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Unifying Hinduism

2026-05-07T20:46:24Z

KariMccool73: starting new entry

{{Infobox book
| name = Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:Unifying Hinduism.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = First edition
| author = Andrew J. Nicholson
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Hindu philosophy]], [[history of Hinduism]], [[Indian philosophy]]
| publisher = [[Columbia University Press]], Permanent Black
| pub_date = 2010
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 266
| isbn = 0231149875
| oclc = 881368213
}}

'''''Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History''''' is a 2010 book written by the American [[Indology|Indologist]] Andrew J. Nicholson, Associate Professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History at the [[State University of New York]] (SUNY), on the history of [[Indian philosophy]], describing the philosophical unification of [[Hinduism]], which the author places in the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]]. The book was published in the [[United States]] in 2010 in hardcover, with a paperback edition appearing in 2014. An Indian hardcover edition was published by Permanent Black in 2011. The book won the 2011 award for Best First Book in the History of Religions from the [[American Academy of Religion]],<ref name=aarawards/> and has been reviewed in numerous [[academic journal]]s.{{refn|<ref name=chapple12/><ref name=allen14/><ref name=long12/><ref name=locklin12/><ref name=nemec10/><ref name=srinivas12/><ref name=buchta11/><ref name=mahmood12/><ref name=leach11/><ref name=mathoor11/>}}

==Topics covered==
''Unifying Hinduism'' contains 10 chapters.<ref name=uh14>{{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2014 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9780231149877}}</ref> Much of the book focuses on the thought of the [[Medieval India|medieval]] [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]] [[Vijnanabhiksu|Vijñānabhikṣu]]. The book's central concern is to show that Vijñānabhikṣu provided a philosophical synthesis of diverse schools of Indian philosophy, thereby providing a philosophical unification of Hinduism long before the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British colonial conquest]] and [[British Raj|rule of India]]. This refutes claims that Hinduism only attained unity (or only was "invented") as a response to colonial influence.

After an introductory first chapter, the next five chapters focus on Vijñānabhikṣu's philosophical syntheses. Chapter 2, entitled "An Alternate History of Vedanta", sets the stage by tracing the history of [[Bhedabheda|Bhedābheda]] [[Vedānta]], a comparatively neglected tradition that teaches the "difference and nondifference" of [[Brahman]] and the individual self. Vijñānabhikṣu's version of this "Difference and Non-Difference" Vedānta is described in Chapter 3.

Chapter 4 offers a historical overview of two important non-Vedānta, earlier [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox Indian philosophies]]: the philosophical schools of [[Sāṃkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], focusing on their views of [[God in Hinduism|God]], documenting that, contrary to the widespread view of Sāṃkhya as an entirely [[Atheism|atheistic]] school of thought, most first millennium Sāṃkhya philosophers were [[Theism|theistic]].
Chapter 5, "Reading Against the Grain of the ''Sāṃkhyasūtras''", focuses on a controversial assertion by Vijñānabhikṣu that some verses in the ''Sāṃkhyasūtras'' that explicitly argue against God's existence do not ultimately intend to deny God's existence, but represent merely a “temporary concession” (''abhyupagamavāda'') or “bold assertion” (''prauḍhivāda'').
Finally, Chapter 6, "Yoga, Praxis, and Liberation", discusses Vijñānabhikṣu's commentary on [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patañjali's ''Yogasūtras'']], arguing that Vijñānabhikṣu's commentaries on Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, and Yoga represent a unified whole.

Chapter 7, "Vedanta and Samkhya in the [[Oriental studies|Orientalist Imagination]]", discusses how Vijñānabhikṣu was diversely viewed by 19th-century European scholars, who in some sense can be understood as "intellectual inheritors of Vijñānabhikṣu’s thought".<ref name=uh14/>{{rp|125}}

The next two chapters return to South Asian thought, with Chapter 8 focuses on Indian philosophical [[Doxography|doxographies]] (categorizations) and Chapter 9, "Affirmers (Āstikas) and Deniers (Nāstikas) in Indian History", providing a history and preferred translation of the two terms ''[[āstika and nāstika]]'', which are more often translated as "[[Orthodoxy|orthodox]]" and "[[Heterodoxy|heterodox]]".
The concluding tenth chapter, "Hindu Unity and the Non-Hindu Other", discusses the timing of the unification of Hindu philosophical schools, suggesting that the stimulus was the [[Islam in India|presence of Islam in the Indian subcontinent]].

==Reception==
''Unifying Hinduism'' won the 2011 award for Best First Book in the History of Religions from the [[American Academy of Religion]].<ref name=aarawards>{{cite web |title=Book Awards |url=http://www.aarweb.org/programs-services/book-awards |website=American Academy of Religion |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405024027/http://www.aarweb.org/programs-services/book-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Reviews have appeared in [[academic journal]]s such as the ''[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]'',<ref name=chapple12>{{cite journal |author=Christopher Key Chapple |year=2012
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]
|volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=546–549
|doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfs017 |issn=0002-7189}}</ref><ref name=allen14>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Michael S.
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=17 July 2014 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=879–883 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfu052}}</ref> ''[[Religious Studies Review]]'',<ref name=long12>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Jeffery D.
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Religious Studies Review]] |date=March 2012 |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=33
|doi=10.1111/j.1748-0922.2011.01585_5.x |issn=0319-485X}}</ref> ''[[Sophia (journal)|Sophia]]'',<ref name=locklin12>{{cite journal |last1=Locklin |first1=Reid
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Sophia (journal)|Sophia]] |date=27 May 2012 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=331–332
|doi=10.1007/s11841-012-0312-6 |issn=0038-1527}}</ref> ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]'',<ref name=nemec10>{{cite journal |author=John Nemec |year=2010
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=31–33
|issn=0003-0279 }}</ref> ''[[Journal of Asian Studies]]'',<ref name=srinivas12>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivas |first1=Tulasi
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=9 May 2012 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=571–572
|issn=1752-0401 |doi=10.1017/S0021911812000496}}</ref> ''[[Journal of Hindu Studies]]'',<ref name=buchta11>{{cite journal |last1=Buchta |first1=David
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Journal of Hindu Studies]] |date=4 August 2011 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=216–218 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hir021}}</ref> ''South Asian History and Culture'',<ref name=mahmood12>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Kaif
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=South Asian History and Culture
|date=January 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=137–139
|doi=10.1080/19472498.2012.639528 |issn=1947-2498}}</ref> ''[[Literature and Theology]]'',<ref name=leach11>{{cite journal |last1=Leach |first1=Robert
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=[[Literature and Theology]] |date=9 August 2011 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=474–477 |doi=10.1093/litthe/frr030 |issn=1477-4623}}</ref> ''[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]]'',<ref name=puligandla11>{{cite journal |author=R. Puligandla |year=2011
|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history
|journal=[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries]] |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages= 1498–1499
|doi= 10.5860/CHOICE.48-4424 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025
|issn=0009-4978 }}</ref> and ''Metapsychology''.<ref name=mathoor11>{{cite journal
|author=Vineeth Mathoor
|year=2011
|title=Untitled [review of Unifying Hinduism, by Andrew Nicholson]
|journal=Metapsychology
|volume=15
|issue=39
|url=http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=6242
|issn=1931-5716
|access-date=2015-05-23
|archive-date=2016-04-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412170601/http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=6242
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> ''Unifying Hinduism'' has also been discussed in the 2014 book ''[[Indra's Net (book)|Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity]]'', written by Indian-American author [[Rajiv Malhotra]].<ref name=malhotra14/>

In the ''[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]'', Christopher Key Chapple wrote that the author "has created a tour-de-force that puts India’s premodern thinkers in conversation with its postmodern intellectuals".<ref name=chapple12/>{{rp|549}} In particular, Chapple stated that "Nicholson has created a masterful analysis of how premodern India conceptualized and reflected upon the issues of unity and plurality. Medieval Hindu thinkers set forth a philosophical position that seeks to articulate a coherent worldview without sacrificing the complexity of India’s divergent views and deities. Nicholson demonstrates that this endeavor was not an artificial product of modernist, revisionist hybridity as asserted by [[Oriental studies|Orientalist scholars]] but an authentic autochthonous response to an intricate theological context [and] had a reflexive self-awareness and a level of sophistication commensurate and perhaps even more inclusively complex than those found in the western Christian, Jewish, and Islamic theological traditions."<ref name=chapple12/>{{rp|546–7}}

Also in the ''[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]'', Michael S. Allen wrote that the book won Best First Book "for good reason: lucid and accessible... Nicholson’s book offers an excellent model for South Asianists seeking to engage with the wider field of religious studies",<ref name=allen14/>{{rp|879}} while the book "can also be recommended to nonspecialists with interests in religious identity, boundary formation, and comparative theology".<ref name=allen14/>{{rp|883}} To Allen, "Nicholson has convincingly shown that a process of unification began well before the British colonial period, extending back several centuries at the very least".<ref name=allen14/>{{rp|882}} However, "there is reason to suspect that the beginnings of the process he describes predate the twelfth century.... [which] would in turn call into question the degree to which Islam influenced the process."<ref name=allen14/>{{rp|882–3}}

In ''[[Religious Studies Review]]'', Jeffrey D. Long wrote that the book "sets the record
straight"<ref name=long12/>{{rp|33}} regarding the historical emergence Hinduism, and "promises to change the scholarly conversation on Hindu identity".<ref name=long12/> Long describes the book as "marvelously clear, meticulously researched, and tightly argued", pointing out that the book also "problematizes or demolishes a number of other oft-repeated truisms of Indian intellectual history, such as that Samkhya was always atheistic, that Advaita is the earliest and truest to the original sources of the systems of Vedanta, and that Vijnanabhiksu... was an unrepresentative thinker of little importance to the Vedanta tradition."<ref name=long12/>{{rp|33}}

In ''[[Sophia (journal)|Sophia]]'', Reid Locklin wrote the book was "somewhat fragmented", with chapters showing marks of prior publication or presentation elsewhere, but that "The cumulative effect is nevertheless very impressive",<ref name=locklin12/>{{rp|332}} and that "Given the enormous scope of its enquiry, the work is relatively concise, very accessible and therefore suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate classroom".<ref name=locklin12/>{{rp|332}}

In ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]'', John Nemec wrote that the book's strengths "lie with the larger, theoretical argument Nicholson makes regarding the role of doxography in shaping knowledge",<ref name=nemec10/>{{rp|32}} and that the book "is unquestionably a theoretically subtle and thought-provoking treatment of a neglected chapter in the history of Indian philosophy [that] raises important questions about intellectual history and convincingly makes the case for the significance of Vijñānabhikṣu’s writings."<ref name=nemec10/>{{rp|32–3}} On the other hand, Nemec was still left "with certain doubts and questions",<ref name=nemec10/>{{rp|32}} such as how our understanding of Vijnanabhiksu's views might change if more of his works were available in translation, and whether premodern Indian philosophers might have been "more aware of their mutual differences than this volume allows".<ref name=nemec10/>{{rp|32}} Despite such doubts, Nemec suggested that the volume would be "of value to medievalists, scholars of Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, and Yoga, and of Indian philosophy more generally, to scholars concerned with colonialism, and even those concerned with [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal relations]] in contemporary South Asia."<ref name=nemec10/>{{rp|33}}

