = AP 21, AP39
| website = https://kalagnani.com
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Banaganapalli''' is a town in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It lies in [[Nandyal district]], 38 km west of the city of Nandyal. Banaganapalli is famous for its [[mango]]es and has a [[cultivar]], ''Banaganapalli'', named after it. Between 1790 and 1948, Banaganapalli was the capital of the [[princely state]] of the same name, [[Banganapalle State]].
[[File:Banaganapalli_Gram_panchayat.jpg|thumb|Banaganapalli Gram panchayat]]

==Geography==
Banaganapalli is located at {{coord|15.3167|N|78.2333|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Banganapalle.html Falling Rain Genomics. Banganapalle]</ref> It has an average elevation of 209 metres (688 ft).

[[Bethamcherla|Betamcherla]], Banaganapalli and [[Koilakuntla]] are called Twin towns.

Right Canal of Srisailam Dam '''SRBC''' passes near Banaganapalli Town.

==History==
{{Main article|Banganapalle State}}
[[File:Banganapalle.jpg|left|thumb|Map of the princely state of Banaganapalle, 1893]]

=== Banaganapalle Nawabs ===
In 1601, Sultan [[Ismail Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] conquered the fortress of Banaganapalli from Raja Nanda Chakravathy. The fort and surrounding districts were placed under the control of his victorious general, Siddhu Sumbal, who held them until 1665. Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani was granted Banaganapalli and the surrounding [[jagir]] in perpetual fiefdom but died without a male heir, leaving the jagir of Banaganapalli to his adopted son, [[Syed Faiz Ali Khan (Banganapalle)|Faiz Ali Khan Bahadur]]. [[Aurangzeb]] conquered the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1686, but Faiz Ali Khan's fief was secured by the intervention of his maternal uncle Mubariz Khan, who served as Aurangzeb's viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Till 1947, Banaganapalli was independent state under the rule of Nawabs.

=== Sri Kalagnani Jagadguru Madvirat Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy ===
Sri Pothuluri Veera Brahmendra Swamy wrote Kalagnanam on the hill of Ravvala konda, near Banaganapalli. Sri Kalagnani Jagadguru Madvirat Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy is one of the great saints of India. He has the knowledge of past, present and future. He is often called as the "Nostradamus of India". His forecastings of which all were proved correct. He forecasts events from his reign to the end of Kaliyuga. He lived 400 years ago. This is known because of the statue which is present in his Ashrama in Banaganapalle. He has written many books on palm leaves. All these palm leaf books tell the future of the world till the end of Kaliyuga. These books tell us about how people get transformed in coming years. He forecasts the changes in political, social, and economic changes that will occur in society, biological and physiological changes that will occur in the plant and animal kingdoms, geographical changes, wars, explosions, etc. And many other wonders of the world which have occurred, such as birth of Mr. Gandhi and his freedom movement and the rule of Mrs. Indira Gandhi in free India. The knowledge in these books is called as Kalagnanam (Knowledge of Time). This will also be called by people as "Sandhra Sindhu Vedam".
[[File:Banganapalle-Nawab.jpg|alt=Banaganapalle, Nawab, |thumb|Banaganapalle Nawab]]

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 census, the town had a population of 36,056. Banaganapalle is tenth-most populous town in Kurnool district. {{bar box
|title=Religions in Banaganapalle
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|51.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|47.11}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|1.25}}
}}

== Economy ==

* Banaganapalli primarily depend on Agriculture. Some Industries are also present in Banaganapalle.
* Maha Cements factory is located in Yanakandla Village, near Banaganapalle.
* Stone mining is present in Palukuru Village of Banaganapalle Mandal.

== Governance ==
The town was upgraded from [[Gram panchayat]] to Nagar panchayat on 23 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kodad upgraded to municipality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kodad-upgraded-to-municipality/article2130576.ece|accessdate=28 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 June 2011|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> Later again it is degraded to Grama Panchayt due to some reasons. Now administration is under the Sarpanch. [[File:Banganapalli 12x9.jpg|thumb|Banganapalle mangoes, illustrating variations in shape and size commonly found.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+Governance
!Department
!Incharge
|-
|Legislative
|Banaganapalle MLA, Banaganapalle Sarpanch
|-
|Executive
|Dhone RDO, Banaganapalle MRO
|-
|Judiciary
|Hon'ble Banaganapalle Court Judge
|-
|Police Sub Division
|Dhone DSP
|-
|Health
|CHNC Banaganapalle
|-
|APSPDCL Division
|Dhone DE
|-
|APSRTC Bus Service
|Banaganapalle Depot
|-
|Transport
|Nandyal RTO
|-
|Pincode
|518124, 518176, 518186
|}

==Banganapalli mangoes==

* [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banaganapalli mango]] is a mango variety generally known as The King of Mangoes, named after Banganapalli.
* An unspoilt obliquely oval specimen presents an unblemished golden yellow thin edible skin. These mangoes are large, weighing on an average 350-400 grams. The pulp is fibreless, firm and yellow with sweet taste.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fruitipedia.com/Mango.htm |title=Fruitipedia.com |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719102357/http://www.fruitipedia.com/Mango.htm |archive-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2002 |title=Steep fall in mango harvest; prices up |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2002/04/25/stories/2002042500991700.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502211254/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2002/04/25/stories/2002042500991700.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>
* Banaganapalle Mangoes received a [[geographical indication]] tag in May 2017. Banaganapalle mangoes have been grown for over 100 years in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Banganapalle mango gets a GI tag|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/the-banganapalle-mango-gets-a-gi-tag/article18382533.ece|accessdate=4 May 2017|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Roadways ===
The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Banaganapalle bus station with Banaganapalle Bus depot.

=== Distance to Major towns and cities ===

# Nandyal = 37 km
# Kurnool = 75 km
# Adoni = 130 km
# Koilakuntla = 15 km
# Bethamcherla = 20 km
# Dhone = 47 km
# Proddatur = 94 km
# Kadapa = 128 km
# Tirupati = 268 km
# Hyderabad = 293 km
# Bengaluru = 339 km
# Vijayawada = 354 km
# Chennai = 401 km

=== Railways ===

Banaganapalli Railway Station is opened in 2016. It is a part of Nandyal - Yerraguntla Railway line.

==Places of interest==
* [[Yaganti]]
* [[Mahanandi]]
* [[Belum Caves]]
* [[daddanala project]]
* [[Asthana tea]]
* [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy Park]]
* [[Arundati Kota]]

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archivedate=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archivedate=7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are Telugu and English.
==See also==
*[[Banganapalle State]]
*[[Nawab of Banganapalle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Banganapalle}}
{{Wikivoyage|Banaganapalli}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Banganapalle |volume=3 |short=x}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Banganapalle State]]

Vaimānika Shāstra

2026-02-02T10:25:20Z

Kartikshina85855: creating a pg...

{{Short description|Sanskrit text on aeronautics}}
{{italic title}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
[[File:Vaimanika Shastra title page.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Title page of the English translation of ''Vyamanika Shastra'' published in 1973]]
The '''''Vaimānika Shāstra''''' ({{lang|sa|वैमानिक शास्त्र}}, lit. "[[shastra]] on the topic of [[Vimana]]s" or "science of aeronautics", sometimes also rendered ''Vimanika, Vymanika or Vyamanika'') is a 20th-century text in [[Sanskrit]]. It makes the claim that the ''[[Vimana|vimāna]]s'' mentioned in ancient [[Sanskrit epics]] were advanced aerodynamic flying vehicles.

The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, who asserted that it was written by Pandit Subbaraya Shastry (1866–1940), who dictated it during the years 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, while the Sanskrit text with an English translation was published in 1973. It contains 3000 [[shloka]]s in 8 chapters which Shastry claimed were psychically delivered to him by the ancient Hindu [[Maharishi|sage]] [[Bharadvaja]].<ref name="Childress 1991 page=109">{{Harvnb|Childress|1991|page=109}}</ref> The text has gained favour among proponents of [[ancient astronauts]].

A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering researchers at the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]], in 1974 concluded that the aircraft described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed a complete lack of understanding of aeronautics. Regarding the "Rukma Vimana", the study noted, "If the craft is taken to mean what the drawing and the text say, it can be stated that the craft is a decided impossibility".<ref name="Mukunda 1974 page=12">{{Harvnb|Mukunda|Deshpande|Nagendra|Prabhu|1974|page=12}}</ref>

==Origin and publication==
The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer. Josyer asserted that it was written by Pandit Subbaraya Shastry (1866–1940), who dictated it during the years 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, while the Sanskrit text with an English translation was published in 1973. It contains 3000 [[shloka]]s in 8 chapters which Shastry claimed were psychically delivered to him by the ancient Hindu [[Maharishi|sage]] [[Bharadvaja]].<ref name="Childress 1991 page=109"/> The text has gained favour among proponents of [[ancient astronauts]]. The ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' manuscript appeared at the Rajakiya Sanskrit Library, [[Baroda]], by 1944.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mukunda|Deshpande|Nagendra|Prabhu|1974|page=2}}</ref>
The text was published in [[Hindi]] in 1959<ref>{{Harvnb|Bhāradvāja|Parivrājaka|1959}}</ref> and later in English by G.R. Josyer, titled ''Vymanika Shastra''.<ref name="Shastry 1973"/> Josyer's edition also added illustrations drawn by T. K. Ellappa, a draughtsman at a local engineering college in [[Bengaluru, India|Bangalore]], under the direction of Shastry, which had been missed in the 1959 edition.<ref name="Mukunda 1974">{{Harvnb|Mukunda|Deshpande|Nagendra|Prabhu|1974}}</ref>

Its existence was first announced publicly in a 1952 press release by G.R. Josyer, who had founded his "International Academy of Sanskrit Research" in [[Mysore]] the year before. In the foreword to the 1973 publication that contained the full Sanskrit text with English translation, Josyer quotes a 1952 press release of his which was "published in all the leading dailies of India and was taken up by [[Reuters|Reuter]] and other World Press News Services":<ref name="Shastry 1973">{{Harvnb|Maharshi Bharadwaaja|Shastry|1973}}</ref>
<blockquote>
Mr G. R. Josyer, Director of the International Academy of Sanskrit Research in Mysore, in the course of an interview recently, showed some very ancient manuscripts which the Academy had collected. He claimed that the manuscripts were several thousands of years old, compiled by ancient rishis, Bharadwaja, Narada and others, dealing not with the mysticism of the ancient Hindu philosophy of Atman or Brahman, but with more mundane things vital for the existence of man and the progress of nations both in times of peace and war.
[...] One manuscript dealt with aeronautics and the construction of various types of aircraft for civil aviation and for warfare. [...] Mr Josyer showed some types of designs and drawings of a helicopter-type cargo-loading plane, specially meant for carrying combustibles and ammunition; passenger aircraft carrying 400 to 500 persons; and double- and triple-decked aircraft. Each of these types had been fully described.
</blockquote>

Josyer then tells how he was visited by "Miss Jean Lyon, journalist of Toronto and New York" for an interview, and how Lyon in her ''Just Half a World Away'' (1954) concluded that he was "guilty of a rabid nationalism, seeking to wipe out everything since the [[Veda]]s".

A critical review pronounced Josyer's introduction to be "least scholarly by any standards" and said that "the people connected with publication – directly or indirectly – are solely to blame either for distorting or hiding the history of the manuscripts", perhaps in an attempt to "eulogise and glorify whatever they can find about our past, even without valid evidence". By tracing the provenance of the manuscript, interviewing associates of Shastry (including G. V. Sharma, to whom the text was originally dictated), and based on the linguistic analysis of the text, the review concluded that it came into existence sometime between 1900 and 1922.<ref name="Mukunda 1974"/>

==Structure and content==
[[File:Vaimanika Shastra Shakuna illustration.jpg|thumb|right|upright| An illustration of the ''Shakuna Vimana'' that is supposed to fly like a bird with hinged wings and tail.<ref name="Mukunda 1974"/>]]
[[File:Rukma-Vimana.jpg|thumb|226x226px|An illustration of Rukma Vimana]]
Unlike modern treatises on aeronautics that begin by discussing the general principles of flight before detailing concepts of aircraft design, the ''Vaimānika Shāstra'' starts with a quantitative description, as though a particular aircraft is being described. The topics covered include "definition of an airplane, a pilot, aerial routes, food, clothing, metals, metal production, mirrors and their uses in wars, varieties of machinery and yantras, and planes like ‘mantrik’, ‘tantrik’, and ‘kritak’", and four planes called ''Shakuna'', ''Sundara'', ''Rukma'', and ''Tripura'' are described in greater detail. The extant text is claimed to be only a small (one-fortieth) part of a larger work, ''Yantra Sarvaswa'' ("All about machines"<ref name="Shastry 1973"/>), composed by Maharishi Bharadwaj and other sages for the "benefit of all mankind".<ref name="Mukunda 1974"/>

==Appraisal==
J. B. Hare of the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]] in 2005 compiled an online edition of Josyer's 1973 book in the site's "UFOs" section. In his introduction, Hare writes,
<blockquote>
The ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' was first committed to writing between 1918 and 1923, and nobody is claiming that it came from some mysterious antique manuscript. The fact is, there are no manuscripts of this text before 1918, and ''nobody is claiming that there are''. So on one level, this is not a [[hoax]]. You just have to buy into the assumption that 'channelling' works.
...
there is no exposition of the theory of aviation (let alone antigravity). In plain terms, the ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' never directly explains how Vimanas get up in the air. The text is top-heavy with long lists of often bizarre ingredients used to construct various subsystems.
...
There is nothing here which [[Jules Verne]] couldn't have dreamed up, no mention of exotic elements or advanced construction techniques. The 1923 technical illustrations based on the text ... are absurdly unaerodynamic. They look like brutalist wedding cakes, with [[minaret]]s, huge [[ornithopter]] wings and dinky propellers. In other words, they look like typical early 20th-century fantasy flying machines with an Indian twist.
</blockquote>

A 1974 study by researchers at the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]], found that the heavier-than-air aircraft that the ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' described were aeronautically unfeasible. The authors remarked that the discussion of the principles of flight in the text was largely perfunctory and incorrect, in some cases violating [[Newton's laws of motion]]. The study concluded:<ref>{{Harvnb|Mukunda|Deshpande|Nagendra|Prabhu|1974|page=11}}</ref>
<blockquote>
Any reader by now would have concluded the obvious – that the planes described above are the poor concoctions, rather than expressions of something real. None of the planes has properties or capabilities of being flown; the geometries are unimaginably horrendous from the point of view of flying; and the principles of propulsion make them resist rather than assist flying. The text and the drawings do not correlate with each other, even thematically. The drawings definitely point to a knowledge of modern machinery. This can be explained on the basis of the fact that Shri Ellappa, who made the drawings, was in a local [[engineering college]] and was thus familiar with names and details of some machinery. Of course the text retains a structure in language and content from which its 'recent nature' cannot be asserted. We must hasten to point out that this does not imply an oriental nature of the text at all. All that may be said is that thematically the drawings ought to be ruled out of discussion. And the text, as it stands, is incomplete and ambiguous by itself and incorrect in many places.
</blockquote>

The authors expressed puzzlement at the contradiction and errors in the ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' text, especially since its compilers supposedly had access to publications that did not make such errors (such as [[Dayanand Saraswati]]'s commentary on the [[Rigveda]] published in 1878 or earlier).<ref name="Mukunda 1974 page=12"/>

== Controversy ==
{{main|2015 Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy}}
The 102nd [[Indian Science Congress]], held at [[Mumbai University]] in January 2015, organised a session on "ancient sciences through [[Sanskrit]]" in which a presentation on ''Vaimānika Śāstra'' was included. It was delivered by Anand J. Bodas, a pilot, and Ameya Jadhav, who holds an M.A. in [[Sanskrit]] as well as an M.Tech. degree. Bodas, speaking to the news media, has said that the aeroplanes of Vedic times could fly not only from country to country but also "from planet to planet". "In those days, aeroplanes were huge in size and could move left and right, as well as backwards, unlike modern planes, which only fly forward," he added. Ram Prasad Gandhiraman, a NASA scientist, launched an online petition demanding that the talk be cancelled, as it represents pseudoscience.<ref name=pseudoscience>[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Pseudo-science-must-not-figure-in-Indian-Science-Congress/articleshow/45698353.cms Pseudo-science must not figure in Indian Science Congress, Mumbai Mirror, 31 December 2014]</ref><ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-science-congress-vedic-myth-must-not-be-masqueraded-as-science-says-nasa-scientist-2024755.html Indian Science Congress: Vedic myth must not be masqueraded as science, says Nasa scientist, Firstpost, 31 December 2014]</ref>

''Vaimānika Shāstra'' and vimanas are also mentioned in works about pseudoscience, such as [[Brian Regal|Regal]]'s ''Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia''.{{sfn|Regal|2009|pp=16-17}}{{sfn|Regal|2009|p=164}} According to Regal, vimanas are one of the common attempts to fit elements of ancient cultures into contemporary narratives.{{sfn|Regal|2009|p=164}} When put under scrutiny, the ''Vaimānika Shāstra'' "comes off as {{sic|jibberish}}".{{sfn|Regal|2009|p=164}}

==In popular culture==
* ''Prapaatha'', a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film by [[Suchendra Prasad]], has a story line where a young man tries to find out works of Subbaraya Shastry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond one's depth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/beyond-ones-depth/article623049.ece|access-date=September 9, 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* In the 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Hawaizaada]]'' about [[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]] (portrayed by [[Ayushmann Khurrana|Ayushman Khurrana]] ), ''Vaimānika Shāstra'' and Pandit Subbaraya Shastry (portrayed by [[Mithun Chakraborty]]) have been shown as the main reasons behind "India's first unmanned plane".

==See also==
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
*[[Aircraft in fiction]]
*[[Claims to the first powered flight]]
*[[Quimbaya artifacts]], in Colombia, subject of pseudoarchaelogical claims
*''[[Chariots of the Gods?]],'' 1968 pseudoscientific book by Erich von Däniken
*''[[Pranava-Vada of Gargyayana]]'', pseudoscientific book about Hinduism by Bhagwan Das

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |author=Bhāradvāja |last2=Parivrājaka |first2=Brahmamuni |title=Br̥had vimānaśāstra: arthāt, Maharshibharadvājapraṇīta Yantrasarvasva granthāntargata Yatibodhānandakr̥taślokabaddhavr̥ttisahita Vaimānika |language=hi,sa |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sārvadeśika Ārya Pratinidhi Sabhā |year=1959 |oclc=973199036 |url=https://archive.org/details/HFnR_brihad-vimana-shastra-by-brahma-muni-parivrajak-1959-new-delhi-sarvadeshika-arya-pratinidhi-sab/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=8 February 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Childress |first=David Hatcher |author-link=David Hatcher Childress |title=Vimana Aircraft of Ancient India |location=Stelle, Illinois |publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press |date=1991 |isbn=0-932813-12-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kanjilal |first=Dileep Kumar |title=Vimana in ancient India: Aeroplanes or flying machines in ancient India |location=Calcutta |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |date=1985 |oclc=13125326}}
* {{cite book |author1=Maharshi Bharadwaaja |last2=Shastry |first2=Subbaraya |author-link2=Subbaraya Sastri |translator=Gomatham Ramanuja Josyer |title=Vymaanika Shaastra: Aeronautics |others=preface by John Bruno Hare |location=Mysore |publisher=Coronation Press |date=1973 |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vimanas/vs/default.htm |oclc=963462840}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mukunda |first=H. S. |last2= Deshpande |first2=S. M. |last3=Nagendra |first3=H. R. |last4=Prabhu |first4=A. |last5= Govindraju |first5=S. P. |name-list-style= amp|date=1974|title=A critical study of the work "Vyamanika Shastra" |journal=Scientific Opinion | pages=5–12| url =https://www.hsmukunda.in/files/journal_other_papers/1974_hsm_etc_A%20Critical%20Study%20of%20the%20Work%20Vaimanika%20Shastra.pdf |access-date=2025-02-08}}
* {{cite book |last=Regal |first=Brian |title=Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-313-35507-3 |url={{GBurl|id=c6PACQAAQBAJ}} |via=Google Books}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331170834/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html ''Flights of fancy?''], ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'', 24 June 2001.
* [http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vimanas/vs/default.htm ''Vimanika Shastra''] An incomplete version, containing the first six chapters, archived by Sacred Texts web site
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/9551453/Vimanika-Shastra ''The Vimanika Shastra''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119102206/http://www.scribd.com/doc/9551453/Vimanika-Shastra |date=19 January 2012 }} An incomplete version, containing the first six chapters, archived by scribd.com
* {{cite web |last=Rao |first=M. P. |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vimanas/vimanas.htm |title= Vymanika Shastra Rediscovered |date= 1 June 2001 |publisher=Aeronautics Research and Development Board, India}}
* {{cite book | last1=Mazur | first1=Eric Michael | last2=Taylor | first2=Sarah McFarland | title=Religion and Outer Space | publisher=Taylor & Francis | publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY | date=2023-07-07|chapter=The Myth Of Ancient Indian Airplanes|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TBi-EAAAQBAJ| editor1=Wendy|editor2=Doniger | isbn=978-1-000-90469-7}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaimanika Shastra}}
[[Category:Ancient astronaut speculation]]
[[Category:1973 books]]
[[Category:Channelled texts]]
[[Category:20th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeological texts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Works about aviation]]

Iron Age in India

2026-02-01T14:57:56Z

Kartikshina85855: cleaned up intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Aspect of Indian history}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Iron Age}}

In the [[prehistory of the Indian subcontinent]], the [[Iron Age]] succeeded [[Bronze Age India]] and partly corresponds with the [[megalith]]ic cultures of South India. Other Iron Age archaeological cultures of north India were the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1300–300 BCE)<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/37419677/An_Overview_on_the_Iron_Age_in_South_Asia Uesugi, Akinori, (2018). "An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia", in (ed.) Akinori Uesugi, Iron Age in South Asia, Kansai University], Fig. 6, pp. 9-12</ref> and the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (700–200 BCE). This corresponds to the transition of the [[Janapada]]s or principalities of the [[Vedic period]] to the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]] or region-states of the early historic period, culminating in the emergence of the [[Maurya Empire]] towards the end of the period.

The earliest evidence of [[iron smelting]] predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries.<ref>"the date of the beginning of iron smelting in India may well be placed as early as the sixteenth century BC [...] by about the early decade of thirteenth century BCE iron smelting was definitely known in India on a bigger scale" Rakesh Tewari (2003), [http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html ''The origins of Iron-working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510230243/http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html |date=10 May 2005 }} Archaeology Online</ref> Claims for iron smelting in [[Tamil Nadu]] as early as the mid-4th millennium BCE have been made on the basis of radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples at the site of [[Sivagalai]], dated between ''c.'' 3345 and 2953 BCE.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Jesudasan|first=N. Sai Charan & Dennis S.|title=Iron Age began in Tamil Nadu in first quarter of 4th millennium BCE: CM Stalin|website=The Hindu|date=23 January 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iron-age-began-in-tn-in-first-quarter-of-4th-millennium-bce-stalin/article69130715.ece|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> These dates are disputed.<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |last=Ahluwalia|first=Disha|title=Tamil Nadu's Iron Age report is a turning point in Indian archaeology. It needs more research|website=ThePrint|date=25 January 2025|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tamil-nadus-iron-age-report-is-a-turning-point-in-indian-archaeology-it-needs-more-research/2462784/|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

== Region ==
=== Northern India ===
R. Tewari (2003) radiocarbon dated iron artefacts in [[Uttar Pradesh]], including furnaces, tuyeres, and slag between c. 1800 BCE to 1000 BCE. Antiquity of iron in India was pushed back from following the excavations at Malhar, Raja Nala ka Tila, Dadupur and Lauhradewa in Uttar Pradesh from 1996-2001.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/opinion/iron-age-in-india-began-over-4000-years-ago-tamil-nadus-mayiladumparai-revises-research/1723138/ | title=Iron Age in India began over 4,000 years ago. Tamil Nadu's Mayiladumparai revises research | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=21 August 2023 }}</ref>

The use of iron and iron working was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE.<ref>Rakesh Tewari (2003). The origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas. Antiquity, 77, pp 536-544. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00092590.</ref>

The beginning of the use of iron has been traditionally associated with the eastward migration of the later [[Vedic period|Vedic people]], who are also considered as an agency which revolutionised material culture particularly in the [[Greater Magadha|Greater Magadhan region]].

