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1826 in India

2026-05-07T20:04:43Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Basic Stub V1

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Year in India|1826}}
Events in the year '''1826 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Governor-General of India]]: [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]]

==Events==
{{main|1826}}

* 18 January: The [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Siege of Bharatpur]] concluded with a British victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Creighton |first=J[ames] N[orman]. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100144737 |title=Narrative of the siege and capture of Bhurtpore, in the province of Agra, upper Hindoostan, by the forces under the command of... Lord Combermere, in the latter end of 1825, and beginning of 1826. |date=1830 |publisher=The author |location=London}}</ref>
* The [[Ahom kingdom|Ahem kingdom]] ceased to exist, with the territory becoming part of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Swarna Lata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFFuAAAAMAAJ&q=ahom+kingdom+1826&dq=ahom+kingdom+1826&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLmZrJ_KeUAxUomWoFHQmWNEYQ6AF6BAgHEAM#ahom%20kingdom%201826 |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769-1826 |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0462-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Assam Police]] was established in the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Ahom Kings to Today {{!}} Assam Police {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://police.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/from-the-ahom-kings-to-today |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=police.assam.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1826}}

[[Category:1826 in India| ]]
[[Category:1826 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Junaid Khan (Indian actor)

2026-05-07T07:00:56Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Junaid Khan
| image = Junaid Khan 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khan in 2025
| native_name = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|6|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]]
* [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]]}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2024–present
| awards =
| father = [[Aamir Khan]]
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]
}}

'''Junaid Khan''' (born 2 June 1993) is an Indian actor known for his work on stage as well as in [[Hindi films]]. The son of actor [[Aamir Khan]], he began his career in various theatre productions and made his lead debut playing [[Karsandas Mulji]] in the period drama film ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]'' (2024).

==Early life and education==
Junaid Khan was born to the Hindi film actor, [[Aamir Khan]], and his first wife, Reena Dutta, in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Tuhina |title=New star kid on the block: Junaid Khan |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/new-star-kid-on-the-block-aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-23313610 |access-date=30 March 2025 |publisher=Mid Day |date=10 October 2023}}</ref> He has a younger sister, Ira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=I'll Do It My Way: The Incredible Journey of Aamir Khan |author=Daniels, Christina |publisher=Om Books International |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-80069-22-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tsyCwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Aamir Khan: A Social Spark|author=Sisodia, Kirti |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-5266-118-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJk-DwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> He has [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-[[Arabs|Arab]] ancestry from his paternal side, and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] ancestry from the maternal side.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |title=Music, masti, modernity: the cinema of Nasir Husain |date=2016 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5264-097-3 |edition=First published in India |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |quote=Jaffar Husain was a Pathan and belonged to a family of zamindars, albeit of modest landholdings, settled in Shahabad (...) Aamna, Husain's mother, was of Arab ancestry. Her forefathers originally hailed from Jeddah before successive generations found their way to Calcutta, finally settling in Bhopal (...) his maternal grandmother, Fatima Begum, was a well-educated woman and was appointed the inspector of schools by nawaab of Bhopal. This lady's brother was the well-known freedom fighter and scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=De |first1=Shobhaa |author-link=Shobhaa De |date=17 March 2024 |title=Kiran Rao is on top, at 50 |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/Shobhaa-De/2024/03/09/kiran-rao-is-on-top-at-50.html |magazine=The Week |access-date=18 February 2025 |quote=Both ex-wives share a strong Bengali connection. Reena is born a Bengali.}}</ref>

He studied at the [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]] in Mumbai and at the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] in New York.<ref name="hinduinterview">{{Cite news |author=Mitra, Shilajit |date=15 January 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/junaid-khan-interview-i-come-from-immense-privilege-cannot-pretend-otherwise/article68388507.ece |title=Junaid Khan interview: 'I come from immense privilege, cannot pretend otherwise' |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Theatre ===
Khan began his acting career on stage, with a role in [[Quasar Thakore-Padamsee]]’s adaptation of [[Bertolt Brecht]]’s play ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-to-make-his-stage-debut-22991.html |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan to make his stage debut |magazine=Filmfare |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> He then played the lead role of a slave in his sister, Ira's theatre production of ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'', at the [[Prithvi Theatre]] in 2019.<ref name="hinduinterview"/><ref>{{Cite news |author=Chowdhury, Alpana |date=13 December 2019 |url=https://www.thequint.com/ira-khan-medea-hazel-keech-aamir-khan-euripides-play-sarika |title=Ira Khan and Hazel Keech Match Talents to Keep 'Medea' Relevant |work=The Quint |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, Khan starred in [[Faezeh Jalali]]'s tragicomedy play ''Runaway Brides'', as part of the Prithvi Theatre festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/prithvi-theatre-festival-runaway-brides-faezeh-jalali-junaid-khan-play-tragic-comedy-11731378173240.html |title='Prithvi Theatre Festival': Faezeh Jalali brings a tragic comedy to stage |author=Sibal, Prachi |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Mint Lounge |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122154115/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/prithvi-theatre-festival-runaway-brides-faezeh-jalali-junaid-khan-play-tragic-comedy-11731378173240.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also at the theatre, he played multiple roles in ''Shikhandi'', based on the [[Shikhandi|character of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-aamir-khans-son-junaid-rocks-show-drupada-bhishma-entertaining-mythological-play-shikhandi/ |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid rocks the show as Drupada and Bhishma in the entertaining mythological play, Shikhandi |author=Seta, Fenil |date=11 April 2024 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624143211/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-aamir-khans-son-junaid-rocks-show-drupada-bhishma-entertaining-mythological-play-shikhandi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, he played a [[trans woman]] in Jalali's play ''Strictly Unconventional'' at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/junaid-khan-returns-theatre-upcoming-play-strictly-unconventional-debut-film-success-rehearsal-images-ahead-september-1-premiere/ |title=Junaid Khan returns to theatre with upcoming play 'Strictly Unconventional' after debut film success; rehearsal images out ahead of September 1 premiere |date=13 August 2024 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916174045/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/junaid-khan-returns-theatre-upcoming-play-strictly-unconventional-debut-film-success-rehearsal-images-ahead-september-1-premiere/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing the play, [[Deepa Gahlot]] found Khan "totally relaxed in his flamboyant outfit and wig".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/strictly-unconventional-english-play-review.asp |title=Strictly Unconventional Play Review |author=Gahlot, Deepa |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114032042/https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/strictly-unconventional-english-play-review.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Films ===
Khan made his lead acting debut with the leading role of social reformer [[Karsandas Mulji]] in the period drama film ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''. It is based on the [[Maharaj Libel Case]] of 1862, about a priest who sexually assaulted women. Khan prepared for a year to play Mulji, relying on information he found in the public domain, losing around 25 kg of body weight, and learning the dialect in which Mulji spoke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=6 July 2024 |title=Maharaj actors Junaid Khan and Jaideep Ahlawat talk about their prep and weight loss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/maharaj-actors-junaid-khan-and-jaideep-ahlawat-talk-about-their-prep-and-weight-loss-9436141/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was released on [[Netflix]] in 2024, following delays due to legal disputes.<ref name="maharaj"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/court-stays-release-of-maharaj-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-maharaj-libel-case-of-1862-2024-06-13-936828|title=Court stays release of 'Maharaj', here's everything you need to know about Maharaj Libel Case of 1862|date=13 June 2024|website=India TV News}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed that Khan is "sincere and sharp-featured as the striving Karsandas [...] though still miles away from emerging a captivating leading man: he is especially dull in the courtroom scenes".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shilajit|last=Mitra|title='Maharaj' movie review: Junaid Khan's debut film means well, runs dull|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maharaj-movie-review-junaid-khans-debut-film-means-well-runs-dull/article68318044.ece|access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 2025, Khan had his first theatrical release opposite [[Khushi Kapoor]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Loveyapa]]'', a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=6 November 2023 |title=India's Phantom Studios Lines Up Slate of Theatrical Projects, CEO Srishti Behl Reveals at Taiwan Creative Content Fest |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/phantom-studios-theatrical-slate-srishti-behl-tccf-1236202179/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103180309/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/phantom-studios-theatrical-slate-srishti-behl-tccf-1236202179/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=19 February 2023 |title=Tamil Blockbuster 'Love Today' Gets Bollywood Remake From Phantom, AGS |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109234752/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It tells the story of an engaged couple who switch phones before their marriage; Khan admitted to feeling miscast in the role as he found his character’s personality vastly different from his own.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=Loveyapa: Junaid Khan reveals he wouldn't be casting himself as lead in Advait Chandan's rom-com; Know why |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/loveyapa-junaid-khan-reveals-he-wouldnt-be-casting-himself-as-lead-in-advait-chandans-rom-com-know-why-1370910 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of [[News18 India|''News18'']] took note of Khan's comic timing, which he did not have an opportunity to display in ''Maharaj''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |date=7 February 2024 |title=Loveyapa Review: Junaid, Khushi's film Is A Frothy Take On Modern Love But Lacks Love Today's Rawness |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/loveyapa-review-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoors-film-is-a-frothy-take-on-modern-love-but-lacks-raw-spark-9217478.html |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=News18 }}</ref> Conversely, [[Rediff.com]]'s [[Sukanya Verma]] dismissed his "acting method [as] akin to someone wringing out water from a towel" and criticised his chemistry with Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sukanya|last=Verma|title=Loveyapa Review: Love Yeah, Leads Pah!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/loveyapa-review/20250207.htm|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mohit|last=Dixit|title=Loveyapa Day 8 India Box Office Trends: Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor-led's run gets curtailed by Chhaava, Captain America 4|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/loveyapa-day-8-india-box-office-trends-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoor-leds-run-gets-curtailed-by-chhaava-captain-america-4-1372444|date=14 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

The following year, Khan starred opposite [[Sai Pallavi]] in the [[Sapporo]]-set romance ''[[Ek Din]]'' (2026), produced by his father.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-has-high-hopes-from-loveyapa-co-starring-khushi-kapoor-and-ek-din-opposite-sai-pallavi-heres-what-he-said-1365051 |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan has high hopes from LoveYapa and Ek Din |author=Sharma, Krishma |date=22 January 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128090530/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-has-high-hopes-from-loveyapa-co-starring-khushi-kapoor-and-ek-din-opposite-sai-pallavi-heres-what-he-said-1365051 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a mixed review of the film for the Indian edition of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Rahul Desai criticised Khan's portrayal of his introverted character "as if it’s a medical condition", preferring the performance of Pallavi, who he remarked is "acting for two".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2026-05-01 |title=‘Ek Din’ Movie Review: A Lanky and Awkward Love Story |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ek-din-movie-review-a-lanky-and-awkward-love-story |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| —
| Assistant director
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141122/entertainment-bollywood/article/spotted-aamir-khans-son-junaid-assitant-director-pk |title=Spotted: Aamir Khan's son Junaid as assistant director on PK |date=22 November 2014 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630171016/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141122/entertainment-bollywood/article/spotted-aamir-khans-son-junaid-assitant-director-pk |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''
| [[Karsandas Mulji]]
|
|<ref name="maharaj">{{Cite news |title=Gujarat HC lifts stay on release of 'Maharaj,' debut film of Aamir Khan's son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gujarat-hc-lifts-stay-on-release-of-maharaj-debut-film-of-aamir-khans-son/article68316320.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |date=21 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622073609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gujarat-hc-lifts-stay-on-release-of-maharaj-debut-film-of-aamir-khans-son/article68316320.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
| ''[[Loveyapa]]''
| Gaurav "Gucci" Sachdeva
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2024 |title=Junaid Khan begins shooting three-week shoot schedule for romantic comedy opposite Khushi Kapoor in Mumbai |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/junaid-khan-begins-shooting-three-week-shoot-schedule-romantic-comedy-opposite-khushi-kapoor-mumbai-report/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114124856/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/junaid-khan-begins-shooting-three-week-shoot-schedule-romantic-comedy-opposite-khushi-kapoor-mumbai-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Ek Din]]''
| Dinesh "Dino" Shrivastava
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Sai Pallavi with Aamir Khan's Son Junaid To Begin Shooting For Untitled Film From December 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aamir-khans-son-junaid-and-sai-pallavi-to-begin-shooting-for-untitled-film-from-december-1-8684556.html|access-date=11 February 2024 |website=News 18 |date=December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209185909/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/aamir-khans-son-junaid-and-sai-pallavi-to-begin-shooting-for-untitled-film-from-december-1-8684556.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Ragini 3'' {{dagger}}
| {{TBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tamannaah Bhatia, Junaid Khan team up for Ektaa Kapoor's Ragini 3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tamannaah-bhatia-junaid-khan-team-up-for-ektaa-kapoor-ragini-3-shashanka-ghosh-2867795-2026-02-13 |magazine=Indian Today|date=13 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Theatre===
* ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' (2019)
* ''Runaway Brides'' (2024)
* ''Shikhandi'' (2024)
* ''Strictly Unconventional'' (2024)

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor in an Original Film – OTT
| rowspan="2"|''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-24th-ita-awards-2024/|title=ITA Awards 2024: Complete list of winners|access-date=2 January 2025|website=Indian Television Academy Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Hungama|Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
| Bright New Star of the Year
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2024 |title=Bollywood Hungama OTT Awards 2024: Panchayat and Heeramandi win big at the star-studded event |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-ott-awards-2024-panchayat-heeramandi-win-big-star-studded-event/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|2595047}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Junaid}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Khan–Hussain family|Junaid Khan]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

New Alipore Suruchi Sangha

2026-05-06T15:06:15Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|Association football club in Kolkata, India}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Suruchi Sangha সুরুচি সংঘ
| image =
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
| nickname = Suruchi Sangha
| short name = SUS NASS
| founded = {{start date and age|1952}}
| ground = New Alipore Suruchi Sangha Club Ground
| capacity =
| owner = [[Aroop Biswas]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Ranjan Bhattacherjee
| league = {{ubl|'''M:''' [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]]|'''W:''' [[Indian Women's League 2|IWL 2]] {{nowrap|[[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]}}}}
| season =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FEDF00
| body1 = FEDF00
| rightarm1 = FEDF00
| shorts1 = FEDF00
| socks1 = FEDF00
| pattern_la2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh2 = _skybottom
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website = {{url|https://www.suruchisangha.com/}}
}}

'''New Alipore Suruchi Sangha''', commonly referred to as '''Suruchi Sangha''' ({{langx|bn|নিউ আলিপুর সুরুচি সংঘ}}), is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[New Alipore]], [[Kolkata]] in the state of [[West Bengal]]. The club currently competes in [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]], the top-tier football league in West Bengal, organised by the [[Indian Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (CFL PREMIER DIVISION)|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> Their women's team participates in the [[Indian Women's League 2]], the Indian women's second tier league.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Women’s League (IWL) & IWL 2|url=https://theawayend.co/indian-womens-league/|website=The Away End|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The club was established in 1952 as a sports and cultural club of [[New Alipore]] locality in then [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.suruchisangha.com/about|website=suruchisangha|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

==Women's team==
The club's women's team participates in the [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]], the top tier of West Bengal. They made their national-stage debut in the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]], after finishing third in the [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024]] and qualifying as the best placed team in the championship round.

==Squad==
{{updated|20 March 2026|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League 2 Squad |url=https://indianfootballleague.in/match-details/?mid=65384 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=20 March 2026 }}</ref>}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=1|pos=GK|name=Jyotsna Bara}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=2|pos=DF|name=Naina}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=3|pos=MF|name=Angela Bhutia}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=5|pos=DF|name=Pipili Mohanty}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=6|pos=MF|name=Kumkum Saren}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=7|pos=MF|name=Mamata Hansda}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=8|pos=MF|name=Salina Kumari}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=9|pos=FW|name=Pandimit Lepcha}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=10|pos=fW|name=Sanjana Oraon}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=11|pos=DF|name=Sunita Sarkar}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=12|pos=FW|name=Tulsi Hembram}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=13|pos=FW|name=Laxmi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=14|pos=MF|name=Swapna Tudu}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=15|pos=MF|name=Urvashi Kumari}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=16|pos=FW|name=Roshni Baskey}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=17|pos=DF|name=Mou Chakraborty}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=18|pos=DF|name=Pratima Mahata}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=19|pos=GK|name=Divya}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=20|pos=FW|name=Rakhi Mondal}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=21|pos=GK|name=Rubina Sarkar}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=22|pos=DF|name=Sunita Swain}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=25|pos=MF|name=Shila Bagti}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=26|pos=MF|name=Sneha Minj}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=27|pos=DF|name=Fatema Khatun}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=29|pos=DF|name=Koyel Halder}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=36|pos=FW|name=Roshni Baskey}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=45|pos=FW|name=Sohani Roy}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=47|pos=MF|name=Naina Kumari}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=55|pos=MF|name=Chandani Kumari}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=77|pos=FW|name=Ankita Das}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=99|pos=MF|name=Roshni Tigga}}
{{Fs end}}

==Honours==
===Men's team===
*[[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]:
** Super Six: [[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
*[[Calcutta Football League|CFL 1st Division]]:
** Champions: 2023<ref name="cfllower23">{{cite web |title=IFA CFL Lower Division 2023 |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2023/cfl_divn1_result.html |publisher=kolkatafootball.com |accessdate=1 May 2024 }}</ref>

===Women's team===
*[[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]:
** 3rd place: [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]]
** Semi-finalists: [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13047 New Alipore Suruchi Sangha] at AIFF
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/ CFL clubs] at IFA (archived)

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Battle of Tilpat (1669)

2026-04-25T14:43:02Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Basic Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Battle between Mughal Empire and the Jat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image =
| caption =
| partof =
| conflict = Battle of Tilpat
| date = 12 May 1669
| place = Tilpat
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory<ref>{{cite book|title=Mughal empire|location=Allahabad|publisher=Chugh Publications|date=1974|first=Ishvari|last=Prasad|page=585}} The Jat youths were killed and Gokula and his uncle Udaysingh with 6000 Jat peasants were made prisoners.</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces
| combatant2 = [[Jat people|Jat]] chiefs of [[Tilpat]]
| commander1 = Hasan Ali Khan
| commander2 = [[Gokula|Gokula Jat]]{{Executed}} Uday Singh Jat{{Executed}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 20,000
| casualties1 = 4,000 killed
| casualties2 = 5,000 killed
}}

The '''Battle of Tilpat''' was fought between [[Jat]]s and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar]]s on 12 May 1669. [[Gokula Jat]] burnt the city of Saidabad near [[Mathura]] which caused [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] commander Abdul Nabi Khan to attack the village of Sūra. Abdul Nabi was wounded and killed. Aurangzeb sent Hassan Ali Khan to fight the rebels. Gokula Jat was captured alive during the battle and immediately sent to Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=+shah+quli+chela |title=Bharatpur Upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |date=1970 |publisher=Rama Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Awrangābādī |first=Shāhnavāz Khān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_O1AAAAIAAJ&q=maasir+ul+umara+kukla+jat+by+name |title=The Maāt̲h̲ir-ul-umarā: Being Biographies of the Muḥammadan and Hindu Officers of the Timurid Sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D. |date=1979 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ&q=married+to+shah+quli+chela |title=The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire |last2=Prasad |first2=Ishwari |date=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] enforced the [[jizya]] tax on non-Muslims despite opposition, reportedly pleased when Hindus, unable to pay, converted to [[Islam]]. In April 1665, he set customs duties at 2.5% for Muslim merchants and 5% for Hindu merchants. In May 1667, the duty was removed for Muslims but kept at 5% for Hindus. [[Aurangzeb]] offered rewards, government posts, release from prison, and favorable property dispute rulings to encourage conversions to Islam. In 1671, he ordered the replacement of Hindu head-clerks and accountants with Muslims, though later allowed Hindus to hold half these positions. In 1668, Hindu religious fairs were banned, and in March 1695, Hindus except the [[Rajput|Rajputs]] were prohibited from riding in palanquins, on elephants, or on fine horses, and from carrying weapons. These measures caused significant unrest. Discontented Hindus in regions like [[Rajasthan]], [[Bundelkhand]], [[Malwa]], and [[Khandesh]] resisted temple destruction, demolished converted mosques, and halted calls to prayer in some areas. Jizya collectors were attacked and expelled in certain regions. In early 1669, the [[Jat]] peasantry of [[Mathura]], led by [[Gokula Jat|Gokla of Tilpat]]. They killed the faujdar, ‘Abd-un-Nabi, sacked the pargana of [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], and caused disorder in the neighboring Agra district.<ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire"/>

==Battle==
In 1669, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] sent a strong army under Radandaz Khan to end a rebellion in the [[Mathura]] district and appointed officers such as Saf Shikan Khan and Hasan Ali Khan to control the area. Despite these efforts, the region remained chaotic throughout the year. In September, a peace offer was made to the rebel leader [[Gokula|Gokula Jat]], stating that if he returned all his stolen goods, he would be pardoned—but this plan failed. By November, the situation had worsened to the point where the emperor had to leave [[Delhi]] to address the crisis. On 4 December, Hasan Ali Khan attacked several rebel villages, including Rewarah, Chandar-kaha, and Sarkhud. The villagers fought hard until midday; when they could no longer hold out, many chose to kill their own women and then launched a desperate final attack on the Mughal soldiers. Although the Mughal side suffered significant losses, about 300 rebels were killed and 250 men and women were captured. During this campaign, the emperor also sent 200 horsemen to protect villagers' crops and ensure that his soldiers did not mistreat the local people or take any children.<ref name="SJ1">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Volume III – Northern India, 1668-1681 |year=1928 |edition=Third, Revised and Completed |pages=294–295|publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |location=Calcutta}}</ref><ref name="Majumdar Mughal Empire">{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=R. C. |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1974 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=235-236}}</ref>Hasan Ali Khan, accompanied by his lieutenant Shaikh Razi-ud-din from [[Bhagalpur]] defeated Gokula. Gokula's rebel force, estimated at 20,000 strong and mostly composed of [[Jats]] and determined peasants, encountered the imperial army about 20 miles from Tilpat. After a long and bloody fight, the rebels, despite their brave charge, were overwhelmed by the superior discipline and artillery of the Mughal forces and fled to Tilpat. The city was besieged for three days before it was finally taken by force. The battle was very costly: around 4,000 Mughal soldiers and 5,000 rebels were killed, and 7,000 people—including Gokula and his family—were captured. Gokula was brutally executed by having his limbs cut off one by one on a public platform in [[Agra]]; his family was forced to convert to [[Islam]], and his followers were imprisoned. Meanwhile, innocent people caught up in the fighting were released after proper inquiries, and the elderly and children were handed over to a court eunuch for care.<ref name=SJ1 /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |page=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Collier Great Mughals">{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Dirk |title=The Great Mughals and Their India |year=2016 |publisher=Hay House |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:17th-century battles]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Jats]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts in Asia]]

Om Prakash Lal

2026-04-20T06:42:31Z

Kartikeyar: added new pg - done

{{Short description| Former Cabinet Minister of Bihar (1941–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Om Prakash Lal
| image = Image of O.P Lal.jpg
| caption = Official Portrait of Shri Om Prakash Lal (O.P. Lal), Former Cabinet Minister of Bihar (1941–2020)
| office1 = [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]], Ministry of Mines & Geology
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| successor1 = [[Sushila Kerketta]]
| office2 = [[Minister of State]], Ministry of Excise & Probation
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1990
| office3 = [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Minister of State]] (Independent Charge), Ministry of Tourism
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 1995
| office4 = [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Minister of State]] (Independent Charge), Ministry of Information Technology
| term_start4 = 1995
| term_end4 = 2000
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|2020|11|21}} (aged 79)
| death_place = [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|Rims Trauma Centre and Central Emergency, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1985-2020)
| spouse = Sobha Devi (1956-2020)
| children = 4 sons, 1 daughter
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]] (B.A. Political Science), [[Magadh University]] (LL.B. Criminal Law)
| occupation = Advocate • Politician
| parents = Jai Narayan Lal (father) • Sumitra Devi (mother)
| nickname = '''O.P Lal''', '''Lal Saheb''' or '''Lala Bhaiya'''
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)]]
| constituency = [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]
| predecessor = [[Shankar Dayal Singh]]
| succeeded = [[Jaleshwar Mahato]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 2000
}}

'''Om Prakash Lal''' (born on 23 October 1941 – 22 November 2020), popularly known as '''O.P. Lal''', was an Indian politician who served as a [[Cabinet minister|Cabinet Minister]], [[Union Council of Ministers|Minister of State (MoS) with Independent Charges]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] of [[Government of Bihar]]. He represented the [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara]] constituency of [[Jharkhand]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=जानलेवा हमले के बाद बढ़ता गया था लाला भैया का कद - dhanbad news death of op lal - Jharkhand Dhanbad Politics News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-dhanbad-news-death-of-op-lal-21091284.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> then part of [[Bihar|undivided Bihar]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OM PRAKASH LAL(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Baghmara(Dhanbad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jarka05/candidate.php?candidate_id=30 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> for three consecutive terms from 1985 to 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Baghmara Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghmara-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Lal made significant contributions to the fields of Excise & Probation, Mines & Geology, Tourism, and Information Technology during his political career.

'''<big>Political Succession</big>'''

Among the five children of OP Lal, only one, Ashok Prakash Lal, is actively involved in politics. Currently serving as the Vice President in the District Congress Committee, Ashok Prakash Lal also holds significant roles within the trade union, specifically with the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)]]. With a growing support base, many people envision him as the prospective MLA for his father's constituency [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|(Baghmara)]] in the future.

== Early life and education ==
Om Prakash Lal was born on October 23, 1941, into a [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Chitraguptvanshi Kayastha]] family in [[Azamgarh|Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India]], to Shri Jai Narayan Lal and Smt. Sumitra Devi. His family later migrated from [[Azamgarh]] to [[Katras|Katras, Bihar]]. His father Jai Narayan Lal, in partnership with [[Bishwanath Prasad Shahabadi]], produced the first Bhojpuri movie on behest of the first president of India, Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]], "[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]," which was released in 1963.

After completing his schooling in [[Dhanbad]], Lal pursued his [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts (B.A)]] in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Ranchi University]]. Subsequently, he earned a [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law (LL.B.)]] degree in [[Criminal law|Criminal Law]] from [[Magadh University]].

Lal embarked on his career as a criminal lawyer, gradually establishing himself as a prominent advocate in Bihar.

== Political career ==
[[File:Shri. Om Prakash Lal (O.P Lal) in the late 1980s.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Shri Om Prakash Lal (O.P. Lal), taken between 1985 and 1990.]] Lal's political career was characterized by his dedication to public service, advocacy for the welfare of the people, and unwavering commitment to justice. As a three-time MLA representing the Baghmara constituency and became the first MLA to score a hat-trick in Baghmara,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=बिहार सरकार के पूर्व मंत्री ओपी लाल का रिम्स रांची में निधन कोरोना से थे संक्रमित Dhanbad News - Former Bihar government minister OP Lal passes away in RIMS Ranchi |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-former-bihar-government-minister-op-lal-passes-away-in-rims-ranchi-21089613.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> he diligently championed the interests of his constituents. His tenure as a minister in the cabinets of [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], and [[Jagannath Mishra]] further solidified his reputation as a committed leader in Bihar.<ref name=":17" />

=== Advocacy for workers' rights ===
During his term as the Minister of Mines and Geology in undivided Bihar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand: कोरोना संक्रमित पूर्व मंत्री ओपी लाला का रिम्स में निधन, 15 दिन पहले Covid-19 की रिपोर्ट आई थी पॉजिटिव |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/corona-positive-former-minister-op-lala-dies-in-rims/articleshow/79355226.cms |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Lal exhibited remarkable political determination and a deep concern for the rights of laborers. He fearlessly rebelled against his own government to address the inhumane practice of burdening workers with coal-laden baskets. Recognizing the hardships faced by laborers who carried heavy coal baskets on their heads and loaded them onto truck-dumpers, Lal vehemently opposed this system.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=ओपी लाल ने खनन में लगी कंपनियों को मजदूरों के हित में कदम उठाने के लिए किया था प्रेरित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/ranchi/news/op-lal-inspired-mining-companies-to-take-steps-in-the-interest-of-laborers-127939636.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi)}}</ref>

Driven by his dedication to improving working conditions, Lal demanded a more humane approach to coal transportation, advocating for the use of conveyor belts or trolleys instead of manual labour. His unwavering commitment to this cause led him to express his willingness to resign from his ministerial post, challenging the government's stance and fighting for more efficient and worker-friendly methods.<ref name=":6" />

In response to Lal's rebellion, the Bihar government took action by submitting a proposal to the Ministry of Agriculture. Recognizing the validity of Lal's concerns, the ministry agreed to implement the proposed changes. Within a year, significant progress was achieved: the burdensome basket system was abolished, conveyor belts were installed at the Coal mines, and trolleys were introduced in various other mines. These transformative measures relieved laborers from the arduous task of carrying heavy coal-laden baskets on their heads.<ref name=":6" />

=== Struggle against mafia forces and party loyalty ===
In addition to his work in the mining sector, Lal's political career was intertwined with the struggle against mafia forces in the Baghmara region. His involvement in social and cultural activities during the early stages of his political journey brought him close to former MLA, former MP, and minister [[Shankar Dayal Singh]] and his brother-in-law, who were vocal opponents of the mafia.<ref name=":5" />

The 1980s witnessed a significant incident that further elevated Lal's popularity and cemented his reputation as a leader dedicated to combating the mafia. Despite a fatal attack orchestrated by the mafia, Lal survived unharmed. In a powerful display of solidarity, the people of Katras organized protest processions, carrying Lal on a rickshaw. This incident bolstered Lal's support and earned him the endearing moniker or nickname "''' Lala Bhaiya'''" in the city.<ref name=":5" />

Lal's association with senior Congress leader [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], who ultimately ascended to the position of the 17th Chief Minister of Bihar, serving from 1985 to 1988. Proved instrumental in his political journey, increasing his penetration in the political corridors. With Dubey's support, Lal contested and won the 1985 assembly elections as the Congress candidate from the Baghmara constituency, defeating his opponent from the Janata Party.<ref name=":5" />

Subsequent elections saw Lal remaining loyal to the Congress party and securing victories in 1990 and 1995, defeating his opponents, including [[Jaleshwar Mahato]]. However, in the 2000 elections, Lal faced defeat at the hands of Mahato.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Jaleshwar Mahato winner in Baghmara, Bihar Assembly Elections 2000: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/2000/baghmara/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout his political career, Lal demonstrated exemplary party loyalty, steadfastly adhering to the principles and ideology of the Congress. He maintained a strong association with the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)]] and held significant positions within the organization, including National General Secretary and Jharkhand's president.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=झारखंड प्रदेश इंटक के अध्यक्ष बने राकेश्वर पांडेय Jamshedpur News - Rakeshwar Pandey becomes president of Jharkhand Pradesh INTUC |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-rakeshwar-pandey-becomes-president-of-jharkhand-pradesh-intuc-20423946.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=इंटक नेता ओपी लाल के निधन से शहर में शोक की लहर - इंटक नेता ओपी लाल के निधन से शहर में शोक की लहर - Jharkhand Jamshedpur Business Finance News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-condolense-21094527.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Lal's commitment to workers' rights and welfare led him to join the trade union movement in 1973, becoming the branch secretary of the INTUC-affiliated Colliery Trade Union in Ramkanali Colliery. His expertise in labour-related matters garnered national recognition, leading to his appointment as a standard member of the Nagda Khan Accident Investigation Committee by the Central Government.

Additionally, Lal actively engaged with various institutions, contributing to their development and welfare initiatives. He played a pivotal role in the sustained agitation against the closure of the [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura line|Dhanbad-Chandrapura Railway line]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== Personal life ==
Lal was married to Smt. Sobha Devi in 1956. The couple had four sons and one daughter.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=OP Lal Passes Away सीएम ने ओपी लाल के निधन पर जताया शोक झारखंड कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष ने कहा-अपूरणीय क्षति - OP Lal Passes Away Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren condoles the death of former Bihar minister OP Lal |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-op-lal-passes-away-jharkhand-chief-minister-hemant-soren-condoles-the-death-of-former-bihar-minister-op-lal-21091084.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री ओपी लाल का निधन |url=https://newswing.com/former-minister-op-lal-no-more/210030/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=NEWSWING |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lal's death on November 22, 2020, at the age of 79 at [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|RIMS, Trauma Centre and Central Emergency]] in Ranchi, Jharkhand,<ref name=":4" /> was mourned by Chief Minister (CM) of Jharkhand Shri. [[Hemant Soren]], colleagues, friends, and the people he served throughout his political career.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=मुख्यमंत्री श्री हेमन्त सोरेन ने झारखंड कांग्रेस के नेता और बाघमारा विधानसभा क्षेत्र के पूर्व विधायक श्री ओपी लाल के निधन पर दुःख व्यक्त किया है |url=https://cm.jharkhand.gov.in/node/10739 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=cm.jharkhand.gov.in |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> His funeral was conducted with state honours at [https://uniquehelper.com/lilori-sthan/ Lilori Temple], [[Katras|Katras, Dhanbad, Jharkhand]]. Shri [[Badal Patralekh]], Agriculture Minister, along with numerous MLAs, MPs, and district administrative officers, were present during the ceremony.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=राजकीय सम्मान के साथ पंचतत्व में विलीन हो गए पूर्व मंत्री ओपी लाल - Former minister OP Lal merged with state honor in Panchatatva - Jharkhand Dhanbad Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-former-minister-op-lal-merged-with-state-honor-in-panchatatva-21093135.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] from [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara]] constituency of Jharkhand, then in undivided Bihar (1985-2000).<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1985 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1990 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2019-election-results.html/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1995 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Bindeshwari Dubey|Pt. Bindeswari Dubey]]'s Cabinet for Ministry of Excise & Probation and Ministry of Mines & Geology.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-23 |title=पूर्व मंत्री को थी सांस लेने में दिक्कत:नहीं रहे ओपी लाल, कोरोना से जीतकर भी जिंदगी की जंग हारे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/dhanbad/news/op-lal-is-no-more-he-won-the-battle-of-life-even-after-winning-from-corona-127939073.html |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi)}}</ref>
* [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] in the Ministry of Tourism in [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha|Satyendra Narayan Singh]]'s Cabinet.<ref name=":17" />
* [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] in [[Jagannath Mishra]]'s Cabinet for Ministry of Information Technology.<ref name=":17" />
* Senior Vice President in Jharkhand State [[Indian National Mineworkers' Federation|Indian National Mineworkers' Federation (INMF)]] and [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-12-17 |title=JOINT BIPARTITE COMMITTEE FOR THE COAL INDUSTRY - COAL INDIA LIMITED |url=https://www.easterncoal.nic.in/rightstoinfo/jbcci7.pdf |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=easterncoal.nic.in |format=PDF}}</ref>
* Executive Chairman in [[Rastriya Colliery Majdoor Sangh|Rastriya Colliery Majdoor Sangh (RCMS)]], Jharkhand.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://myneta.info/jarka05/candidate.php?candidate_id=30 MyNeta.info (Om Prakash Lal - Baghmara Constituency)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Om Prakash}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Indian National Trade Union Congress]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]

Mohamed Ayub

2026-04-20T04:40:16Z

Kartikeyar: Started Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names|Mohammad Ayub (disambiguation)}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Mohamed Ayub
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| office = MLA in [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end = March 2017
| predecessor = '''Bhagwandas'''
| successor = '''[[Digvijay Narayan Chaubey|Digvijay Narayan alias Jay Chaubey]]'''
| constituency = [[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)|Khalilabad]]
| office1 = [[Peace Party of India|President of Peace Party of India]]
| term_start1 = February 2008
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Position Created
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Barhalganj in [[Gorakhpur]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| spouse =
| relations =
| profession = Doctor, Politician
| party = [[Peace Party of India]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website = peacepartyofindia.org
| signature =
}}
'''Dr. Mohamed Ayub''' or '''Dr. Ayub''' is an Indian politician and president of [[Peace Party of India]]. He was elected as an MLA in the [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]. From 2012 to 2017 he represented [[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)]] in [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] as a member of [[Peace Party of India]].

==Early life and career==
Dr. Mohammad Ayub was born in Barhalganj, Teh.-Gola, [[Gorakhpur]] in 1955 to Aashiq Ali. He studied to become a Master of Surgery in 1985 from [[Banaras Hindu University]] [[Varanasi]] (M.S.), F.A.I.S. & F.I.C.S. and he was a successful businessman in the medical field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=282|title=candidate affidavit|website=myneta.info|accessdate=23 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Dr. Ayub fought his maiden election from [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]] (Sant Kabir Nagar) assembly seat of [[Basti division|Basti]] division in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state assembly election in 2012. After the good performance of party's [[Lok Sabha]] 2009 candidate from Sant Kabir Nagar, Dr. Ayub won the [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]] assembly seat in 2012 by 5392 votes over his rival Mashoor Alam ([[Bahujan Samaj Party]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/Statewises2420.htm |title=Statewise Results |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308223759/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/Statewises2420.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sexual exploitation case===
On 25 February 2017, Ayub was booked for allegedly sexually exploiting a young woman who later died from liver and kidney damage.<ref>[http://www.india.com/news/agencies/peace-party-chief-booked-for-alleged-sexual-exploitation-of-a-girl-1872193/ "Peace Party chief booked for alleged sexual exploitation of a girl"] www.india.com 25 February 2017</ref> According to the woman's brother, Ayub had brought the girl to [[Lucknow]] from Khalilabad on the pretext of providing her better education and promising to make her a doctor. But the case is still going to trial.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Peace Party chief booked for rape: Ayub injected medicine to victim, leading to kidney, liver failure, says cops.|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/politics/260217/peace-party-chief-booked-for-rape.html|website=The Asian Age|accessdate=1 March 2017|date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.indianexpress.com/news/eye-on-up-polls-dr-ayub-brings-peace-party/803714/
* http://www.milligazette.com/news/1532-assassination-bid-on-dr-ayub-president-peace-party-indian-muslims

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayub, Mohammad}}
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kavita Pran Lahrey

2026-04-19T22:42:35Z

Kartikeyar: made a post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kavita Pran Lahrey
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1993
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]]
| term_start1 = November 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Chandradev Prasad Rai
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| profession = Politician
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/chhattisgarh-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winning-candidates-constituency-wise-list-congress-bjp-18472111.htm
}}
'''Kavita Pran Lahrey''' (born 1993) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She is an MLA from [[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district]]. She won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Chhattisgarh Elections: Congress Renominates 25 MLAs in Second List, Fields 22 New Faces |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh-elections-congress-renominates-25-mlas-in-second-list-fields-22-new-faces-8624156.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election 2023 News Live, Chhattisgarh Constituency Win Loss Results Details |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2023/constituencies.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kavita is from [[Bilaigarh]], Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district, Chhattisgarh. She married Pran Prasad Lahrey, a government teacher. She completed her B.A. in 2020 at a college affiliated with [[Dr. C.V. Raman University]], [[Kota, Bilaspur|Kota Bilaspur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavita Pran Lahrey(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BILAIGARH (SC)(SARANGARH BILAIGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=416 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kavita won from Bilaigarh Assembly constituency representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 81,647 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Dineshlal Jagade of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 17,939 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Election Results 2023: Full List Of Winners; Constituency-Wise Names Here |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/chhattisgarh-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winning-candidates-constituency-wise-list-2694376.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chhattisgarh election results 2023: Full and final list of BJP and Congress winners constituency wise for 90 assembly seats - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/chhattisgarh-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winning-candidates-constituency-wise-list-congress-bjp-18472111.htm |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahrey, Kavita Pran}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Gandhidham Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:23Z

Kartikeyar: creating a pg

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gandhidham
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| mla = [[Malti Maheshwari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:314991}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat ; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''Gandhidham''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]] and was created after the 2008 delimitation, and is numbered as 5-Gandhidham.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# [[Gandhidham]] Taluka
# Bhachau Taluka (Part) Villages – Kadol, Manfara, Vamka, May, Kharoi, Ner, Baniari, Morgar, Amardi, [[Kabrau]], Kumbhardi, Bandhadi, Sikara, Meghpar (Kunjisar), Karmariya, Vondhada, Halra, Rampar, Lakhpat, Vijpasar, Vondh, Chopadva, Lunva, Sukhpar, Bhujpar, Chirai Nani, Chirai Moti, Chhadavada, Samakhiari, Piprapati, Bhachau (M).
#Anjar Taluka (Part) Village – Varsana.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=3|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
[[Ramesh Maheshwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Malti Maheshwari]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gandhidham]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Malti Maheshwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83,760
|percentage = 55.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatbhai Veljibhai Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,929
|percentage = 30.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Budhabhai Thavar Maheshwari
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 14,827
|percentage = 9.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = NOTA
|votes = 3,105
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,831
|percentage =24.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gandhidham]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Malti Maheshwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 80000
|percentage = 52.63
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishor Pingol
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,443
|percentage = 39.25
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,270
|percentage = 13.38
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,448
|percentage = 54.53
|change = -6.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gandhidham]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Maheshwari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 72,988
|percentage = 52.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jayashreeben Chavada
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51,675
|percentage = 37.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishor Kanjibhai Kochra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,786
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,313
|percentage = 15.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,389
|percentage = 61.31
|change =
}}

{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kachchh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.07|70.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhidham]]
[[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:05Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Initial Data More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anantapur Urban
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (153-Anantapur Urban highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad|Daggubati Venkateswara Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| constituency_no = 153
| reservation = None
| electors = 255,682
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 255,682 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[V. Prabhakar Chowdary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anantapur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[B Gurunatha Reddy]]
|votes = 45,275
|percentage = 39.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mahalakshmi Sreenivasulu]]
|votes = 32,033
|percentage = 27.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[T J Prakash]]
|votes = 28,489
|percentage = 24.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,242
|percentage = 13.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 116,008
|percentage = 50.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}'''2012'''
{{Election box begin|title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Anantpur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy|votes=65,711|percentage=52.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=M. Sreenivasulu|votes=40,980|percentage=32.98|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=YSR Congress Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anantapur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. Prabhakar Chowdary]]
|votes = 74,704
|percentage = 48.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[B Gurunatha Reddy]]
|votes = 65,370
|percentage = 42.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,334
|percentage = 6.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155,417
|percentage = 61.50
|change = +11.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anantapur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|votes = 88704
|percentage = 53.71%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V Prabhakar Chowdary]]
|votes = 60,006
|percentage = 36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[T. C. Varun]]
|votes = 10,920
|percentage = 7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,698
|percentage = 17.37%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,141
|percentage =
|change = +3.08%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anantapur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad]]
|votes = 1,03,334
|percentage = 54.51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|votes = 80,311
|percentage = 42.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = C. Jaffer
|votes = 2,838
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = JAI BHARATH NATIONAL PARTY
|candidate = [[AKULA RAGHAVENDRA]]
|votes = 1,309
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,023
|percentage = 12.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,89,575
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Anantapur Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.67|77.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kontha Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:44Z

Kartikeyar: made new info

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kontha
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 8,099
|mla = R. K. Udaysana
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kontha Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || R. K. Udaysana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kontha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Udaysana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,193 |percentage=33.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Chaoba Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,912 |percentage=29.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Bimola Devi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,301 |percentage=19.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nabachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=800 |percentage=12.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanglakpam Nityai Sharma |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=227 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=281 |percentage=4.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,586 |percentage=81.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,099 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in India]]

Dalit history

2026-04-10T18:02:02Z

Kartikeyar: creating new bio.

{{Short description|History of the Dalit communities}}
[[File:Basor Dalit caste.jpg|thumb|People of Basor Dalit caste, 1916.]]
'''Dalit history''' encompasses the socio-political, economic, and cultural experiences of communities historically regarded as "[[Untouchability|untouchables]]" or oppressed castes in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The term [[Dalit]], meaning "broken" or "oppressed" in Sanskrit, was popularized in the 20th century by social reformers like [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] to challenge [[Caste system in India|caste-based discrimination]] and reclaim dignity. Dalit history is marked by systemic exclusion, as well as centuries of resilience, reform, and assertion for equality and human dignity. Dalit history spans centuries, from ancient religious texts and social codes that enforced caste hierarchies, to modern movements for equality, justice, and constitutional rights.<ref name="d128">{{cite web | title=Makers of Modern Dalit History|publisher = Penguin Random House| isbn=9390914442| url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Makers_of_Modern_Dalit_History/N4QmEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalit+history&printsec=frontcover|author1= Sudarshan Ramabadran|author2=Guru Prakash Paswan|year= 2021}}</ref><ref name="b468">{{cite web | title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India |author=Ramnarayan S. Rawat| date=2011 | url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Reconsidering_Untouchability/bz5dKC81O3IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalit+history&printsec=frontcover |publisher =Indiana University Press|isbn= 0253222621 }}</ref>

== Ancient and medieval periods ==
[[File:2011 Census Scheduled Caste caste distribution map India by state and union territory.svg|thumb|2011 Census Scheduled Caste caste distribution map India]]

The earliest mentions of social stratification appear in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', where the [[Purusha Sukta]] hymn classifies society into four varnas—Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. While scholars debate whether this was prescriptive or descriptive, over time these categories hardened into a rigid [[caste system]], eventually excluding large segments of society deemed "untouchables".<ref>Doniger, Wendy; Smith, Brian K. (1991). ''The Laws of Manu''. Penguin Classics. pp. xxii–xxv.</ref> The roots of caste-based exclusion are found in ancient [[Hindu]] scriptures such as the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', which codified a hierarchical four-tier [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system and institutionalized [[untouchability]].<ref>Doniger, Wendy (trans.). ''The Laws of Manu''. Penguin Books, 1991, pp. 25–30.</ref> Those outside the varna system, later called "[[avarna]]s", were relegated to occupations deemed impure and were socially ostracized.

The [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]—two key Hindu epics—contain early depictions of caste transgressions. The story of [[Eklavya]], a Nishada prince denied training by Guru Drona due to his caste, and [[Shambuka]], a Shudra punished for performing penance, reflect deeply ingrained notions of caste hierarchy.<ref>Sharma, Arvind (2005). ''Hinduism and Human Rights: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–125.</ref>

Despite systemic exclusion and marginalisation, spiritual resistance was not absent. The [[Bhakti movement]] saw the emergence of saint-poets from Dalit and lower-caste backgrounds, including [[Ravidas]], [[Chokhamela]], and [[Kabir]], who became central to the Bhakti movement, preaching spiritual equality and denouncing caste hierarchies.<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor. ''From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement''. Manohar Publishers, 1992, pp. 45–50.</ref> From southern India, saints like [[Nandanar]], a Paraiyar devotee of Shiva from Tamil Nadu and [[Gora Kumbhar]], a potter-saint from Maharashtra, expressed deep devotion while challenging caste exclusion through their lives and hymns.<ref name="Zelliot2001">Zelliot, Eleanor (2001). ''From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement''. Manohar Publishers. pp. 47–52.</ref>

== Colonial period ==
During the [[British Raj]], caste identities were formalized through [[census in British India|censuses]] beginning in 1871, which reinforced and rigidified caste boundaries within administrative categories.<ref>Bayly, Susan (1999). ''Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–172.</ref> The British colonial state often treated caste as a fixed, hierarchical system, which led to both codification and deepening of caste divisions.
At the same time, colonial modernity created spaces for early anti-caste activism. [[Iyothee Thass]], a Tamil intellectual and writer, publicly rejected Hinduism and advocated for a return to Tamil Buddhism. In 1898, he founded the "Dravida Mahajana Sabha" and launched the newspaper ''[[Oru Paisa Tamilan]]'', through which he criticized Brahmin domination and caste-based inequality.<ref>Aloysius, G. (1998). ''Religion as Emancipatory Identity: A Buddhist Movement among the Tamils under Colonialism''. New Age International. pp. 25–27.</ref> They also promoted education and rights for Dalits.<ref>Sundar, Rajesh. ''Dalit Assertion and the Unfinished Democratic Revolution''. Sage Publications, 2001, pp. 88–93.</ref>

In western India, [[Gopal Baba Walangkar]] (c. 1840–1900), a former army soldier, is regarded as one of the first Dalit ideologues and the pioneer of the Dalit movement. His 1888 pamphlet, ''Vital Vidhvansak'', openly criticized caste oppression and advocated social reform. [[Shahu Maharaj]], the ruler of [[Kolhapur State]], introduced reservations for non-Brahmins and Dalits in education and employment well before Indian independence.<ref name="Omvedt2004">Omvedt, Gail (2004). ''Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India''. Penguin Books. pp. 41–44.</ref> Another pioneer was [[Harichand Thakur]] (c. 1812–1878) with his [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]] organisation that involved the [[Namasudra]] ([[Chandala]]) community in the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Dalits: Past, present and future |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |author-link=Anand Teltumbde |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-31552-643-0 |pages=52–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZXgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52}}</ref> Another early social reformer who worked to improve conditions for Dalits was [[Jyotirao Phule]] (1827–1890).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jyotirao Phule {{!}} Biography, Social Reformer, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyotirao-Phule |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=Mahatma Phule coined the term 'Dalit' – Know more about Maharashtrian reformer Jyotiba Phule on his Jayanti |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mahatma-phule-had-coined-term-dalit-know-more-about-maharashtrian-reformer-jyotiba-phule-on-his-jayanti/216130 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Christian missionaries]], particularly in south and northeast India, contributed to the spread of education among Dalits, although conversions also attracted backlash from caste-Hindu elites.<ref>Mosse, David (2012). ''The Saint in the Banyan Tree: Christianity and Caste Society in India''. University of California Press. pp. 90–93.</ref>

In North India, certain Dalit sub-groups such as the Jatav community also experienced organised social mobilisation during the early twentieth century, with efforts directed toward education, community organisation, and political participation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jatavhistory.com/jatav-history.php |title=History of the Jatav Community in India |website=JatavHistory.com |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

== The Ambedkar era ==
[[File: Dr. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar delivering a speech during a mass conversion ceremony, 1956]]
[[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956), born into the [[Mahar]] caste, emerged as the most prominent leader in Dalit history. He earned doctorates from [[Columbia University]] and the [[London School of Economics]], and led campaigns for equal access to water, education, and temples—such as the [[Mahad Satyagraha]] (1927) and [[Kalaram Temple]] Entry (1930).<ref>Keer, Dhananjay. ''Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission''. Popular Prakashan, 1990, pp. 130–145.</ref>

As chair of the drafting committee of the [[Constitution of India]], Ambedkar ensured legal safeguards for [[Scheduled Castes]]. In 1956, he and over 500,000 followers converted to [[Navayana Buddhism]], initiating the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]].<ref name="QueenKing1996">Queen, Christopher S., and King, Sallie B. ''Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia''. SUNY Press, 1996, pp. 172–175.</ref>

== Post-Independence movements ==
The Constitution of India outlawed [[Untouchability#In India|untouchability]] under [[Fundamental rights in India#Article 17|Article 17 of the Constitution of India]], and introduced [[reservation in India|reservations]] for Scheduled Castes in education, politics, and employment. Soon after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|its independence]] in 1947, India introduced a [[Reservation in India|reservation system]] to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background Of Reservation In Educational Institutions In India |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/articles/historical-background-of-reservation-in-educational-institutions-in-india |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref> The 1950 Constitution of India included measures to improve the socio-economic conditions of Dalits. Aside from banning untouchability, these included the reservation system, a means of [[positive discrimination]] that created the classification of Scheduled Castes as Dalits. Communities that were categorised as being one of those groups were guaranteed a percentage of the seats in the national and state legislatures, as well as in government jobs and places of education.