In ''[[Journal of Asian Studies]]'', [[Tulasi Srinivas]] wrote that she "found this book very valuable, challenging of my assumptions",<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|572}} calling the book "erudite and thought provoking",<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|571}} and its argument "powerful, well researched and delivered, and... remarkably persuasive".<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|572}} She wondered whether "penetrability"<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|572}} between various philosophical schools might be overstated, and how views of Vijnanabhiksu might change if more of his works were available in translation. She regarded the book as having "political ramifications that suggest that the origins of Hinduism are not only the [[Vedas]], as Hindu nationalists claim... nor a product of British colonial rule... as understood by some scholars."<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|571}} She also viewed the book as significant for its "broader political and critical claim that Bhedabheda Vedanta is valuable and on par with the better known schools of Indian philosophy".<ref name=srinivas12/>{{rp|572}}

In ''[[Journal of Hindu Studies]]'', David Buchta wrote that the author's position is "clearly and coherently argued and well-supported",<ref name=buchta11/>{{rp|218}} stating that "the balance that Nicholson's analysis offers, correcting exaggerated claims about the colonial invention of Hinduism, is its most important contribution to the study of Hinduism".<ref name=buchta11/>{{rp|218}} Furthermore, Nicholson "shows sensitivity to the political implications of the discussion and the possibility that scholarship supporting the pre-colonial development of a sense of Hindu unity can be co-opted in support of communalism",<ref name=buchta11/>{{rp|218}} and is therefore "careful to emphasise that, while Hindus may have long agreed that a sense of unity exists, the details have just as long been to subject of debate and development".<ref name=buchta11/>{{rp|218}}

In ''South Asian History and Culture'', Kaif Mahmood pointed out that "beliefs" have been only one among many types of religious expression that also include religious art, ritual, and law; Mahmood suggested that Nicholson engaged in "unstated [and debatable] theoretical presumptions that philosophy is identical to religion".<ref name=mahmood12/>{{rp|138–139}} Nicholson's analyses also raise the question, unaddressed by the book, of whether "if what we call Hinduism was invented for the purpose of preserving a particular identity, what was it that was being preserved, if there was no Hinduism before? A weak identity may be strengthened, even refined, but can an identity be invented out of nothing?"<ref name=mahmood12/>{{rp|138}} Mahmood is also concerned that the book fails to discuss or acknowledge a core question related to Vijnanbhiksu's motivation, that is
{{quote|
Did Vijñānabhikṣu create an inclusive classification of Indian philosophy primarily [as propaganda] to preserve an identity, rather than to state the truth as he saw it? Or, did Vijñānabhikṣu's historical circumstances merely act as catalysts for the elaboration of the fundamentally 'polycentric' nature of Indian philosophy, an elaboration for which conditions had not been ripe earlier – that the schools of philosophy are primarily concerned with different aspects of reality, and hence, fundamentally reconcilable.... This is an important distinction for anyone seriously interested in Indian philosophy and the nature of philosophy in general...<ref name=mahmood12/>{{rp|139}}
}}

In ''Literature and Theology'', Robert Leach wrote that the book was "rich, erudite, challenging, and always interesting [and] it will be very difficult to read this book and retain the notion that the idea of Hinduism was dreamt up, virtually from scratch, in the 19th century".<ref name=leach11/>{{rp|477}} Leach added that
{{quote|
it is not wholly convincing that Vijñānabhikṣu's inclusivist project is categorically distinct from strategies applied by earlier authors whom Nicholson omits from the historical process of unifying Hinduism. Among pre-12th century authors who systematically assembled South Asian intellectual traditions in a conceivably 'proto-Hindu' fashion, and who did so in a context which does not appear to have been shaped by rivalries with Islam, we can count, for example, [[Bhasarvajna]] and [[Jayanta Bhatta|Bhatta Jayanta]]. And to these we may add several passages from Puranic works such as the [[Vishnudharmottara Purana|Visnudharmottarapurana]] (e.g. 2.22.128-134) and the [[Agni Purana|Agnipurana]] (219.57c-61).<ref name=leach11/>{{rp|477}}
}}

Leach also found of interest Nicholson's conclusion that "in Classical India nastika principally denoted non-acceptance of 'correct ritual performance' (i.e. heteropraxy), but in late medieval Vedanta came to be understood as the rejection of 'correct opinion' (heterodoxy)",<ref name=leach11/>{{rp|476}} pointing out that "This conclusion can have significant consequences for the debate on the so-called 'Protestantisation' of Hinduism in the 19th century".<ref name=leach11/>{{rp|476}}

In ''[[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]]'', R. Puligandla described the book as "clear, analytical, well-documented", recommending that "all scholars and students of Hinduism and Indian philosophy should find this book beneficial and rewarding", although "Nicholson's arguments and conclusions will not persuade some scholars, especially those who hold the view that Hinduism as a unified tradition has existed since ancient times".<ref name=puligandla11/>

In ''Metapsychology'', Vineeth Mathoor described the book as presenting "the history of [the] dialectical relation between Hinduism and the many streams within it [yielding] what it today stands for: tolerance, pluralism and inclusivism", calling the book "path-breaking" and "a must read for scholars of Indian history, Hinduism and south Asian religious traditions".<ref name=mathoor11/>

== Controversy ==
In the 2014 book ''[[Indra's Net (book)|Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity]]'', written by Indian-American author [[Rajiv Malhotra]], the author quoted Nicholson several times and cited numerous ideas from ''Unifying Hinduism'', describing it as an "excellent study of the pre-colonial coherence of Hinduism",<ref name="malhotra14">{{cite book
|title=Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity
|last=Malhotra |first=Rajiv |author-link=Rajiv Malhotra |year=2014
|location=Noida, India |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789351362449
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M7TlAgAAQBAJ}} {{ISBN|9351362442}}, {{OCLC|871215576}}</ref>{{rp|156}} and as a "positive exception to many [reifying, homogenizing, and isolating] trends in scholarship"<ref name="malhotra14" />{{rp|169}} by Westerners about the evolution of [[Hindu philosophy]]. However, despite the citations, it was alleged that Malhotra's book [[Plagiarism|actually plagiarized Nicholson's work]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/historian-richard-fox-young-accuses-writer-rajeev-malhotra-plagiarism-2331532.html|title=Historian Richard Fox Young accuses writer Rajeev Malhotra of plagiarism|date=2015-07-07|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref> It led to an online controversy without any actual lawsuit being filed against Malhotra.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajiv Malhotra Official|title=Columbia University Talk "Hinduphobia in Academia": Rajiv Malhotra|date=2016-04-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olQlPZuEWLY|access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref> In response to Nicholson, Malhotra stated "I used your work with explicit references 30 times in Indra's Net, hence there was no ill-intention," and provided with a list of these citations. He added that he will be removing all references to Nicholson, replacing them with [[Indian literature|original Indian sources]]. Thereafter, a re-written version of the debated chapter was posted on the book's website.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indrasnetbook.com/changes-chapter-8/|title=Changes to Chapter 8 - Indra's Net|work=Indra's Net|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Editions==
The original hardcover edition was published by in 2010 by [[Columbia University Press]]. A hardcover edition was published in India in 2011 by Permanent Black. Paperback and electronic versions have also been published:
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2014 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9780231149877}} {{ISBN|0231149875}}, {{OCLC|881368213}} (266 pages), paperback
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2011 |publisher=Permanent Black |location=Delhi |url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=34&isbn=978-81-7824-328-3 |isbn=9788178243283 }} {{ISBN|8178243288}} (266 pages), hardback
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York, London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9780231149860 }} {{ISBN|0231149867}}, {{OCLC|898542146}} (266 pages), hardback
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9780231149860 }} {{ISBN|0231526423}}, {{OCLC|897040609}} (266 pages), electronic book
* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Perseus Books Group|Perseus Book LLC]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSg0RGmMaTwC |isbn=9781282872417}} {{ISBN|1282872419}}, {{OCLC|816612398}} (266 pages), electronic book

==See also==
* [[Brahmanism]]
* [[Hindu philosophy]]
* [[Hindu texts]]
* [[History of India]]
* ''[[Indra's Net (book)|Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity]]'' (2014), book by [[Rajiv Malhotra]] on [[Neo-Vedanta]]
* ''[[Infinite Paths to Infinite Reality]]'' (2018), book by Ayon Maharaj, also known as [[Swami Medhananda]] on [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
* [[Sanskrit literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://permanent-black.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrew-j.html Interview with Andrew J. Nicholson on "Unifying Hinduism"] at the Permanent Black Publishers website
* [http://scroll.in/article/742022/upset-about-rajiv-malhotras-plagiarism-even-more-upset-about-distortions-of-my-work Andrew J. Nicholson's statement] on Rajiv Malhotra's alleged plagiarism of "Unifying Hinduism"
* [http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/asianamerican/facultystaff/AndrewNicholson.html Andrew J. Nicholson's homepage] at Stony Brook University

{{Hinduism footer small}}

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Teresa Albuquerque

2026-05-07T17:53:58Z

KariMccool73: starting article...

{{Short description|Indian historian (1930–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Teresa Albuquerque
| image = Teresalb2 (121464784).jpg
| caption = Albuquerque in 2006
| birth_name = Teresa Moraes
| birth_place = [[Poona]], [[British India]]
| spouse = Matthew Albuquerque
| occupation = Historian
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|6|12|1930|df=y}}
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Frank Moraes]] (brother)
* [[Dom Moraes]] (nephew)}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| birth_date = {{birth year|1930}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[ St. Xavier's College, Bombay]] ([[B.A.]])
* [[University of Mumbai]] ([[M.A.]], [[Ph.D]])}}
}}

'''Teresa Albuquerque''' ([[née]] '''Moraes'''; 1930 – June 2017) was an Indian historian who specialised in the [[Goan]] diaspora and the colonial history of [[Bombay]].