Scholar Rakesh Tewari states that new finds and their dates suggest the need for a fresh review. According to him, the evidence corroborates the early use of iron in other areas of the country, and attests that India was indeed an independent centre for the development of the working of iron.<ref>Rakesh Tewari (2003), [http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html ''The origins of Iron-working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510230243/http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html |date=10 May 2005 }} Archaeology Online</ref><ref name="Tewari - Iron Eastern Vindhyas">{{cite journal|last1=Tewari|first1=Rakesh|title=The origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas|journal=Antiquity|date=Sep 2003|volume=77|issue=297|pages=536–544|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00092590|citeseerx=10.1.1.403.4300|s2cid=14951163 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0003598X00092590|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

However, reviewing the claims of earliest uses of iron during c. 1800-1000 BCE, archaeologist [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]] noted, "the stratigraphical context and chronology of iron is not beyond doubt" at these sites (namely Malhar, Dadupur, and Lahuradeva) although "there is no doubt" that iron was being used in the Ganges Plains "a few centuries before the rise of urbanization [...] around 600 BCE".<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bhan | first=Suraj | title="North Indian Protohistory and Vedic Aryans" | journal=Ancient Asia Journal | year=2006 | volume=1 | pages=173-178 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272715407_North_Indian_Protohistory_and_Vedic_Aryans}}</ref>

=== Southern India ===
Claims for iron smelting in [[Tamil Nadu]] as early as the mid-4th millennium BCE have been made on the basis of radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples at the site of [[Sivagalai]], dated between ''c.'' 3345 and 2953 BCE.<ref name=":2" /> These dates are disputed, as rice samples from an intact burial urn containing iron artefacts at the same site yielded significantly later dates of ''c.'' 1248 and 1155 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |last=Charan|first=N. Sai|title=Sivagalai sheds light on iron's antiquity in Tamil landscape|website=The Hindu|date=23 January 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sivagalai-sheds-light-on-antiquity-of-iron-in-tamil-land/article69132140.ece|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="ThePrint" /> Scholars have questioned the early dates due to stratigraphic disturbance, mixing of materials from different periods, and the selective emphasis on the earliest charcoal samples, noting that such a wide chronological range is archaeologically implausible.<ref name="Krishnan">{{cite web |last=Krishnan|first=P A|title=Tamil Nadu CM's Iron Age Claims: Omitting Inconvenient Questions|website=Outlook India|date=12 February 2025|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/tamil-nadu-cms-iron-age-claims-omitting-inconvenient-questions|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Ganguly|first=Arnab|title=New history of the world? MK Stalin says Iron Age began 5,300 years ago in Tamil Nadu|website=Telegraph India|date=23 January 2025|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/new-history-of-the-world-mk-stalin-says-iron-age-began-5300-years-ago-in-tamil-nadu/cid/2079228|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

Recent excavations at [[Myaladumparai|Mayiladumparai]] in southern India have also been interpreted as indicating early iron use, with some radiocarbon dates suggesting an Iron Age beginning around ''c.'' 2172 BCE. These interpretations remain under discussion.<ref>{{cite web | title=Iron Age in India began over 4,000 years ago. Tamil Nadu's Mayiladumparai revises research | date=21 August 2023 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/iron-age-in-india-began-over-4000-years-ago-tamil-nadus-mayiladumparai-revises-research/1723138/|website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

More securely dated Early Iron Age sites in South India include [[Hallur]] in [[Karnataka]] and [[Adichanallur]] in Tamil Nadu, which are generally dated to around ''c.'' 1000 BCE.<ref name=":1">Rakesh Tewari (2003), [http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore.html The origins of Iron-working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas.] Archaeology Online. Agrawal et al. 1985: 228-29. Sahi (1979: 366)</ref> The earliest reliably dated iron furnace in Tamil Nadu was discovered at [[Kodumanal]] and dates to the 5th century BCE.<ref name="Krishnan" /> Mahurjhari, near [[Nagpur]], was a major centre of bead manufacturing during the early historic period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume3/22.pdf|title=Antiquity of Bead Manufacturing at Mahurjhari and Its Relevance in Early Iron Age Megalithic Culture of Vidarbha|website=www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107132105/http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume3/22.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a broader context, limited use of iron is attested in the Middle East from ''c.'' 3000 BCE, but iron metallurgy became widespread only after ''c.'' 1200 BCE, when iron increasingly replaced bronze in tools and weapons, marking the conventional beginning of the Iron Age.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

===Pakistan===
[[Charsadda]] saw the use of iron dating back to circa 900 BCE.<ref name="e814">{{cite book | title=The Archaeology of South Asia | chapter=The Re-Emergence of Regional Differentiation (c. 1200–600 BCE) | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2015-08-31 | doi=10.1017/cbo9781139020633.009 | page=320}}</ref>
===Sri Lanka===
The protohistoric Early Iron Age in Sri Lanka lasted from 1000 BC to 600 BC. Radiocarbon evidence has been collected from [[Anuradhapura]] and Aligala shelter in [[Sigiriya]].<ref>{{cite web|first = Lahiru|last = Weligamage|year = 2005|url = http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1002|title = The Ancient Sri Lanka|website = LankaLibrary Forum|access-date = 10 October 2018|archive-date = 10 January 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200110221944/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1002|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=Deraniyagala>{{cite thesis| last=Deraniyagala | first=Siran Upendra | title=The prehistory of Sri Lanka: An ecological perspective |id={{ProQuest|}} | url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f58bbe60f92ff62f46f6792d629d2d51/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karunaratne |last2=Adikari |year=1994 |chapter=Excavations at Aligala prehistoric site |editor-last1=Bandaranayake |editor-last2=Mogren |title=Further studies in the settlement archaeology of the Sigiriya-Dambulla region |location=Sri Lanka |publisher=University of Kelaniya: Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology |page=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mogren |year=1994 |chapter=Objectives, methods, constraints, and perspectives|editor-last1=Bandaranayake |editor-last2=Mogren |title=Further studies in the settlement archaeology of the Sigiriya-Dambulla region |location=Sri Lanka |publisher=University of Kelaniya: Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology |page=39}}</ref> The Anuradhapura settlement is recorded to extend {{cvt|10|ha}} by 800 BC and grew to {{cvt|50|ha}} by 700–600 BC to become a town.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Allchin | first=F. R. | title=City and State Formation in Early Historic South Asia | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=5 | issue=1 | date=1989 | issn=0266-6030 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1989.9628379 | pages=1–16}}</ref> The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai, [[Jaffna]]. The name "Ko Veta" is engraved in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions on a [[Anaikoddai seal|seal]] buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BC.{{sfnp|Raghupathy|1987|pages=199–204}} Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan and Ko Putivira occurring in contemporary Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions in south India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Intirapālā | first=Kārttikēcu | title=The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE
| publisher=South Asian Studies Centre Sydney | publication-place=Colombo | date=2005 | isbn=0-646-42546-3 | page=324}}</ref> It is also speculated that Early Iron Age sites may exist in [[Kandarodai]], Matota, [[Pilapitiya]] and [[Tissamaharama]].<ref name=Deraniyagala/>

==See also==
* [[Archaeology of India]]
* [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
;Others
*[[History of India]]
*[[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
*[[Mahajanapadas]]
*[[Stone Age]]
*[[Vedic period]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Kenoyer, J.M. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
*Kenoyer, J. M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. In Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331–385.
*Kenoyer, J. M. 1995a Interaction Systems, Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 213–257. Berlin, W. DeGruyter.
*Shaffer, J. G. 1992 The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd Edition), edited by R. Ehrich, pp. 441–464. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
*Chakrabarti, D.K.
** 1974. Beginning of Iron in India: Problem Reconsidered, in A.K. Ghosh (ed.), Perspectives in Palaeoanthropology: 345–356. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.
** 1976. The Beginning of Iron in India. Antiquity 4: 114–124.
** 1992. The Early Use of Iron in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
** 1999. India An Archaeological History. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* {{citation |last=Chakrabarti|first=Dilip K. |chapter=Mahajanapada States of Early Historic India |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |year=2000 |isbn=8778761778 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA375 |pages=375–393}}

[[Category:Iron Age Asia|India]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India|Iron Age]]
[[Category:Iron Age by country|India]]

Indian New Zealanders

2026-01-31T00:53:11Z

Kartikshina85855: added info

{{Short description|New Zealander citizens with Indian origin or descent}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indian New Zealanders
| image = Indian Women in Auckland, 1962 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Indian women in [[Grey Lynn]], Auckland, in 1962
| pop = '''292,092'''
'''142,920''' (born in India)
 
'''5.8%''' of the population of New Zealand (2023)<ref name="Census2023">{{Cite web
|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/census-results-reflect-aotearoa-new-zealands-diversity/
|title=2023 Census Results Reflect Aotearoa New Zealand's Diversity
|publisher=Statistics New Zealand
|accessdate=6 October 2024
}}
</ref>
| region1 = [[Auckland Region|Auckland]]
| pop1 = 154,824
| ref1 =
| region2 = [[Wellington Region|Wellington]]
| pop2 = 22,227
| ref2 =
| region3 = [[Waikato]]
| pop3 = 17,295
| ref3 =
| region4 = [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]
| pop4 = 14,763
| ref4 =
| region5 = [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]
| pop5 = 10,335
| ref5 =
| region6 = [[Manawatū-Whanganui]] region
| pop6 = 4,374
| ref6 =
| langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Indian English]] • [[New Zealand English]]) • [[Hindi]] ([[Fijian Hindi]]) • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Odia language|Odia]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Marathi language|Marathi]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Kannada]]
| rels = Majority: [[Hinduism]] ([[Hinduism in New Zealand]]) • [[Sikhism]] • [[Jainism]] • [[Buddhism]] Minority: [[Christianity]] • [[Islam]] • [[Zoroastrianism]]
| related = {{hlist|[[Indian Australians]] • [[Māori Indians]] • [[Indo-Fijians]] • [[Fijian New Zealanders]] • [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)]]}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
'''Indian New Zealanders''', informally known as Kiwi Indians, are people of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin or descent who live in [[New Zealand]]. The term includes Indians born in New Zealand, as well as immigrants from [[India]], [[Indians in Fiji|Fiji]], other regions of Asia, parts of Africa such as [[Indian South Africans|South Africa]] and [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|East Africa]], and from other parts of the world. The term Indian New Zealander applies to any New Zealander with one or both parents of Indian heritage. Although sometimes the Indo-Kiwi definition has been expanded to people with mixed racial parentage with one Indian parent or grandparent, this can be controversial as it generally tends to remove the ethnic heritage or identity of the foreign parent or grandparent, which may be seen as insensitive to those with mixed parentage, who tend to value both their Indian and non-Indian parents and grandparents.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

Indian New Zealanders are the largest group of [[Asian New Zealanders|New Zealand Asians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Indian population leapfrogs Chinese to become third-largest ethnicity in New Zealand |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/529761/indian-population-leapfrogs-chinese-to-become-third-largest-ethnicity-in-new-zealand |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> The largest number of Indians living in New Zealand are from Fiji. The fifth largest language in New Zealand is Hindi, shown in the 2018 census. According to ENZ.org (a New Zealand Government affiliate), since 2011, 18,000 Indians have migrated to New Zealand.<ref name="enz.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.enz.org/migrants.html|title=New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where?|website=www.enz.org|date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, the Indian population in New Zealand was 155,000, so there are 174,000 Indians in New Zealand (2014) due to the additional immigration of 18,000.<ref name="enz.org"/> Most early New Zealand Indians were of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] or [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/LEARNING/AAINAA/ceremonies/indians_nz.html |title=Indians in New Zealand – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221742/http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/LEARNING/AAINAA/ceremonies/indians_nz.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Nachowitz|first=Todd|url=https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/9442|title=Towards a framework of deep diversity: Identity and invisibility in the Indian diaspora in New Zealand|publisher=University of Waikato|year=2015|location=Hamilton, New Zealand|type=Thesis}}</ref>

==History==

Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in [[Colonial India]] and the [[East Indies]]. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]].<ref name=pd1>{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=J.W.|title=Peter Dillon of Vanikoro: Chevalier of the South Seas|year=1975|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550457-7|page = 31}}</ref> Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on [[Royal Navy|British ships]]. The earliest known Indians to set foot in New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in Dec 1769 on the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]'s ship ''Saint Jean Baptiste'' captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry a union territory town bounded by the southeastern Tamil Nadu state, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://india.oup.com/product/indians-and-the-antipodes-9780199483624?|title=Identity and Invisibility: Early Indian Presence in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1769–1850|last=Nachowitz|first=Todd|work=Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries, and Circulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-948362-4|editor-last=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first=Sekhar|location=New Delhi|pages=34–40|editor-last2=Buckingham|editor-first2=Jane}}</ref> Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed Indian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.

After establishment of [[History of Australia|first European colony in Sydney in Australia]] in 1788 by the colonial [[British Indian Empire#BIE|British Indian Empire]] under the British East India Company, the company had exclusive right on control of all trade to and from the penal colony.<ref>
Binney, Keith R., Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788–1900) and The Serpents Legacy.</ref><ref>[https://www.tbheritage.com/Breeders/AUS/AusHistBinney.html British East India Company in early Australia], tbheritage.com, accessed 11th February 2024.</ref> These colonies multiplied and expanded to include whole Australia, various Islands in Oceania, initially colonies were established under the British Indian Empire including New Zealand which was administered as part of New South Wales until 1841.

The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship ''City of Edinburgh'' who jumped ship in 1809 in the [[Bay of Islands, New Zealand|Bay of Islands]] to live with a [[Māori people|Māori]] wife.<ref name=":0" /> Another took up residence on [[Stewart Island]] around the same time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=2. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-2 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref>

Possibly the earliest non-Māori settlers of the [[Otago]] region of [[South Island]] were three Indian [[lascars]] who deserted ship to live among the Māori in 1813.<ref name=antipodes>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |last2=Buckingham |first2=Jane |title=Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries and Circulation |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199483624 |ref=Antipodes |language=en}}</ref> There, they assisted the [[Ngāi Tahu]] by passing on new skills and technologies, including how to attack colonial European vessels in the rain when their guns could not be fired.<ref name="antipodes" /> They integrated into Māori culture completely, receiving [[tā moko]] and taking on Māori names. An Indian whaler, Edward (Black) Peter, has found [[Otago gold rush|gold in the Otago region]] in 1858, but was not credited or rewarded for it until 1885.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=10, 147}}</ref>

There were a number of Indian soldiers who served New Zealand, 17 are recorded to have served in WWI and WWII.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Service Personnel |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/popular-searches/indian |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Auckland War Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref> The most well documented of these soldiers being [[Jagt Singh]] who served in Gallipoli during WWI.

The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the first wave of migration of Indians arriving in the country. A number of them came directly to New Zealand but some came via Fiji and others via other British colonies such as Burma. A large number of these early migrants were Indian teenagers, mainly from [[Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]]. They were generally looked after by the Māori community, and tended to have unions with Māori women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayhew |first1=W. R. |title=Tuapeka: The Land and Its People |date=1977 |publisher=Capper Press |location=Clutha District, New Zealand}}</ref>

Official policy in New Zealand to restrict non-European immigration resulted in difficulties for Indians to enter the country in the 1920s. Groups like The White New Zealand League, established in 1926, was opposed to both Chinese and Indian immigration because it was seen as a threat to the economic prosperity of European New Zealanders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamnadas |first1=Bharat |title=Our Pioneers Did Not Have It So Easy |url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/52/3722/Editorials/Our-Pioneers-did-not-have-it-so-easy |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> In the beginning of the 20the century, Indians were classified as "race aliens", which legally barred from any public service occupation such as police or the army, and also were not receiving any [[pension]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=26-27}}</ref> Early Indian migrants consciously chose jobs in remote areas that did not interest [[Pākehā]]: cutting grass, processing flax and digging drains.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=20-21}}</ref> The shared experience of discrimination facilitated solidarity between members of different [[Caste system in India|castes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=21}}</ref> On the other hand, The Shop and Office Act of 1921 allowed all British subjects to own shops and businesses, so many Indians struggling to find other employment became business owners, especially in [[Dairy (New Zealand)|dairies]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=33}}</ref>

Racial tensions between local Indians and Pākehā lasted for decades in [[Pukekohe]]. Until the late 1950s, Indians there were excluded from barbershops, hair salons, bars, and balcony seats in cinemas, and could not join the local growers' association.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swarbrick |first1=Nancy |title=Indians – 1920s–1930s', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-3 |website=Te Ara |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> At this time, a large number of Punjabi Sikhs, who often had farming experience, settled in the [[Waikato]] district and took up dairy farming.

Before the 1970s it remained difficult for Indians not related to the earlier immigrants to enter New Zealand. However, a small number of [[Fijian Indians]] and [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Indian-descent refugees from Uganda]] arrived in the country. By the 1980s, the official attitude towards Asian immigration relaxed and an increased number of Indians arrived in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=4. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-4 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early cultural contact theory ===
In 1885, [[Edward Tregear]] published the controversial book ''The Aryan Maori'' (1885), in which he placed the Māori language in the ranks of the Indo-European language family. He further claimed, that Māori were descended from Hindu Brahmins who spread south from India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tregear |first1=Edward |title=The Aryan Maori |date=1885 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Tamil bell]] may indicate contact between Māori and South India going back to the 14th or 15th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Darrah |first1=Petrina |title=The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO' |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/tamil-bell-mystery-new-zealand |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=3 November 2023 |language=en |date=8 February 2023}}</ref> A 1954 report by V Lakshmi Pathy, published in the Journal of Polynesian Studies, hinted at similarities between the South Indian [[Kannada]] language and various Polynesian languages including Māori.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=V Lakshmi |first1=Pathy |title=Are There Linguistic Affinities Between Maori And Kannada? Some Reflections |website=www.jps.auckland.ac.nz |pages=35–42 |url=https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_63_1954/Volume_63%2C_No._1/Are_there_linguistic_affinities_between_Maori_and_Kannada%3F_Some_reflections%2C_by_V._Lakshmi_Pathy%2C_p_35-42/p1 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

==Socioeconomics==

===Demographics===

According to the [[2018 New Zealand census]], there were 239,193 ethnic Indians in New Zealand making up 4.7% of New Zealand's population.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/indian|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> This is an increase of 84,015 people (54.1%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and an increase of 134,610 people (128.7%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. Some of the increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was due to [[Statistics New Zealand]] adding ethnicity data from other sources (previous censuses, administrative data, and imputation) to the 2018 census data to reduce the number of non-responses.<ref name="Census2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity|access-date=2020-04-29|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>

There were 129,123 males and 110,070 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.173 males per female. The median age was 30.0 years, compared with 37.4 years for all New Zealanders; 47,505 people (19.8%) were aged under 15 years, 71,796 (30.0%) were 15 to 29, 106,665 (44.6%) were 30 to 64, and 13,230 (5.5%) were 65 or older.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB).|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8321|access-date=2020-04-29|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In terms of population distribution, 64.7% of Indian New Zealanders lived in the Auckland region, 26.3% lived in the North Island outside the Auckland region, and 9.0% lived in the South Island. The [[Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board|Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area]] of Auckland had the highest concentration of Indian people at 26.2%, with [[Papatoetoe]] in Auckland considered to be New Zealand's little India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Papatoetoe in South Auckland emerges as Little India |url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/papatoetoe-in-south-auckland-emerges-as-little-india/}}</ref> The next highest concentrations are in the [[Puketāpapa Local Board|Puketāpapa local board area]] (22.9%) and the [[Whau Local Board|Whau local board area]] (18.2%). [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton City]] has the highest concentration of Indian peoples outside of Auckland at 7.3%. The [[Chatham Islands]] and [[Great Barrier Island]] had the lowest concentrations, recording no Indian people in their respective areas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB).|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8321|access-date=2020-04-29|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>

The proportion of Indian New Zealanders born overseas was 76.2%, compared with 27.1% for all ethnicities. Nearly two-thirds (65.7%) of those born in New Zealand were aged under 15.<ref name=":1" />

At the 2013 census, 72.0 percent of Indian New Zealanders aged 15 and over were in the labour force, of which 8.3 percent were unemployed. The large employment industries of Indians were retail trade (16.3 percent), health care and social assistance (11.7 percent), and accommodation and food services (9.7 percent).<ref name="StatsNZprofile">{{cite web|title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Indian|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24743&tabname=Keyfacts&p=y&printall=true|access-date=21 June 2016|work=Statistics New Zealand}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/indian|title=Indian ethnic group|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=right
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hinduism]]|Orange|46.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikhism]]|Yellow|21.4}}
{{bar percent|Christian{{note|Includes Other Christian (8.7%) and Catholic (6.4%)}}|Blue|15.1}}
{{Bar percent|Muslim|Green|8.7}}
{{bar percent|No Religion|grey|8.1}}
}}

According to the [[2018 New Zealand census]], 46.6% of Indian New Zealanders identified as [[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hindus]], 21.4% as [[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikhs]], 15.1% as [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christians]] (where 6.4% as [[Catholic Church in New Zealand|Catholic]], 1.3% as Pentecostalism, 0.5% as Anglican and 6.9% as other Christian), 8.7% as [[Islam in New Zealand|Muslims]], while 8.1% identified themselves as having no religion.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf |title=Demography of the Punjab (1849–1947) |author=Gopal Krishan |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022818/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
{{main category|New Zealand people of Indian descent}}

[[File:Sukhi Turner and Anand Satyanand.jpg|thumb|[[Anand Satyanand]] (centre left) served as the [[List of Governors-General of New Zealand|19th]] [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from (2006–2011), meeting [[Sukhi Turner|Dame Sukhi Turner]] (right), Mayor of [[Dunedin]] (1995–2004)]]
[[File:1 35 Jeetan Patel.jpg|thumb|Cricketer [[Jeetan Patel]]]]

===Business===
*[[Ranjna Patel]], businesswoman
*Nikhil Ravishankar, [[CEO]] of [[Air New Zealand]]

===Entertainment===
*[[Aaradhna]] Patel, R&B artist
*[[Shailesh Prajapati]], New Zealand actor, best known for his role as Ernie in Power Rangers MegaForce
*[[Shirley Setia]], New Zealand singer and actress
*[[Jacob Rajan]], playwright and actor, whose most notable work is ''Krishnan's Dairy''
*[[Madeleine Sami]], New Zealand actor of Irish and Fiji Indian heritage, best known for her role as Tania in ''[[Sione's Wedding]]''

===Media===
*Rohit Kumar Happy,<ref>[http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/author-profile/12/hindi-writer-rohit-kumar-happy.html Rohit Kumar Happy]</ref> editor of ''Bharat-Darshan'', Hindi literary magazine
*[[Rebecca Singh]], news presenter on the New Zealand television station TV3