By 1995, of all federal government jobs in India – 10.1 per cent of Class I, 12.7 per cent of Class II, 16.2 per cent of Class III, and 27.2 per cent of Class IV jobs were held by Dalits.<ref name="scs1">{{cite web|title=Status of caste system in modern India |year=2004 |publisher=Ambedkar.org |url=http://www.ambedkar.org/News/reservationinindia.pdf |pages=34–35}}</ref> Of the most senior jobs in government agencies and government-controlled enterprises, only 1 per cent were held by Dalits, not much change in 40 years.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In the 21st century, Dalits have been elected to India's highest judicial and political offices.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |title=Profile: Mayawati Kumari |date=16 July 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1958378.stm}}</ref><ref name="meira">{{cite web |title=Meira Kumar, a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker |year=2009 |publisher=NCHRO |url=http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6863:meira-kumar-a-dalit-leader-is-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker&catid=5:dalitsatribals&Itemid=14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094430/http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6863:meira-kumar-a-dalit-leader-is-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker&catid=5:dalitsatribals&Itemid=14|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, [[K. R. Narayanan]]. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the [[Constitution of India]], such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and similar acts against these groups, the [[Government of India]] enacted the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Prevention of Atrocities Act]], also called the SC/ST Act, on 31 March 1995.

In accordance with the order of the [[Bombay High Court]], the Information and Broadcasting Ministry (I&B Ministry) of the Government of India issued an advisory to all media channels in September 2018, asking them to use "Scheduled Castes" instead of the word "Dalit".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stop-using-the-term-dalit-i-b-ministry-tells-media-1331855-2018-09-04/ |title=Stop using the term Dalit: I&B Ministry tells media |website=India Today|date=4 September 2018 }}</ref>

Yet caste-based atrocities—such as the [[Karamchedu massacre]] (1985), [[Tsundur massacre]] (1991), and [[Khairlanji massacre]] (2006)—exposed the gap between law and reality.<ref name="HRW2007">Human Rights Watch. ''Hidden Apartheid: Caste Discrimination against India's “Untouchables”''. 2007. pp. 14–16.</ref>

In 1972, the [[Dalit Panthers]] emerged in Maharashtra, inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]] in the United States. Their literature and activism—led by poets like [[Namdeo Dhasal]]—voiced Dalit anger, identity, and aspiration.<ref name="Dangle1992">Dangle, Arjun (Ed.). ''Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature''. Orient Blackswan, 1992, pp. xv–xxi</ref>

== Contemporary developments ==
[[File:Dalit Women's Swabimaan Self-Respect Yatra In Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|Dalit Women's Swabimaan Self-Respect Yatra in [[Kurukshetra]], 2014]]
Dalit assertion gained political momentum with the rise of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in the 1980s.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003">Jaffrelot, Christophe. *India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India*. Permanent Black, 2003, pp. 212–225.</ref>

In 2016, the suicide of [[Rohith Vemula]], a [[Ph.D.]] scholar from the [[University of Hyderabad]], sparked nationwide protests and brought attention to caste-based discrimination in higher education.<ref>Subramanian, A. “Rohith Vemula's Suicide and the Challenge of Caste in India.” ''The New Yorker'', March 8, 2016.</ref>

=== Dalits in Contemporary Politics ===

Dalits have emerged as a significant force in modern Indian politics. The rise of Dalit-based political parties and leaders since the late 20th century has helped reshape democratic representation for historically marginalized communities.

One of the most notable figures is [[Kanshi Ram]], who founded the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 1984. His vision of a unified "Bahujan" identity—comprising Dalits, OBCs, Adivasis, and minorities—provided a political platform for historically oppressed groups.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003"/> [[Mayawati]], his protégé, later served four terms as Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the most populous Indian state. Her political rise symbolized Dalit assertion in mainstream governance.<ref>Rai, Santosh (2009). "Mayawati: A Triumph of Self-Respect". ''India Today''. Retrieved 30 May 2025.</ref>

Dalit leaders have also made inroads into national parties. [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], founder of the Lok Janshakti Party, served in several union ministries. In southern India, parties like Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK), led by [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], advocate for Dalit rights through Dravidian and Ambedkarite ideologies.<ref>Wyatt, Andrew (2009). ''Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns and Processes''. Routledge. pp. 102–105.</ref>

Outside India, Dalit voices have gained traction in international human rights discussions. Organizations such as [[Equality Labs]] and the International Dalit Solidarity Network have campaigned against caste-based discrimination globally, including in the diaspora.<ref name=ELSurvey2016>Equality Labs. [https://www.equalitylabs.org/caste-survey-2016/ "Caste in the United States"] Retrieved 30 May 2025.</ref>

== Dalit women in history ==

While caste-based oppression has long affected Dalit communities, Dalit women have borne a disproportionate burden due to the intersection of caste and gender. Historically marginalized in both feminist and anti-caste movements, their stories represent resilience and transformation.

One of the earliest known Dalit women leaders was [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]], the only Dalit woman in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. She advocated for education, social reform, and the rights of Scheduled Castes.<ref>Paik, Shailaja (2014). ‘‘Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination’’. Routledge. pp. 65–68.</ref> Contemporary voices like [[Ruth Manorama]], [[Bama Faustina Soosairaj]], and [[Urmila Pawar]] have enriched Dalit discourse with autobiographical narratives and grassroots activism.<ref>Rao, Anupama (2009). ‘‘The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India’’. University of California Press. pp. 211–218.</ref> Dalit feminism today highlights issues such as sexual violence, landlessness, labour exploitation, and invisibility within mainstream women's movements.<ref>Teltumbde, Anand (2018). ‘‘Republic of Caste’’. Navayana. pp. 93–95.</ref>

== Timeline of Dalit history ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Event !! Description
|-
| c. 1500–1200 BCE || Composition of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' || Introduction of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system via the [[Purusha Sukta]] hymn.<ref>Doniger, Wendy; Smith, Brian K. (1991). ''The Laws of Manu''. Penguin Books. pp. xxii–xxv.</ref>
|-
| c. 500 BCE || Life of [[Nandanar]] || [[Paraiyar]] devotee of [[Shiva]]; earliest recorded Dalit saint in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>Hart, George L. (1979). ''The Poems of Ancient Tamil''. University of California Press. pp. 176–178.</ref>
|-
| 14th–17th century || [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti saints emerge]] || [[Chokhamela]], [[Gora Kumbhar]], [[Ravidas]] challenge caste through devotional poetry.<ref name="Zelliot2001"/>
|-
| 1873 || [[Jyotirao Phule]] founds [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] || First modern anti-caste reform movement.<ref>O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002). ''Caste, Conflict and Ideology''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–100.</ref>
|-
| 1882 || [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu Maharaj]] reign begins || Pioneering reservations in education/employment for Dalits.<ref name="Omvedt2004" />
|-
| 1898 || [[Iyothee Thass]] revives Tamil Buddhism || Forms Dravida Mahajana Sabha and ''Oru Paisa Tamizhan'' newspaper.<ref>Aloysius, G. (1998). ''Religion as Emancipatory Identity''. New Age International. pp. 25–27.</ref>
|-
| 1927 || [[Mahad Satyagraha]] || [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] leads campaign for Dalit right to public water.<ref>Keer, Dhananjay (1990). ''Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission''. Popular Prakashan. pp. 130–135.</ref>
|-
| 1930 || [[Kalaram Temple]] Entry || Temple access protest in [[Nashik]].<ref>Moon, Vasant (2001). ''Growing Up Untouchable in India''. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 89–91.</ref>
|-
| 1932 || [[Poona Pact]] || Agreement between [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] for reserved seats.<ref>Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). ''India's Silent Revolution''. Permanent Black. pp. 85–87.</ref>
|-
| 1950 || [[Fundamental rights in India#Article 17|Article 17 of the Constitution of India]] || Abolishes [[untouchability]].<ref>Constitution of India. Article 17.</ref>
|-
| 1956 || [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Ambedkar's mass Buddhist conversion]] || Begins [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] with 500,000 followers.<ref name="QueenKing1996" />
|-
| 1968 || [[Kilvenmani massacre]] || 44 Dalit workers killed by landlords in [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Teltumbde2018">Teltumbde, Anand (2018). ''Republic of Caste''. Navayana. pp. 122–125.</ref>
|-
| 1972 || Formation of [[Dalit Panthers]] || Inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]] in the U.S., based in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Dangle1992"/>
|-
| 1977|| [[Belchhi massacre]] || 11 people, including eight Dalits and 3 from the Sunar caste (a backward caste), were shot and burned alive <ref name="Pathak">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|title=Action Sociology and Development|author=Bindeshwar Pathak|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|pages=28–34|isbn=8170223199|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706065541/https://books.google.com/books/about/Action_Sociology_and_Development.html?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1984 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] founded || [[Kanshi Ram]] organizes Dalit political platform.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003"/>
|-
| 2006 || [[Khairlanji massacre]] || Four Dalit family members lynched; triggers national protests.<ref name="HRW2007"/>
|-
| 2016 || [[Rohith Vemula]]'s suicide || Student's death exposes casteism in Indian higher education.<ref>Subramanian, A. "Rohith Vemula's Suicide and the Challenge of Caste in India". ''The New Yorker'', March 8, 2016.</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Caste discrimination in the United States|Cisco caste discrimination case]] || First U.S. civil rights lawsuit addressing caste bias.<ref name=ELSurvey2016/>
|}

== Dalit literature and cultural revival ==

[[Dalit literature]] emerged as a distinct genre in post-independence India, voicing pain, protest, and self-respect. The ‘Marathi Dalit literary movement’ led the way, with authors like [[Namdeo Dhasal]], [[Baburao Bagul]], and [[Shantabai Kamble]].<ref name="Dangle1992" /> Anthologies such as ‘‘Poisoned Bread’’ brought Dalit poetry and prose into the mainstream.

Other regional movements followed — [[Bama (writer)|Bama]] and [[Imayam (writer)|Imayam]] in Tamil, [[Joopaka Subhadra]] in Telugu, and [[Suraj Pal Chauhan]] in Hindi — challenging caste hegemony through narratives rooted in lived experience.<ref name=paik>Paik, Shailaja (2014). ‘‘Dalit Women's Education in Modern India’’. Routledge. pp. 113–116.</ref> Dalit literature reclaims subjectivity, defies caste codes, and insists on dignity.

== Land Rights and economic movements ==

Landlessness has historically disempowered Dalits, making them dependent on dominant caste landlords. Movements demanding land redistribution have been critical. The [[Kilvenmani massacre]] (1968) in Tamil Nadu, where 44 Dalit agricultural workers were burned alive, became a symbol of caste-class violence.<ref name="Teltumbde2018" />

Post-independence, struggles led by Dalit farmers’ unions, [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS4)], and ‘’‘BKU (Ekta-Ugrahan)’’’ called for equitable land rights, wages, and protection from bonded labour. Modern campaigns link economic justice with caste abolition, emphasizing structural reform.<ref>Rao, Anupama (2009). ‘‘The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India’’. University of California Press. pp. 163–169.</ref>

== International awareness ==
According to [[Minority Rights Group International]], Dalits—who number over 200 million in India—continue to face systemic discrimination in access to housing, healthcare, and justice.<ref name=MRG>[https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dalits/. “India: Dalits”.] Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 30 May 2025.</ref>

The Global Ministries organization notes that caste discrimination also affects [[Dalit Christians]] and [[Dalit Muslims]], highlighting its cross-religious impact.<ref name=GlobalMinistries>[https://www.globalministries.org/mission/mission-contexts/dalits/ “Caste and the Dalits”. Global Ministries.] Retrieved 30 May 2025.</ref>

The [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]]’s LibGuides on Dalits provide academic resources on Dalit feminism, education, politics, and activism.<ref name=Illinois>[https://guides.library.illinois.edu/dalits “Dalit Studies”] University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 30 May 2025.</ref>

=== Caste discrimination in the diaspora ===
{{See also|Caste discrimination in the United States}}
Recent years have seen increasing awareness of caste discrimination beyond India. In the United States, South Asian diaspora communities have faced scrutiny for casteism in tech workplaces and universities. The 2020 ‘’‘Cisco caste discrimination lawsuit’’’ in California brought international focus to caste-based bias in corporate settings.<ref name=GlobalMinistries/>

Organisations such as 'Equality Labs' have documented caste prejudice in the diaspora, leading to policy changes in academic institutions (e.g., [[Brandeis University]] and [[California State University]] system) and anti-caste legislation proposals.<ref name=Illinois/> These developments affirm that caste, though rooted in South Asia, functions as a global human rights issue.<ref name=MRG/>

== Legacy and significance ==
Dalit history is a story of oppression and resistance. It has shaped modern Indian democracy through the struggles for [[human rights]], [[social justice]], [[education]], and [[political representation]]. The voices of Dalit writers, activists, and leaders persistently challenge dominant narratives and advocate for an inclusive and equitable future.

== See also ==
* [[Dalit literature]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Caste-related violence in India]]
* [[Dalit History Month]]
* [[:Category:Anti-caste movements|Anti-caste movements]]
* [[Ambedkarism]]

==Bibliography ==
* Anupama Rao (2009). ‘‘[https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520257610/the-caste-question The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India]’’. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520257610.
* Anurag Bhaskar (2022). ‘‘[https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Dalit_History/ZFuezgEACAAJ?hl=en A Dalit History’’]. Aleph Book Company. ISBN 9789393852717. Google Books]
* Sudarshan Ramabadran; Guru Prakash Paswan (2021). ‘‘[https://www.penguin.co.in/book/makers-of-modern-dalit-history/ Makers of Modern Dalit History]’’. Penguin Random House. ISBN 9390914442.
* [[Anand Teltumbde]] (2018). ‘‘Republic of Caste: Thinking Equality in the Time of Neoliberal Hindutva’’. Navayana. ISBN 9788189059866
* [[Shailaja Paik]] (2014). ‘‘[https://www.routledge.com/Dalit-Womens-Education-in-Modern-India-Double-Discrimination/Paik/p/book/9780415714712 Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination’’]. Routledge. ISBN 9780815384144.
* [[Kancha Ilaiah]] (1996). [https://archive.org/details/WhyIAmNotAHinduKanchaIlaiah ''Why I Am Not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva Philosophy, Culture and Political Economy’’'']. Samya. ISBN 8185604827.
* [[Eleanor Zelliot]] (2001). ‘‘From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement’’. Manohar Publishers. ISBN 8173041431.
* Arjun Dangle (Ed.) (1992). ‘‘Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature’’. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 8125037543.
* [[Gopal Guru]] (2009). ‘‘Humiliation: Claims and Context’’. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198060307.
* [[Gail Omvedt]] (1994). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Dalits_and_the_Democratic_Revolution.html?id=cdu1AAAAIAAJ Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India’’]. Sage Publications. ISBN 0803991398.
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] (2003). ‘‘[https://books.google.com/books/about/India_s_Silent_Revolution.html?id=PbLiUpsCchkC India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India’’]. Permanent Black. ISBN 9780231127868.
* Teltumbde, Anand. ''Dalits: Past, Present and Future''. Routledge, 2016.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://idsn.org/ International Dalit Solidarity Network]
* [https://velivada.com/ Velivada – Dalit news and resources]
* [https://ambedkar.org/ Dr. Ambedkar Studies]

[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:History of India by caste|D]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]

List of Marathi films of 1910–1919

2026-04-08T19:24:53Z

Kartikeyar: Started New Details...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Marathi films}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1910–1919.

==1910–1919 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 1910–1919.

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" id="1910s"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! class="unsortable" |Cast
! Release date
! class="unsortable" |Production
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| align="center" | 1912
| ''[[Shree Pundalik]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bid-to-get-pundalik-recognition-as-first-indian-feature-film/944727/|title=Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref>||[[Dadasaheb Torne]]||||18 May 1912||[[Dadasaheb Torne]] ||first feature-length [[Indian film]] ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214024/|title=Pundalik (1912)|date=18 May 1912|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" | 1913
| ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]||[[D. D. Dabke]], P. G. Salunke, Bhalachandra, D. Phalke, G. V. Sane||3 May 1913||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] ||first full-length [[Indian film|Indian feature film]] With [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] & [[English language|English]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0003311/|title=Raja Harishchandra (1913)|author=vince-vishal|date=3 May 1913|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mohini Bhasmasur]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]||[[Kamlabai Gokhale]], [[Durgabai Kamat]] ||November 1913||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253250/|title=Mohini Bhasmasur (1913)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1914
| ''[[Satyavan Savitri]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]|| ||||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253644/|title=Satyavan Savitri (1914)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1915
| ''Tilak's Week''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] || || ||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253809/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_84|title=Tilak's Week (1915)|date=24 August 2015|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1916
| || || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center" | 1917
| ''[[Lanka Dahan]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]||[[Anna Salunke]], Ganpat G. Shinde ||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] || ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0142523/|title=Lanka Dahan (1917)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]|| D.D. Dabke, Bhalachandra D. Phalke, Anna Salunkeunke||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] || ||Remake of Silent Film [[Raja Harishchandra]] With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253532/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_68|title=Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra (1917)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1918
| ''[[Shri Krishna Janma]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]|| || || ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253190/|title=Shri Krishna Janma (1918)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1919
| ''[[Kaliya Mardan]]''||[[Dadasaheb Phalke]]|| || || ||Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253174/|title=Kaliya Mardan (1919)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1910-1919}}
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1910-1919]]
[[Category:1910s Marathi-language films| ]]
[[Category:1910s in Indian cinema]]

Maa Manikeshwari University

2026-04-06T17:36:29Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|University in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maa Manikeshwari University
| former_name = Kalahandi University (2020–2023)
| image = Maa Manikeshwari University Logo.png
| motto = Satyam Gyanam Bruhat
| established = {{start date and age|1960|07|18}} (as college) {{start date and age|2020|09|01}} (as University)
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Odisha]]
| vice_chancellor = Pawan Kumar Agrawal
| city = [[Bhawanipatna]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.9191562|N|83.1742437|E|format=dms|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| students =
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]] {{small|(96.47 acres)}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pradhan|first=Hemanta|date=19 Aug 2021|title=UGC grants recognition to Kalahandi University|work=[[The Times of India]] 08:45 IST|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugc-grants-recognition-to-kalahandi-university/articleshow/85446115.cms|access-date=19 Aug 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://kalahandiuniversity.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Maa Manikeshwari University''' (erstwhile '''Kalahandi University''') is a state public university located in [[Bhawanipatna]], the district headquarters of [[Kalahandi]] district of [[Odisha]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gacbhawanipatna.org/index.asp|title=Government College (Autonomous), Bhawanipatna|website=gacbhawanipatna.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/mar/07/bhawanipatna-college-gets-unitary-varsity-status-1947840.html |title = Bhawanipatna College gets unitary varsity status | publisher = The New Indian Express, 17 March 2019 |access-date = 2019-03-17}}</ref>

==History==
The University started as Kalahandi Science College on 18 July 1960 under private management till 30 September 1961. It was taken over by the [[Government of Odisha]] on 1 December 1961 as '''Government Science College'''. The degree classes started in 1982. It was conferred with the status of an autonomous educational institution in 2002. On 1 September 2020, it was upgraded to an affiliating university by the Odisha state government as '''Kalahandi University'''. The University serves as a higher educational centre in the KBK (Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput) region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalahandiuniversity.ac.in/history/|title=History|publisher=www.kalahandiuniversity.ac.in|date= |accessdate=2022-11-06}}</ref>

On 28 December 2023, Odisha CM [[Naveen Patnaik]] approved to change the name of University to ''Maa Manikeshwari University''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/kalahandi-university-named-after-maa-manikeswari/articleshow/106388623.cms|title=Kalahandi University Named After Maa Manikeswari|publisher=The Times of India|date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2024-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Feb/19/guest-faculty-runs-show-in-odishas-maa-manikeswari-varsity|title=Guest faculty runs show in Odisha's Maa Manikeswari varsity|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2024-02-19 |accessdate=2024-04-19}}</ref>

==Academics==
The Institution offers UG, PG and P.H.D courses in 16 different subjects.

* Anthropology
* Botany
* Chemistry
* Commerce
* Economics
* Education
* English
* Geography
* History
* Mathematics
* Odia
* Physics
* Political Science
* Sanskrit
* Sociology
* Zoology

==Affiliated colleges==
The university has jurisdiction over colleges in [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 October 2019|title=Odisha Govt established Kalahandi University by altering the territorial jurisdiction of Sambalpur University|work=Odisha Diary Bureau|url=https://orissadiary.com/odisha-govt-established-kalahandi-university-altering-territorial-jurisdiction-sambalpur-university/amp/|access-date=6 Nov 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Location
|-
| +3 Degree College Karlapada, Kalahandi || rowspan="21" |Kalahandi
|-
| Chandrika Jain Degree College, Borda, Kalahandi
|-
|[[Dharamgarh Women’s College]]
|-
| Government Women’s College, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi
|-
| Indrabati Mahavidyalaya (+3 stream) Jaipatna, Kalahandi
|-
| Jay Prakash Sandhya Mahavidyalay Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi
|-
| Jagannath Degree College, Risida
|-
| Kalahandi Training College, Bhawanipatna
|-
| Kesinga Mahavidyalaya, Kesinga, Kalahandi
|-
| Maa Heera Neela Degree Mahavidyalaya, Biswanathpur, Kalahandi
|-
| Madanpur Rampur College, M.Rampur, Kalahandi
|-
| Maharani Kasturika Modini Devi (+3) Mahavidyalaya Kalampur, Kalahandi
|-
| Panchyat College, Dharamgarh, Kalahandi
|-
| Panchyat Mahavidyalaya (Degree College) Belkhandi, Kalahandi
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Koksara, Kalahandi
|-
| Panchayat Samiti Degree College, Narla, Kalahandi
|-
| Priyadarshini Indira Degree College, Junagarh, Kalahandi
|-
| Sarbamangala Degree College, Golamunda, Kalahandi
|-
| Anchalik Bastareni Degree Mahavidyalaya, Sanchergaon, Kalahandi
|-
| Amar Mahavidyalaya, Kusurla, Kalahandi
|-
| Saraswati Institute of Information Technology, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi (waiting affiliation)
|-
| +3 Degree College, Sinapali, Nuapada || rowspan="7" |[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|-
| Shree Sai Degree College, Kurumpuri, Nuapada
|-
| Biju Patnaik Degree College, Boden, Nuapada
|-
| Kshyama Meher Degree College, Tukla, Nuapada
|-
|[[Khariar College|Khariar College, Khariar, Nuapada]]
|-
| Lokadrusti College of advance Technology (LCAT) Godramunda, Nuapada
|-
| National College, Nuapada
|-
| Panchayat Samiti 3 DegreeCollege, Komna, Nuapada

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1960]]

Daya Dongre

2026-04-06T11:58:58Z

Kartikeyar: creating pg.

{{Short description|Indian actress (1940–2025)}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Daya Dongre
| image = Cropped_Photo_of_Daya_Dongre.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Daya Modak
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|3|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], Central Provinces and Berar, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|11|3|1940|3|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| years_active = 1982–1993
}}

'''Daya Dongre''' (born '''Daya Modak'''; 11 March 1940 – 3 November 2025) was an Indian actress.

==Life and career==
Daughter of Yamunatai Modak, who was an actress,<ref name=Dongre/> Dongre was born on 11 March 1940 in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/veteran-marathi-actor-daya-dongre-dies-at-85-eknath-shinde-mourns-2813107-2025-11-04|title=Veteran Marathi actor Daya Dongre dies at 85, Eknath Shinde pays tribute|date=4 November 2025|website=indiatoday.in |access-date=4 November 2025 }}</ref> After completing school in [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]], she pursued her education in Pune and later joined Delhi's National School of Drama (NSD) to formally study theatre. Although she could not complete her training at NSD due to marriage, Sharad, her husband, convinced her to pursue acting.<ref name=Dongre>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/veteran-marathi-actress-daya-dongre-passes-away-at-85-due-to-age-related-illness-article-13650251.html|title=Veteran Marathi actress Daya Dongre passes away at 85 due to age-related illness |date=3 November 2025|website=moneycontrol.com |access-date=4 November 2025 }}</ref>

At 16, Dongre made her stage debut in ''Rambha'' by Mo. G. Rangnekar, earning widespread acclaim for her natural acting.<ref name=Dongre/> She appeared in films such as Umbartha (1982), Navri Mile Navryala (1984) and Atmavishwas (1989).

Dongre died in Mumbai on 3 November 2025, at the age of 85.<ref name=Dongre/>

==Selected filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| rowspan="2"|1982 ||''[[Umbartha]]'' || Chairwoman Sheela Samson
|-
| ''Mai Baap'' || Nita Bai
|-
| rowspan="1"|1983 ||''Ashray'' ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|1984 ||''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]'' || Maasaheb Inamdar
|-
| rowspan="1"|1986 ||''Jumbish: A Movement - The Movie'' || Manas' mom
|-
| rowspan="1"|1987 ||''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Soon'' || Dayabai Ragde
|-
| rowspan="2"|1989 ||''Naqab'' || Imran's Mother
|-
|''Atmavishwas'' || Vasanti 'Chimee' B. Sarpotdar
|-
| rowspan="1"|1990 ||''Kuldeepak'' || Laxmi Inamdar
|-
| rowspan="3"|1991 ||''Jeene Ki Sazaa''|| Abhijeet's mom
|-
|''[[Akayla]]''|| Airport onlooker (uncredited)
|-
| ''[[Naamcheen]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1992 || ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]'' || Jaya's Mother
|-
| ''Khulyancha Bazaar''|| Mai
|-
| ''[[Daulat Ki Jung]]''|| Shanti Chaudhry
|-
| rowspan="1"|1993 || ''Char Divas Sasuche'' || Vandana Deshmukh
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0232503}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dongre, Daya}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Burqa by country

2026-03-29T16:47:42Z

Kartikeyar: fixed details to improve readability

{{short description|Legal situation of wearing a burqa in different countries}}
{{AI-generated|certain=y|date=December 2025}}
[[File:Burka ban world map.svg|thumb|400px|Countries with burqa bans {{as of|2026|lc=y}}. {{Legend|#800000|Ban in public places}}{{Legend|#ffd29f|Full or partial ban in some localities}}{{Legend|#ff8a9d|Ban on sale and manufacturing}}{{Legend|#b774ff|Ban in some public buildings or in the public workplace}}]]
{{Islamic female dress}}
The [[burqa]], an all-enveloping outer garment which completely covers the body and the face, and the [[niqab]], a similar garment that leaves the eyes uncovered, are worn by some Muslim women in various countries. Some countries have banned wearing these garments in government offices, schools, or in public places and streets.

There are currently 24 states that have banned the burqa and niqab, both Muslim-majority countries and non-Muslim countries, including:

* Africa: [[Cameroon]], [[Chad]], [[the Republic of the Congo]], [[Gabon]], [[Senegal]], [[Tunisia]], [[Zambia]]
* Asia: [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]]
* Europe: [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], [[Portugal]]

==Europe==
[[File:Full-face veils ban in Europe.svg|thumb|right|400px|Europe burqa bans before Portugal {{as of|2025|lc=y}} 
{{Legend|#b34452|National ban{{snd}}country bans people from wearing full-[[face veil]]s in public}}
{{Legend|#db8e97|Local ban{{snd}}cities or regions ban full-face veils}}
{{Legend|#e29882|Partial ban{{snd}}government bans full-face veils in some locations}}
]]

=== Austria ===
{{Main|Islam in Austria}}
[[File:Matthias Laurenz Gräff - "Liebende Eltern".jpg|thumb|180px|{{lang|de|Liebende Eltern}} ('Loving Parents') by [[Matthias Laurenz Gräff]] (2018), a painting about the discussion of face-covering clothing, showing [[Austrian Chancellor]] [[Sebastian Kurz]], Vice Chancellor [[Heinz-Christian Strache]], and a Muslim child]]
In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering clothing was adopted by the [[Austrian parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html|title=Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe|date=16 May 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017|newspaper=Die Welt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria|title=Burqa ban takes effect in Austria|website=SBS News|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Belgium ===
{{Main|Islam in Belgium}}
As of 2015, Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the [[niqab]] or burqa. On 11 July 2017, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face veils.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |author=Lizzie Dearden |date=11 July 2017 |title=European Court of Human Rights upholds Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face Islamic veils |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-hijab-a7835156.html}}</ref>

=== Bulgaria ===
{{Main|Islam in Bulgaria}}
In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering clothing in public was adopted by the Bulgarian parliament.<ref name="smh">{{Cite web |last=Krasimirov |first=Angel |date=2016-09-30 |title=Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Bulgarian parliament enacted the ban on the basis of security concerns, however the ban stimulated conflict as 10 percent of the country's population identifies as Muslim. Women who violate the burqa ban face fines up to €770 (~US$848) and have their social security benefits suspended.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|title=Another European country just banned the burqa|date=1 October 2016|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Denmark ===
{{Main|Islam in Denmark}}
In autumn 2017, the [[Danish government]] considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html|title=Denmark is about to ban the burqa|website=[[The Independent]]|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The proposal was met with support from the three largest political parties<ref>[https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven], ''[[Folketinget]]''</ref> and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming § 134 c of the [[Danish Penal Code]], stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g. sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades, etc.).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|title=Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab|date=31 May 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf|title=L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Law as passed.)|publisher=Danish Parliament|language=da|trans-title=L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. (Law as passed.)}}</ref> The law came into force on 1 August 2018. On the first day of the implementation of the burqa ban, hundreds of protesters rallied wearing face veils in public. According to the ban, wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1000 [[Danish krone|kroner]] (~US$156) in the case of first time offences, rising to 10,000 kr. (~US$1560) for a fourth offence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365|title=Denmark's burqa ban is greeted by protest and confusion|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/|title=Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces|date=31 May 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 June 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Under the ban, police are instructed to order women to remove their veils or to leave the public space. Police officers who fail to obey the orders of the ban are subject to fines.

=== France ===
{{Main|French ban on face covering}}
France is a [[secular country]]. One of the key principles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]] is the freedom of religious exercise. At the same time, this law prohibited public servants from wearing any religious symbols during work.

In 1994, the [[French Ministry of Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headteachers to ban the Islamic veil (specified as hijab, niqab, and burka) in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the [[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]], a higher proportion of girls of Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school, bringing their graduation rates closer to the non-Muslim female cohort.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maurin |first1=Éric |last2=Navarrete H. |first2=Nicolás |date=September 2019 |title=Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp12645.pdf |journal=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]] |issue=12645}}</ref> Having a "Muslim background" was defined as having an immigrant father from a predominantly Muslim country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents with a foreign cultural background in forming their own identity". Males in the Muslim group also had a lower graduation rate than males in the non-Muslim group. While secularism is often criticized for restricting [[freedom of religion]], the study concluded that for the French context, the "implementation of more restrictive policies in French public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=IZA Newsroom|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools]] banned most religious signs, including the hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law goes against religious freedom and is racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men.

In 2010, a [[French ban on face covering|ban on face covering]],<ref>{{Citation|title=LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public|date=11 October 2010|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022911670|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> targeting especially women wearing [[chador]] and burqa, was adopted by the French Parliament. According to ''The Guardian'', the ban was challenged and taken to the European Court of Human Rights which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court|title=France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|date=1 July 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2013 the applicant stood outside the [[Élysée Palace]] in niqab and subsequently received a criminal conviction. The French criminal courts noted in 2014 that the lower court was wrong to dismiss her rights covered under Article 18, but dismissed her appeal.{{rp|16}} The French delegation argued that wearing face coverings violated the principle of "living together". Judges [[Angelika Nussberger]] and [[Helena Jäderblom]] dissented, calling the concept "far-fetched and vague."{{rp|61}} Going on to note that the very decision of declaring what a woman is allowed to wear was hypocritical and antithetical to the aim of protecting human rights.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2014 |title=Grand Chamber Case of S.A.S. v. France (Application no. 43835/11) Judgment |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-145466&filename= |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]] |publication-place=Strasbourg}}</ref> The committee came to the determination in 2018 that the case had been incorrectly dismissed after review by a single judge on the grounds that, "the conditions of admissibility laid down in articles 34 and 35 of the Convention [had] not been met." Upon review the committee concluded that the applicants' human rights had been violated under article 18 and 26 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].{{rp|13}} The committee dismissed the notion of "living together" as a vague notion not protected under international law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016&Lang=en|title=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016; Human Rights Committee Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2747/2016*,**,***|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Italy ===
{{Main|Islam in Italy}}

In October 2025, the Italian government voted to ban the burqa and niqab in all public places.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/new-italian-bill-targets-islamic-face-coverings-religious-funding-2025-10-08/ Reuters.com: New Italian bill targets Islamic face coverings and religious funding], October 2025</ref>

=== Latvia ===
{{Main|Islam in Latvia}}
In 2016 ''[[The Independent]]'' reported that a legal ban of face-covering [[Islamic clothing]] was adopted by the [[Latvian parliament]].<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|title=A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women|website=[[The Independent]]|date=21 April 2016|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> After long public discussions draft legislation was approved by the Latvian government on 22 August 2017, however it was never adopted by the parliament as a law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/aktualitates/ministru-kabinets-atbalsta-sejas-aizsegsanas-ierobezojuma-likumprojektu|title=A Ministru kabinets atbalsta Sejas aizsegšanas ierobežojuma likumprojektu|date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Netherlands ===
{{Main|Islam in the Netherlands}}
The [[States General of the Netherlands]] enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", in January 2012.<ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-‘burqa-ban’ "Ministers vote Dutch 'burqa ban'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210030405/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-%E2%80%98burqa-ban%E2%80%99 |date=2012-02-10 }}, rnw.nl</ref><ref>Bruno Waterfield (15 September 2011). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/8765673/Netherlands-to-ban-the-burka.html "Netherlands to ban the burka"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref> In 2018, the Netherlands implemented a partial burqa ban that prohibits wearing face-covering clothing, including burqas and niqabs, in specific public places such as government buildings, schools, and public transportation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halasz |first1=Stephanie |last2=McKenzie |first2=Sheena |title=The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=CNN |date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

The burqa ban came into force on 1 August 2019 in schools, public transport, hospitals, and government buildings, but there are doubts over whether it will be applied in practice.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/europe/netherlands-burqa-ban-scli-intl/index.html The Netherlands has introduced a 'burqa ban' – but its enforcement is in doubt], CNN, 1 August 2019</ref> [[Amsterdam]] Mayor [[Femke Halsema]] spoke out in her opposition to the law. She stated that removing someone wearing a burqa from public transport in the capital would not be fitting with current Dutch society. Chairman of the Dutch Public Transport Association, Pedro Peters, also voiced his opinion on the ban. Peters said: "You are not going to stop the bus for half an hour for someone wearing a burqa", waiting for the police to arrive; "we are also not allowed to refuse anyone because we have a transport obligation".<ref name="French">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-takes-effect-police-and-transport-officials-refuse-to-enforce-it/2019/08/01/a91fb648-b461-11e9-acc8-1d847bacca73_story.html|title=As the Netherlands' burqa ban takes effect, police and transport officials refuse to enforce it |first=James |last=McAuley |newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> Known officially as the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act, the act also details that those who refuse to uncover their faces may pay a fine of at least €150 and can be arrested.<ref name="French"/> Dutch police have also stated that enforcing the ban is not a priority, and that they likely would not respond to a complaint within a thirty-minute timeframe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban|title=Dutch 'burqa ban' rendered largely unworkable on first day|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=1 August 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Norway ===
{{Main|Islam in Norway}}
In 2018 the [[Norwegian parliament]] voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-burqa-ban-schools-universities-parliament-vote-niqab-latest-a8387826.html|title=Norway votes in favour of banning burqa in schools and universities|website=[[The Independent]]|date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/norway-bans-burqas-niqabs-schools-211009300.html|title=Norway bans burqas and niqabs at schools}}</ref>

=== Portugal ===
{{Main|Islam in Portugal}}

On October 17th, 2025, the Portuguese parliament voted to ban the burqa and niqab in all public places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2025-10-17 |title=Burqa ban bill approved by Portugal’s parliament seen as targeting Muslim women |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/17/burqa-ban-bill-approved-by-portugals-parliament-seen-as-targeting-muslim-women |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
{{Main|Islam in Russia}}
In July 2024, the niqab and other full-face veils were temporarily banned in the Muslim-majority republic of [[Dagestan]] by the Muftiate, an Islamic authority. The ban followed the [[2024 Dagestan attacks]], where reports said one attacker planned to use the niqab as a disguise to escape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Dagestan bans niqab in response to deadly terror attacks |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dagestan-ban-niqab-in-response-to-deadly-terror-attack-russia-chechnya-ramzan-kadyrov/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Spain===
{{main|Islam in Spain}}
In February 2026, the conservative Vox party, with the support of the People's Party, pushed through parliament a bill to criminalize full-face veils. The left-wing coalition opposed it, considering it to have racist undertones. They [[PSOE]] subsequently planned to push through their own banning measures.<ref>https://www.thelocal.es/20260216/spains-right-wing-parties-work-together-on-burqa-ban</ref>

[[Seville]] and [[Cantabria]] joined the prohibition since march 2026.

=== Sweden ===
{{Main|Islam in Sweden}}
In December 2019, the [[Skurup Municipality|municipality of Skurup]] banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, in May 2019, the [[Staffanstorp Municipality|municipality of Staffanstorp]] approved a similar ban.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malmöhus |first=P4 |title=Skurup förbjuder slöja i skolan |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=7369615 |access-date=2019-12-19 |work=Sveriges Radio |language=sv}}</ref> On 17 November 2020, the Administrative Courts in [[Malmö]] and [[Lund]] determined that both municipalities' decisions to prohibit headscarves, niqabs, and burqas in preschools and primary schools violated the [[Basic Laws of Sweden|constitutional right]] to [[freedom of religion]] and the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malmö |first=Förvaltningsrätten i |date=2020-11-17 |title=Beslut om förbud mot huvudduk upphävs |url=https://www.domstol.se/en/nyheter/2020/11/beslut-om-forbud-mot-huvudduk-upphavs/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Sveriges Domstolar |language=sv}}</ref> Both municipalities appealed, but on 23 June 2021, the Administrative Court of Appeal in [[Gothenburg]] upheld the initial rulings on the same grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyheter |first=S. V. T. |date=2021-06-23 |title=Beslut står fast: Olagligt att förbjuda slöja i skolan |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/beslut-star-fast-olagligt-att-forbjuda-sloja-i-skolan |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=SVT Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref> On 8 December 2022, the [[Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden|Supreme Administrative Court]] overturned both bans, with Justice Ulrik von Essen stating that "in order for the restriction to be permissible, it must be supported by law" and that "legal support is lacking in national law and therefore the municipalities' decisions should be overturned".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=HÖGSTA FÖRVALTNINGSDOMSTOLENS DOM (Skurup) |url=https://www.domstol.se/globalassets/filer/domstol/hogstaforvaltningsdomstolen/2022/domar-och-beslut/4266-21.pdf |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=domstol.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=HÖGSTA FÖRVALTNINGSDOMSTOLENS DOM (Staffanstorp) |url=https://www.domstol.se/globalassets/filer/domstol/hogstaforvaltningsdomstolen/2022/domar-och-beslut/4120-21.pdf |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=domstol.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyheter |first=S. V. T. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Slöjförbud i skolan är olagligt – Staffanstorp och Skurup förlorade |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/hogsta-instans-sager-nej-till-slojforbud |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=SVT Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref>

On 12 October 2025, [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]] (KD) leader and [[Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Ebba Busch]] proposed a nationwide ban on burqas and niqabs in public places such as streets, squares, shopping centres, and healthcare facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyheter |first=S. V. T. |date=2025-10-12 |title=Busch: Förbjud burka och niqab på allmän plats |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/busch-forbjud-burka-och-niqab-pa-allman-plats |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=SVT Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref> [[Minister for Education (Sweden)|Education]] and [[Minister for Integration (Sweden)|Integration Minister]] and [[Liberals (Sweden)|Leader of the Liberals]] [[Simona Mohamsson]] expressed support for stronger measures against religious oppression, including forced veiling, but did not explicitly endorse Busch’s proposal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title='Islam Must Adapt To Sweden' — Swedish Deputy PM Urges Public Burqa, Niqab Ban - Gulf Insider {{!}} Gulf Insider |url=https://www.gulf-insider.com/islam-must-adapt-to-sweden/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> and neither did any other party in the [[Tidö Agreement|Tidö Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gasslander |first=Tor |date=2025-10-12 |title=Ebba Busch vill förbjuda burka och niqab |url=https://omni.se/ebba-busch-vill-forbjuda-burka-och-niqab/a/xmGdmV |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Omni |language=sv}}</ref>

=== Switzerland ===
{{Main|Islam in Switzerland}}
In [[2021 Swiss referendums#Ban on full facial coverings|a referendum on 7 March 2021]], Swiss voters approved a nationwide ban on the burqa, with over 51% of the electorate supporting it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places |title=Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

Earlier, in September 2013, a constitutional referendum in the [[Canton of Ticino]] on a [[Popular initiative (Switzerland)|popular initiative]] banning full-face veils was approved with 66.2% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/abstimmungen/abstimmungen/abstimmungen-ti/ja-zum-burka-verbot-im-tessin|title=Ja zum Burka-Verbot im Tessin |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref> In May 2017, the [[Landsgemeinde]] in the [[Canton of Glarus]] rejected adopting a similar measure with about two-thirds of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/regional/ostschweiz/kein-burka-verbot-im-kanton-glarus|title=Kein Burka-Verbot im Kanton Glarus |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref> In September 2018, the [[Canton of St Gallen]] became the second canton in Switzerland to vote in favour of a ban on facial coverings in public, with two-thirds casting a ballot in favor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-canton-st-gallen-votes-for-ban-on-burqas-in-public/a-45607726 |title=Swiss canton St Gallen votes for ban on burqas in public | DW | 23.09.2018| publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}
</ref>

==Muslim world==

===Algeria===
{{Main|Islam in Algeria}}
In 2018, the [[government of Algeria|government]] passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for female [[public servant]]s while at work.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women/ |title=Algeria Outlaws Burqas, Niqabs for Women at Work |date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils |title=Algerian bans female public servants from wearing full-face veils}}</ref> The Prime Minister at the time, [[Ahmed Ouyahia]], pushed the ban because of his belief that women should be identifiable in the workspace.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Prime Minister Trudeau should not Rely on the Courts to Uphold his Promises to Indigenous Peoples |publisher=Amnesty International |via=Brill |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-2016179 |doi-broken-date=30 July 2025 }}</ref>

===Egypt===
{{Main|Islam in Egypt}}
[[File:Gamal Abdel Nasser on the Muslim Brotherhood (subtitled).webm|thumb|left|alt=Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab.|Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab]]
[[File:P2090099 veiled arab woman.JPG|thumb|233x233px|Woman wearing a [[niqab]] in Egypt]]
In 1953, Egyptian leader President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] was told by the leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded: "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college – and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?".

The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958, an article by the [[United Press International|United Press]] (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=United Press Service (UP) |date=26 January 1958|title=Egypt's Women Foil Attempt to Restrict |journal=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |issue=114 |page=28 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19580126&id=8AodAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,4406325 |access-date=10 February 2010|author-link=United Press International}}</ref> However, the veil has had a resurgence since the [[Iranian Revolution]], concomitant with the global revival of Muslim piety. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', as of 2007, about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007|title=In Egypt, a New Battle Begins Over the Veil |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=10 February 2010}}</ref>

A small number of women wear the niqab. The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. In the country, it is negatively associated with [[Salafist]] political activism.<ref name="kuwait-times"/><ref name="hijabworld">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/31/africa/ME_GEN_Mideast_Veil_Glance.php |title=A look at the wearing of veils, and disputes on the issue, across the Muslim world |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=31 October 2006}}</ref> There have been some restrictions on wearing the hijab by the government, which views it as a political symbol. In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state-run TV station for deciding to wear hijab on national television.<ref name="egypttv">Ranyah Sabry (17 April 2007) [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6565145.stm Egypt anchorwomen battle for hijab] BBC News. Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> The [[American University in Cairo]], Cairo University, and [[Helwan University]] attempted to forbid entry to niqab wearers in 2004 and 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/veil-war-breaks-out-on-egypt-university-campus-1.37235 |title=Veil war breaks out on Egypt university campus |author=Ramadan Al Sherbini |date=22 October 2006 |website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205|title=The Islamic Network for Woman and Families|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031194635/http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/egypt-niqab-ban-stirs-controversy/|title=Egypt: Niqab Ban Stirs Controversy |website=Global Voices |date=9 October 2009}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]], issued a [[fatwa]] in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. He had reportedly asked a student to take off her niqab when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the niqab is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance.<ref name="kuwait-times">{{Cite news|title=Fatwa stirs heated debate over face-veiling in Kuwait |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=9 October 2009 |url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg== |work=[[Kuwait Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060055/http://kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg%3D%3D |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government bans on wearing the niqab on college campuses at the [[University of Cairo]] and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/10/08/how-you-see-it-egyptian-campus-bans-niqab/7680/|title=How You See It: Egyptian campus bans niqab – Worldfocus|date=8 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2009101517002713|title=Egypt: Controversial ban on niqab in dorms – University World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2010/01/egypt-court-upholds-niqab-ban-for.php|title=Egypt court upholds niqab ban for university examinations |website=Pitt.edu|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-court-revokes-ban-on-niqab-at-exam-halls-1.571211 |title=Egypt court revokes ban on niqab at exam halls|author=Ramadan Al Sherbini|date=20 January 2010 |website=Gulf News }}</ref> Minister [[Hany Mahfouz Helal]] met protests by some human rights and Islamic groups.

===Kazakhstan===
{{Main|Islam in Kazakhstan}}
On 1 July 2025, [[Kazakhstan]] officially banned the Burqa and Niqab. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-30 |title=Kazakhstan bans face coverings in public places |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kazakhstan-bans-face-coverings-public-places-2025-06-30/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

===Kyrgyzstan===
{{Main|Islam in Kyrgyzstan}}
On 27 December 2024, [[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyzstan's parliament]] specifically approved a ban on wearing the niqab, a full-face Islamic veil, in public places. The government justified the measure by arguing that the niqab was not part of traditional Kyrgyz culture and claimed it was necessary to protect national identity and security.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaplustj.info/en/news/centralasia/20241227/kyrgyzstans-parliament-approves-a-ban-on-wearing-niqab-in-public-places |title=Kyrgyzstan's Parliament Approves a Ban on Wearing Niqab in Public Places |publisher=Asia-Plus |date=27 December 2024 }}</ref>

On 22 January 2025, President [[Sadyr Zhaparov]] signed the law "On Amendments to a Number of Legislative Religious Acts of the Kyrgyz Republic," officially enforcing the ban. The law, which was also posted on his official website, prohibited clothing that obscures a person's face, except in cases related to work requirements or medical reasons. Additional provisions included bans on coercing individuals to change their religious beliefs, conducting religious rituals in state institutions like nursing homes, prisons, and military units, and distributing religious literature in public places, schools, or door-to-door.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bearr.org/regional-news/ban-on-wearing-the-niqab-in-public-places-in-kyrgyzstan/ |title=Ban on Wearing the Niqab in Public Places in Kyrgyzstan |publisher=BEARR Trust |date=22 January 2025 }}</ref> A week later, on 1 February, the niqab ban formally came into effect, imposing a fine of 20,000 [[Kyrgyz som|soms]] (approximately $230) for violations. The government also emphasized that the measure was intended to improve public safety by ensuring better identification of individuals in public spaces and government institutions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Najibullah |first=Farangis |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/niqab-ban-kyrgyzstan-islam-hijab-central-asia/33297197.html |title=Kyrgyzstan Bans Islamic Niqab As Critics Warn It Could Alienate Some Women |publisher=RFE/RL |date=1 February 2025 }}</ref>

===Morocco===
{{Main|Islam in Morocco}}
[[File:In Morocco have lot of women head scarves and veils.jpg|thumb|A group of Moroccan women wearing headscarves and veils]]
In Morocco, the headscarf is not forbidden by law, and women are free to choose to wear one. The headscarf is more frequent in the northern regions, small to medium cities, and rural regions. As it is not totally widespread, wearing a hijab is considered rather a religious decision. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5413808.stm|title=Morocco moves to drop headscarf|date=6 October 2006 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police.