==Early and personal life==
Teresa Moraes was born in [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], in 1930, in a notable [[Goans|Goan]] family. Her brother was journalist [[Frank Moraes]].<ref name=wire>{{cite web|website=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/146812/teresa-albuquerque-historian-colonial-bombay-goan-diaspora-no/|title=Teresa Albuquerque, Historian of Colonial Bombay and the Goan Diaspora, is No More|last=Noronha|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Noronha|date=12 June 2017|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> She obtained a BA Honours degree in English and French from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College, Bombay]],<ref name=goan>{{cite news|newspaper=The Goan|url=http://www.thegoan.net/India/Bombay/Chronicling-Goa%E2%80%99s-history/05533.html|title=Chronicling Goa's history|last=D'Costa|first=Suezelle|date=24 August 2013|access-date=13 June 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031214832/http://www.thegoan.net/India/Bombay/Chronicling-Goa%E2%80%99s-history/05533.html|archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> which she followed up with an MA and Ph.D. in history from the [[University of Bombay]]. She married Matthew Albuquerque.<ref name=wire/>

==Career==
Albuquerque started as a teacher of English and History at high school. Following a stint on a panel that reviewed history books, she took up post-graduate studies in history. She then joined the Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture as a researcher.<ref name=goan/>

On the encouragement of John Correia-Afonso, a director of the institute, she began to investigate the history of Goa.<ref name=marg>{{cite journal|journal=Marg|url=http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4290|title=Perspective|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|issue=73|year=2017|publisher=Muse India|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402080145/http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4290|url-status=dead}}</ref> From this research came several books and articles, in particular ''Anjuna: Profile of a Village in Goa'', which was her husband's native village,<ref name=marg/> as well as ''Goa: The Rachol Legacy'', on the four hundred years of a [[Jesuit]] seminary in Goa.<ref name=wire/> Her interest in colonial art and architecture resulted in the publication of ''Under the Archangel's Wings: 400 years of St.Michael’s Church, Anjuna''.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Goan Voice|url=http://www.goanvoice.ca/2004/issue3/goanewsclips.htm|date=7 February 2004|title=Anjuna, footprints across centuries|first1=Joel|last1=D'Souza|first2=Fred|last2=Noronha|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>

With a scholarship from the Heras Institute, she studied the Goan diaspora, publishing a book ''Goans in Kenya''. Until the 1960s, east Africa had been a major centre of Goan migration. This book became an important source book for succeeding researchers.<ref name=wire/>

Albuquerque published several works on the colonial history of India, especially on the intersection of Portuguese and British rules. Following the 1878 treaty between Britain and Portugal, the Goan economy became subject to British control. Commodities flowed into British India while the Portuguese raised taxes in Goa to compensate for the loss of revenue. A newly built railway line connecting Goa to British India then became a conduit for impoverished economic migrants heading to Bombay.<ref>*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Kamat|first=Pratima|title=Peasantry and the Colonial State in Goa 1946-1961|editor1-first=Charles J.|editor1-last=Borges|editor2-first=Oscar G.|editor2-last=Pereira|editor3-first= Hannes|editor3-last=Stubbe|encyclopedia=Goa and Portugal: History and Development|year=2000|publisher=Concept|page=144}}</ref> Albuquerque's book on Goan emigres to British India, ''Goan Pioneers in Bombay'' (2011) covered their story; a paper ''The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878: Its impact on the people of Goa'' (1990) discussed the broader impact of the treaty on Goan lives.

A popular career taken up by Goans was of music-making, either joining street bands or orchestras in Bombay. Albuquerque reported that there was so much demand for Goan musicians that one entrepreneur named Francisco Menezes sought unemployed men to march in processions, ''inflating their cheeks without blowing a note''.<ref>{{cite web|website=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/407489/a-story-of-love-longing-and-jazz-in-1960s-bombay/|title=A story of love, longing and jazz in 1960s Bombay|last=Fernandes|first=Naresh|date=19 May 2015}}</ref> Another career was of bakery, with many such establishments appearing in [[Bandra]], a neighbourhood of Mumbai. According to Albuquerque, this was an early settlement for Goan migrants, from the 1920s. Their skill of making bread translated into a nickname the Goans were given by the other residents of the city - ''Pao'', from the Portuguese word ''pão'' for bread.<ref>{{cite web|website=Bandra.info|url=http://bandra.info/three-bakery-owners-tell-time-out-how-baking-in-bandra-has-changed/|title=Three bakery owners tell Time Out how baking in Bandra has changed|date=11 December 2013|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717061459/http://bandra.info/three-bakery-owners-tell-time-out-how-baking-in-bandra-has-changed/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another of her works was on the contributions of Christians to the Indian independence movement, ''The Role of Christians in the National Struggle for Freedom'' (2006).{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Death==
Albuquerque died in June 2017 in [[Mumbai]], aged 87.<ref name=midday>{{cite news|newspaper=Mid-Day|url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-tuesday-dossier/18332159|date=13 June 2017|title=Mumbai Diary: Tuesday Dossier}}</ref>

==Works==
===Books===
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Urbs prima in Indis: an epoch in the history of Bombay, 1840-1865|publisher=Promilla|year=1985}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=To love is to serve: Catholics of Bombay|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|year=1986}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Anjuna: Profile of a Village in Goa|publisher=Promilla|year=1988|isbn=978-8185002064}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Santa Cruz, Calapor: Profile of a Village in Goa|publisher=Fernandes Publication|year=1989}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Bombay, a history|publisher=Rashna|year=1992}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Goa: The Rachol Legacy|publisher=Wenden Offset|year=1997|isbn=978-8190073004}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Goans of Kenya|publisher=Michael Lobo|year=2000}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Bassein, the Portuguese interlude|publisher=Wenden Offset|year=2004}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Goans Pioneers in Bombay|publisher= Goa,1556|year=2011|isbn=978-9380739236}}
*{{cite book|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=The Portuguese Impress: Glimpses of the Portuguese Possessions of Goa, Bombay and Bassein|publisher= CinnamonTeal Design and Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-93-86301-52-9|location=Margao}}

===Articles===
*{{cite journal|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|journal=Indica|title=Christian Impact on Nineteenth Century Bombay|volume=20|number=2|year=1983}}
*{{cite journal|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|journal=Indica|title=The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878: Its impact on the people of Goa|volume=27|number=2|year=1990}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=Liberation and the Goan Ethos|editor1-first=Charles J.|editor1-last=Borges|editor2-first=Oscar G.|editor2-last=Pereira|editor3-first= Hannes|editor3-last=Stubbe|encyclopedia=Goa and Portugal: History and Development|year=2000|publisher=Concept}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Albuquerque|first=Teresa|title=The Role of Christians in the National Struggle for Freedom|editor1-first=Asghar Ali|editor1-last=Engineer|encyclopedia=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities|year=2006|publisher=Hope India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albuquerque, Teresa}}

[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Moraes family]]

List of Indian states and union territories by elevation

2026-05-06T14:59:06Z

KariMccool73: made some info nd citations

{{short description|None}}

{{India divisions by}}

This list includes the '''[[elevation|topographic elevations]] of each of the [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] [[Union territory|8 union territories]] of India'''.

The elevation of a geographic area may be stated in several ways. These include:
#The maximum elevation of the area (high point);{{efn|name=high point|A high point may be (1.) a [[summit|topographic summit]], or (2.) a point on a border.}}
#The minimum elevation of the area (low point);{{efn|name=low point|A low point may be (1.) the border crossing of a gulch, stream, or river; or (2.) the shore of a reservoir, lake, or ocean; or (3.) the bottom of an [[endorheic basin]]. The elevation of a stream, river, reservoir, or lake will vary seasonally. The bottom of an endorheic basin may fill with water.}}
#The [[arithmetic mean]] elevation of the area (statistical mean elevation);{{efn|name=mean|The mean elevation of an area is the arithmetic average of all point elevations in the area.}}
#The [[median]] elevation of the area (statistical 50% elevation);{{efn|name=median|The median elevation of an area is the median of all point elevations in the area.}} and
#The [[Range (statistics)|elevation range]] of the area.{{efn|name=range|The elevation range of an area is the maximum elevation minus the minimum elevation.}}