===Politics===
*[[Gaurav Sharma (politician)|Gaurav Sharma]], Member of Parliament (2020–2022)
*[[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]], Member of Parliament since 2017 served as the 10th [[Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector]], 15th [[Minister for Youth (New Zealand)|Minister for Youth]] and Minister for Diversity, Inclusion and Ethnic Communities in the [[Sixth Labour Government]]
*[[Kanwal Bakshi]], Member of Parliament (2008–2020)
*[[Parmjeet Parmar]], Member of Parliament (2014–2020) (2023–Present)
*[[Mahesh Bindra]], Member of Parliament (2014–2017)
*[[Rajen Prasad]], former Race Relations Commissioner and Families Commissioner, and Member of Parliament (2008–2014)
*[[Anand Satyanand]], former [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], appointed on 23 August 2006
*[[Ajit Swaran Singh]], District Judge
*[[Sukhi Turner|Dame Sukhi Turner]], Mayor of [[Dunedin]] (1995–2004)

===Sport===
{{See also|New Zealand Sikh Games}}
*[[Sarpreet Singh]], football player currently playing as a midfielder for [[Bayern Munich II]] in [[Germany]].
*[[Rocky Khan]], [[rugby union]] player
*[[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Narshibhai Patel]], cricket player who has played 37 Tests and 75 one-day internationals for the [[New Zealand cricket team]]
*[[Jeetan Patel]], former spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]]
*[[Ish Sodhi]], current spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]]
*[[Jeet Raval]], current test batsman for the [[New Zealand cricket team]]
*[[Ajaz Patel]], current spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]]
*[[Jakob Bhula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer
*Jacob Fonseca, New Zealand 2023 Fishing Champion
*[[Roneel Hira]], New Zealand domestic cricketer
*[[Tarun Nethula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer
*[[Rachin Ravindra]], New Zealand cricketer
*[[Adithya Ashok]], India-born New Zealand cricketer

== Media ==

=== TV ===
[[Apna (New Zealand)|APNA]] Television<ref>{{Cite web|title=APNA Television|url=https://freeviewnz.tv/channel/49|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Freeview|language=en}}</ref>

=== Newspapers ===

* ''The Indian news''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Print Editions|url=https://www.indiannews.co.nz/print-editions|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Indian News|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Indian Weekender''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Weekender {{!}} www.indianweekender.co.nz – Meet our team|url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Info/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2021-11-13|website=www.indianweekender.co.nz}}</ref>
* ''Indianz x-press''<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://indianzxpress.com/about-us/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=IndianZ Xpress|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Indian Newslink''<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/about-us/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=indiannewslink.co.nz|date=17 November 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Multicultural Times''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Print editions|url=https://multiculturaltimes.news/print-editions|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Multicultural Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Kuk Hindi samachar''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News Paper {{!}} Kuk Punjabi Samachar|url=https://www.kuksamachar.co.nz/latest-news-paper/|access-date=2021-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
Te Papa's third community exhibition to be held in the Community Gallery was about the Indian communities in New Zealand, called AAINAA - Reflections through Indian Weddings. It ran 21 Sep 2002 – 26 Sep 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Stephanie |date=2003-06-01 |title=Te Papa and New Zealand's Indian communities - a case study about exhibition development |url=https://tuhinga.arphahub.com/article/34141/ |journal=Tuhinga |language=en |volume=14 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.3897/tuhinga.14.e34141 |doi-access=free |issn=2253-5861}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|New Zealand}}
* [[Māori Indians]]
* [[Punjabi New Zealanders]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Indianisation]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[India–New Zealand relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070107030740/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Indians/en?sources=true Te Ara], the encyclopedia of New Zealand
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221742/http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/LEARNING/AAINAA/ceremonies/indians_nz.html Indians in New Zealand]
*[http://www.nriol.com/content/snippets/snippet1125.asp Indian population growth in New Zealand]
*[http://www.nzindians.org.nz/ New Zealand Indian Central Association]
*[http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/ Indian Weekender Newspaper for Kiwi Indians]
*[http://indiandiaspora.wikispaces.com/links/ List of Indian groups, organizations and associations in New Zealand]
*[http://www.earthdiverse.org.nz/resources/bibliographies/indians/ The Indian Diaspora in New Zealand], a bibliography of known published Academic sources
*[http://www.nri-online.com/search.php?search=new+zealand NRI Online], news snippets and articles related to New Zealand NRIs
*[http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz Bharat-Darshan (भारत-दर्शन): world's first Hindi publication on the net. Indian philosophy and Hindi literary magazine].

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Immigration to New Zealand}}

[[Category:Asian diaspora in New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in New Zealand| N]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of New Zealand]]

Shipyard

2026-01-21T22:03:34Z

Kartikshina85855: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Place where ships are built and repaired}}
{{about|the ship repair and construction yard|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Constanta shipyard.JPG|thumb|[[Constanța Shipyard]], Romania]]
[[File:Viking XPRS Turku Repair Yard Jan 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Turku Repair Yard]], Finland]]
[[File:Dubai Maritime City on 8 May 2008 Pict 3.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Maritime City]], [[Dubai]], [[UAE]]]]

A '''shipyard''', also called a '''dockyard''' or '''boatyard''', is a place where [[ship]]s are [[shipbuilding|built]] and repaired. These can be [[yacht]]s, military vessels, [[cruise liner]]s or other cargo or passenger ships. Compared to shipyards, which are sometimes more involved with original construction, dockyards are sometimes more linked with maintenance and basing activities. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because the [[Shipyard#History|evolution]] of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.

Countries with large shipbuilding industries include [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Croatia]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], the [[Philippines]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Taiwan]], [[Turkey]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Ukraine]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and [[Vietnam]]. The shipbuilding industry is more fragmented in [[Economy of Europe|Europe]] than in [[Economy of Asia|Asia]] where countries tend to have fewer, larger companies. Many naval vessels are built or maintained in shipyards owned or operated by the national government or navy.

Shipyards are constructed near the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. The [[United Kingdom]], for example, has shipyards on many of its rivers.

The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised [[crane (machine)|crane]]s, [[dry dock]]s, [[slipway]]s, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships. After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a [[ship-breaking]] yard, often on a [[beach]] in [[South Asia]]. Historically ship-breaking was carried out in drydock in developed countries, but high wages and environmental regulations have resulted in movement of the industry to third-world regions.

==History==
The oldest structure sometimes identified as a dockyard{{efn|An alternative classification describes the structure as an irrigation tank.<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Leshnik| first1= Lawrence S.| last2= Junghans| first2= K. H.| title= The Harappan 'Port' at Lothal: Another View| url= https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070| journal= American Anthropologist| publication-date= October 1968| volume= 70| issue= 5| pages= 911–922| doi= 10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070| quote= The settlement in general and the basin in particular do not, in the author's view, appear to meet the requirements of a port. As an alternative, he suggests that the basin could have served as an irrigation tank for a moderately-sized but still rural village.| access-date= 22 May 2024| url-access= subscription}}</ref>}} was built {{circa | 2400 BC}} by the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] in the [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]] port city of [[Lothal#Dockyard|Lothal]] (in present-day [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title= Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/|access-date= 2022-02-10|publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre| quote = In close proximity to the enclosure identified as a warehouse, along the eastern side where a wharf-like platform, is a basin measuring 217 m long and 26 meters in width, identified as a tidal dock-yard.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/this-is-modi-govts-plan-for-indias-first-national-maritime-museum-in-gujarats-lothal/376488/ | title=This is Modi govt's plan for India's first National Maritime Museum in Gujarat's Lothal | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=9 March 2020 | quote = Archaeological excavations discovered the oldest man-made dockyard – over 5,000 years old – in Lothal, located near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka Taluka of Ahmedabad district. [...] It was one of the southernmost cities, and the only port town, in the Indus Valley civilisation. [...] While the city has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by the Indian government, its application is pending on the United Nation’s tentative list. [...] According to UNESCO, stone anchors, marine shells and seals possibly belonging to the Persian Gulf corroborate the use of the basin as a dockyard where boats would have sailed upstream from the Gulf of Cambay during high tide.}}</ref> Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a [[warehouse]] to serve the purposes of maritime trade. The name [[Naupactus]], an ancient Greek city on the Gulf of Corinth, means "shipyard" (combination of the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ναύς ''naus'': "ship, boat"; and πήγνυμι ''pêgnumi'', ''pegnymi'': "builder, fixer").<ref name="t347">{{cite book | author=Strabo | title=Strabo's Geography: A Translation for the Modern World | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2024-06-11 | isbn=978-0-691-24312-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1HpEAAAQBAJ&dq=Naupactus,+shipyard&pg=PA499 | access-date=2025-09-04 | page=499}}</ref> Naupactus' reputation in this field extended back into legendary times – the site is traditionally identified by Greek authors such as [[Ephorus]] and [[Strabo]] as the place where a fleet was said to have been built by the legendary [[Heraclidae]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1= Müller|editor-first1 = Karl Otfried|editor-link1 = Karl Otfried Müller|year = 2010|orig-date = 1841|chapter = Ephori fragmenta|title = Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lW_IPqgQolEC|location = Cambridge|publisher = Cambridge University Press|page = 236|isbn = 9781108016605|access-date = 23 May 2024|quote = Naupactus, ... sic dicta quod Heraclidae ibi classem compegerint, auctoribus Ephoro et Strabone.}}</ref> Other early historical shipyards include [[Tel Abu Saifi]], in the Northern [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], a 4th-century BCE, Ptolemaic Era, Egyptian dockyard, with two dry docks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Shipyard Discovered in Egypt – Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/7405-190213-egypt-ship-workshop |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archaeology.org |date=13 February 2019 }}</ref> [[Roman shipyard of Stifone (Narni)|Narni]] was a shipyard of [[Ancient Rome]].

In the Spanish city of [[Barcelona]], the [[Barcelona Royal Shipyard|Drassanes]] shipyards were active from at least the mid-13th century until the 18th century, although at times they served as a barracks for troops as well as an arsenal. During their time of operation the Drassanes were continuously changed, rebuilt and modified, but two original towers and part of the original eight construction-naves remain today. From the 14th century, several hundred years before the [[Industrial Revolution]], ships were the first items to be manufactured in a [[factory]] – in the [[Venice Arsenal]] of the [[Venetian Republic]] in present-day [[Italy]]. The Arsenal apparently [[mass production|mass-produced]] nearly one ship every day using [[American system of manufacturing|pre-manufactured parts]] and [[assembly line]]s. At its height in the 16th century the enterprise employed 16,000 people. Spain built component ships of the [[Spanish Armada|Great Armada]] of 1588 at ports such as [[Algeciras]] or [[Málaga]].<ref>{{cite journal |year=1977 |title=Quarterly Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IS7jAAAAMAAJ |journal=Quarterly Review |publisher=Anglo-Spanish Society |issue=100{{ndash}}118 |page=43 |quote=It is probable that at least a quarter of the ships of the Great Armada sent against England were built at Algeciras or Malaga. |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> In the 17th and 18th centuries, shipyards developed in complexity, with yards such as [[Blackwall Yard]] (1614 to 1987), the [[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]] in Greenock, Scotland (1711–1984) and the [[Kraljevica Shipyard]] (1729 and still operating) being established. [[Havana]] was long the only dockyard in the [[Caribbean]] during the colonial period, the ''[[Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad|Santísima Trinidad]]'', the largest warship of its time, was built there in 1769. [[Royal Naval Dockyards]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] also expanded at this time, (including [[Woolwich Dockyard|Woolwich]], [[Deptford]], [[Chatham Dockyard|Chatham]], [[Portsmouth Dockyard|Portsmouth]] and [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]]), [[Gibraltar]], [[Bombay]], [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Bermuda]], [[Hong Kong]] and elsewhere worldwide. Similarly, other countries in this period include the Nantes-Indret yard in France (established in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the ''Deane''), Charlestown Navy Yard, later [[Boston Navy Yard]], [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (1800 to 1974), the [[Navy Island]], [[Ontario]], Canada (French in the 18th century, then British 1763 to [[War of 1812]]), the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] (1799 to 1995), at two locations, and the [[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]], located on [[Maine]]-[[New Hampshire]] border (1800 to present, making it the oldest continuously operating shipyard of the US Navy).

The [[Industrial revolution]] saw the creation of many new shipyards around the world. In the UK, these included [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd]] (1837 to 1912), [[William Denny and Brothers]] in Dumbarton, Scotland (1840 to 1963), [[John Brown & Company]], Scotland (1851 to 1972), [[Swan Hunter]] (1880 to 2006), [[Harland & Wolff]] – (1861 - still a working yard) and [[Cammell Laird]] (1828, still a working yard). In Europe, other examples include [[Blohm+Voss]] (1877) where ''Bismarck'' was constructed (still a major yard). [[Ulstein Verft]] in Norway was established in 1917 (still a working yard under the [[Ulstein Group]]). In France, [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] (STX France) was established in 1861 (and is still a working yard). [[3. Maj]] was one of the largest shipyard in the [[Mediterranean]], established in 1892 in [[Rijeka]] (it is still a working yard). [[SLKB Komarno (Komárno) – Slovak Shipyard Komárno]] was another European shipyard on the [[Danube]] (established in 1898). [[Jean Street Shipyard]] (1843–present) is the oldest continually operated shipyard in the U.S. Located on the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]] in [[Tampa, Florida]]. [[Gloucester Marine Railways]] in the US (1859–present) is the oldest working shipyard in New England, being located on [[Rocky Neck, Gloucester|Rocky Neck]] in [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]].

During the late industrial revolution, British shipyards were among the largest in the world, including [[Harland & Wolff]] in Belfast, [[John Brown & Company]] at Clydebank (Glasgow) and [[Swan Hunter]] at Wallsend (Tyne).<ref name="e757">{{cite book | last=Hamilton-Paterson | first=James | title=What We Have Lost | date=2019-04-04 | isbn=978-1-78497-236-3 }}</ref><ref name="g015">{{cite web | author=The Royal Geographical Society | title=Cammell Laird shipbuilding | website=Britain from the Air | url=https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/north-west-england/aerial/britain-from-the-air-shipbuilding.html | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> By the 20th century, large shipyards were built during conflicts such as the [[First World War]] and [[Second World War]]. The [[Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.]] in [[Chester, Pennsylvania]] was the largest shipyard in the world by 1945, employing some 40,000 workers and building hundreds of ships during the Second World War.<ref name="m712">{{cite book | last=Sweeny | first=Alastair | title=Black Bonanza: Canada's Oil Sands and the Race to Secure North America's Energy Future | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=2010-05-13 | isbn=978-0-470-67583-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGqZuIPJdz4C&dq=Sun+Shipbuilding&pg=PA91 | access-date=2025-09-04 | page=91}}</ref><ref name="a437">{{cite book | last=Slade | first=Rachel | title=Into the Raging Sea | publisher=Fourth Estate | date=2019 | isbn=978-0-00-830247-4 | page=82}}</ref> Other examples of historical US yards include [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]], [[Mare Island]], [[California]] (1854 to 1996), New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY), also known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the [[New York Navy Yard]], and United States Navy Yard, New York (1801 to 1966), [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard]], later Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, then Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex (1941 to 1994) and [[Long Beach Naval Shipyard]] (1943 to 1997).

New shipyards were established after the war, a prominent example being the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] in 1945, the birthplace of [[History of Solidarity|Solidarity Movement]] – (still a working yard). In the late 20th century, shipbuilding in countries such as the US and UK declined, with yards closing and new shipyards instead expanding in countries such as [[Japan]], [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="e757"/><ref name="v785">{{cite web | last=Milmo | first=Dan | title=The decline of the UK shipbuilding industry was not inevitable | website=the Guardian | date=2013-11-06 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/nov/06/uk-shipbuilding-industry-bae-portsmouth | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> By the early 21st century, China became the worlds leading shipbuilder, with approximately 50% of global tonnage build at Chinese shipyards in 2023.<ref name="h362">{{cite web | title=A closer look at the massive Chinese orderbook amid US probe | website=Riviera | url=https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/a-closer-look-at-the-massive-chinese-orderbook-amid-us-probe-83546 | language=pt | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Since the early 2020s, shipyard capacity, design and infrastructure is changing in light of technological change and as the result of regulatory changes from the [[International Maritime Organization]] requiring ships to be built to operate more efficiently and with less pollution.<ref name="c717">{{cite web | title=Review of Maritime Transport 2024 | website=UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) | date=2024-10-22 | url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2024_en.pdf | access-date=2025-09-04|page=4}}</ref>

==Shipyard work==
[[File:Shipyard with fully enclosed assembly building.webp|thumb|Donjon shipyard with fully enclosed assembly building in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]]]
Work in shipyards typically involves the construction, modification, retrofitting and repair of ships.<ref name="c766">{{cite book | last1=Eyres | first1=D.J. | last2=Bruce | first2=G.J. | title=Ship Construction | chapter=Shipyard layout | publisher=Elsevier | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-08-097239-8 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097239-8.00011-8 | pages=119–124}}</ref> This varies according to the type of shipyard and if there are [[drydock]]s in the shipyard.<ref name="c776">{{cite web | title=Guidance on safety in shipyards | website=International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) | url=https://www.imca-int.com/resources/technical-library/document/67c53e5f-c55b-ee11-8def-6045bdd0ef2e/ | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> It may also involve [[ship breaking]], although in the 21st century, most ship recycling takes place at the [[Alang Ship Breaking Yard]] in [[India]], the [[Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard]] in [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Gadani Ship Breaking Yard]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="h741">{{cite web | title=Ship Breaking around the world | website=Ship Breaking | date=2025-09-04 | url=https://shipbreakingbd.info/ship-breaking-around-the-world/ | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Shipyards normally have industrial facilities for the production, assembly, and installation of materials. Shipyards normally have quays, jetties and slipways that include specific areas for launching, for repair and for outfitting work.<ref name="c766"/> The work in the shipyard will typically involve activities such as the [[welding]] and cutting of [[steel]], the use of [[Cutting tool (machining)|cutting tools]] and other [[machine tool]]s plumbing, electrical work, and the application, removal or renewal of paints and coatings.<ref name="i517">{{cite web | title=Shipyards | website=Maritime Safety and Health | date=2024-05-01 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/maritime/about/shipyards.html | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref>

Work in the shipyard typically falls under the relevant national domestic health and safety legislation. Examples around the world include the US Shipyard Industry Standards, part of [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]], the UK workplace regulations of the UK [[Health and Safety Executive]] and the Industrial Safety and Health Act of Ministry of Employment and Labor in South Korea.<ref name="t292">{{cite web | title=Shipyard Industry Standards | url=https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA_shipyard_industry.pdf |publisher=OSHA| access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref name="j836">{{cite web | title=Shipbuilding and ship-repair | website=HSE | date=2025-07-16 | url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/engineering/shipbuilding.htm | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref><ref name="n521">{{cite web | author=The Maritime Executive | title=Supervisor Killed at Hanwha Ocean Shipyard During Testing on FPSO | website=The Maritime Executive | date=2025-09-03 | url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/supervisor-killed-at-hanwha-ocean-shipyard-during-testing-on-fpso | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Work in shipyards can at times be considered dangerous.<ref name="r319">{{cite web | last=DiVincenzo | first=Kimber | title=Workplace Safety For Shipyard Workers | website=Work-Fit | date=2025-07-17 | url=https://www.work-fit.com/blog/workplace-safety-for-shipyard-workers | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> Accidents in shipyards may involve falls from height,<ref name="n521"/> as well as injuries from the use of tools and equipment, and from other hazards such as fire, explosion and pollution.<ref name="r319"/> In the late 20th century, many shipyard workers have been affected by the legacy of [[asbestos]] use within shipyards, although the use of the material is often prohibited following greater understanding of the effects of [[asbestosis]].<ref name="u653">{{cite journal | last=Beckett | first=William S | title=Shipyard workers and asbestos: a persistent and international problem | journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine | publisher=BMJ | volume=64 | issue=10 | date=2007-09-19 | issn=1351-0711 | doi=10.1136/oem.2006.032284 | doi-access=free | pages=639.1–641 | pmid=17881468 | pmc=2078396 | bibcode=2007OccEM..64639.1B }}</ref> Hazards may also come from factors such as slips, trips, excessive-noise, high-pressure tools and impact tools such as [[needlegun]]s and [[Grinding machine|grinder]]s.<ref name="k771">{{cite web | title=Occupational Safety and Health Administration | website=Shipyard Common Hazards | date=2014-06-26 | url=https://www.osha.gov/etools/shipyard/shipbreaking/common-hazards | access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> To mitigate the dangers and hazards of shipyard work, many employ safe systems of work based on regulation, best practice and guidance, typically involve the control of processes and the use of risk assessments and similar methods of work.<ref name="c776"/>

== Prominent dockyards and shipyards ==
===Africa===
* [[Alexandria shipyard]], the oldest shipyard in Africa founded in 1831 located in [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]].

===North America===
[[Image:Norfolk Ship Yard.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard]]]]

* [[Davie Shipbuilding]], (formerly Chantier Davie Canada Inc) in Lévis, Québec, is the oldest continually operating shipbuilder in North America.
* [[Newport News Shipbuilding]], (formerly Northrop Grumman Newport News) is the largest private ship builder in the [[United States|US]] and the one best known for its unique capacity to build the {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}}s.
* [[Ingalls Shipbuilding]], part of [[Huntington Ingalls Industries]], located in [[Pascagoula, Mississippi]], repaired the [[USS Cole (DDG-67)|USS ''Cole'']] and builds [[offshore drilling rig]]s, [[cruise ship]]s and naval vessels.
* [[National Steel and Shipbuilding Company|National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO)]] shipyard in [[San Diego]], California, part of [[General Dynamics]]; is the primary shipbuilding location on the west coast of the United States.
* [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard]] in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], is one of the largest shipyards in the world; specializing in repairing, overhauling and modernizing naval ships and submarines. It's the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the [[United States Navy]]
* [[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Division]] (EBDiv) of [[General Dynamics]] in [[Groton, Connecticut]], with an accessory facility in [[Quonset Point, Rhode Island]], builder of many Naval [[submarine]]s over the past 100 years, with some types built only here.
* [[Bath Iron Works]] (BIW), subsidiary of General Dynamics, is a major American shipyard located on the [[Kennebec River]] in [[Bath, Maine]].
* [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility|Puget Sound Naval Shipyard]] in [[Bremerton, Washington]], is also owned by the U.S. Navy. It services ships and submarines from the West Coast.
* [[Vigor Marine Group]], a shipbuilding and ship repair company headquartered in [[Portland, Oregon]], with shipyards in Oregon, Washington, California, and Virginia {{as of|2025|lc=yes}}.
* [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility]] is operated by the US Navy. It services surface ships and submarines from the Pacific region

===South America===
[[File:Jacuecanga Angra dos Reis Rio de Janeiro Brazil Brasfels.JPG|thumb|Brasfels Shipyard – [[Rio de Janeiro]]]]
* [[COTECMAR]] shipyard in [[Cartagena de Indias]], Colombia.
* The [[DIANCA]] shipyard in [[Puerto Cabello]], Venezuela.
* The [[SIMA]] shipyard in [[Callao]], Peru.
* [[ASMAR]] shipyards in [[Valparaíso]], [[Talcahuano]] and [[Punta Arenas]], Chile.