In January 2017 Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the Afghan burqa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/why-moroccos-burqa-ban-is-more-than-just-a-security-measure-72120|title=Why Morocco's burqa ban is more than just a security measure|first=Moha|last=Ennaji|website=TheConversation.com|date=31 January 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> however, this does not apply to other types of niqab.<ref>{{cite web |author1-link=FRANCE 24 Arabic |title=المغرب يمنع بيع وتسويق "البرقع" الأفغاني |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKEkFp1kOtM |website=youtube.com |language=ar |format=video |date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Islam in Syria}}
[[File:Woman in niqab, Aleppo (2010).jpg|thumb|Woman in niqab in [[Aleppo, Syria]]]]
In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at [[university|universities]]. The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria bans face veils at universities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=19 July 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> However, the ban strictly addresses veils that cover the head and mouth, and does not include hijabs, or headscarfs, which most Syrian women wear.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities|title=Syria bans niqab from universities|agency=Associated Press|date=20 July 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Tajikistan ===
{{Main|Islam in Tajikistan}}
In 2017, the government of [[Tajikistan]] passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional [[Tajiks|Tajik]] headscarf tied behind the head.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tajikstan passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'|author=Harriet Agerholm|date=1 September 2017|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html }}</ref>

===Tunisia===
{{Main|Islam in Tunisia}}
On 6 July 2019, the [[government of Tunisia|government]] banned the wearing of the niqab in public institutions, citing security reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/tunisia-bans-face-veils-public-institutions-bombing-190705132559010.html |title=Tunisia bans face veils in public institutions after bombing|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH |title=Tunisian PM bans wearing of niqab in public institutions |date=5 July 2019|access-date=5 July 2019|publisher=Reuters }}</ref>

===Uzbekistan===
{{Main|Islam in Uzbekistan}}
[[Uzbekistan]] lifted its ban on wearing hijabs in public places in 2021, allowing greater religious expression. However, in September 2023, the government imposed a ban on wearing face-covering garments like the burqa in specific public spaces for security reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/centralasia/20230918/uzbekistan-authorities-tighten-measures-against-beard-and-hijab-wearing |title=Uzbekistan Authorities Tighten Measures Against Beard and Hijab Wearing |publisher=Asia Plus |date=18 September 2023 }}</ref> Additionally, authorities enforced restrictions on wearing beards and hijabs in schools, requiring female students to remove headscarves before entering educational institutions. These actions reflect the government's evolving stance on religious attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2023-11-02/uzbekistan-bans-wearing-burqas-in-public/ |title=Uzbekistan Bans Wearing Burqas in Public |publisher=Kursiv Media |date=2 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Africa==
[[File:Nº 3 HAÏK alt version.jpg|thumbnail|Women in [[Algeria]] wearing a ''[[Haik (garment)|haïk]]'', a type of veil]]

===Cameroon===
{{Main|Islam in Cameroon}}
On 12 July 2015, two [[female suicide bomber]]s dressed in burqas [[Suicide bombing|blew themselves up]] in [[Fotokol]], [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North Region]], killing 13 people. Following the attacks, since 16 July, [[Cameroon]] banned the wearing of full-face veils, including the burqa, in the Far North. Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks.<ref name="cameroonban" >[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33553041 Cameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings], 16 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref>

=== Chad ===
{{Main|Islam in Chad}}
Following a [[2015 N'Djamena bombings|two suicide bombing]]s on 15 June 2015, which killed 33 people in [[N'Djamena]], the [[government of Chad|government]] announced on 16 June 2015 the banning of the wearing of the burqa in its territory for security reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-blast-idUSKBN0OX2L720150617|title=Chad arrests five and bans burqa after suicide bombings|date=17 June 2015|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> The 2015 prime minister, [[Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet]], called the burqa "[[camouflage]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33166220|title=Chad bans face veil after bombings|date=17 June 2015|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Women who violate this ban are subject to jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/|title=Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can't wear veils|last=Sanghani|first=Radhika|date=8 July 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Gabon===
{{Main|Islam in Gabon}}
On 15 July 2015, [[Government of Gabon|Gabon]] announced a ban on the wearing of full-face veils in public and places of work in response to the Fotokol bombings.<ref name="cameroonban" />

===Republic of the Congo===
{{Main|Islam in the Republic of the Congo}}
The full-face veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in the [[Republic of the Congo]] to "[[counter terrorism]]", although there has not been an [[Islamist]] attack in the country.<ref name="cameroonban" />

==Asia-Pacific==
===Australia===
{{Main|Burka ban in Australia}}
[[File:Say no to Burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales.jpg|thumb|Say no to burqas mural in [[Newtown, New South Wales]]]]
In September 2011, [[Australia]]'s most populous state, [[New South Wales]], passed the [[Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011]] to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a woman in [[Sydney]] was convicted of falsely claiming that a [[traffic police]]man had tried to remove her niqab.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/australia-veil-law-burqa-ban_n_1320811.html|title=Australia Muslim Veil Law Requires Women To Remove Face-Covering Niqab In New South Wales, 3 May 2012|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted.<ref name="Barker">[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2012/6.pdf The Full Face Covering Debate: An Australian Perspective] by Renae Barker</ref> In a Western Australian case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence.<ref name="Barker" />

===China===
{{Main|Islam in China}}
In 2017, China banned the burqa in the region of [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|title=China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province|website=[[The Independent]]|date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |title=China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:India (2533145450).jpg|thumb|A Muslim woman wearing a niqab in India]]
{{Main|Islam in India}}

In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the [[hijab]] and [[burqa]] anytime, anywhere.<ref name="thestar1">{{Cite news |last=Sheikh Saaliq |date=8 February 2022 |title=In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html}}</ref><ref name="BBC larger bench">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864}}</ref><ref name="csm">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab}}</ref> However, in April 2019, [[Shiv Sena]] party member [[Sanjay Raut]] called for the burqa to be banned.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-01 |title=Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places |language=en |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref>

In February 2020, [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s labor minister [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh|Raghuraj Singh]] called for an outright ban on women wearing burqas, suggesting that [[terrorism in India|terrorists]] have been using them to elude authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP BJP leader Raghuraj Singh seeks ban on burqa |website=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/10/up-bjp-leader-raghuraj-singh-seeks-ban-on-burqa-2101580.html |access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref>

In January 2022, some students in [[Karnataka]] [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|asked for special rights]] to wear the burqa even when educational institutes have a pre-decided rule of wearing [[school uniform|uniforms]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-02-06 |title=Karnataka Govt invokes state law to back hijab ban: 'Don't wear clothes that disturb law & order' |language=en |website=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-hijab-controversy-clothes-ban-harmony-public-order-7758633/ |access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> On 15 March 2022, through a verdict, the [[Karnataka High Court]] upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions as a non-essential part of Islam<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka High Court hijab verdict lacks reason, makes up baseless new rules for fundamental rights |website=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/karnataka-hc-hijab-verdict-no-reasons-makes-up-rules-fundamental-rights-constitutional-law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hijab verdict: a grave constitutional wrong |website=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/comment/hijab-row-verdict-a-grave-constitutional-wrong-1092595.html}}</ref> and suggested that wearing hijabs can be restricted in government colleges where uniforms are prescribed and ruled that "prescription of a school uniform" is a "reasonable restriction".

===Myanmar===
{{Main|Islam in Myanmar}}
At a conference in [[Yangon]] held by the [[Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion]] on 21 June 2015, a group of monks declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", and recommended that the Burmese government ban the wearing of hijabs by Muslim schoolgirls and ban the butchering of animals on the [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blake |first=Eben |date=2015-06-22 |title=Hijab Ban 2015: Buddhist Monks Propose Anti-Muslim Measure On Myanmar Schoolgirls |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/hijab-ban-2015-buddhist-monks-propose-anti-muslim-measure-myanmar-schoolgirls-1977704 |access-date= |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Islam in Sri Lanka}}
A Sri Lankan MP called for both the burqa and niqab to be banned from the country in wake of the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Easter terror attack]] which happened on 21 April 2019 during a local [[parliament of Sri Lanka|parliamentary]] session.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombing-burqa-ban-isis-islam-ashu-marasinghe-a8883801.html|title=Sri Lankan MP wants to ban the burqa in the wake of the Easter massacre|date=24 April 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-burqa-ban-muslims-terrorism-bombings-a8885056.html|title=Fear of retaliation against Sri Lankan Muslims grows as MP calls for burqa ban|date=24 April 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/24/local/183684/ban-%E2%80%98niqab-burqa%E2%80%99-prof-ashu|title=Ban 'niqab, burqa' – Prof. Ashu|last=Range|first=Irangika|website=Daily News|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

The [[Sri Lankan government]] temporarily banned all types of clothing covering the face, including the burqa and niqab, on 29 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covering the face banned from tomorrow |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Covering-the-face-banned-from-tomorrow/108-166091 |newspaper=Daily Mirror}}</ref>

The Ban has been removed at present.

== North America ==

===Canada===
{{See also|Islam in Canada}}
On 12 December 2011, the Canadian [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration]] issued a decree banning the niqab or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the hijab was not affected.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/face-veils-banned-for-citizenship-oaths-1.1048750 Face veils banned for citizenship oaths]. CBC. Published 12 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.</ref> This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

In October 2017, Bill 62, a [[Quebec ban on face covering]], made headlines. {{As of|2018|July}}, the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''. It was first suspended in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-religion-quebec-lawsuit/canadian-judge-suspends-quebec-niqab-ban-idUSKBN1DW01B|title=Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=U.S.|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710215438/https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 10, 2018|title=Second Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=CA|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-bill-62-face-covering-july1-1.4724863|title=Judge suspends Quebec face-covering ban, says it appears to violate charter |publisher=CBC News |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref>

With regards to public opinion, a 27 October 2017 [[Ipsos]] poll found that 76% of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24% opposing it. The same survey found the 68% of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abedi|first1=Maham|title=68% of Canadians want Quebec's face-coverings ban in their province|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/3828903/new-ipsos-poll-reveals-cross-canada-sentiment-about-quebecs-bill-62-face-veil-ban|website=[[Global News]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017}}</ref> A 27 October [[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid Institute]] poll found that 70% Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30% opposing it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four-in-ten outside Quebec would prohibit women wearing niqabs from receiving government services|url=http://angusreid.org/bill-62-face-covering/|website=[[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

As of June 2019, wearing religious symbols is prohibited for certain public servants in positions of authority in Québec: police, judges and teachers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

People such as [[Tarek Fatah]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-the-cross-vs-the-crescent-in-europe|title=FATAH: The Cross vs. the Crescent in Europe|date=12 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever/wcm/b05b2646-3baa-42fb-b925-4e8af17f7b75?video_autoplay=true|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://torontosun.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|date=15 June 2018}}</ref> and [[Ensaf Haidar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4307779/raif-badawi-wife-ensaf-haidar-burqa-ban/|title=Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario|date=July 2018}}</ref> have called on the burqa to be banned.

In 2017 the [[mayor of Quebec City]], [[Régis Labeaume]], said he supports legislation banning the wearing of the niqab or burqa in public spaces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Labeaume wants Quebec City to ban face-covers in public spaces |newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]] |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/labeaume-wants-quebec-city-to-banish-face-covers-in-public-spaces |date=August 22, 2017 |quote="Personally, for me, one should not be allowed to hide one's face in a public space," he said in a news conference at city hall. "The face-covering of a protester (...) and the burqa and the niqab are all the same thing." [...] He said he agreed with the French law that prohibits wearing the burqa in a public space.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/08/25/religious-rights-may-dominate-remaining-weeks-of-ndp-leadership-campaign-hbert.html |title=Religious rights may dominate remaining weeks of NDP leadership campaign: Hébert |newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]] |first=Chantal |last=Hébert |date=August 25, 2017 |quote=Quebec City Mayor Régis Labeaume, among others, is arguing for a blanket ban on the wearing of burkas and niqabs in the public space.}}</ref> A 2017 Canadian poll found that 54% supported banning the burqa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.campaignresearch.com/single-post/2017/10/31/banning-burka-supported-by-majority-of-canadians | title=Majority of Canadians Support Banning the Burka | date=2 November 2017 }}</ref>

==Ban chronology==
The table below lists, in chronological order, states that are either [[United Nations]] (UN) members or have UN observer status that have completely banned the burqa.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Year banned !! Countries !! Countries per year !! Cumulative countries
|-
| 2010 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|France}} || 1 || 1
|-
| 2011 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Belgium}} || 1 || 2
|-
| 2015 || style=text-align:left | {{ubl|{{flag|Bulgaria}}|{{flag|Cameroon}}|{{flag|Chad}}|{{flag|Congo}}|{{flag|Gabon}}}} || 5 || 7
|-
| 2017 || style=text-align:left | {{ubl|{{flag|Austria}}|{{flag|China}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}}} || 3 || 10
|-
| 2018 || style=text-align:left | {{ubl|{{flag|Denmark}}|{{flag|Luxembourg}}}} || 2 || 12
|-
| 2019 || style=text-align:left | {{ubl|{{flag|Netherlands}}|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}|{{flag|Tunisia}}}} || 3 || 15
|-
| 2021 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Switzerland}} || 1 || 16
|-
| 2023 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || 1 || 17
|-
| 2025 || style=text-align:left | {{ubl|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|
{{flag|Senegal}}|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|{{flag|Portugal}}}}|| 5 || 22
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Fashion}}
* [[Women in Islam]]
* [[Islam in Europe]]
* [[Islamic dress in Europe]]
* [[Clothing laws by country]]
* [[Headscarf controversy in Turkey]]
* [[Hijab controversy in Quebec]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Hijab by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Hijabs by country}}
* [http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html Burqa ban: What it means for the West] – TCN News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130810/http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.htm Veil Project] – Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe ([[University of Vienna]])

[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Islam by country| ]]
[[Category:Islamic female clothing]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

K. Shamugasundaram

2026-03-26T02:00:20Z

Kartikeyar: fixed issues

{{short description|Member of the 17th Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| imagesize = 250px
| honorific_suffix =
| name = K. Shanmugasundaram
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|06|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
|constituency = [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[C. Mahendran]]
|party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| successor = [[K. Eswarasamy]]
| Nationality =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| mother =
| father =
| children =
| Profession =
| alma_mater =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4978
| Other Names =
}}
'''Kuppusamy Shanmugasundaram''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/pollachi-tamil-nadu-election-2019-pollachi-election-results-political-parties-aiadmk-dmk-ammk-mnm-bsp-ntk-c-mahendran-k-shanmugasundaram-s-muthukumar/417670| title=Pollachi Election Result 2019 | publisher=Times Now | date=24 May 2019 | accessdate=26 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/k-shanmugasundaram-dmks-pollachi-candidate-files-papers/articleshow/68529630.cms | title=K Shanmugasundaram, DMK's Pollachi candidate, files papers | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 March 2019 | accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/05/will-ensure-all-accused-in-pollachi-case-are-punished-dmk-chief-mk-stalin-1960382.html | title=Will ensure all accused in Pollachi case are punished: DMK chief MK Stalin | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=5 April 2019 | accessdate=22 March 2020}}</ref>

== Political career ==
=== Lok Sabha elections ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election]]||[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}||33.69||[[K. Sugumar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||39.66
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election]]||[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||51.20||[[C. Mahendran]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||34.97
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4978 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{17th LS members from Tamil Nadu}}

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamugasundaram, K.}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Muhammed Abdul Ali

2026-03-25T18:07:27Z

Kartikeyar: rework page for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Nawab of the Carnatic in India (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammed Abdul Ali
| title = [[Carnatic Sultanate#Prince of Arcot|Princes of Arcot]]
| image = 
| caption =
| succession = 8th Prince of Arcot
| reign = July 1993 – present
| predecessor = Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader
| spouse = Sayeeda Begum
| issue = {{unbulleted list| Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali Nawabzada Mohammed Naser Ali}}
| house = [[Nawabs of the Carnatic|House of Arcot]]
| father = Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader
| mother = Shamsunissa Begum
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|8|9}}
| birth_place = Arcot, Tamil Nadu, India
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
Al-Hajj '''[[Nawab]] Ghulam Muhammad 'Abdu'l 'Ali Khan Bahadur'''; (born 9 August 1951) is the current and eighth titular '''[[Prince of Arcot]]''' and head of the [[Nawabs of the Carnatic|House of Arcot]] in Tamil Nadu, India. He succeeded his father, [[Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader]], as Prince in July 1993. Although the princely title is no longer legally recognised, it continues as a hereditary distinction acknowledged by the [[Government of India]] for ceremonial and cultural purposes.<ref name="TOI2023">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Prince of Arcot receives meritorious service award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/prince-of-arcot-receives-meritorious-service-award/articleshow/99774169.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009150204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/prince-of-arcot-receives-meritorious-service-award/articleshow/99774169.cms |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2019">{{Cite news |title=HC rules in favour of the Prince of Arcot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-rules-in-favour-of-the-prince-of-arcot/article29356323.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208105959/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-rules-in-favour-of-the-prince-of-arcot/article29356323.ece |archive-date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : The House of Arcot |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100120200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218012719/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100120200.htm |archive-date=2004-02-18 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Web site on Nawabs of the Carnatic |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081513680300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125061701/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081513680300.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muhammed Abdul Ali was born on 9 August 1951 in Arcot, Tamil Nadu, as the eldest son of Nawab Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader and Shamsunissa Begum.<ref name="OfficialSite">{{Cite web |title=PRINCES {{!}} princeofarcot |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/princes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009135341/https://www.princeofarcot.in/princes |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=princeofarcot |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=From our online archive |title=King of the city |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Mar/17/king-of-the-city-236240.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009134949/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Mar/17/king-of-the-city-236240.html |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He undertook the pilgrimage (''Hajj'') to Mecca in 1966, along with his family and staff, a notable religious journey in his youth.<ref name="OfficialSite" />

== Accession ==
Following the death of his father in July 1993, Abdul Ali acceded as the eighth '''Prince of Arcot'''. His succession was ceremonially acknowledged at the family seat, [[Amir Mahal]], in Chennai.<ref name="OfficialSite" />

Under post-independence protocol, the Prince of Arcot retains a place in the Indian order of precedence roughly equivalent to that of a state cabinet minister, in recognition of historical standing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=V. P. |title=The Indian Constitution and the Princes |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |page=}}</ref>

== Public life ==
Abdul Ali has continued the family's tradition of civic and charitable engagement. He served twice as '''[[Sheriff of Madras]]''' (now Chennai), in 1984–85 and 1988–89.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 1984 |title=Prince of Arcot appointed Sheriff of Madras |access-date= |work=The Hindu Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=(India : State) |first=Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SUbAAAAYAAJ&q=Prince+of+Arcot++Sheriff+of+Madras&pg=PA4 |title=Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency |date=1879 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref>

He founded the organisation '''Harmony India''' in the early 1990s to promote communal amity, secularism, and national integration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Homepage of Shaikh Sadaqathullah (VU2 SDU) from India |url=https://www.qsl.net/vu2sdu/harmony.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009143307/https://www.qsl.net/vu2sdu/harmony.html |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.qsl.net}}</ref>

He also presides over the '''All India Muslim Educational Society (AIMES)''' and the '''Carnatic Family Association'''.<ref name="OfficialSite" />

Abdul Ali oversees the "''Prince of Arcot Endowments''", which administers various mosques, charitable trusts, and religious properties in Tamil Nadu, as well as endowed properties in Mecca and Medina. The body operates under the '''''"Prince of Arcot Endowment Act, 1922"'''''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/1923TN2 |title=The Prince of Arcot Endowments Act, 1922 |language=English}}</ref>

== Recognition and awards ==
In April 2023, the Indo-Australian Association of Chennai conferred upon him the '''Meritorious Service Award''' for promoting inter-faith harmony and communal peace.<ref name="TOI2023" />

In 2019, the [[Madras High Court]] dismissed a public interest litigation seeking to revoke his title and associated privileges, finding the title use and related facilities permissible under existing arrangements.<ref name="Hindu2019" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Plea to remove Prince of Arcot title rejected |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Sep/06/plea-for-removal-of-nawab-alis-prince-of-arcot-title-rejected-2030113.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Muhammed Abdul Ali is married to Sayeeda Begum. They have two sons:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwTX7qFaBY |title=Chennai -ல இப்படி ஒரு பிரமாண்டமான அரண்மனை-யா? {{!}} Live Visit {{!}} Palace Tour |date=2022-06-13 |last=Aval Vikatan |access-date=2025-10-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* '''Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali''', the heir-apparent and current Dewan to the Prince of Arcot; and
* '''Nawabzada Mohammed Naser Ali'''.<ref name="OfficialSite" />

He resides at [[Amir Mahal]], Chennai, and is known for his interests in literature, art, and horticulture.<ref name="OfficialSite" />

== Legacy ==
Although no longer a ruling figure in constitutional terms, Abdul Ali remains a prominent cultural and community leader in South India. He is consulted in inter-faith dialogues, heritage initiatives, and continues to represent the Carnatic nobility in ceremonial and philanthropic functions.<ref name="TOI2023" />

==See also==
*[[Nawab of the Carnatic]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==

* {{Cite web |title=Prince of Arcot - Official site |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=princeofarcot |language=en}}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080120192018/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100120200.htm House of Arcot]}}, [[The Hindu]], dated 1 February 2004
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lBx2ggBM1E |title=Privy Purse ख़त्म होने के बाद भी लाखों की पेंशन?! Prince of Arcot {{!}} History {{!}} Alif Laila E93 |date=2025-10-07 |last=Khabargaon |access-date=2025-10-09 |via=YouTube}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|other}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Arcot]]
|years=4 July 1993–present}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Mohammed Asif Ali]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Ali, Muhammed}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Madras]]

British Hong Kong

2026-03-24T21:46:15Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|British colony in Asia from 1841 to 1997}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Hong Kong
| life_span = 1841–1941 (1941–1945: [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]]) 1945–1997
| status_text = [[British Crown Colony]]
| common_name = Hong Kong (1841–1997)
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hk|香港}}
| image_flag = Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg
| flag_alt = Flag of Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
| flag_type = Flag (1959–1997)
| flag_type_article = Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997)
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms (1959–1997)
| symbol_type_article = Emblem of Hong Kong#Colonial arms
| coat_alt = Coat of arms of Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
| national_anthem = [[God Save the King|God Save the Queen]] (1841–1901; 1952–1997) [[God Save the King]] (1901–1941; 1945–1952) {{center|[[File:God_Save_The_Queen_(Band_of_the_Grenadier_Guards,_1952_instrumental).oga]]}}
| image_map = Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered).svg
| status = {{ublist|[[Crown colony]] (1843–1941; 1945–1981)|[[British Overseas Territories|British Dependent Territory]] (1981–1997)}}
| capital = [[Victoria, Hong Kong|Victoria]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Hong Kong English|English]]|[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]){{NoteTag|name=language-status|No specific variety of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] was listed in legislation, but [[Cantonese]] was the ''de facto'' standard as it was the native variety of the colony; Chinese was made official in 1974.}}}}
| religion = {{hlist
| [[Christianity in Hong Kong|Christianity]]
| [[Chinese folk religion|Folk]]
| [[Buddhism]]
| [[Taoism]]
| [[Hinduism in Hong Kong|Hinduism]]
| [[Islam in Hong Kong|Islam]]
| [[Jews in Hong Kong|Judaism]]
}}
| demonym = [[Hongkongers|Hongkonger]]{{NoteTag|name=demonym|''Hongkonger'' and ''Hong Konger'' were both used by the British administrators of Hong Kong.}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Colonial models and the evolution of education systems |url= https://web.edu.hku.hk/f/staff/376/Tang%26Bray2000.pdf |date=2000 |format=PDF |author1=Kwok-Chun Tang |author2=Mark Bray |website=web.edu.hku.hk |quote=During the twentieth century the Hong Kong authorities constructed a highly centralized system, which at the end of the century moved towards decentralization. In Macau, by contrast, government neglect led to an uncoordinated collection of imported systems. At the end of the century the Macau government endeavored to unify the sector, but faced major challenges and limitations. }}</ref> parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| leader2 = [[Edward VII]]
| leader3 = [[George V]]
| leader4 = [[Edward VIII]]
| leader5 = [[George VI]]
| leader6 = [[Elizabeth II]]
| year_leader1 = 1841–1901
| year_leader2 = 1901–1910
| year_leader3 = 1910–1936
| year_leader4 = 1936
| year_leader5 = 1936–1941, 1945–1952
| year_leader6 = 1952–1997
| title_leader = [[List of British monarchs|Monarch]]
| representative1 = {{nowrap|[[Henry Pottinger|Sir Henry Pottinger]] (''first'')}}
| representative2 = [[Chris Patten]] (''last'')
| year_representative1 = 1843–1844
| year_representative2 = 1992–1997
| title_representative = [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]]
| deputy1 = [[George Alexander Malcolm|George Malcolm]] (''first'')
| deputy2 = [[Anson Chan]] (''last'')
| year_deputy1 = 1843
| year_deputy2 = 1993–1997
| title_deputy = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]]{{NoteTag|The office of Colonial Secretary was renamed to [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]] in 1976.}}
| legislature = [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| era = [[Victorian era]] to 20th century
| event_pre = [[Convention of Chuenpi|British occupation]], signed by [[Charles Elliot]] and [[Qishan (official)|Qishan]]
| date_pre = 26 January 1841
| event_start = [[Treaty of Nanking]]
| date_start = 29 August 1842
| event1 = [[Convention of Peking]]
| date_event1 = 18 October 1860
| event2 = [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory]]
| date_event2 = 9 June 1898
| event3 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]]
| date_event3 = 25 December 1941 – 30 August 1945
| event_end = [[Handover of Hong Kong]]
| date_end = 1 July 1997
| currency = {{unbulleted list
| [[Hong Kong dollar]] (from 1937)
| [[Trade dollar]] (1895–1937)
| [[Spanish dollar]] (until 1895)
| [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|Chinese cash]] (until 1895)
}}
| population_estimate = 6,217,556<ref>{{cite report |title = Main Results |work=1996 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=December 1996 |url = https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf |access-date = 7 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013094501/https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 1996
| population_density_km2 = 5,796
| GDP_PPP = $154 billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 1996<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1996&ey=1996&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=63&pr1.y=12&c=532&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title = Hong Kong |publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date = 6 September 2018 |archive-date = 19 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181119201906/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1996&ey=1996&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=63&pr1.y=12&c=532&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status = live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $23,843
| GDP_nominal = $160 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 1996<ref name="imf2" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,698
| Gini = 51.8
| Gini_year = 1996
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite report |title=Gini Coefficient Fact Sheet |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=December 2004 |url = http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/sec/library/0405fs07e.pdf |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173916/http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/sec/library/0405fs07e.pdf |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.808 
| HDI_year = 1995
| HDI_change = increase
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[[Hong Kong]] was under [[British Empire|British rule]] from 1841 to 1997, except for a [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|brief period of Japanese occupation]] during the [[Second World War]] from 1941 to 1945. It was a [[Crown colony]] of the [[United Kingdom]] from 1841 to 1981, and a [[British Dependent Territory|dependent territory]] from 1981 to 1997. The colonial period began with the British occupation of [[Hong Kong Island]] under the [[Convention of Chuenpi]] in 1841 of the [[Victorian era]], and ended with the [[handover of Hong Kong]] in July 1997.

In accordance with Article III of the [[Treaty of Nanking]] of 1842, signed in the aftermath of the [[First Opium War]], the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain. It was established as a [[Crown colony]] in 1843.<ref>{{cite journal|volume=5|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|title=Government and People in Hong Kong 1841–1962: A Constitutional History|first1=Colina|last1=Lupton|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881414|year=1965|pages=95–100 |jstor=23881414 |quote=Given the fact that Hong Kong received a Crown Colony form of constitution in 1843 and still retains it in 1965, there must be something which explains its tranquillity in the midst of a continent of upheaval.}}</ref> In 1860, the British expanded the colony with the addition of the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and was further extended in 1898 when the British obtained [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|a 99-year lease]] of the [[New Territories]]. Although the Qing had to cede Hong Kong Island and Kowloon in perpetuity as per the treaty, the leased New Territories comprised 86.2% of the colony and more than half of the entire colony's population. With the lease nearing its end during the late 20th century, Britain did not see any viable way to administer the colony by dividing it, whilst the [[China|People's Republic of China]] would not consider extending the lease or allowing continued British administration thereafter.

With the signing of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 1984, which stated that the economic and social systems in Hong Kong would remain relatively unchanged for 50 years, the British government agreed to [[Handover of Hong Kong|transfer the entire territory]] to China upon the expiration of the New Territories lease in 1997 – with Hong Kong becoming a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] (SAR) until at least 2047.<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/draftagreementbe00hong/page/n5 A Draft Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Future of Hong Kong]'' (1984). pp. 1, 8.</ref><ref name="JointDec">{{cite web |url=https://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/joint3.htm |title=The Joint Declaration |author= |date=1 July 2007 |website=Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau – The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China |access-date=8 April 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061613/https://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/joint3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Colonial establishment ===

{{further|History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)|Bao'an County}}

In 1836, the imperial government of the [[Qing dynasty]] undertook a major policy review of the opium trade, which had been first introduced to the Chinese by [[Persian people|Persian]] then [[Islamic]] traders over many centuries.<ref name=cowell97>{{cite book|author-link=Adrian Cowell|first1=Adrian|last1=Cowell|publisher=PBS Frontline|title=The Opium Kings|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|year=1997|access-date=May 16, 2007|archive-date=23 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053042/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=robson>{{cite book|author=Philip Robson|title=Forbidden Drugs|url=https://archive.org/details/forbiddendrugs0000robs|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-262955-5}}</ref><ref name="Schiff">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021327/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200207/ai_n9107282/print |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |title=Opium and its alkaloids | author=Paul L. Schiff Jr. |year=2002 |access-date=May 8, 2007 |work=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education }}</ref><ref name=trocki99>{{cite book |title=Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950 |first=Carl A. |last=Trocki |author-link=Carl A. Trocki|publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-19918-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNvkSC26bcC }}</ref><ref name=trocki02>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720075013/http://www.humanities.qut.edu.au/research/socialchange/docs/conf_papers2002/TrockiCarl.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2008|author=Carl A. Trocki|title=Opium as a commodity and the Chinese drug plague|year=2002|access-date=September 13, 2009|author-link=Carl A. Trocki}}</ref> Viceroy [[Lin Zexu]] took on the task of suppressing the opium trade. In March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], where he ordered foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the [[Canton Factories]] and cut off their supplies. Chief Superintendent of Trade, [[Charles Elliot]], complied with Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, which were [[Destruction of opium at Humen|destroyed in public]].{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=9–10}}

In September 1839, the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|British Cabinet]] decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, either by the threat or use of force. An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear-Admiral [[George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)|George Elliot]], as joint [[plenipotentiaries]] in 1840. Foreign Secretary [[Lord Palmerston]] stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China's right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=9–10}} He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death. He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the [[Zhoushan|Chusan Islands]] in the [[Hangzhou Bay]] delta across from [[Shanghai]], then to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the [[Daoguang Emperor|Emperor of China]], then to proceed to the [[Gulf of Bohai]] for a treaty, and if the Chinese resisted, then to blockade the key ports of the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] and [[Yellow River|Yellow]] rivers.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=11}} Palmerston demanded a territorial base in the Chusan Islands for trade so that British merchants "may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local Authorities at the Sea-Ports of the Empire".{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=21}}

In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, [[Qishan (official)|Qishan]], in the [[Convention of Chuenpi]] during the [[First Opium War]]. On 20 January, Elliot announced "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements", which included the cession of the barren [[Hong Kong Island]] and its harbour to the [[British Crown]].{{sfn|Welsh|1997}}{{page needed|date=September 2020}}<ref name="repository">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63 The Chinese Repository]''. Volume 10. pp. 63–64.</ref> Elliot chose Hong Kong Island instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement nearer to [[Shanghai]] would cause an "indefinite protraction of hostilities", whereas Hong Kong Island's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=11, 21}} British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=11}} Commodore [[Gordon Bremer]], commander-in-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at [[Possession Point]], where the [[Union Jack]] was raised under a ''[[feu de joie|fire of joy]]'' from the marines and a [[21-gun salute|royal salute]] from the warships.<ref>[[Edward Belcher|Belcher, Edward]] (1843). ''[https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofvoyag02belc#page/148 Narrative of a Voyage Round the World]''. Volume 2. London: Henry Colburn. p. 148.</ref> Hong Kong Island was ceded in the [[Treaty of Nanking]] on 29 August 1842 and established as a [[Crown colony]] after the ratification exchanged between the [[Daoguang Emperor]] and [[Queen Victoria]] was completed on 26 June 1843.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=12}}

By 1842, Hong Kong had become the major arms supply port in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Driscoll |first=Mark W. |title=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7 |location=Durham}}</ref>{{Rp|page=5}}

=== Growth and expansion ===

The Treaty of Nanking failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit, which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=29}} In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the ''Arrow'', a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy the protection of the British flag. The Consul in Canton, [[Harry Smith Parkes|Harry Parkes]], claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were "an insult of very grave character". Parkes and [[John Bowring|Sir John Bowring]], the fourth [[Governor of Hong Kong]], seized on the incident to pursue a forward policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] as Plenipotentiary, with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of [[Auguste Chapdelaine|a French missionary]] in 1856.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=32–33}} In 1860, the [[Battle of Taku Forts (1860)|capture of the Taku Forts]] and occupation of Beijing led to the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] and [[Convention of Peking]]. In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River, legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British occupied the [[Kowloon Peninsula]], where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in what is now south of [[Boundary Street]] and [[Stonecutters Island]] was ceded in the Convention of Peking.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=33, 35}}

In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, [[Claude MacDonald|Sir Claude MacDonald]], representing Britain, and diplomat [[Li Hongzhang]] leading the Chinese, the [[Second Convention of Peking]] was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to [[Kwantung Leased Territory|Russia]], [[Kiautschou Bay concession|Germany]] and [[Guangzhouwan|France]] that same year, the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the [[Sham Chun River]] and 230 islands, which became known as the [[New Territories]]. The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=38–41}}

<gallery class="center">
File:Early painting of Hong Kong Island.jpg|Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island, showing the waterfront settlement which became [[Victoria, Hong Kong|Victoria City]]
File:Spring Gardens 1846.jpg|[[Spring Garden Lane]], 1846
File:View of Hong Kong, and the 'River Bird' steamer.jpg|View of Hong Kong, 1855
File:In the track of the terrible typhoon which swept over Hong Kong recently LOC 3909879672.jpg|''[[New York Tribune]]'' front page, giving details on [[1906 Hong Kong typhoon]]
</gallery>

=== Japanese occupation ===

[[File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webm|thumb|Hong Kong, 1937]]

{{Main|Battle of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation of Hong Kong}}

In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] that if [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] attacked Hong Kong, the [[National Revolutionary Army|Chinese National Army]] would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the [[Battle of Hong Kong]] began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=121}} Two days later, the Japanese breached the [[Gin Drinkers Line]] in the New Territories. The British commander, Major-General [[Christopher Maltby]], concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the Japanese crossed [[Victoria Harbour]].{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=122}} By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor [[Mark Aitchison Young|Sir Mark Young]], who accepted his advice to reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Chiang ordered three corps under General [[Yu Hanmou]] to march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=123–124}}

The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.{{sfn|Snow|2004|p=81}} The population fell in half, from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945.<ref>Tsai, Jung-Fang (2005). "Wartime Experience, Collective Memories, and Hong Kong Identity". ''China Review International'' '''12''' (1): 229.</ref>

[[File:Battle of HK 01.jpg|thumb|Japanese troops crossing the border from the mainland, 1941]]

The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class, with far less terror than in other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] and [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British.<ref>Zhang, Wei-Bin (2006). ''Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile-Diligence''. Nova Publishers. p. 109.</ref>

=== Restoration of British rule ===

{{Further|Liberation of Hong Kong|1950s in Hong Kong|1960s in Hong Kong|1970s in Hong Kong|1980s in Hong Kong|1990s in Hong Kong|}}

[[File:Hong Kong Re-occupied. 30 August 1945, Hong Kong, Before, during and After the Re-occupation of the Crown Colony. A30509.jpg|thumb|British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear-Admiral [[Cecil Harcourt]], 30 August 1945]]

On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=133}} On 1 September, Rear-Admiral [[Cecil Harcourt]] proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in [[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]].{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=138}} Young, upon his return as governor in May 1946, pursued political reform known as the "[[Young Plan (Hong Kong)|Young Plan]]", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=143–144}} Hong Kong remained a part of the UK and overseas colonies from 1949 until it transitioned its colony to a British dependent territory in 1983.

The economy was the main concern after the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Hong Kong welcomed business from both the PRC and [[Taiwan]]. Investments from Taiwan were particularly lucrative, and Taiwanese interests were given preferential treatment in state compensation and justice. The [[Triad (organized crime)|Triads]] were strongly embedded in Taiwanese economic connections.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Preface}} Political activity, covert activity and low intensity violence – including assassinations – by Chinese and Taiwanese agents was tolerated so long as it did not disrupt public order or threaten British sovereignty.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''Ignoring Assassins''}} Hong Kong was a base for American-sponsored Taiwanese and anti-communist insurgents and terrorists operating in southern China in the 1950s and early 1960s.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''Long faced communists''}}{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 3: ''1963''; section ''History of KMT enemy status''}}{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 2: ''The colonial anatomy: The 1956 riot''; section ''Pointing the finger''}} The British claimed that increasing policing to control movement from Hong Kong to China was impractical, and that the mutual [[open border]] policy was responsible.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 2: ''The colonial anatomy: The 1956 riot''; section ''Pointing the finger''}} Hong Kong's value as a conduit for [[international trade]] shielded it from most PRC pressure during the 1950s.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''Conclusion''}}

[[File:Hong Kong - Bus and Trams.jpg|thumb|A double-decker bus and two double-decker trams in [[Queen's Road Central]], 1967]]

Hong Kong received Chinese [[refugee]]s – "Rightists" – fleeing the Chinese Civil War and communist persecution. They became cheap labour.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''The slaughter''}} Some were recruited in Hong Kong as anti-communist militants.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''Long faced communists''}} A major cause of the [[1956 Hong Kong riots]] started by "Rightists" was poverty.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 2: ''The colonial anatomy: The 1956 riot''; section ''Pointing the finger''}} The response to the riots favoured the Rightists; Rightist instigators were lightly prosecuted, compensation was denied to communists and bystanders, and the communists were officially blamed as coinstigators.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 3: ''1963''; section ''Introduction''}} The lax persecution of the riots Rightists instigators was used by the PRC to criticize the "airy use of the rule of law as a pragmatic stand-in for [[human rights]]" that characterized British colonialism.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 1: ''Communist anatomy (1950–1955)''; section ''Long faced communists''}}

In 1963, Hong Kong suppressed cells of Taiwanese militants in response to demands from the PRC; the PRC provided a list of Taiwanese agents.{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 3: ''1963''; section ''British admissions''}} By this time, Britain no longer considered a Taiwanese conquest of China to be realistic;{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 3: ''1963''; section ''The KMT liability in regional politics''}} the evolving discourse on human rights also made it difficult to legitimize being a sponsor of [[state terrorism]].{{sfn|Price|2019|loc=Chapter 3: ''1963''; section ''Conclusion''}}

=== Transfer of sovereignty ===
{{Main|Handover of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hongkong 1980 (View from Peak).jpg|thumb|Urban Hong Kong in 1980]]

The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including [[Hong Kong Island]], Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=2000-11-15|title=How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?|publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]|url=http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767.htm|quote=[[Deng Xiaoping]] met with [[Margaret Thatcher|Mrs. Thatcher]] on September 24, 1982. The Chinese Premier had held talks with her before this meeting. And Chinese leaders formally informed the British side that the '''Chinese Government had decided to recover all of the Hong Kong region''' in 1997. Also, China offered assurances that it would initiate special policies after '''recovering Hong Kong'''.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313183627/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767.htm|archive-date=2007-03-13|access-date=2020-11-19|url-status=live }}</ref>

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In accordance with the [[One country, two systems|One Country, Two Systems]] principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]]. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the [[Great Hall of the People]]. The [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]] at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] and [[Standard Chartered Bank]], Hong Kong celebrities such as [[Li Ka-shing]], [[Pao Yue-kong]] and [[Fok Ying-tung]], and also [[Martin Lee|Martin Lee Chu-ming]] and [[Szeto Wah]].

[[File:PRC and Hong Kong flags.jpg|thumb|The flag of Hong Kong SAR next to the flag of People's Republic of China]]

The [[Hong Kong handover ceremony|handover ceremony]] was held at the new wing of the [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]] in [[Wan Chai]] on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]] (now Charles III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of his mother, [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]]. The newly elected [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Tony Blair]]; the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]], [[Robin Cook]]; the departing [[Hong Kong Governor|Governor of Hong Kong]], [[Chris Patten]]; the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal [[Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank|Sir Charles Guthrie]], also attended.

Representing China were the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]], [[Jiang Zemin]]; [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]], [[Li Peng]]; and [[Tung Chee-hwa]], the first [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]. This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world.

== Government ==

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| caption3 = [[Anson Chan]] [[Chief Secretary of Hong Kong|Chief Secretary]] (1993–1997)
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Hong Kong was a [[Crown colony]] of the United Kingdom and maintained an administration roughly modelled after the [[Westminster system]]. The [[Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917|Letters Patent]] formed the constitutional basis of the colonial government and the [[Hong Kong Royal Instructions 1917|Royal Instructions]] detailed how the territory should be governed and organised.

The [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]] was the head of government and appointed by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] to serve as the representative of the Crown in the colony. Executive power was highly concentrated with the Governor, who himself appointed almost all members of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] and [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]] and also served as President of both chambers.<ref name="GreenPaper">Hong Kong Government (July 1984). ''[https://archive.org/details/greenpaperfurthe00hong Green Paper: The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong]''. Hong Kong: Government Printer.</ref> The British government provided oversight for the colonial government; the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils<ref name="GreenPaper"/> and the Sovereign held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions.

The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval. This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances. The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds. This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation.<ref name="GreenPaper"/> Indirectly elected [[1985 Hong Kong legislative election|functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985]] and popularly elected [[1991 Hong Kong legislative election|geographical constituency seats in 1991]]. [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|Further electoral reform in 1994]] effectively made the legislature broadly representative. The administrative Civil Service was led by the [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]] (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.<ref name="GreenPaper"/>

[[File:Hong Kong; the Government House and grounds. Photograph. Wellcome V0037343.jpg|thumb|[[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]], {{Circa|1873}}]]

The judicial system was based on [[English law]], with [[Traditional Chinese law|Chinese customary law]] taking a secondary role in civil cases involving Chinese residents.<ref>Lewis, D. J. (April 1983). "A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong". ''The International and Comparative Law Quarterly'' '''32''' (2): 347–379. Cambridge University Press. {{JSTOR|759499}}.</ref> The [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court of Hong Kong]] was the highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony. During the early colonial period, extraterritorial appellate cases from other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in this court. Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], which exercised final adjudication over the entire British Empire.<ref>Jones, Oliver (2014). "A Worthy Predecessor? The Privy Council on Appeal from Hong Kong, 1853 to 1997". In Ghai, Y.; Young, S. ''Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China's Hong Kong''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{SSRN|2533284}}.</ref>

In March 1975 the Hong Kong government introduced a programme to measure public opinion of government efforts, known as Movement of Opinion Direction (MOOD).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mok|first=Florence|title=Public opinion polls and covert colonialism in British Hong Kong|date=2018-07-09|journal=[[China Information]]| volume=33 | pages=66–87 |doi=10.1177/0920203X18787431| s2cid=150104890 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cadets ===
{{Main|Administrative Officer (Hong Kong)}}
In 1861, Governor [[Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead|Sir Hercules Robinson]] introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn [[Cantonese]] and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a fast track to the [[Hong Kong Civil Service|Civil Service]]. Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration. After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=25–26}}

=== Military ===
{{Main|British Forces Overseas Hong Kong}}
[[File:HMS Loch Killisport (F628) at Hong Kong 01 1964.JPG|thumb|The Royal Navy frigate ''[[HMS Loch Killisport (K628)|HMS Loch Killisport]]'' at Hong Kong, 1964]]

Prior to and during the [[Second World War]], the garrison was composed of [[British Army]] battalions and locally enlisted personnel (LEPs) who served as regular members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy or the [[Hong Kong Military Service Corps]] and their associate land units. The [[Hong Kong Brigade]] served as the main garrison formation. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the garrison was reinforced with [[British Indian Army]] and [[Canadian Army]] units. A second brigade, the Kowloon Infantry Brigade, was formed to assist in commanding the expanded force. The garrison was defeated during the [[Battle of Hong Kong]], by the [[Empire of Japan]].

After the Second World War and the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]], the British military reestablished a presence. As a result of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the British Army raised the [[40th Division (United Kingdom)|40th Infantry Division]] and dispatched it to garrison Hong Kong. It later left for combat in the [[Korean War]], and the defense of the territory was taken up by additional British forces who were rotated from Europe. The garrison was further supplemented by LEPs, and [[Gurkha]]s. The latter came from [[Nepal]], but formed part of the British Army. The size of the garrison during the [[Cold War]] fluctuated and ended up being based around one brigade.

The [[Royal Hong Kong Regiment]], a military unit which was part of the Hong Kong Government, was trained and organised along the lines of a British [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] unit. As such, it was supported by British Army regular personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, were seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members were local citizens of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] descent.

== Economy ==
[[File:HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Harbour]] in 1988, showing the [[Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong|Bank of China Tower]] being built]]
The [[economy of Hong Kong]] under British rule was based on free trade and [[positive non-interventionism]], with the minimal red tape allowing the colony to flourish primarily as a [[free-trade zone]] and later as an [[offshore financial centre]]. The stability, security, and predictability of [[Law of the United Kingdom|British law]] and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=57}} In the colony's first decade, revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=57}} Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower needed to build a new port city.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=58}}

By the late 1980s, many ethnic Chinese people had become major business figures in Hong Kong. Amongst these billionaires was Sir [[Li Ka-shing]], who had become one of the colony's wealthiest people by this time.

== Culture ==
[[File:Royal Mail post box with man in Hong Kong 1962.jpg|thumb|A man leaning on a Royal Mail post box in Hong Kong, 1962]]

British Hong Kong was characterised as a hybrid of [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western culture|West]]. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blended with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=169}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of the population was ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong developed a distinct identity from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development, with mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=167–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|He|2013}}.</ref> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tended to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|2015}}.</ref> Residents' sense of local identity remained post-handover, with the majority of the population (52%) identifying as "Hongkongers", while 11% described themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population held mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |title=HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey |publisher=Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong |date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditional Chinese family values, including [[family honor|family honour]], [[filial piety]], and a [[Sex selection|preference for sons]], remained prevalent.<ref>{{harvnb|Family Survey|2013|pp=12–13}}.</ref> [[Nuclear family|Nuclear families]] were the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families were not unusual.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=77}}.</ref> In British-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lary |first=Diana |url= |title=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-06478-1 |edition= |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=126 |oclc=1292532755}}</ref>

Spiritual concepts such as ''[[feng shui]]'' were observed; large-scale construction projects often hired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to ''feng shui'' was believed to determine the success of a business. ''[[Bagua]]'' mirrors were regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|Fowler|2008|p=263}}.</ref> and buildings often lack [[Chinese numerology|floor numbers with a 4]];<ref>{{harvnb|Xi|Ingham|2003|p=181}}.</ref> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Chow|2006|p=3}}.</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hong Kong 1978 05.jpg|thumb|Shopping street at [[Kowloon]] with signs in English and Traditional Chinese, 1978]]

A prominent example of cultural integration in everyday life in British Hong Kong, was the use of [[British English]] as a common [[second language]], and also the sole [[official language]] of the colony until 1974, when Chinese was accorded co-official status.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/24/archives/hong-kong-adopts-a-language-law-complications-for-officials.html Hong Kong Adopts A Language-Law], ''[[New York Times]]'', March 24, 1974</ref> In addition to British English being taught in [[Primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s, there were also English-medium schools operated by the [[English Schools Foundation]], established in 1967.<ref>[https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap1117 The English Schools Foundation Ordinance]</ref> For the metro system, the metro lines were named after places instead of numbered, unlike [[Mainland China]], where metro lines were numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], as well as [[List of cities in China|Chinese cities]] and places. Aside from [[Chinese New Year]], [[Christmas]] was celebrated as the second-most important festival. In [[literature]], some [[idiom]]s in [[Cantonese]] were directly translated from those in English. A [[Mandarin Chinese]] speaker might recognise the words but not understand the meaning.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hong Kong cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg
| height1 = 600
| width1 = 800
| alt1 = An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal
| image2 = Cha Chaan Teng.jpg
| height2 = 1200
| width2 = 1600
| alt2 = French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right
| footer = ''(left)'' Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; ''(right)'' ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' breakfast food with [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]]
}}

Food in Hong Kong under British rule was primarily based on [[Cantonese cuisine]], despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice was the staple food, and was usually served plain with other dishes.<ref name="LongHKFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=271}}.</ref> Freshness of ingredients was emphasised. Poultry and seafood were commonly sold live at [[wet market]]s, and ingredients were used as quickly as possible.<ref>{{harvnb|Curry|Hanstedt|2014|pp=9–12}}.</ref> There were five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and ''[[siu yeh]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=272}}.</ref> [[Dim sum]], as part of ''[[yum cha]]'' (brunch), was a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [[congee]], ''[[cha siu bao]]'', ''[[siu yuk]]'', [[egg tart]]s, and [[mango pudding]]. Local versions of Western food were served at ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common ''cha chaan teng'' menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]].<ref name="LongHKFood" />

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Bruce Lee performs nunchaku.jpg|thumb|[[Bruce Lee]] became an iconic figure of the Hong Kong film industry, profoundly shaping its global recognition and influence.]]

Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<ref>{{harvnb|Fu|2008|pp=381, 388–389}}.</ref> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as ''[[The World of Suzie Wong (film)|The World of Suzie Wong]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=148}}.</ref> When [[Bruce Lee]]'s ''[[The Way of the Dragon]]'' was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'', ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'', and ''[[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain]]'' expanded global interest beyond [[martial arts film]]s; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=168}}.</ref> Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'', ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' and [[Wong Kar Wai]] movies. The city's martial arts film roots were evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [[Jackie Chan]], [[Donnie Yen]], [[Jet Li]], [[Chow Yun-fat]], and [[Michelle Yeoh]] frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum has shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually declined to about 60 in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Ge|2017}}.</ref>
{{clear left}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Hong Kong}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=300
|image1=Leslie Cheung.jpg |height1=241 |width1=316|alt1=Leslie Cheung with a microphone
|image2=Andy Lau (cropped).jpg |height2=500 |width2=483|alt2=A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit
|footer=[[Leslie Cheung]] ''(left)'' was considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and [[Andy Lau]] was an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
}}

[[Cantopop]] was a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style ''[[shidaiqu]]'', it was also influenced by [[Cantonese opera]] and Western pop.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=1–9, 24–25}}.</ref> Local media featured songs by artists such as [[Sam Hui]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Leslie Cheung]], and [[Alan Tam]]; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=77–85}}.</ref> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [[Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)|Four Heavenly Kings]] dominated Asian record charts.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=107–116}}.</ref> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=9–10}}.</ref>

Western classical music historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remained a large part of local musical education.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Moir|Brennan|Rambarran|2017|p=101}}</ref> The publicly funded [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]], the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The [[Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra]], composed of [[Chinese orchestra|classical Chinese instruments]], was the leading Chinese ensemble and played a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2011|p=147}}.</ref>

=== Sport and recreation ===
{{Main|Sport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Happy Valley Racecourse Hong Kong June 1963.jpg|thumb|right|[[Happy Valley Racecourse]], 1963]]

Despite its small area, the territory regularly hosted the [[Hong Kong Sevens]], [[Hong Kong Marathon]], [[Hong Kong Tennis Classic]] and [[Lunar New Year Cup]], and hosted the inaugural [[AFC Asian Cup]] and the [[1995 Dynasty Cup]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghoshal|2011}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Horne|Manzenreiter|2002|p=128}}.</ref>

Hong Kong was separately represented from [[China|mainland China]], with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and earned a gold medal. [[Lee Lai-shan]] won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta Olympics]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=141}}.</ref> Between 1972 and 1996, Hong Kong athletes won [[Hong Kong at the Paralympics|60 medals at the Paralympic Games]]. As part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], British Hong Kong participated in the [[Commonwealth Games]], in which it won [[Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games|17 medals]], the city's last appearance in the Games being in [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=99}}.</ref>

[[Dragon boat]] races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [[Dragon Boat Festival|Tuen Ng Festival]]. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [[Hong Kong Tourism Board|Tourism Board]]'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<ref>{{harvnb|Sofield|Sivan|2003}}.</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]], known between 1960 and 1996 as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, became the territory's largest taxpayer.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&dq=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvsaPsOKIAxUCUkEAHYZbJPQQ6AF6BAgJEAI ''Annual Report on Hong Kong''], H.M. Stationery Office, 1975, page 29</ref> Three forms of gambling were legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<ref name="JockeyClub">{{harvnb|Littlewood|2010|pp=16–17}}.</ref>

== Dissent ==
{{POV section|date=April 2023}}
[[File:1967 Hong Kong riots-Communists and Police.jpg|thumb|Police confrontation during the 1967 leftist riots]]

During China's turbulent 20th century, Hong Kong served as a safe haven for dissidents, political refugees, and officials who had lost power. British policy allowed dissidents to live in Hong Kong as long as they did not break local laws or harm British interests. The implementation of this policy varied according to what the senior officials thought constituted British interests and the state of relations with China.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|pp=80–81}} The [[Canton–Hong Kong strike]] (1925–1926) was anti-imperialist in nature. The [[Hong Kong 1966 riots|1966 riots]] and [[Maoist]]-led [[1967 Hong Kong riots|1967 riots]], essentially spillovers from the [[Cultural Revolution]], were large scale demonstrations fuelled by tensions surrounding labour disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government.<ref>Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (2009). ''Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots''. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.</ref> Although the 1967 riots started as a labour dispute, the incident escalated quickly after the leftist camp and mainland officials stationed in Hong Kong seized the opportunity to mobilise their followers to protest against the colonial government.<ref>Cheung, Gary (10 June 2016). "[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1971502/when-cultural-revolution-spilled-over-riots-hong-kong When the Cultural Revolution spilled over into riots in Hong Kong – and changed lives forever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512084353/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1971502/when-cultural-revolution-spilled-over-riots-hong-kong# |date=12 May 2017 }}". ''South China Morning Post''. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</ref> [[Chinese Communist Party]] supporters organised the [[Anti-British Struggle Committee]] during the riots.