==Elevations==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+<big>Elevations of states and union territories of India</big> 
!scope=col rowspan=2|State & union territory
!scope=col colspan=3|Highest point, rank & elevation
!scope=col|Region
!scope=col|Notes
!scope=col colspan=3|Lowest point, rank & elevation
!scope=col colspan=2|Rank & range
!scope=col rowspan=2|High point coordinates
|-
!scope=col|  
!scope=col colspan=2 |  
!scope=col|  
!scope=col|  
!scope=col|  
!scope=col colspan=2 |  
!scope=col colspan=2 |  
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]]
| 31
| {{convert|732|m}}
| [[North Andaman Island]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title= Saddle Peak -- Britannica| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515843/Saddle-Peak}}</ref>
| [[Andaman Sea]] and [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 25
| {{convert|732|m}}
| {{Coord|13.1586|93.0058|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Arma Konda]]
| 17
| {{convert|1,680|m}}
| [[Eastern Ghats]]
| Arma Konda is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&dq=arma+konda&pg=PA28 The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-C1NmUDT2wC&dq=arma+konda&pg=PA45 The britannica Quiqmaster]</ref>
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 13
| {{convert|1,680|m}}
|{{Coord|18.228|82.723|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Kangto]]
| 5
| {{convert|7,090|m}}
| [[Eastern Himalaya]]s
| Kangto lies on the [[Line of Actual Control]] between India and China.
| [[Brahmaputra River]] at [[Assam]] border
| 5
| {{convert|44|m}}
| 3
| {{convert|7,046|m}}
|
{{Coord|27.515|92.315|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Assam]]
| ''Unnamed peak''
| 14
| {{convert|1,960|m}}
| [[Cachar Hills]] section of the [[Karbi Anglong Plateau]]
| Located in [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao District]]. It is the highest peak in the Karbi Anglong Plateau.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam Hills|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=18064|publisher=Birdlife International}}</ref>
| [[Brahmaputra River]] at [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| 6
| {{convert|45|m}}
| 11
| {{convert|1,915|m}}
| {{Coord|25.32135|93.4529|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| [[Someshwar Fort]]
| 30
| {{convert|880|m}}
| [[Sivalik Hills]]
| <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&pg=PA28 Fort Someshwar, West Champaran district, Bihar]</ref>
| [[Ganges|Ganges River]] at [[West Bengal]] border
| 3
| {{convert|11|m}}
| 24
| {{convert|869|m}}
| {{Coord|27.3876|84.3055|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]
| ''Unnamed point'' near Khuda Ali Sher Village
| 32
| {{convert|479|m}}
| [[Sivalik Hills]]
| Located on the border between Punjab and Chandigarh.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
| ''Unnamed point''
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|30.7724|76.8204|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Nandiraj]]
| 23
| {{convert|1,276|m}}
| [[Bailadila Range]] section of the [[Deccan Plateau]]
| Located in [[Dantewada district|Dantewada District]]. Nandiraj is the highest peak in the Bailadila Range.<ref>[https://www.naidunia.com/special-story-chhattisgarh-on-the-highest-peak-of-5-edwina-kant-gurlata-369871 छत्‍तीसगढ़ के सर्वोच्च शिखर गौरलाटा पर 5 वर्ष की एडविना कांत]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Mineral Development Corporation, Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.dantewada.nic.in/nmdc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301001846/http://dantewada.nic.in/NMDC.htm|archive-date=2017-03-01|access-date=2014-11-06}}</ref><ref>[http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00615.pdf Bailadila Hills, Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh]</ref>
| [[Mahanadi|Mahanadi River]] at [[Odisha]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|18.6646|81.2258|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| ''Unnamed point'' near Bedpa Village
| 33
| {{convert|465|m}}
| [[Western Ghats]]
| Located in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district|Dadra and Nagar Haveli District]] on the border between Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 26
| {{convert|465|m}}
| {{Coord|20.0802|73.2057|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Deheri]]
| 34
| {{convert|315|m}}
| [[Delhi Ridge]] section of the [[Aravalli Range]]
| Located in [[South Delhi district|South Delhi District]] on the border between Delhi and Haryana.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
| [[Yamuna River]] at [[Uttar Pradesh]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|28.4108|77.2037|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Goa]]
| [[Sonsogor]]
| 25
| {{convert|1,026|m}}
| [[Western Ghats]]
| Sonsogor lies on the inter-state border between Goa and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=The tiger in the tale | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/The-tiger-in-the-tale/articleshow/11076954.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2011-12-12 }}</ref>
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 20
| {{convert|1,026|m}}
| {{Coord|15.5232|74.2795|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Girnar]]
| 24
| {{convert|1,145|m}}
| [[Girnar Hills]]
| Girnar is the highest peak in the Girnar Hills.<ref>[http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm Background Information about the State of Gujarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085038/http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm|date=2017-08-20}}, dgfasli.nic.in</ref>
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 19
| {{convert|1,115|m}}
| {{Coord|21.528|70.527|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Karoh Peak]]
| 20
| {{convert|1,467|m}}
| [[Morni Hills]] section of the [[Sivalik Hills]]
| Karoh Peak is the highest peak in the Morni Hills.<ref name="Bijender1994">{{cite book |author=Bijender K Punia |title=Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d3rX5jr1WQC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-643-5 |pages=21–}}</ref>
| [[Yamuna River]] at [[Uttar Pradesh]] border
| 12
| {{convert|169|m}}
| 17
| {{convert|1,398|m}}
| {{Coord|30.7437|77.0769|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Reo Purgyil]]
| 6
| {{convert|6,816|m}}
| [[Western Himalaya]]s
| Reo Purgyil lies on the [[Line of Actual Control]] between India and China.
| [[Beas River]] at [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] border
| 14
| {{convert|232|m}}
| 5
| {{convert|6,584|m}}
| {{Coord|31.884|78.735|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]]
| 4
| {{convert|7,135|m}}
| [[Western Himalaya]]s
| <ref name="Nun">{{cite peakbagger |pid=12876 |name=Nun, India}}</ref>
| [[Chenab River]] at [[India–Pakistan border]]
| 15
| {{convert|247|m}}
| 4
| {{convert|6,888|m}}
| {{Coord|33.9809|76.0205|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Parasnath]]
| 21
| {{convert|1,365|m}}
| [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| Parasnath is the highest peak in the Chota Nagpur Plateau.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parasnath|url=http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018105211/http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath|archivedate=2005-10-18}}</ref>
| [[Ganges|Ganges River]] at [[West Bengal]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|23.9634|86.129|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Mullayyanagiri]]
| 15
| {{convert|1,925|m}}
| [[Sahyadri|Sahyadri Range]] section of the [[Western Ghats]]
| Mullayyanagiri is the highest peak in the Sahyadri Range.<ref>{{cite news |title= Udupi-Chikmagalur: A constituency that's beset by problems |author=Ganesh Prabhu |newspaper=The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupichikmagalur-a-constituency-thats-beset-by-problems/article5801739.ece |date=2014-03-19 }}</ref>
| [[Laccadive Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 10
| {{convert|1,925|m}}
| {{Coord|13.391|75.721|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Anamudi]]
| 10
| {{convert|2,695|m}}
| [[Anaimalai Hills]] section of the [[Western Ghats]]
| Anamudi is the highest mountain peak in the Western Ghats and highest in India outside the Himalayas. It is the highest peak in the Anaimalai Hills.<ref>{{cite peakbagger|pid=10664|name=Anai Mudi}}</ref>
| [[Kuttanad]]
| 1
| {{color|red|{{convert|-2.7|m}}}}
| 8
| {{convert|2,697.7|m}}
| {{Coord|10.170|77.061|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Ladakh]]
| [[Saltoro Kangri]]
| 3
| {{convert|7,742|m}}
| [[Saltoro Mountains]] section of [[Karakoram]]
| Saltoro Kangri lies on the [[Actual Ground Position Line]] between India and Pakistan on the [[Siachen Glacier]]. It is the highest peak in the Saltoro Mountains. The highest peak [[Kashmir dispute|claimed by India]] as part of Ladakh is [[K2]] which has the elevation of 8,611 m (28,251 ft). K2 is located in the Pakistan-administered territory of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref name="SaltoroKangri">{{cite peakbagger|pid=10533|name=Saltoro Kangri, Pakistan/India}}</ref><ref name="WalkthroughIndia">{{cite web|title=Top 10 highest Himalaya mountain peaks in India|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/top-10-highest-himalaya-mountain-peaks-in-india/|access-date=2014-01-17|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000652/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/top-10-highest-himalaya-mountain-peaks-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jagranjosh">{{cite web|title=Top 10 highest peaks of India|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/top-10-highest-peaks-of-india-1315997502-1}}</ref>
| [[Indus River]] at India–Pakistan [[Line of Control]]
| 17
| {{convert|2,550|m}}
| 6
| {{convert|5,192|m}}
| {{Coord|35.399|76.849|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]
| ''Unnamed point''
| 36
| {{convert|15|m}}
| [[Agatti Island]]
|
| [[Arabian Sea]] and [[Laccadive Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 28
| {{convert|15|m}}
|
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Dhupgarh]]
| 22
| {{convert|1,352|m}}
| [[Satpura Range]]
| Dhupgarh is the highest peak in the Satpura Range.<ref name="MSKohli2002">{{cite book|author=M.S. Kohli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA39|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1|page=39}}</ref>
| [[Chambal River]] at [[Uttar Pradesh]] border
| 8
| {{convert|90|m}}
| 18
| {{convert|1,262|m}}
| {{Coord|22.449|78.371|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Kalsubai]]
| 19
| {{convert|1,646|m}}
| [[Sahyadri|Sahyadri Range]] section of the [[Western Ghats]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title= Kalsubai|url= http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/KALASUBAI.htm|access-date= 2008-12-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025159/http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/KALASUBAI.htm|archive-date= 2011-07-22|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 15
| {{convert|1,646|m}}
| {{Coord|19.6003|73.711|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Mount Tempü]]
| 9
| {{convert|2,994|m}}
| [[Barail Range]] section of the [[Patkai|Patkai Range]]
| Mount Tempü lies on the inter-state border between Nagaland and Manipur.<ref>{{cite web |title= Hills Of Manipur |url= http://manipurhub.com/manipur-goegraphy-part3-the-hills-of-manipur/ |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093700/http://manipurhub.com/manipur-goegraphy-part3-the-hills-of-manipur/ |archivedate= 2013-03-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Manipur Tourism District:Senapati |url= http://tourismmanipur.nic.in/senapati.html |access-date= 2014-10-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170403053145/http://tourismmanipur.nic.in/senapati.html |archive-date= 2017-04-03 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| [[Barak River]] at [[Assam]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|25.531|94.085|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| [[Shillong Peak]]
| 13
| {{convert|1,965|m}}
| [[Khasi Hills]] section of the [[Shillong Plateau]]
|Located in [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills District]]. Shillong Peak is the highest peak in the Shillong Plateau.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfKtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT963|title=The Rough Guide to India|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-4093-4267-0|pages=963–}}</ref>
| [[Brahmaputra River]] at [[Assam]] border
| 11
| {{convert|150|m}}
| 12
| {{convert|1,815|m}}
| {{Coord|25.5316|91.8512|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| [[Phawngpui]]
| 12
| {{convert|2,157|m}}
| [[Lushai Hills]] section of the [[Patkai|Patkai Range]]
| Phawngpui is also known as Blue Mountain. It is the highest mountain peak in the Lushai Hills.<ref>{{cite web |title= Phawngpui, Mizoram |url= http://www.north-east-india.com/mizoram/phawngpui.html |access-date= 2008-12-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090502201954/http://www.north-east-india.com/mizoram/phawngpui.html |archive-date= 2009-05-02 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| [[Longai River]] at [[Assam]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|22.6315|93.0388|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| [[Mount Saramati]]
| 7
| {{convert|3,826|m}}
| [[Naga Hills]] section of the [[Patkai|Patkai Range]]
| Mount Saramati lies on the [[India–Myanmar border]]. It is the highest peak in the Patkai Range.<ref>{{cite peakbagger|pid=10948|name=Saramati}}</ref>
| [[Dhansiri River]] at [[Assam]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
| {{Coord|25.742|95.033|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]]
| 18
| {{convert|1,672|m}}
| [[Eastern Ghats]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title= Deomali Peak in Koraput | url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Deomali-Peak-57564.htm}}</ref>
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 14
| {{convert|1,672|m}}
| {{Coord|18.675|82.982|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| ''Unnamed point'' near Chalakara Village
| 35
| {{convert|67|m}}
| West Coast Hillocks
| Located in [[Mahé district|Mahé District]] on the border between Puducherry and Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
| [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Laccadive Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 27
| {{convert|67|m}}
| {{Coord|11.7183|75.5317|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| ''Unnamed peak''
| 26
| {{convert|1,000|m}}
| [[Naina Devi Range]] section of the [[Sivalik Hills]]
| Located in [[Rupnagar District]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer Rupnagar|url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazropr1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716143112/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazropr1.htm|archive-date=2016-07-16|access-date=2014-09-25}}</ref>
| [[Sutlej|Sutlej River]] at [[India–Pakistan border]]
| 10
| {{convert|105|m}}
| 23
| {{convert|895|m}}
| {{Coord|31.259|76.601|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Guru Shikhar]]
| 16
| {{convert|1,722|m}}
| [[Aravalli Range]]
| Guru Shikhar is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guru Shikhar, Mount Abu|url=http://sirohi.nic.in/guru.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000632/http://sirohi.nic.in/guru.htm|archivedate=2009-04-10}}</ref>
| [[Luni River]] at [[Gujarat]] border
| 9
| {{convert|100|m}}
| 16
| {{convert|1,622|m}}
| {{Coord|24.650|72.776|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| [[Kangchenjunga]]
| 1
| {{convert|8,586|m}}
| [[Eastern Himalaya]]s
| Kangchenjunga lies on the [[India–Nepal border]]. It is the highest mountain peak located in India and the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|third highest mountain peak]] in the world after [[Mount Everest]] and [[K2]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kangchenjunga - Peakware|url=http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220064113/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=132|archive-date=2009-02-20|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
| [[Teesta River]] at [[West Bengal]] border
| 16
| {{convert|280|m}}
| 1
| {{convert|8,306|m}}
| {{Coord|27.704|88.148|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Doddabetta]]
| 11
| {{convert|2,637|m}}
| [[Nilgiri Mountains]] section of the [[Western Ghats]]
| Doddabetta is the highest peak in the Nilgiri Mountains.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Beautiful Green Hills |url=http://nilgiris.nic.in/placeofinterest.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003437/http://nilgiris.nic.in/placeofinterest.htm |archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref>
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 9
| {{convert|2,637|m}}
| {{Coord|11.401|76.736|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Doli Gutta]]
| 27
| {{convert|965|m}}
| [[Deccan Plateau]]
| Doli Gutta lies on the inter-state border between Chhattisgarh and Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/31248511/Doli-Gutta-965m-Telangana-Chhattisgarh-border-Possibly-highest-point-in-Telangana |title=Wikimapia - Doli Gutta (965m) - Telangana Chhattisgarh border. Possibly highest point in Telangana}}</ref>
| [[Godavari River]] at [[Andhra Pradesh]] border
| colspan="2"| N/A
| colspan="2"| N/A
|{{Coord|18|20|31|N|80|44|29|E|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| [[Betlingchhip]]
| 29
| {{convert|930|m}}
| [[Jampui Hills]] section of the [[Lushai Hills]]
| Betlingchhip is also known as Thaidawr. It is the highest peak in the Jampui Hills.<ref>{{cite web|title= Peakbagger - Betalongchhip, India| url = http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=53272}}</ref>
| [[Gumti River (transboundary river)|Gumti River]] at [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| 4
| {{convert|15|m}}
| 21
| {{convert|915|m}}
|{{Coord|23.8097|N|92.2609|E|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Amsot Peak]]
| 28
| {{convert|957|m}}
| [[Rajaji Range]] section of the [[Sivalik Hills]]
| Located in [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur District]]. Amsot Peak lies on the inter-state border between [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the highest peak in the Rajaji Range.<ref>{{cite web|title= Highest Peaks in India| url = https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/}}</ref>
| [[Ganges|Ganges River]] at [[Bihar]] border
| 7
| {{convert|60|m}}
| 22
| {{convert|897|m}}
| {{Coord|30.3798|77.6865|display=inline}}
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| [[Nanda Devi]]
| 2
| {{convert|7,817|m}}
| [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s
| Nanda Devi is the highest mountain peak located entirely within India. It is the highest peak in the Garhwal Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nanda Devi - Peakware|url=http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=190|access-date=2008-12-27|archive-date=2010-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102202326/http://peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=190|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Sharda River|Sharda Sagar Reservoir]] on [[Uttar Pradesh]] border
| 13
| {{convert|187|m}}
| 2
| {{convert|7,630|m}}
| {{Coord|30.376|79.970|display=inline}}
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Sandakphu]]
| 8
| {{convert|3,636|m}}
| [[Singalila Ridge]] section of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s.
| Sandakphu lies on the [[India–Nepal border]]. It is the highest peak in the Singalila Ridge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandakphu|url=http://www.sandakphu.com/sandakphu/Sandakphu.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225044655/http://www.sandakphu.com/sandakphu/Sandakphu.htm|archivedate=2008-12-25}}</ref>
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 2
| {{color|blue|Sea level}}
| 7
| {{convert|3,636|m}}
| {{Coord|27.106|88.002|display=inline}}
|}