===Europe===
* [[Imperial Arsenal]] is in [[Istanbul]], Turkey. Founded in 1454, it is still operated today under the name ''Haliç Shipyard''.
* [[Riga Shipyard]] is in [[Riga]], Latvia. Established in 1913 and revived after both world wars, it remains one of the largest shipyards in the Baltic region.
* [[Ferguson Shipbuilders]] is in [[Port Glasgow]] in [[inverclyde]] [[Scotland]] on the [[River Clyde]]. The Ferguson yard has been building ships for over a 110 years
[[File:Girvan shipyard, Ayrshire.JPG|thumb|[[Girvan]] shipyard Alexander Noble and son, [[Ayrshire]] [[Scotland]]]]
[[File:Luftaufnahmen -Papenburg- 2013 by-RaBoe 076.jpg|thumb|[[Meyer Werft]] shipyard in [[Papenburg]], Germany]]
* [[BAE Systems Surface Ships]] operates three shipbuilding yards in the United Kingdom; [[Portsmouth]], England and [[Scotstoun]] and [[Govan]] on the [[River Clyde]] in [[Glasgow]], Scotland. Major projects include the [[Type 45 destroyer]] and the {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|1}}s.
* [[BAE Systems Submarine Solutions]] operates a major shipyard at [[Barrow-in-Furness]] in [[Cumbria]], [[England]]. It is one of the few yards in the world capable of building [[nuclear submarines]] such as the Royal Navy's {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|4}}. Preceding companies such as [[Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering]] have constructed hundreds of surface ships and civilian vessels in Barrow since the late 19th century.
* [[Fincantieri]] – Cantieri Navali Italiani S.p.A.<ref>{{cite web |author=E-mail * Saisissez votre adresse électronique. |url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/stx-europe-demantele-fincantieri-va-devenir-le-geant-europeen-de-la-navale |title=STX Europe démantelé, Fincantieri va devenir le géant européen de la navale |date=24 December 2012 |language=fr |publisher=Mer et Marine |access-date=2013-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502070938/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/stx-europe-demantele-fincantieri-va-devenir-le-geant-europeen-de-la-navale |archive-date=2013-05-02 }}</ref> is an Italian [[shipbuilding]] company based in [[Trieste]], Italy. It was formed in 1959 and is the largest shipbuilder in Europe, and one of the largest in the world. The company has built both commercial and military vessels during its history.
* [[Lürssen]] (or Lürssen Werft) is a German [[shipbuilding]] company based in [[Bremen-Vegesack]]. Lürssen designs and constructs [[yacht]]s, [[naval ship]]s and special vessels. Trading as Lürssen Yachts, it is one of the leading builders of custom [[superyacht]]s.
* [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]] in [[Saint-Nazaire]]
* [[Fayard]] – also known as Lindøværftet.
* [[Helsinki Shipyard]]
* [[Meyer Turku]]
* [[Rauma Marine Constructions]]
[[File:LaNaval_de_Sestao.jpg|thumb|LaNaval shipyard in [[Bilbao]], Spain]]
*
* The [[Meyer Werft|Meyer Werft GmbH]] is one of the major German shipyards, headquartered in [[Papenburg]] at the river [[Ems (river)|Ems]]. Founded in 1795 and starting with small wooden vessels, today Meyer Werft is one of world's leading builders of luxury passenger ships. Altogether about 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard.
* [[Navantia]]: major public Spanish shipbuilding firm, which offers its services to both military and civil sector in three industrial areas: [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] / [[Cádiz]] / [[Ferrol, Galicia|Ferrol]] (headquarters: [[Madrid]]) and with recent important projects as {{sclass2|F100|frigate|1}} program and {{sclass2|S-80|submarine|0}} submarine program
* Construcciones Navales del Norte [[:es:Construcciones Navales del Norte|LaNaval]], Sestao (Bilbao)
* [[Lisnave]]: repair facilities in [[Setúbal]] ([[Lisbon]], Portugal)
*
*[[File:Tun Razak.JPG|thumb|[[Navantia]]-[[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] shipyard ([[Spain]])]] [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]], located in the city of [[Plymouth]], [[England]] in the county of [[Devon]] is the largest naval base in Western [[Europe]]. It has 15 [[dry dock]]s, {{convert|4|mi|km|spell=in}} of waterfront, 25 tidal berths, five basins and covers 650 acres (2.6&nbsp;km2). It is the main refitting base for [[Royal Navy]] nuclear submarines and also handles work on frigates. It is the base for seven of the ''Trafalgar''-class nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarines and many frigates, exploiting its convenient access to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It supports the [[Current Royal Navy ships#Vanguard-class submarines|''Vanguard''-class]] [[Trident missile]] nuclear ballistic missile submarines in a custom-built refitting dock. It houses {{HMS|Courageous|S50|6}}, a nuclear-powered submarine used in the [[Falklands War]] and open to the general public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-17924025|title=Submarine Museum marks Falklands 30th anniversary|publisher=BBC|date=2 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614200624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-17924025|archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> Facilities in the local area also include a major naval training establishment and a base for the [[Royal Marines]].
* [[Chatham Dockyard]], located on the [[River Medway]] in [[Kent]], was established as a royal dockyard by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1567. For 414 years, the Dockyard provided over 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6&nbsp;km2). The dockyard closed in 1984, and most of the [[Georgian era|Georgian]] dockyard is now managed as a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.
* [[Damen Group|Damen Shiprepair]] in [[Brest, France]]. It operates three [[Dry dock|drydocks]], up to {{convert|420|by|80|m}}.
* [[Sunderland]], [[County Durham]] a town once hailed as the "Largest Shipbuilding Town in the World".<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Shipbuilding in the North East|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/ship-building/background.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref> ships were built at the [[Sunderland Docks]] from at least 1346<ref>{{cite web|title=History of shipbuilding on Wearside|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wear/content/articles/2008/01/16/shipbuilding_has_been_20_years_feature.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> and by the mid-18th century Sunderland was one of the chief shipbuilding towns in the country.
* [[Constanța Shipyard]] in [[Romania]] on the shores of the [[Black Sea Basin]].
* [[Mangalia shipyard|Mangalia Shipyard]] again in Romania, {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}} south of the [[port of Constanța]].
* [[Galați shipyard]] Galați is the largest naval shipyard on the Danube, given its strategic positioning inland but with access to the sea through either Sulina or Danube-Black Sea canal its output ranges from large tankers to research vessels, [[yacht]]s and small coast guard patrol boats. The yard is known for taking on specialty projects and under Damen has completed over such 250 vessels since 1999.
* The [[Black Sea Shipyard]] in Mykolaiv, Ukraine, is one of the largest shipyards in Europe, and is where all Soviet and Russian aircraft carriers were built.

===East Asia===
* [[Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation]]'s Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works in [[Japan]] builds oil tankers, LNG carriers, bulk carriers, container ships, Ro/Ro vessels, jetfoils and warships for the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]]
* [[Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding]]'s Tamano Works builds bulk carriers, ore carriers, crude oil tankers, oil product carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefers, container ships, pure car carriers, cargo ships, patrol vessels, ocean surveillance ships, training vessels, fishery patrol boats and fishing boats
* [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]'s Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works primarily produces specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, oil tankers and passenger cruise ships
* [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] [[Ulsan Shipyard & Gunsan shipyard]], in South Korea, is currently the largest in the world and has the capability to build a variety of vessels including Commercial Cargo, FPSO offshore, container ship, LNG Carrier, Car carriers, Tankers like VLCC & ULCC, Iron ore carrier and Naval vessels like Aegis destroyers & submarines.
* [[Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries]] [[Samho shipyard near Mokpo]] 4th largest South Korean shipyard for VLCC Oil tankers, container ships & LNG, Offshore, Subsidiary of Hyundai heavy industries.
* [[CSBC Corporation, Taiwan]], in Taiwan, is a private company that produces ships for civilian and military use. It was a state-owned enterprise of Taiwan (Republic of China) but transitioned to private ownership via an IPO in 2008. It is headquartered in Kaohsiung and shipyards in Kaohsiung and Keelung.
* [[Yantai Raffles Shipyard]], in [[Yantai]], China, is that country's largest offshore builder. It employs the 20,000 ton crane [[Taisun]], the holder of the Heavy Lift World Record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/332248/9/ARTCL/Display/chw/1/Yantai-Raffles |title=Yantai Raffles' world-record gantry crane should see first lift this year – Offshore |publisher=Offshore-mag.com |access-date=2012-05-19}}</ref> Yantai Raffles' portfolio includes offshore platforms, pipe lay and other specialized vessels.
* [[Jiangnan Shipyard]], in [[Shanghai]], China, is a subsidiary of [[China State Shipbuilding Corporation]] that produces both military and civilian ships. Its headquarters and main shipyard are based in Shanghai, with subsidiary shipyards in Shanghai and Chongqing.
* [[Bohai Shipyard]], in [[Huludao]], China, is a subsidiary of [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]] that produces military (including nuclear powered vessels) and civilian ships.

===South East Asia===
[[File:Shipbuilding yard.jpg|thumb|Visakhapatnam Shipyard]]
* [[Keppel Shipyard]] (Singapore)
* [[Palindo Marine]] in [[Batam]], Indonesia
* [[HHIC Phil|Hanjin shipyard]] in [[Subic Bay|Subic]], [[Zambales]], Philippines
* [[The Bangkok Dock Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokdock.co.th/eng.html|title=The Bangkok Dock Company (1957) Limited|publisher=The Bangkok Dock Company|access-date=6 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314041523/http://www.bangkokdock.co.th/eng.html|archive-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> [[Sattahip]], [[Thailand]]
* [[Bason Shipyard]], in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]], is a long-standing builder that was established by the French government in April 1863 to repair warships and merchant vessels. Aside from its main function of building and repairing naval vessels, Bason also offers service to local and foreign customers from Southeast Asia and Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basonshipyard.vn/index.php?m=home&a=intro&cat_id=3 |title=Bason Shipyard's Brief History |publisher=Bason Shipyard Website |access-date=29 March 2013 |language=vi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221536/http://www.basonshipyard.vn/index.php?m=home&a=intro&cat_id=3 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

===South Asia and the Middle East===
[[File:Cochin Ship Yard Cranes.JPG|thumb|Cranes in Cochin Shipyard ([[India]]).]]
[[File:Dhaka Shipyard - panorama.jpg|thumb|Dhaka Shipyard]]
[[File:Dhaka Shipyard - welding propellers.JPG|thumb|Dhaka Shipyard – welding propellers]]

* [[FMC Dockyard]] is one of the largest shipyards in Bangladesh, located in [[Karnaphuli|Eastern Bank of the Karnaphuli river]] in [[Chittagong]]. The dockyard has its own forward and backward linkage. {{convert|106|x|26|m|adj=on}} Syncrolift and side transfer system.
* [[Western Marine Shipyard]], a leading shipyard in Bangladesh based in Chittagong. The shipyard has been exporting ships and vessels to a number of European, Asian and African countries.
* [[Khulna Shipyard]] is the oldest shipyard in Bangladesh, situated in [[Khulna]]. It mainly produces warships for [[Bangladesh Navy]]. Recently it also started to build commercial vessels like cargo ship, container, oil tanker for local buyers.
* [[Ananda Shipyard and Shipways]], one of the largest shipyards in Bangladesh, located in [[Narayanganj]]. It is a 100% export oriented shipyard.
* [[Pipavav Shipyard]] in [[Gujarat]], India, is the leading, modern and largest engineering facility in the business of ships and offshore platforms construction, repair and conversion, heavy engineering and offshore engineering in [[South Asia]].
* [[Colombo Dockyard]] in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], is the largest engineering facility in the business of ship repair, shipbuilding, heavy engineering and offshore engineering in Sri Lanka.
* [[Cochin Shipyard]] in [[Kochi]], India, is the country's largest shipyard. It is building the {{sclass|Vikrant|aircraft carrier|1}}.
* [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] is located in India. It is owned by the Government of India and is constructing the {{sclass|Shardul|tank landing ship|1}}s for the Indian Navy.
* [[Hindustan Shipyard]] is a shipyard located in [[Visakhapatnam]] on the east coast of India.
* [[Hooghly Cochin Shipyard Limited|Hooghly Cochin Shipyard]], formerly known as Hooghly Dock & Port Engineers Limited is a shipyard at Howrah, India.
* [[Karachi Shipyard]] and [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in [[Karachi]], Pakistan, is that country's first and oldest yard. It constructs cargo ships, [[tugboat]]s, support vessels, and warships.
* [[Mazagaon|Mazagaon Dockyard]], operated by [[Government of India|state-owned]] Mazagaon Dock Limited, is one of India's largest shipyards. It constructs a variety of ships both for the defence and civilian sector. The dockyard is known for constructing Britain's {{HMS|Trincomalee}}. Currently the shipyard is building three {{sclass|Shivalik|frigate|1}}s and three {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}s for the [[Indian Navy]].
* [[Shalimar Works (1980) Ltd|Shalimar Works]] is a public sector shipbuilding company of [[West Bengal]], India.
* The beach at [[Alang]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] is the site of a large complex of [[shipbreaking]] yards. In 2010, the yard dismantled 357 ships; on average the yard processes 28–30 ships a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-13/news/30624040_1_ship-breakers-alang-steel-scrap|title=Alang ship-breakers face Rs 2,000-cr hit from Rupee fall|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114062910/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-13/news/30624040_1_ship-breakers-alang-steel-scrap|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Jebel Ali]] and [[Dubai]] ports in the [[UAE]] are capable of handling, constructing and repairing large ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drydocks.gov.ae/en/portal/profile.aspx|title=Drydocks World: Profile|website=drydocks.gov.ae|access-date=2020-05-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504143635/http://www.drydocks.gov.ae/en/portal/profile.aspx|archive-date=2018-05-04}}</ref>
* The gate 7 of [[Shuwaikh port]] in the [[Kuwait]] has facility for repairing ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heisco.com|title=HOME|website=heisco.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224043930/http://www.heisco.com/|archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of shipbuilders and shipyards]]
* [[Shipbuilding]]
* [[Shipyard transporter]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Shipyards}}
* [http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/ Shipbuilding History] – extensive collection of information about North American shipyards, including over 500 pages of US shipyard construction records

{{Shipbuilding-Footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shipyards| ]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!

2026-01-17T21:42:31Z

Kartikshina85855: creating data...

{{Short description|Marathi-language television program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Abhijeet Guru
| director = Chandrakant Kanse
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Pankaj Padghan
| opentheme = "''Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!''" by Kartiki Gaikwad
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1261
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plain list|
*[[Mahesh Kothare]]
*[[Adinath Kothare]]
}}
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Kothare Vision]]
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|08|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|12|22}}
| related = ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]''
}}

'''''Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!''''' ({{translation|''What Exactly Is Happiness!''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television fantasy drama series airing on [[Star Pravah]]. It premiered on 17 August 2020 and ended on 22 December 2024. It was produced by [[Mahesh Kothare]] and [[Adinath Kothare]] under the banner of Kothare Vision. The series is loosely based on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV series ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]''. It stars Mandar Jadhav and Girija Prabhu in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi TV show 'Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!' all set to telecast soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-show-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-all-set-to-telecast-soon/articleshow/77052179.cms|date=19 July 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Kolhapur]], Gauri, a kind hearted girl, is treated as a daughter by Shirke-Patil family patriarch, Yashwant and his wife, Nandini. But, she is constantly berated and ill-treated by other members of the family, especially Shirke-Patil's eldest daughter-in-law, Shalini, who sees Gauri as mere a servant, while her husband, Malhar, sympathises with Gauri. Shirke-Patil's youngest son, Jaydeep returns from [[London]] and strives to keep the family united. He is forced to marry Gauri to protect her honour.

Eventually, love blooms between Gauri and Jaydeep. Later, it's revealed that Jaydeep is Surya and his wife, Mangal's son while Gauri is Yashwant and Nandini's daughter. At birth, Gauri was presumed dead and hence Surya has exchanged both kids. Yashwant and Nandini accept both Gauri and Jaydeep as their own children.

Later, Gauri and Jaydeep have a daughter, Lakshmi. Fearing that Shalini might harm Lakshmi, Jaydeep leaves the house with Lakshmi as Gauri refuses to believe him. They are assumed to be dead in a bus accident.

6 years later, Gauri is still in hope for Jaydeep and Lakshmi's return while Shalini has taken over the Shirke-Patil house. Jaydeep lives with Lakshmi in [[Pune]]. Eventually, Gauri and Jaydeep reunite and manage to take the house back from Shalini. Later, Shalini tricks and kills Gauri and Jaydeep, along with other family members, except Nandini and Lakshmi.

25 years later, Gauri and Jaydeep are reborn as Nitya and Adhiraj, having opposite personalities to their past lives. Nandini is still in hope for Jaydeep and Gauri's return. Having memory loss and also being mute, Lakshmi lives as Rajma with Anna, who has taken care of her.

Eventually, Nitya and Adhiraj become friends and get married. Lakshmi regains her voice and memory and reunites with Nandini. Nitya and Adhiraj remember their past lives and reunite with Nandini and Lakshmi. Shalini returns and kills Nandini. Then after, with the help of Shirke-Patil family, Nitya and Adhiraj seek the blessing of Devi Aai and then kills Shalini.

8 months later, it's revealed that Nitya and Adhiraj have a daughter named Nandini, named after Gauri/Nitya's mother Nandini Shirke-Patil.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Girija Prabhu as
** Gauri Jaydeep Shinde (née Shirke-Patil) – Yashwant and Nandini's younger daughter; Suryakant and Mangal's foster daughter; Malhar, Renuka and Uday's sister; Jaydeep's wife; Lakshmi's mother. (Dead)
** Nitya Adhiraj Jadhav (née Adhikari) – Reborn Gauri; Revati and Sudarshan's daughter; Adhiraj's wife; Jr. Nandini's mother; Ishan's former love interest and ex-fiancé; Lovely, Santya and Sawari's friend.
*** Geeta – Fake Identity.
* Mandar Jadhav as
** Jaydeep Suryakant Shinde – Suryakant and Mangal's son; Yashwant and Nandini's foster son; Malhar, Renuka and Uday's foster brother; Gauri's husband; Lakshmi's father. (Dead)
** Adhiraj Mukund Jadhav – Reborn Jaydeep; Mukund and Vimal's son; Sawari's brother; Nitya's husband; Jr. Nandini's father; Pawani's former love interest; Lovely and Santya's friend.
*** Jaywant Deshmukh – Fake Identity.
=== Recurring ===
* Mrunmayee Gondhalekar as Lakshmi "Rajma" Shinde – Gauri and Jaydeep's daughter; Jr. Nandini's elder sister; Krish and Kashish's cousin.
** Saisha Salvi as Child Lakshmi Shinde.
*** Arpeet Hase as Baby Lakshmi Shinde.
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Nandini "Maai" Shirke-Patil – Yashwant's widow; Malhar, Renuka, Uday and Gauri's mother; Jaydeep's foster mother; Krish, Kashish and Lakshmi's grandmother. (Dead)
* Sunil Godse as Yashwant "Dada" Shirke-Patil – Nandini's husband; Malhar, Renuka, Uday and Gauri's father; Jaydeep's foster father; Krish, Kashish and Lakshmi's grandfather. (Dead)
* Kapil Honrao as Malhar Shirke-Patil – Yashwant and Nandini's elder son; Renuka, Uday and Gauri's brother; Jaydeep's foster brother; Shalini's husband. (Dead)
* [[Madhavi Nimkar]] as Shalini Shirke-Patil – Rahul's sister; Malhar's widow; Gauri and Jaydeep's rival; Shirke-Patil's murderer; Revati's friend and business partner. (Dead)
* [[Vikas Patil]] as Rahul Desai – Shalini's brother; Jaydeep and Gauri's arch rival; Shalini, Devki and Uday's partner-in-crime.
* Sanjay Patil as Uday Shirke-Patil – Yashwant and Nandini's younger son; Malhar, Renuka and Gauri's brother; Jaydeep's foster brother; Devki's husband; Krish and Kashish's father. (Dead)
* Meenakshi Rathod / Bhakti Ratnaparkhi as Devki Shirke-Patil – Anil's sister; Uday's wife; Krish and Kashish's mother. (Dead)
* Abhishek Gaonkar as Anil "Bracket" Jadhav – Devki's brother; Jaydeep and Gauri's arch rival; Shalini, Devki and Uday's partner-in-crime.
* Aparna Gokhale as Renuka Shirke-Patil Pawar – Yashwant and Nandini's elder daughter; Malhar, Uday and Gauri's sister; Jaydeep's foster sister; Shekhar's wife. (Dead)
* Ganesh Revdekar as Shekhar Pawar – Renuka's Widower; Gauri and Jaydeep's brother-figure and well-wisher. (Dead)
* Amrut Gaikwad as Krish Shirke-Patil – Devki and Uday's son; Kashish's brother; Lakshmi's cousin.
* Aarohi Sambre as Kashish Shirke-Patil – Devki and Uday's daughter; Krish's sister; Lakshmi's cousin.
* [[Atisha Naik]] as Mangal Shinde – Suryakant's wife; Jaydeep's mother; Gauri's foster mother; Lakshmi's grandmother. (Dead)
* [[Girish Oak]] as Sudarshan Adhikari – Revati's husband; Nitya's father; Shalini's friend and business partner.
* Snehal Reddy as Revati Adhikari – Sudarshan's wife; Nitya's mother; Shalini's friend and business partner.
* Mohiniraj Gatne as Mukund "Tatya" Jadhav – Vimal's husband; Adhiraj and Sawari's father.
* Madhavi Juvekar as Vimal Jadhav – Mukund's wife; Adhiraj and Sawari's mother.
* Trushnika Shinde as Sawari Jadhav – Mukund and Vimal's daughter; Adhiraj's sister.

=== Others ===
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Vasundharadevi Ahirrao – [[Sarpanch]] of Aamgaon; Raosaheb's mother; Nitya and Adhiraj's arch rival; Ishan and Pawani's partner-in-crime.
* Makarand Navghare as Raosaheb Ahirrao – A politician; Vasundharadevi's son; Adhiraj and Nitya's arch rival; Ishan and Pawani's partner-in-crime.
* [[Eknath]] Digraskar as Pintya – Vasundharadevi and Raosaheb's sidekick and assistant; Adhiraj and Nitya's arch rival; Ishan and Pawani's partner-in-crime.
* Amey Barve as Ishan – Nitya's former love interest and ex-fiancé; Adhiraj's arch rival; Vasundharadevi, Raosaheb and Pawani's partner-in-crime; Revati and Sudarshan's business partner.
* Pratiksha Pokale as Pawani – Adhiraj's former love interest; Sawari, Santya and Lovely's friend, Nitya's arch rival; Vasundharadevi, Raosaheb and Ishan's partner-in-crime. (Dead)
* Sunil Godbole as Anna – Vasundharadevi and Raosaheb's servant of Aamgaon; Lakshmi's caretaker.
* Abhishek Vernekar as Santya – Pawani, Sawari, Lovely, Adhiraj and Nitya's friend.
* Mayur Pawar as Lovely – Pawani, Sawari, Santya, Adhiraj and Nitya's friend.
* Gayatri Datar as Ruhi Karkhanis – Gauri and Jaydeep's friend; Advait's widow; Ananya's mother; Lakshmi's teacher.
* Shravi Panvelkar as Ananya Karkhanis – Advait and Ruhi's daughter; Lakshmi's friend.
* Asha Dnyate as Amma – Ranganath's brother; Shirke-Patil's maid; Gauri and Jaydeep's caretaker.
* Jayshree Jagtap as Jogtin – A soothsayer and predictor of Shirke-Patils; Jaydeep aka Adhiraj and Gauri aka Nitya's helping hand.
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Bhairu – Kabbadi trainer.
* Vikram Gaikwad as Advocate Prashant Karnik – Gauri and Jaydeep's Lawyer and friend; Jyotika's husband.
* Sanket Korlekar as Parth – Jaydeep and Jyotika's friend.
* Sayli Salunkhe / Ketaki Palav as Jyotika Desai – Jaydeep's ex-girlfriend; Prashant's wife; Gauri's arch rival; Shalini, Devki, Uday and Anil's partner-in-crime.
* Ashwini Kasar as Manasi – Jaydeep and Gauri's friend turned arch rival; Sugandha's Daughter; Shalini, Devki, Anil and Uday's partner-in-crime.
* Shailesh Korade as Chintan Baba – An evil scientist, Jaydeep and Gauri's arch rival, Shalini, Devki and Uday's partner-in-crime.