[[Steve Tsang]], director of the China Institute of the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] at the [[University of London]], wrote that it was "ironic" that despite Hong Kong being a symbol of China's humiliation by Britain, there was not one major movement started by the Chinese residents of the colony for its retrocession to China, even though there had been several upsurges of [[Chinese nationalism]].{{sfn|Tsang|1995|p=1}} He explained:
<blockquote>
In the 1920s, the working class Chinese of Hong Kong did not have a good reason to rally around the Hong Kong government, and they were more susceptible to appeals based on Chinese nationalism. Consequently, the call of the Communists was basically heeded by the working men, and their actions practically paralysed the colony for a year. By the [end of the] 1960s, however, the attempts by the Hong Kong government to maintain stability and good order which helped improve everyone's living conditions, and ... the beginning of the emergence of a Hong Kong identity, changed the attitude of the local Chinese. They overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial British regime.{{sfn|Tsang|1995|p=246}}
</blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[British Military Hospital, Hong Kong|British Military Hospital]]
* [[English Schools Foundation|British Education]]
* [[Royal Hong Kong Regiment]]
* [[Special Branch (Hong Kong)|Political Department]]
* [[Flags of Elizabeth II]]
* [[British Forces Overseas Hong Kong]]
* [[Commander British Forces in Hong Kong]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Lucy M. |title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062116/https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Gareth Dylan |last2=Moir |first2=Zack |last3=Brennan |first3=Matt |last4=Rambarran |first4=Shara |last5=Kirkman |first5=Phil |date=2017 |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4724-6498-9 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062114/https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Snow |first=Philip |year=2004 |title=The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation |location=[[New Haven, CT]] |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300103735 }}.
* {{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Rohan B.E. |title=Resistance in Colonial and Communist China, 1950-1963: Anatomy of a Riot |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2019 |isbn=9780429424335}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sofield |first1=Trevor H.B. |last2=Sivan |first2=Atara |title=From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races |journal=Journal of Sport & Tourism |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–20 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/14775080306242 |s2cid=144106613 }}
* {{cite news |last=Tam |first=Luisa |date=11 September 2017 |title=Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228174616/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |author-link=Steve Tsang |last=Tsang |first=Steve |year=1995 |title=A Documentary History of Hong Kong: Government and Politics |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=962-209-392-2 }}.
* {{citation |author-link=Steve Tsang |last=Tsang |first=Steve |year=2004 |title=A Modern History of Hong Kong |location=London, England |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-419-0 }}.
* {{citation |author-link=Frank Welsh (writer) |last=Welsh |first=Frank |year=1997 |isbn=9780006388715 |title=A History of Hong Kong |location=London, England |publisher=HarperCollins }}
* {{cite book |last1=Xi |first1=Xu |last2=Ingham |first2=Mike |title=City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-962-209-605-9 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062114/https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2016–17 |publisher=[[Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)|Inland Revenue Department]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.ird.gov.hk/dar/2016-17/table/en/ar_1617.pdf |ref={{harvid|Inland Revenue Annual Report|2017}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Family Survey 2013 |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=July 2014 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Family Survey|2013}} }}
* {{cite report |title=Main Results |work=2016 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |year=2016 |url=https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-main-results.pdf |ref={{harvid|Population By-Census|2016}} }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=David |title=Hong Kong since 1945: Economic and Social History |date=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-20265-7 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Endacott |first1=G. B. |author-link1=George Beer Endacott |url=https://archive.org/details/eastern-entrepot-endacott |title=An Eastern Entrepôt: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong |last2=[Great Britain] Department of Technical Co-operation |date=1964 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |location=London |page=293}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lui |first=Adam Yuen-chung |title=Forts and Pirates: A History of Hong Kong |date=1990 |publisher=Hong Kong History Society |isbn=978-9-627-48901-6 |location=Hong Kong |page=114}}
* {{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Shuyong |title=An Outline History of Hong Kong |date=1997 |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Press]] |isbn=978-7-119-01946-8 |location=Beijing |page=291 |translator-last=Wang |translator-first=Wenjiong |translator-last2=Chang |translator-first2=Mingyu}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yft74UC_QlMC |title=Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule |date=1999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-20868-0 |editor-last=Ngo |editor-first=Tak-Wing |series=Routledge studies in Asia's transformations |location=London; New York |page=205}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welsh |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Welsh (writer) |url=https://archive.org/details/borrowedplacehis0000wels_o7q8 |title=A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong |date=1996 |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |isbn=978-1-56836-134-5 |location=New York |page=624}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Ming K. |date=September 1997 |title=The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A View from Hong Kong |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=151 |issue=151 |pages=567–582 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000046828 |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=655254 |doi-access=free}}

== External links ==

{{Wikiquote}}
*"[https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105914/http://info.gov.hk/ Official website of the British Hong Kong Government]". Archived from [http://info.gov.hk/ the original] on 24 December 1996. Retrieved 2013-03-26.

{{Hong Kong topics}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Portal bar|British Empire|Hong Kong}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|22.28|N|114.16|E|type:country|display=title}}

[[Category:British Hong Kong| ]]
[[Category:Hong Kong and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:19th century in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:20th century in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1997 disestablishments in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Concessions in China]]
[[Category:China–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia|Hong Kong]]
[[Category:History of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1841]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1941]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1945]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1997]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act

2026-03-23T06:30:27Z

Kartikeyar: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Repealed Indian legislation (1985–2000)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
| image = | imagesize = 150
| imagelink = | imagealt = | caption = | long_title = An Act to make special provisions for the prevention of, and for coping with, terrorist and disruptive activities and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented = 3 September 1987 | date_signed = | date_commenced = 24 May 1987
| bill = | bill_citation = | bill_date = | introduced_by = | 1st_reading = | 2nd_reading = | 3rd_reading = | white_paper = | committee_report =
| amended_by = Act 16 of 1989, Act 43 of 1993
| repeals =
| status = Repealed
| related_legislation = | summary = | keywords = }}
'''Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act''', commonly known as '''TADA''', was an Indian anti-terrorism law which was in force during the governments of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]], between 1985 and 1995 (modified in 1987) amid the [[Punjab insurgency]] and applied to the whole of India. It was originally assented to by the President on 23 May 1985<ref name="Zaidi">{{harvnb|Zaidi|2002|p=288}}</ref> and came into effect on 24 May 1985.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/E-0828-1985-0252-36137.pdf Gazette of India notification]</ref> This act was intended to halt the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan Movement]], an armed Sikh separatist movement present in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]]. It later expanded to encompass other states as well. The Act had a [[sunset provision]] for lapsing after two years post-commencement, which it did on 24 May 1987. The Parliament not being in session, the life of the Act could not be extended. But the provisions were kept alive by an ordinance effective from the expiry date of the Act.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1987/E-0710-1987-0020-30804.pdf Gazette notification of the ordinance]</ref> This ordinance was later replaced with the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. It was assented to on 3 September 1987, and made effective in two parts from 24 May 1987 and 3 September 1987. This also had a sunset provision of two years from 24 May 1987. It was renewed in 1989, 1991 and 1993 before being allowed to lapse in 1995 due to increasing unpopularity after widespread allegations of abuse.<ref name="Kalhan 2006">{{cite journal| first=Anil| last=Kalhan |ssrn=970503|title=Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Antiterrorism, and Security Laws in India|year=2006|publisher=20 Colum. J. Asian L. 93|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It was the first anti-terrorism law legislated by the government to define and counter terrorist activities.<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM#7A|title=(THE) Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987|publisher=satp.org|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

The Act's third paragraph gives a very thorough definition of "[[Terrorism in India|terrorism]]":

{{blockquote|"Whoever with intent to overawe the Government as by law established or to strike terror in the people or any section of the people or to alienate any section of the people or to adversely affect the harmony amongst different sections of the people does any act or thing by using bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or by any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature in such a manner as to cause, or as is likely to cause, death of, or injuries to, any person or persons or loss of, or damage to, or destruction of, property or disruption of any supplies or services essential to the life of the community, or detains any person and threatens to kill or injure such person in order to compel the Government or any other person to do or abstain from doing any act, commits a terrorist act."}}

==Powers==
The law gave wide powers to [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] for dealing with national terrorist and 'socially disruptive' activities.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The police were not obliged to produce a detainee before a [[Magistrate|judicial magistrate]] within 24 hours.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The [[Suspect|accused]] person could be detained up to 1 year.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Confessions made to police officers was admissible as [[evidence]] in the court of law, with the [[Legal burden of proof|burden of proof]] being on the accused to prove his innocence.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Courts were set up exclusively to hear the cases and deliver judgements pertaining to the persons accused under this Act.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The trials could be held in camera with the identities of the witnesses kept hidden.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Under 7A of the Act, Police officers were also empowered to [[Attachment (law)|attach]] the [[Property|properties]] of the accused under this Act. Under this act police have no rights to give third degree or harassed anyone to speak as mentioned in the act.

==Criticism==
The Act was widely criticised by human rights organisations as it contained provisions violating human rights.<ref name="Kalhan 2006"/><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Human Rights in India: Kashmir Under Siege|author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=9780300056143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrGwSsSchRUC|page=111|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/northeast/story_14872900.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314135808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/northeast/story_14872900.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2014|title=Court acquits 29 booked under Tada|publisher=telegraphindia.com|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The criticism are centred on the following facts:

*Under the Act, whoever advocates directly or indirectly for [[cession]] or [[secession]] in any part of India is liable to be punished.
*The Act provides that a person can be detained up to one year without formal charges or trial against him.
*Section 20 of the Act provides that detainee can be in police custody up to 60 days, which increases the risk of [[torture]]. Also the detainee need not be produced before a judicial magistrate but instead may be produced before an executive magistrate, who is an official of police and administrative service and is not answerable to the high court.
*The trial can be held secretly at any place, with the identity of the witnesses being secret, which violates international standards of fair trials.
*The Act reverses the presumption of innocence of the accused under the Act. Under section 21 of the Act, the person who is accused of committing a terrorist act if arms and explosives were recovered or made confessions to someone other than a police officer or provided financial assistance for the commission of the terrorist act or by suspicion that the person has arms or explosives or financial assistance to commit the terrorist act, that person shall be presumed to be guilty unless the contrary is proved.
*Confessions to a police officer not below the rank of superintendent of the police can be used as evidence against a person.
*Section 19 of the Act bars appeals by persons accused under it except to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].

==Impact==
The number of people arrested under the act had exceeded 76,000, by 30 June 1994.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Twenty-five percent of these cases were dropped by the police without any charges being framed.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Only 35 percent of the cases were brought to trial, of which 95 percent resulted in acquittals.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Less than 2 percent of those arrested were [[Conviction|convicted]].<ref name="Zaidi"/> The TADA act was ultimately repealed and succeeded by the [[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]] (2002-2004) and this act was subsequently repealed after much controversy as well.<ref name="indiacode">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=200426|title=aaa|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Yet many continue to be held under TADA.

==Supreme Court ruling==
The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] has held that mere membership of a banned organisation does not make the member liable for the punishment under this Act.<ref>Arup Bhuyan Vs. State of Assam- Criminal Appeal No. 889 of 2007</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-terrorism legislation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2002
|last=Zaidi
|first=S. Hussain
|title=[[Black Friday – The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts]]
|publisher= Penguin Books
|location=Mumbai, India
|isbn=978-0-14-302821-5
}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987]
* [https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm India Human Rights Press Backgrounder – Anti-Terrorism Legislation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terrorist And Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act}}
[[Category:Terrorism laws in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1985]]
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]
[[Category:1993 in Indian law]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:1989 in India]]
[[Category:1991 in India]]
[[Category:1995 in India]]
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Repealed Acts of the Parliament of India]]

Himanshu Prabha Ray

2026-03-19T02:01:33Z

Kartikeyar: cleaned up details also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian historian and archaeologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

'''Himanshu Prabha Ray''' (born 15 August 1947) is an Indian [[Sanskrit]] scholar and historian. Her interests areas are [[marine archaeology]], history, and culture of [[South Asia]]. Ray is a recipient of the [[Anneliese Maier]] research award of the [[Humboldt Foundation]] for collaborative research with the Distant Worlds Programme and an Honorary Professor of the Distant Worlds Programme, [[LMU Munich]] in Germany. She has also served as a professor in the Centre for Historical Studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in [[New Delhi]], India. Ray was appointed as the Chairperson of the [[National Monuments Authority]], under the government of India, until 2015.<ref name="Dr.Ray">{{cite web |url=https://iks.iitgn.ac.in/himanshu-prabha-ray/ |title=Prof. Himanshu Prabha Ray – Indian Knowledge Systems |format= |accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref>

With her interdisciplinary approach, she has authored many books and research papers on history, world heritage, and archaeology and is a recipient of many awards from research institutions.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=https://ochs.org.uk/people/professor-himanshu-prabha-ray |title=Professor Himanshu Prabha Ray | The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |format= |accessdate=2020-05-31 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125014415/https://ochs.org.uk/people/professor-himanshu-prabha-ray |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bio-1">{{cite web |url=https://legacy.iitgn.ac.in/iitgn_new/sites/default/files/Dr-Himanshu-Prabha-Ray.pdf |title=legacy.iitgn.ac.in |format= |accessdate=2020-05-31 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319210758/https://legacy.iitgn.ac.in/iitgn_new/sites/default/files/Dr-Himanshu-Prabha-Ray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ray notes, most of the historians focus on political dynasties of medieval South Asia and have neglected the history of the sea. In her recent project focusing on Indian coastal belt from [[Goa]] to [[Mangalore]] wherein, she intends to study the history of the sea through the historical monuments dated back to European time. Ray recommends that coastal history can not be isolated as only the history of India, instead, it has to be a study of the area covering the entire [[Indian Ocean]] region. To preserve the degrading coastal heritage, she comments "we need to draw on rigorous research and blend history, archaeology, and heritage, especially [[World Heritage|world heritage]]".<ref name="Costal">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/monumental-neglect/article25994029.ece |title=Monumental neglect - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |format= |accessdate=2020-05-31}}</ref>

==Works==
{{external links|section|date=June 2020}}
Among many books authored by Himanshu Prabha Ray, the following are some of her works:
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=A-wrDwAAQBAJ Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ogluAAAAMAAJ Archaeology As History In Early South Asia]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3zVGAAAAMAAJ Monastery and guild: commerce under the Sātavāhanas]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXo9BAAAQBAJ The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zSfhSAAACAAJ Early Seafaring Communities of the Indian Ocean]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=WghuAAAAMAAJ Monuments]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Himanshu Prabha}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indian women archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]

Mahi Girls' School, Pratapgarh (Rajasthan)

2026-03-14T15:05:35Z

Kartikeyar: Started Stub...

{{Short description|Private school in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox school
| logo = Mahi Girls' School, Pratapgarh.jpg
| motto = विद्याधनं सर्वधनात् प्रधानम्
| motto_translation = Education is the supreme wealth among all wealth
| location = Mandsaur Road, Near Gas Agency
| city = [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| zipcode = 312605
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.025421161951474|74.81044379593513|region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = Private
| established = {{Start date and age|2021}}
| founder = Sunil Yadav<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Director's Message - Mahi Group of Education
|url=https://www.mahi.org.in/director-message/
|website=Mahi Group of Education
|access-date=14 March 2026
}}</ref>
| principal = Nirupama Sisodiya<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Principal's Message - Mahi Girls' School
|url=https://www.mahi.org.in/mgs-principal-message/
|website=Mahi Group of Education
|access-date=14 March 2026
}}</ref>
| grades = Nursery – 12 (Science and Humanities)
| gender = Female
| affiliation = [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan|RBSE]]<ref name="udise">{{Cite web |title=UDISE+ School Report |url=https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/1811956/12 |website=Ministry of Education, Government of India |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://mahi.org.in/mahi-girls-school-pratapgarh/}}
}}

'''Mahi Girls' School''' is a private English-medium girls’ school in [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Established in 2021 under ''Prakhar Shikshan Sansthan'', the school offers education from nursery to senior secondary level (Class 12) and is affiliated with the [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan|Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education (RBSE)]].<ref name="udise">{{Cite web |title=UDISE+ School Report |url=https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/1811956/12 |website=Ministry of Education, Government of India |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="mgsp2">{{Cite web |title=Mahi Girls School Pratapgarh |url=https://mahi.org.in/mahi-girls-school-pratapgarh/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=Mahi Group of Education}}</ref>

According to media reports, it is the only English-medium girls’ school in the Pratapgarh district.<ref name="zee2">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2023 |title=प्रतापगढ़ का माही गर्ल्स स्कूल, जो आपकी बच्चियों के लिए हो सकता है दूसरा घर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/pratapgargh/pratapgarh-news-mahi-girls-school-of-pratapgarh-which-can-be-second-home-for-your-girls/1796094 |website=Zee News (Hindi) |language=hi}}</ref>

The school offers academic streams in science and humanities at the senior secondary level.<ref name="udise" />

Local media has covered school functions and student activities. In 2023, the school held a graduation day celebration,<ref name="bhaskar-grad2">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Graduation Day Celebration in School, Pratapgarh |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh/news/graduation-day-celebration-in-school-131092007.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> and in 2025, meritorious students were felicitated in a ceremony reported by [[Dainik Bhaskar]].<ref name="bhaskar-honor2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=माही गर्ल्स स्कूल की होनहार छात्राओं का सम्मान समारोह |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pratapgarh/news/honor-ceremony-of-promising-students-of-mahi-girls-school-135162999.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2026, the school was licensed to host a TEDx event titled ''TEDxMahi Girls School Youth'' under the [[TEDx]] programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxMahi Girls School Youth |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/68910 |website=TED |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://mahi.org.in/mahi-girls-school-pratapgarh/ Official website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2021]]

{{India-school-stub}}

1963 Poonch Indian Air Force helicopter crash

2026-03-14T14:44:05Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Some Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Helicopter Crash}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = 1963 Poonch IAF helicopter crash
| image = File:Z395 Aerospatiale Alouette III Indian Air Force (8448378722).jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| alt =
| caption = An IAF Alouette III helicopter similar to the one involved
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1963|11|22}}
| summary = [[Loss of control (aeronautics)|Loss of control]] due to collision with telegraph cables
| site = [[Poonch district, India]]
| coordinates =
| aircraft_type = [[Aérospatiale Alouette III]]
| aircraft_name =
| operator = [[Indian Air Force]]
| tail_number =
| origin =
| destination =
| occupants = 6
| passengers = 5
| crew = 1
| fatalities = 6
| survivors = 0
}}
On Friday, 22 November 1963,<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/?year=1963&country=35 Calendar for Year 1963 (India)]</ref> an [[Aérospatiale Alouette III]] helicopter of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashed in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir#Dispute|disputed]] [[Kashmir]] region. The aircraft was en route to [[Poonch (town)|Poonch town]], killing all six people on board. Six [[Indian Armed Forces]] officers were on board, including three [[general officers]], an [[air officer]] and a [[brigadier]].

Among those killed in the crash were [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Daulet Singh]], [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1911)|Bikram Singh]] and [[Air Vice Marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Erlic Pinto]] and the pilot [[Flight Lieutenant]] S. S. Sodhi.

==Background==
The electricity and water supply to the town of Poonch came through a channel from Betar Nullah. In October 1963, the [[headworks]] of the channel was blown by [[Pakistan]] since it was located in [[Pakistani-Administered Kashmir]]. A new water-head was constructed by the engineers of the [[Indian Army]]. By 21 November 1963, the water and electricity supply to Poonch were restored. A tour was planned to inspect the new water-head.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Flight==
The [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command|GOC-in-C Western Command]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Daulet Singh]] and the [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Air Command|AOC-in-C Western Air Command]] [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Erlic Pinto]] were to inspect the new [[headwater]]. They arrived at Poonch from [[New Delhi]] in a [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]] aircraft at 1025 hours, where they were met by the Commander 93 Brigade, [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] S. R. Oberoi, [[Military Cross|MC]]. The GOC [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] Lieutenant General Bikram Singh and [[Air Officer Commanding]] Jammu & Kashmir [[Air Commodore]] Murat Singh had already arrived at Poonch from [[Udhampur]] at 0940 hours. Around the same time, the GOC 25 Division arrived in the [[Alouette III]] piloted by Flight Lieutenant S. S. Sodhi. Another Alouette also reached around 1055 hours.<ref name="Flight">{{cite web |title=GOVERNMENT MOURN LOSS OF SERVICE OFFICERS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-24_166.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=24 November 1963}}</ref>

An inspection of two [[Outpost (military)|outposts]] around Poonch was also planned, which had been recced already by Sodhi. The first outpost was small and dusty, as reported by Sodhi and two helicopters would not be able to land. Thus, Pinto decided that the second helicopter would proceed to the second outpost with Murat Singh and await the arrival of the officers. The others trooped into the first helicopter and proceeded towards the first outpost. The helicopter landed and the inspection got underway.<ref name="LS debates - 1963">{{cite web |title=LOK SABHA DEBATES - SIXTH SESSION (THIRD LOK SABHA) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2997/1/lsd_03_06_27-11-1963.pdf |website=eparlib.nic.in |date=27 November 1963}}</ref>

After the completion of the inspection, the party took off for the second outpost which was 15 miles away. Sodhi took the route along the [[Poonch River]]. Three minutes after getting airborne, the Alouette collided with two parallel line of telegraph cables. The cables ran between two poles - one on a cliff at a height of 300 feet and the other on the opposite bank of the river at a height of 100 feet. The helicopter struck the cables at a height of around 200 feet. Sodhi lost control and the helicopter crashed into the river bed, about 400 yards away.<ref name="Flight" /> The crash spot was 2.5 miles from the [[Line of Control|Cease fire line]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last1=Brady |first1=Thomas F. |date=1963-11-23 |title=5 INDIAN GENERALS DIE IN AIR CRASH; Their Copter in Kashmir Is Said to Have Hit Wire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/11/23/archives/5-indian-generals-die-in-air-crash-their-copter-in-kashmir-is-said.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The news of the air crash - it was also the same day as the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] - came as a shock to the nation. A black-bordered extraordinary [[Gazette of India]] was issued on 23 November.<ref name="Extraordinary Gazette">{{cite web |title=Extraordinary |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-28_183.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=23 November 1963}}</ref> The issue was raised in both houses of [[Parliament of India]] and addressed by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]. The [[Rajya Sabha]] observed one minute's silence as a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased and adjourned for the day.<ref name="RS debates - 1963">{{cite web |title=RAJYA SABHA DEBATES - Crash near Poonch |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/543446/1/PD_45_22111963_5_p903_p904_8.pdf |website=rsdebate.nic.in}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], the three service headquarters and all defence establishments in New Delhi were closed on 23 November as a mark of respect. All public events of the Defence Minister and Service Chiefs were also cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |title=PIB |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-23_158.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=23 November 1963}}</ref> The officers were laid to rest with full military honours.<ref>{{cite web |title=AVM PINTO LAID TO REST |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1963-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1963-11-23_155.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=23 November 1963}}</ref>

The [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Aspy Engineer]] constituted a committee of inquiry headed by the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Air Staff]] Air Vice Marshal [[Ramaswamy Rajaram]] with officers from the Army, Air Force and [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] as members.<ref name="LS debates - 1963" /> Daulet Singh, Bikram Singh and Pinto were awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] posthumously on 26 January 1964.<ref name="PVSM">{{cite web |title=PRESS NOTE |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-01-25_074.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=25 January 1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FORTY ONE AWARDS FOR AIR FORCE PERSONNEL |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-01-24_064.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=24 January 1964}}</ref>

==Memorials==
[[File:Bust of Lt Gen Daulat Singh, Shimla 02.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of Lt Gen Daulet Singh in the park named for him in Shimla.]]
In 1980, a memorial was constructed in Poonch called the ''Generals' memorial'' which paid tribute to the victims. The memorial was constructed by 10th Brigade and all the units of 25th Infantry Division, the formation commanded by Major General N. K. D. Nanavati at the time of the crash.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=2014-11-22 |title=Army pays homage at Generals' memorial |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/army-pays-homage-generals-memorial/ |website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> A wreath-laying ceremony takes place every year at the memorial by units of the Indian Army on the anniversary of the crash.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131123/j&k.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - JAMMU TRIBUNE |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121123/jmtrib.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> A monument has been built at the site of the air crash, commemorating the names of the victims.{{sfn|Vaz|1997}} An ''Akhand Path'' is also organised by the people of Poonch and surrounding villages, as a mark of their love and affection towards the departed souls, every year to commemorate the tragic accident.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite web |title=Indian army remembers 1963 Poonch crash victims |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-army-remembers-1963-poonch-crash-victims-113112201006_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

Apart from these, the ''Daulat Singh Park'' in [[Shimla]], named for Lieutenant General Daulet Singh, has a [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of the general.<ref name="Lt Gen Daulet Singh">{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Shriniwas |date=2013-07-13 |title=General who called a spade a spade |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/general-who-called-a-spade-a-spade-801496 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> A statue of Lieutenant General Bikram Singh is installed in [[Jammu]] and a memorial in his ancestral village of Siana in [[Nawanshahr]]. A library and a museum dedicated to the general is also being constructed. The ''Bikram Chowk'' in Jammu is also named for the general. Two committees – the ''Lieutenant General Bikram Singh Society'' at Kahma village and the ''Lieutenant General Bikram Singh Yadgaar Committee'' in Jammu organise ceremonies, akhand paths, blood donation camps among other events to remember him.<ref name="Lt Gen Bikram Singh">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Lt Gen Bikram Singh's ancestral village gets statue, memorial and library |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/lt-gen-bikram-singhs-ancestral-village-gets-statue-memorial-and-library-211686 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |access-date=2021-06-10 |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113142331/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/lt-gen-bikram-singhs-ancestral-village-gets-statue-memorial-and-library-211686 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=J Clement|last1=Vaz|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present|year=1997|isbn=978-8170226192|publisher=Concept Publishing Co}}
*{{citation|first1=Somnath|last1=Sapru|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945|year=2014|isbn=978-9383649259|publisher=K W Publishers Pvt Ltd}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1963}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1963]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving military helicopters]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:November 1963 in Asia]]
[[Category:1963 in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Aérospatiale Alouette]]

2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B

2026-03-13T07:42:54Z

Kartikeyar: Starting First Biography From Scratch

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = October 11th
| todate = November 5th 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2021–22
| previous_tournament = 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The '''[[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]''' was the fifteenth season of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with eight teams in Group B.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2022 |title=BCCI Announces India's Domestic Season for 2022-23, Ranji Trophy to Start in December |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-announces-indias-domestic-season-for-2022-23-ranji-trophy-to-start-in-december-5711695.html |website=News18 India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 October 2022 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2022-23: Squads, teams and groups |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-smat-t20-squads-teams-groups/article65976301.ece |website=SportStar|date=7 October 2022 }}</ref> The tournament was announced by BCCI on August 8, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date= 8 August 2022 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score1 = 167/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hiten Dalal]] 47 (27)
| wickets1 =[[Kishan Singha]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 96/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitesh Sedai]] 16 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Hrithik Shokeen]] 2/13 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 71 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332921.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chingakham Bidash (Manipur), [[Yash Dhull]] and Mayank Yadav (Delhi) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Hrithik Shokeen for Hiten Dalal (Delhi) and Ahmed Shah for Bishworjit Konthoujam (Manipur).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 114/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sayan Ghosh]] 24[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Yadav]] 3/10 (3 overs)
| score2 = 118/5 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tunish Sawkar]] 36 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 1/15 (3.1 over)
| result = Goa won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332923.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Deepak Khatri, Sridam Paul (Tripura) and [[Tunish Sawkar]] (Goa) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Subham Ghosh for Bikramkumar Das (Tripura) and Tunish Sawkar for Felix Alemao (Goa).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 94 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = Parameeswaran Sivaraman 36 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Shiva Singh]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 88/0 (12.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aryan Juyal]] 43[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 =
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 10 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332922.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Tharayil Abeesh, Akash Kargave, Abin Mathew, Mohit Mittan, Krishna Pandey and Parameeswaran Sivaraman (Pondicherry) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Paras Dogra for Akash Kargave (Pondicherry).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 174/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanvir Singh]] 55[[not out|*]] (19)
| wickets1 = CTL Rakshan 2/53 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 50 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Baltej Singh]] 3/22 (4 overs) [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 59 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332920.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Gaurav Chaudhary, [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] (Punjab), Muthyala Charan, [[B Punnaiah]], [[Rakshann Readdi]] and [[Prateek Reddy]] (Hyderabad) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Ashwani Kumar for Abhishek Sharma (Punjab) and Muthyala Charan for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad).
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 163/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Akshdeep Nath]] 37 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Parvez Sultan]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sudip Chatterjee (cricketer)|Sudip Chatterjee]] 49[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 6 wickets.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332940.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Divyansh Joshi (Uttar Pradesh) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Akshdeep Nath for Aryan Juyal (Uttar Pradesh) and Subham Ghosh for Abhijit Sarkar (Tripura).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 147/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 57 (41)
| wickets1 = Bharat Sharma 4/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 143/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramachandran Ragupathy]] 35 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Bhagath Varma]] 1/11 (2 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332938.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = P Nitesh Reddy and [[Bhagath Varma]] (Hyderabad) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: B Punnaiah for Rahul Buddhi (Hyderabad) and Satish Jangir for Sagar Udeshi (Pondicherry).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 134/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitesh Sedai]] 53 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Arjun Tendulkar]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 138/3 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Siddhesh Lad]] 59 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 1/5 (2 overs)
| result = Goa won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332941.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and Belur Ravi
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Ajay Lamabam for Karnajit Yumnam (Manipur).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 191/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 107 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 2/16 (3 overs)
| score2 = 179/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anmolpreet Singh]] 64 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 2/24 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332939.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Pukhraj Mann (Punjab) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Hrithik Shokeen for Hiten Dalal (Delhi) and Pukhraj Mann for Baltej Singh (Punjab).
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 118/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 62 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Siddharth Kaul]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119/1 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 57[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = Chiranjit Paul 1/37 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 9 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332957.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Subham Ghosh for Bikramkumar Das (Tripura).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 99 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 45 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 4/14 (3.5 overs)
| score2 = 102/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 52[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Shivank Vashisht]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 8 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332958.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Yogesh Sharma (Delhi) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Akshdeep Nath for Kartik Tyagi (Uttar Pradesh) and Pranshu Vijayran for Hiten Dalal (Delhi).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 125/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 58 (39)
| wickets1 = Bharat Sharma 2/15 (3 overs)
| score2 = 122/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vikneshwaran Marimuthu]] 45 (49)
| wickets2 = Bidash Chingakham 2/25 (3 overs)
| result = Manipur won by 3 runs
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332959.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Thivagar Gopal (Pondicherry) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Ajay Lamabam for Karnajit Yumnam (Manipur) and Satish Jangir for Sagar Udeshi (Pondicherry).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 62 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Arjun Tendulkar]] 4/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 140 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Kaushik]] 33 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 4/20 (3.5 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 37 runs
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332956.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] and Jayram Reddy (Hyderabad) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Trishank Gupta for Rahul Buddhi (Hyderabad) and Tunish Sawkar for Felix Alemao (Goa).
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 168/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Parameeswaran Sivaraman 43 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169/3 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yash Dhull]] 71[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets2 = Rohan Suresh 1/28 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 7 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332976.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Rohan Suresh (Pondicherry) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Parameeswaran Sivaraman for Rohan Suresh (Pondicherry) and Yogesh Sharma for Ishant Sharma (Delhi).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 158/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 73 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 67 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Rana Dutta]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332974.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Shreyas Vala (Hyderabad) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Bhagath Varma for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad) and Sridam Paul for Bishal Ghosh (Tripura).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 138/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 64 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Siddharth Kaul]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/1 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 74 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Lakshay Garg]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 9 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332975.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Tunish Sawkar for Vaibhav Govekar (Goa).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 137/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karnajit Yumnam]] 64 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Aaqib Khan]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 138/0 (12.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 79[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 =
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 10 wickets
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332977.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Jasmer Dhankhar and [[Sameer Rizvi]] (Uttar Pradesh) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Sub: Ajay Lamabam for Karnajit Yumnam (Manipur).
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 131/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Eknath Kerkar]] 31[[not out|*]] (35)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 3/16 (3 overs)
| score2 = 120/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 38 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Lakshay Garg]] 4/16 (4 overs)
| result = Goa won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332994.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Ruthvik Naik (Goa) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: Akshdeep Nath for Kartik Tyagi (Uttar Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 40 (14.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 25 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Mayank Markande]] 4/4 (3.1 overs)
| score2 = 43/1 (5.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 28[[not out|*]] (18)
| wickets2 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 1/15 (2.3 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332993.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Bikash Singh (Manipur) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: Karnajit Yumnam for Sultan Karim (Manipur).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 196/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yash Dhull]] 73 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 3/54 (4 overs)
| score2 = 150 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Buddhi]] 47 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 4/17 (3.1 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 46 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332992.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Bhavesh Seth]] (Hyderabad) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: P Nitesh Reddy for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score1 = 159/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 61 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 136/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vikneshwaran Marimuthu]] 34[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets2 = [[Parvez Sultan]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332995.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Arulprakasam Aravindaraj and Avinash Jadhav (Pondicherry) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Avinash Jadhav for Ramachandran Ragupathy (Pondicherry) and Sankar Paul for Bikramkumar Das (Tripura).
}}

===Round 6===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 86/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Parameeswaran Sivaraman 25 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Siddharth Kaul]] 5/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 87/2 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 29 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333011.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Rohan Suresh for Sagar Udeshi (Pondicherry).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 131/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepraj Gaonkar]] 40 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/4 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 49[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Yadav]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333012.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = Vedant Naik (Goa) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Amulya Pandrekar for Tunish Sawkar (Goa) and Yogesh Sharma for Mayank Yadav (Delhi).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 132/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 48 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 133/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aryan Juyal]] 71[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = [[Trishank Gupta]] 2/23 (3.1 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333010.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and Vikas Lund
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Dhruv Jurel for Kartik Tyagi (Uttar Pradesh) and Trishank Gupta for Ravi Teja (Hyderabad).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 108/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 37[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = Chiranjit Paul 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111/2 (11.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 67[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Sultan Karim]] 1/13 (1.2 overs)
| result = Tripura won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333013.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Sultan Karim for Karnajit Yumnam (Manipur).
}}

===Round 7===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 117 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 49 (43)
| wickets1 = Elligaram Sanketh 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 120/0 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Buddhi]] 72[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 =
| result = Hyderabad won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333028.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Alankrit Agarwal and [[Rishith Reddy]] (Hyderabad) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Rahul Buddhi for Elligaram Sanketh (Hyderabad) and Sultan Karim for Johnson Singh (Manipur).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 147/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 79 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Baltej Singh]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148/1 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 80[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 1/10 (1 over)
| result = Punjab won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333029.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Sammer Rizvi for Priyam Garg (Uttar Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 134 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 28 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] 3/15 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 139/4 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 61 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333030.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Vaibhav Kandpal and [[Lakshay Thareja]] (Delhi) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Sub: Sankar Paul for Sudip Chatterjee (Tripura).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 88 (18 overs)
| runs1 = Akash Kargave 35 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Yadav]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 89/4 (12.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishaan Gadekar]] 45 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]] 2/34 (3.4 overs)
| result = Goa won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333031.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = Vikas Lund and Mohamad Rafi
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Samar Dubhashi]] and [[Vishamber Kahlon]] (Goa) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Sub: Vishamber Kahlon for Vedant Naik (Goa).
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}

Classmate (stationery)

2026-03-11T12:13:48Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|Indian brand of student stationery products}}
{{ad|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Classmate
| logo = Classmate stationary logo.svg
| type =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2003}}
| location_city = [[Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| parent = [[ITC Limited]]
| founder =
| key_people = Ayaan Ali ([[CEO]])
| industry = [[Consumer goods]]
| products = [[Notebook]]s [[Pen]]s [[Pencil]]s [[Mathematical instrument]]s [[Eraser]]s [[Pencil sharpener]]s [[Geometry box]]es [[Art stationery]]
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.classmateshop.com}}
| native_name_lang =
| native_name =
| romanized_name =
| trading_name =
| alt =
| caption =
}}

'''Classmate''' is an Indian brand of student stationery products. [[ITC Limited]] (formerly Indian Tobacco Company) launched its Classmate brand in 2003. with the notebooks category. Subsequently, Classmate added [[pens]], [[pencils]], mechanical pencils and geometry boxes to its portfolio. It uses eco-friendly and elemental chlorine-free paper for its notebooks. CEO Sanjiv Puri named it "Classmate" as a tribute to his former classmate [[Jamnalal Bajaj]].

== Products ==
Classmate products include notebooks, [[pen]]s, [[pencil]]s, [[mechanical pencil]]s, [[diary|diaries]], mathematical drawing instruments, scholastics, [[eraser]]s, sharpeners and scales and art stationery products.

==Activities==
=== Classmate Ideas for India challenge ===
Classmate launched a program called ''Classmate Ideas for India challenge''.<ref>[http://www.classmateideasforindia.com/ Classmate Ideas for India challenge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904145757/http://www.classmateideasforindia.com/ |date=2010-09-04 }}</ref> This was a part of the company's centenary initiative.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/tobacco/ITC-Leading-Multi-business-conglomerate-turns-100/articleshow/6423526.cms?curpg=2 |title=ITC: Leading Multi-business conglomerate turns 100 |date=2010-08-24 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The nationwide program would invite ideas of the youth who have the potential to transform India. Classmate Ideas for India challenge plans to reach out to 2.5 million students across 30 cities, 500 schools and 200 colleges across the country.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/08/24/stories/2010082451200200.htm |title=ITC launches Classmate Ideas challenge |date=2010-08-23 |publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> The CII-ITC Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development, [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] India, the Tony Blair Faith Foundation, Janaagraha and the Akshaya Patra Foundation among others are the program partners for the event.<ref name="autogenerated13">{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/story.html?sid=28264_ITC+announces+Classmate+Ideas+for+India+Challenge |title=ITC announces Classmate Ideas for India Challenge |date=2010-09-15 |publisher=afaqs}}</ref> The program will encourage the finalists with an internship with relevant program partners, besides cash prizes and other rewards. Additionally, the top five winners would be sent to a one-week international study tour.<ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/ITCs-Classmate-announces-Classmate-Ideas-for-India-Challenge/4913283067 |title=ITC's Classmate announces Classmate Ideas for India Challenge |date=2010-08-23 |publisher=India Infoline}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/ideas-india-432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164605/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/ideas-india-432 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2010 |title=Ideas for India |date=2010-09-07 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

=== Discussions ===
ITC Classmate hosted a discussion on the subject titled "Principal, Parents and Children: Building a Relationship of Mutuality".<ref name="autogenerated">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070313/asp/calcutta/story_7509444.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204153655/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070313/asp/calcutta/story_7509444.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Bridging the gap |date=2007-03-13 |publisher= The Telegraph}}</ref> The panelists agreed on the need for greater student involvement in what they are taught, as well as the method of imparting education.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Corporate social responsibility ===
Every Classmate notebook carries ITC's [[Corporate Social Responsibility]] message on its back. For every four Classmate notebooks purchased, ITC contributes {{INR}}1 to its social development initiative that supports, among other projects (including development of tobacco plantations to increase cigarette production), primary education.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/12spec.htm|title=How ITC's filling up schoolbags|date=2006-04-12|work=rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Classmate Young Authors Contest ===
The Classmate Young Authors Contest 2004 (CYAC 2004) was initiated by ITC Limited to provide a platform for budding writers among students to showcase their talent and an opportunity to develop it through interaction with some of the country's leading literary icons.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=10146_Eventus+Integrated+wins+business+worth+Rs+10+crore |title=Eventus Integrated wins business worth Rs 10 crore |date=2004-10-25 |publisher=afaqs}}</ref>

=== Classmate Spell Bee ===
Classmate Spell bee has completed nine seasons so far{{when|date=November 2018}} and is considered India's largest spelling competition. It aims to bring the best spellers together from every part of the nation, focusing on honing the spelling skills of Indian students in a fun and educational way.<ref>{{cite news|title=Season 8 of India's Largest Spelling Competition, Classmate Spell Bee is Here!|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/companies/season-8-of-indias-largest-spelling-competition-classmate-spell-bee-is-here/197193/|publisher=The Financial Express|date=18 January 2016}}</ref> The last season winner received a cash prize of 2 lakh along with a sponsored trip to Washington DC, USA, to witness the Scripps National Spelling Bee 2015 with a parent.

=== WWF-India and ITC Ltd. promoting responsible forestry ===
This first took off in 2009. ITC Classmate was the first Indian company to join the Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN).<ref name="autogenerated14">{{cite web|url= http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/conservation_alliances/wwf_work_with/itc/|title= ITC Classmate|publisher= [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]|access-date= 2013-09-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105112157/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/conservation_alliances/wwf_work_with/itc/|archive-date= 2013-11-05|url-status= dead}}</ref> Paperkraft Premium Business Paper is a product of [[ITC Limited]] and is the country's greenest paper mill. ITC contributes towards saving the environment: through ozone treatment and ECF technology to eliminate toxicity in the industrial effluents released by them into the ecosystem, and in a large scale through reforestation and water conservation by planting 8 trees for every tree used, which has greened over 1 lakh hectares since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paperkraft Premium Business Paper lets you exercise your power to "Go Green"|url=http://www.itcportal.com/businesses/fmcg/education-and-stationery-products/paperkraft/go-green.aspx|website=ITC Portal}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Stationery]]
* [[Doms (company)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http:/www.classmatestationery.com}} of Classmate Stationery
* [http://www.itcportal.com/ ITC]

{{ITC}}

[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Notebooks]]
[[Category:Pens]]
[[Category:Writing implement manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Pencil brands]]
[[Category:ITC Limited]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in West Bengal]]

Prahlada

2026-03-05T13:21:38Z

Kartikeyar: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Legendary devotee of the Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = hindu
| image = Viṣṇu as Narasimha tearing Hiranyakasipu to pieces. (cropped).jpg
| caption = 17th-century painting of Prahlada
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]] [[Asura]]
| children = [[Virochana]]
| father = [[Hiranyakashipu]]
| mother = Kayadhu
| spouse = Dhriti
| predecessor = [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Hiranyaksha]]
| successor = [[Virochana]]
| siblings = Saṃhlāda, Anuhlāda, Śibi, and Bāṣkala (step brothers)
| texts = [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]] [[Yoga Vasistha]] [[Kurma Purana]] [[Vamana Purana]] [[Narasimha Purana]]
| Devanagari = प्रह्लाद
| gender = Male
| deity_of = King of the Asuras<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlMCAAAQBAJ&dq=prahlada+king+asuras&pg=PT486 | isbn=978-0-19-045140-0 | title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram | date=25 September 2008 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
}}

'''Prahlada''' ({{Langx|sa|प्रह्लाद|translit=Prahlāda}}) is an [[asura]] prince in [[Hindu scriptures]]. He is known for his staunch devotion to the preserver deity [[Vishnu]]. He was rescued from his evil father, the asura king [[Hiranyakashipu]] by [[Narasimha]], the lion [[avatar]] of god Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-29 |title=Prahlada, Prahlāda, Prāhlāda: 24 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/prahlada |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Prahlada is described as a saintly boy, known for his innocence and [[bhakti]] towards god Vishnu. Despite the abusive nature of his father, Hiranyakashipu, and his uncle and aunt, [[Hiranyaksha]] and [[Holika]], he continued to worship Vishnu. Thus, in order to protect Prahlada, Vishnu took the form of [[Varaha]] to kill his paternal uncle Hiranyaksha by piercing and crushing him. Thereafter, Vishnu saved Prahlad from his paternal aunt Holika, by burning her to ashes alive. Following this, Vishnu took the form of [[Narasimha]] and disembowelled Hiranyakashipu to save Prahlada and the universe from destruction and chaos.<ref>{{cite web|title=The story of Prahlada|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/lectures_and_discourses/the_story_of_prahlada.htm|publisher=Ramakrishnavivekananda.info }}</ref>

He is considered a ''[[Mahajanas]]'', or great devotee, in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition. A treatise is attributed to him in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], in which Prahlada describes the process of his loving worship towards Vishnu.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The majority of stories in the [[Puranas]] regarding Prahlada are based on his activities as a young boy; he is usually depicted as such in paintings and illustrations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== Legend ==
[[File:Viṣṇu as Narasimha tearing Hiranyakasipu to pieces..jpg|thumb|Prahlada prays to Narasimha as Narasimha disembowels and kills Hiranyakashipu.]]Prahlada was born to Kayadhu and [[Hiranyakashipu]], the ruler of the asuras, who had been granted a boon from [[Brahma]] that he could not be slain by anything born from a living womb, neither by a man nor an animal, neither during the day nor at night, neither indoors nor outdoors, neither on land nor in the air nor in water, and with no man-made weapon. However, after repeated attempts from Hiranyakashipu to slay Prahlada, he was finally saved by Narasimha, the fourth avatara of Vishnu. He had descended to demonstrate the quality of divine rage and redemption and killed Hiranyakashipu. The word "Narasimha" is derived from the Sanskrit words "Nara", meaning man, and "Simha", meaning lion. Thus, Vishnu took the form of a part-human, part-lion and killed Hiranyakashipu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+killed+hiranyakashipu&pg=PT544 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}</ref>

After the death of his father, Prahlada ascended the asura throne and ruled peacefully and virtuously. He was known for his generosity and kindness, virtues that were inherited by his son, [[Virochana]], and grandson, [[Mahabali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===Early life===
{{Main|Narasimha}}

When Hiraṇyakashipu was performing penance in the forest to gain a boon to destroy Vishnu, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] attacked the asura realm. A great battle ensued, in which the devas were defeated. While fleeing, [[Indra]] abducted Kayadhu, the wife of Hiranyakashipu, who was pregnant at the time. [[Narada]] heard the wails of the poor asuri and decided to release her from Indra’s captivity. Thereafter, she stayed in the [[ashram]]a of the divine sage in gratitude. Prahlada, while inside his mother's womb, listened to Narada's chants of devotion towards [[Vishnu]]. He was taught by Narada during his early childhood. As a result, he grew up devoted to Vishnu.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

However, his father despised Prahlada's spiritual inclination and tried to warn him against offending him, as he had a vendetta against Vishnu in particular. Despite several warnings from his father, Prahlada continued to worship Vishnu instead of the former. The child was successful in converting other students of the asura clan into [[Vaishnavism]] by teaching them the [[Om Namo Narayanaya|Narayana mantra]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3HXAAAAMAAJ&q=prahlada+narayana+chant |title=Arunachala's Ramana: Boundless Ocean of Grace |date=2007 |publisher=Sri Ramanasramam |isbn=978-81-8288-084-9 |language=en}}</ref>

His father then decided to poison Prahlada, but he survived. Thereafter, when the daitya soldiers attacked their prince with weapons, Prahlada informed them that their efforts were futile since Vishnu resided within them. Hiranyakashipu then had the Prahlada trampled by the ''aṣṭadiggajas'', the eight elephants who bear the weight of the earth, but their tusks were broken to bits upon contact with him and so, they retreated. Following this, Prahlada was placed in a room with venomous, dark snakes, but, they made a bed for him with their bodies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_ZLEAAAQBAJ&dq=prahlada+snakes&pg=PT181 |title=Narasimha Purana: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref>

Prahalada was then thrown from a valley into a river but was saved by [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]], the companion of Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]]. [[Holika]], the sister of [[Hiranyakashipu]], was blessed with a boon of being invulnerable to fire. Hiranyakashipu put Prahlada on the lap of Holika as she sat on a pyre. Prahlada prayed to Vishnu to keep him safe. Holika was burned to ashes and killed, whilst Prahlada remained untouched. This event is celebrated as the Hindu festival of [[Holi]].<ref>[[Varadaraja V. Raman]] – ''Variety in Religion And Science: Daily Reflections'', iUniverse, 2005, {{ISBN|0-595-35840-3}}, p.259</ref>

The asuras Shambara and Vayu were then tasked with slaying the prince, but both of them were driven away and were killed by Vishnu. The boy was entrusted to [[Shukra]], who educated him regarding his duties, the sciences, and justice, and was returned to his father after he was deemed to have become humble. The asura king once again broached the topic of deities with his son, only to discover that the latter had never wavered in his faith. Finally, the wicked daitya commanded all the daityas and the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]] to collect all the mountains of the earth to construct a barrier over the boy in the ocean, so that his son would be submerged for a year. Even though they spread over him for a thousand kilometres, Prahlada, with bound hands and feet, prayed to Vishnu. Thus, Vishnu granted him a number of boons and moved all the mountains of the earth to their places from the seas. He then moved the asuras away and had Prahlada returned to prostrate before his father, who was left bewildered.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Prahlāda |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241839.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File: Prahlada, son of Hiranyakashipu is a devotee of Vishnu. But his father was against Vishnu.jpg|thumb|Prahlada shows his father that Vishnu exists everywhere]]
After tolerating repeated abuse from Hiranyakashipu, Prahlada was eventually saved by [[Narasimha]], who emerged from within a stone pillar in the palace. He then caught and placed Hiranyakashipu on his thighs, to then disembowel and kill him with his sharp nails. Notably, the death scene unfolded at the threshold to his home at dusk, where Hiranyakashipu was slain by the nails of a half man, half animal thus, nullifying all of Hiranyakashipu's boons of virtual immortality.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dimmitt
| first = Cornelia
|author2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen
| others = translated by J. A. Van Buitenen
| title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Purāṇas
| publisher = Temple University Press
| year = 1978
| isbn = 0-87722-122-7
| page = 312
}}</ref>

Prahlada then became the king of the [[asura]]s and attains a place in the abode of Vishnu and Lakshmi ([[Vaikuntha]]) after his death.<ref>P. 452 ''The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism'' By Benjamin Walker – Summary</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Vaishnavism}}

In the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (10.30) [[Krishna]] makes the following statement in regard to Prahlada, showing his favour towards him:
{{Blockquote|text=prahlādaścāsmi daityānāṁ kālaḥ kalayatāmaham . 
mr̥gāṇāṁ ca mr̥gēndrō’haṁ vainatēyaśca pakṣiṇām .. 10-30..|title=Bhagavad Gita|source=Chapter 10, Verse 30}}<blockquote>
Translation: "Among the Daityas, I am the great devotee Prahlada and of calculators, I am Time; among quadrupeds, I am the lion; and among birds, I am Garuda."