==Highpoint gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Kangchenjunga.jpg|[[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m)
Image:Nanda devi.jpg|[[Nanda Devi]] (7,817 m)
Image:Saltoro_Kangri.jpg|[[Saltoro Kangri]] (7,742 m)
Image:View_of_Nun_Kun_massif_from_airplane.jpg|[[Nun Kun]] (7,135 m)
Image:The_Kangto_Peak_(The_highest_peak_in_the_North-east_after_Kanchenjunga).jpg|[[Kangto]] (7,090 m)
Image:LeoPargial.jpg|[[Reo Purgyil]] (6,816 m)
Image:Sandakphu.jpg|[[Sandakphu]] (3,636 m)
File:AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg|[[Anamudi]] (2,695 m)
Image:Guru Shikhar Mount Abu.jpg|[[Guru Shikhar]] (1,722 m)
Image:Kalsubai.jpg|[[Kalsubai]] (1,646 m)
</gallery>

==See also ==
* [[List of hill stations in India]]
* [[List of mountains in India]]
* [[List of mountain passes of India]]
* [[List of the tallest statues in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest structures in India]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tourism in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian states and union territories by highest point}}
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India|States and territories by highest point]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories| ]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India|States and territories by highest point]]
[[Category:Lists of highest points in Asia]]
[[Category:Tourism in India]]

Atin Ghosh

2026-05-04T17:51:46Z

KariMccool73: Created New Article - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Deputy Mayor of Kolkata]]
| term_start = 28 December 2021
| 1blankname = [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Mayor]]
| 1namedata = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| constituency = [[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 11]]
| term_start1 = 22 November 2018
| term_end1 = 8 May 2020
| 1blankname1 = [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Mayor]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| predecessor1 = Farzana Alam
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| constituency1 = [[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 11]]
| office2 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 6 May 2021
| term_end2 = 4 May 2026
| predecessor2 = Mala Saha
| successor2 = Ritesh Tiwari
| constituency2 = [[Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
| majority2 =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
}}
'''Atin Ghosh''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] who is serving as a sitting member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kashipur-Belgachhia]] constituency since 6 May 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the Deputy Mayor of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Polls 2021: North Calcutta TMC candidate releases election manifesto for his constituency|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-north-calcutta-tmc-candidate-releases-election-manifesto-for-his-constituency/cid/1812388|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He represents the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Atin}}
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Thawariya

2026-05-01T18:55:30Z

KariMccool73: starting new pg...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thawariya
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6221|N|73.7491|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 42.09
| population_total = 4408
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Thawariya''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] tehsil in the [[Bikaner district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India.

==Demographics==

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] conducted by the Government of India, the population of this village was 4,408, with 2,291 males and 2,117 females. The village had 699 houses, and the literacy rate was 41.27%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Thawariya village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69701-thawariya-rajasthan.html |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

99.9% of the village population follows [[Hinduism]], with a few Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01+MDDS.XLS|title=|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Sadhasar Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|0.20}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Thawariya Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language although the village administration uses [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Languages in Thawariya village}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Thawariya village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

PIN Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title= PIN Code of Thawariya Village |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/sadhasar-pincode-334802.html |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Transportation==

Thawariya is near the Sikar-Nokha Highway, also known as [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]]. Road transportation is adequate, but there is no railway. Inhabitants travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]] or [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]] for the train.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

M. T. Krishnappa

2026-04-28T15:08:48Z

KariMccool73: made first info initial version!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''M. T. Krishnappa''' (born 28 July 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from the [[Turuvekere Assembly constituency]] in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=BJP, JD(S) workers clash during Karnataka rally, chink in alliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/karnataka-bjp-jds-workers-clash-on-stage-during-joint-rally-in-tumakuru-2519344-2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Lok Sabha elections: Workers of allies BJP and JD(S) clash at coordination meeting in Karnataka’s Tumakuru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bjp-and-jds-workers-clash-at-coordination-meeting-karnatakas-tumakuru-9234264/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=M T Krishnappa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/m-t-krishnappa-turuvekere-candidate-s10a130c004/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishnappa is from [[Turuvekere]], Tumkur district. His late father was M Thimmaiah a farmer. He graduated in Commerce in 1974 from a college affiliated with [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.T.Krishnappa(JD(S)):Constituency- TURUVEKERE(TUMKUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7071 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Krishnappa won from the [[Turuvekere Assembly constituency]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 68,163 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Masala Jayaram of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 9,923 votes. He first became an MLA in 2004, winning the Turuvekere Assembly seat on JD (S) seat. He won the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[M. D. Lakshminarayana]] of Bharatiya Janata Party but lost the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008 Assembly election]] which was won by [[Jaggesh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. However, he won the 2008 by election held on 27 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.T. Krishnappa(JD(S)):Constituency- Turuvekere: Bye-election 27-12-2008(TUMKUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=1938 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He regained the seat winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] but lost to A. S. Jayaram in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Turuvekere Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/turuvekere-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99727968.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Karnataka Election: Turuvekere Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno130-acno130.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnappa, M. T.}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Prophalangopsis

2026-04-23T22:27:43Z

KariMccool73: New Basic Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Genus of cricket-like animals}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = The dorsal habitus of a Prophalangopsis obscura (collected in India, Walker 1869) without measurement key.png
| image_caption = ''Prophalangopsis obscura'', dorsal view
| image_alt = Dorsal view of a Prophalangopsis obscura specimen collected in India. Identified by Francis Walker (entomologist) in 1869.
| genus = Prophalangopsis
| species = obscura
| authority = ([[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], F., 1869)
| synonyms = {{Species list | Tarraga obscura | Walker, F., 1869}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Walker 1869 pp. 100–101">{{cite book  |last=Walker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Walker (entomologist) |title=Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement of the Blattari in the collection of the British Museum |publisher=The British Museum |publication-place=London |year=1869 |volume=Part 1 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.8149 |doi-access=free |pages=100–101 |oclc=469668702 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36510#page/118/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

'''''Prophalangopsis''''' is a South Asian [[insect]] genus, in the family [[Prophalangopsidae]], distantly related to [[cricket (insect)|crickets]] and other [[Ensifera]], erected by [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Francis Walker]] in 1869.<ref name="Walker 1869 pp. 100–101">{{cite book  |last=Walker |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Walker (entomologist) |title=Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement of the Blattari in the collection of the British Museum |publisher=The British Museum |publication-place=London |year=1869 |volume=Part 1 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.8149 |doi-access=free |pages=100–101 |oclc=469668702 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36510#page/118/mode/2up}}</ref> There is one species: '''''Prophalangopsis obscura''''', which is a winged insect species found in [[North India]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. It is one of only a few surviving species in the family [[Prophalangopsidae]]. F. Walker described it in 1869 from a single male specimen from India.{{efn|Walker identified the location as [[Hindustan]], which is present-day India. [[Sir John Bennet Hearsey]], a British army officer stationed in North India, collected the specimen.<ref name="Ashworth 2022">{{cite web |last=Ashworth |first=James |title=Listen to the call: Scientists recreate the song of a 150-year-old insect that could help rediscover its species |website=Phys.org |date=2022-08-11 |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-recreating-song-year-old-insect-rediscover.html |access-date=2022-08-12}}</ref>}}<ref name="Walker 1869 pp. 100–101"/> Liu ''et al'' collected two possible female specimens in 2009.<ref name="Liu Zhou Bi Tang 2009a">{{citation |last1=Liu |first1=Xianwei |last2=Zhou |first2=Min |last3=Bi |first3=Wenxuan |last4=Tang |first4=Liang |title=New data on taxonomy of recent Prophalangopsidae (Orthoptera: Hagloidea) |journal=Zootaxa |year=2009 |volume=2026 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.186174 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/186174 |access-date=2022-08-12 }}</ref><ref name="Liu Zhou Bi Tang 2009b">{{citation |last1=Liu |first1=Xianwei |last2=Zhou |first2=Min |last3=Bi |first3=Wenxuan |last4=Tang |first4=Liang |title=Prophalangopsis obscura Walker 1869 |year=2009 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.6223350 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6223350 |access-date=2022-08-12 |page=}}</ref>