=== Guest appearances ===
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as a judge of 'Mrs. Kolhapur' competition
* [[Urmila Kothare]] as a judge of 'Mrs Kolhapur' competition
* Sanket Pathak as a judge of 'Mrs. Kolhapur' competition
* Sangram Salvi as an anchor of 'Mrs. Kolhapur' competition

== Production ==
The series was initially put under development in March 2020, but was pushed until later in the year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown in India. Its promo was also released in March 2020. Later, its new promo was released in end of July 2020. Filming finally began from 20 July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=महेश कोठारे निर्मित नवी मालिका 'सुख म्हणजे नक्की काय असतं!'|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/new-serial-on-star-pravah-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-ssv-92-2222109/|work=[[Loksatta]]|date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
On 20 July 2020, it was revealed that Mandar Jadhav had been signed to play the show's main lead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shree Gurudev Datta fame Mandar Jadhav to feature in the upcoming TV show Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shri-gurudev-dutta-fame-mandar-jadhav-to-feature-in-the-upcoming-tv-show-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta/articleshow/77064495.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Shortly after, it was announced that actress Girija Prabhu would be playing the female lead in the series. The following month, veteran actress [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] was cast in the show in a prominent role, marking her return to Marathi television after a decade-long gap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Varsha Usgaonkar returns to Marathi TV after a decade|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/varsha-usgaonkar-returns-to-marathi-tv-after-a-decade/articleshow/77417035.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Other members of cast include Sunil Godse, Kapil Honrao, Madhavi Nimkar and Meenakshi Rathod.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta/1260039918 ''Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt13276858}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]

Lakshmikanthan murder case

2026-01-15T22:19:30Z

Kartikshina85855: slightly reworked lead per standard format

{{Short description|Criminal case in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. N. Lakshmikanthan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[British India]] (present-day Chennai, India)
| death_date = 7 November 1944
| death_place = Madras, British India
| death_cause = Stabbing
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation = Film journalist
| spouse =
| parents =
| partner =
| known_for = Victim of an unsolved murder
}}

The '''Lakshmikanthan murder case''' was a high-profile criminal trial that was conducted in the then [[Madras Presidency]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] between November 1944 and April 1947. The cause of the trial was the murder of C. N. Lakshmikanthan, a Tamil film journalist. Lakshmikanthan was stabbed in [[Vepery]], [[Madras]], on 7 November 1944. He died the next morning in General Hospital, Madras.

A criminal case was filed and a series of suspects were arrested. The suspects included Tamil film actors [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] and [[N. S. Krishnan]] and director [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]. While Naidu was acquitted, Bhagavathar and Krishnan were found guilty and convicted. Bhagavathar and Krishnan appealed to the [[Madras High Court]], but their appeals were turned down. The duo remained in jail until 1947, when an appeal to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] was successful, and the Privy Council directed the sessions court to make a fresh retrial. They were found to be innocent and acquitted. The case remains unsolved as the real killers were never identified.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Frederick|first=Prince|date=23 August 2013|title=Gripped by sleaze, sex and murders|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gripped-by-sleaze-sex-and-murders/article5049706.ece|access-date=19 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112007/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gripped-by-sleaze-sex-and-murders/article5049706.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The arrest completely broke Bhagavathar's morale. He lost all his money and died in 1959 in [[penury]]. Krishnan went on to do a few films, only some of which were successful.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

== Background ==

=== The feud between the accused and Lakshmikanthan ===
C. N. Lakshmikanthan was an infamous film journalist in [[Madras Presidency]]. His foray into journalism began in 1943 when he launched a film weekly called ''Cinema Thoothu'' which was extremely successful, due to extensive columns devoted to the personal lives of some of the top actors and actresses of the day. Many actors and actresses responded by paying large amounts of money to "buy" his silence. As a result, Lakshmikanthan set up a prosperous vocation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/defender-of-lost-causes/article28528418.ece|title=Defender of lost causes|date=7 November 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020161958/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/defender-of-lost-causes/article28528418.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Eventually, matters reached a standstill when Bhagavathar, Krishnan, and Naidu submitted a memorandum to the Governor of Madras, [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Arthur Oswald James Hope]], requesting him to revoke the license for the magazine. Hope obliged and the license for the magazine was cancelled. Lakshmikanthan tried to run the magazine with forged documents but, after a few months, he was forced to close shop.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Unfazed, Lakshmikanthan set up a new magazine called ''Hindu Nesan'' in which he continued his scandalous stories on Bhagavathar, Krishnan and a few other top actors, actresses and film people of the day. The tactics paid huge dividends and Lakshmikanthan purchased his own printing press.<ref name="pritt">{{cite news|title=Defender of lost causes |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700510400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2004 |first=Randor |last=Guy |authorlink=Randor Guy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826142551/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700510400.htm |archivedate=26 August 2009 }}</ref>

=== Lakshmikanthan's background ===

Film historian and author [[Randor Guy]] writes that Lakshmikanthan had a dark past with a criminal record. As a young man, Lakshmikanthan desired to become a lawyer but could not afford the expense involved as his family was not well-off. However, with his sufficient knowledge of law, he managed to establish himself as a "[[tout]]". He was successful for some time but was eventually caught and convicted for forgery. He tried to escape but was captured and imprisoned on a seven-year term at [[Rajahmundry]] jail. He tried to escape once again but was caught and deported to the [[Andaman Islands]].

Lakshmikanthan was eventually released when the islands came under Japanese occupation during the [[Second World War]]. He returned to India and established himself as a journalist.<ref name="varada">{{cite news |title=The Varadachariar viewpoint |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/04/stories/2003080400140300.htm |date=24 August 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=S. |last=Muthiah |authorlink=S. Muthiah |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404102501/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/04/stories/2003080400140300.htm |archivedate=2009-04-04 |access-date=2009-02-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-hint-of-scandal-in-madras/article6321907.ece | title=A hint of scandal in Madras | date=16 August 2014 | first1=T. A. | last1=Narasimhan | first2=B. | last2=Kolappan | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=22 January 2019 | archive-date=4 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104200142/http://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-hint-of-scandal-in-madras/article6321907.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-hint-of-scandal-in-madras/article6321907.ece| title=A hint of scandal in Madras| work=The Hindu| date=16 August 2014| accessdate=28 October 2014| archive-date=25 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625115449/http://www.thehindu.com/madras375/a-hint-of-scandal-in-madras/article6321907.ece| url-status=live}}</ref>

== The murder ==
{{Moresources|section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:General collins Road.jpg|right|thumb|130px| General Collins Road, Vepery]]
In the morning of 8 November 1944, Lakshmikanthan paid a visit to his close friend and lawyer, J. Nargunam, who lived in Vepery, a suburb in [[Madras]]. En route during return to his residence at the Venkatachala Mudali Street in [[Purasawalkam]], another Madras suburb, by a [[Pulled rickshaw|hand-rickshaw]] at 10:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) in General Collins Road, he was attacked by a group of unknown assailants — one of whom stabbed him with a knife.<ref name="pritt" /><ref name="attack">{{cite news|title=C. N. Lakshmikantam Attacked Again|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PIw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3181%2C6691042|accessdate=18 February 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=9 November 1944|page=2|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020162026/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PIw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3181%2C6691042|url-status=live}}</ref>

He reportedly suffered injuries in the left side of his abdomen among minor wounds on other parts of his body.<ref name="attack"/> The bleeding Lakshmikanthan managed to garner enough strength to walk to the lawyer's house, who listened to his description of the incident, and then sent him to General Hospital, Madras in the company of his friend, Brew.

On the way, Lakshmikanthan requested the rickshaw-driver to stop at Vepery police station to file a complaint against the assailants. At about that time, Brew took leave of him. Profusely bleeding and unable to move, Lakshmikanthan dictated his description of the incident while sitting in the rickshaw while inspector Krishnan Nambiyar wrote it down on a piece of paper.

At the General Hospital, Lakshmikanthan was admitted to the Wenlock Ward when bleeding in the abdomen did not cease. In the ward, Dr. P.R. Balakrishnan inspected his abdomen to check whether there was a serious wound. After this inspection, Lakshmikanthan's condition reportedly grew serious and he died at 4:15 a.m. (IST) on 9 November 1944 due to secondary shock caused by damage to the kidney.<ref name="pritt" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that he was "aged about fifty" at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=C. N. Lakshmikantam Dies in Hospital|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PYw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=5041%2C6764951|accessdate=18 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=10 November 1944|page=4|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020162038/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PYw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=5041%2C6764951|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Arrests ==

On the day of the attack, the police arrested one Vadivelu.<ref name="attack"/> Six suspects were arrested in the days following the murder. Among them were Bhagavathar, Krishnan and Naidu.<ref name="pritt" /> They were tried for the murder. Bhagavathar and Krishnan were convicted while Naidu was acquitted.<ref name="pritt" /> The Madras High Court sentenced the duo to [[transportation for life]].<ref name="pritt" /> Krishnan and Bhagavathar appealed to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]].<ref name="pritt" /> However, the appeal from the Privy Council did not come until the duo had already spent 30 months in jail.<ref name="pritt" />

== Suspects ==

{{See|M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar}}

[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] (1909-1959) was one of the biggest stars of early Tamil cinema. With his trademark long hair and his sweet voice, he set long-standing movie records. He was appreciated for his generosity and was perhaps the only film actor to be awarded a "[[Rao Bahadur]]" title (which he refused).

At the time of his arrest, Bhagavathar was at the peak of his success. He had just completed shooting for ''[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]'', which ran for three successful years at Sun Theatre in Broadway, Madras. He was the highest-paid Tamil actor at the time and had been signed for as many as 12 films at the time of his arrest.

===N. S. Krishnan===

[[N. S. Krishnan]] was a Tamil film comedian, drama artist, playback singer and writer in the early stages of the Tamil film industry. He is considered as the "Charlie Chaplin of India."

He acted in nearly 150 Tamil films and the matinee-duo of Krishnan and T. A. Madhuram (later his wife) in Tamil films was very popular; he did roles along with leading stage and cine artists. He was also a talented singer.

His jail term and fight for justice made him penurious; his wealth was lost in fighting the case.

==See also==

* [[List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)]]
* [[Murder of Renukaswamy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/244689/|title=Transcript of the verdict in M.K. Thiagaraja Bhagavathar And Ors. vs on 29 October 1945|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170625120518/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/244689/|archivedate=25 June 2017|url-status=dead}}


[[Category:1944 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th century in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in India]]
[[Category:Murder trials]]
[[Category:1944 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:1940s trials]]
[[Category:November 1944 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Journalists killed in India]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]

Panipat district

2026-01-11T20:07:34Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Panipat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panipat district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]] of [[Haryana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Kala Amb.jpg
| image_caption = Kala Amb, site of the [[Third Battle of Panipat]]
| image_map = Panipat in Haryana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates = {{coord|29.39|76.97|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Panipat
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnal Division|Karnal]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Panipat]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. [[Panipat]], 2. [[Samalkha]], 3. [[Israna]], 4. [[Madlauda]], 5. Bapoli
| area_total_km2 = 1268
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,205,437
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 555,085
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.94%
* Male = 83.71%
* Female = 67.00%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 864
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH1, NH71A, NH709AD, SH16
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] (shared with Karnal district)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 1. [[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]], 2. [[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]], 3. [[Israna]], 4. [[Samalkha]]
| website = {{URL|http://panipat.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Panipat district''' ({{audio|Hi-panipat.ogg|pronunciation}}) is one of the 22 [[List of districts of Haryana|districts]] of [[Haryana]] in north [[India]]. The historical city of [[Panipat]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district occupies an area of {{cvt|1268|km2|mi2}}, making it the nineteenth largest in the state with [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] and [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]] following it.

==History==
[[File:Map of Panipat District, surveyed by T. Oliver and I. H. Simmonds, 1822–28 and 1832–38, recompiled in 1848 (F05-27).jpg|thumb|Map of Panipat District, surveyed by T. Oliver and I. H. Simmonds, 1822–28 and 1832–38, recompiled in 1848.]]
The first record of the district is found in [[Ain-i-Akbari]]. It was part of Subah Delhi. When the British took over the area in 1803, it was a part of Delhi territory. In 1819 reorganisation, Panipat, Karnal and Sonipat areas formed part of Panipat district. In 1851 Panipat district was divided into Panipat and Karnal tahsils with headquarters at Panipat and Gharaunda respectively. Three years later, headquarters of the district were shifted to Karnal. Since then numerous intra-district changes occurred.

Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhile [[Karnal district]] on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991 it was again merged with Karnal district. On 1 January 1992 it again became a separate district.
Panipat is famous for textile industry

==Administration==
The district lies in [[Karnal division]] having two sub-divisional offices located at [[Panipat]] and [[Samalkha]]. The district has three tahsils viz Panipat, [[Israna]] and Samalkha. Five Community Development Blocks Madlauda, Panipat, Israna, Samalkha and Bapauli have been set up in the district for the development of rural areas.

Panipat district appeared on the Census map for the first time in 1991 comprising Panipat and [[Assandh]] tahsils. It was carved out of Karnal district. At
that time, Panipat tahsil had 186 villages and two notified towns of Panipat and Samalkha and Assandh tahsil contained 46 villages and one town, namely,
Assandh. Israna and Samalkha tahsils were created in December 1991 out of Panipat tahsil. Assandh tahsil was transferred back to Karnal in July 1991. Present position of the district in 2011 Census is that it contains 3 tahsils, namely, Panipat (76 villages and Panipat MCL, Kachrauli C.T., Kabri C.T., Sikanderpur C.T., Asan Khurd C.T., Panipat Taraf Ansar C.T., Panipat Taraf, Makhdum Zadgan C.T., Ugra Kheri C.T., Panipat Taraf Rajputan C.T., Sec. 11&12 Part II C.T., and Kheri Nangal C.T.), Israna (28 villages and no urban area) and Samalkha (82 villages and Samalkha MC).

Administratively, the [[Deputy Commissioner of Panipat]] is the overall incharge of the general administration in the district and performs the duties of the District Magistrate and the District Collector. Below the Deputy Commissioner is the Additional Deputy Commissioner who assists the Deputy Commissioner in the work relating to general administration, rural development, etc. The Deputy Commissioner along with ADC, chief executive officer of Zila Parishad, Superintendent of Police and other senior officers of the district looks after the development and regulatory functions in the district.

==Sub-Divisions==
The Panipat district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of [[District Magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 2 sub-divisions, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM): [[Panipat]] and [[Samalkha]].

===Revenue tehsils===
The above 2 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue [[tehsil]]s, namely, Panipat, Samalkha, [[Israna]], Bapoli and [[Madlauda]].

==Assembly constituencies==
There are four [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in this district:
* [[Panipat Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panipat Rural]]
* [[Panipat City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panipat City]]
* [[Israna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Israna]]
* [[Samalkha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samalkha]]
Panipat district is a part of the [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|21=1951|22=2,38,834|23=1961|24=2,98,232|25=1971|26=3,82,445|27=1981|28=5,07,164|29=1991|30=6,98,103|31=2001|32=9,67,449|33=2011|34=12,05,437|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Panipat district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,205,437,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Bahrain]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Bahrain 1,214,705 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 396th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 951 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 24.60%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Panipat has a [[sex ratio]] of 864 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.94%. Scheduled Castes make up 17.11% of the population.<ref name="districtcensus" />
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Panipat district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.08}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.81}}
}}

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Panipat district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Haryanvi]] |value1 = 47.89 |color1 = indianred
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |value2 = 42.52 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 6.09 |color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 0.98 |color4 = gold
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 47.89% of the population in the district spoke [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], 42.52% [[Hindi]], 6.09% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 0.98% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. [[Hindi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] are primarily spoken in urban areas, while [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] dominates rural areas.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>

== Education ==
There are several engineering colleges in Panipat district:
*APIIT SD India<ref>[http://www.apiit.edu.in/ APIIT SD India]</ref>
*Panipat Institute Of Engineering & Technology<ref>[http://www.piet.co.in/ P.I.E.T - Panipat Institute Of Engineering & Technology]</ref>
*Geeta group of institutions<ref>[http://geeta.edu.in/ Geeta group of institutions]</ref>
*NC College Of Engineering<ref>{{cite web |title=NCCE – Top and Best Engineering Colleges in Panipat, Haryana, India |url=http://ncce.edu/}}</ref>

==Notable people==


*[[Neeraj Chopra]] - Indian track and field athlete, [[2020 Olympic]] Gold medalist
*[[Deshbandhu Gupta]] (1901–1951) - independence campaigner
*[[Altaf Hussain Hali]] - Urdu poet
*[[Satyen Kappu]] - Bollywood actor
*[[Asees Kaur]] - playback singer
*[[Rohit Kumar (kabaddi)|Rohit Kumar]] - kabaddi player
*[[Bu Ali Shah Qalandar]] (1209–1324 [[Common Era|CE]]) - Qalandar and Sufi saint
*[[Jasvir Singh (kabaddi)|Jasvir Singh]] - kabaddi player

==Villages==


*[[Puthar]]
*[[Madlauda]]
*[[Bhodwal Majri]]
*[[Patti Kalyana]]
*[[Chulkana]]
*[[Atawala]]
*[[ Kurad ]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://panipat.gov.in/ Panipat district website ]
* [https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s338b3eff8baf56627478ec76a704e9b52/uploads/2018/02/2018022848-1.pdf Public Information]
* {{OSM relation|1942866}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Panipat district
|North = [[Karnal district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Shamli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Sonipat district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jind district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Haryana}}

[[Category:Panipat district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Shubh Mangal Savdhan

2026-01-10T05:15:34Z

Kartikshina85855: General cleanup and content improvements

{{About||the 2017 film|Shubh Mangal Saavdhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{third-party|date=March 2013}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shubh Mangal Savdhan
| image = Shubh Mangal Savdhan.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M.S.Salvi
| producer = M.S.Salvi
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Ashok Saraf]] [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] Rekha Rao [[Laxmikant Berde]]
| music = [[Ashok Patki]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Amar Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|06|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shubh Mangal Savdhan''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed and produced by M.S. Salvi, features an ensemble cast of [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], [[Laxmikant Berde]] and Rekha Rao. The film was released on 11 June 1992 and met with Positive response from both audience and critics. It was year's highest grossing Marathi Film.

==Synopsis==
Jaya and Suman, once close college friends, now harbor deep animosity. Jaya, romantically involved with Rajesh, faces the irony of him praising Suman to provoke her. Meanwhile, Rakesh, secretly in love with Jaya, becomes furious seeing her with Rajesh. Despite Jaya and Rajesh's marriage, Jaya's mother's well-intended advice complicates their relationship.

== Cast ==

* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Rajesh
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Jaya
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Driver
* [[Asha Kale]] as Rajesh's mother
* [[Nilu Phule]] as Rajesh's father
* [[Ravi Patwardhan]]
*[[Daya Dongre]] as Jaya's mother
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Jaya's father
*Savita Malpekar as Rosy
*Rekha Rao as Suman
* [[Leela Gandhi]]
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Rakesh
* Mohan Kotiwan
* Lata Arun
* Vasant Shinde
* Maya Jadhav
*

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shubh Mangal Savdhan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashok Patki]]
| released = 1992
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = Marathi
| label =
| misc =
}}
The music is composed by Ashok Patki. The songs are sung by [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Anupama Deshpande]] and [[Sudesh Bhosle]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Songs Download, All MP3 Songs, Raaga.com All Songs | url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/marathi/album/MA000438.html | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=www.raaga.com}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Title
!Singer(s)
|-
|1
|"Sodun sare bahane"
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]] [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|-
|2
|"Every day Sunday"
| Vinod Kumar
|-
|3
|"Piwlya dhamak rangachi"
| Anupama Deshpande [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|4
|"Naral sonyacha"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]] [[Anupama Deshpande]]
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0947074}}
*
*

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]

{{1990s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Hippophae

2026-01-10T04:16:26Z

Kartikshina85855: new

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants including sea buckthorn}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Seaberry|plants in the genus [[Haloragis]]}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Hippophae''
| image = Hippophae rhamnoides-01 (xndr).JPG
| image_caption = Common sea buckthorn shrub in the [[Netherlands]]
| taxon = Hippophae
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Hippophae distribution.svg
| type_species = ''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]''
| synonyms = * ''Argussiera'' Bubani
* ''Hippophaes'' Asch.
* ''Oleaster'' Heist. ex Fabr.
* ''Rhamnoides'' Mill.
}}

'''''Hippophae''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Elaeagnaceae]]. They are [[deciduous]] [[shrub]]s. They are exceptionally hardy plants, able to withstand winter temperatures as low as {{convert|-43|C|F}}. As ''Hippophae'' species develop an aggressive and extensive root system, they are planted to inhibit [[soil erosion]] and used in [[land reclamation]] for their [[nitrogen fixing]] properties, [[wildlife habitat]], and soil enrichment. ''Hippophae'' berries and leaves are manufactured into various human and animal food and [[skincare]] products.{{clarification needed|reason=is this true of any species except H. rhamnoides?|date=November 2024}}

==Species and description==
The shrubs reach {{convert|0.5|-|6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall, rarely up to {{convert|10|m|ft}} in central Asia. The leaf arrangement can be alternate or opposite.<ref name=swenson/> '''[[Plants of the World Online]]''<ref name = POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14480-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Hippophae'' L. (retrieved 16 February 2025)]</ref> includes the following species:
*''[[Hippophae × goniocarpa]]'' {{Au|Y.S.Lian & al. ex Swenson & Bartish}} is a natural hybrid of ''H. neurocarpa'' and ''H. sinensis''<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20004985-1 POWO: ''Hippophae × goniocarpa'' Y.S.Lian & al. ex Swenson & Bartish]</ref> which grows in mountainous regions in Nepal, Mongolia and China.
*''[[Hippophae gyantsensis]]'' {{Au|(Rousi) Y.S.Lian}}
*''[[Hippophae litangensis]]'' {{Au|Y.S.Lian & Xue L.Chen ex Swenson & Bartish}}
*''[[Hippophae neurocarpa]]'' {{Au|S.W.Liu & T.N.He}}
*''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]'' {{Au|L.}}: Common sea buckthorn has dense and stiff branches, and are very thorny. The [[leaf|leaves]] are a distinct pale silvery-green, lanceolate, {{convert|3|-|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long, and less than {{convert|7|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} broad. It is [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with separate male and female plants. The male produces brownish flowers which produce wind-distributed [[pollen]]. The female plants produce orange [[Berry (botany)|berries]] {{convert|6|-|9|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} in diameter, soft, juicy, and rich in oils. The roots distribute rapidly and extensively, providing a nonleguminous [[nitrogen fixation]] role in surrounding soils.
*''[[Hippophae salicifolia]]'' {{Au|D.Don}} (willow-leaved sea buckthorn) is restricted to the [[Himalayas]], to the south of the common sea buckthorn, growing at high altitudes in dry valleys; it differs from ''H. rhamnoides'' in having broader (to {{convert|10|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}){{citation needed|date=June 2023}} and greener (less silvery) leaves, and yellow berries. A wild variant occurs in the same area, but at even higher altitudes in the alpine zone.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} It is a low shrub not growing taller than {{convert|1|m|ftin|abbr=on}} with small leaves {{convert|1|-|3|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
*''[[Hippophae sinensis]]'' {{Au|(Rousi) Tzvelev}}
*''[[Hippophae tibetana]]'' {{Au|Schltdl.}}
[[File:Hippophaë-rhamnoides.JPG|thumb|right|[[Hippophae rhamnoides|Common sea buckthorn]]]]

==Taxonomy and name==
''Hippophae'' is a small genus of Elaeagnaceae having a terminal [[taxon]] with seven [[species]] recognized, as of 2002.<ref name="swenson">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2002.tb01386.x |title=Taxonomic synopsis of ''Hippophae'' (Elaeagnaceae)|year=2002|last1=Swenson|first1=Ulf|last2=Bartish|first2=Igor V.|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany|volume=22|issue=3|pages=369–374|bibcode=2002NorJB..22..369S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230075824}}</ref> ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' is a highly variable species with eight subspecies.<ref name=swenson/>

The [[genus name]] ''Hippophae'' comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:ἵππος|ἵππος]] (''híppos''), meaning 'horse', and [[wikt:φάος|φάος]] (''pháos''), meaning 'light', and is due to the ancient greeks use of sea buckthorn leaves as horse fodder to make their coats shine more.<ref name="Li-2003">{{cite book|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/book/10.1139/9780660190075#.WX0sYVqGOV4|title=Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and Utilization|vauthors=Li TS, Beveridge TH|publisher=NRC Research Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-660-19007-5|location=Ottawa, Canada|doi=10.1139/9780660190075|oclc=928553466|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Li T|year=2002|title= Product development of sea buckthorn (pages 393–398). In: Trends in new crops and new uses|editor=Janick J, Whipkey A|publisher= ASHS Press|location= Alexandria VA| url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-393.html}}</ref><ref name=Li/>

==Distribution==
[[File:Ripe berries of sea-buckthorn. Selenginsky district, Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Ripe berries of sea-buckthorn. Selenginsky district, Buryatia, Russia]]
''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]'', the common sea buckthorn, is the most widespread of the species in the genus, with the ranges of its eight subspecies extending from the [[Atlantic]] coasts of Europe across to northwestern Mongolia, northwestern China and Northern Pakistan.<ref name=Li/><ref name=Bartish>{{cite journal |first1=Igor V.|last1=Bartish |first2=Niklas|last2=Jeppsson|first3=Hilde|last3=Nybom|first4=Ulf|last4=Swenson|year=2002|title=Phylogeny of ''Hippophae'' (Elaeagnaceae) inferred from parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA and morphology|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=2|issue=1|pages=41–54|jstor=3093894|doi=10.1043/0363-6445-27.1.41|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> In western Europe, it is largely confined to sea coasts where salt spray off the sea prevents other larger plants from outcompeting it. In central Asia, it is more widespread in dry [[semi-desert]] sites where other plants cannot survive the dry conditions.