In the [[Vishnu Purana]], the sage [[Parāśara|Parasara]] ends narrating the tale of Prahlada to [[Maitreya (Mahābhārata)|Maitreya]] with the following proclamation:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-30 |title=Visnu appears to Prahlada [Chapter XX] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vishnu-purana-wilson/d/doc115956.html |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Such, Maitreya, was Prahlada, the wise and faithful worshipper of Vishnu, of whom you wished to hear; and such was his miraculous power. Whoever listens to the history of Prahlada is immediately cleansed from their sins: the iniquities that they commits, by night or by day, shall be expiated by once hearing, or once reading, the history of Prahlada. The perusal of this history on the day of full moon, of new moon, or on the eighth or twelfth day of the lunation, shall yield fruit equal to the donation of cattle. As Vishnu protected Prahlada in all the calamities to which he was exposed, so shall Vishnu protects them who listens constantly to the tale.|title=[[Vishnu Purana]]|source=Book 1, Chapter 20}}</blockquote>In Book 7 of the Bhagavata Purana, Prahlada describes ''bhakti'' as the only way to please God.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gopal K. |title=Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāna: human suffering and divine play |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-885699-3 |series=Oxford theology and religion monographs |location=Oxford New York (N.Y.) |pages=161-2}}</ref>

== Later life ==
=== Conquest of the three worlds ===
As the king of the asuras and asuris, Prahlada was even more powerful than his father Hiranyakashipu, because of his steadfast devotion to [[Vishnu]], as well as the teachings of [[Shukra]]. He also enjoyed the love and respect of his subjects. Without lifting a single weapon and by virtue of his good behaviour, Prahlada conquered the three worlds easily, and [[Indra]] ran away from [[Svarga]]. In the disguise of a [[brahmin]], Indra sought an audience with Prahlada and asked him to teach him his ''shila'' (good conduct and character) as a boon. Pleased with this, Prahalada offered Indra this boon but this meant that Prahlada was then robbed of his dharma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&dq=prahalada+indra&pg=PA491 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=2010-09-30 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |pages=491 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Duel against Nara-Narayana ===
Prahlada once commanded the asuras to accompany him to the holy [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] of Naimiṣa, where he hoped to see a vision of Vishnu. They went hunting along the banks of the [[Sarasvati River]]. Prahlada observed two ascetics with matted hair, bearing the bows of [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]] and [[Gandiva|Ajagava]]. The asura king asked them why they held weapons while performing a penance, and the two ascetics responded that all those who held power were righteous in their conduct. One of the [[rishi]]s assured the king that none of the three worlds could conquer them in a duel. Prahlada rose to the challenge. Nara fired arrows at the king with his Ajagava, but the latter was able to defeat him with his own gold-plated arrows. Prahlada employed the divine Brahmastra against Nara's Narayanastra. Seeing them neutralised in a mid-air collision, Prahlada wielded his mace against Narayana. His mace broke, and Prahlada found himself growing helpless and sought Vishnu's assistance. Vishnu told his devotee that the [[Nara-Narayana]] brothers were invincible as they were the sons of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] and could only be conquered in devotion rather than combat. The king left the regency to Andhaka and erected an ashrama to propitiate Nara-Narayana and apologise for his folly.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/>

=== War against Vishnu ===
According to the [[Kurma Purana]], Prahlada always served thousands of Brahmanas daily. One day, Prahlada accidentally forgot to serve one Brahmanas. The latter cursed the asura, saying that he would forget Vishnu and become unrighteous. The curse soon came into fruition, with Prahlada ignoring the Vedas and the Brahmanas and soon deviating from the path of dharma. Determined to avenge his father's death, he waged war against Vishnu. When he was defeated, he realised his folly and ruled on the throne, making [[Andhaka]] also to reign as king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Dr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsxfCgAAQBAJ&dq=prahlad+andhaka&pg=PT21 |title=Koorma Purana |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-288-2802-7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other conflicts ===
According to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]], Prahlada was compelled to wage war against Indra and the devas by the daityas. In the fierce devasura war that ensued, Prahlada emerged as the victor. Fearing that the asura king would destroy the devas, Indra prayed to [[Parvati]], and Prahlada responded in kind. Pleased, the goddess pacified both of them, and they returned to their abodes.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/>

Prahlada, Virochana, Bali, and Banasura fought against Shiva and Parvati with the devas and devis when Andhaka attacked [[Mount Kailash|Kailasha]]. Prahlada had strongly advised Andhaka against the invasion of Kailasha, but Andhaka refused. Andhaka was eventually killed by Shiva and Parvati, and Prahlada once more became the King of the Asuras.
{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Prahlada's son was [[Virochana]], who was the father of [[Mahabali|Bali]]. The devas had Virochana killed by taking advantage of his generosity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/lord-vamana-resolves-universal-conflict|title=Lord Vamana Resolves the Universal Conflict|year=2008|website=btg.krishna.com|access-date=2020-02-16|quote=They begged for his crown. Even though Virochana recognized the demigods' plot, true to his word he parted with his crown and his life as well|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216092608/http://btg.krishna.com/lord-vamana-resolves-universal-conflict|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prahlada raised his grandson, Bali. Later on, Prahlada and Mahabali lived on Sutala Loka under the instructions of Lord Vishnu.

After a long life, Prahlada attained [[Vaikuntha]]. Prahlada's great-grandson was the thousand-armed [[Banasura]], who was defeated in battle by [[Krishna]] in [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Kumar2012">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Anu|title=Banasura: The Thousand-Armed Asura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uitM7zXHImQC|date=30 November 2012|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-537-9}}</ref>

==Pilgrimage sites==

* India
The following sites are associated with Prahlāda and Narasiṁha as places of pilgrimage:

** [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*** [[Ahobilam]] in [[Nandyal district]]
*** [[Kadiri]] in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
*** [[Lakshmi Narasimha swamy temple, Penna Ahobilam]] in [[Anantapur district]]
*** [[Malakonda]] in [[Nellore district]]
*** [[Simhachalam]] in [[Visakhapatnam]]

** [[Bihar]]
*** [[Banmankhi#Tourism|Narsimha Temple at Sikligarh Dharhara]] in [[Purnia district]] state of India has the 1411 long ''Manikya [[stambha]]'' (pillar) also known as [[Prahlad Stambh]], from which the Lord Vishnu manifested Narsimha (half lion and half man) avatara. This temple complex has ruins which is said to be the fort of Hiranyakashipu and a cave where Lord Shiva is said to have meditated. The temple has a unique tradition, after [[Holika Dahan]] (Holi bonfire) at the temple the ashes are sprayed in the air as the sign of victory of good over evil, and people play Holi with the Holika Dahan bonfire ashes and this tradition is locally called the '''dhurkhel''' (hindi: ''धुरखेल'').<ref name=dhurkhel>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A8/ar-AA1XpJYD भारत कर रहा एक और युद्ध की तैयारी, हम बातचीत के लिए तैयार; पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति बोले], MSN News, 3 March 2026.</ref>

** [[Maharashtra]]
*** [[Shri Laxmi Narsimha Temple]], [[Narsingpur]] in [[Pune district]]

** [[Telangana]]
*** [[Yadagirigutta Temple]]

** [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*** [[Prahlad Ghat]] at [[Hardoi]]

** [[West Bengal]]
*** [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|Narasimha Temple wing at ISKON Temple of Vedic Planetarium]] at [[Mayapur]] in [[Nadia district]]

* Pakistan:
** [[Prahladpuri Temple, Multan]]

==In dance==
The ''[[Prahallada Nataka]]'' (also spelled Prahlada-Naṭaka), a folk dance-theatre from Ganjam, Odisha enacts the story of Narasimha and Hiranyakashipu. This art form dates back to the 18th century, when Rāmakruṣṇa Chhoṭarāya, the erstwhile king of the Jalantara state, wrote the text and the songs of the drama and started it.

==In popular culture==
The story of Prahlada has been the theme of various films.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|1917
|''Bhakta Pralhad''
|Silent
|<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>
|-
|1932
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|''Bhakta Prahlada'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=2018-11-23|title=The story of a devotee|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-story-of-a-devotee/article25573960.ece|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref>
|-
|1939
|''[[Prahalada (film)|Prahalada]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=2011-08-14|title=Prahalada 1939|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/prahalada-1939/article2354913.ece|access-date=2020-09-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|1941
|''[[Prahlada (film)|Prahlada]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vijayakumar|first=B.|date=2011-04-10|title=Prahlada (1941)|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Prahlada-1941/article14678552.ece|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref>
|-
|1942
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu film)|''Bhaktha Prahlada'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1942
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|''Bhakta Prahlada'']]
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|1946
|''[[Bhakta Prahlad (1946 film)|Bhakta Prahlad]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|1958
|''[[Bhakta Prahlad (1958 film)|Bhakta Prahlad]]''
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|
|-
|1958
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1958 film)|''Bhakta Prahlada'']]
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0-19-563579-5|editor1-last=Rajadhyaksha|editor1-first=Ashish|pages=353|orig-year=1994|editor2-last=Willemen|editor2-first=Paul}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1972
|''[[Hari Darshan]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title= Rajshri Films - Hari Darshan (1972) |url=http://rajshri.com/films/hari-darshan-1972|access-date=2020-09-17|website=rajshri.com}}</ref>
|-
|1983
|[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|''Bhakta Prahlada'']]
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-24|title=On Rajkumar birthday, a Top 5 list by grandson|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/on-rajkumar-birthday-a-top-5-list-by-grandson-730473.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Mahavatar Narsimha director Ashwin Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/Tollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-director-ashwin-kumar-on-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-10154253/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kapila]]
* [[Narada]]
* [[Bhakti Yoga]]
* [[Jaya-Vijaya]]
* [[Narasimha]]
*[[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranykashipu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book
| last = Cole
| first = W. Owen
|author2=Judith Evans-Lowndes |author3=Judith Lowndes
| title = The Story of Prahlad
| publisher = Heinemann Educational
| year = 1995
| isbn = 0-431-07756-8
}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp055.htm Prahlada in the Vishnu Purana]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Hiranyakashipu]] |
title= [[Daitya]]s|
years = unknown|
after=[[Virochana]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Holi]]
[[Category:Vaishnavite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:Daityas]]
[[Category:Asura]]

Yeshwant

2026-03-04T00:06:40Z

Kartikeyar: made

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yeshwant
| image = Yeshwant (1997 movie poster).jpg
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Madhoo]] [[Atul Agnihotri]] Mohan Joshi [[Shafi Inamdar]]
| director = Anil Matto
| language = Hindi
| producer = Narottam. V. Purohit Vijay K. Ranglani
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
|cinematography = Shankar Bardhan
|editing = Kuldip Mehan
| writer = Anil Mattoo [[Hriday Lani]]
| story = Shahab Shamsi
|studio = Shalimar International
|distributor = Shalimar International
| released = {{Film date|1997|02|07|df=yes}}
| budget = {{INR}}5.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2705|title=Yeshwant - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}19.10 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Yeshwant''''' is a 1997 Indian [[action crime]] film directed by Anil Mattoo, produced by Vijay K. Ranglani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeshwant (1997) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/yeshwant-8267/cast-crew |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Cinestaan}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It stars [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Madhoo]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeshwant - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2705 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YESHWANT (1997) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e56cd0c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230180818/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e56cd0c |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> Also, it was the final film of [[Shafi Inamdar]], who died a year before the release. The film was a success on the box office.<ref name="auto"/>

== Plot ==
Inspector Yeshwant Lohar ([[Nana Patekar]]) is a plainclothes police detective. His wife is Ragini ([[Madhoo]]) and Yeshwant wants her to concentrate on studies so that she may join the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS).

Yeshwant goes undercover as a beggar to catch a drug dealer, Salim Shaikh (Mohan Joshi). Salim is sent to prison, and Lohar is ostensibly praised by his superior, Chopra. However, Chopra is corrupt, and in actuality, is Salim's pay. Chopra frames Lohar for murder and gets him sent to prison as well.

Meanwhile, Ragini is selected as an IAS, and joins as a Deputy Collector. She suspects Salim of framing her husband, and lets Salim know that she is watching him closely. Salim becomes alarmed and tries silence to Ragini. She rejects his bribe offers and escapes the thugs hired by Salim to intimidate her.

Salim plots to defame Ragini. She has been attacked, so he assigns John Frank ([[Atul Agnihotri]]), an old friend of Ragini, as her police guard. Salim then spreads allegations of a love affair between them, supported by faked pictures of Frank and Ragini in a compromising position. The minister, who is a womaniser, scolds her and also tries to hug her. Salim shows the pictures to Yeshwant, who avoids Ragini during conjugal visits, and releases them to the press, discrediting her with the public.

Yeshwant is released from prison, and confronts Ragini. She pleads with him to believe she is faithful. Yeshwant is enraged, and goes on a killing spree. He kills Salim's accomplices, and then kills Salim himself while he is engaged in an illegal drug deal. With Salim's crimes revealed, Yeshwant is vindicated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Upcoming Yeshwant 1997 {{!}} Upcoming Yeshwant 1997 - Indian Film History |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/yeshwant |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Inspector Yashwant Lohar
* [[Madhoo]] as Ragini Yashwant Lohar, IAS Deputy Collector
* [[Atul Agnihotri]] as Sub Inspector John Frank
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Adv. Vikram
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Salim Shaikh
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Inspector Joshi
* [[Ravi Patwardhan]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Kale, IAS Collector
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Dr. Godbole
* [[Razak Khan]] as dancer
* [[Gavin Packard]] as Salim's Goon
* [[Ashok Shinde]] as Chief Minister's Son
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Slum dweller Women who saves Ragini from goons (Special Appearance)
* [[Kishore Nandlaskar]] as Slum dweller Women [[Usha Nadkarni]] Husband (Special Appearance)
* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Eye Witness
* Pramod Pawar as Press Reporter

{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
One of the dialogs in the film "Ek Machchar" was released as a song with background female vocals. The dialogue's popularity contributed to the success of the film.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ambar Se Noor Liya"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 2
| "Badi Mushkil Mein"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 3
| "Ek Machhar"
| [[Nana Patekar]]
|-
| 4
| "Jai Jai Jagdambe Kaali"
| [[Ravindra Sathe]]
|-
| 5
| "Saanware Aai Jaiyo"
| Ravindra Sathe
|-
| 6
| "Tum Samne Baitho"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| 7
| "Kadak Laxmi Aali"
| Ravindra Sathe
|}

==Reviews==
Some viewers felt that the film was virtually a "one-man show", with Patekar's character stealing the show. Film critics also praised the performance of Madhoo as "strong" and "flawless". The film was well-reviewed as a rare and thought-provoking piece, sorely needed in an era of superficial commercialized movies.

==Trivia==
This film includes the famous line ''"Ek machhar aadmi ko [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijda]] bana deta hain"'' ("A single mosquito can emasculate a man"), spoken by Yeshwant. This line became a popular catchphrase and was widely used to promote the film.

This line was expanded into a musical number with background music and chorus, under the music direction of [[Anand–Milind|Anand and Milind Shrivastav]].

This movie was the last movie of an actor [[Shafi Inamdar]], which was released after his death due to a heart attack in 1996.

In one scene, Inspector Joshi ([[Shivaji Satam]]) interferes, trying to save some of Salim's henchmen from Yashwant. A scene in ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' was inspired by this scene.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0250122}}

[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

2013 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-03-03T09:09:21Z

Kartikeyar: Starting First Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| season = 2013
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| captain = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| comp1 result = Runners-up
| comp2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Qualified
| most runs = [[Mike Hussey]] (732)
| most wickets = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (32)
| most catches = Dwayne Bravo (12)
| most dismissals = [[MS Dhoni]] (12)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2012|2012]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2014|2014]]
}}

[[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Chennai]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the nine teams that competed in the [[2013 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained for the sixth season in succession by Indian skipper [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]].

==Background==
By the end of October 2012, all IPL teams were given an opportunity to trim their squad with which CSK retained 16 players of their [[Chennai Super Kings in 2012#Squad|2012 squad]]. They released George Bailey, Doug Bollinger, Joginder Sharma, Suraj Randiv, Yo Mahesh, Abhinav Mukund, Scott Styris, Sudeep Tyagi, K Vasudevadas, G Vignesh from their squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/589311.html|title=CSK retains 16 players|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Pre-season player signings==
Before the auction, coach [[Stephen Fleming]] hinted that the team is looking to boost the local bowling option and also the pace department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/Stephen-Fleming-hints-Chennai-Super-Kings-may-not-go-for-foreign-players-in-IPL-auction/articleshow/18294639.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426160349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-01/news/36683498_1_foreign-players-chennai-super-kings-csk|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-04-26|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Stephen Fleming before the 2013 auction}}</ref> At the auction, the Super Kings did not bid for a single batsman. They picked up five bowlers instead, which [[Gurunath Meiyappan]], who was part of the Super Kings auction side, said was their sole objective.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[Dirk Nannes]] was their first buy, but their most surprising purchase was South Africa's bowling allrounder [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] for $625,000. Soon after getting Morris, the Super Kings went after the Sri Lankan spinner Sachithra Senanayake too, but lost him to Kolkata Knight Riders. Towards the end of the auction they picked up Australian seamer Ben Laughlin, Sri Lankan spinner [[Akila Dananjaya]] and the towering West Indian quick [[Jason Holder]], all at their respective base prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/603255.html|title=CSK in Auction 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Post-auction, CSK first signed up the Indian U-19 all-rounder [[Baba Aparajith]] and also uncapped Tamil Nadu player Vijay Shankar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/603073.html|title=Signing of Aparajith and Vijay Shankar|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In a continuation of their auction strategy, Chennai Super Kings beefed up their bowling department further by signing five Indian uncapped bowlers. The bowlers signed-up were UP duo of [[Imtiyaz Ahmed]] and [[Ankit Rajpoot]], Haryana quick [[Mohit Sharma]], Karnataka pacer Ronit More and Tamil Nadu left-arm spinner R Karthikeyan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/603502.html|title=CSK signs five uncapped bowlers|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squad==
Players with international caps before the start of the 2013 IPL season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|03|| '''[[Suresh Raina]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1986|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|13|| '''[[Francois du Plessis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1984|7|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
|33|| '''[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1980|8|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|48|| '''[[Michael Hussey]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1975|5|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|77|| [[Anirudha Srikkanth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1987|4|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|02|| '''[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|05|| [[Baba Aparajith]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1994|7|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|26|| [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|81|| '''[[Albie Morkel]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1981|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[Medium pace bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|06|| '''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|07|| '''[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|01|| R Karthikeyan || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1993|01|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|04|| '''[[Akila Dananjaya]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1993|10|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||Overseas
|-
|18|| [[Mohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1988|09|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Ronit More]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1992|02|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|27|| [[Shadab Jakati]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1980|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|28|| '''[[Ben Hilfenhaus]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1983|3|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|29|| '''[[Dirk Nannes]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1976|5|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||Overseas
|-
|43|| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1993|12|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Ben Laughlin (cricketer)|Ben Laughlin]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1982|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||Overseas
|-
|63|| [[Imtiyaz Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1985|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|92|| '''[[Nuwan Kulasekara]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1982|7|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|98|| '''[[Jason Holder]]''' || {{cr|Barbados}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1991|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||Overseas
|-
|99|| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2013|04|01|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|}

==Indian Premier League==
'''Match I:''' Super Kings started their season again with a loss, in their home ground, in a tight match against Mumbai Indians. Though the bowlers started restricting and take regular wickets, [[Kieron Pollard|Pollard]]'s onslaught helped Mumbai Indians reach 148. Super Kings batsmen stumbled through the chase with many of them falling for cheap shots. The skipper and captain of Chennai Super Kings [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] got the Chennai Super Kings back into the game by a scoring an amazing 51 of just 26 ball including 5 boundaries and 3 maximums and a strike rate of 196.15. He played superbly and was going for a maximum when he got out with Pollard taking the catch of MSD, once again proved the match winner for Mumbai Indians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/628430.html|title=Pollard pips over Dhoni's Heroics|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match II: '''In the second match at Mohali, CSK won over KXIP with an astounding 10 wicket win. Winning the toss and opting to bowl, CSK's bowlers were constantly taking the wickets and bowled out KXIP for 138. David Hussey and Gurkeerat Singh helped KXIP to stabilize in the middle overs until Ashwin and Bravo struck back. Michael Hussey and Murali Vijay started the chase in a slow and steady manner. Once they were settled Hussey's blows made the run chase too easy with CSK winning it with 10 wickets and 16 balls to spare. Vijay playing the second fiddle reached his half century in run a ball. Mike Hussey was awarded Man of the Match for his clean-hit 86 off 54 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/629128.html|title=Super Kings demolishes listless Kings XI Punjab|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match III: '''CSK's third match was one of the best matches in all of the IPL so far. the Arch-rivals of '''CSK, RCB''' made 165 with the help of Kohli's 58 and AB De Villiers' cracking 64 off 32 balls. Batting CSK lost its openers cheaply at a poor runrate. Badrinath and Raina doing the repairs at the middle stages, Dhoni and Jadeja tweaking in the pre-last stages, CSK was made to get 29 runs from last 11 balls when Dhoni got out. With short cameos from Bravo and Morris, it was all down to Ravindra Jadeja to score 2 runs in the last ball. Off which, he gave a catch to the third man. Kohli was rejoicing the win and seeing the umpire giving the [[no-ball]], it was confirmed a CSK's win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598012.html|title=Super Kings overcomes the Royal Challenge in Style|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Post Match, many Jadeja's jokes started to revolve the Internet. MSD tweeted "When you give Sir Ravindra Jadeja one ball to get 2 runs he will win it with one ball to spare !!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/ipl2013/dhoni-picks-on-jadeja-for-twitter-treatment/article4616990.ece?homepage=true|title=Dhoni picks on Jadeja for Twitter treatment|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

'''Match IV:''' Playing their 3rd game at home and facing a relatively low-threatening [[Pune Warriors India]], CSK played one of its most lethargic display at the field. Bringing in [[Anirudha Srikkanth|Anirudha]] and [[Albie Morkel]] in the team for [[Mike Hussey]] and Mohit Sharma, CSK nowhere showed the wish to win the game. Pune dominated from the first with the power hitting of Aaron Finch and late surge from Steven Smith. Pune reached a competitive 159.CSK lost the game by 24 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598015.html|title=Super Kings demolished by their own over-confidence|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match V:''' CSK played against the [[Delhi Daredevils]] who are struggling to record their first win this season. CSK chose to bat first after winning the toss and set a pretty solid target of 170. [[Michael Hussey]] and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] played their game with good support from [[Suresh Raina]]. DD started their wobbly innings with [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] cheaply gone for 1 run and wickets continued to fall in short intervals. DD were dismissed for 83 runs. DD required 9 wins from their remaining 10 matches to improve their standing in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/630780.html|title=Clinical Super Kings thump Delhi|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match VI:''' CSK played their 6th match against the struggling Kolkata Knight Riders. KKR captain Gautam Gambhir won the toss and elected to bat. Skipper Gautam Gambhir and all-rounder Yusuf Pathan gave them a brisk start of 25 off 19 and 25 off 22 respectively. But soon Morris stuck for his team and an excellent catch by Hussey to get rid of Gautam Gambhir. Soon Yusuf pathan also was run-out by a quick throw by Bravo. In the end of the first innings KKR could only manage 119/6 in their 20 overs. CSK started off well but soon lost wickets at regular intervals. M. Hussey played a vital innings of 40 off 51 balls though it was slow in the context of the game . With 48 to win from 24, Ravindra Jadeja arrived at the crease and struck an awesome cameo of 36 off just 14 delivered the goods and took CSK past the line. CSK in the end won the encounter by 5 wickets and 5 balls to spare.

'''Match VII:''' Playing their 4th match in their home ground, [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] once again lost the toss was asked to bowl by the [[Rajasthan Royals]] captain [[Rahul Dravid]]. Batting first, RR off to a flier with [[Shane Watson|Watson]] going all guns blazing. Though one team wickets were sliding, RR reached 185 helped by a magnificent century by Watson and some late power-hits by [[Stuart Binny]]. CSK while chasing lost [[Murali Vijay|Vijay]] cheaply once again within the Powerplays. With some fluent hits by [[Michael Hussey]] and heavy shots by Raina[[Suresh Raina|Raina]] consolidating the middle overs, CSK reached 100 in the 11th over. With Raina getting out for 55, Hussey going for well played 88 and Jadeja getting out in the next ball, CSK once again went into the danger zone. However [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MSD]]'s cameo fireworks and [[Dwayne Bravo]]'s last over heroics helped CSK win the match with a ball to spare. [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] was awarded '''MoM''' for his match-winning 88 runs off 51 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598026.html|title=Super Kings triumphs the Royals in style|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match VIII: '''The 34th match of IPL6 witnessed [[Sun Risers|SRH]] batting first and posting a modest total of 159 with the help of [[Shikhar Dhawan]]'s well paced 63 and Aashish Reddy's late surge 36. In response, [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]'s top order responded well with all contributing and Dhoni going berserk in the final overs. Karan Sharma's maiden in the final overs gave the much needed pressure but Dhoni emphatically pulled the match easily. From 0 off 6 balls, he surged to 67 off 37 balls thus winning the MoM unanimously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598030.html|title=Dhoni's smacking Kills Sunrisers|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Match IX: '''In the reminiscent of the last year finals, Current Champions [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] faced current runners up [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] in the Chepauk Stadium for the 38th match of IPL 6. Batting first CSK once again showed its batting strength with Hussey and Newcomer Saha smashing 100 in the 10th over. With heavy top order hitting from Saha, Raina and Hussey, CSK reached 200. KKR's innings featured some glimpse of last year finals with Bisla going hammer and tonks at the CSK Bowlers'. With some intelligent and tight bowling from Morris and Bravo's 19th and 20th over, CSK won the game convincingly. Hussey's master class 95 with an astonishing strike rate of 161 earned him the MoM once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598034.html|title=Hussey shows his Master Class|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
! class="unsortable" | Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=6|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 9 runs ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598002.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=10|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 10 wickets, MoM – [[Mike Hussey]] 86* (54) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598007.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=13|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 4 wickets, MoM – [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 38* (20) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598012.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=15|format=dmy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 24 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598015.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=18|format=dmy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|New Delhi]] || Won by 86 runs, MoM – [[Mike Hussey]] 65* (50) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598020.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=20|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] ||Won by 4 wickets, MoM - [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 36* (14) & 3/20 || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598022.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Mike Hussey]] 88 (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598026.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 67* (37) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598030.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=28|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 14 runs, MoM – [[Mike Hussey]] 95 (59) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598034.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=30|format=dmy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium|Pune]] || Won by 37 runs; MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 45* (16) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598038.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=2|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 15 runs; MoM - [[Suresh Raina]] 100* (53) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598041.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=5|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 60 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598046.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=8|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 77 runs; MoM - [[Suresh Raina]] 99* (52) & 1/4 (1 Over) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598051.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=12|format=dmy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598058.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=14|format=dmy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 33 runs; MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 58* (35) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598062.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=18|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 24 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598068.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8"
| 17 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=21|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] (Qualifier #1)|| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|New Delhi]] || Won by 48 runs, MoM – [[Mike Hussey]] 86* (58) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598070.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 18 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=26|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] (Finals) || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 23 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598073.html Scorecard]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Super Kings}}

[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]
[[Category:2013 Indian Premier League]]

Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya

2026-02-28T09:59:23Z

Kartikeyar: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library]]

Akansha Ranjan Kapoor

2026-02-26T23:27:31Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Basic Article Initial Version

{{short description|American actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akansha Ranjan Kapoor
| image = Akansha Ranjan Kapoor at Sonakshi Sinha and Zaheer Iqbals reception (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Kapoor in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|09|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| citizenship = United States
| alma_mater = [[Whistling Woods International Institute|Whistling Woods]], Mumbai
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for =
| relatives = [[Anushka Ranjan]] (sister) [[Aditya Seal]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''Akansha Ranjan Kapoor''' (born 18 September 1993) is an American actress who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Kapoor made her film debut with ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]'' (2020) for which she received a [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]] nomination. She made her web debut with [[Netflix]]'s series ''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title='My dream role is Kangana Ranaut's character in Queen,' reveals Akansha Ranjan Kapoor |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/my-dream-role-is-kangana-ranauts-character-in-queen-reveals-akansha-ranjan-kapoor}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kapoor was born on 18 September 1993, in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt wishes best friend Akansha Ranjan Kapoor on birthday, shares throwback pic from Maldives |date=18 September 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-wishes-best-friend-akansha-ranjan-on-birthday-shares-throwback-pic-from-maldives-1854244-2021-09-18 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities brim with love on Akansha Ranjan Kapoor's birthday |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/celebrities-brim-with-love-on-akansha-ranjan-kapoors-birthday20210918191517/ |date=18 September 2021 |work=ANI News}}</ref> Her parents are Shashi Ranjan, an actor/director from FTII and the Publisher of GR8 Magazine, and Anu Ranjan, the Founder of The Indian Television Academy. She has an elder sister named [[Anushka Ranjan]], who is also an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet glam sisters Anushka Ranjan and Akansha Ranjan Kapoor |work=NDTVIndia |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/webstories/entertainment/meet-glam-sisters-anushka-and-akansha-ranjan-2417 |access-date=2 July 2022 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

After completing her schooling from [[Jamnabai Narsee School]], Akansha pursued an acting diploma from [[Whistling Woods International Institute|Whistling Woods]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Akansha Ranjan Kapoor on her early life, debut Guilty, her bond with Alia Bhatt and more… |work=Filmfare |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-akanksha-ranjan-kapoor-on-her-debut-guilty-her-bond-with-ali-bhatt-and-more-40173.amp |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> Kapoor is an American citizen and voted for [[Kamala Harris]] in the [[2024 United States elections|2024 US elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor, who shares a close bond with Alia Bhatt, votes for the US Presidential election; internet is confused over her citizenship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-who-shares-a-close-bond-with-alia-bhatt-votes-for-the-us-presidential-election-internet-is-confused-over-her-citizenship/articleshow/115001623.cms |access-date=2024-11-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=This India-based actress voted in US presidential election, internet surprised to learn she's an American citizen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/this-india-based-actress-voted-in-us-elections-internet-surprised-to-learn-she-s-a-us-citizen-101730857496562.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2024-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=2024 US Elections: Who is the Mumbai based actress, Alia Bhatt's friend — an American citizen, who cast her vote? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/2024-us-elections-who-is-the-mumbai-based-actress-alia-bhatts-friend-an-american-citizen-who-cast-her-vote-11730862078447.html |work=Mint |date=2024-11-06 }}</ref>

==Career==
Kapoor started her career in 2019 with the television fashion series, [[TLC (Indian TV channel)|TLC]]'s ''Decoded''. She next appeared in the music video ''Tere Do Naina'' alongside [[Aparshakti Khurana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatts-bestie-akansha-ranjan-kapoor-makes-acting-debut-with-aparshakti-khurana/articleshow/69402737.cms |title=ALIA BHATT'S BESTIE AKANSHA RANJAN KAPOOR MAKES ACTING DEBUT WITH APARSHAKTI KHURANA |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, she made her film debut with the [[Netflix]] film ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]'' where she was seen as a rape victim. She received [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|Best Supporting Actor (Female)]] nomination for her performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/guilty-movie-review-netflix-and-dharmatic-present-a-flawed-but-important-take-on-the-metoo-movement-8125691.html |title=Guilty movie review: Netflix and Dharmatic present a flawed but important take on the #MeToo movement |date=7 March 2020 |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

Kapoor next made her web debut with the 2021 [[Netflix]] series ''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]'', where she was seen opposite [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray trailer: Netflix's new anthology promises a thrilling, engaging ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ray-trailer-netflix-new-anthology-promises-to-be-an-engaging-thrilling-ride-7349261/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=9 June 2021 |first=Sana |last=Farzeen}}</ref> She next appeared in the music video "Hum Hi Hum The" alongside [[Aashim Gulati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum Hi Hum The: Starring Akansha Ranjan Kapoor and Aashim Gulati is out now |via=YouTube |date=3 June 2022 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9Rfer8BRnC8&ved=2ahUKEwjSvcPHidz4AhV0xTgGHV4rDh8QwqsBegQIBBAF&usg=AOvVaw3WFPA960dYk_3ZL5NJjeQ_}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Kapoor next appeared alongside [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Radhika Apte]] and [[Huma Qureshi]] in ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/nextflix-shares-first-look-of-radhika-apte-huma-rajkummar-from-monica-o-my-darling-1833593-2021-07-28 |title=Nextflix shares first look of Radhika Apte, Huma, Rajkummar from Monica, O My Darling |work=India Today |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica, O My Darling: Netflix announces its upcoming thriller with ensemble cast; directed by Vasan Bala |date=28 July 2021 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/monica-o-my-darling-netflix-announces-its-upcoming-thriller-with-ensemble-cast-23185146 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]''
| Tanu Kumar
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor on response to debut film Guilty: 'Nobody has told me it is a very bold character' |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 March 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-on-response-to-debut-film-guilty-nobody-has-told-me-it-is-a-very-bold-character/story-KvDl9y029q5CkotzPkedaO_amp.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
| Nikki Adhikari
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor is on a high, to star in Vasan Bala's Monica, O My Darling |access-date=3 July 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-is-on-a-high/cid/1825932 |work=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Jigra]]''
| Flight attendant
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|MaayaOne}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor to play the leading lady of Sundeep Kishan in MaayaOne |access-date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-play-leading-lady-sundeep-kishan-maayaone/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 December 2023 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Decoded''
| Herself
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/alia-bhatts-bestie-akansha-ranjan-set-for-her-small-screen-debut-20706162 |title=Alia Bhatt's bestie Akansha Ranjan set for her small screen debut |work=Mid Day |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]''
| Anuya
| Segment: "Spotlight"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-is-on-a-high/cid/1825932 |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor is on a high |work=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Gram Chikitsalay]]''
|Dr. Gargi
|
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Tere Do Naina''
| [[Ankit Tiwari]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tere Do Naina' Sung By Ankit Tiwari; featuring Aparshakti Khurana and Akansha Ranjan Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-tere-do-naina-sung-by-ankit-tiwari/videoshow/69446164.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Hum Hi Hum The''
| Bandish Vaz
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor, Aashim Gulati star in new music video 'Hum Hi Hum The' |date=31 May 2022 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-aashim-gulati-star-in-new-music-video-hum-hi-hum-the-2022-05-31-780682 |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=India TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''Dastoor''
| [[Jasleen Royal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor talks about playing Neena Gupta's daughter in 'Dastoor' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-talks-about-playing-neena-gupta-s-daughter-in-dastoor--news-337999/amp |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Outlook India |date=21 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress - Web Original Film
|rowspan="2"|''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html |title=Nominations for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020 |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Debut Actress of the Year -OTT
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |author1=ABP News Bureau |title=ITA Awards 2022: Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh, Nia Sharma, Rashami Desai & Others Attend |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ita-awards-2022-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-nia-sharma-rashami-desai-other-popular-tv-bollywood-celebs-attend-1517466 |website=news.abplive.com |publisher=ABP News Network Private Limited |access-date=2 May 2022 |language=en |date=7 March 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11406768}}
* {{Instagram|akansharanjankapoor}}
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan Kapoor, Akansha}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Anthony Mendes

2026-02-26T06:20:11Z

Kartikeyar: Starting First Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (1920–1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anthony Mendes
| image = Anthony Mendes.jpg
| caption = Mendes as Valente in ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
| birth_name = Antonio Mendes
| birth_place = [[Borda, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|12|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|3|21|1920|12|28|df=y}}
| years_active = 1936–1964
| education = [[St. Teresa's High School, Charni Road]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|singer|composer|lyricist|playwright}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Clementina Alvares|1948}}
| children = 5
| notable_works = ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1966)
}}

'''Anthony Mendes''' (born '''Antonio Mendes'''; 28 December 1920 – 21 March 1964) was an Indian actor, comedian, singer, composer, [[lyricist]], and playwright known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Anthony Mendes, was born as Antonio Mendes, on 28 December 1920, in [[Borda, Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family to parents Felicio Santana Mendes and Filomena Mendes, Mendes grew up in the parish of [[Verna, Goa]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Eduardo |date=1961 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey=MeBLE%20U7sKw= |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> From an early age, Mendes exhibited talent in the fields of singing and acting. Writer and historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] attests to Mendes' innate abilities in these artistic pursuits. Mendes' passion for singing and acting was evident as he organized concerts, gathering young boys from his village to participate in these performances. Mendes received his education at [[St. Teresa's High School, Charni Road|St. Theresa's High School]] in [[Girgaum]], [[Bombay]]. It was during his time at this institution that his talent truly flourished. Mendes actively participated in numerous concerts, impressing his teachers and peers with his skills. Beyond his school years, Mendes continued to make contributions to the [[Goan music]] scene. During school holidays, he actively participated in [[Goan]] concerts.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During his tenure in [[Bombay]], Mendes seized an opportunity to partake in [[Goan]] concerts, which served as a stepping stone for his theatrical career. It was during one such concert that he caught the eye of [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], who extended an invitation for Mendes to join the cast of his theatrical [[farce]] titled ''Mhozo Khapri Chakor'' (My African Servant). This farce debuted in 1936 at the Antonio D'Souza School Hall in [[Dadar]], Bombay. Impressed by Mendes's performance, João Agostinho subsequently cast him in all of his ''[[tiatr]]s'' (Goan [[musical theatre]]), including the theatrical production ''Vauraddi'' (The Labourer), where Mendes portrayed a ''vhoddekar'' (boatman). ''Vauraddi'' premiered at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, Bombay, marking Mendes's debut on this particular stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=30–31}}</ref> His participation in hundreds of tiatrs ensued thereafter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=93–96 |language=en |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mendes made his inaugural trip from [[Margão]] to Bombay using a [[horse-drawn carriage]]. Upon arriving at the [[Carwar]] border, he was discovered and subsequently transported to Bombay without any recourse or alternative available.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A genius par excellence |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-genius-par-excellence-/169082 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Mendes quickly became a popular choice among those who enjoyed attending ''tiatr'' performances, owing to his voice, melodious singing, and impeccable [[characterization]]s, writes [[Konkani language|Konkani]] historian and writer [[Wilson Mazarello]].<ref name=":1" /> His renditions of popular songs such as "Taxi," "Dadlo Bail," "Magnese Firoi," "Tarvotti Nouro," "Zor Normal Zalo," "Kamparika Banja," and "Wonderful Child" continue to resonate, with the popularity of "Kamparika Banja" meriting regular airtime on [[All India Radio]], [[Panjim]]. Mendes received acclaim for his comedic performance in the film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'', with his memorable songs, including the timeless "Bencdaita Pai," contributing to its legacy in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani movie industry]]. Additionally, Mendes showcased his talents as a composer and singer, producing several chart-topping tracks, including those featured in the film ''Amchem Noxib''. His musical prowess also found expression through recordings for [[Gramophone Company India]]. Beyond his artistic pursuits, Mendes maintained employment with Brilliant Batteries Services in [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]], Bombay, and was known for his disciplined approach as a performer. Esteemed by his stage colleagues, Mendes's punctuality was exemplified by his consistent presence at the venue an hour before each show.<ref name=":0" />

Throughout his career spanning 28 years, Mendes made contributions as an actor, playwright, and comedian. His performances were known for their natural comedic brilliance, characterized by his timing, physicality, and sense of humor.<ref name=":0" /> Mendes had an uncanny ability to [[Silent comedy|elicit laughter from the audience with his mere presence on stage]]. Even before uttering a single word, his [[Physical comedy|comical body movements]], expressive eyes, and agile demeanor would ignite laughter throughout the entire theater. Once he spoke, his delivery was so hilarious that audiences found it impossible to contain their laughter. Mendes possessed a rare talent for bringing joy and mirth to the hearts of people, often leaving them with literal [[stomach pain]]s from excessive laughter, writes Mazarello. In addition to his skills as an actor, Mendes was a playwright. He wrote his first script during his school days, and his creative output eventually included 15 full-length ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1" />

Several of his productions achieved success in terms of [[box office]] revenue, with ''Road to Mapusa'' standing out as one of his most notable hits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2013 |title=Tribute to Anthony Mendes in three special musical shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tribute-to-anthony-mendes-in-three-special-musical-shows/articleshow/24681489.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Among his works were ''Pandu Barber'', ''Artimez'', ''Goenkar'' ([[Goan]]), ''Boborji vo Kuzner'', ''Pensaum vo Tensaum'', ''Kunnbi Irmāu'' ([[Kunbi]] Brother), ''Dusreponni Cazar'' (Second Marriage), ''Ticli Sun'', ''Voniecho Jurament'', ''Editorachem Noxib'' (Editor's Luck), ''Guirannacho Put'', ''Bekar Zanvoim'' (Unemployed Son-in-law), and the popular ''Road to Mapusa''. In the year 1940, he authored, directed, and presented the play ''Pandu Barber'', debuting in [[Goa]] and subsequently in [[Bombay]] at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi.<ref name=":0" /> Mendes's influence extended beyond the stage. He embarked on numerous tours, performing at ''[[tiatr]]s'' in Bombay, Goa, [[Poona]], [[Ahmedabad]], and even [[East Africa]].<ref name=":1" /> Mendes died at the age of 43 in 1964. However, his legacy continued through his sons, known professionally as the Mendes Brothers. They inherited their father's artistic prowess and completed his last [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'', ''Bomboicho Dada'' (Bombay's Father), which became an instant sensation. The Mendes Brothers' performances were met with success, drawing full houses. A particular highlight of their [[repertoire]] was the popular
song "Amchi Maim," dedicated to their mother Clementina, who single-handedly raised their five children following the loss of their father, Mendes.<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Anthony Mendes and his wife Clementina Mendes (née Alvares).jpg|thumb|Mendes and his wife Clementina]]
In 1948,<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1948 |title=Registo Civil de Margão |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Mendes entered into matrimony with Clementina Mendes ([[née]] Alvares), a [[homemaker]] originating from [[Raia, Goa]].<ref name=":3" /> The couple had two daughters, Theresa and Amelia, and three sons, Felix, Xavier, and Derrick. Mendes's three sons later formed a [[musical trio]] known as the Mendes Brothers, specializing in performances in the [[Konkani language]].<ref name=":0" /> Known for his devotion as a husband and father, Mendes consistently placed his family's needs at the forefront, ensuring their welfare and support. Despite his involvement in the entertainment industry, Mendes encouraged his children to explore alternative avenues of income rather than pursuing acting careers. However, their exposure to their father's stage shows (''[[tiatrs]]'') sparked their interest in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], ultimately drawing them towards artistic pursuits. Continuing the family's musical legacy, Mendes's grandson, Chris, emerged as a music composer, lyricist, singer, and performer. Marking Mendes's remarkable 100th birth anniversary celebration, Chris paid homage to his grandfather by recreating and delivering a rendition of the song "Mogachem Tarum" from the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''[[Amchem Noxib]]''. This special rendition featured the participation of [[Remo Fernandes]], a dedicated admirer of Mendes, who enthusiastically embraced the opportunity to collaborate with Chris on this tribute.<ref name=":2" />

==Artistry==
Konkani writer and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]], describes Mendes as a prolific composer and singer who performed a diverse range of songs on stage, including both humorous and serious solos, as well as [[duet]]s and [[trio (music)|trio]]s. He was known for his distinctive presentation style, particularly when performing comedic songs. His physical flexibility and animated [[body language]] earned him the nickname "Spring Man," and his ability to roll his eyes and deliver witty humor in his comedic performances endeared him to audiences, often eliciting hearty laughter.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 21 March 1964, Mendes died in [[Goa]] at the age of 43 from complications related to [[blood cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vangaveti |first=Swetha |date=2022 |title=Konkan actor, comedian gone decades ago but is still remembered and will never be forgotten. |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/konkan-actor-comedian-short-lived-but-ever-loved-and-remembered-even-after-50-years |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Book of Achievers |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001055443/https://bookofachievers.com/articles/konkan-actor-comedian-short-lived-but-ever-loved-and-remembered-even-after-50-years |url-status=live }}</ref> His demise prompted the ''[[tiatr]]'' fraternity in [[Bombay]] to unite in remembrance of his contributions. As a tribute, they organized a series of performances of Mendes' popular drama, ''Guirannach Put'', under the direction of [[C. Alvares]]. These heartfelt renditions took place at venues such as Princess Theatre Bhangwadi, [[Bombay]], St. Mary's Hall in [[Mazagaon]], Damodar Hall in [[Parel]], St. Michael's in [[Mahim]], and St. Peter's Hall in [[Bandra]]. One highlight of these presentations was [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]'s emotionally charged rendition of the song "Konkani Palk Golloita Dukam," dedicated to Mendes, which moved audiences to tears. Mendes' artistic legacy lives on through his sons, Felix-Xavier-Derrick, known collectively as the Mendes Brothers, who continue to uphold their father's artistic heritage.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendes, Anthony}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Konkani cinema]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda

2026-02-22T19:23:46Z

Kartikeyar: further expand references per standard format further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Residential school in Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda
| image = JNV Logo.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| alt = NVS Logo
| caption =
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}} {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Pragñānam [[Brahma]]}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]) {{Translation|"Pure Knowledge is [[Brahma]]"}}
| location = Arnora, Ghat, [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = [[India]]
| information = Located in [[Chenab valley]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|08|55.0|N|75|34|54.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = JNV Doda
| former_name =
| type = Public
| established = {{Start date|1986|df=y}}<ref>[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DODA/en/about_us/About-JNV/ About JNV Doda - Navoday Vidyalaya Samiti]</ref>
| opened =
| closed =
| district = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| grades = VI - XII
| superintendent =
| principal = SHRI KHEM CHAND<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.jnvdoda.org.in/|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109233055/http://jnvdoda.org.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| staff = 36 - {{URL|https://www.jnvdoda.org.in/staff.html| See full list}}<ref>{{URL|https://www.jnvdoda.org.in/staff.html|Staff list}}</ref>
| faculty =
| gender = 
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Rural
| houses = {{color box|#3366FF}}  [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] {{color box|#3B7A57}}  [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri]] {{color box|#FF3300}}  [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] {{color box|#FFFF00}}  [[Rajgir Hills|Udaigiri]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DODA/en/home/| Official Website}}
| footnotes = '''Managing Committee''': Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti
}}

'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda''' (or simply JNV Doda) is a model school in [[Doda district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. This school category, called as [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]s are the schools for [[gifted student]]s in [[India]], established in every district of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/4544-Jawahar-Navodaya-Vidyalaya-Doda.aspx|title=Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda - IndiaStudyChannel}}</ref> These schools are run by [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]], New Delhi, an autonomous organization under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]], Department of Education, [[Government of India]]. JNV Doda is a fully residential and co-educational school affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi, with classes from [[Sixth grade|VI]] to [[Twelfth grade#India|XII standard]]. This school like other JNVs is specifically tasked with finding talented children in rural areas of India and providing them with an education equivalent to the best residential school system, without regard to their family's socio-economic condition.<ref name="school overview">{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Vision-Mission/|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

==Admission==
Admission to the JNV Doda requires qualifying in an entrance exam, called as [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test|JNVST]], designed, developed and conducted by [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] earlier and now by the [[C.B.S.E|CBSE]], except lateral admissions in the class '''IX''' and '''XI''' to the very limited seats held annually. JNV Doda is administered by Chandigarh region of the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya regional center. The test encompasses reasoning/mental ability skills, Maths, and [[Regional language]]. The school provides reservation as per mandate of Govt. of India, at least 75% selection of students from rural areas, maximum 25% from urban areas and fixed 33% to girl students. Applications to appear in the test are made freely available at the Vidyalayas and District Education Offices. The JNV Samiti takes extensive care to make the applications available (and to communicate their availability through multiple media outlets) to far-flung rural districts, so as to properly serve this under-served population. Every year every JNV select about 80 most meritorious students. There is no admission fee and no re-admission fee however the non [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] and General category male students of Class IX to XII are charged {{INR}}200 per month in welfare of Vidyalayas called ''Vidyalaya Vikas Nidhi''.

==Infrastructure==
JNV Doda has a two-storey school building with IT facility available.

===Locations===
{{Main|List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas}}
JNV Doda was established in 1986 and the campus was set up in Arnora, a village in block Ghat of [[Doda district]]. The same campus is still in use today.

==Hostels==
Similar to other JNVs, JNV Doda also hosts four [[dormitory|hostels]]. Both boys and girls have separate hostels but have the same names. Students are divided into four houses, whose names may vary by location but generally the names of houses are Aravali, Nilgiri, Shivalik and Udaigiri which are named after the mountain ranges in India. The hostels are each divided into two sections, one for senior students (IX, X, XI XII standard) and other for junior students (VI, VII, VIII standard).
The separate hostels for girls also have the same criteria of division.

==Cultural activities==
Cultural activities are a key part of the JNV program. JNV Doda also performs many cultural activities and has a small music hall where the students are taught to play different musical instruments.

==Sports==
JNV Doda gives great emphasis to sports. It provides facilities for [[handball]], [[volleyball]], [[kho-kho]], [[badminton]], [[kabaddi]] and [[cricket]]. The daily schedule allots at least two hours a day toward sports or other play activities during the games period every evening. The campus also provides a gymnasium and multi-purpose room for indoor games.
Inter-school competitions are also yearly once at cluster, regional, national, and SGFI (Sports and Games Federation of India) level.

===Scouting, guiding and NCC===
JNV Doda also participates in [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] and [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Scouts and Guides]]. As part of NCC training, students of the JNV Doda attended several camps and excel themselves.

===Migration===
One of the important features of the JNV scheme is an exchange programme wherein students visit JNVs in different linguistic regions to promote understanding of the diversity and plurality of India's culture and its people. The aim of the exchange program is focused on national integration. According to the scheme, selected 30% of 9th class students are exchanged between JNVs of non-Hindi speaking region and Hindi speaking region, for one year and students of two collaborated navodayas are taught language of their associated state as third language for four years, from class 6th-9th. JNV Doda has such exchange programme of migration of IXth class students with JNV Bareilly in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]].