==Bioacoustic modeling==
In 2022, researchers attempted to recreate the call that ''P. obscura'' would make with its legs by using [[3D scanning]], [[microscopy]], and a [[Laser Doppler vibrometer]].<ref name="Ashworth 2022"/><ref name="Tamisiea 2022">{{cite web |last=Tamisiea |first=Jack |title=Modern and Ancient Crickets May Sing the Same Song |website=The New York Times |date=2022-08-10 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/science/singing-insect-wing-sound.html |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref><ref name="Woodrow Baker Jonsson Montealegre-Z p=e0270498">{{cite journal |last1=Woodrow |first1=Charlie |last2=Baker |first2=Ed |last3=Jonsson |first3=Thorin |last4=Montealegre-Z |first4=Fernando |title=Reviving the sound of a 150-year-old insect: The bioacoustics of Prophalangopsis obscura (Ensifera: Hagloidea) |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=17 |issue=8 |date=2022-08-10 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0270498 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0270498|pmid=35947546 |pmc=9365155 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1770498W }}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{listen |filename=Reconstructed calling song of Prophalangopsis obscura.flac |pos=left |title=Reconstructed calling song of Prophalangopsis obscura |description=This is an attempt to reconstruct the calling song of Prophalangopsis obscura by using 3D scanning, microscopy, and a Laser Doppler vibrometer.<ref name="Woodrow Baker Jonsson Montealegre-Z p=e0270498"/>}}
{{Gallery |mode=packed |height=125
|file:Charlie Woodrow, Prophalangopsis obscura (2022).png |Charlie Woodrow, ''Prophalangopsis obscura'' (2022)
|file:The lateral habitus of a Prophalangopsis obscura (collected in India, Walker 1869).png |The lateral habitus of a ''P. obscura'' specimen collected in India.
|file:The tympanal organ of a Prophalangopsis obscura (collected in India, Walker 1869).png |The tympanal organ of a ''P. obscura'' specimen collected in India.
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies inline|Prophalangopsis|''Prophalangopsis''}}
*{{Commonscat inline|Prophalangopsis obscura|''Prophalangopsis obscura''}}
*{{cite web |last=Ashworth |first=James |title=Recreating the song of a 150-year-old insect could help rediscover its species |website=Natural History Museum |date=2022-08-10 |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/august/recreating-song-150-year-old-insect-could-help-rediscover-species.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |ref=none}}
*{{YouTube|id=iw9gPKV0mVQ|title=Scientists recreate the song of a 150-year-old insect that could help rediscover its species}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14172800|from2=Q10639972}}

[[Category:Ensifera]]
[[Category:Ensifera genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic Orthoptera genera]]
[[Category:Orthoptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)]]

Surendra Kumar Kushwaha

2026-04-21T22:51:23Z

KariMccool73: starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = File:Surendra Kumar Kushwaha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Fazilnagar Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = Present
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Surendra Kumar Kushwaha''' is a Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Fazilnagar Assembly constituency]]. He was elected to Uttar Pradesh Legislature as a candidate of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in 2022 Assembly elections. Kushwaha defeated [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] in this election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/surendra-kumar-kushwaha-fazilnagar-candidate-s24a332c07/|title=Assembly elections 2022 Uttar Pradesh|website=News18|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306110949/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/surendra-kumar-kushwaha-fazilnagar-candidate-s24a332c07/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kushwaha, who was a teacher in earlier part of his life, before becoming a Member of Legislative Assembly, was employed in the Pawanagar Mahavir Inter college ([[Kushinagar]]), as a teacher of [[Social Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bjp-mla-from-fazilnagar-surendra-kushwaha-decides-not-to-take-salary-teaches-in-kushinagar-college/2297337/|title=सुरेंद्र कुशवाहा, यूपी के विधायक जो नहीं लेते वेतन, स्‍कूल में लगाते हैं पाठशाला|website=JANSATTA|date=28 July 2022 |accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306111423/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bjp-mla-from-fazilnagar-surendra-kushwaha-decides-not-to-take-salary-teaches-in-kushinagar-college/2297337/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/fazilnagar-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-election-chunav-results-2022-live-winner-name-runner-up/2076703/|title=Fazilnagar (Uttar Pradesh) Election Result Update: भाजपा के सुरेंद्र कुशवाहा जीते, सपा नेता स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य पराजित|website=JANSATTA|date=10 March 2022 |accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306111610/https://www.jansatta.com/elections/fazilnagar-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-election-chunav-results-2022-live-winner-name-runner-up/2076703/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/fazilnagar-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-fazilnagar-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12726062.htm|title=Fazilnagar Election Result 2022 LIVE BJP's Surendra Kumar Kushwaha wins against SP's Swami Prasad Maurya|website=cnbctv18|date=10 March 2022 |accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306111931/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/fazilnagar-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-fazilnagar-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12726062.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Surendra Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chenani Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:20Z

KariMccool73: Starting some pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chenani
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 61
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Balwant Singh Mankotia]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}

'''Chenani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Chenani]] is also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14157-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-union-territory-of-jammu-kashmir-%E2%80%93-final-notification-%E2%80%93-regarding/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir – Final Notification – regarding. |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date= 6 May 2022}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Yash Paul Khajuria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Prithvi Chand]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Faquir Nath || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Krishan Chander || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Dina Nath Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Balwant Singh Mankotia]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,990 |percentage=56.41% |change={{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harsh Dev Singh]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=32,379 |percentage=38.06% |change={{increase}}19.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,855 |percentage=2.18% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,611 |percentage=18.35% |change= {{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,076 |percentage=80.51% |change= {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,672 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dina Nath Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,047 |percentage=50.17% |change={{increase}}28.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,715 |percentage=19.30% |change={{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram Atri |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=11,992 |percentage=18.20% |change={{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,929 |percentage=4.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Devi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,830 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sansar Chand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,198 |percentage=1.82% |change={{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,185 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=980 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,332 |percentage=30.86% |change= {{increase}}16.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,876 |percentage=75.18% |change= {{increase}}17.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,627 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,276 |percentage=35.47% |change={{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dina Nath Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,838 |percentage=21.44% |change={{increase}}17.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Nath |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=9,131 |percentage=19.90% |change={{decrease}}17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,325 |percentage=11.61% |change={{decrease}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sansar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,705 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapoor Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,086 |percentage=2.37% |change={{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=810 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=625 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,438 |percentage=14.03% |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,881 |percentage=57.37% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,968 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Faquir Nath |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=17,118 |percentage=37.42% |change={{increase}}34.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,353 |percentage=33.56% |change={{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,290 |percentage=20.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prithvi Chand]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,710 |percentage=3.74% |change={{decrease}}39.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Bodh Raj |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,286 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=628 |percentage=1.37% |change={{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rome Chander |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=358 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,765 |percentage=3.86% |change= {{decrease}}8.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,743 |percentage=61.54% |change= {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prithvi Chand]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,493 |percentage=43.08% |change={{increase}}40.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,589 |percentage=31.15% |change={{decrease}}24.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,935 |percentage=12.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Nath Bhagat |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,983 |percentage=8.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=611 |percentage=2.51% |change={{decrease}}34.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=181 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,904 |percentage=11.92% |change= {{decrease}}7.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,359 |percentage=47.88% |change= {{decrease}}14.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,517 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul Khajuria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,842 |percentage=56.01% |change={{increase}}22.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Dass Chanotra |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=10,462 |percentage=36.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kedar Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=817 |percentage=2.89% |change={{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Hussain Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,380 |percentage=19.02% |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,285 |percentage=62.86% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,772 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}21.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,690 |percentage=34.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul Khajuria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,428 |percentage=33.20% |change={{decrease}}19.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,679 |percentage=20.91% |change={{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,211 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=795 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalil |party=Independent politician |votes=396 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=262 |percentage=1.17% |change= {{decrease}}23.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,372 |percentage=57.96% |change= {{increase}}12.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,453 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chenani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,674 |percentage=52.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishar Dass |party=Janata Party |votes=4,005 |percentage=27.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,755 |percentage=11.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jia Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunjar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,669 |percentage=25.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,636 |percentage=44.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,477 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Udhampur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.036|75.285|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Surya Charishma Tamiri

2026-04-05T01:26:09Z

KariMccool73: starting new data...

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

'''Tamiri Surya Charishma''' (born 2006) is an Indian badminton player from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Velamuri |first=Anirudh |date=2025-12-28 |title=Surya Charishma Tamiri: A memorable end to 2025 as she clinches national badminton championship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/surya-charishma-tamiri-a-memorable-end-to-2025-as-she-clinches-national-badminton-championship/article70447041.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya Charishma Tamiri wins Women’s singles title at 87th Senior National Badminton Championships {{!}} DD News On Air |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/rithvik-sanjeevi-s-wins-mens-singles-title-at-87th-senior-national-badminton-championships/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251228140906/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/rithvik-sanjeevi-s-wins-mens-singles-title-at-87th-senior-national-badminton-championships/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.newsonair.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

Charishma is from Dandamudi village, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Her father Tamiri Naveen Babu is a goldsmith. Her first coach was K. Bhaskar under whom she learnt her basics.<ref name=":0" /> She is studying BBA at [[Chitkara University, Punjab|Chitkara University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=National and International Badminton: Key Trends and Insights |url=https://www.chitkara.edu.in/news/tamiri-wins-three-gold-medals-in-national-and-international-badminton-tournaments/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Chitkara University |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, Charishma won her maiden National women's singles title at the 87th Senior National Badminton Championships at Chennupati Ramakotaiah Indoor Stadium in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2025 |title=National Badminton Championships 2025: Surya Charishma Tamiri, Rithvik Sanjeevi win singles titles |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/national-badminton-championships-2025-india-final-results-winners-list |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref> She defeated Tanvi Patri of [[Odisha]] 17–21, 21–12, 21–14 in the women's finals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title=Surya Charishma Tamiri outlasts Tanvi Patri for national badminton title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/126226868.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Vivek |date=28 December 2025 |title=National Badminton Championships: Surya Charishma Tamiri Claims Crown With Come-From-Behind Win Over Tanvi Patri |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/badminton/national-badminton-championships-surya-charishma-tamiri-claims-crown-with-come-from-behind-win-over-tanvi-patri-9796803.html |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya Charishma Tamiri Clinches Women’s Singles Title at 87th Senior National Badminton Championships |url=https://sarkaripariksha.com/current-affairs/Surya%20Charishma%20Tamiri%20Clinches%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Singles%20Title%20at%2087th%20Senior%20National%20Badminton%20Championships/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Sarkari Pariksha |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamiri, Surya Charishma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Gingee

2026-04-03T19:25:36Z

KariMccool73: Starting some stub added tags...

{{Short description|Panchayat town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gingee
| other_name = Singapuri, Senji
| settlement_type = Special Grade Town Panchayat
| image_skyline = Gingee Fort panorama.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Gingee fort
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.15|N|79.30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Viluppuram district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 92
| population_total = 43,731
| population_as_of = 2021 census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 604202
| area_code = +91 4145
| registration_plate = '''TN-16'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gingee''', also known as '''Senji''' or '''Jinji''' and originally called '''Singapuri''', is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Viluppuram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Gingee is located between three hills covering a perimeter of 3 km, and lies west of the [[Sankaraparani River]].