In central Europe and Asia, it also occurs as a [[sub-alpine]] shrub above the [[tree line]] in mountains, and other sunny areas such as [[Bank (geography)|river bank]]s where it has been used to stabilize [[erosion]].<ref name=Li/> They are tolerant of [[sodium chloride|salt]] in the air and soil, but demand full sunlight for good growth and do not tolerate shady conditions near larger trees. They typically grow in dry, sandy areas.

More than 90% or about {{convert|1500000|ha|acre|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} of the world's natural sea buckthorn [[habitat]] is found in China, Mongolia, Russia, and most parts of Northern Europe.<ref name=Li/>

Sea buckthorn USDA [[hardiness zones]] are about 3 through 7.<ref name=Li/>

In some areas it is considered invasive, due to its ability to outcompete smaller native species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea-buckthorn {{!}} The Wildlife Trusts |url=https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/trees-and-shrubs/sea-buckthorn |website=www.wildlifetrusts.org |access-date=12 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Varieties==
Between 1945 and 1991, Soviet and German horticulturists developed new varieties with greater nutritional value, larger berries, different ripening months and branches that are easier to harvest. Over the past 20 years, experimental crops have been grown in the United States, one in [[Nevada]] and one in [[Arizona]], and in several provinces of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1198782587774&lang=eng |title=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Center, Sea-buckthorn: A promising multi-purpose crop for Saskatchewan, January 2008 |website=www4.agr.gc.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124174627/http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1198782587774&lang=eng |archive-date=2009-01-24 }}</ref>

==Genetics==
A study of nuclear [[ribosomal]] [[internal transcribed spacer]] sequence data<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00606-002-0206-0|year=2002|last1=Sun|first1=K.|last2=Chen|first2=X.|last3=Ma|first3=R.|last4=Li|first4=C.|last5=Wang|first5=Q.|last6=Ge|first6=S.|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=235|pages=121–134|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae) based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nrDNA|issue=1 |bibcode=2002PSyEv.235..121S |s2cid=27312983}}</ref> showed that the genus can be divided into three [[clades]]:
* ''H. tibetana''
* ''H. rhamnoides'' with the exception of ''H. rhamnoides'' ssp. ''gyantsensis'' (=''H. gyantsensis'')
* remaining species

A study using [[chloroplast]] sequences and morphology,<ref name=Bartish/> however, recovered only two clades:
* ''H. tibetana'', ''H. gyantsensis'', ''H. salicifolia'', ''H. neurocarpa''
* ''H. rhamnoides''

==Natural history==
The fruit is an important winter food resource for some birds, notably [[fieldfare]]s.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Leaves are eaten by the [[larva]] of the coastal race of the [[ash pug]] moth and by larvae of other [[Lepidoptera]], including [[brown-tail]], [[dun-bar]], [[Pavonia pavonia|emperor moth]], [[mottled umber]], and ''[[Coleophora elaeagnisella]]''.

==Uses==
[[File:Hippóphae rhamnoídes.JPG|right|thumb|Common sea buckthorn]]

===Products===
Sea buckthorn berries are edible and nutritious, though [[astringent]], [[sour]], and oily<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf0484125|pmid=15740060|issn=0021-8561|volume=53|issue=5|pages=1692–1699|last1=Tiitinen|first1=Katja M.|last2=Hakala|first2=Mari A.|last3=Kallio|first3=Heikki P.|title=Quality components of sea buckthorn (''Hippophaë rhamnoides'') varieties|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|date=March 2005|bibcode=2005JAFC...53.1692T }}</ref> unless [[bletting|bletted]] ([[frost]]ed to reduce the astringency) and/or mixed as a drink with sweeter substances such as [[apple]] or [[grape]] juice. Additionally, [[malolactic fermentation]] of sea buckthorn juice reduces sourness, enhancing its sensory properties. The mechanism behind this change is transformation of [[malic acid]] into [[lactic acid]] in [[microbial metabolism]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00217-005-0163-2|issn=1438-2377|volume=222|issue=5–6|pages=686–691|last1=Tiitinen|first1=Katja M.|last2=Vahvaselkä|first2=Marjatta|last3=Hakala|first3=Mari|last4=Laakso|first4=Simo|last5=Kallio|first5=Heikki|title=Malolactic fermentation in sea buckthorn (''Hippophaë rhamnoides'' L.) juice processing |journal=European Food Research and Technology|date=December 2005|s2cid=84226673}}</ref>

When the berries are pressed, the resulting sea buckthorn juice separates into three layers: on top is a thick, orange cream; in the middle, a layer containing sea buckthorn's characteristic high content of [[Saturated fat|saturated]] and [[polyunsaturated fat]]s; and the bottom layer is [[sediment]] and juice.<ref name=Li/><ref name=seglina>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insad.pl/files/journal_pdf/Suppl_2_2006/Suppl_2_full_26_2006.pdf|author=Seglina, D.|display-authors=etal|title=The effect of processing on the composition of sea buckthorn juice|journal=J Fruit Ornamental Plant Res|volume=14|pages=257–63|year=2006|access-date=2007-09-12|archive-date=2008-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528115820/http://www.insad.pl/files/journal_pdf/Suppl_2_2006/Suppl_2_full_26_2006.pdf|url-status=dead}} (Suppl 2)</ref> The upper two layers contain fat sources applicable for cosmetic purposes and can be processed for skin creams and [[liniment]]s, whereas the bottom layer can be used for edible products such as [[syrup]].<ref name=seglina/>

Besides juice, sea buckthorn fruit can be used to make [[pie]]s, [[jam]]s, [[lotion]]s, [[tea]]s, [[fruit wine]]s, and [[liquor]]s.<ref name=Li/> The juice or pulp has other potential applications in foods, beverages or cosmetics products such as shower gel.<ref name="Li">{{cite book |author=Li TSC |year=2002 |title=Trends in new crops and new uses: Product development of sea buckthorn |pages=393–8 |veditors=Janick J, Whipkey A |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/pdf/li.pdf |publisher=ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA |access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> Fruit drinks were among the earliest sea buckthorn products developed in [[China]]. Sea buckthorn-based juice is common in [[Germany]] and [[Scandinavian countries]]. It provides a beverage rich in [[vitamin C]] and [[carotenoids]].<ref name=Li/> Sea buckthorn berries are also used to produce rich orange-coloured ice-cream, with a melon-type taste and hints of citrus.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://foodrecipeshub.com/recipe/sea-buckthorn-ice-cream-autumn-kiss-recipe/ |title = Sea Buckthorn Ice Cream "Autumn kiss" |author= |year= 2019|publisher = Food Recipes Hub |location= |access-date = 1 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.eis-perfecto.de/en/rezepte/sanddorneis-rezept/ |title = Sea Buckthorn Ice |author= |publisher = Eis Perfecto |location= |access-date = 1 August 2022}}</ref>

For its troops confronting low winter temperatures (see [[Siachen]]), India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] established a factory in [[Leh]] to manufacture a multivitamin herbal beverage based on sea buckthorn juice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leh berries to dot Himalayan deserts by 2020|url=http://jammuandkashmirupdate.com/news/newsdetail%20128.html|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008010206/http://jammuandkashmirupdate.com/news/newsdetail%20128.html|archive-date=8 October 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The seed and pulp oils have nutritional properties that vary under different processing methods.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cenkowski S|title=Quality of extracted sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil|journal=Canadian Biosystems Engineering|volume=48|issue=3|pages=9–16|year=2006|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[Sea buckthorn oil]]s are used as a source for ingredients in several commercially available [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] products and [[nutritional supplements]].<ref name=Li/>

===Landscape uses===
Sea buckthorn may be used as a [[landscaping]] shrub with an aggressive [[basal shoot]] system used for barrier hedges and windbreaks, and to stabilize riverbanks and steep slopes.<ref name=Li/> They have value in northern climates for their landscape qualities, as the colorful berry clusters are retained through winter.<ref name=Li/><ref name="li01">{{cite web |url=http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/speccrop/publications/documents/seabuckthorn_may2001.pdf|vauthors=Li TS, Oliver A |title=Sea buckthorn factsheet|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries|date=May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528115820/http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/speccrop/publications/documents/seabuckthorn_may2001.pdf|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=2008-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kam|first=B.|author2=N. Bryan|title=The Prairie Winterscape: Creative Gardening for the Forgotten Season|publisher=Fifth House Ltd.|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prairiewintersca0000kamb/page/108 108–10]|isbn=978-1-894856-08-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/prairiewintersca0000kamb/page/108}}</ref> Branches may be used by florists for designing ornaments.

In northwestern China, sea buckthorn shrubs have been planted on the bottoms of dry riverbeds to increase water retention of the soil, thus decreasing sediment loss.<ref name=Li/> Due to increased moisture conservation of the soil and nitrogen-fixing capabilities of sea buckthorn, vegetation levels have increased in areas where sea buckthorn have been planted.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jher.2009.06.001|issn=1570-6443|volume=3|issue=2|pages=77–84|last1=Zhang|first1=Kang|last2=Xu|first2=Mengzhen|last3=Wang|first3=Zhaoyin|title=Study on reforestation with seabuckthorn in the Pisha Sandstone area|journal=Journal of Hydro-environment Research|year=2009|bibcode=2009JHER....3...77Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.050|issn=0925-8574|volume=71|pages=21–31|last1=Yang|first1=Fang-She|last2=Bi|first2=Ci-Fen|last3=Cao|first3=Ming-Ming|last4=Li|first4=Huai-En|last5=Wang|first5=Xin-Hong|last6=Wu|first6=Wei|title=Simulation of sediment retention effects of the double seabuckthorn plant flexible dams in the Pisha Sandstone area of China|journal=Ecological Engineering|year=2014|bibcode=2014EcEng..71...21Y }}</ref> Sea buckthorn was once distributed free of charge to Canadian prairie farmers by [[Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration|PFRA]] to be used in [[shelterbelt]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/prog/shelterbelt-brisevent/pspver5-e.pdf|title=Prairie Shelterbelt Program:Application for Trees|publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070822/http://www4.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/prog/shelterbelt-brisevent/pspver5-e.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Folk medicine and research==

Sea buckthorn has been used over centuries in traditional medicine.<ref name=Li/> Although sea buckthorn fruit [[extract]]s are under preliminary research for their [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] effects, there is no [[evidence-based medicine|high-quality clinical evidence]] for the ability of ''Hippophae'' products to lower the risk of human diseases.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/sea-buckthorn.html|title=Sea buckthorn|date=19 December 2022|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> As of 2022, no sea buckthorn products are approved as [[prescription drug]]s by any national [[regulatory agency]].<ref name=drugs/>

Berry oil from seeds or fruit pulp, either taken orally as a [[dietary supplement]] or applied [[topical medication|topically]], is believed to be a skin softener or medicine, but there is inadequate clinical evidence of its effectiveness.<ref name=drugs/> There have been no systematic studies of [[toxicity]] and safety for any ''Hippophae'' product.<ref name=drugs/>

==Organizations==
The International Seabuckthorn Association, formerly the International Center for Research and Training on Seabuckthorn (ICRTS), was formed jointly in 1988 by the China Research and Training Center on Seabuckthorn, the Seabuckthorn Office of the Yellow River Water Commission, and the Shaanxi Seabuckthorn Development Office. From 1995 to 2000, ICRTS published the research journal, ''Hippophae'', which appears to be no longer active.

In 2005–2007, the "EAN-Seabuck" network between [[European Union]] states, China, Russia and [[New Independent States]] was funded by the [[European Commission]] to promote sustainable crop and consumer product development.<ref name="EAN-SEABUCK-report">{{cite web |title=Final Report Summary - EAN-SEABUCK |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/16106/reporting |website=CORDIS - EU Research results |publisher=European Commission |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>

In Mongolia, there is an active National Association of Seabuckthorn Cultivators and Producers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ichinkhorloo |title=Result of GAP analysis beyond the organic Seabuckthorn value chain |date=24 January 2017 |url=https://issuu.com/temuulen7/docs/gap_analysis_report_of_the_seabuckt |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sea buckthorn oil]]
*[[Wolfberry]], a native Asian plant occasionally mistaken for sea buckthorn

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|author1=Beveridge, Thomas H. J.|author2=Li, Thomas S. C.|title=Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) production and utilization|publisher=NRC Research Press|location=Ottawa|year=2003|isbn=978-0-660-19007-5|url=http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/books/books/9780660190075.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225154101/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/books/books/9780660190075.html|archive-date=2007-12-25}}
*[https://www.ontario.ca/page/introduction-sea-buckthorn Todd, J. Introduction to sea-buckthorn, Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, August, 2022]

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Swallowthorn}}
*[https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile/HIPPO4 United States Department of Agriculture Seaberry Profile]
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae%20rhamnoides Plants for a Future]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Hippophae_rhamnoides_nex.html Purdue University list of articles]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5686857}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hippophae| ]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of West Himalaya]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Maa Pratyangira Kalika Alayam

2026-01-06T10:50:52Z

Kartikshina85855: Made First Biography V1.

{{Short description|Temple in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2021}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

[[File:Pratyangira temple, Hosur.jpg|thumb|236x236px|The gopuram of the temple]]
'''Maa Pratyangira Kalika Alayam''' is a temple located in [[Moranapalli]], [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It has the biggest [[Pratyangira]] statue and it is on the [[gopuram]] on the temple. The temple has many people in the weekends and on weekdays. The temple worships [[Pratyangira]], [[Sharabha]], [[Narasimha]], and [[Mariamman]].

Inside the temple, there is a long waiting until you get inside the temple. The temple then has [[lion|Simha]]'s mouth open wide where the people worship. People worship Pratyangira by putting garlands and setting Vilakku (ghee lamp) under Pratyangira's feet.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Pratyangira temple 1.jpg|Close-up of the pratyangira statue.
File:Pratyangira temple 2.jpg|Pratyangira's shrine inside the temple.
File:Pratyangira temple 3.jpg|The temple's hour sign.
File:Pratyangira temple 4.jpg|Close up of the rajagopuram.
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Bannari Mariamman Temple]]

== References ==
* [http://wikimapia.org/30962228/Sri-Maha-Pratyangira-KalikaDevi-Alayam-Sri-Abaya-Narasimmhaswamy-Thirukkoil-Hosur Sri Maha Pratyangira KalikaDevi Alayam & Sri Abaya Narasimmhaswamy Thirukkoil, Hosur - Hosur]
* [[Pratyangira#Temples]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-03-22|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|reason= The anchor (Temples) [[Special:Diff/680091548|has been deleted]].}}
* [https://mytempletrips.in/sri-pratyangira-temple-hosur-maa-pratyangira-kalika-alayam/ Sri Pratyangira Temple Hosur ( Maa Pratyangira Kalika Alayam )]

{{coord|12.7270|77.8699|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Krishnagiri district]]

National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand

2025-12-04T05:10:21Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{Short description|Engineering institute in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Cleanup higher education|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university]]
| image = NIT Uttarakhand Logo.png
| image_size = 200
| other_name = NIT-UK
| motto = ''Abhyasadhyarayetah Vidya''
| mottoeng = Knowledge is maintained through Practice and Hardship
| chairman = Vivek Lall
| director = Karunesh Kumar Shukla ''(I/C)''<ref name="statute">{{cite web| url=https://www.nituk.ac.in/uploads/topics/16916759869060.pdf | title=16916759869060.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907000039/http://nituk.ac.in/uploads/topics/16916759869060.pdf | archive-date=7 Sep 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=26 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nituk.ac.in/registrar | title=Former Directors/Principals {{!}} National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224153446/https://www.nituk.ac.in/registrar | archive-date=24 Feb 2024}}</ref>
| established = {{start date and age|2009}}
| undergrad = 495<ref name="statute"/>
| postgrad = 25<ref name="statute"/>
| doctoral = 144<ref name="statute"/>
| address = NH7
| city = [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.2184|N|78.7668|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.nituk.ac.in}}
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map =
}}

The '''National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand''' ('''NIT- Uttarakhand''' or '''NIT-UK''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[technical university]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It was founded in 2009,<ref name=campus>{{cite web|last=campus|first=nit|title=sumari|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/img/5573752-NIT-to-be-set-up-in-Sumari%2C-CM-Srinagar-Garhwal.jpg|access-date=15 July 2013|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327042029/http://www.punjabcolleges.com/img/5573752-NIT-to-be-set-up-in-Sumari,-CM-Srinagar-Garhwal.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> as one of the 10 new [[National Institutes of Technology]] in India, and is recognised as an [[Institute of National Importance]] under ''The National Institutes Of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2012''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=no3.pdf |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/no3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610231337/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/no3.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=20 Sep 2024 |website=www.education.gov.in |page=13 |publication-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> It admitted its first batch of students in 2010–11.<ref name=MHRD>{{cite web|last=Govt|first=MHRD|title=MHRD|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/nit|access-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707021550/http://mhrd.gov.in/nit|archive-date=7 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="minglebox.com">{{cite web |last=box |first=mingle |title=mingle |url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/National-Institute-of-Technology-Uttarakhand-NIT-U |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003112322/http://www.minglebox.com/college/National-Institute-of-Technology-Uttarakhand-NIT-U |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of the Temporary Campus.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of the Temporary Campus]]
The Srinagar campus is, [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]], [[Pauri Garhwal district]].

==Academics==

=== Ranking ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_A_2023=Rank-band: 101-150|NIRF_E_2024=131|NIRF_E_2023=129}}

NIT, Uttarakhand is Rank-band: 101-150 among the engineering colleges of India by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_A_2023" />

==Admissions==
Since 2013, the [[Bachelor of Technology]] admissions for Indian students were taken through [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE Main]]<ref name="JEE MAIN">{{cite web|last=Main|first=JEE|title=JEE MAIN|url=http://jeemain.nic.in/jeemain2013/Welcome.aspx|access-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716104131/http://jeemain.nic.in/jeemain2013/Welcome.aspx|archive-date=16 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The B.Tech. admissions for foreign students are done through Direct Admission of Students Abroad (DASA) Scheme.<ref name="DASA">{{cite web |title=DASA |url=https://www.dasanit.org/main.php}}</ref>

For admissions to M.Tech./M.Arch./M.Plan. programs, one has to qualify [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] exam and then has to undergo CCMT (Centralized Counselling for M.Tech./M.Arch./M.Plan. Admissions).<ref>{{cite web |last=National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand |first=NITUK |title=CCMT |url=http://ccmt.nic.in/webinfo/Public/Home.aspx |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428035114/https://ccmt.nic.in/webinfo/Public/Home.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Campus ==
The institute is currently operating from temporary campus located at Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand. The permanent campus is being built at Sumari, Uttarakhand.

==Courses offered==
The university offers degrees in Sciences & Humanities (2010), Computer Science engineering (2010), Electrical and Electronic engineering (2010), Electronics and Communication Engineering (2010), Mechanical Engineering (2012) and Civil Engineering (2013).<ref name=minglebox.com />

==See also==
*[[National Institute of Technology]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[National Institute of Technology Delhi]]
*[[National Institute of Technology Silchar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Institutes of Technology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

Indian rituals after death

2025-12-03T08:01:00Z

Kartikshina85855: added info

{{Short description|Hindu tradition}}
'''Hindu rituals after death''', including '''Vedic rituals after death''', are ceremonial rituals in [[Hinduism]], one of the [[Samskara (rite of passage)|samskaras]] (rite of passage) based on [[Vedas]] and other [[Hindu texts]], performed after the death of a human being for their [[moksha]] and consequent ascendance to [[Svarga]] (heaven). Some of these vary across the spectrum of Hindu society.

==Shmashana – the cremation or burial ground==

The cremation ground is called ''[[Shmashana]]'' (in [[Sanskrit]]), and traditionally it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like Kashi ([[Varanasi]]), [[Haridwar]], [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]] (Allahabad), [[Srirangam]], [[Brahmaputra]] on the occasion of Ashokashtami and [[Rameswaram]] to complete this rite of immersion of ashes into the water.<ref>Christopher Justice (1997), ''Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City'', SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791432617}}, pp. 39–42</ref>

Some of the cremations are performed at [[ghat]]s.