==See also==
* [[List of Navodaya Vidyalayas]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shopian]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nvshq.org NVS Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716013532/http://allindiajnvalumni.in/ All India JNV Alumni Committee Website]
{{Portal bar|India|Education|School}}
{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}
{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]

Triveni Sangam

2026-02-21T09:02:30Z

Kartikeyar: made

{{other uses|Triveni (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2007}}
{{Short description|Junction of three rivers in India}}
[[File:NorthIndiaCircuit 250.jpg|
right
| thumb
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| The Triveni Sangam, the intersection of the [[Yamuna | Yamuna River]] and the [[Ganges River]]
]]
In [[Hindu]] tradition, '''Triveni Sangam''' is the [[confluence]] ([[Sanskrit]]: ''sangama'') of three rivers that is a sacred place, with a bath here said to flush away all of one's sins and free one from the [[Saṃsāra|cycle of rebirth]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vineeth|date=2016-09-19|title=Places Connected To Lord Rama And Ramayana - Prayag|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/places-visited-by-lord-rama-prayag-002486.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |title=Ganges|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ganges/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430225009/https://www.worldhistory.org/Ganges/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ganges River – India|url=https://sacredland.org/ganges-river-india/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Sacred Land|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115130952/https://sacredland.org/ganges-river-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last1=Hollick | first1=Julian Crandall |title=Ganges' Most Sacred Stretch Rich with Tradition|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16889596|access-date=2021-01-20|website=NPR.org| date=8 December 2007 |language=en|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164236/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16889596|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj ==
{{anchor | Prayagraj}}

[[File:Triveni Sangam.JPG|
right
|thumb
|300px
|Pilgrims at the Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]] and a sacred third river, the [[Saraswati River|Sarasvati]], at Prayag.
]]
[https://trivenisangamprayagraj.com Triveni Sangam Prayagraj] is the confluence of the [[Ganges]] (Ganga), the [[Yamuna]], and the [[Saraswati River]] and the location of [[Kumbh Mela]]. Triveni Sangam is located at Prayag – the area of [[Prayagraj]] neighbouring the confluence; for this reason, the confluence is also sometimes referred to as Prayag.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mulchandani |first1=Anil Mulchandanianil |title=Prayag|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/allahabad/prayag/ps50353458.cms|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Times of India Travel|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423005122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/allahabad/prayag/ps50353458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A place of religious importance and one of the sites for the historic Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of the immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1949 and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Bajpayee]] in 2018.

At the Triveni Sangam, the distinct characteristics of the rivers are visible: the Ganges flows with clear water{{check|date=January 2025}}, while the Yamuna appears greenish. Meanwhile, the Saraswati River, considered mythical, is described as invisible.<ref name="Triveni Sangam">{{cite web | url=http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html | title=Triveni Sangam | access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100930/http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |work=prayagraj.com }}</ref>

The auspiciousness of the confluence of two rivers is referred to in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', which says, "Those who bathe at the place where the two rivers, white and dark, flow together, rise up to heaven."<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&q=Those+who+bathe+at+the+place+where+the+two+rivers+flow+together%2C+rise+up+to+heaven&pg=PA145|title = India: A Sacred Geography|isbn = 9780385531924|last1 = Eck|first1 = Diana L.|date = 26 March 2013|publisher = Harmony/Rodale/Convergent|archive-date = 11 April 2023|access-date = 22 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230411235333/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&q=Those%20who%20bathe%20at%20the%20place%20where%20the%20two%20rivers%20flow%20together%2C%20rise%20up%20to%20heaven&pg=PA145|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Triveni Sangam in Gir Somnath ==
The Triveni Sangam in Gir Somnath is located near [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]], [[Veraval]] in [[Gir Somnath district|Gir-Somnath]] district, Gujarat. It marks the confluence of rivers [[Hiran River|Hiran]], Kapila and the Saraswati, where they meet the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/saurashtra/gir-somnath/triveni-sangam.html |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=gujrattourism |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218122858/https://www.gujarattourism.com/saurashtra/gir-somnath/triveni-sangam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Triveni Sangam in West Bengal ==
In the town of [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] in [[Hooghly_district | Hooghly district]] in [[West_Bengal | West Bengal]], the river Bhagirathi Hooghly, one of the two main distributaries of the [[Ganges]], splits into three more distributaries which are called Ganga, Jamuna and Saraswati. This place is called Tribeni and is of great religious significance to Hindus. It is believed that the "Yukta Veni" (connected) of Prayag in [[Allahabad | Prayagraj]] becomes "Mukta Veni" (disentangled) in Tribeni Sangam. At present, due to the changing course of the river in this extremely geologically active Bengal delta region, the Jamuna river of Bengal has almost disappeared and the stream of Saraswati is also rather thin, but in the past all three channels used to carry significant portions of the flow.
==Triveni Sangam in Tamil Nadu==

{{main|Kooduthurai}}
The Triveni Sangam in [[Kooduthurai]], [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]] is a confluence of the [[Kaveri]], Bhavani and Amudha and is known as the South Indian Triveni Sangam, or ''Dakshina Sangam''.{{fact|date=April 2021}}

==Nepal==
[[Triveni Dham]] is a confluence of three rivers, Sona, Tamasa and Sapta Gandaki located in [[Binayi Tribeni Rural Municipality]], [[Nawalparasi district]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = नवलपरासीकाे त्रिवेणीधाम सबल गन्तव्य| accessdate = 2020-08-13| url = https://nagarikkhabar.com/2020/3/26385}}</ref>

==Other Triveni Sangams==

===Bhagamandala===
{{main|Bhagamandala}}
Bhagamandala is a pilgrimage place in [[Kodagu]] district of [[Karnataka]]. It is situated on the river [[Kaveri]] in its upstream stretches. At this place, the Kaveri is joined by two tributaries, the Kannike and the Sujyoti river. It is considered sacred as a river confluence (''kudala'' or ''triveni sangama'', in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] respectively).

===Tirumakudalu Narasipura===
{{main|Tirumakudalu Narasipura}}
Tirumakudalu Narasipura, commonly known as T. Narasipura,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mysore.nic.in/photographs/tnp_gp_vill_bnd.pdf |title=Gram Panchayat and Taluk Boundary Map |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709124038/http://mysore.nic.in/photographs/tnp_gp_vill_bnd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Mysore district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. The first name refers to the land at the confluence (''trimakuta'' in Sanskrit) at the confluence of the [[Kaveri]], [[Kabini]] and Spatika Sarovara (a lake or spring, also named [[Guptagamini river|Gupta Gamini]]). This is the place in [[South India]] where local Kumbhamela is held every three years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/preparations-on-for-regional-version-of-kumbh-mela/article4307593.ece |title=The Hindu : States / Karnataka : Preparations on for regional version of Kumbh mela |first=R. Krishna |last=Kumar |work=thehindu.com |year=2013 |quote=The T. Narsipur Kumbh Mela, being held from February 23 to 25, began around 20 years ago and is held once in three years. |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117220915/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/preparations-on-for-regional-version-of-kumbh-mela/article4307593.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Moovattupuzha===
{{main|Moovattupuzha}}

Kaliyar (Kali river), [[Thodupuzha River|Thodupuzhayar]] (Thodupuzha river) and Kothayar (Kothamangalam river) merge and become Muvattupuzha river in [[Kerala]] and hence this place is called [[Muvattupuzha]].

===Munnar===
{{main|Munnar#Etymology}}

[[Munnar]] city is where [[Muthirapuzha River|Mudhirapuzha]], Nallathanni and Kundala rivers merge, the name Munnar literally means "three rivers" in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

===Kandakurthi===

[[Kandakurthi]] is a village in Renjal mandal of [[Nizamabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. The river [[Godavari River|Godavari]] merges with the rivers [[Manjira River|Manjira]] and [[Haridra River|Haridra]].

===Bhilwara===
[[Kandakurthi|Bhilwara]] is a district in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The river [[Banas River|Banas]] merges with the rivers [[Berach River|Berach]] and [[Menali River|Menali]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yuhana |first=Siti Eli |date=2018-02-27 |title=Analisis Internet Marketing Produk Hijab FikNiZ Di CV. Fatuha |url=https://doi.org/10.55916/frima.v0i1.204 |journal=Prosiding FRIMA |issue=1 |pages=277–285 |doi=10.55916/frima.v0i1.204 |doi-broken-date=23 September 2025 |issn=2614-6681|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Fatuha]] is a town in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The river [[Punpun River|Punpun]] merges with the rivers [[Ganga]] and secret river [[Saraswati]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Ganges]]

Maria Mies

2026-02-21T08:17:58Z

Kartikeyar: updated details

{{Short description|German professor of sociology and author (1931–2023)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maria Mies
| image = Maria Mies portrait photo.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|2|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hillesheim]], Rhine Province, [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], Germany
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|5|15|1931|2|6|df=y}}
| death_place =
| education = {{ubl| [[University of Cologne]] ([[PhD]])}}
| occupation = {{ubl| Professor of sociology | Writer }}
| employer = [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institute]] (1963–1967) [[Cologne University of Applied Sciences]] (1972–1974; 1981–1993) [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research]] (1974–1977) [[International Institute of Social Studies]] (1979–1981)
| organisation = Frauenforum Köln, [[Attac]]
| notable_works = {{cslist|''Indian Women and Patriarchy'' (1980)|''Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale'' (1986)|''Women: The Last Colony'' (1988)|''Ecofeminism'' (1993)|''The Subsistence Perspective'' (1999)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Saral Sarkar]]|1976}}
| awards =
}}

'''Maria Mies''' ({{IPA|de|miːs|lang}}; 6 February 1931 – 15 May 2023) was a German professor of sociology, a [[Marxist feminism|Marxist feminist]], an activist for women's rights, and an author. She came from a rural background in the [[Volcanic Eifel]], and initially trained to be a teacher. After working for several years as a primary school teacher and qualifying as a high school instructor, she applied to the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institute]], hoping to work in Africa or Asia. Assigned to a school in [[Pune]], India, she discovered that while her male students took German courses to further their education, women for the most part took her classes to avoid marriage. Returning to study at the [[University of Cologne]], she prepared her dissertation about contradictions of social expectations for women in India in 1971, earning her PhD the following year.

Mies was active in social movements from the late 1960s. Her activism was in favour of [[Women's liberation movement in Europe|women's liberation]] and [[Peace movement|pacifism]] and against the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Anti-nuclear movement|nuclear armaments]]. She taught sociology at the [[Cologne University of Applied Sciences]] and [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research]] in the 1970s. Becoming aware of the lack of knowledge about women's history, she helped found and then gave lectures at the first [[women's shelter]] in Germany. In 1979, she began teaching [[women's studies]] at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]] in [[The Hague]] and founded a [[master's degree]] programme for women from [[Developing country|developing countries]], based on feminist theory.

Returning to Germany and the University of Applied Sciences in 1981, Mies became involved in the [[Ecofeminism|ecofeminist movement]] and in activism against [[genetic engineering]] and [[reproductive technology]]. She coined the phrase "housewifisation" for the processes that devalue women's labour and make it invisible. From the 1980s, she wrote extensively about the [[Intersectionality|intersection]] between [[capitalism]], [[patriarchy]] and [[colonialism]]. Mies was one of the first scholars to recognise the similarities between the socio-politico-economic positions held by women and colonised people. Her works theorised that women and colonised people's labour was devalued and exploited under capitalism, and studied the links between women's struggles for liberation and their broader struggles for social and [[environmental justice]]. One of her main concerns was the development of an alternative, feminist and [[Decoloniality|decolonial]] approach in methodology and in economics. Her work, which included writing textbooks on the history of women's movements, has garnered international analysis and been translated into several languages.

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Auel (Steffeln) 10.jpg|thumb|alt=Image of a village surrounded by pastures flanked by rows of trees|Auel, Germany]]
Mies was born in [[Hillesheim, Rhineland-Palatinate|Hillesheim]], Germany, on 6 February 1931 to Johann and Gertrud Mies.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite web |last=Schuster |first=Stefan |title=Maria Mies |url=https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/maria-mies/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=fritz-bauer-forum.de |publisher=Buxus Stiftung |date=2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308090021/https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/maria-mies/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |location=Bochum, Germany |language=de |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Franken">{{cite web |last=Franken |first=Irene |title=Maria Mies |url=https://www.frauengeschichtsverein.de/start-und-news/frau-des-monats-2021/februar-2021/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=frauengeschichtsverein.de |publisher=Kölner Frauengeschichtsverein e.V. |date=2021 |location=Cologne, Germany |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163104/https://www.frauengeschichtsverein.de/start-und-news/frau-des-monats-2021/februar-2021/ |archive-date=16 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> She came from a rural background, growing up in a family of farmers in [[Steffeln|Auel]], a village in the [[Vulkaneifel]] region<ref name="Bauer" /> of the Prussian Rhine Province (now in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]).<ref name="Bauer"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lutz |first1=Herbert |last2=Lorenz |first2=Volker |title=Early Volcanological Research in the Vulkaneifel, Germany, the Classic Region of Maar–Diatreme Volcanoes: The Years 1774–1865 |journal=[[Bulletin of Volcanology]] |date=August 2013 |volume=75 |issue=8 |pages=743–758 |doi=10.1007/s00445-013-0743-0 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] for the [[International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior]] |location=Berlin, Germany |issn=0258-8900 |oclc=5659170779|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BVol...75..743L }}</ref>{{rp|747}} She was the seventh of twelve children,<ref name="Franken" /> who all worked in the fields while they were pupils at the local school with only one classroom. Her mother's temperament was optimistic, but her father was a patriarchal figure and caused fear for the family members with his anger. They were raised as Catholic.<ref name="Bauer" /> She was the first student from her village to complete secondary school,<ref name="Franken" /><ref name="Spiegel" /> which she attended in [[Gerolstein]], while boarding with a family friend. She then started at the Regino-Gymnasium in [[Prüm]], but the school was closed in September 1944 because of the [[World War II|war]].<ref name="Bauer" />

From 1947, she trained in [[Trier]] where she earned her [[abitur]] and then enrolled at the Pedagogical Academy in [[Koblenz]] to become a primary school teacher. In order to attend courses free of charge, she had to agree to teach for five years. After two years of study, she was assigned to primary schools in Auel and later in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]. In 1950, Mies met a Pakistani Muslim tourist who was travelling in Germany. Zulfiquar would have a profound influence on her life, as their relationship developed into a romance. Rejecting his proposal of marriage on the basis of their incompatible religions, led her to serious study of religious doctrines and patriarchy.<ref name="Bauer" /> She chose to remain single for many years in order to maintain her independence.<ref name="Mengel" /> In 1955, she asked for a new placement and was sent to Trier, where she taught and also studied English. Mies passed her secondary teacher's examination in 1962 and was assigned to teach English and German in [[Morbach]]. Unwilling to be a secondary school teacher, she applied to the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institute]] and asked for a placement in Asia or the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Bauer" />

==Career and activism==
===1963–1977===
In 1963, Mies was accepted by the Goethe Institute to lecture in [[Pune]], India,<ref name="Bauer" /> on a five-year teaching engagement. She taught German classes and discovered that while her male students enrolled to enhance their ability to study engineering, the majority of women took her courses to prolong their independence, as middle-class women were not required to marry until they had completed a bachelor's degree.<ref name="Franken" /> One of her students, [[Chhaya Datar]], later became head of the [[women's studies]] department at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]. Another, [[Saral Sarkar]], later became her husband.<ref name="Mascarenhas" >{{cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Anuradha |title=Pune Recalls Association with Maria Mies, German Sociologist and Ecofeminist Who Died at 92 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/recalls-association-maria-mies-german-sociologist-ecofeminist-died-8614877/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518025258/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/recalls-association-maria-mies-german-sociologist-ecofeminist-died-8614877/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |location=Mumbai, India |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1967, her mother became gravely ill and Mies asked to be released early from her contract. Soon after her return to Germany her mother made a full recovery,<ref name="Bauer" /> and Mies enrolled at the [[University of Cologne]] to study [[sociology]] under [[René König]].<ref name="Franken" /> Using her observations during her time in India about women's behaviour and the contradictions of social expectations for women,<ref name="Bauer" /> she prepared her PhD thesis {{lang|de|Rollenkonflikte gebildeter indischer Frauen}} (''Role Conflicts of Educated Indian Women'') in 1971.<ref name="Franken" /> She earned her doctorate in 1972,<ref name="Bauer" /> and her thesis was published the following year.<ref name="Franken" />

[[File:Ffm-institut-fuer-sozialforschung003.jpg|thumb|alt=Four-story grey stone building|University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research]]
The late 1960s and early 1970s was a period of global protest and Mies became involved in activism. She participated in protests against the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Anti-nuclear movement|nuclear armaments]] in the annual [[Peace movement|pacifist]] {{ill|Easter March|de|Ostermarsch}}.<ref name="Bauer" /> She joined {{lang|de|Frauenforum Köln|italics=no}} (Women's Forum Cologne), a local women's group tied to the [[Women's liberation movement in Europe|women's liberation movement]], which protested [[patriarchy|patriarchal structures]] and the devaluation of women.<ref name="Franken" /> She participated in the {{ill|Politisches Nachtgebet|de|lt=Politische Nachtgebete}} (political night-prayers), organised by [[Dorothee Sölle]], which were aimed at questioning the status of women in the church. As she became more involved in protest and women's lack of equality, Mies became critical of religion and left the Catholic church. She taught at the newly founded [[Cologne University of Applied Sciences]],<ref name="Bauer" /> before accepting a post in 1974 to teach at the [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research]]. For three years, she presented seminars on the [[First-wave feminism|historic international women's movement]], hoping she could convince the university to establish a women's study chair. In 1975, she attended the [[World Conference on Women, 1975|World Conference on Women]] in [[Mexico City]] and realised how little was known about women's history.<ref name="Franken" /> In 1976, she married Sarkar, with the intent of having a [[Matrilocal residence|visiting marriage]] allowing each to continue their careers in their respective countries.<ref name="Bauer" /> That year, she joined with other activists, mainly students of her classes, to found the [[women's shelter]] (''Frauenhaus'') in Cologne, one of the first of its kind in Germany.<ref name="Spiegel" /><ref name="Mengel">{{cite news |last=Mengel |first=Monika |title=Erlebte Geschichten mit Maria Mies |url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/erlebtegeschichten/miesmaria102.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]] |date=31 December 2006 |language=de |trans-title=Stories Experienced with Maria Mies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519141132/https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/erlebtegeschichten/miesmaria102.html |archive-date=19 May 2023 |location=Cologne, Germany |url-status=live}}</ref> Mies lectured at the shelter, teaching women practical and political ways to combat [[Violence against women|violence]]. She returned to the University of Applied Sciences in 1977,<ref name="Franken" /> but decided to conduct a research project in India the following year.<ref name="Bauer" />

===1978–2001===
[[File:SARKAR Saral 2010.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Portrait of a white haired man with a mustache, wearing a plaid collared shirt under a dark coloured sweater|Saral Sarkar, 2010]]
Mies arrived in India in 1978 to analyze rural subsistence production, meaning how domestic and farm labour, as well as cottage industry, allowed families to survive, but also led to the expansion of wealth for landlords and industries. She remained in India to the end of 1979 and spent time with her former pupil, Sarkar, who at the time was a lecturer at the Goethe Institute in [[Hyderabad]]. The results of her study of rural industry were published as ''The Lacemakers of Narsapur: Indian Housewives Produce for the World Market'' in 1982. She returned to Europe after accepting a position at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]] in [[The Hague]]. There, she created a [[master's degree]] programme for women from [[Developing country|developing countries]]. To enable her students to complete the [[Practicum|practical requirements]], Mies made contact with local feminist groups to develop joint projects they could carry out.<ref name="Bauer" /> The administration decided not to renew the "Women and Development" programme for the next semester but Mies and her students successfully protested and the course continued to be offered.<ref name="Bauer" /> Because no textbooks at that time existed on the history of women's movements, particularly for the Global South, Mies and [[Kumari Jayawardena]], a political scientist at the [[University of Colombo]], wrote a series of texts for their students to use. Launching an international research project, she worked with scholars [[Mia Berden]], [[Rhoda Reddock]], and [[Saskia Wieringa]] to create a historiography of women's movements for Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America with help from academics and activists from those countries.<ref name="Dubel">{{cite web |last1=Dubel |first1=Ireen |title=Passing Away: Emeritus Professor Maria Mies |url=https://www.iss.nl/en/news/passing-away-emeritus-professor-maria-mies |website=IISS News |publisher=[[International Institute of Social Studies]] |access-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524045353/https://www.iss.nl/en/news/passing-away-emeritus-professor-maria-mies |archive-date=24 May 2023 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |date=22 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The programme was based on ideas she had first developed about women's studies and feminist scholarship in a 1977 paper "Towards a Methodology for Feminist Research" delivered at a conference in Frankfurt.<ref name="Schmitz" >{{cite journal |last1=Schmitz |first1=Betty |title=Reviewed Work: Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli Klein |journal=[[The Journal of Higher Education]] |date=January–February 1985 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=101–103 |doi=10.2307/1981725 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1981725 |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |location=Columbus, Ohio |jstor=1981725 |issn=0022-1546 |oclc=8142350210|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|102}} To combat what she saw as a disconnect between theory and practical application in the academic setting, Mies aimed to rewrite existing teaching methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeager |first1=Matthew G. |title=The Freedom of Information Act as a Methodological Tool: Suing the Government for Data |journal=Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice |date=July 2006 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=499–521 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-criminology-and-criminal-justice_2006-07_48_4/page/511/mode/1up |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Tornoto, Ontario |doi=10.3138/cjccj.48.4.499 |issn=1707-7753 |oclc=361889328}}</ref>{{rp|511}} She did not believe that feminist research could use existing research models and proposed instead seven steps to completely re-imagine research with usefulness and respect for the subject in mind.<ref name="Schmitz" />{{rp|102}} These steps included a rejection of both quantitative methods and extrapolation of studies on men to apply to women's experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westmarland |first1=Nicole |title=The Quantitative/Qualitative Debate and Feminist Research: A Subjective View of Objectivity |journal=Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research |date=February 2001 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.17169/fqs-2.1.974 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0101135 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Otto-von-Guericke-Universität |location=Berlin, Germany |issn=1438-5627 |oclc=7179505508}}</ref>{{rp|1–2}} She argued that research should be participatory,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Ritu Sen |editor1-last=Ghosh |editor1-first=Ghosh |title=Methodology of Research in Sociology |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/socp3/ |date=2018 |publisher=[[INFLIBNET Centre]] |location=Gandhinagar, India |chapter=28 Feminist Methodology in Sociological Research |chapter-url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/socp3/chapter/feminist-methodology-in-sociological-research/ |id=Search term "participatory"}}</ref> meaning that the researcher and the subject should collaborate in the processes and goals of the study, which should aim at empowering women and dismantling patriarchal systems.<ref name="Sprague & Zimmerman">{{cite journal |last1=Sprague |first1=Joey |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Mary K. |title=Quality and Quantity: Reconstructing Feminist Methodology |journal=[[The American Sociologist]] |date=March 1989 |volume=20 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1007/BF02697788 |publisher=[[American Sociological Association]] |location=Albany, New York |issn=0003-1232 |oclc=5656565707}}{{subscription required|via=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Link]]}}</ref>{{rp|77}} The paper was later published as a chapter of the book ''Theories of Women's Studies'' (1983),<ref name="Schmitz" />{{rp|102}} and praised for its methodological innovations and theoretical advancements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Alison I. |title=Reviewed Work: Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli Klein |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |date=Autumn 1986 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=311–314 |doi=10.2307/3341107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3341107 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |jstor=3341107 |issn=0318-6431 |oclc=5546268950|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|313}}<ref name="Barnes">{{cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Nancy |title=Reviewed Works: Feminist Frontiers: Rethinking Sex, Gender, and Society by Laurel Richardson, Verta Taylor; Theories of Women's Studies by Gloria Bowles, Renate Duelli-Klein |journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]] |date=Spring 1985 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=579–581 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174269 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |doi=10.1086/494163 |jstor=3174269 |issn=0097-9740 |oclc=5548306869|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|581}} Scholar Nancy Barnes, stated that Mies's article was so compelling that "it alone makes the book worth buying", but noted that the chapter did not resolve the question of whether women's studies should be a stand-alone field, or integrated into other fields.<ref name="Barnes" />{{rp|581}}

[[File:Fachhochschule Köln - Campus Südstadt, GWZ-2984.jpg|thumb|alt=Front façade of a three-story beige stone building |Cologne University of Applied Sciences]]
In 1981, Mies decided to return to Cologne and the University of Applied Sciences and Sarkar, her husband, joined her there permanently in 1982. She became involved in the [[Ecofeminism|ecofeminist movement]], as well as in activism against [[genetic engineering]] and [[reproductive technology]], which she saw as an expropriation of a woman's right to give birth and a commercialization of human production. She was one of the founders of the Feminist International Network of Resistance to Reproductive and Genetic Engineering.<ref name="Bauer" /> Within this organization and in her works, she argued that women from the Global North were urged to use invasive technologies such as [[In vitro fertilisation|assisted fertilisation]] and [[surrogacy]] to increase their child-bearing, while women in the [[Global South]] were pressed to limit births to control population growth.<ref name="Bauer" /><ref name="Sandilands" >{{cite journal |last1=Sandilands |first1=Catriona |title=Reviewed Work: Ecofeminism by Maria Mies, Vandana Shiva |journal=[[Economic Geography (journal)|Economic Geography]] |date=January 1996 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=96–99 |doi=10.2307/144510 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/144510 |access-date=20 May 2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=New York, New York |jstor=144510 |issn=0013-0095 |oclc=5548541985|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|97}} Mies also pointed out that to exercise [[Bodily integrity|decisions about their bodies]], women are limited by systems designed, controlled, and administered by health providers and government officials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kato |first1=Yutaka |title=Reproductive Technology: What Is the Impact of Fertility Treatment and Regenerative Medicine on Society? by Azumi Tsuge (review) |journal=East Asian Science, Technology and Society |date=2015 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1215/18752160-2835763 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/577039/pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |s2cid=75669458 |issn=1875-2160 |oclc=5795963720|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|93}} She became more active in pacifist activities, participating in a resistance camp [[NATO Double-Track Decision#Protests|protesting]] against a [[NATO]] plan to station nuclear warheads in Germany in 1983. Her pacifism was reinforced by her opposition to the idea put forth by [[Alice Schwarzer]] that women could gain emancipation if they had the same violent means which were available to men. Opposed to war, Mies could not reconcile that simple equality with men would overcome hierarchical systems that devalued women.<ref name="Bauer" /> Having retired from teaching in 1993, she continued to be active in women's and other social movements.<ref name="Spiegel" /> She was a founding member of [[Attac]], formed in 1999, and organised feministAttac, in 2001 at the association's congress, held that year in Berlin.<ref name="Spiegel" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Wir haben eine aufrichtige Mitstreiterin verloren |url=https://www.attac.de/neuigkeiten/detailansicht/news/mariamies |website=Attac Deutschland |publisher=Attac Trägerverein e.V. |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523104520/https://www.attac.de/neuigkeiten/detailansicht/news/mariamies |archive-date=23 May 2023 |location=Frankfurt am Main, Germany |language=German |trans-title=We've Lost a Genuine Comrade-in-Arms |date=22 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Scholarly contributions ==
Mies's earliest works such as ''Indian Women in Patriarchy'' (1980) and ''The Lace Makers of Narsapur'' (1982), which evaluated her years in India, as well as later works like "Sexist and Racist Implications of New Reproductive Technology" (''Alternatives'', 1987) critiqued policies aimed at maintaining an uneven, stratified societal structure which encouraged domination and exploitation.<ref name="Léveillé" >{{cite journal |last1=Léveillé |first1=Danielle |title=Comptes Rendus: Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale Women in the International Division of Labour. Zed Books Ltd, Third World Books, New Jersey, 1986, 251 pages. |journal=Recherches Féministes |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.7202/057523ar |trans-title=Proceedings: Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale Women in the International Division of Labour. Zed Books Ltd, Third World Books, New Jersey, 1986, 251 pages. |publisher=[[Université Laval]] |location=Quebec City, Quebec |language=French |issn=0838-4479|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|149}} She sought to evaluate how women's labour became hidden and how the perception that women were reliant upon a husband's income emerged. She theorised that by eliminating pay for the work women performed, making them available at all times for labour, alienating them from society by keeping them in the home, giving them no job security, and eliminating their ability to contract or [[Trade union|unionise]], women lost [[Agency (sociology)|agency]]. She named the process which prevented women from being seen as producers or self-employed individuals and resulted in their exploitation, "housewifisation".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teixeira |first1=Mylene N. |last2=Strazzeri |first2=Victor |title=Tradução do Verbete: Hausfrauisierung (H). Frigga Haug. Historisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, HKWM Band 5. Berlin 2001, 1209–1215. |journal=Revista Estudos Feministas |date=2001 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1590/1806-9584-2018v26n256412 |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ref/v26n2/1806-9584-ref-26-02-e56412.pdf |access-date=20 May 2023 |trans-title=Translation Entry: Housewifisation (H). Frigga Haug. Historical-Critical Dictionary of Marxism, HKWM Volume 5. Berlin 2001, 1209–1215. |publisher=Instituto de Estudos de Genero, [[Federal University of Santa Catarina|Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]] |location=Florianópolis, Brazil |s2cid=150292239 |language=Portuguese |issn=0104-026X}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} The anthropologist Danielle Léveillé characterised Mies's works as both "masterful" and "astonishing" in that she was able to link variables from the [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]], [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]], ecology, feminist, and [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] movements to critique policies that established power relationships in society.<ref name="Léveillé" />{{rp|149}}

Political scientist {{ill|Elisabeth Prügl|wikidata|Q58195777}} pointed to Mies's connection of the threads in society that united women, colonised people, and nature as being free for exploitation. The unpaid labour of the former was easily equated to the free availability of air and water.<ref name=Prügl>{{cite journal |last1=Prügl |first1=Elisabeth |title=Home-Based Workers: A Comparative Exploration of Mies's Theory of Housewifization |journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] |date=January 1996 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=114–135 |doi=10.2307/3346904 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346904 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |jstor=3346904 |issn=0160-9009 |oclc=5546263196|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|115}} Prügl tested Mies's theory that housewives were superexploited and confirmed that they were. Using data from the [[International Labour Organization]], she found that housewives universally earned less than the legal minimum wage.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|116}} In looking at homemakers in Brazil, Britain, Pakistan, Thailand, and Turkey, Prügl confirmed that housewives were typically viewed as non-workers.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|129}} However, she found that there was not a universal acceptance by women, or their various societies, of the cultural and political meaning of housewifery and its value.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|129–130}} She concluded that because of the "multiple contextual meanings" of the term housewife, exploitation more likely resulted from the political, rather than economic, spread of [[capitalism]].<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|130}} Prügl questioned whether housewifisation as an underpinning of capitalism failed to evaluate whether exploitation was instead related to global patriarchy.<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|116}}

From the mid-1980s, Mies published her most important works which explored the links between patriarchy, capitalism and [[colonialism]] in the exploitation and subjugation of women.<ref name="Bauer" />
In the book ''Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale Women in the International Division of Labour'' (1986), Mies evaluated the development of feminism, the sexual division of labour, and how violence shaped politics in Africa, Asia, and [[Latin America]].<ref name="Léveillé" /> In her analysis, the process of "housewifisation" was based on the Western ideals of [[capital accumulation]]. In other words, by destroying women's autonomy and making them possessions, men were able to acquire productive capital and amass wealth. She saw family violence, not as a remnant of ancient society, but as a part of the processes to modernise. In the work, she found that socialist development had created similar social structures exploiting women and argued for creation of a utopian feminist society.<ref name="Léveillé" />{{rp|150}} In Mies's vision, the basis for labour would be usefulness rather than accumulation. She theorised that if consumers in overdeveloped places fulfilled their needs to sustain life from producers in underdeveloped countries, it would give worldwide relief from exploitation.<ref name="Léveillé" />{{rp|150–151}} Léveillé noted that while such a plan might work, its drawback was that it devalued things like music, flowers, and art, which while not essential or necessary to support human life provided therapeutic benefits.<ref name="Léveillé" />{{rp|151}}

Picking up themes of domination from ''Patriarchy and Accumulation'', Mies's 1988 book ''Women: The Last Colony'', written with social scientists Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen and [[Claudia von Werlhof]], brought colonised people into the analysis. They explained that just as women were rendered invisible, subjugated people were isolated from mainstream society and were treated as a natural resource to be exploited.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|388}} Departing from a strict [[Marxist feminism|Marxist feminist]] argument, the central theme of the work was that the exploitation and oppression of women and colonised people were not secondary results caused by capitalism, but fundamental to creating the mechanisms of global production.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|388–389}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson-Weber |first1=Clare M. |title=Skill, Dependency, and Differentiation: Artisans and Agents in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |journal=[[Ethnology (journal)|Ethnology]] |date=Winter 1997 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnology_winter-1997_36_1/page/n53/mode/1up |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |doi=10.2307/3773935 |jstor=3773935 |issn=0014-1828 |oclc=7781060900}}</ref>{{rp|50}} {{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}} anthropology professor, {{ill|Deirdre Meintel|wikidata|Q55626697}}, noted that Mies argued that labour exploitation was a primary factor in developing both social classes and economic divisions.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|390}} Meintel also said that Mies's chapter 7, "Class Struggles and Women's Struggles in India", was "worth the price of the book", as it told of the successful resistance by women in [[Andhra Pradesh]], who aligned with male peasants' fight to protect their rights.<ref name="Meintel" />{{rp|390}}

''Ecofeminism'' (1993), written by Mies and scholar [[Vandana Shiva]] used a Marxist approach to evaluate climate change, loss of diversity, multi-systemic failures, and resistance. They evaluated how production systems and accumulation caused dispossession of land and culture, leading to problems such as world hunger.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff">{{cite journal |last1=Andrieu |first1=Jimena |last2=Eliosoff Ferrero |first2=María Julia |title=Crisis multisistémicas y resistencias en los territorios latinoamericanos. Diálogo con Maria Mies y Vandana Shiva desde el ecofeminismo |journal=Cuadernos de Economía Crítica |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=171–177 |url=https://doaj.org/article/d0baa90f891a4090ab1efd7dcf1c75d6 |access-date=20 May 2023 |trans-title=Multisystemic Crises and Resistance in Latin American Territories: Dialogue with Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva about Ecofeminism |publisher=Sociedad de Economía Crítica de Argentina y Uruguay |location=Buenos Aires, Argentina |language=Spanish |issn=2408-400X |oclc=9456617883}}</ref>{{rp|171–172}} Mies and Shiva argued that women were linked internationally by their common experiences related to capitalist expansion. According to the environmental scholar [[Catriona Sandilands]], unlike other ecofeminist works the book demonstrated that despite geographical differences and socio-economic variances "women's lives and bodies are being colonised" through capitalist mechanisms.<ref name="Sandilands" />{{rp|97–98}} Yet, Sandilands also said that gender was not the only factor involved in creating capitalist inequalities, and that a theory based on that single premise must be flawed. She said that given the diversity of women's experiences and cultural contexts, the claim that subsistence activities would solve global distribution problems might be utopian.<ref name="Sandilands" />{{rp|98}}

The book was updated and republished in 2014, concluding that the issues it had addressed were worsening instead of improving. It was also translated into Spanish in 2016.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|171–172}} Evaluating the links between technology, science, and cultural development, scholars Jimena Andrieu and María Julia Eliosoff Ferrero, said that Mies and Shiva pointed out that globalisation led to a crisis which reduced human freedoms by [[Commodification|commodifying]] and [[Privatization|privatising]] everything to increase production and profits.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|173}} Mies and Shiva argued that by placing nurturing of life and health as the focal point of economics, a balance between society, the economy, and the ecosystem would be restored.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|174}} The re-issuance of the book sparked new debate on the roles of women in activist movements in the Global South. Andrieu and Eliosoff disagreed with the theory, saying that with large sectors of the population unemployed and living in poverty in the southern hemisphere, the turn toward subsistence and producing only goods that sustain life was questionable.<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|175}}

[[File:Iceberg Model of Captitalist patriarchal Economics.png|alt=A diagram of a triangle representing the economy in patriarchal capitalist societies. The triangle mimics the shape of an iceberg, whereby the visible tip consists of paid wage labour and the hidden underside consists of the informal labour sector.|thumb|An illustration of the "iceberg model" from Mies and Bennholdt-Thomsen's 1999 book ''The Subsistence Perspective'']]
In ''The Subsistence Perspective'' (1999), Mies and Bennholdt-Thomsen argued that subsistence production, the production of [[goods]] and [[Goods and services|services]] for personal or community use, has been devalued, hidden, and [[marginalised]] by capitalist systems. Using the "iceberg model", they noted that the only visible labour in a traditional capitalistic society is that of the formal labour force. Hidden below the surface, the base of the iceberg represents unpaid domestic work, [[Care work|caring]], and [[Informal economy|informal labour]],<ref name="Kazuo">{{cite journal |last1=Kazuo |first1=Suzuki |script-title=ja:つの経済の分析枠組み |journal={{lang|ja|季刊経済理論|italic=no}} / Political Economic Quarterly |date=2019 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.20667/peq.56.2_48 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/peq/56/2/56_48/_pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |trans-title=Analytical Framework for Two Economies |publisher=[[Musashi University]] for the Economic Theory Society |location=Tokyo, Japan |language=Japanese |issn=1882-5184 |oclc=9648139033}}</ref>{{rp|59}} which includes various forms of untaxed labour such as micro-entrepreneurs, child labourers and family members who work for other family members, and non-permanent workers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packard |first1=Truman G. |last2=Koettl |first2=Johannes |last3=Montenegro |first3=Claudio |title=In from the Shadow: Integrating Europe's Informal Labor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG0i36x16boC&pg=PA2 |date=2012 |publisher=World Bank Publications |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-9550-9}}</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perez-Lopez |first1=Jorge |last2=Schoepfle |first2=Gregory |title=The Informal Sector and Worker Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1993 |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1225668698}}</ref>{{rp|2}} They argued in favour of a society in which, instead of delegating labour-intensive work to certain segments of the population, communities shared all tasks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dreysse |first1=Carmen |title=Geneviève Pruvost, Quotidien Politique. Féminisme, écologie, subsistance |journal= Lectures|date=2022 |doi=10.4000/lectures.53857 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/53857 |access-date=21 May 2023 |trans-title=Geneviève Pruvost, Political Daily. Feminism, Ecology, Subsistence |publisher=[[École normale supérieure de Lyon]] |location=Lyon, France |s2cid=246312772 |language=French |issn=2116-5289 |oclc=9396193148|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The sharing model would give each person a basic income, some security, and a measure of power in decision-making.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanji |first1=Nazneen |title=Mind the Gap: Mainstreaming Gender and Participation in Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep18134 |date=2003 |publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]] |location=London |chapter=Preface |pages=vii–xii |chapter-url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep18134.3|isbn=978-1-84369-466-3}}</ref>{{rp|xi}} The book was called an "excellent feminist source on political economy" by the sociologist [[Ariel Salleh]] of [[Western Sydney University]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salleh |first1=Ariel |author-link=Ariel Salleh |title=Reviewed Work: The Politics of Money: Towards Sustainability and Economic Democracy by Frances Hutchinson, Mary Mellor, Wendy Olsen |journal=[[Organization & Environment]] |date=September 2003 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=395–398 |doi=10.1177/10860266030163010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26162484 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |jstor=26162484 |s2cid=220752627 |issn=1086-0266 |oclc=7851086801|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|396}}

== Later life, death, and legacy ==
Mies wrote an autobiography, {{lang|de|Das Dorf und die Welt: Lebensgeschichten – Zeitgeschichten}} (''The Village and the World: My Life, Our Times'', 2008).<ref name="Spiegel" /> In a review, feminist academic [[Renate Klein]], who knew Mies for nearly three decades, wrote that it was an honest reflection of the failures and successes of Mies's life. Klein said that Mies's youth in a self-sufficient farming village gave her the practical skills to meet life's struggles and shaped her future works on subsistence theory. She called the autobiography "an important piece of contemporary and women's history", because it recalled how feminism – and the fight against discrimination, exploitation, and violence – had changed and grown over the period of Mies's life.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Renate |author-link=Renate Klein |editor-last=Pusch |editor-first=Luise F. |editor-link=Luise F. Pusch |title=Rezension: ''Maria Mies: Das Dorf und die Welt – Lebensgeschichten Zeitgeschichten'', 2008 |url=https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/empfehlungen/maria-mies-das-dorf-und-die-welt-lebensgeschichten-zeitgeschichten-2008/ |website=FemBio |publisher=Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519204240/https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/empfehlungen/maria-mies-das-dorf-und-die-welt-lebensgeschichten-zeitgeschichten-2008/ |archive-date=19 May 2023 |location=Hannover Nord, Germany |language=German |trans-title=Review: Maria Mies, ''The Village and the World – My Life, Our Times'', 2008 |date=20 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In her later years, Mies lived in a care facility, and at the end of her life was unable to recognise her husband, who visited her daily.<ref name="Mascarenhas" /> Mies died on 15 May 2023, at age 92.<ref name="Spiegel">{{cite magazine |title=Maria Mies, 92 |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |access-date=19 May 2023 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=19 May 2023 |language=de |publisher=Spiegel-Verlag |location=Hamburg, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519152739/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maria-mies-92-nachruf-a-66b88048-3266-4851-b8c2-a16a2c663a78?context=issue |archive-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas" />

Author Monika Mengel, stated that Mies is regarded as a pioneer of women's studies in Germany<ref name="Mengel" /> and Ireen Dubel, a policy expert on women's rights, stated that not only were her scholarly contributions pioneering, but they served as "inspiration for different generations of feminist scholars and activists.<ref name="Dubel" /> Her original concept of "housewifisation", introduced in ''Patriarchy and Accumulation'' but developed in her study of lacemakers in India,<ref name=Prügl />{{rp|115}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bagley |first1=Jennifer |title=Mies, Maria |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/08/09/mies-maria-2/ |website=Critics & Theorists |publisher=[[Emory University]] |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505054450/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/08/09/mies-maria-2/ |archive-date=5 May 2023 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |date=July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> is widely used by academics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Casalini |first1=Brunella |title=Neoliberal Capitalism and the 'New Sexual Contract' |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/35639 |website=ECPR General Conference |publisher=[[European Consortium for Political Research]] |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521214855/https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/35639 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |location=Hythe Quay, Colchester |date=September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Piccardi" >{{cite journal |last1=Piccardi |first1=Eleonora Gea |title=The Challenges of a Kurdish Ecofeminist Perspective: Maria Mies, Abdullah Öcalan, and the Praxis of Jineolojî |journal=[[Capitalism Nature Socialism]] |date=January 2022 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2021.1905016 |url=https://www.kurdistanamericalatina.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Challenges-of-a-Kurdish-Ecofeminist-Perspective.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon, UK |s2cid=233695302 |issn=1045-5752 |oclc=9472984417 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521220807/https://www.kurdistanamericalatina.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Challenges-of-a-Kurdish-Ecofeminist-Perspective.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|47}} Mies was one of the first feminist scholars to analyze the similarities between the position of women and colonised people in socio-economic hierarchies.<ref name="Meintel">{{cite journal |last1=Meintel |first1=Deirdre |author-link=Deirdre Meintel |title=Reviewed Work: Women: the Last Colony by Maria Mies, Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Claudia Von Werlhof |journal=Labour, Capital and Society |date=November 1989 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=388–391 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43157888 |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Saint Mary's University (Halifax)|Saint Mary's University]] |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |jstor=43157888 |issn=0706-1706 |oclc=5919328453}}</ref>{{rp|389}} Her book ''Ecofeminism'' has had international impact,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toksoy |first1=N. Gamze |title='Dünyayı Yeniden Dokumak' Shiva ve Mies'den Ekofeminizm |journal=Fe Dergi |date=June 2021 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |publisher=Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi'nin |location=Ankara, Turkey |doi=10.46655/federgi.946958 |s2cid=238824195 |language=Turkish |trans-title='Re-Weaving the World' Ecofeminism by Shiva and Mies |issn=1309-128X |oclc=9530898453 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|101}} and has been translated into several languages, including Spanish<ref name="Andrieu & Eliosoff" />{{rp|171}} and Turkish.<ref name="Piccardi" />{{rp|46}}

== Selected works ==
* {{cite book |ref=none |last=Mies |first=Maria |title=Indian Women and Patriarchy: Conflicts and Dilemmas of Students and Working Women |date=1980 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |oclc=7635521}} (English translation of her thesis).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Kalpana |title=Being A Woman in South Asia |journal=[[Journal of Women's History]] |date=Spring 1990 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=200–219 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0193 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/363194/pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |s2cid=145690300 |issn=1042-7961 |oclc=4896481013|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|207}}{{subscription required|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
* {{cite journal |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |date=1981 |title=The Social Origins of the Sexual Division of Labour |journal=ISS Occasional Papers |volume= |issue=85 | publisher = Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last=Mies |first=Maria |title=Lace Makers of Narsapur: Indian Housewives Produce for the World Market |date=1982 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-86232-032-4}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last=Mies |first=Maria |title=Patriarchy and Accumulation On A World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour |date=1986 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85649-735-0}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |last2=Bennholdt-Thomsen |first2=Veronika |last3=Werlhof |first3=Claudia von |author3-link=Claudia von Werlhof |title=Women: The Last Colony |date=1988 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-86232-455-1}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |last2=Shiva |first2=Vandana |author2-link=Vandana Shiva |title=Ecofeminism |date=1993 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85649-156-3}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |editor-last=Sittirak |editor-first=Sinith |title=The Daughters of Development: Women in a Changing Environment |date=1998 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |chapter=Preface |pages=x–xv |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/daughtersofdevel0000sini/page/n11/mode/1up |isbn=978-1-85649-588-2}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |last2=Bennholdt-Thomsen |first2=Veronika |title=The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy |date=1999 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85649-776-3}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |author-mask=5 |last1=Mies |first1=Maria |title=The Village and the World: My Life, Our Times |date=2010 |publisher=Spinifex Press |location=North Melbourne, Australia |isbn=978-1-876756-82-6}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|T-J-_5D-NS8|Interview: Maria Mies (Köln 2018)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mies, Maria}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Cologne University of Applied Sciences]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:German sociologists]]
[[Category:German women sociologists]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization writers]]
[[Category:Autonomism]]
[[Category:Ecofeminists]]
[[Category:Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:20th-century German non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century German women writers]]
[[Category:German feminists]]
[[Category:Women political writers]]
[[Category:People from Vulkaneifel]]
[[Category:Women's studies academics]]

Udaipur City railway station

2026-02-21T05:19:56Z

Kartikeyar:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|UDAIPUR CITY}}
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
Udaipur City Railway Station 2024 2.jpg
| image_caption = Udaipur City railway station
| address = NH-8, Jawahar Nagar, [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5685354|73.6998224|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|583|m|ft}}
| line = [[Mathura–Vadodara section]], [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur line]]
| other = Taxi stand, Autorickshaw
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 9
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = UDZ<ref name="stn_code" />
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Ajmer}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=12|type=point|marker=rail}}
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_dot_label = '''Udaipur City''' railway station
}}

'''Udaipur City railway station''' (station code: UDZ<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=8 |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is a [[railway station]] located in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The railway station is under the administrative control of [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from UDZ/Udaipur City|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/udaipur-city-udz/158|website=Indiarailinfo.com|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=UDZ| title=UDZ:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Ajmer| website=Raildrishti| access-date=11 September 2019| archive-date=3 February 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203171854/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=UDZ| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chittorgarh-news/in-which-meeting-did-the-mp-open-the-box-of-demands-5063456/|title=सांसद ने किस बैठक में खोल दिया मांगों का पिटारा|website=Patrika|date=7 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Udaipur City Railway Station has six platforms and a total of eight tracks. It is situated on the Udaipur Road, around 2.5 km from the city center, and around 25 km from [[Udaipur Airport]]. To decongest the main Udaipur City Railway Station, the suburban station [[Rana Pratap Nagar railway station]] is developed as the second main station for passenger trains and [[Umarda Railway Station]] will be the third Railway Station of [[Udaipur]].