[[File:Gingee Fort Hill.jpg|thumb|Gingee Fort Hill]]

==History==
Originally Gingee fort and its surrounding areas were ruled by a [[Kadava]] king of Pallava lineage titled Senjiyar Kon in Ottakoothar's Moovarula around 1123 AD.<ref name="விக்கிரம சோழனுலா">{{cite book|title=விக்கிரம சோழனுலா |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZI2/page/16/mode/1up?q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5+|publisher=Kalakshetra, Adyar|date=July 1946|edition=First|access-date=August 10, 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The Cōḷas, Volume 2, Issue 1|author =K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year =1937|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ&q=gingee+fort+kadava}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The Role of feudatories in later Chola history|author =M.S. Govindaswamy|year =1979|url =https://tamildigitallibrary.in/Articles/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-13178-The%20Role%20Of%20Feudatories%20In%20Later%20Chola%20History}}</ref>.The Gingee country then came under the rule of the [[Hoysala]]s in the later part of the 13th and in the first half of the 14th century. From the Hoysalas, it passed to the first rulers of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The imperial Vijayanagara dominion gradually expanded over Southern India and divided the administration of the tamil country into three important provinces, which were assigned to the [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaks]]. These were the [[Nayaks of Madurai]], [[Nayaks of Tanjore]], and [[Nayaks of Gingee]]. Information about the Gingee Nayaks and their rule is very scant. It is said that [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Tupakula Krishnappa Nayaka]] (1490 to 1521) of a Chandragiri family was the founder of the Nayaka line of Gingee kings.<ref>Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman. Classical Telugu poetry: an anthology, Page 63.</ref><ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Penumbral visions: making polities in early modern South India, page 198.</ref><ref>BS Baliga. Tamil Nadu district gazetteers, page 427.</ref><ref>Delhi School of Economics. The Indian economic and social history review?, page 411 mentions: "... this time run by Balija and other Naidu families, and involving such personages in the 1630s and 1640s as Tubaki Krishnappa Nayaka of the Senji family, ..."</ref><ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam. The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650, page 304 mentions: "Achyutappa, it is generally believed, belonged to the Balija Chetti mercantile community, originally of Telugu extraction, but settled in the Tamil region as a part of the extensive migratory movement from the Andhra to the Tamil regions that began c.1350 and continued into our period."</ref><ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Improvising empire: Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1700, page 206 mentions: "..perhaps as early as 1608, the VOC's factors had maintained close contact with a family of Achyutappa and his brother Chinnanna, but also two nephews, Koneri and Sesadra."</ref> He seems to have ruled along the coast from [[Nellore]] to the [[Kollidam River]] up to 1521. Under the Nayaks the forts were strengthened and the town was greatly enlarged.

[[File:Krishnagiri Fort Hill.jpg|thumb|Krishnagiri Fort Hill]]

The last Nayak of Gingee was forced to surrender to the invading [[Bijapur Sultanate]] army towards the end of December 1649. The booty acquired by the [[Turko-Persian]] sultan of Bijapur was 20 crore rupees in cash and jewels. Gingee assumed a new and enhanced strategic importance under the Bijapur governors. Bijapur was in possession of the fortress of Senji until 1677, when the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] monarch [[Shivaji|Chhtrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] conquered it in his Carnatic expedition. The Marathas greatly strengthened and fortified its defences.

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s were then able to capture Gingee Fort from the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha emperor]] [[Rajaram I]] early in 1698, after a siege of seven years. [[Zulfikar Khan]], the son of [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]], the Grand Vizier in the court of the [[Turko-Persian]] Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], was in command of the siege operation of Senji and later its governance till he left the Carnatic after about a year from its fall.

After that, Aurangzeb granted a mansab of 2,500 rank and [[jagir]] of 12 lakhs to [[Swarup Singh of Senji|Raja Swarup Singh]], his [[Bundela|Bundela Rajput]] [[Domestic worker|servant]], along with the killedari (Fort Commandership) of Gingee in 1700. Raja Swarup Singh died of old age in 1714. His arrears of payments due to the [[Sadr Faujdari Adalat|faujdari]] amounted to 70 lakhs, being a defaulter for ten years. The Nawab of Arcot reported this matter to the Mughal emperor at Delhi. Hearing about the death of his father, [[Desingh]], the son of Raja Swarup Singh, started for Gingee from [[Bundelkhand]], his ancestral home.

On arriving at Gingee, Desingh assumed the governance of Gingee after performing the last rites of his father. Aurangazeb had granted a [[firman]] to his father and Desingh took formal possession of his father's jagir on the ground of his hereditary right. Desingh did not receive a warm welcome from the Mughal officers. The Nawab of Arcot, [[Saadatullah Khan I]], who attempted to dispossess Desingh, pleaded that the firman was not valid. When Payya Ramakrishna, who was his secretary, informed him of the legal necessity of getting the firman renewed by the new Emperor before assuming the jagir, Desingh replied that he had got the firman of Aurangzeb and that he need not apply to anybody else.

In fact after capturing the fort from Marathas, Aurangzeb had first appointed Nawab Daud Khan as the deputy [[subahdar]] of the Deccan. Nawab Daud Khan removed his headquarters from Gingee to the town of [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]], as he believed that the place was not healthy. This diminished the importance of Gingee. While shifting his headquarters, Daud Khan appointed Sadatullah Khan as his Diwan and Faujdar in 1708. Sadatullah Khan later became the Nawab of the two Carnatics in 1713, under Nizam-Ul-Mulk. He was the regular and acknowledged Nawab of the Carnatic between the years 1710 and 1732. After the death of Raja Swarup Singh he renewed the demand for the arrears of revenue with his son Raja Desingh. This led to a battle between the two, which ended in the death of the [[Rajput]], Desingh on 3 October 1714. He struggled at the age of 22, against the powerful Nawab Sadatulla Khan of Arcot in a struggle that was hopeless from the outset (Desingh's army consisted of only 350 horses and 500 troopers, while the Nawab's army had 8,000 horsemen and 10,000 sepoys). Ballads are sung in and around Gingee about his bravery. However, the fortress of Gingee lost its pre-eminent position and political importance within a few years of the extinction of the Rajput rule.[[File:Throne in Krishnagiri Fort.jpg|thumb|Throne in Krishnagiri Fort]]

Subsequently, the English and the French competed for the control of Gingee and the French won it for themselves on 11 September 1750, under the initiative of [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Marquis de Bussy]], the Governor-General of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. They took good care to secure the fort with a strong garrison, which was well supported with artillery and ammunition.

Gingee remained firmly in French possession until after the fall of Pondicherry to [[Sir Eyre Coote]] in January 1761. The English commander was Captain Stephen Smith. With the British conquest of Gingee, the French lost their last possession in the Carnatic.

[[File:Throne in Gingee Fort Hill.jpg|thumb|Throne in Gingee Fort Hill]]

Gingee regained its political importance for the last time in 1780, when [[Hyder Ali]] of Mysore, helped by some able French officers, invaded the Carnatic with a force of 90,000 men. Hyder's men appeared before the fortress and easily carried it by their assault in November 1780. The English re-conquered it at the close of the [[Second Mysore War]] from [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1799. After that Gingee had been free from the ravages and anarchy of war, but subject to desolation and decay. During the frequent Indo-French Wars, the British resident unsuccessfully petitioned for the demolition of the fort and the fortifications.

The presence of [[Turko-Persian]] Muslim rulers in Gingee is evident from the inhabitants of a nearby village called Minambur, where the Urdu speaking Navaitha Muslims living with their unique culture and tribes such as Shakir, Koken, Bhanday Bhonday, Choudary, Pappa, Aghalay, Hazari, Amberkhani, Sayeed etc.

===Gingee Fort===
{{main|Gingee Fort}}
[[File:Festningen Gingee i Karnatik - Peter Anker (1744–1832) - Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO - UEM4446.jpg|thumb|Gingee fort depicted in the late 18th century]]
Gingee is famous for its [[Gingee Fort]], a popular tourist attraction. The earliest mention of the hill fort of Gingee is found in an Inscription of Vikrama Chola (1120–63) dated in his 10th Year<ref>ARE 159 of 1930</ref> and a Kadava feudatory identified with Atkolli Kadavarayan calls himself the Lord of Senjiyar of the strong embattled fort.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Cōḷas, Volume 2, Issue 1|author =K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year =1937|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ&q=gingee+fort+kadava}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Inscriptions in the Pudukkóttai State: Early, Cola and Pandiya inscriptionauthor =Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamilnadu|year=2002|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5mAAAAMAAJ&q=gingee+fort+kadava}}</ref> The fort was later built up by the [[Imperial Cholas]] in the 12th century. It then passed from the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala Emperors]] to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperors of Vijayanagara]]. In 1638, Gingee came under the control of the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. In 1677, the great [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] monarch [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] conquered it. In 1698, it was captured by the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, when it became the headquarters of the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Carnatic]]. It changed hands to the [[France|French]] in 1750, and then to the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1762. During this time, many sculptural aspects of Gingee were shifted to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] by the French.

To visit Gingee Fort, guides are available from archaeological office which is on the way to the fort. The office is open for visitors from 9:00 to 17:00 (9am to 5pm). The fee for visitors and tourists for visiting the fort is Rs.25.

==Geography==
Gingee is located at {{Coord|12.25|N|79.42|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Gingee.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gingee]</ref> It has an average elevation of 92 metres (301 ft).

The nearest towns with railway stations are [[Tindivanam]], 28 km away, [[Viluppuram]] 38 km away and [[Thiruvannamalai]], 39 km away. Gingee is 147 km from [[Chennai]] and 64 km from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. National Highway [[National Highway 77 (India)|NH 77]] connects [[Krishnagiri]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], passes through Gingee and State Highway SH 4 connects [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]] and [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], passes through Gingee.