===Antyesti – the cremation===
[[File:Cremation at Rajghat.jpg|thumb|250px|Cremation of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], 31 January 1948. It was attended by [[Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord]] and [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Mountbatten]], [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]], [[Dr Ambedkar]], [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and other national leaders. His son [[Devdas Gandhi]] lit the pyre.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/ "Cremation of Gandhi's body", James Michaels, January 31, 1948]</ref>]]
[[File:Burning ghats of Manikarnika, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|''Burning [[ghats]]'' of Manikarnika, at [[Varanasi]], India.]]

The [[Antyesti]] ceremonial offerings vary across the spectrum of [[Hindu]] society. Some of the popular rituals followed in [[Hinduism|Vedic religions]] after the death of a human being, for his or her peace and ascent to heaven are as follows.

The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. While practices vary among sects, generally, his or her body is washed, sandalwood paste and turmeric are applied on the body, wrapped in a dhoti for a man and a saree for woman. The big toes are tied together with a string and a ''[[tilaka]]'' (red, yellow, or white mark) is placed on the forehead.<ref name=olsonant>Carl Olson (2007), ''The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction'', Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pp. 99–100</ref> A bed is made out of bamboo sticks on which the deceased is taken to the ''shmashana''. The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing north.<ref name=fowler>J Fowler (1996), ''Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723608}}, pp. 59–60</ref>

The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest – called the lead cremator or lead mourner – then bathes himself, and his hair is cut leaving only one strand of hair called the ''shikha'' before leading the cremation ceremony.<ref name=olsonant/><ref name=carrie>Carrie Mercier (1998), ''Hinduism for Today'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199172542}}, p. 58.</ref> He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn, and places sesame seeds or rice called pind on the deceased's chest, hand and legs. He sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying ''[[Yama]]'' (deity of the dead), ''[[Kāla (time)|Kala]]'' (time, deity of cremation) and the dead.<ref name=olsonant/> Prior to lighting the pyre, an earthen pot is filled with water, and the lead mourner circles the body with it, before lobbing the pot over his shoulder so it breaks near the head. Once the pyre is ablaze, the lead mourner and the closest relatives may circumambulate the burning pyre one or more times. The ceremony is concluded by the lead cremator, during the ritual, is ''kapala kriya'', or the ritual of piercing the burning skull with a stave (bamboo fire poker) to make a hole or break it, in order to release the spirit.<ref>Rajbali Pandey (2013), ''Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments'', 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, p. 272</ref> All those who attend the cremation, and are exposed to the dead body or cremation smoke take a shower as soon as possible after the cremation, as the cremation ritual is considered unclean and polluting.<ref>George Castledine and Ann Close (2009), ''Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199231355}}, pp. 757–758</ref> The cold collected ash from the cremation is later consecrated to the nearest river or sea.<ref name=carrie/>

In some regions, the male blood members of the deceased shave their head on the 9th day called as ''nauvar,'' and then invite all friends and relatives, on the thirteenth (13th) day, to eat a meal together in remembrance of the deceased called as Tehrvi Sanskar. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.<ref>Colin Parkes et al (2015), ''Death and Bereavement Across Cultures'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415522366}}, pp. 66–67.</ref>

===Burial in Hinduism===
{{anchor | Samadhi | Samadhi }}

Apart from the cremation method, [[Hindu denominations|several sects in Hinduism]] follow the practice of Samadhi of the dead. In some sects, the important [[Sadhus|''sadhu''s]] (mendicants) are Samadhist. The preparatory rituals are more or less similar to cremation viz, washing the body, applying vibuthi or chandam on the forehead of the deceased etc., but instead of cremating, the deceased is buried. The body is either placed in a sleeping position or in some Shaivite and tribal traditions is in the [[Lotus position|''padmasana'']] sitting position with legs folded and arms resting on the thigh simulating a meditative position. The Samadhi pit is prepared in the community samadhi ground called the ''shamshana'', usually situated outside the city or village. Some affluent will bury their dead in their own field. The burial pit for the sleeping position is generally three feet in width and six feet in length and for the sitting position, it is three feet by three feet. As a rule of thumb among various sects, the saints are buried in sitting positions in a separate place where later on a samadhi is built which becomes a place of worship. For example, followers of [[Ayyavazhi]] sect Samadhist the body, facing the geographic [[north]] in a ''padmasana'' position, without [[coffins]] and it is covered by sand or [[Thirunamam|''namam'']] (sacred soil) as an act of austerity for the unfolding of [[Dharma Yukam]].

==Post-antyesti rituals==

===Niravapanjali – immersion of ashes===
{{anchor | Niravapanjali }}

'''Niravapanjali''' is a sacred ritual in [[Hinduism]] where after the [[cremation]] rites, the ashes are ceremonially immersed in holy water by the closest relatives, so that the soul may rise to heaven. In [[Hinduism]], king [[Bhagiratha]] is described to have performed a [[tapasya]] to bring down the river [[Ganges]] upon earth, so that he could immerse the ashes of sixty thousand of his slain ancestors in her sacred waters.

===Tarpana – sacred offering to deities for entrance to heaven===
{{Main|Tarpana}}
[[Tarpana]] is a sacred ritual whereupon the closest relatives make a sacred offering to deities so that the departed soul may enter [[Swarga|Svarga]]. In [[Hindu mythology]], [[Parasurama|Parashurama]] offered a tarpana for his father [[Jamadagni]] with the blood of his father's killer.

Tarpana is usually performed at a holy site such as [[ghat]]s on [[river#sacred|sacred rivers]] or [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|sites]].

===Rasam Pagri – appointment of successor on 4th day after death===

[[Rasam Pagri]], prevalent in [[Punjab]] and [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthanis]], is conducted upon the death of the eldest male member in a family to appoint his heir, in which the eldest surviving male member of the family ties a [[turban]] (''[[Pagri (turban)|pagri]]'') on his head in the presence of the extended family or clan.<ref name="ref18dymtb">{{Citation | title=Veins of devotion: blood donation and religious experience in north India | author=Jacob Copeman | publisher=Rutgers University Press | isbn=978-0813544496 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbSXa5Fag9gC&q=%22Rasam+Pagri%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA60 | quote=... rasam pagri is the passing of the deceased male's turban to ... 'When people have the funeral gathering, a turban (pagri) is put on the elder son to show he is now responsible for the family ...|page=60| year=2009 }}</ref> Ceremony is usually performed by the father of the wife of the eldest, surviving male member.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&q=rasam+pagri+hindu+tradition&pg=PA120 |title = Global Encyclopaedia of the Brahmana Ethnography|isbn = 978-8182202085|last1 = Krishna Rao|first1 = K. S.|year = 2008}}</ref> The ceremony usually takes place on the fourth day from the day of funeral rites (''[[Antim Sanskar|Antima Samskara]]'', also known as ''Uthala''), or on the thirteenth day, ''[[Tehravin]]''. The turban signifies honor of the family, and the ceremony signifies the transition of responsibility for the protection and welfare of the family from the deceased to the surviving oldest male member.<ref name="ref18dymtb"/>

===Pind Sammelan or Terahvin – 13th day of death===

[[Pind Sammelan]], also called Spindi or [[terahvin]] in [[North India]],<ref name="ref18huqib">{{Citation | title=Uttar Pradesh |author1=K. S. Singh |author2=Amir Hasan |author3=B. R. Rizvi |author4=J. C. Das | publisher=Manohar| isbn=978-8173041143 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QVuAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Ashes of the dead are immersed in a river, {{sic|nolink=y|preferrably}} Ganga. The thirteenth day or final day of mourning is known as terahvin. It can be held any day after the ashes are immersed though generally is observed no later than the thirteenth day. It is a way of bidding goodbye to the soul. Daan, that is, gift of a new bed, shoes, clothes, quilt, ...''|year=2005 }}</ref><ref name="ref69jiqob">{{Citation | title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: contested practices and identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and beyond | author=Steven W. Ramey | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0230608320 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqUV3v57R0QC | quote=''... Other Hindus, they pray from the Gita or other slokas. And on the 13th day from death, Sikhs who have turbans, they necessarily have Guru Granth Sahib path. For 13 days they go on reading, and on the last day it is completed and special functions are held ...''| date=2008 }}</ref><ref name="ref02rageb">{{Citation | title=Haryana |author1=Madan Lal Sharma |author2=A.K. Bhatia | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | isbn=978-8173040917 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhIwAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... On terahvin, five pandits are called to perform purificatory puja and havan. Brahmans are treated to fried food, sweets and also given cash and presentations like a string-cot, bed, a stick, juti (shoes) and four or five utensils by way ...''|year=1994 }}</ref> is a ritual performed in [[Hinduism]] on the 13th day of death of somebody. This ritual is performed to place the departed soul with their ancestors and deities. It is believed that before the ritual, the departed soul is a [[preta]] (evil spirit), and after performing this ritual, the soul will become a [[Pitrs|''pitr'']] and will be included in the ancestors.

==Genealogy registers==
{{ Anchor | Gene | Genealogy | Registers | Genealogy registers | Genealogy Registers }}

Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, ''Śrāddha'' ceremonies, like [[Pehowa#Gene|Pehowa]],<ref name="gen2">[http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml Tracing your Asian roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426041339/http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml |date=26 April 2017 }} www.overseasindian.in.</ref><ref name="gen3">[http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/roots/asian/countries/lds.htm Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records] ''www.movinghere.org.uk''.</ref><ref name="gen4">[https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/10-places-across-the-world-that-help-you-trace-your-ancestors-249825.html 10 "Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors"], ''India Times'', 29 Jan 2016.</ref> [[Kurukshetra]], [[Haridwar]], [[Gokarneshwar]], [[Nashik]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] etc. where they also update their genealogy registers maintained by [[pandit]]s.
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi]]

==Ancestor worship==
{{see also | Veneration_of_the_dead#India | l1= Veneration of the dead in Hinduism }}

=== Pitrs – the ancestors ===
{{Main|Pitrs}}
The ''[[pitrs]]'' (the forefathers) are the spirits of the departed ancestors in Hinduism, who are usually remembered annually and venerated.

=== Jathera, Dhok or Samadhi- the ancestor's shrines ===
{{see also|Gramadevata|Devata}}

[[Religion in the Punjab#Jathera—ancestral shrines|Jathera or Dhok]], from ''jyestha'' (elder) and ''dahak'' (''dahak'' the sacred fire), are [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] (shrines) dedicated to the worship of ancestors.

===Śrāddha – annual homage to dead ancestors===
{{Main|Śrāddha}}
The [[Śrāddha]] ritual is performed to pay homage to one's ''pitr''s, especially to one's dead parents,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shradh Puja: Five Facts you should Know about Death Anniversary Ritual In Hinduism|date=4 September 2017|website=NewsGram|url=https://www.newsgram.com/five-facts-you-should-know-about-death-anniversary-ritual-shradh-puja-in-hinduism/|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175408/https://www.newsgram.com/five-facts-you-should-know-about-death-anniversary-ritual-shradh-puja-in-hinduism|url-status=dead}}</ref> to express heartfelt gratitude and thanks towards their parents and ancestors, for having helped them to be what they are and praying for their peace. It is performed as a day of remembrance for both the father and mother jointly if the death gap is within one month or separately, on their respective ''[[tithi]]'' – death anniversaries as per the [[Hindu calendar]]. Additionally, it is performed for the entire community of the pitr – both from paternal and maternal side – collectively during the [[Pitru Paksha]] or ''Shraddha'' [[paksha]] (Fortnight of ancestors), right before ''[[Sharad (Indian season)|Sharad]] [[Navaratri]]'' in autumn.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sraddha: The Hindu Book of the Dead|first=R. C.|last=Prasad|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1995|isbn=8120811925}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu World|publisher=Routledge Worlds|editor-first1=Sushil|editor-last1=Mittal|editor-first2=Gene|editor-last2=Thursby|year=2004|isbn=1134608756}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|first=Julius|last=Lipner|author-link=Julius J. Lipner|edition=2|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1135240608|page=267}}</ref>

===Pitru Paksha – sacred fortnight for annual ancestral worship===
{{Main|Pitru Paksha}}
[[Pitru Paksha]] is a 16–lunar day [[paksha|period]] in [[Hindu calendar]] when [[Hindus]] pay homage to their ''pitr''s, especially through food offerings.<ref name="sharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Usha |year=2008 |title=Festivals In Indian Society |chapter=Mahalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-8183241137 |volume=2 |pages=72–73 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&q=pitru%20paksha&pg=PA72}}</ref><ref name="underhill">{{cite book |last=Underhill |first=M M |year=2001 |title=The Hindu religious year |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-8120605237 |pages=112–116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&q=sraddha&pg=PA114}}</ref><ref name="vidya">{{cite book |last=Vidyarathi |first=L P |year=1978 |title=The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=13, 15, 33, 81, 110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=mahalaya&pg=PA34}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
* [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Samskara (rite of passage)]]
* [[Yatra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Death in Hinduism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedic Rituals After Death}}
[[Category:Hindu rituals related to death]]

Kanglā shā

2025-11-27T21:45:07Z

Kartikshina85855: stub

{{Short description|Meitei dragon lion}}
{{About|the Meitei guardian dragon lion|the main form of the deity|Nongshāba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Kanglā shā
| deity_of = God of defense, guardianship and protection 
| member_of = [[Meitei dragons]]
| image = Northern view of the classical colossal statues of Kanglasha, the Meitei mythical Dragon Lion God, located inside the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Northern view of the Statues of kanglā shā, the, after the inside the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| other_names = Kanglasha
| hiero =
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| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center = [[Kangla]] 
| abode = [[Kangla]] 
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| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
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}}

{{Meitei mythology}}
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of [[Manipur]], '''Kanglā shā''' {{Meitei|ꯀꯡꯂꯥ ꯁꯥ|lit=beast of the [[Kangla]]}} is a sacred guardian beast with a lion's body and a two-horned dragon's head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e11PEAAAQBAJ&q=kanglasha+lion%27s+body+dragon+head+meitei+heritage&pg=PT254 |title=The Eastern Gate: War and Peace in Nagaland, Manipur and India's Far East |date=2022-01-06 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-93-92099-26-7 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=kanglasha |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1990 |publisher=The Association |others=Original from:the [[University of Michigan]] |pages=133, 134 |language=en}}</ref>
It is a royal symbol of the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei royalties]] ([[Ningthouja dynasty]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&q=The+mythical+animal+called+Kangla+Sha%2C+which+became+a+symbol%2C+was+believed.&pg=PT203 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
The most remarkable statues dedicated to "Kangla Sa" stand inside the [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Joykumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ&q=construction+Kangla+Sa+Lion+like+animal+front+gate+Kangla+great+achievement+beautification+programme |title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972 |date=2002 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |others=Original from : the [[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-87502-44-9 |pages=7 |language=en |quote=The construction of ' Kangla Sa ' (Lion like animal) at the front of the gate of Kangla was a great achievement of his beautification programme.}}</ref>

In Meitei traditional race competitions, winners of the race are declared only after symbolically touching the statue of the dragon "Kangla Sha".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipoński |first=Wojciech |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsportsencyc0000lipo?q=Kanglasha |title=World sports encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=St. Paul, MN : MBI |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7603-1682-5 |pages=338 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:DRAGON IN FRONT OF THE PALACE.jpg|thumb|300px|The artwork of the "Dragon in front of the Palace" published in the book ''"[[:simple:My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny|My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny]]"'' written by [[Ethel Grimwood|Ethel St. Clair Grimwood]] in 1891]]
In the year 1804, [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] [[Chourjit Singh]] ({{langx|mni|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯧꯔꯖꯤꯠ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}})(1803-1813 AD) constructed two huge structures of the "Kangla Sha" dragon lions in front of the Kangla Uttra Shanglen (or simply called the "Uttra") inside the present day [[Kangla Fort]]. These two statues were demolished by the Burmese forces during the {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Chahi Taret Khuntakpa|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]]|[[:simple:Seven Years Devastation|Seven Years Devastation]]}} (1819–1826).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA579 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=579 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[File:Kangla3.jpg|thumb|300px|The pair of the statues dedicated to the "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") before their demolition by the British forces with their victory in the [[Anglo Manipur War]] of 1891.]]

During the months of June and July in the year 1844, [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] [[Raja Nara Singh]] ({{langx|mni|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}) reconstructed the two statues of the Kangla Sha dragons once again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Sd30LF2fUC&q=kanglasha |title=Anvīkshā |date=2004 |publisher=[[Jadavpur University]] |pages=237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA580 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=580 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

During the British conquest of the [[Anglo Manipur War]] of 1891, the British forces led by Captain Allen demolished the two statues of the Kangla Sha dragons by blasting them by artillery fire into pieces on 20 July 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA742 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=742 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA580 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=580 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Later, in the year 2006, the statues of the "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") were reconstructed by the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Each statue is 19.30 feet in height, 15.30 feet in length and 6 feet in breadth. The weight of each statue is 36.50 metric tonne. The statues of the Kangla-Sha were sculpted based on the photographs published in the books including "The Lost Kingdom" and "[[:simple:The Meitheis|The Meitheis]]" written by [[Thomas Callan Hodson]]. 4 kinds of bricks, found in the ruins of the Old Palace at [[Canchipur]], were used during the construction of the sculptures. It took the craftsmen and sculptors 2 years to complete the construction works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinions sought on Kangla-Sha prototype ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=4..010307.mar07&sNStart=%3C!EpnNews4%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnNews4End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnHeading4%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnHeading4End%3E |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[File:Kangla dragons imphal.JPG|thumb|300px|Mud prototypes of the Kangla Sha statues displayed in the public to take people's comments, feedbacks, opinions and suggestions before going ahead with the works on the construction and the installation of the same at the Kangla Uttra Shanglen.]]

Before the construction of the real sculptures, to take the comments, feedbacks, opinions and suggestions of the people, Sculptor B Mohendro Sharma presented the [[prototype]]s of the Kangla-Sha, made of [[mud]], displayed on the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinions sought on Kangla-Sha prototype ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=4..010307.mar07&sNStart=%3C!EpnNews4%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnNews4End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnHeading4%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnHeading4End%3E |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Filming of the bombardment ==
On 9 December 2008, after getting permission from the Kangla Fort Board for shooting a film on the history of Kangla, associated with the demolition of the Kangla Sha statues in front of Kangla Uttra Shanglen, the ''"Manipur Film Development Corporation"'' (MFDC) Ltd. demolished the [[prototype]]s of Kangla Sha with the powerful crackers on 9 December, between 2 PM and 4 PM inside the [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha replica 'blast' on reel - Corporation records event as part of a documentary on Kangla Fort |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kanglasha-replica-blast-on-reel-corporation-records-event-as-part-of-a-documentary-on-kangla-fort/cid/519436 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla-Sha: 09th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp7..091208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Removal of rods between jaws ==
On 18 June 2021, the "Kaba Khanba" ({{langx|mni|ꯀꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯕ|ka-bā khan-ba|rods between jaws}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "kabā") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=kaba%CC%84%E2%82%82+%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref>) of the Kangla Sha statues were removed by the [[Government of Manipur]], along with the performances of religious rites and rituals by {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Maiba|Amaiba]]s|priests}} and {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi|Amaibi]]s|priestesses}}, due to the perception by the authorities concerned that the rods gave pains to Kangla Sha, resulting in the downfall and unhappiness of the people of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Now, Kanglasha can close its mouth, speak, swallow! - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/now-kanglasha-can-close-its-mouth-speak-swallow/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was done after a unanimous joint decision by the Kangla Board, the [[Sanamahi Temple Board]], the Uttra Shanglen, women's organisations of the {{langnf|mni|[[Ima Keithel]]|[[Ima Market]]}} and the general public of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Now, Kanglasha can close its mouth, speak, swallow! - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/now-kanglasha-can-close-its-mouth-speak-swallow/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The action of the removal of rods taken up by the [[Government of Manipur]] led by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], and [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]], was given positive reactions by the ''"Lamlai Mapari Thougal Lup"'' and the ''"All India Kangla Pakhangba Temple Development Society"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodies hail removal of rods from Kanglasha: 20th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=43..200621.jun21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

However, this event of the removal of rods drew criticism by RK Nimai, a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha freedom of speech and ideas By Free Thinker |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.Kanglasha_freedom_of_speech_and_ideas_By_Free_Thinker |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> as {{blockquote|''“The removal of kabak of the two kanglashas at Kangla which was shown in the local TV channels indicates the utter lack of knowledge of the so-called experts even in Meitei tradition.”''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
He wrote an article about its criticism in the [[Imphal Free Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> As a result, many social associations and organisations burnt newspaper copies of the [[Imphal Free Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In a neutral response to the criticism and its reactions, Ethno Heritage Council (HERICOUN) stated:
{{blockquote|''“The organisation ([[Imphal Free Press]]) is not an expert body on the issue at hand and as such it is not a party in the argument between the supporters and opposers of removing the support rods from the mouths of the twin Kanglasha.”''<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>}}

In reaction to the criticism, there was a strong objection by the ''"[[International Sanamahism Students' Association]]"'' (ISSA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criticism of Sanamahi religion over Kanglasha denounced: 28th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..280621.jun21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Other iconography ==
On 17 July 2021, two statues dedicated to the "Kangla Sha", made of bricks, were installed by the 109 BN [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] under the care of the [[Inspector General of Police|IGP]] of [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]] sectors at the main entrance gate to the 109 BN Mongsangei, [[Imphal West district]], [[Manipur]]. It was done to pay respect for the [[:simple:Meitei culture|Meitei cultural]] traditions of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla Sha installed at 109 Bn CRPF in Mongsangei: 18th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=52..180721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The two [[:wikt:bifurcation|bifurcated]] [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] in the heads of each statue, are derived from the {{langnf|mni|[[Sangai]]|[[brow-antlered deer]]|paren=left}} {{lang|la|[[Cervus eldi eldi]]}}), the state animal of [[Manipur]], unlike the [[East Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n [[:wikt:leograph|leogryph]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 BN CRPF installs Kangla Sha: 18th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..180721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Heraldry ==
[[File:Kanglasa.svg|thumb|300px|The [[Emblem of Manipur]]]]
The [[government of Manipur]] recognised the illustration of [[Meitei mythology|Meitei mythical]] animal "Kangla Sha" as the [[List of Indian state emblems|state emblem]] in the year 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yü |first1=Dan Smyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94I_EAAAQBAJ&q=The+government+of+Manipur+recognized+the+mythical+animal+kangla-sha+as+a+state+emblem+in+1980&pg=PT154 |title=Yunnan–Burma–Bengal Corridor Geographies: Protean Edging of Habitats and Empires |last2=Dean |first2=Karin |date=2021-09-30 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-45842-8 |pages=154 |language=en}}</ref>

== Namesakes ==
A music band named "Kanglasha" was organised in [[Imphal]] in 2007. Its lead singer is Tukun Chongtham, its
lead guitarist is Mantosh Thokchom, its bassist is Sen Thokchom, its keyboard player is Surjit Kshetri and its drum player is Chingkhei Nongthonbam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha: E-Pao YellOut |url=http://e-pao.net/yellout/Kanglasha/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha Lyrics: E-Pao YellOut |url=http://e-pao.net/yellout/Kanglasha/Lyrics.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chinese guardian lions|Fu Dog]]
* [[Hiyang Hiren]]
* [[Lamassu]]
* [[Pakhangba]]
* [[Poubi Lai]]
* [[Taoroinai]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Samerendra |first=Chongtham |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466342 |title=Hiyang Hiren Kanglasa Amasung Kangla |date=2007 |publisher=Rajiv Gandhi Center For Culture, Manipur |others=[[Internet Archive]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lokendra |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FXEEd2muZoC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA29 |title=The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950) |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-696-5 |pages=29 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3t3DwAAQBAJ&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT396 |title=Highway 39: Reportagen aus Indiens aufständischem Nordosten |date=2016-04-11 |publisher=Unionsverlag |isbn=978-3-293-30882-4 |pages=396 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Svf3CwAAQBAJ&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT1258 |title=India |date=2016-04-21 |publisher=EDT srl |isbn=978-88-592-3227-8 |pages=1258 |language=it}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Kangla%20Sha&sin=TXT Kangla Sha] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Kangla+Sha&sa.x=16&sa.y=12 Kangla Sha] at E-pao.net
{{Authority control}}
{{Sanamahi1}}