===The Living Wall===

Udaipur City Railway Station is set to get a Living Wall, which is a self-sufficient vertical garden attached to the exterior or interior of the building. Initiated by the Railway and UIT, this project covered and converted a barren wall of 1,400 square feet into a beautiful green space. This project included installation of metal sheet frames (MS), followed by plantation in specially designed GI panels (Galvanized iron) hanging on the MS frame. Organic fertilizers have been used to grow plants to avoid overweight on the wall. The project costed approximately Rs 13.5 lakh, and took 14 days to complete.<ref>{{cite news|title=Udaipur railway station gets a 'living wall'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Udaipur-railway-station-gets-a-living-wall/articleshow/50447417.cms|website=Times of India|date=5 January 2016 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

==Important trains==

The following trains start from Udaipur City Railway Station:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!scope="col"| Train No.
!scope="col"| Train name
|-
| 26963/26964
| [[Udaipur City–Asarva (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express]]
|-
| 12315/12316
| [[Ananya Express|Udaipur City - Kolkata Ananya Express]]
|-
| 19601/19602
| [[Udaipur City - New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express]]
|-
| 19327/19328
| [[Ratlam - Udaipur City Express|Udaipur City - Ratlam Express]]
|-
| 12991/12992
| [[Udaipur City Jaipur Intercity Express|Udaipur City - Jaipur Intercity Express]]
|-
| 19605/19606
| Udaipur City - Madar Passenger
|-
| 19609/19610
| Udaipur City - Yog Nagari Rishikesh Express
|-
| 59835/59836
| Udaipur City - Mandsor Passenger
|-
| 19615/19616
| [[Udaipur City - Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express]]
|-
| 20473/20474
| [[Chetak Express|Udaipur City - Delhi Sarai Rohilla Chetak Express]]
|-
| 12963/12964
| [[Mewar Express|Udaipur City - Hazrat Nizamuddin Mewar Express]]
|-
| 59605/59606
| Udaipur City - Bari Sadri Passenger
|-
| 20971/20972
| [[Shalimar - Udaipur City Weekly Express|Udaipur City - Shalimar Weekly Express]]
|-
| 19315/19316
| [[Veer Bhumi Chittaurgarh Express|Asarva - Indore Veer Bhumi Express]]
|-
| 19667/19668
| [[Udaipur City - Mysuru Palace Queen Humsafar Express]]
|-
| 19669/19670
| [[Udaipur City - Patliputra Humsafar Express]]
|-
| 22985/22986
| [[Udaipur City - Delhi Sarai Rohilla Rajasthan Humsafar Express]]
|-
| 22901/22902
| Bandra Terminus Udaipur SF Express|Udaipur City - Bandra Terminus Tri-weekly SF Express
|-
| 19665/19666
| [[Khajuraho - Udaipur City Express|Udaipur City - Khajuraho Express]]
|-
| 20989/20990
| Udaipur City - Chandigarh SF Express
|-
| 20987/20988
| Udaipur City - Asarva Intercity SF Express
|}

==See also==
* [[Udaipur]]
* [[Udaipur Airport]]
* [[Udaipur City Bus Depot]]
* [[Rana Pratap Nagar railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School

2026-02-21T02:28:03Z

Kartikeyar: Starting Some Stub W/ Infobox

{{short description|Secondary school in Kumbakonam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image = Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| imagewikilink =
| alt =
| caption = Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School, Kumbakonam
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]]
| address =
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| coordinates = {{coord|10.9553|N|79.3673|E}}
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| founded = 10 November 1919
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| principal = V. Sarathi
| principal_label = Head Master
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| picture =
}}
'''Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School'''<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:அறிஞர் அண்ணா அரசு மேல்நிலைப் பள்ளி, கும்பகோணம்]]</ref> is a school in [[Kumbakonam]], a town in the [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Inauguration==
[[File:1919inscription in kumbakonam arignarannagovt school.jpg|right|thumb|Inscription dated 10 November 1919]]
[[File:1955inscription in kumbakonam arignarannagovt school.jpg|right|thumb|Inscription dated 31 October 1955]]
This school was inaugurated on 10 November 1919 by Mohamed Habibullah Sahib Bahadur, the then Municipal Councillor of Kumbakonam.<ref name="dinamalarthanjai">தஞ்சை நாகை திருவாரூர் மாவட்ட வரலாற்று டைரி, கும்பகோணம் அரசு மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி, தினமலர், தஞ்சை பதிப்பு,</ref>

==History==
Before inauguration the school was functioning in the house of Nataraja Pillai in [[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kambatta Visvanathar]] East Street in Kumbakonam. While there was a need for accommodating the school, Gurunatha Pillai who was living very near to the house of Nataraja Pillai, gave way 3 acre of land. From then this was called as Gurunatha Pillai School.<ref name="dinamalarthanjai"/> Started with 20 students, it has now 600 students and 32 teachers. Wards of daily wage workers and labours studied in this school and performed well. In sports and other fields such as literature, arts such as drama, photography, kabbadi and others the school has a special place in Thanjavur district. Many students participate in those competitions and got good rank.<ref>[https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/136387-social-works-through-aram-seya-virumbu அறம் செய விரும்பு - கனவுகள் நனவாகும் காலம்!, விகடன், 23 நவம்பர் 2017]</ref>
During the period of Kunchithapatham Chettiar, as Chairman of Kumbakonam Municipality, a new building was opened on 31 October 1955. During 1973 this school became Arignar Anna Municipal High School. In 1977-78 it became Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School.<ref name="dinamalarthanjai"/>

==Centenary celebrations==
In order to conduct the centenary celebrations, the alumni of the school arranged meetings on 16 June 2019, 14 July 2019 <ref name="dinathanthi">முன்னாள் மாணவர்கள் சந்திப்புக்கூட்டம், தினத்தந்தி, 17 சூலை 2019</ref><ref>அரசு மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி முன்னாள்
மாணவர்கள் சங்கக்கூட்டம், நவம்பர் 11இல் நூற்றாண்டு விழா கொண்டாட முடிவு, தினகரன், 16 சூலை 2019</ref> and on 15 March 2020.<ref name=dinamalar1>பள்ளியில் முன்னாள் மாணவர்கள் சந்திப்பு, தினமலர், 16 மார்ச் 2020</ref> During the meetings alumni participated in the meetings and among others, the following decisions were made:
* To start Smart class, to acquire furniture to the classrooms and to raise the compound wall of the school.<ref name="dinamani">[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/tanjore/2019/jun/17/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D--%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-3173230.html குடந்தை அரசுப் பள்ளியில் நூற்றாண்டு விழா கொண்டாட முடிவு, தினமணி, 17 சூன் 2019]</ref>
* To award prize to the X and XII students who got good ranks and to reimburse the tuition expenses of the poor students.<ref name="dinamani"/>
* To invite the teachers, including the retired teachers who were behind the success of the students with high percentage of marks.<ref name="dinamani"/>
* To set up a library and donate books.<ref name="dinathanthi"/>
* To unveil the portrait of Gurunatha Pillai who was instrumental by donating the land to school.<ref name="dinamalar">பழைய மாணவர் சங்கக்கூட்டம், தினமலர், 17 சூலை 2019</ref>
* To publish a souvenir in commemoration of the Centenary Celebrations.<ref name="dinamalar"/>
* To conduct the centenary celebrations in May 2020 <ref name=dinamalar1/>

==Administration==
K Saravanakumari is the present headmaster of the school.<ref name="dinamani"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-thanjavur/govt-school-overheels-the-private-school/239161 தனியார் பள்ளிகளை மிஞ்சிய அரசு பள்ளிகள், தினமலர், 11 மே 2011]
* கும்பகோண கலையகங்கள், அறிஞர் அண்ணா அரசு மேனிலைப்பள்ளி, கும்பகோணம் டைம்ஸ், 16-31 அக்டோபர் 2013
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIrH9e29S4w தேனி அருகே 1990-ல் பள்ளி படிப்பு முடித்த மாணவர்கள் சந்தித்த நெகிழ்ச்சியான தருணம், கும்பகோணம் அரசு பள்ளி மாணவர்கள் 25 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் சந்திப்பு சன் நியூஸ், 27 மே 2019]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a66mDG4kQVM கும்பகோணம் அரசு மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளியில் பழைய மாணவர்கள் கூடுகை விழா, ரூ. 5 லட்சம் மதிப்பில் மைதானத்தை சீரமைக்க முடிவு, ஸ்கை டிவி, 29 மே 2019]
* கும்பகோணத்தில் முன்னாள் மாணவர்கள் சந்திப்பு நிகழ்ச்சி, மாலை மலர், 17 சூன் 2019

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school2.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school3.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school4.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school5.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school6.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school7.jpg
File: Kumbakonam arignarannagovt school8.jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]

A.Rangapura

2026-02-20T09:59:22Z

Kartikeyar: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[A. Rangapura]]

Trimbak Bapuji Thombre

2026-02-12T03:15:57Z

Kartikeyar: done

{{Short description|Indian Marathi poet (1890–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trimbak Bapuji Thombre
| image = Trimbak Bapuji Thombre (Baalkavi) - (1890 – 1918).jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1890|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Patonda]], [[Khandesh district]], [[Bombay Presidency]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1918|5|5|1890|8|13}}
| death_place = Bhadli Railway Station, Jalgaon district
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_names = ''Balkavi ''([[pen name]])
| known_for = Poems in [[Marathi language]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| spouse = Parvati Bai<ref name=":0"/>
| occupation =
}}

'''Trimbak Bapuji Thombre''' ([[IAST]]:Trimbak Bāpūji Thombare; 13 August 1890 – 5 May 1918), (known popularly as '''Balkavi''' or '''Balkavi Thombre'''), was a [[Marathi language]] poet from [[Jalgaon district]] of Maharashtra, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=बालकवी |last=पवनीकर |first=श्रीकांत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur/balkavi/articleshow/65722904.cms |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

==Biography==
Balkavi was born on 13 August 1889 in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Modern Marathi Literature, 1800-1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yplHAAAAMAAJ|page=414|author=Govind Chimnaji Bhate|publisher=The author|year=1939|quote=TRIMBAK BĀPŪJI THOMBARE alias BĀLKAVI ( 1890-1918 ) Trimbak Bāpūji Thombare alias Bālkavi was born in 1890. His family belonged to a Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahmin časte.}}</ref> to Bapurao Devaram Thombre and Godatai in patonda near [[Dharangaon]] village in [[Khandesh district]] of [[Bombay Presidency]] in British India. His father was employed in police department. Due to frequent shuffling of postings of his father his education suffered a lot. Balkavi had an elder sister and also had an older and younger brother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=एक शापित गंधर्व|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/vishesha/balkavi-tryambak-bapuji-thombre-2-1704845/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> Due to his father's job he spent his childhood in [[Jamner]], Yawal, [[Betawad]], Erandol towns of Jalgaon district. Till he went in fourth class he did not involved in poetry writing, in the fourth class he first time read the poems of Sridhar Mahipat.<ref name=":0" />

When Balkavi was 14 years old he traveled Kashmir, Aagra and Mathura with poet R. Vaidya. Balkavi's first ever poem was published at Erandol's ''Dasha kal'' weekly magazine, title as ''Mulans upadesh.'' When he was 17 he presented his poem in front of large audience at first ever poetic assembly of Maharashtra at Jalgaon. At this very gathering [[Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar]] bestowed him by Balkavi title.<ref name=":0" />

He spent a period of his childhood with writer and poet Narayan Tilak, a Marathi poet from the [[Konkan]] region of the [[Bombay Presidency]] in British Raj and a convert to Christianity. Narayan Tilak identified the talent within Tryambak and brought him to his home. Laxmibai Tilak had a motherly relationship with Balkavi. She mentioned some of her memories of Balkavi in her autobiography 'Smruti Chitre'.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=BalKavi+Phulrani&pg=PA340|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Literature|year=1987|access-date=2009-12-09 | first=Amaresh | last=Datta | isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==Notable work==
{{Listen|filename= Audumbar-Balkavi-Ganesh Dhamodkar.ogg |title= औदुंबर |description= Recording of one of Balkavi's poem. |pos= right }}

Balkavi's poems are marked by exuberant language.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Datta" /> Notable works include:
* {{Transliteration|mr|Phulrani}} ({{Langx|mr|फुलराणी}})
* {{Transliteration|mr|Audumber}} ({{Langx|mr|औदुंबर}})
* {{Transliteration|mr|Shraavan-Maasii Harshh Maanasii}} ({{Langx|mr|श्रावण मासी हर्ष मानसी}})
* {{Transliteration|mr|Anandi anand Gade, jikade tikade chohikade}} ({{Langx|mr|आनंदी आनंद गड़े जिकडे तिकडे चौहीकडे}})

== Legacy ==
Balkavi's poems was incorporated in [[Balbharati]] school text books.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thombre, Tryambak Bapuji}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Mrinalini Mukherjee

2026-02-08T17:53:56Z

Kartikeyar: Started New Bio

{{Short description|Indian sculptor and textile artist (1949–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Mrinalini Mukherjee
| image = Photo of Mrinalini Mukherjee.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Mukherjee with her fibre creations during the preparation for the Fine Arts Fair, 1969
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1949}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| alma_mater = [[Welham Girls' School]] [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Vadodara]] [[West Surrey College of Art and Design]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2015|2|15}} (aged 65)
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| awards =
| known_for = [[Sculpture]]
| parents = [[Leela Mukherjee]] [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]]
}}
'''Mrinalini Mukherjee''' (1949 – 15 February 2015) was an Indian sculptor. Known for her distinctly contemporary style and use of dyed and woven [[hemp]] fibre, an unconventional material for sculpting, she had a career lasting over four decades from the 1970s to the 2000s. Mukherjee's body of work is a part of public collections at, among others, the [[Museum of Modern Art, Oxford]]; the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi; [[Tate Modern]], London;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee 1949–2015 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/mrinalini-mukherjee-17862 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee {{!}} Aranyani |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/749860 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Stedelijk Museum]], Amsterdam. The artist's personal archive is digitised and freely accessible on [[Asia Art Archive]]'s website.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee Archive |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/mrinalini-mukherjee-archive |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Mukherjee was born in 1949, in [[Bombay, India|Mumbai, India]] to artists [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]] and [[Leela Mukherjee]].<ref>Dalmia, and Datta, and Sambrini, and Jakimowicz, and Datta (1997) ''[[#Indian Contemporary Art|Indian Contemporary Art Post-Independence]]''. p.206</ref> The only child of her parents, she was brought up in the hill town of [[Dehradun]] (in present [[Uttarakhand]]), where she attended [[Welham Girls' School]], and spent her summer vacations in Santiniketan.<ref name="wire">{{Cite web|title=Secular Deities, Enchanted Plants: Mrinalini Mukherjee at the NGMA|url=https://thewire.in/2322/secular-deities-enchanted-plants-mrinalini-mukherjee-at-the-ngma/|last=Gupta|first=Trisha|date=23 May 2015|website=The Wire|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturemorte.com/artists/mrinalinimukherjee/|title=Education|website=Nature Morte}}</ref>

Mukherjee went to study Bachelor of Fine Arts (Painting) at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name="wire"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Mrinalini Mukherjee – Nature as art|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/53MJymd6rXLOsW3SDhmjgM/Mrinalini-Mukherjee--Nature-as-art.html|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=8 November 2013|website=Live Mint|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> Thereafter, she did a Post Diploma in Mural Design from the same university under the Indian artist [[K. G. Subramanyan|K.G. Subramanyan]] who was also a member of the Fine Arts Faculty at the university. Her studies included working Italian Fresco and other conventional techniques. She worked with natural fibres as a medium for murals.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Mrinalini Mukherjee, RECENT SCULPTURE IN CERAMICS, 'In the Garden'|publisher=Vadhera Art Gallery|year=1997|location=Defence Colony, New Delhi}}</ref>

== Career ==
In the 1960s and 1970s Mukherjee used local hemp and jute to create knotted designs outside the [[Macramé|macrame]] designs popular at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gipson |first=Ferren |title=Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art |date=2022 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-6465-6 |location=London}}</ref> Her first solo exhibition was held at Sridharani Art Gallery in New Delhi in 1972. It featured warped, woven forms in dyed natural fibres{{emdash}}a series of works that brought her recognition. She named her sculptures after deities of fertility and were seen as sensual and suggestive.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ArtAsiaPacific: Indian Sculptor Mrinalini Mukherjee Dies At65 |url=http://artasiapacific.com/News/IndianSculptorMrinaliniMukherjeeDiesAt65 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=artasiapacific.com}}</ref> Mukherjee received a [[British Council]] Scholarship for Sculpture in 1971.<ref name=":0" />

While most of Mukherjee's early work was characterised by the use of natural [[hemp]] fibre, she also used [[ceramic]] and [[bronze]] later in her career.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mistress-of-texture/|title=Mistress of texture|date=10 February 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D’Mello |first=Rosalyn |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee – Tate Etc |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-41-autumn-2017/lives-of-the-artists-mrinalini-mukherjee-rosalyn-dmello |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her bronze work emerged in the 2000s, "when the artist began casting forms moulded directly in wax using the traditional lost-wax process, whose surfaces she finished with tools obtained from a local dentist".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Mrinalini Mukherjee: Force(s) of Nature|url=https://ocula.com/magazine/features/mrinalini-mukherjee-forces-of-nature/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ocula.com|language=en}}</ref>

Mukherjee was invited to the [[Museum of Modern Art, Oxford]] to participate in an exhibition curated by [[David Elliott (curator)|David Elliott]] in 1994. The same exhibition further travelled to other cities in the United Kingdom over the course of the next few months. Mukherjee later participated in an international workshop that was held [[Netherlands]] in 1996.<ref name="bent">{{cite web|url=http://artasiapacific.com/News/IndianSculptorMrinaliniMukherjeeDiesAt65|title=Indian Sculptor Mrinalini Mukherjee Dies at 65|last1=Bent|first1=Siobhan|date=5 February 2016|publisher=[[ArtAsiaPacific]]|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Around this time she started to experiment with ceramics.<ref name=":0" />

In 2019, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] hosted a posthumous retrospective of Mukherjee's work called "Phenomenal Nature: Mrinalini Mukherjee". In her review of the exhibition, art critic [[Nageen Shaikh]] observes: "Perhaps the principal lesson that historians, critics, and viewers acquire with an astounding retrospective like Mukherjee's is how art can resist being viewed as delineated under a methodical Western canon. Her massive oeuvre is not fully representational, neither completely abstract. It learns from her native history and tradition, while educating us in new ways to engage with subtleties of her work."<ref>{{Cite web|title="Exploring Sexuality and Myth Through Fiber and Other Types of Sculpture"|url=https://hyperallergic.com/514901/phenomenal-nature-mrinalini-mukherjee/|last=Shaikh|first=Nageen|date=2019|website=Hyperallergic|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

==Technique and style==
Mukherjee was influenced by traditional [[Indian sculpture|Indian]] and historic European sculpture, folk art, [[modern art|modern design]], local crafts and textiles.<ref>{{harvc|c=Phenomenal Forces of Nature|last=Jhaveri |first=Shanay |p=12 |in=Jhaveri |year=2019 |anchor-year=2019a}}</ref> Knotting was one of her main techniques; she worked intuitively and never worked based on sketches, models or preparatory drawings.{{sfnp|Jhaveri|2019}}{{pages needed|date=July 2019 }}

The authors of ''Indian Contemporary Art Post-Independence'' dubbed Mukherjee as a "unique voice in contemporary Indian art", and remarked "The sculptures knotted painstakingly with hemp ropes in earthy or rich glowing colours evoke a fecund world of burgeoning life, lush vegetation, iconic figures." Acknowledging the note of sexuality manifested in the "phallic forms", they added "the mysterious folds and orifices, the intricate curves and drapes. There is a sensuous, tactile quality to her work which exercises a compelling hold on the viewer."<ref>Dalmia, and Datta, and Sambrini, and Jakimowicz, and Datta (1997) ''[[#Indian Contemporary Art|Indian Contemporary Art Post-Independence]]''</ref>

Mukherjee studied under [[K. G. Subramanyan]], and derived heavily from his artistry. Sonal Khullar writing on Subramanyan's influence on her wrote in ''Worldly Affiliations'' Mukherjee a former student, "[...] use jute, wood, rope, and cow dung to create environments at once magical and mundane. Their inventiveness with visual language and investments in ordinary materials are a legacy of Subramanyan's teaching, writing and art-making."<ref>Khullar (2015) ''Worldly Affiliations: Artistic Practice, National Identity, and Modernism in India, 1930–1990''. p.134</ref>

[[Art historian]] and independent curator Deepak Ananth also ascribed Mukherjee's predilection for modest, earthly materials to her influence from Subramanyan, and in turn from the history of Indian artisanal craft. In an essay entitled "The Knots are Many But the Thread is One", Ananth wrote, "As if in harmony with the vegetable realm from which her medium is derived, the leading metaphor of Mukherjee's work comes from the organic life of plants. Improvising upon a motif or image that serves as her starting point the work's gradual unfolding itself becomes analogous to the stirring into maturation of a sapling."<ref name="bent"/>

== Influences ==
In the context of the pedagogy professed by K G Subramanyan, Mukherjee's decision to work in a material traditionally associated with her craft rather than "high art" reflects her teacher's conscious attempts to overcome what they considered to be a staple polarity in Modernism, not least in view of the extreme richness and continuing actuality of traditional artisanal skills in India and the sheer versatility of popular vernacular idioms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lalit Kala Contemporary 43|publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi|year=200|location=Delhi}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mrinalini Mukherjee was hospitalized before her 2015 retrospective exhibition at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in New Delhi. She died a week later, at the age of 65.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artasiapacific.com/News/IndianSculptorMrinaliniMukherjeeDiesAt65|title=Indian Sculptor Mrinalini Mukherjee Dies at 65|last=Bent|first=Siobhan|date=5 February 2015|publisher=ArtAsiaPacific Magazine|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Mrinalini |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee |date=2019 |publisher=The Shoestring Publisher |others=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-81-904720-9-8 |editor-last=Jhaveri |editor-first=Shanay |location=Mumbai, India |pages=12}}</ref>

== Public collections ==
* [[Modern Art Oxford]], [[Oxford]]
* [[Yorkshire Sculpture Park]], Yorkshire
* [[Stedelijk Museum]], Amsterdam
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi
* Roopankar Museum of Art, Bharat Bhawan, [[Bhopal]]
* Fine Arts Museum, [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
* India Tourism Development Corporation, New Delhi
* India Institute of Immunology, New Delhi
* [[Tate Modern]], London<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/display/materials-and-objects/mrinalini-mukherjee |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee – Display at Tate Modern |website=[[Tate Etc.]] |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626172448/https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/display/materials-and-objects/mrinalini-mukherjee |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government Museum and Art Gallery, [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chdmuseum.nic.in/|title=Government Museum and Art Gallery Chandigarh|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523013636/http://www.chdmuseum.nic.in/|archive-date=23 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee. ''Yakshi''. 1984 |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/215656 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=MoMA Now: Highlights from the Museum of Modern Art |date=2019 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63345-100-1 |page=314 |edition=Ninetieth anniversary |chapter=Mrinalini Mukherjee}}</ref>
* [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shanay |first1=Jhaveri |title=Recent Acquisitions: A Selection: 2018–20. Part II: Late Eighteenth Century to Contemporary |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=Spring 2021 |volume=78 |issue=4 |page=43 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Recent_Acquisitions_A_Selection_2018_2020_Part_II_Late_Eighteenth_Century_to_Contemporary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bantz |editor1-first=Jennifer |title=Gifts of Art: The Met's 150th Anniversary |date=2020 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-58839-735-5 |page=198}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Biography}}
* {{Portal-inline|India}}
* {{Portal-inline|Art}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |author1=Dalmia, Yashodharea |author2=Datta, Ella |author3=Sambrini, Chaitnya |author4=Jakimowicz, Martha |author5= Datta, Santo|year= 1997|title=Indian Contemporary Art Post-Independence|medium=English|place=New Delhi|publisher= Ajanta Offset Ltd.|ref=Indian Contemporary Art}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Jhaveri |editor1-first=Shanay |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee |date=2019 |publisher=Shoestring |location=Mumbai |isbn=9788190472098 }}
*{{cite book |author=Khullar, Sonal|year= 2015|title=Worldly Affiliations: Artistic Practice, National Identity, and Modernism in India, 1930-1990|place=California|publisher=University of California Press|ref=Worldly Affiliations}}

==Further reading==
* Ananth, Deepak, et al. ''Mrinalini Mukherjee''. New York: The Shoestring Publisher, 2019.
*{{cite news |last1=Cotter |first1=Holland |title=Sculpture, Both Botanical and Bestial, Awe at the Met Breuer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/11/arts/design/met-breuer-mrinalini-mukherjee-review.html |work=The New York Times |date=11 July 2019}}
* {{cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Andrew |title=Mrinalini Mukherjee: Textile to Sculpture |url=https://post.at.moma.org/content_items/1438-mrinalini-mukherjee-textile-to-sculpture |website=Post |publisher=Museum of Modern Art |location=New York |date=11 December 2019}}

== External links ==

* [https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/mrinalini-mukherjee-archive Mrinalini Mukherjee Archive] at [Asia Art Archive]

{{Commons category|Mrinalini Mukherjee}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Mrinalini}}
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ sculptors]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]

5th Punjab Assembly

2026-02-07T20:13:52Z

Kartikeyar: Starting A Article First Draft

{{short description|Law governing body of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Fifth Punjab Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature = '''Punjab Legislative Assembly'''
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 1969-1971
| body =
| houses =
| foundation = 13 March 1969
| disbanded = 14 June 1971
| preceded_by = [[Fourth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[Sixth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://speakerpunjab.gov.in/former-speakers/|website=speakerpunjab.gov.in|title=Former speaker of punjab vidhan sabha|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019042630/http://speakerpunjab.gov.in/former-speakers/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader1 = [[Darbara Singh (speaker)|Darbara Singh]]
| party1 =
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[List of Deputy Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]<ref>page xiii of ''[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/compendium_doc.pdf Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium]''. [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. Retrieved on 6 January 2022.</ref>
| leader3 = Bikramjit Singh Bajwa
| leader4 =
| leader5_type = Leader of House ([[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]])
| leader5 =[[Gurnam Singh]] (1969-1970)
| leader6 =[[Parkash Singh Badal]] (1970-1971)
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[Harinder Singh (Punjab politician)|Harinder Singh]]
| leader8 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| next_election1 = [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| redistricting =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| members = '''104'''<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3446-punjab-1969/ Statistical Report of Punjab Legislative Assembly election 1969] (Pdf). ''eci.gov.in''. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</ref>
| structure1 = Fifth Punjab legislative assembly.png
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Punjab, India|Government]] (59)'''{{efn|The given members of parties were at the time of the formation of the Government. The numbers changed later on due to defections, resignations, mergers or splits.}}
* {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[United Front (Punjab, India)|UF]] (53)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (43)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] (8)
** {{Color box|#DDDDDD|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
*'''[[Confidence and supply]] (6)'''
** {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (4)
** {{Color box|#FF5C5C|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] (2)

'''Opposition (45)'''
* {{Color box|#00DDFF|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (38)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] (2)
* {{Color box|#800000|border=darkgray}} [[Punjab Janta Party|PJP]] (1)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] (1)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Swatantra Party|SwP]] (1)
* {{Color box|#DDDDDD|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)

}}
The '''[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]''' was the fifth [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]) election of the state. This was the second hung assembly. [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] emerged as the largest party with 43 seats in the 104-seat legislature in the election. The [[Indian National Congress]] became the second, holding 38 seats. On 13 June 1971, Assembly dissolved prematurely and president rule was imposed.{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}

==Background==
A mid-term poll in 1969 was necessary due to political parties' failure to form a stable government after the 1967 election. Again, no party got an absolutely majority. With 43 seats, [[Akali Dal]] emerged as the single largest party. Prior to the election both, [[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group]] and [[Akali Dal - Master Tara Singh Group]] merged and re-established [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xH3p7kV97AC|title=Akali Dal in Punjab Politics: Splits and Mergers|first=Dr Kuldeep|last=Kaur|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176291286|via=Google Books}}</ref>

On the other hand, Congress Party was a divided house. On 14 December 1968, it received a further set back when [[Gian Singh Rarewala]] defected to Akali Dal.<ref name="Turmoil">Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P.112.</ref>

==First Akali-Jan Sangh government==
{{Main|United Front (Punjab, India)}}
Akali Dal formed an alliance with [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and 2 Independents who won with the support of Akali Dal. Left Parties, i.e. [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] extended outside support to Akali-Jan Sangh government. [[Gurnam Singh]] became the Chief Minister Second time.<ref name="Turmoil" />

The Chief Minister preferred to call the Coalition Government a 'United Front' Government possibly to keep up the facade of Akali led People's United Front Government (1967).<ref>The Hindu, 12 March 1969.</ref> Gurnam Singh formed his ministry with four other members. 2 from Akali Dal (Atma Singh and Sohan Singh) and 2 from Jan Sangh (Balram Das Tandon and Krishan Lal).

===Upheavals===

With the installation of the Coalition Ministry in power, there started a tussle between Gurnam Singh and Sant Chanan Singh (President of SGPC) over the issue of abolition of Punjab Legislative Council. Gurnam Singh publicly declared that the government would bring an official resolution during the budget session in May 1969. Sant Chanan Singh opposed the move because his close associates were the members of the council. Furthermore, Sant wanted Gurnam Singh to include in his ministry a large number of his own men.<ref name="Herald">National Herald, 12 March 1969.</ref> The CM failure to comply with Sant's order irked the Sant. Gurnam Singh's biggest drawback was that he lacked any hold over the organisation.<ref name="Herald" />

In March 1969, about a month after assuming power, the rift between Coalition partners emerged. Differences between Akali Dal and Jan Sangh arose over three vital issues, namely:-
* Language,
* Center-State relations and
* Status of Chandigarh.
Akali wanted only [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] to the medium of instruction with [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as second language, whereas, Jan Sangh wanted Hindi as "mother tongue" of the sizable [[Hindu]] minority in Punjab.<ref name="Patriot">Patriot, 1 April 1969.</ref>

Akali was in favour of greater autonomy for the States to secure a real "federal system". However, Jan Sangh opposed this idea.<ref name="Patriot" />

Akali Dal demanded merger of Chandigarh and other Punjabi Speaking areas in Punjab soon. While, Jan Sangh advocate the appointment of a judicial tribunal to resolve the dispute.<ref name="Patriot" />

By the mid of April 1969, the strength of Akali Dal rose to 48 by inducting four defector from Congress Party and one Independent and this created rift between Coalition partners as Jan Sangh didn't like to lose its identity and become an appendage of the Akali Dal. In June 1969, one more Congress legislator defected and joined Akali Dal.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 117.</ref>

===No-confidence motion===
In April 1969, [[Captain Rattan Singh]] (Deputy Leader of Opposition) moved a [[No-confidence motion]] against Gurnam Singh government on the ground of deteriorating situation of ''Law and Order'' in State. Leave for the motion was granted on 25 April 1969. In all, 13 legislators took part in the debate. When Speaker moved the motion for voting, the motion was negatived by voice vote.<ref>Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures by G. C. Malhotra. P. 734.</ref>

==Coup against Gurnam Singh==
'''Background'''

The month of March brought Gurnam Singh's downfall. In March 1970, during [[Rajya Sabha]] election, [[Sant Fateh Singh]] and Sant Chanan Singh selected Jathedar Santokh Singh as one of the two candidates while, rebel Akali leader Giani Bhupinder Singh also filed his nomination. Chief Minister Gurnam Singh backed the Giani. As Gurnam Singh had become unpliable, the two Sants had worked out a strategy at [[Amritsar]] to replace him.<ref name="March">Patriot, 31 March 1970.</ref>

'''Execution of Plan'''

On 25 March 1970, Jathedar Santokh Singh lost the election from Giani Bhupinder Singh and this irked the Sant Fateh Singh and he gave the green signal to Balwant Singh (Finance Minister) to start the toppling operation by refusing to move the Appropriation Bill in the State Assembly.<ref name="March" />

As the Strategy had already been worked out with the collaboration of the Jan Sangh Chief, [[Baldev Prakash]], the Jan Sangh didn't come to Gurnam Singh's rescue. Sant Fateh Singh had already sounded a section of the Congressmen to remain neutral in the event of the toppling operation and the Sant was assured of it.

On the same day when Speaker called Finance Minister to move Appropriation Bill, he refused to do so. He suddenly announced in the State Assembly, that he would not move the Appropriation Bill. He forgot his constitutional obligations. If he didn't want to carry out his duties, he ought to have resigned. But he did nothing of the kind.<ref name="Arora">Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 121.</ref> By the time, Chief Minister was aware of the manoeuvre, it was too late and the House refused him the permission to move the Appropriation Bill. On this, Gurnam Singh himself moved the bill. This was, however, opposed and voting followed:-<ref name="Arora" />
* 22 - Favour [14-Akali (Gurnam faction), 3-Independents, 2-SSP, 1-PSP, 1-SwP, 1-Congress]
* 44 - Against [35-Akali (Sant faction), 7-Jan Sangh and 2-CPIM]
* 32 - Absent [28-Congress and 4-CPI]

'''Resignation'''

On the same day, Governor of Punjab, [[D. C. Pavate]] asked Gurnam Singh to resign as he had suffered a defeat on the Finance Bill. Gurnam Singh bluntly told the Governor that he had no intention to resign. Governor reminded him that with his defeat on the Finance Bill, he had practically ceased to be Chief Minister, and that with his resignation his colleagues would automatically cease to be ministers.<ref name="Page">Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 122.</ref> On 25 March Governor again sent him a letter asking him to resign at once. His Secretary was authorised to inform him orally that the Governor would be required to dismiss him if his resignation didn't not reach him by the next morning.<ref name="Page" />

On next day (26 March), Gurnam Singh submitted his resignation to Governor and Governor accepted his resignation immediately but asked him to continue till an alternative arrangements was made.<ref name="Page" />

==Second Akali-Jan Sangh government==
===Government formation===

The Political crisis which had resulted in the defeat of the Gurnam Singh Ministry ended on 27 March, when Governor once again exercised his option of choosing a candidate for the Chief Ministership from among the two contenders - [[Gurnam Singh]] and [[Prakash Singh Badal]]. Gurnam Singh claimed the support of 28 Congress MLAs. However, Badal, paraded his 54 supporters to [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Raj Bhavan]]. Firstly, Governor refused to meet him as he hated counting heads in such circumstances. Later on, he agreed and was convinced that Akali Party with Badal as its leader had the support of a majority in the House.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 123.</ref> On the same day, Parkash Singh Badal took the oath of the Chief Minister of Punjab along with two of his Cabinet colleagues - Balwant Singh (Akali Dal) and Balram Das Tandon (Jan Sangh).

Prakash Singh Badal raised the strength of his Council of Ministers to 9 (15 April) and later on 26 (5 and 6 June). The 7 member Jan Sangh had 3 Cabinet Ministers and 1 Minister of State. A large number of Akali MLAs were furious to not being provides with Ministerial berth or being accommodated in some other profitable manner.

===Upheavals===

Some Akali Ministers had openly levelled charges of corruption, favouritism and nepotism against the Industries Minister, Balram Das Tandon.<ref>Patriot, 29 June 1970.</ref>

On 30 June 1970, the Jan Sangh withdrew its support to the Ministry and preferred to sit in Opposition. At the end of June, after withdrawal of the Jan Sangh support, the opposition parties challenged the propriety of the continuance of Badal Ministry without a majority in the House. Former Chief Minister Gurnam Singh, Leader of Opposition [[Harinder Singh (Punjab politician)|Harinder Singh]] and Avtar Singh (Secretary of CPI) demanded that as the present Government lacked the majority, the Assembly should be summoned immediately to test the Akali claim of majority support there.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 134.</ref>

On 30 June, when Chief Minister along with two Cabinet Ministers, Balwant Singh and Surjit Singh, called on Governor, the latter advised the Chief Minister to call "as early as possible" a session of the State Assembly to demonstrate his majority in the House. On 1 July, three members of the ruling Akali Party informed the Governor that they were no longer with Badal Government. These were Nawab of Malerkotla [[Iftikhar Ali Khan of Malerkotla|Iftikhar Ali Khan]], Gurdip Singh Shaheed and Ajit Singh Talwandi. On the following day, two more Akali MLAs, [[Surinder Singh Kairon]], Hari Singh Beas joined Gurnam Singh's faction. On 3 July, Pratap Singh and on 4 July, Pritam Singh Dhariwal also joined Gurnam Singh's faction.<ref>Hindustan Times, 5 July 1970.</ref>

After pressure from Governor, Prakash Singh Badal had called for three day session of State Legislative Assembly to prove his majority in the House on 5 August. However, question by opposition leaders on such a long delay, later on it was decided to convene the Assembly session on 24 July at 2.00 p.m.

On the first day of its sitting two motions of expressing no-confidence in the Ministry was moved. One was by Satyapal Dang of CPI and other was by Balram Das Tandon of Jan Sangh. The two no-confidence motions failed to get the admittance in the Assembly for want of the requisite support of 21 MLAs.<ref>The Tribune, 25 July 1975.</ref> Only 19 members rose in their seats in support of the motions. Those who stood in support were 8 members of Akali Dal (Gurnam faction), 7 of Jan Sangh and 4 of CPI. 28 members of Congress stayed neutral.<ref>Times of India, 25 July 1970.</ref>

In the [[1971 Indian general election]], out of the 12 contested seats by Akali Dal, only one was won by it and that was too with a narrow margin. While the CPI captured 2 and remaining 10 by Congress. This put a pressure on Akali Dal and specially on Prakash Singh Badal for remaining in the power at Punjab.<ref>Amrita Bazar Patrika, 28 May 1971.</ref> Before Assembly session on 14 June 1971, Chief Minister, on 1 June, asked all the ministers to hand over their resignations to him. The CM also authorised by Party High Command to accept resignation of such among them as were considered corrupt or insufficient by him.<ref name="Punjab">Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 143.</ref>

==Dissolution of assembly==
'''Operation Toppling'''

On one side, Parkash Singh Badal was trying to save his Government, on the other hand, a secret plan to topple the Badal government was also afloat. On 12 June a closed door meeting of the Congressmen was held at Haryana Bhawan. The meeting was to expedite "Operation Toppling" and to install Gurnam Singh as Chief Minister with Congress support. On the same day, the dissidents led by Gurnam Singh held a closed door meeting at the residence of [[Harcharan Singh Brar]] and decided to revolt and stage a coup against Badal. Gurnam Singh had successfully brought about defection of 18 Akali legislators.<ref>The Hindu, 19 June 1971.</ref> With the help of the 29 Congress legislators and some more defectors from the Akali Dal, Gurnam Singh planned the downfall of Badal Ministry.<ref name="Punjab" />

'''Resignation'''

On the following day, rebel Akalis numbering about 17, including six ministers along with Gurnam Singh sought an audience with Governor to acquaint him with the loss of majority support to Badal Government. This was to be done with a view to forestalling the possibility of the dissolution of the State Assembly. Gurnam Singh reached Raj Bhawan at 1.40 p.m. But the Chief Minister, Parkash Singh Badal stole a march over him by submitting the resignation of his Council of Ministers and advising the Governor to dissolve the State Legislature with a view to seeking fresh mandate from the people.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 145.</ref> The Governor accepted the resignation as well as the advice and dissolved the Assembly with immediate effect. [[Gurnam Singh]]<ref>The Hindustan Times, 18 June 1971</ref> and [[Darbara Singh (speaker)|Darbara Singh]]<ref>The Tribune, 15 June 1971.</ref> (Speaker of Punjab Assembly) vehemently opposed the decision of Governor. On 15 June 1971, [[President's rule]] was imposed in the State of Punjab.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1969 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|5th]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972| ]]

India–Niger relations

2026-01-24T07:59:36Z

Kartikeyar: updated article per sources

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Niger|India|Niger}}
'''India–Niger relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between [[India]] and [[Niger]].

==History==
Niger condemned China and supported India during the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grover|first1=Verinder|title=Africa and India's Foreign Policy|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZQtmTCUb9QC|access-date=1 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

India opened its embassy in [[Niamey]] in May 2009, and the first resident Indian Ambassador to Niger assumed office in August 2010.<ref name="MEAJan2013">{{cite web|title=India - Niger Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Niger_Bilateral_Brief_January_2013.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=1 January 2017|date=January 2013}}</ref> Niger opened its embassy in New Delhi in November 2011, and the first resident Ambassador of Niger to
India assumed office in January 2012.<ref name="MEAJul2014">{{cite web|title=India-Niger Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Niger_July_2014.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=1 January 2017|date=July 2014}}</ref>

Nigerien President [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], and a delegation of 6 ministers, visited India from 27 to 30 October 2015. Issoufou met Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 28 October, and expressed his desire to expand relations between the two nations. No Indian Prime Minister or President has visited Niger, but several Cabinet ministers have visited the country.<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

==Economic relations==
Bilateral trade between India and Niger totaled US$80.48 million in 2015–16, with the balance of trade overwhelming in India's favour. Indian exports to Niger totaled $80.16 million while imports accounted for just $320,000. The main commodities exported from India to Niger are cereals and other edible items, pharmaceuticals, cotton, electrical machinery and equipment, and plastics. India's primary imports from Niger are raw hides and skins, and lead.<ref name="MEADec2016">{{cite web|title=India - Niger Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/niger_DEC2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=1 January 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

Bilateral trade figures do not reflect the total trade between the two countries, as several Nigerien businessmen purchase Indian goods and products from Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic & Commercial Relations|url=http://www.indembniamey.org/pages.php?id=122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829063412/http://www.indembniamey.org/pages.php?id=122|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 29, 2013|website=Embassy of India, Niamey|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

==Indian foreign aid==
India provides economic assistance to Niger in healthcare and agriculture, as well as technical assistance and food aid. In September 2005, India supplied free medicines to Niger. It also provided the Niger government with 100 computers and 100 printers in 2012 in a capacity building effort. The Indian government has also supplied television cameras and laptops to Niger's television and radio broadcasting industry.<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

India has also extended several lines of credit to Niger. In July 2005, India provided $17 million for the procurement of buses, trucks, tractors, flour mills and motor pumps. In July 2008, another LOC worth $20 million was provided to develop power supply and electrification in Niger. Another two LOCs worth $34.50 million were provided in June 2013 for the solar electrification of 50 villages in Niger, and the establishment of a solar power plant. In January 2014, India extended an LOC of $25 million to construct drinking water supply facilities for semi-urban and rural communities. An LOC of $30 million was provided in 2016 for urban solid waste management in Niamey.<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

Niger is a part of India's [[Pan-African e-Network project]].<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

Citizens of Niger are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

==Indians in Niger==
As of December 2016, 150 Indian citizens reside in Niger, most of whom are engaged in trading and the hospitality sector.<ref name="MEADec2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Niger}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Niger relations}}
[[Category:India–Niger relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Niger]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations|Niger]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Niger]]

Sisauna

2026-01-21T13:06:41Z

Kartikeyar: done

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Sisauna''' is a village in [[Jokihat]], [[Araria district]] of [[Bihar]], India, with a population of 6,149 in 2011.<ref>[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1007_PART_B_DCHB_ARARIA.pdf Censusindia.gov.in - Census of Bihar 2011, Series-11, Part-XIIB: District Census Handbook Araria]</ref> It comes under [[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sisauna Village in Jokihat, Araria, Bihar – Info & Details|url=https://villageatlas.com/bihar/araria/jokihat/sisauna|access-date=2022-01-11|website=villageatlas.com}}</ref> [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=बीमार लोगों की सेवा करना तस्लीमुद्दीन का था स्वभाव|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/araria-programme-in-arraria-22353827.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RJD MP Taslimuddin buried with state honour|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rjd-mp-taslimuddin-buried-with-state-honour/1149902|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref> belonged from Sisauna and his younger son [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam]] also lives in Sisauna. Sisauna has one [[Middle school|Government Middle school]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.M.S SISAUNA - Sisauna, District Araria (Bihar)|url=https://schools.org.in/araria/10071211401/u-m-s-sisauna.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26.13487|87.61473|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Araria district]]

{{Araria-geo-stub}}

Tanishaa

2025-12-31T16:45:30Z

Kartikeyar:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tanishaa
| image = Tanishaa Mukerji 2024.jpg
| caption = Mukerji in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|03|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for = Bigg Boss 7
| parents = [[Shomu Mukherjee|Shomu]] and [[Tanuja]]
| relatives = [[Kajol]] (sister) see [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]]
}}

'''Tanishaa S Mukerji''' (born 3 March 1978),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tanisha Mukerji celebrates her birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/tanishaa-mukerji-turns-42-kajol-shares-throwback-pic-to-wish-little-sister-a-happy-birthday-1652238-2020-03-04 |access-date= 6 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Tanishaa''', is an Indian actress known for her works in [[Hindi]] films. A member of the [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]], daughter of filmmaker [[Shomu Mukherjee]] and actress [[Tanuja]], and the younger sister of actress [[Kajol]]. She made her debut with the [[Slasher film|slasher]] film ''[[Sssshhh...]]'' in 2003 and had her first success with the [[Political cinema|political]] [[crime thriller]] film ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'', and its sequel ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' in which she had a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-haseepur-has-something-for-all-mandira-bedi/466040-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421084146/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-haseepur-has-something-for-all-mandira-bedi/466040-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2014 |title='Gangs of Haseepur' has something for all: Mandira Bedi |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> This was followed by a career decline, In 2013, she made her television debut as a contestant in [[Colors TV]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 7]]'', where she finished as 1st runner-up.

==Early life and family==
Mukerji was born in [[Mumbai]] on 3 March 1978, into the family of [[Shomu Mukherjee]], a [[Bengali Hindu]] film director and his [[Marathi people|Marathi]] wife, veteran actress [[Tanuja]], and is the younger sister of Bollywood actress [[Kajol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2021 |title=Tanishaa Mukerji reveals how her 'amazing' family feels about her being unmarried at 43 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tanishaa-mukerji-reveals-how-her-amazing-family-feels-about-her-being-unmarried-at-43-101626580027512.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was in a relationship with her ''Bigg Boss 7'' housemate, [[Armaan Kohli]] for a year before they broke up in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Tanishaa Mukerji breaks her silence on her split with Armaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tanishaa-mukerji-breaks-her-silence-on-her-split-with-armaan/articleshow/44709549.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut with commercial failures & career decline (2003–2008)===
She got her first break in [[Hindi Cinema|Bollywood]] with the thriller slasher film, ''[[Sssshhh...]]'' opposite [[Karan Nath]] and [[Dino Morea]]. It received poor reviews [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' called, "''Sssshhh?'' a weak screenplay with excessive length and most importantly, a half-baked climax" and wrote, "Mukerji needs to work on her dialogue delivery along with screen appearance". The film was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sssshhh/box-office/|title=Sssshhh? Box Office Collection|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sssshhh/critic-review/sssshhh-movie-review/|title=Sssshhh? Review 2/5|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 October 2003 |access-date= 24 October 2003}}</ref> Her next release the [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' (2004) received negative reviews from critics, upon its premiere and performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salvadore|first1=Sarah|title=I want to break the mould: Kabir|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-want-to-break-the-mould-Kabir/articleshow/5735059.cms|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=29 March 2010}}</ref> In 2005, she starred in the [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' co-starring [[Uday Chopra]] under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]]. The film was released on 9 December 2005 to highly negative reviews from critics and emerged as a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/15-years-later-we-are-still-clueless-why-neal-n-nikki-was-made-on-wahiyat-wednesday-1748098-2020-12-09 | title=15 years later, we are still clueless why Neal n Nikki was made. On Wahiyat Wednesday | date=9 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/09neal.htm | title=Neal 'N' Nikki better not be a hit! }}</ref> A reviewer wrote, "''Neal 'n' Nikki'' concentrates more on skin show than a sound story terrible letdown in terms of content".

The same year, she appeared in a supporting role of Avantika in the [[Political cinema|political]] [[crime thriller]] film ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' alongside an [[ensemble cast]]. The film released on 1 July 2005, with positive reviews and became commercially successful. Her last release in 2005 was the [[war film]] ''[[Tango Charlie]]'' opposite [[Bobby Deol]]. This was her consecutive 4th box office failure. After two years gap in 2007, she made her [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]] film debut with the [[romantic musical]] film ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'', opposite [[Vinay Rai]]. The film was successful at the box office with received positive reviews for its storyline and the performances and got her a nomination at Vijay Awards for Best Debut Female. In 2008, she was seen in the comedy film ''[[One Two Three]]'' opposite [[Upen Patel]]. This too had an unsuccessful run at the box office. The same year, she reprised her role in the second installment of [[Sarkar (film series)|''Sarkar'' film series]], ''[[Sarkar Raj]]''. The sequel also became critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarkar Raj : Box Office India|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12651/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118092513/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12651/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2008|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref>
She is now awaiting the release of her mystery film ''[[Second Chance (upcoming film)|Second Chance]]'' alongside Arjan Bajwa, Myra Saree and Ilulia Vantur.

===''Bigg Boss'' and further work (2013–present)===
[[File:Tanisha Mukherjee walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 04.jpg|thumb|Mukerji walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA in 2012]]

She made her comeback by participating in the television reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]'' and became the 1st runner-up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanisha Mukherjee becomes the first runner up in Bigg Boss 7 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bigg-boss-7-gauahar-khan-wins-tanisha-mukherji-first-runnerup/442142-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229042241/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bigg-boss-7-gauahar-khan-wins-tanisha-mukherji-first-runnerup/442142-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2013 |publisher=IBN |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Tanishaa-Mukerjis-candid-confessions/photostory/47453337.cms |title=Tanishaa Mukerji's candid confessions — The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> She was later seen as one of the judges in the stand-up comedy show ''[[Gangs of Haseepur]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-haseepur-has-something-for-all-mandira-bedi/466040-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421084146/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-haseepur-has-something-for-all-mandira-bedi/466040-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2014 |title='Gangs of Haseepur' has something for all: Mandira Bedi |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> In 2016, she participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]'' and became a finalist. She participated as a contestant on [[Sony TV]]'s dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 11|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11]]'' where she finished in 13th place.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
* ''All films are in Hindi, otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Sssshhh...]]'' || Mahek Gujral ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' || Tanya Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 ||''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' || Nikita 'Nikki' Bakshi
|
|-
|''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' || Avantika
|
|-
|''[[Tango Charlie]]'' || Lachchi Narayan / Lachchi Tarun Chauhan
|
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || Deepika || [[Tamil films|Tamil]] film
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008 ||''[[One Two Three]]'' || Chandni ||
|-
| ''[[Kantri]]'' || Pyaasi Priya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' || Avantika ||
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Tum Milo Toh Sahi]]'' || Herself
|Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011 ||''[[Be Careful (film)|Be Careful]]'' || Anjali
|
|-
| ''[[Chop (film)|Chop]]'' || Emily Reed || [[English language|English]] film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Anna (2016 film)|Anna]]'' || Shikha ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Code Name Abdul]]'' || Salma
|
|-
|2024 || ''[[Luv You Shankar]]'' || Geeta
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Veer Murarbaji]]''
|TBA
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]-Hindi film<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-14 |title='Veer Murarbaji': Tanisha Mukerji bags a key role in Ankit Mohan's historical epic-Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/veer-murarbaji-tanisha-mukerji-bags-a-key-role-in-ankit-mohans-historical-epic-exclusive/articleshow/101753245.cms |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| Contestant
| 1st runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title='Bigg Boss 7' complete list of contestants |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bigg-boss-7-final-list-of-celebs/1169462/ |date=15 September 2013 |access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Gangs of Haseepur]]''
| Judge
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''
| Contestant
| 4th place
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 11|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11]]''
|Contestant
|13th place
|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Bigg Boss 7}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Portalbar|India|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Adityapur Industrial Area

2025-12-13T12:52:11Z

Kartikeyar: Starting A Page W/ Refs

{{More references|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adityapur Industrial Area
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Adityapur Toll Bridge.jpg
| photo2a = NIT JAMSHEDPUR Main Gate.jpg
| photo2b = Adityapur Kadma Toll Bridge.jpg
| photo3a = Tata Kandra Road.jpg
}}
| subdivision_name = India
| nickname =
| image_caption = Adityapur Toll Bridge Marine Drive
| subdivision_type2 = City/Metro/Megacity
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jamshedpur]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]] or [[Union territory]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| official_name =
| demographics2_info1 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics2_title1 = Secondary
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| settlement_type = Suburb
| established_date =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7831|86.1377|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Adityapur Industrial Area''' also known as Adityapur Industrial Area City short form AIA or AIA City is an industrial hub and an Industrial, technological, engineering district located at [[Adityapur]], [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand, India. Adityapur Industrial Area is actually an industrial belt, which lies in Adityapur. It is a Special Economic Zone.<ref name="aiada.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiada.in/web/profile/facts.php|title=Aiada.in - aiada Resources and Information|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005104533/http://www.aiada.in/web/profile/facts.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source|date=November 2021}}

== Location ==
Located at [[Adityapur]], which is city and a part of the city Jamshedpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vishwakarma puja sans idols in Adityapur industrial area|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/vishwakarma-puja-sans-idols-in-adityapur-industrial-area/cid/1792066|access-date=1 December 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Infrastructure and industry ==
It is one of the biggest industrial belts not only in Eastern region but the entire India. Prior to [[Noida]] it was the biggest industrial belt of the country. The region mainly houses a large number of Small and Medium scale in industry with some Large scale industries as well. The Adityapur Industrial Area Development Authority is the governing body of the region and looks after the development of the industrial region. The region has as over 1000 industrial units as of 2010.<ref name="aiada.in" />{{better source|date=November 2021}} The region gives direct employment to around 28000 people. The average annual production of the belt is in excess of Rs. 36 billion at present.

== Education ==
*[[NIT Jamshedpur]]
*Rantech ITI College

== See also ==
* [[Economy of Jamshedpur]]
* [[Economy of Bokaro]]
* [[Marafari]]
* [[Electronic City]]
* [[HITEC City]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

Museum of Santal Culture

2025-12-07T02:00:14Z

Kartikeyar: Started New Stub...

{{Short description|Museum in West Begal, India}}
{{orphan|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Museum of Santal Culture ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ
| established = {{Start date and age|2007}}
| location = Bishnubati, [[Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.703|N|87.648|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Community museum]]
| collection_size = 150
| founder = Boro Baski
| curator = Bimal Baski
| owner = Bishnubati Adibasi Marshal Sangha (BAMS)
}}

The '''Museum of Santal Culture''' ({{langx|sat|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ}}) is a private [[community museum]] located in the village of Bishnubati, [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorfentwicklung Indien: Santal Museum |url=https://www.dorfentwicklung-indien.de/en/santal-culture/santal-museum/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.dorfentwicklung-indien.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting the Museum of Santal Culture, West Bengal |url=https://indiantribalheritage.org/?page_id=19063 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=indiantribalheritage.org}}</ref> The community-led museum documents the history of the [[Santal people|Santal community]] largely prevalent in the region, which includes their past, their memories, and traditional ways of being. The museum was co-founded by educator Dr. Boro Baski<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-02-22 |title=Meet Boro Baski: The Educator Who Set Up a School for Indigenous Children in West Bengal |url=https://www.thenewleam.com/2020/02/meet-boro-baski-the-educator-who-set-up-a-school-for-indigenous-children-in-west-bengal/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The New Leam |language=en-US}}</ref> alongside other members of the village of Bishnubati, a Santali village of "less than 700 hundred people" in the [[Birbhum district]] of West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=In West Bengal's Birbhum, a unique community museum that archives Santal history and culture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengals-birbhum-unique-community-museum-archives-santal-history-culture-7862489/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Founded in 2007 with help from the [[Indian Museum]], the Museum of Santal Culture is a museum that is completely run by the members of the Santal community for its people. According to one of the co-founders of the museum, Dr. Boro Baski, "the Santali name of the museum is ''Santal Arichalidoho-jogao Bakhol'', which translates as ''the house for taking care of Santal culture and heritage''."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Boro |date=2021-02-19 |title=The Museum of Santal Culture in Bishnubati |url=https://articulate.org.in/the-museum-of-santal-culture-in-bishnubati/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Articulate |language=en-US}}</ref> The architecture of the one-level house is similar to a traditional Santali residence with traditional [[mural]]s on the walls. It is dedicated solely to exhibit the diverse materials which depict the Santali past. Most of the collections were donated by the local residents, some rare items bought, and others sourced from other Santali regions in the [[Bankura district]] and parts of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santal Pargana]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:The Museum of Santal Culture, Bishnubati - Sneharshi Dasgupta.JPG|thumb|The Museum of Santal Culture in Bishnubati, West Bengal]]
Other museums which document the Santali history, heritage, and culture include, the Jhargram Tribal Museum in [[Jhargram]], Bidisa Anthropology Museum in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Western Medinipur]], the Museum of [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]] in [[Purulia]] and Johar Human Resources Development Centre in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Boro |date=2016-07-12 |title=Lost in translation {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/missionaries-have-contributed-disrupting-adivasi-traditions-helped-save-heritage-well |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> The Museum of Santal Culture differs from these museums in its approach towards the process of preserving and presenting the Santali worldview. The museum was a result of the contributions of various individuals and families of the Bishnubati village, but it was also born out of an organic need to voice the Santali past for the younger generation to know who they are and where they come from.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sneharshi |date=2022 |title=Preserving the Santali Self: History, Memory, and Culture |url=https://www.travellersuniversity.org/post/preserving-the-santali-self-history-memory-and-culture |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.travellersuniversity.org}}</ref> Initially, many members of the community were sceptical about the initiative and questioned the need to highlight their culture. However, the museum is now completely run on the generosity of the local individuals of the community. Raising awareness regarding the museum was a task that took some time and effort.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Boro |date=2016-07-10 |title=Saving our heritage {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/protection-adivasi-culture-and-traditions-helps-members-indias-tribal-communities-cope |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Historical and socio-cultural context ===
[[File:Curator Bimal Baski at the Museum of Santal Culture, Bishnubati.jpg|thumb|Curator Mr Bimal Baski]]
[[File:The second storey of the Museum of Santal Culture, Bishnubati.jpg|thumb|Inside the museum (second-storey)]]
[[File:The inside roof architecture of the Museum of Santal Culture, Bishnubati.jpg|thumb|The traditional roof inside the museum]]
Alongside the Rolf Schoembs Vidyashram (RSV), a school run by individuals of the Santali community for their children in the neighbouring Ghoshaldanga village under the initiative of the Ghosaldanga Adibasi Seva Sangha (GASS),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghosaldanga Adibasi Seva Sangha – Did it make a difference? (Lecture) {{!}} Martin Kämpchen |url=http://www.martin-kaempchen.de/?page_id=246 |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> the museum acts as a space for the students of the school and their parents to learn about their cultural legacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marandi |first=Rosemary |title=The Indian school where Indigenous children are 'never outsiders' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/10/the-indian-school-where-indigenous-children-are-never-outsiders |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sneharshi |date=2022-12-12 |title=The Ghosaldanga Model of Indigenous Development |url=https://www.travellersuniversity.org/post/the-ghosaldanga-model-of-indigenous-development |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=TravellersUniversity |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=In their own language: a school in West Bengal's Birbhum for Santal children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/in-their-own-language-a-school-in-west-bengals-birbhum-for-santal-children-7843955/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> According to Baski, historically, there has been no history written by the Santalis for themselves and most of the memories of the past are passed orally because there has been no written script of the Santali language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Boro |date=2021-05-04 |title=The pros and cons of the Ol-chiki script {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-special-alphabet-minoritys-language-controversial-india |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Boro |date=2021-05-04 |title=An Indian Adivasi community is divided by scripts {{!}} D+C - Development + Cooperation |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/santal-development-hindered-too-many-options-write-santali |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.dandc.eu |language=en}}</ref> Therefore, he asserts that the "written history of tribal people tends to be the work of the dominant groups in society."<ref name=":4" /> Very little awareness about the Santals exists amongst the diverse other communities which live in the larger Birbhum district.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Furthermore, the Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century did not appreciate the Santali culture and traditions and ever since there have been negative conceptions about the Santals and their past, even within the community itself.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Collections ==
The museum houses 150 materials pertaining to the Santal culture presented in six distinct categories{{Dash}}hunting materials, musical instruments, dresses and ornaments, household materials, old photographs of Santals, and Santal sculptures made of stone.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boro Baski |url=http://archive.org/details/Catalogue-Museum-of-Santal-Culture-Bishnubati |title=Museum of Santal Culture: A Catalogue on Santal Cultural Items |date=2017-11-20}}</ref> Some of the rare materials include a ''banam'' (a [[lute]]), one of the ancient musical instruments of the Santals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eBook {{!}} Free catalogue: Banam: One of the ancient musical instruments of the Santals – West Bengal – Tribal Cultural Heritage in India |url=https://indiantribalheritage.org/?p=30075 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=indiantribalheritage.org}}</ref>
[[File:Sculptures exhibited at the Museum of Santal Culture, Bishnubati.jpg|thumb|Sculptures exhibited at the Museum of Santal Culture]]

== See also ==
* [[Santal people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== Further reading ==

# Hembrom, Ruby. (n.d.). "Bodding and the Santal people: entwined in timelessness." Published: Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo. Accessed [https://www.khm.uio.no/english/collections/santal/about/documents/bodding-and-the-santal-people-entwined-in-timelessness.pdf here].
# Hembrom, Ruby. (n.d.). "My Life. My telling. In my voice." Accessed [https://www.khm.uio.no/english/collections/santal/about/documents/ruby-hembrom-my-life-my-telling.pdf here].
# Kämpchen, Martin. (2006). "Santals reach out to the World." ''India International Centre Quarterly'', ''32''(4), 100–109. {{JSTOR|23005898}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Museum of Santal Culture}}
* [https://advaya.co/people/boro-baski Dr Boro Baski]
* [https://www.midnapore.in/museum/bidisa_museum1.html Bidisa Anthropology Museum, Paschim Medinipur]
* [https://dumka.jcsaweb.org/social-apostolate/johar/ Johar Human Resources Development Centre, Dumka, Jharkhand]

[[Category:Museums in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2007]]
[[Category:Santhal]]

Office (2025 TV series)

2025-12-06T15:35:45Z

Kartikeyar: added new entry - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Office Tamil series.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Workplace comedy]] [[Sitcom]]
| based_on =
| story = Box Office Studio
| writer = Manimaran Thirunavukarasu Kathiresan Parthiban Vetri
| director = Adbul Kabeez
| starring = {{ubl|
* Guru Lakshman
* Smeha Manimegalai
* Keerthivel
* Vyshali Kemkar
* Thamizhvani
* RJ Sarithiran
* Shiva Aravind
* Prankster Rahul
* Sabaresh
* [[TSR Srinivasan]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 100
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Vimal Kumar
| producer = Jegan Baskaran
| company = Box Office Studio
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| theme_music_composer = Flute Navin
| composer = Saran Raghavan
| open_theme =
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| cinematography = Regimel Surya Thomas K. Santhosa Pandi
| editor = Vijay Krishnan
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2025|2|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|8|8}}
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| related =
}}

'''''Office''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[workplace comedy]] [[sitcom]] television series that premiered on 21 February 2025 and ended on 8 August 2025 on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2025|title="Office" new web series: Catch its release date & streaming platform!|url=https://indiaobservers.com/office-new-web-series-catch-its-release-date-streaming-platform/|website=India Observers}}</ref> It follows amusing events at a [[Tehsildar]]'s office in a small village.<ref name="Office">{{Cite web|date=21 February 2025|title=Office Review: Humour, Drama And Partial Inspiration From Panchayat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/review-of-tamil-webseries-office-streaming-on-jio-hotstar-article-118430026|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The series is written by Manimaran Thirunavukarasu and Kathiresan Parthiban, Vetri and directed by Adbul Kabeez. The primary cast includes Guru Lakshman with Smeha Manimegalai, Keerthivel, Vyshali Kemkar, Thamizhvani and others.<ref name="Office" />

==Synopsis==
''Office'' unfolds in a small-town [[Tehsildar]]’s office, where employees with contrasting work ethics navigate bureaucratic challenges. The show highlights how analogue meets digital in an amusing and sometimes chaotic fashion, turning mundane office work into hilarious situations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2025|title=Office Review: Humour, Drama And Partial Inspiration From Panchayat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/review-of-tamil-webseries-office-streaming-on-jio-hotstar-article-118430026|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Guru Lakshman as Parivendhar "Paari"
* Smeha Manimegalai as Indhu
* Keerthivel as Sanieswaran "Sani"
* Vyshali Kemkar as Sharmila "Sharmi"
* Thamizhvani as Muthazhagu
* RJ Sarithiran as Raghavan, an [[Tehsildar]]
* Shiva Aravind as Mani
* Prankster Rahul as Moorthy
* Sabaresh as Prakash
* Vijayalakshmi Veeramani as Veni, Prakash's wife and Sangu's sister
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Napoleon, an Deputy Tehsildar
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Hari
* Kavitha Bharathi as [[King]] Jambulingam
* Paranthaman as Jambulingam's assistant
* [[Nithya Ravindran]] as Paari's mother and Chezhiyan's wife
* Jayarao as [[District Collector]] Chezhiyan, an retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and Paari's father
* KPY Dhanasekar as Paari's brother-in- law and government officer
* Reshmi Karthigeyan as Indhu's mother
* Akshay Kamal as Sathyan, Indhu's fiancée
* Raaj Mithran as Jeyaraj, Indhu's uncle and Raghavan's cousin
* Boys Rajan as [[District Collector]] Kumar [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* Rafeeq
* Reshma
* Anna Bharathi as Paari's sister

==Episodes==
{{Episode table
| background = #9C2A6D
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| writer =
| writerR =
| aux2R =
| airdate =
| airdateR =

| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = New Arrival
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Mistaken Identity
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Burst Bubble
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Another Argument
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Village Trouble
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = House Hunting
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Sleep Ritual
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Father's Fury
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Interview Call
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = A New Enemy
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = The Missing Wig
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Matchmaking
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Unwanted Guest
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|14}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Hit and Miss
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|14}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Action, Reaction
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|14}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = The Start of Love
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|14}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Escalation
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Party Planning
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Haunted Party
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Resolution
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| Title = Lease, Lies and Lost Goats
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| Title = A Missing Goat and Hidden Truths
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| Title = Truth Unravel and New Dilemmas
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| Title = Buried Truths and Broken Ties
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| Title = Who Took It?
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|04}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| EpisodeNumber2 = 26
| Title = Echoes of Theft
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|04}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| EpisodeNumber2 = 27
| Title = A Risky Retrieval
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|04}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| EpisodeNumber2 = 28
| Title = The Uninvited Guests
| DirectedBy = Adbul Kabeez
| WrittenBy = Vetri
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|04}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A6D
}}
}}

==Production==
===Development===
The show was announced by JioHotstar on 23 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2024|title=Tamil TV series Office to return with new cast as web series|url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/tamil-tv-series-office-to-return-with-new-cast-as-web-series-812314|website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2024|title=Disney+ Hotstar announces revival of hit Tamil TV series Office|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/23/disney-hotstar-announces-revival-of-hit-tamil-tv-series-office#google_vignette|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The series production is handled by Box Office Studio, which has already produced reality shows and television series [[BB Jodigal]] (2021), [[Cooku with Comali]] (season 5) and [[Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)|Panivizhum Malarvanam]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2024|title=Blockbusters of Box Office studio|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/blockbusters-of-box-office-studio-794491|website=DT Next}}</ref>

The series is written by Vetri and directed by Adbul Kabeez. It has music by Saran Raghavan, and cinematography by Regimel Surya Thomas and K. Santhosa Pandi.

===Release===
The first trailer was released on 27 January 2025 featuring an old woman's [[cow]] chasing the employees in the Tehsildar's office.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2025|title=Vilangamana village! Atrocity office 🐂🥳😉#Hotstarspecials #Office Coming Soon on #Disneyplushotstartamil|url=https://x.com/JioHotstartam/status/1883876681976529131|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

It was announced that the series would be released in Tamil and other Indian languages and would make its streaming debut on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2025|title=Office OTT release: When and where to watch latest Tamil workplace comedy web series online, marking its revival|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/office-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-latest-tamil-workplace-comedy-web-series-online-marking-its-revival-1371071%3famp|website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2025|title=Office web series OTT release date: Where and when to watch premiere of new Tamil web series|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/office-web-series-ott-release-date-where-and-when-to-watch-premiere-of-new-tamil-web-series/f549b7e18b675|website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The first theme song was released on 17 January 2025 on the [[JioHotstar]] YouTube Channel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2025|title=Intha Office raagam! Loop la odum!#Hotstarspecials #Office Coming Soon on #DisneyplushotstarTamil|url=https://x.com/JioHotstartam/status/1880246006274748766|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist
| title1 = Office Paattu ஆபீஸ் பாட்டு
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = Blade Shankar
| music1 = Flute Navin
| extra1 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| length1 = 1:06
}}

==Reception==
Raisa Nasreen of ''Times Now'' wrote "A swifter pace, would help the show feel a bit crisp. Given their outfits, and looks, some of the characters seemed too stylish, in village-set up, making one wonder if a backstory about them would also follow in the upcoming episodes. The fact that the show places urban people in a rural set up, would remind one of the popular show [[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]], made in Tamil as [[Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam]]. What worked well was the show amusing comedy and the way it challenged social issues."<ref name="Office" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|35657767}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/office/1271375100 Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220183424/https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/office/1271375100 |date=20 February 2025 }} at [[JioHotstar]]

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Timeline of Indo-Greek kingdoms

2025-11-24T22:35:06Z

Kartikeyar: made

{{short description|None}}

Within the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] there were over 30 kings, often in competition on different territories. Many of them are only known through their coins.

Many of the dates, territories, and relationships between Indo-Greek kings are tentative and essentially based on [[numismatic]] analysis (find places, overstrikes, monograms, metallurgy, styles), a few [[classical antiquity|Classical]] writings, and Indian writings and epigraphic evidence. The following list of kings, dates and territories after the reign of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] is derived from the latest and most extensive analysis on the subject, by [[Osmund Bopearachchi]] ("Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné", 1991).

==Eastern territories==
The descendants of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]] invaded northwestern India around 180 BC as far as the Punjab.

[[File:DemetriusCoin.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom (r.c. 205-171 BC).]]
* '''[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]]''' (reigned c. 200–170 BC) Son of [[Euthydemus I]]. [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/demetrios/t.html Coins]

The territory ruled by Demetrius, from [[Bactria]] to [[Taxila]], was then separated between western and eastern parts, and ruled by several sub-kings and successor kings. The Western part made of Bactria was ruled by a succession of [[Greco-Bactrian]] kings until the end of the reign of [[Heliocles]] around 130 BCE. The Eastern part, made of the [[Paropamisadae]], [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]], perhaps as far as [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], was ruled by a succession of kings, called "Indo-Greek":

===Territories of [[Paropamisadae]] to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (house of [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]])===

* '''[[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]]''' (190-180 BC) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/agathokles/t.html Coins]
* '''[[Pantaleon]]''' (190-185 BC)
* '''[[King Apollodotus I|Apollodotus I]]''' (reigned c. 180–160 BC)
* '''[[Antimachus II]]''' Nikephoros (160-155 BC)
[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Antimachos+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Demetrius II of India|Demetrius II]]''' (155-150 BC)

The usurper [[Eucratides]] managed to eradicate the Euthydemid dynasty and occupy territory as far as the [[Indus River]], between 170 and 145 BCE. Eucratides was then murdered by his son, thereafter [[Menander I]] seems to have regained all of the territory as far west as the [[Hindu-Kush]]

===Territory from [[Hindu-Kush]] to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (150 - 125 BCE)===

* '''[[Menander I]]''' (reigned c. 150–125 BC). Successor to Apollodotus. Married to Agathocleia. Legendary for the size of his Kingdom, and his support of the Buddhist faith. [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+I&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Agathokleia]]''' (r.c. 130-125 BCE), Probably widow of [[Menander I|Menander]], Queen-Mother and regent for her son [[Strato I]]. [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Agathokleia+NOT+Menander&Thumb=1 Coins]

After the death of Menander I, his successors seem to have been pushed back east to [[Gandhara]], losing the [[Paropamisadae]] and [[Arachosia]] to a Western Indo-Greek kingdom. Some years later the Eastern kings probably had to retreat even further, to Western Punjab.

===Territory from [[Gandhara]]/Western [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (125 - 100 BC)===

* '''[[Strato I]]''' (125 - 110 BC) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/strato_I/SNGANS_996.jpg Coin], son of [[Menander the Just|Menander]] and [[Agathokleia]]
* '''[[Heliokles II]]''' (110 - 100 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Heliokles+II+NOT+Menander&Thumb=1 Coins]
The following minor kings who ruled parts of the kingdom:
*'''[[Polyxenios]]''' (c. 100 BC - possibly in Gandhara)
* '''[[Demetrius III Aniketos|Demetrius III]]''' Aniketos (c. 100 BC).

After around 100 BCE, Indian kings recovered the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and Eastern Punjab east of the [[Ravi River]], and started to mint their own coins.

The Western king [[Philoxenios|Philoxenus]] briefly occupied the whole remaining Greek territory from the Paropamisadae to Western Punjab between 100 and 95 BC, after what the territories fragmented again. The eastern kings regained their territory as far west as Arachosia.

During the 1st century BC, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground against the invasion of the [[Indo-Scythian]]s, until the last king [[Strato II]] ended his ruled in Eastern Punjab around 10 CE.

===Territory of [[Arachosia]] and [[Gandhara]] (95-70 BCE)===

* '''[[Amyntas Nikator]]''' (95 - 90 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Amyntas+AND+bakt+NOT+Egypt&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Peukolaos]]''' (c. 90 BC)
* '''[[Menander II]]''' Dikaios "The Just" (90 - 85 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Archebios]]''' (90 - 80 BC) (with western Punjab) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Archebios+NOT+oriental&Thumb=1 Coins]
* ('''[[Maues]]'''), [[Indo-Scythian]] king.
* '''[[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]]''' (c.80 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Artemidoros+AND+Bakt&Thumb=1 Coins].
* '''[[King Telephos|Telephos]]''' (75 - 70 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Telephos+AND+serpent&Thumb=1 Coins]

===Territory of Western [[Punjab region|Punjab]] (95-55 BC)===
[[File:Coin of Hippostratos.jpg|thumb|200px|Tetradrachm of '''Hippostratus''', reigned circa 65-55 BCE.]]
* '''[[Epander]]''' (95 - 90 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Epander&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Archebios]]''' (90 - 80 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Archebios+NOT+oriental&Thumb=1 Coins]
* ('''[[Maues]]'''), [[Indo-Scythian]] king
* '''[[Thraso]]''' (around 80 BC or earlier)
* '''[[Apollodotus II]]''' (80 - 65 BC) (with Eastern Punjab) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Apollodotus+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Hippostratos]]''' (65 - 55 BC) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Hippostratos&Thumb=1 Coins], defeated by the [[Indo-Scythian]] King [[Azes I]].
* ('''[[Azes I]]'''). [[Indo-Scythian]] king.

Around 80 BCE, parts of Eastern Punjab were regained again:

===Territories of Eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]] (80 BC - 10 AD)===

* '''[[Apollodotus II]]''' (80 - 65 BCE)[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Apollodotus+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[King Dionysios|Dionysios]]''' (65 - 55 BC)
* '''[[Zoilos II]]''' (55 - 35 BC)
* '''[[Apollophanes]]''' (35-25 BC)
* '''[[Strato II]]''' (25 BC - 10 AD) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sg/sg7728.jpg Coin]
* ('''[[Rajuvula]]'''), [[Indo-Scythian]] king.

{{clear}}

==Western territories==
The following kings ruled the western parts of the Indo-Greek/Graeco-Bactrian realms, which are here referred to as the "Western kingdom". Probably after the death of Menander I, the Paropamisadae and Arachosia broke loose, and the Western kings eventually seem to have extended into [[Gandhara]] by the following kings. Several of its rulers are believed to have belonged to the house of [[Eucratides]].

===Territories of the [[Paropamisadae]], [[Arachosia]] and [[Gandhara]] (130 - 95 BC)===
[[File:HelioclesCoin.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Silver coin of [[Heliocles I|Heliocles]] (145-130 BC)]]
* '''[[Zoilos I]]''' (130 - 120 BC´), revolted against the dynasty of Menander.[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=zoilos+I&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[King Lysias|Lysias]]''' (120 - 110 BC), probably conquered Gandhara for the Western kingdom. [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Lysias&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Antialcidas]]''' (r.c. 115-95 BC) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/antialkidas/t.html Coins]
* '''[[Philoxenios|Philoxenus]]''' (reigned c. 100- 95 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Philoxenus&Thumb=1 Coins]. Philoxenus ruled in western Punjab as well.

After the death of Philoxenus, the Western kingdom fragmented and never became dominating again. The following kings ruled mostly in the [[Paropamisadae]].



===Territory of the [[Paropamisadae]] (95-70 BC)===
* '''[[King Diomedes|Diomedes]]''' (95 - 90 BC)[http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/diomedes/Bop_10A.jpg Coin]
* '''[[Theophilos (king)|Theophilos]]''' (c. 90 BC) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/theophilos/Bop_5.jpg Coin]
* '''[[King Niciuas|Nicias]]''' (reigned c. 90–85 BC
* '''[[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]]''' (reigned c. 90–70 BC).
*('''[[Yuezhi]]''' rulers)

The Yuezhi probably then took control of the Paropamisadae after Hermaeus. The first documented Yuezhi prince, [[Sapadbizes]], ruled around 20 BCE, and minted in Greek and in the same style as the western Indo-Greek kings, probably depending on Greek mints and celators. The Yuezhi expanded to the east during the 1st century CE, to found the [[Kushan Empire]]. The first Kushan emperor [[Kujula Kadphises]] ostensibly associated himself with [[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]] on his coins, suggesting that he may have been one of his descendants by alliance, or at least wanted to claim his legacy.
{{clear}}

==Indo-Greek princelets (Gandhara)==
After the [[Indo-Scythian]] Kings became the rulers of northern India, remaining Greek communities were probably governed by lesser Greek rulers, without the right of coinage, into the 1st century CE, in the areas of the Paropamisadae and Gandhara:

* '''[[Theodamas]]''' (c. 1st century CE) Indo-Greek ruler of the Bajaur area, northern Gandhara.

The Indo-Greeks may have kept a significant military role towards the 2nd century CE as suggested by the inscriptions of the [[Satavahana]] kings.

== See also ==

[[Category:Indo-Greeks]]
[[Category:Greek timelines|Indo-Greek kingdoms]]

Kevipodi Sophie

2025-11-17T16:16:49Z

Kartikeyar: made page - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''Kevipodi Sophie''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kevipodi Sophie (Independent):Constituency- Southern Angami - I (ST) (Kohima) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6924 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is a four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Kohima district|Kohima District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], as an independent politician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nagaland-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners/2997494/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sophie is from [[Southern Angami]], Kohima, Nagaland. He is the son of Zelul Sophie. He is a retired government employee. He completed his M.A. in political science in 1984 at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]].<ref name=":0" /> Sophie retired as Project Director DRDA department of Rural Development government of Nagaland

== Career ==
Sophie won from the Southern Angami I constituency as an independent candidate in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 6,643 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Medo Yhokha]] of the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]], by 177 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevipodi Sophie in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/kevipodi-sophie-southern-angami-i-candidate-s17a014c002/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-election-winner-list-2023-ndpp-bjp-winner-candidate-list-for-nagaland-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677731585125.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sophie, Kevipodi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kohima district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Shelgaon Maratha

2025-10-09T17:48:01Z

Kartikeyar:

== Shelgaon Mahavishnu==
{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{other uses|Shelgaon (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shelgaon
| other_name =
| nickname = Shelgaon Mahavishnu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 409
| population_total = 3282<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/546941-shelgaon-Mahavishnu-maharashtra.html|title=Shelgaon Mahavishnu Village Population - Sonpeth - Parbhani, Maharashtra|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431516
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02453
| registration_plate = MH-22
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shelgaon''', commonly known as "'''Shelgaon Mahavishnu'''" is a village located in [[Sonpeth]] taluka of [[Parbhani district]], in state of [[Maharashtra]].

==Demographics==
As per 2011 census:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4121-sonpeth-parbhani-maharashtra.html|title=Villages & Towns in Sonpeth Taluka of Parbhani, Maharashtra|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
*Shelgaon Mahavishnu has 670 families residing. The village has population of 3282.
*Out of the population of 3282, 1676 are males while 1606 are females.
*Literacy rate of the village is 62.50%.
*Average sex ratio of Shelgaon village is 958 females to 1000 males. Average sex ratio of Maharashtra state is 929.

==Geography, and transport==
Distance between Shelgaon Mahavishnu, and district headquarter [[Parbhani]] is {{convert|65|km|mi}}, and {{convert|10|km|mi}} from taluka headquarter [[Sonpeth]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Marathwada}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Parbhani district villages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Parbhani district]]

{{parbhani-geo-stub}}

Pehowa

2025-10-04T23:21:30Z

Kartikeyar: refined section for accuracy

{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pehowa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Prithudak
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Sarawati River and Temple - Pitrudhak Teerth - Pehowa.jpg
| image_alt = Sarasvati River and temple, Pehowa
| image_caption = Sarasvati River and temple, Pehowa
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.98|N|76.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = democratic
| Founded by =
| governing_body = Municipal committee
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 224
| population_total = 38,853
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=61905|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[punjabi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = HR 41
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| leader_title = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name1 = Ashish
Chakrapani
| leader_name = [[Sandeep Singh]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Pehowa''' ({{IAST|Pehowā}}) (old name '''Pitrudhak Teerth''') is a town and a [[municipal committee]] in [[Kurukshetra district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. It is an important sacred [[Hindu]] [[yatra|pilgrimage]] site, related to [[Krishna]] and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', within the [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]]. The [[Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana]] are kept there at the ''Pruthudak Tirath'' on the banks of [[Sarasvati river]].

Pehowa is visited by thousands of Hindus and [[Sikhs]] to perform the last rites (pind daan)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is Pind Daan Important? |url=http://www.asthivisarjan.com/importance-of-pind-daan |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.asthivisarjan.com}}</ref> for their ancestors and loved ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pind Daan in Kurukshetra – Pehowa, Sannihit Sarovar |url=http://www.asthivisarjan.com/pind-daan-in-kurukshetra |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.asthivisarjan.com}}</ref>

==History==

Pehowa is an ancient city and its religious significance is mentioned in several [[puranas]], such as [[Skanda Purana]] (1st to 5th century CE), [[Markandeya Purana]] (4th to 6th century CE) and [[Vamana Purana]] (5th to 11th century CE).<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/kurukshetra-kurukshetra-development-board-can-get-the-responsibility-of-saraswati-tirtha-18917222.html Kurukshetra Development Board can get the responsibility of Saraswati Tirtha], Dainik Jagran, 4 Feb 2019.</ref>

Two inscriptions dated ninth Century CE found at Pehowa mention that the place was controlled by [[Mahendrapala I|Mahendrapala]], of Kanauj and a Vishnu temple was constructed at this place by [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] family, but such historic temple is not found in present-day Pehowa.<ref name=sharma>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=S.K.|title=Haryana : Past & Present|date=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788183240468|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&q=Pehowa&pg=PA124|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> The earliest extant historical reference to the Tomara dynasty occurs in the Pehowa inscription issued during the reign of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king [[Mahendrapala I]] (r. c. 885-910 CE) [Tomars of Delhi were vassals of Partiharas of Kannauj].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=339}} This undated inscription states that Jaula of the Tomara family became prosperous by serving an unnamed king. His descendants included Vajrata, Jajjuka, and Gogga. The inscription suggests that Gogga was a vassal of Mahendrapala I. It records the construction of three [[Vishnu]] temples by Gogga and his step-brothers Purna-raja and Deva-raja. The temples were located at Prithudaka ([[IAST]]: Pṛthūdaka; Pehowa), on the banks of the river Sarasvati.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|pp=116-117}} No information is available about the immediate successors of Gogga.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=705}} The Pehowa inscription suggests that this particular Tomara family was settled around the [[Karnal district|Karnal area]]. However, [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|F. Kielhorn]] suggested that this Tomara family actually resided in Delhi: they may have visited Pehowa on pilgrimage, and built a temple there.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=117}}

An inscription from 882 to 883 mentions that Pṛthudaka (as Pehowa was then called) that Pṛthudaka was the site of an important fair where various animals, most importantly horses, were bought and sold. The horse dealers mentioned in the inscription were not local; they were mentioned as being from 9 different places. Although horse trading is not typically associated with Indians in contemporary sources, the traders at Pṛthudaka seem to have been Indian (implying that Indians did engage in at least intermediary horse trading). Their names are typical Indian Hindu names, and some of them may have even been [[brahmin|brahman]]s, which may suggest that the prohibition of brahmans from dealing in horse trading (mentioned in some brahmanic texts) was not observed at this time and place.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Brajadulal |author-link=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya |title=The Making of Early Medieval India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-564076-4 |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/28/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.117938/2015.117938.The-Making-Of-Early-Medieval-India.pdf |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|133}}

The horse dealers are also mentioned as having a foreman, indicating that they may have been organised into some sort of guild. The inscription mentions that the buyers of the horses, who were not necessarily present for the transactions, included kings, ''[[thakur (title)|thakkura]]''s, and "provincials". Finally, the inscription records that the horse dealers agreed to make a donation to the shrine at Pṛthudaka, as well as to farther-off [[Kannauj]] (Kanyakubja), Gotīrtha, and Bhojapura. The donations were paid in ''dharma''s, which appears to be a misspelling of ''[[dramma (Indian coin)|dramma]]'', the dominant coin in early medieval India.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|133}}

Based on this inscription, [[Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya]] infers that Pṛthudaka was a major centre in the northwest Indian horse trade at the time. Chattopadhyaya says that while the inscription does not necessarily establish that Pṛthudaka was a full-fledged city at the time, he would at least classify it as a ''nigama'': a market town somewhere between a village and a city. That said, the inscription calls Pṛthudaka an ''adhiṣṭhāna'', which in contemporary usage denoted an urban centre, so that supports the idea that Pṛthudaka was a larger settlement.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|133–4}}

At the time of the 10th-century poet [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājaśekhara]], Pṛthudaka was apparently considered the point where [[Uttarapatha]] (the "northern region") began.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994"/>{{rp|134}}

==Geography==

Pehowa is located at {{Coord|29.98|N|76.58|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Pehowa.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pehowa]</ref> It has an average elevation of 224 metres (734 feet). The Tehsil Pehowa was created on 1 November 1979 and is situated at a distance of 27 km in west from [[Kurukshetra]].<ref name=nic>{{cite web|title=Sub-Division Pehowa|url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/basicstatPehowa.htm|website=National Information Centre NIC|publisher=NIC Govt owned.|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124948/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/basicstatPehowa.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 26 km North-west from [[Pundri]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns |access-date=2020-04-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pehowa had a population of 38,853. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Pehowa has a literacy rate of 82.12%, higher than the Haryana average of 75.55%, with male literacy at 87%, and female literacy it 77%. In Pehowa, 11.72% of the population is under 6 years of age. Punjabi and Haryanvi dialects are spoken in the countryside, while Hindi is the most commonly spoken language.

==Religious significance==

Pehowa is considered a religious place of high importance and to highlight the sanctity of the place, Haryana State Government has banned sale, possession, consumption and purchase of non-vegetarian food in the town limits.<ref name=san>{{cite news|title=Haryana bans meat in holy towns of Kurukshetra, Pehowa|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/haryana-bans-meat-in-holy-towns-of-kurukshetra-pehowa/993170|access-date=24 October 2014|publisher=The Indian Express|date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Slaughtering of animals is also banned in the town through the court orders.<ref name=san/> During Mahabharta, soldiers who laid down their lives in the battle of Kurukshetra were cremated at Pehowa. Pehowa is considered a sacred place of pilgrimage for all Hindus as well as Sikhs too.<ref name=sds/>

[[File:Sarawati River and Temple - Pitrudhak Teerth - Pehowa.jpg|thumb|Sarawati River and Temple - Pitrudhak Teerth - Pehowa]]

===Prithudak Teerth===

Prithudak is one of the important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] in the [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

Pehowa is a very ancient town, believed to pre-date the Mahabharat War by many centuries as it flourished on the banks of now dried up Saraswati River in those days. By the time of the Mahabharata war, the river had long dried up, yet was still a very holy place where people offered "Pinda Pradhan" to their ancestors. It is still called as "Pitrudhak Teerth" and was the holiest place for these oblations to be done much before Prayag or Gaya as the local legend goes. Lord Krishna is believed to have taken the Pandavas to this place before the war started and made them take the blessings of Sarasawati Mata and of their ancestors.<ref name=sds/> The river, which in 2006 did not have any inflows nor outflows and was stagnant.<ref name=sds/> was made perennial under [[Adi Badri, Haryana#SR|Sarasvatio Revival Project]].

Saraswati Sarovar is located in this town, where people perform pooja and religious rituals.<ref name=sds>{{cite book|last1=Yadava|first1=S.D.S.|title=Followers of Krishna : Yadavas of India|date=2006|publisher=Lancers Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170622161|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&q=Pehowa&pg=PA2|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> The Pillars on the entrance to the Saraswati Temple date many centuries.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In 2021, [[Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board]] initiated projects to develop 5 river fronts on the rejuvenated [[Sarasvati river]] at [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli|Pipli]], Pehowa, [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]], [[Dosarka]] (on Panchkula-Yamunanagar [[National Highway 344 (India)|NH-344]] near Sirsgarh) and the [[Theh Polar]] (near [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilisation]] archaeological site on Kaithal-Guhla [[List of highways in Haryana|SH-11]]). Pipli riverfront will be on the pattern [[Sabarmati Riverfront]].<ref name=de1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryanas-saraswati-heritage-board-to-develop-5-riverfronts-285084 Haryana's Saraswati heritage board to develop 5 riverfronts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731085546/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryanas-saraswati-heritage-board-to-develop-5-riverfronts-285084 |date=31 July 2022 }}, The Tribune, 19 Jul 2021.</ref>

====Genealogy registers====
{{anchor | Gene | Genealogy | Registers | Genealogy registers }}

'''[[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar#Peohwa, Haryana|Hindu genealogy registers at Pehowa]]''' are the [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar|genealogy registers]] of pilgrims maintained here by [[pandit|pandas]].<ref name="gen2">[http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml Tracing your Asian roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426041339/http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml |date=26 April 2017 }} www.overseasindian.in.</ref><ref name="gen3">[http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/roots/asian/countries/lds.htm Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records] ''www.movinghere.org.uk''.</ref><ref name="gen4">[https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/10-places-across-the-world-that-help-you-trace-your-ancestors-249825.html 10 Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors], India Times, 29 Jan 2016.</ref> The genealogical registers of Pehowa were created when people went to register unnatural deaths, such as resulting from an accident, suicide, or murder.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Sreeparna |date=6 April 2023 |title=Ancestry records of pilgrim centres to shed light on India's past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-ancestry-records-to-be-used-in-the-telling-of-history/article66680686.ece |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> After the [[Third Battle of Panipat|third battle of Panipat]] in 1761, many of the family-members whom accompanied the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] soldiers went to register their deaths at Pehowa.<ref name=":0" />

===Sarasvati Temple===
Pehowa is known to be an important place and pilgrimage on the banks of revered [[Sarasvati River]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kar |first=Amal |year=2020 |url=https://indiageomorph.org/uploads/pdf/Amal-Kar-17-7-21.pdf |title=The Saraswati River System: A Revisit with New Data and Interpretation |journal=Journal of Indian Geomorphology |publisher=Indian Institute of Geomorphologists |volume=8 |issn=2320-0731}}</ref> There is an ancient temple dedicated to Goddess/River [[Saraswati]].<ref name=nic/> This is another temple of this city forming a part of [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

===[[Kartikeya temple]]===

[[File:Pehowa, Arunai - 16.jpeg|thumb|Kartikeya temple, Pehowa]]

[[Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa]] is a 5th-century temple.<ref name=nic/>

=== Arunai Temple===

Arunai Shiva Temple at Arunai is part of 48 kos Parikrama.<ref name= "48kos">{{Cite web |url=http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2021, the [[Kurukshetra University#coe|Centre of Excellence for Research on the Saraswati River]] (CERSR) of [[Kurukshetra University]] excavated an ancient [[ghat]] next to Arunai temple on the paleochannel of [[Sarasvati River]]. The ghat has 12 stairs, the depth of archaeological trench and stairs is ~4 metre. According to Prof AR Chaudhri, Director of CERSR, ''"This bathing ghat falls on the Saraswati River paleochannel identified by CERSR and represents a unique case where the details mentioned in [[Mahabharata|holy scriptures]] and the scientific investigations match."''<ref name=ar1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ancient-saraswati-river-ghat-excavated-in-pehowa-300880 Ancient Saraswati river ghat excavated in Pehowa], The Tribune, 22 Aug 2021.</ref>

===Other Major Shrines===
* Dargah Peer Baba Astbali and Baba Saiyad Ali Maharaaj Ji (Dera Baba Kulwant Shah Ji) <ref>name=https://www.onefivenine.org/india/Listing/Town/mosques/Kurukshetra/Pehowa</ref>
* Pashupathinath Mahadev Temple<ref name="name=nic">name=nic</ref>
* Shri Guru Ravidaas Temple and Ashram. (Managed by Sham Lal Attri)
* Prachi Tirtha <ref>name="48kos"{{Cite web |url=http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (Part of 48 kos Parikrama)
* Brahmayoni Tirtha (Part of 48 kos Parikrama)<ref>name="48kos"</ref>
* Shri Dakshinmukhi Hanuman Temple<ref name="name=nic"/>
* Raghunath Ram Temple
* Prachin Kaithal Shakti Dham Temple on Fateh Singh Road (front of old police station)Pehowa
<gallery>
File:Saraswati Temple main entrance - ancient archway.jpg|Saraswati Temple main entrance - ancient archway.
File:Fresco on the Sarasawti temple wall - Archaeological treasure.jpg|Fresco on the Sarasawti temple wall - Archaeological treasure
Eroded Fresco on the Sarasawti temple wall - Archaeological treasure.jpg|Eroded Fresco on the Sarasawti temple wall - Archaeological treasure.
File:Pehowa, Arunai - 18.jpeg| Kartikeya Temple
</gallery>

==Commercial Importance==
Pehowa is a place of significant commercial importance and continues to sustain a lot of diverse industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/kurushetra.pdf |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Kurukshetra District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124224519/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/kurushetra.pdf |archive-date=24 Jan 2013}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Until about the mid-20th century, the Pehowa area was covered with dhak trees (Butea frondosa). With the introduction of irrigation, it has become one of the state's granaries for wheat and rice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pehowa|title=Pehowa | India}}</ref>

===Bricks===
The city has many brick kilns and is considered as a hub of brick production. Main brick kilns of the city include Mahabir Bhatta Company situated at Arnaicha Pehowa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cisharyana.in/home/industries_list?distt_id=11&dept_id=&per_page=450|title = Haryana Govt. Central Inspection System}}</ref>

==See also ==

* [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]
* [[Morthalli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra}}

{{Kurukshetra district topics}}

{{Commons}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]

Mumbiram

2025-10-02T18:18:19Z

Kartikeyar: Started New Article

{{Short description|Indian painter and author (born c.1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2011}}
{{more footnotes needed|blp=yes|date=October 2011}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=February 2017}}

}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Mumbiram
| image = Portrait Foto of Artist Mumbiram.jpg
| caption = Mumbiram, leader of the Rasa Renaissance movement of aesthetics
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| website = {{URL|https://www.mumbiram.com}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Nadine, alias Vrinda|2002}}
| birth_date = {{circa|1949}} (age {{circa|76}})
| movement = Rasa Renaissance
| known_for = Artist ([[Charcoal (art)|charcoal]], paint), author, translator of [[Sanskrit literature]]
| notable_works = ''Prema Vivarta'' ("Deluges of Ecstasy"), ''High Five of Love''
| children = 2
}}
'''Dhananjay Paranjpe''' (born {{Circa|1949}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-25 |title=Artist married to German moves HC for child's school admission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/artist-married-to-german-moves-hc-for-childs-school-admission/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|The 25 June 2009 article "Artist married to German moves HC for child's school admission" lists Mumbiram's age as sixty at the time. This puts his approximate birth year at 1949 and age at around 76 (in 2025).|group=note}} known as '''Mumbiram''', is an Indian painter and author known for his association with the [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]] Renaissance art movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbiram - leading Rasa Renaissance in Art |url=https://www.mumbiram.com/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Mumbiram |language=en-US}}</ref> He is best recognized for his renderings depicting India’s rural and tribal communities in everyday life made in colour or with [[Charcoal (art)|charcoal]]. Mumbiram is also noted for his poetic-philosophical work, "''Deluges of Ecstasy''" which was composed during his 12-year stay in the United States and explores themes of ''[[prema vivarta]]'', or the transformations of divine love.

==Early life==
Mumbiram was born in downtown [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. His mother, Anjani, was the daughter of [[S. H. Godbole]], a watercolor artist who served as a secretary of the [[Bombay Art Society]] in the 1930s.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Anjani was also the granddaughter of Shri Vartak, the first Indian Chief Engineer of the colonial [[Bombay Presidency]].

As a child, Mumbiram won prizes in children's art competitions. As a teenager, he was attracted to mathematics and science and received his bachelor's degree in Telecommunication Engineering in 1967. Mumbiram attended the [[University of California]], where he got his M.S. in Mathematical Systems in 1968 and a Ph.D. in 1973 for a dissertation in [[Mathematical economics|Mathematical Economics]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbiram in America |url=https://www.mumbiram.com/becoming-an-artist-in-america/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Mumbiram |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Time in America==
[[File:Rasa Renaissance Masterpiece, Forest Women by Artist Mumbiram.jpeg|alt=Rasa Renaissance Masterpiece "Forest Women visit Krishna and the Gopis" Oil on canvas, by Mumbiram, 1985|thumb|Rasa Renaissance Masterpiece ''Forest Women visit Krishna and the Gopis''. Oil on canvas, by Mumbiram, 1985]]
Mumbiram traveled in America for six more years, with significant periods spent in the [[Capitol Hill, Seattle|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood in Seattle, in [[Potomac, Maryland]], and in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] at [[Boston University]]. He developed a hands-on approach to painting, with charcoal and ink-and-brush as his forte.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Much of his work from these years remains with unknown individuals.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The two works, ''Alice Cooper Washing Mumbiram's Hair'' and ''Red-Haired Amateur Palmist Girl Reading Krishna's Fortune near [[Govardhan]]'', represent his work in this period. His poetic work "''Prema Vivarta''" or "''Deluges of Ecstasy''" was composed during this period. In this work, the ''prema vivarta'' mood is revealed as the art of reconciling the mundane and the [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] on the path to self-realization. All five of these literary works comprise the ensemble ''High Five of Love'' and are lavishly illustrated with Mumbiram's art, inspired by the same ideals.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1= Mumbiram |title= Deluges of Ecstasy |date= 6 April 2011 |publisher= Distant Drummer Publications |isbn= 978-3-943040-04-3}}</ref>

==The Gokula painting==
Mumbiram's search for [[Sanskrit literature|classical Sanskrit literature]] brought him to Krishna's [[Vrindavan]] in the summer of 1987. There he met Sachiko Konno (also known by her [[spiritual name]], Gokula), a student from the [[University of Tokyo|Tokyo College of Design]] who came to Vrindavan in search of an aesthetic ideal. Their friendship brought Mumbiram to Japan a few months later. Mumbiram made several oil paintings on canvas during his stay, renderings of a [[sari]]-clad young Japanese woman in love with India. Gokula is said to have modeled for these paintings. These paintings depict elements from two cultural traditions.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Mumbiram |first1= Artist |title= The Gokura Auction - New Era of Japan-India Rela]tions |date=5 October 2007 |publisher= Distant Drummer |isbn= 978-3-943040-11-1 }}</ref>

== ''High Five of Love'' (1995–2005) ==

Before his landmark house was torn down in 2005, Mumbiram completed translating the four great [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]] ({{Translation|‘emotional fulfillment’ or ‘nectar’}}) classics into English, which he began in 1987. [[Vyasa]]'s "Rasa Panchadhyayi", [[Jayadeva]]'s "[[Gita Govinda]]", and [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Vishvanath Chakravarty]]’s "Prema Samput" appear as "''Five Songs of Rasa''",<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Mumbiram |first1=Artist |title=Five Songs of Rasa |date=6 April 2011 |publisher=Distant Drummer |isbn=978-3-943040-00-5}}</ref> "''Conjugal Fountainhead''",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mumbiram|first1=Artist|title=Conjugal Fountainhead|date=6 April 2011|publisher=Distant Drummer|isbn=978-3-943040-01-2}}</ref> and "''Jewel-Box of Highest Secrets of True Love''"'',''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mumbiram |first1=Artist |title= Jewelbox of Highest Secrets of True Love|date=6 April 2011 |publisher= Distant Drummer|isbn=978-3-943040-02-9}}</ref> respectively. A folk version in Vraja Bhasha of [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Gosvami]]'''s'' "Lalit Madhava" is rendered as "''Vrindavan Diaries''".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mumbiram |first1=Artist|title=Vrindavan Diaries |date=6 April 2011 |publisher=Distant Drummer |isbn=978-3-943040-03-6}}</ref> Mumbiram's English translations of Eastern classics are comparable in scope to [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]]’s translation "[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]", [[Richard Francis Burton]]'s "[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]", or [[Edwin Arnold]]’s "[[The Light of Asia]]". Mumbiram's fifth original work, "''Deluges of Ecstasy''",<ref name="auto"/> was written in the ''prema vivarta'' mood of Love in Separation that he had composed in America. These are published as a five-volume ensemble, ''High Five of Love'', by Distant Drummer Publishing of Germany, reminiscent of works by [[William Blake]] and [[Khalil Gibran]].

==''Prema vivarta'' mood==
According to [[Vaishnavism]] theology, [[Krishna]] is 'Rasaraj', the supreme source of all rasas; depictions of incidents in Krishna's biography are subjects for Rasa Art.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Goswami |first1=Rupa |title= Ujjwalanilamani |date=1932|publisher= Nirnaya Sagar Press |location= Bombay }}</ref>

In the ''prema vivarta'' mood of attachment to Krishna, everything appears to the lover of Krishna as a ''déjà vu'' related to Krishna.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami|first1=Krishnadas Kaviraj |title= Shri Chaitanya Charitamritam |publisher= Harinam Press |location= Vrindavan}}</ref> Many pieces of art by Mumbiram are made in the ''prema vivarta'' mood. The theme of these renderings is from adolescent Krishna's activities, enacted by forest tribals and urban rag-pickers.

The charcoal renderings "''Encounter on the Way back from the Forest''" and "''I let him persuade me''" are examples of this theme. <ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last1=Vyasadev |first1=Shri |title= Shrimad Bhagavatam |publisher= Gita Press |location= Gorakhpur}}</ref> These renderings show how enlightenment and aesthetics are intertwined in the Rasa masterpieces of Mumbiram. Sudhir Sonalkar's article "Banishing tourist-type Visions" notes this aspect of Mumbiram's art.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Sonalkar |first1=Sudhir |title= Banishing tourist-type visions |work= The Sunday Observer, Mumbai |date= 11 December 1988}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="300">
File:Rasa Art, "Encounter on the Way back from the Forest", Charcoal by Mumbiram.jpg|''Encounter on the Way back from the Forest''; Mumbiram, Charcoal, 1985, Pune
File:Rasa Art, "I let him persuade me", Charcoal by Mumbiram.jpg|''I let him persuade me''; Mumbiram, Charcoal, 1986, Pune
</gallery>

== Notes ==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.mumbiram.com}}
* [http://www.distantdrummer.org www.distantdrummer.org (Distant Drummer Publications)]
* ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 September 1979. "Cruel Penance for a Brahmin" (Front page interview with Mumbiram by Christopher Dickey)
* ''The Washington Post'', 12 October 1979, Interview from Washington D. C. Jail by Christopher Dickey.
* ''[[Times of India]]'', October 1979, Item in Current Topics.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425085446/http://www.mumbiram.com/index_htm_files/Attraction%20for%20an%20art%20....pdf Raviwar Sakal: 17 March, 85 "In Search of Art that Transcends Culture"]
* [[Raviwar Sakal]]: 16 June 1985 "Practice of Personalist Art"
* Mumbiram's 1979 poster "ALIEN"
* ''[[Maharashtra Herald]]'', 23 June 1988. “Waiting in the Wings”, an article by Ashok Gopal.
* ''[[Poona Digest]]'' 1989, "Who is Afraid of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]?", article by Mumbiram.
* ''[[Sunday Observer]]'' 1989, "Banishing Tourist Type Visions”" article by Sudhir Sonalkar.

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[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]