[[Category:Abundance gods]]
[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Arts gods]]
[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Dragon deities]]
[[Category:Earth gods]]
[[Category:Fortune gods]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Horned gods]]
[[Category:Kings in Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Life-death-rebirth gods]]
[[Category:Magic gods]]
[[Category:Meitei dragons]]
[[Category:Meitei deities]]
[[Category:Nature gods]]
[[Category:Peace gods]]
[[Category:Savior gods]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:Tutelary gods]]

Roja Selvamani

2025-11-17T23:00:34Z

Kartikshina85855:

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Roja Selvamani
| image = Actress Roja.jpg
| caption = Roja at an interview with Sakshi TV
| office = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister for Tourism, Culture and Youth Advancement]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| governor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
| successor = [[Kandula Durgesh]] [[Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]]
| term_start3 = 15 July 2019
| term_end3 = 17 July 2021
| successor3 = Mettu Govinda Reddy
| office4 = 1st [[YSRCP|President of YSRCP Women's Wing]]
| term_start4 = 2015
| term_end4 = 2021
| 1blankname4 = [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] President
| 1namedata4 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor4 = '''Office Established'''
| successor4 = Pothula Sunitha
| office5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 19 June 2014
| term_end5 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor5 = [[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu]]
| successor5 = [[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]
| constituency5 = [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
| office6 = 3rd [[Telugu Mahila|President of Telugu Mahila]] [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = 1999
| term_end6 = 2009
| 1blankname6 = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] President
| 1namedata6 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor6 = [[Nannapaneni Rajakumari]]
| successor6 = Shobha Haymavathi
| birth_name = Sri Latha Reddy<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=సినిమాల కోసం పేరు మార్చుకున్న స్టార్‌ హీరోయిన్లు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/south-heroines-who-changed-their-names-movies-1318532 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chinnagottigallu mandal|Bhakarapeta]], [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[R. K. Selvamani]]|2002}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/04/10230039/roja-selvamani-love-13-years-w.html |title=Tamil Cinema news – 90's favourite tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada actress, she is famous in red clothe movie... Tamil Movies – Cinema seithigal |work=Maalaimalar.com |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>
| party = [[Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party]] (2011 - present)
| otherparty = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (1998 - 2009) 
[[Indian National Congress]] (2009 - 2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roja quits TDP, to join Congress soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/sep/08/roja-quits-tdp-to-join-congress-soon-84424.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012}}</ref>
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}
| awards = [[Nandi Awards]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Cinema Express Awards]] [[Filmfare Awards]] 
}}

'''R. K. Roja Selvamani''' (born '''Sri Latha Reddy'''), is an Indian politician and actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/watch-video-andhra-pradesh-minister-roja-requests-pm-modi-for-selfie-he-obliges |title=Watch Video: Andhra Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister Roja requests PM Modi for selfie, he obliges |work=freepressjournal.in |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> She served as Minister for Tourism, Culture and Youth Advancement of [[Andhra Pradesh]] since 11 April 2022 until a [[landslide defeat]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=New Minister for Tourism RK Roja vows to make Andhra a tourism hub |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Apr/14/new-minister-for-tourism-rk-roja-vows-to-make-andhra-a-tourism-hub-2441891.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Roja was born in Bhakarapeta, [[Tirupati]] to Nagaraja Reddy and Lalitha Reddy, she has two brothers by the name of Kumaraswamy Reddy and Ramaprasad Reddy. Roja was a leading and established actress in the Indian cinema featuring in multiple [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] films as a leading actress from the 1990s till 2000s and featured in blockbuster films such as ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992), ''[[Sarpayagam]]'' (1992), ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' (1994), ''[[Gadibidi Ganda]]'' (1993) and ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (1998).

Roja became the [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister for Tourism Culture and Youth Advancement]] for the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in April 2022.

==Early life==
Roja was born as Sri Latha Reddy to Nagaraja Reddy and Lalitha in [[Tirupati]], [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She has two brothers, Kumaraswamy Reddy and Ramaprasad Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/04/08230903/srilatha-become-roja-barathira.html |title=Tamil Cinema news – Tamil Movies – Cinema seithigal |work=Maalaimalar.com |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411080654/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/04/08230903/srilatha-become-roja-barathira.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, the family moved to Hyderabad. She got her [[bachelor's degree]] in Political Science from [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam|Sri Padmavathi Women's University]], Tirupati. Roja learnt [[Kuchipudi]] and was performing in dance before she entered films.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Career==

===Film career===
Roja entered the film industry with Telugu film ''[[Prema Thapassu]]'' (1991) with [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]].

She was introduced to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry by director [[R. K. Selvamani]] with ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992), along with actor [[Prashanth]]. The movie was a hit and paved way for role in another success, ''[[Suriyan]]'' (1992) with [[Sarath Kumar]]. Both the films established her in Tamil cinema.<ref name="KoffeeWithAnu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/06/stories/2007040601280800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410052352/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/06/stories/2007040601280800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2007 |title=Koffee with Anu |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=16 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

She became known for songs such as "Meloor Maman" in the film ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' (1995) with [[Mammootty]] and "Mastana Mastana" in ''[[Raasaiyya]]'' (1995) with [[Prabhu Deva]]. Her performance in films with actors such as [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' (1994), [[Arjun Sarja]] in ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]'' (1996) and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]'' (1999) were praised. Roja's major career breakthrough was in the film ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (1998), directed by [[Vikraman]].

In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], she appeared in successful movies like ''[[Mutha Mestri]]'' (1993), ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (1994), ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994), ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' (1994), ''[[Bobbili Simham]]'' (1994), ''[[Subhalagnam]]'' (1994), ''[[Roja]] '' (1994), ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' (1996), ''[[Peddannayya]]'' (1997), ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997) and ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (2000)

In [[Kannada language|Kannada]], she appeared in successful movies like ''[[Gadibidi Ganda]]'' (1993), ''[[Kalavida]]'' (1997), ''[[Sundara Kanda]]'' (2001)

Her 100th movie was ''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Pottu Amman]]'' (2000).

Roja later appeared in supporting roles in films like ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' (2003), ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006), ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]'' (2010), ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimar]]'' (2010), ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011), ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' (2011), ''Kodipunju'' (2011), ''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Saguni]]'' (2012).

===Political career===
Roja joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in 1998 and was the president of the [[Telugu Mahila]] wing of the Party.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |date=31 August 2009 |title=Roja likely to join Congress |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/31/stories/2009083150180100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121735/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/31/stories/2009083150180100.htm |archive-date=3 September 2009}}</ref> In the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, she contested from the [[Nagari Assembly constituency]] but did not emerge victorious. In [[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2009 Indian general election]], Roja ran for the [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency]] but faced another defeat, this time against [[Galla Aruna Kumari|Aruna Kumari Galla]]. In the same year she left TDP and joined the [[Indian National Congress]], which was led by [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2022 |title=Roja's journey from silver screen to Andhra Cabinet |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rojas-journey-from-silver-screen-to-andhra-cabinet/articleshow/90799447.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Following the passing of Rajasekhara Reddy, his son, [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jagan Mohan Reddy]], decided to part ways with the Congress and established the YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roja quits TDP, to join Congress soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/sep/08/roja-quits-tdp-to-join-congress-soon-84424.html |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012}}</ref> In response to these developments, Roja made the decision to leave the Congress and joined the YSRCP. In [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly elections]], she won as an MLA from Nagari assembly constituency. She contested once again from Nagari in [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 assembly election]] and won the seat again. In 2020, she assumed the role of Chairperson of [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|APIIC]]. Then, in 2022 she was appointed the Minister for Tourism, Culture and Youth Advancement portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Actor Roja breaks myth of 'Iron leg' after becoming Andhra minister |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/actor-roja-breaks-myth-iron-leg-after-becoming-andhra-minister-162807 |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Despite Roja being an active speaker among women MLAs, she was suspended from attending the legislative assembly for one year.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/1-yr-suspension-for-MLA-Roja/articleshow/50242256.cms |title=1-yr suspension for MLA Roja |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2015 |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/518381/actor-roja-suspended-ap-assembly.html |title=Actor Roja suspended from AP Assembly for a year |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 December 2015 |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> The decision was taken by majority in the legislative house, on 18 December 2015, and by the approval of the Speaker.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="deccanherald.com"/> Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, leader of the opposition, opposed the suspension. There were several concerns on the procedure followed while suspending Roja. Such doubts made the opposition to move no-trust motion against the speaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/YSRC-Gives-No-trust-Notice-against-Speaker/2015/12/24/article3193603.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224203513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/YSRC-Gives-No-trust-Notice-against-Speaker/2015/12/24/article3193603.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2015 |title=YSRC Gives No-trust Notice against Speaker |date=24 December 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> An issue was raised by the opposition party on how the media clipping, property of the house, released and published on social media without the speaker's approval and the speaker also noted their concern and set up an inquiry to probe the issue further and submit a report by next meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakshipost.com/index.php/news/politics/70298-speaker-to-probe-into-video-footage-leak.html |title=Telugu States Latest News, Andhra Pradesh News Latest, Telangana News Today, Tollywood News Today, Bigg Boss Updates, Hyderabad News, Breaking News, India News, Telugu NRI News | SakshiPost}}</ref>

===Electoral history===
====Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
| 62,794
| 35.17
| rowspan="2"|[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
| 107,797
| 60.38
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -45,003
| -25.21
|-
! [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| 80,333
| 47.6
| 77,625
| 46
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,708
| 1.6
|-
! [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 74,724
| 47.23
| [[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu]]
| 73,866
| 46.69
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 858
| 0.54
|-
! [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
| 60,962
| 35.68
| [[Aruna Kumari Galla]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 71,942
| 42.1
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -10,980
| -6.42
|-
! [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
| 59,867
| 46.39
| Chengareddy Reddyvari
| 65,561
| 50.8
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -5,694
| -4.41
|-
|}

==Other work==
Roja was the anchor of a show named ''Modern Mahalakshmi'' before getting replaced by Anasuya. This show was telecast on [[MAA TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Anusuya-to-host-Modern-Mahalaxmi/articleshow/32209549.cms |title=Anusuya to host Modern Mahalaxmi |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2014}}</ref> She is one of the judges for the comedy shows ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]'' and ''[[Extra Jabardasth]]''. These shows are telecast on [[ETV Network|ETV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/16208/latest/MLA-Roja-says-she-will-prefer-Jabardasth-over-politics.html |title=MLA Roja says she will prefer Jabardasth over politics – ApNewsCorNer |website=apnewscorner.com |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624075705/http://www.apnewscorner.com/news/film/details/16208/latest/MLA-Roja-says-she-will-prefer-Jabardasth-over-politics.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> She hosted one show for [[Zee Tamizh]] called ''lucka kicka'', which was a huge hit in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/478789004110072449/ |title=Luckka Kickka Season 2 – 03-01-2015 – Zee Tamil Official YouTube Video Luckka Kickka, Popular heroine ROJA is back with a bang hosting the new game… – Trailers and Teaser-Tamil – Pinterest – Teaser and Youtube |website=Pinterest}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Roja married Tamil film director [[R. K. Selvamani]] on 21 August 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2002 |title=News Today |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news226.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |quote=Telugu actress Roja entered nuptial knot with Tamil director Selvamani today (21st August) at Tirumala.}}</ref> The couple has a daughter and a son.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/damsel-distress-ruthless-politician-dramatic-transformation-rk-roja-63461 |title=From 'damsel in distress' to ruthless politician : The dramatic transformation of RK Roja |date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

Roja had a penchant for hairdressing and it was evident as whenever she was on the sets she was seen hairdressing her peers like [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Ranjitha]] and [[Mumtaj|Mumtaz]] to name a few.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} According to [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Soundarya]], [[Nagma]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], her friends and co-stars, Roja is one of the few artists who can do their makeup themselves.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Filmography==

===Tamil cinema===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" |1992 || ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' || Chembaruthi || Tamil Debut
|-
| ''[[Suriyan]]'' || Usha ||
|-
|1993 || ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' || Vimala ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |1994 || ''[[Athiradi Padai]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Indhu]]'' || Indhu ||
|-
| ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || Rubakala ||
|-
| ''[[Sarigamapadani]]'' || Archana ||
|-
|rowspan="6" |1995 || ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Muthirai]]''|| Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || Parvathi ||
|-
| ''[[Raasaiyya]]'' || Anitha ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' || Sarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]'' || Sindhamani ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |1996 || ''[[Parambarai]]'' || Paruvatham ||
|-
| ''[[Rajali]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' || Fathima ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |1997 || ''[[Vallal]]'' || Madhavi ||
|-
| ''[[Adimai Changili]]'' || Senthamarai ||
|-
| ''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' || Revathi ||
|-
| ''[[Kadavul]]'' || Parvathi ||
|-
| ''[[Arasiyal]]'' || Supriya ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |1998 || ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' || Radha || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404023849/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2007 |title=dinakaran |date=4 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="rrtd.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=30 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430210643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Rasave]]'' || Nagajyoti ||
|-
| ''[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]'' || Village Girl ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || Shenbagam ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="9" |1999 || ''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]'' || Writer ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Raja]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjinile]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Chinna Durai (1999 film)|Chinna Durai]]'' || Pushpavalli ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Easwari ||
|-
| ''[[Mugam (1999 film)|Mugam]]'' || Malini ||
|-
| ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'' || Charu ||
|-
| ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]'' || Ragini ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagarsamy]]'' || Suja ||
|-
|rowspan="8" |2000 || ''[[Thirunelveli (film)|Thirunelveli]]'' || Kattazhagi ||
|-
| ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]'' || Saroja ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]'' || Thilaka ||
|-
| ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' || Rupini ||
|-
| ''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (2000 film)|Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' || Tamizhselvi ||
|-
| ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' || Kanimozhi ||
|-
| ''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]'' || Asha||
|-
| ''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Pottu Amman]]'' || Durga ||100th film
|-
|rowspan="9" |2001 || ''[[Looty]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' || Veni ||
|-
| ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' || Roja ||
|-
| ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || Raakku ||
|-
| ''[[Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Maayan (film)|Maayan]]'' || Azhagamma ||
|-
| ''[[Veettoda Mappillai]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || Kottai Mariamman||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Angala Parameswari]]'' || [[Parvati]] ||
|-
| ''Shakalaka Baby'' || Shenbagam (Shakalaka Baby) ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || Sivagami ||
|-
| ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Radhika ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Maayavi]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Karagattakkari]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |2006 || ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' || Angayarkanni ||
|-
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Sridhar's Mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || Vaishnavi ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen]]'' || Vikranth's mother ||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Jaggubai ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kaavalan]]'' || Devika Muthu Ramalingam ||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Saguni]]'' || Sreedevi's Mother ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Rajeshwari ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Apple Penne]]'' || Hamsavalli || 125 th film
|-
|rowspan="3" |2015 || ''[[Killadi]]'' || Angayarkanni ||
|-
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || Saranya ||
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || Renuka Devi ||
|-
| 2026 || '' Lenin Pandiyan '' || Santhanam ||
|}

=== Telugu cinema ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role (dubbed voice)
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" |1991 ||''[[Prema Thapassu]]''|| Muthyalu || Telugu Debut
|-
|''[[Sarpayagam]]''|| Anupama || Special Jury-Nandi Award
|-
|rowspan="3" |1992 ||''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]''|| Manga(Durga) ||
|-
|''Atta Sommu Alludi Daanam''|| Baby ||
|-
|''Prema Vijetha''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1993 ||''[[Rakshana]]''|| Special appearance ||Ghallu Mamdi Basu Song||
|-
|''Attaku Koduku Mamaku Alludu''|| Roja ||
|-
|''Illu Pelli'' || ||
|-
|''Nakshatra Poratam'' || ||
|-
|''Moggudugaru''|| Roja ||
|-
|''[[Mutha Mestri]]''|| Kalpana (Durga)||
|-
|rowspan="8" |1994 ||''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]''|| Seetha (Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''||Princess Padmavathi (Roja Ramani)|| [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|''[[Gandeevam]]''|| Roja ||
|-
|''[[Bobbili Simham]]''|| Krishnaveni ([[Saritha]])
|-
|''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]''|| Chandi || [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|''[[Police Brothers]]''|| Kanaka Durga ||
|-
|''[[Subhalagnam]]''|| Lata (Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|''Roja''|| Bharathi ||
|-
|rowspan="7" |1995 ||''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]''|| Roja (Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|''[[Maatho Pettukoku]]''|| Lata ||
|-
|''Maya Bazaar''|| Special appearance ||
|-
|''Telugu Veera Levara''|| Talupulamma ||
|-
|''[[Vajram (1995 film)|Vajram]]''||Kuali ||
|-
|''[[Pokiri Raja]]''|| Chandramukhi ||
|-
|''[[Ghatotkachudu]]''|| Roja ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |1996 ||''[[Topi Raja Sweety Roja]]''|| Roja ||
|-
|''[[Rayudugaru Nayudugaru]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]''|| [[Draupadi]](Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |1997 ||''[[Peddannayya]]''|| Seeta(Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|''Adavilo Anna''|| Rani ||
|-
|''Radayatra''||Kasturi ||
|-
|''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]''|| Saluva Narasimha Rayalu's wife(Roja Ramani) ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |1998 ||''[[Sambhavam]]''|| ||
|-
|''Pelladi Chupistha''|| ||
|-
|''Swarnakka''|| Swarnakka || [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|''Vaibhavam''|| ||
|-
|''[[Mee Aayana Jagratha]]''|| Sundari ||
|-
|1999 ||''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]''|| Revathi ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |2000 ||''[[Sammakka Sarakka]]''|| Sarakka ||
|-
|''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]''|| Geetha (Saritha) ||
|-
|''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]''|| Ragini (Shilpa) ||
|-
|rowspan=3" |2001 || ''[[Railway Coolie]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|''[[Family Circus (2001 film)|Family Circus]]''|| Durga ||
|-
|''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Durga]]''|| Durga ||
|-
|2002 ||''Police Sisters''|| ACP Jhansi ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2010 ||''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]''|| Home Minister ||
|-
|''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]''|| Arundathi ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |2011 ||''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]''|| Movie artist ||
|-
|''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]''|| Politician Chamundeswari || |
|-
|''Kodipunju''|| Sita Ratnam as Tanish's Mother ||
|-
|''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]''|| Satya's mother ||
|-
|''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''|| [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] ||
|-
|2012 ||''[[Lucky (2012 Telugu film)|Lucky]]''|| Lucky's boss ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |2013 ||''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]''|| Munna's mother ||
|-
|''[[Jagadguru Adi Shankara|Sri Jagadguru Adi Shankara]]''||Goddess Lakshmi ||
|-
|''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[D/O Varma]]''|| ||
|}

===Kannada cinema===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Gadibidi Ganda]]'' || Neelambari || Kannada Debut
|-
| 1994 || ''Arakan'' || Pooja ||
|-
| 1994 || '' Rasika'' || Latha ||
|-
| 1994 ||''Time Bomb '' || ||
|-
| 1994 || '' Kunthi Puthra'' || Usha||
|-
| 1994 || Samrat || ||
|-
| 1994 ||'' Jaana'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 1995 ||'' Police Power'' || ||
|-
| 1995 ||'' Aata Hudugutta'' || ||
|-
|1996 || ''Isae'' || ||
|-
| 1997 ||''[[Kalavida]]''|| Kavana ||
|-
| 1997 ||'' Mommaga'' || ||
|-
| 1997 ||'' Cheluva ''|| ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[Premotsava]]''|| Bhavana ||
|-
| 1999 || '' Abhi ''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000 ||''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Bharatha Naari''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001 ||''[[Grama Devathe]]'' || Parvati ||
|-
| ''Sundara Kanda''|| ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Parva (2002 film)|Parva]]''|| Sudha ||
|-
| 2004 ||''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]''|| Meena ||
|}

=== Malayalam cinema ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1997 ||''[[Gangothri (film)|Gangothri]]''|| Nandana Menon || Malayalam Debut
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]]''|| Parvathy ||
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Jamna Pyari]]''|| Neelambari || 150 th film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2002–2003||''Nathi Enge Pogirathu''|| Sindhu ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay]]||TV Serial
|-
|2004||''[[Uttarayana (TV serial)|Uttarayana]]''||Jaya Gouri||[[Kannada]]||[[Udaya TV]]||TV Serial
|-
|2010–2013 ||''Modern Mahalakshmi''||Host||rowspan="5" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]||TV show
|-
|2011||''Nachore''|| Judge ||[[Zee Telugu]]||TV show
|-
|2013–2022||''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''||Judge||rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]|| Weekly
|-
|2014–2022||''[[Extra Jabardasth]]''||Judge||Weekly
|-
|2014–2015 ||''Race''||rowspan="2" |Host||[[Zee Telugu]]||TV show
|-
|2015||''Luckka Kikka : Genes''||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]||TV show
|-
|2015||''Ragada : The Ultimate Dance Show''||Judge||rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Tollywood TV Telugu||TV show
|-
|2015–2016||''Jabardast 31 : December Celebrations''||Judge||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||TV Programme
|-
|2016||''[[Genes (season 2)]]''||Host||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]||TV show
|-
|2016–2017||''Racchabanda''||Host||rowspan="4" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]||TV show
|-
|2016||''Dasara Mahostavam''||Judge||rowspan="3" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Telugu]]||TV Programme
|-
|2017||''Pandem Kollu''||Judge||TV Programme
|-
|2017||''Ugadi 369''||Judge||TV Programme
|-
|2017||''[[Junior Super Stars (season 2)]]''|| Judge|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Zee Tamizh|| TV show
|-
|2017||''[[Weekend with Stars (talk show)|Weekend with Stars]]''||Guest||Zee Tamil|| Talk Show
|-
|2017||''[[Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta|Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta (Season 3)]]''||Guest|| rowspan="4" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]||TV show
|-
|2018||''[[Bathuku Jataka Bandi|Bathuku Jatka Bandi]]''|| Host||TV show
|-
|2018||''Aha Naa Pellanta''|| rowspan="2" |Judge||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Telugu]]||TV Programme
|-
|2018||''Rangasthalam''||[[Gemini TV]]||TV Dance Show
|-
|2019||''Lollupa''|| rowspan="3" |Host||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||TV Programme
|-
|2019||''Tasmath Jagratha''|| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]||Crime Patrol
|-
|2020
|''Amma Sarileru Nikevvaru''
|TV Programme
|}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Sarpayagam]]'' (1991)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]] ''(1994)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – Swarnakka (1998)<ref name="auto"/>

;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 1998 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress – ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404023849/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/2000pa2/2000-2.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |title=Dinakaran}}</ref><ref name="rrtd.nic.in"/>
;[[Cinema Express Awards]]
* 1998 – Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil – ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112784/ |title=Cinema Express awards presented |date=August 1999}}</ref>
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award South]]
* 2010 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] – ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0737730|name=Roja}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roja}}
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Tirupati]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]