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations|type=
|align = right
|state=collapsed
|1951|7941
|1961|8765
|1971|10222
|1981|15106
|1991|16990
|2001|21251
|2011|27045
|footnote=Source:
*1951 – 2001:<ref name="urbaninfraii">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 9</ref>
*2011:<ref name=2011census/>
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Gingee had a population of 27,045 with a sex-ratio of 975 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 2,893 were under the age of six, constituting 1,470 males and 1,423 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 19.8% and 1.12% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 76.4%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 6,259 households. There were a total of 10.936 workers, comprising 487 cultivators, 640 main agricultural labourers, 414 in house hold industries, 5,721 other workers, 3,664 marginal workers, 45 marginal cultivators, 1,867 marginal agricultural labourers, 330 marginal workers in household industries and 1,442 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Gingee|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=683354|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Gingee (state assembly constituency)|Gingee assembly constituency]] is part of [[Arni (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Gingee itself a legislative constituency which is currently held by the DMK party and K.S.Masthan is currently the Member of the Legislative Assembly for Senji.
==Landmarks==
* Shiva temple, situated below the fort, was built during the reign of [[Desingh|Raja Desingh]], the [[Rajput]] king of Gingee.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|[[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]], the residence of [[Bhattaraka Laxmisena]]]]
* [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]] is a [[Jain Matha]] near Gingee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/News/2009/11-Nov/11_News_Updates_001.htm|title=News Updates|publisher=Www.Jainheritagecentres.Com|date=11 December 2009|access-date=27 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618134754/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/News/2009/11-Nov/11_News_Updates_001.htm|archive-date=18 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is the primary religious center of the [[Tamil Jain]] community.<ref name="southindianstates1">{{cite web |url=http://southindianstates.com/tamilnadu_districts/vilupuram/vilupuram-tourist-information1.html |title=Tourist Information of Vilupuram District Tamilnadu South Indian States India |publisher=Southindianstates.com |access-date=2012-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621053124/http://southindianstates.com/tamilnadu_districts/vilupuram/vilupuram-tourist-information1.html |archive-date=21 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is headed by the primary religious head of this community, [[Bhattaraka Laxmisena]] Swami.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FGSGmP4jNcC&q=Laxmisena+bhattaraka+tamil&pg=PA135 |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and ... - Vilas Adinath Sangave - Google Books |isbn=9788171548392 |access-date=2012-05-27|last1=Sangave |first1=Vilas Adinath |year=2001 }}</ref> The Viluppuram area has been an important centre of Jainism since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/08/stories/2008080858372200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811022707/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/08/stories/2008080858372200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-08-11 |title=Front Page : Mahavira bas-relief tells a story |date=2008-08-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-05-27}}</ref> Historically, there was a Jain Math at [[Kanchipuram]] but it was shifted to its current location here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2634&cat=40&subcat=123&subsubcat=42 |title=on www.jainsamaj.org ( Jainism, Ahimsa News, Religion, Non-Violence, Culture, Vegetarianism, Meditation, India. ) |publisher=Jainsamaj.org |access-date=2012-05-27 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103836/http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2634&cat=40&subcat=123&subsubcat=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Gingee}}
<gallery>
Image:Gingee-Fort-Krishnagiri.jpg|Gingee Fort, [[Krishnagiri]]
Image:GingeeFort-Rajagiri.jpg|Gingee Fort, [[Rajagiri Fort|Rajagiri Hill]]
Image:GingeeFort1.JPG|Gingee Fort View
File:Gingee_Jain_Temple_6.jpg|Gingee Jain temple
Image:Residence of Bhattaraka Laxmisena, Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Tamil Nadu.JPG|Residence of [[Bhattaraka Laxmisena]] at the [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C Questioning Ramayanas - by Paula Richman]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC The Literary Cultures in History - by Sheldon I Pollock]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=FqLfdZ0gcoEC Further Sources of Vijayanagara History By K A Nilakanta Sastry]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC Penumbral Visions - by Sanjay Subrahmanyam]
* {{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/CCBP/Gingee.pdf|publisher=Commissioner of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Pudukkottai municipality|year=2008|access-date=9 May 2015|ref=urban}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gingee}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100817012221/http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/gingee/ Gingee: History and Architecture]}}
* [http://www.gingeefort.com Gingee Fort]

{{Villupuram District}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]

Companies Act, 1956

2026-04-02T19:18:02Z

KariMccool73: Starting the article w/ sources...

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India, enabling companies to be formed by registration}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Update|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Companies Act
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to companies and certain other associations
| citation = {{URL|1=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/Companies_Act_1956_Part_1.pdf |2=Act No. 1 of 1956}}
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 18 January 1956
| date_commenced = 1 April 1956 and amendment 2015
| repeals = Some provisions of the Act are still in force (as per Ministry of Corporate Affairs Website)
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Companies Act, 1956''' was an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]], enacted in 1956, which enabled [[company|companies]] to be formed by registration, and set out the responsibilities of companies, their [[executive director|directors]] and [[company secretary|secretaries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.gov.in/starting_business/companies_act.php |title=Business Portal of India : Starting a Business : Regulatory Requirements : Companies Act |publisher=[[Government of India]] |work=[[National Portal of India]] |date= |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-date=20 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620000422/http://business.gov.in/starting_business/companies_act.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was repealed and replaced by the [[Companies Act 2013]].

==History==
The Act was administered by the [[Government of India]] through the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] and the Offices of Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidators, Public Trustee, [[Company Law Board]], Director of Inspection, etc. The Registrar of Companies (ROC) handles incorporation of new companies and the administration of running companies.

Since its commencement, it was amended many times, in which amendment of 1988, 1990, 1996, 2000 , 2011 & 2013 were notable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/2015/201521.pdf|title=Amended version 2015}}</ref>

==Types of companies==
The Companies Act, 1956 provided for the registration of 11 types of company.<ref>{{cite web |title=TYPES OF COMPANIES - Company Laws Ready Reckoner - Companies Act, 1956 - Companies Law |url=https://www.taxmanagementindia.com/visitor/detail_manual.asp?ID=431 |website=www.taxmanagementindia.com |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

* Private company
* Public company
* Companies limited by shares
* Companies limited by guarantee
* Unlimited company
* Section 25 company<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sandeep |title=Section 25 company: A not-for-profit company with defined objectives |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-a-not-for-profit-company-with-defined-objectives-7951756 |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
* Government companies
* Foreign companies
* Profitable or non profitable companies

==See also==
* [[Companies Act 2013]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Companies}}
* [http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Companies_Act_1956_13jun2011.pdf Text of the Companies Act, 1956]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Companies Act 1956, The}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1956]]
[[Category:Indian company law]]

Nagpur Central Museum

2026-03-29T14:56:11Z

KariMccool73: added info

{{Short description|Museum in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Nagpur Central Museum
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Nagpur Central Museum, Painting Gallery, Oct 2019.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.1510|79.0782|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = 1863
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| type =
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size = 30000+
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator = Mr. Mayuresh Khadke
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = Dirctorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking =
| network =
| website = 
| embedded =
}}
The '''Nagpur Central Museum''', popularly known as '''Ajab Bangala''', is located in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Central-Museum-fading-into-history/articleshow/8398372.cms|title=Central Museum fading into history? - Times of India|last=Gwalani|first=Payal|date=2011-05-08|website=The Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> Established in 1863, Nagpur Central Museum is one of the oldest museums in India and Maharashtra.<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/city/maharashtra/nagpur/destinations/palaces_museums/nagpur_city_museum.htm Nagpur City Museum/ Nagpur Central Museum]</ref> It holds important artifacts such as dinosaurs' fossils, coins, ancient inscriptions, sculptures, arms, tribal artifacts from per-historic to the modern time. The Nagpur Central Museum is the oldest and largest museum in the Central India region.<ref name = "The Hitavada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/8/24/City-iconic-Central-Museum-goes-hi-tech.html|title=City’s iconic Central Museum goes hi-tech - The Hitavada|last=Borkar|first=Shirish|date=2019-08-24|website=The Hitavada|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

== History ==
The idea of founding a museum at Nagpur was first recommended by the antiquarian society of the [[Central Provinces]] in 1862. Under instruction of [[Sir Richard Temple]], then the Chief commissioner of the Central Province, a committee was constituted for establishment of museum and library at Nagpur.<ref name = "The Hitavada"/> Based on the committee's plan, Nagpur Central Museum was established in 1863. Spearheaded by Sir Richard Temple, the royal families in the central India, native chiefs, landlord and all the district holders took a great interest in collection of the rare objects for the newly formed museum. The collections were enriched by acquiring exhibits from the exhibitions held at Nagpur and Jabalpur in 1865-66. Collection in the museum was sourced from Chhattisgarh, Vidarbha, [[Madhya Pradesh]] and even some parts of Western Maharashtra.

After its inception the museum was under care of the Director of Public Instruction of the Central Province; but in 1883, it was transferred to the Director of Agriculture. In 1919, the museum was again transferred to the department of Industries. Since the independence in 1947, the museum activities are mostly directed towards reorganizing of the galleries on the modern line. Presently, the museum is under control of the Director of Archaeology and Museum, [[Government of Maharashtra]].

Recently, the Central Museum has undergone a major renovation work, which include provisions for gardens and a cafeteria. As a part of digitization drive, 10 interactive information kiosks are now installed in the museum. The Central Museum is the first museum in Maharashtra to install Quick Response (QR) Code in display galleries, which provide information about artifacts in Marathi, Hindi, English and 13 foreign languages.<ref name = "The Hitavada"/> However, due to inadequacy of display facilities and galleries several important artifacts are still locked within the reserve collection.

==The building==
The museum is situated in a huge colonial style building designed by Capt. Cobbe in Civil lines area of Nagpur. The museum galleries have over 8,000 square feet of display space.

==Collections==
The museum is spread over eleven galleries, each with different themes.

===Natural history collection===
This gallery has a rare collection of dinosaurs’ fossils, mineral stones, antlers, reptiles, fish and invertebrates specimen. One of the dinosaur's fossils is almost 67.5 million years old. The fossil belongs to [[Jainosaurus]] (a large [[Titanosaurian]] dinosaur of India and wider Asia) which was excavated in the [[Jabalpur district]] of Madhya Pradesh back in 1932-33.<ref name = "ED Times">{{Cite web|url=https://edtimes.in/this-nagpur-museum-is-perfect-for-history-geeks-who-want-to-know-about-mughal-weaponry-fossils-and-dinosaur-feet/|title=This Nagpur Museum Is Perfect For History Geeks Who Want To Know About Mughal Weaponry, Fossils And Dinosaur Feet - ED Times|last=Sharma|first=Chirali|date=2018-07-31|website=ED Times|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> This gallery showcases glimpse of flora and fauna of Central India through its huge collection of stuffed animals and birds.

=== Nagpur heritage collection ===
A special gallery dedicated to the history of Nagpur is also designed in the museum. Here, tourists can see antiquities from the [[Chalcolithic]] sites of Sarasvati–Indus and Kaundinyapura excavations, megalithic sarcophagus, stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins of different ages, and metals, etc.

=== Sculpture collection ===
This gallery has a collection of stone sculptures of Buddha, Vishnu and other mythological figures from Maurya period to Maratha time.

=== Arm and armor collection ===
This gallery has a rich collection of arms used by the Tribal, Mughals, Marathas and British rulers.

=== Tribal art collection ===
The tribal art gallery showcases objects used by tribal communities like boomerangs, tobacco boxes, tools, musical instruments etc.

=== Painting collection ===
The Nagpur Central Museum also has an art gallery, which houses some unique paintings from the Bombay School of Art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationnext.in/central-museum-nagpur-pictures/|title=In pictures: Inside the magnificent 150-year-old Central Museum at Nagpur|date=2017-05-18|website=Nation Next|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-15|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415103152/https://nationnext.in/central-museum-nagpur-pictures/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Museum library==
The museum houses a reference library with rare ancient inscriptions, manuscripts, books and publications.

==Museum highlights==
* Dinosaurs’ fossils excavated from the Central India region
* A huge skull of a per-historic elephant
* Old photographs of historic buildings in Nagpur
* Statues of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (Removed from [[Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur]] after independence)

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Nagpur Central Museum, Prehistoric Elephant Skull.jpg|Skull of prehistoric elephant
File:Nagpur Central Museum, Natural history gallery, Oct 2019.jpg|Natural history gallery
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Raman Science Centre|Raman Science Centre, Nagpur ]]
* [[List of museums in India]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nagpur]]

Cirkus (film)

2026-03-21T16:13:11Z

KariMccool73: quick updated page per standard format and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|2022 film directed by Rohit Shetty}}
{{About|the 2022 Indian film||Cirkus (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cirkus
| image = Cirkus film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| screenplay = Yunus Sajawal {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Farhad Samji Sanchit Bedre Vidhi Ghadgaonkar
}}
| based_on = ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Rohit Shetty
*[[Bhushan Kumar]]
*[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ranveer Singh]]
*[[Pooja Hegde]]
*[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
*[[Varun Sharma]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| music = '''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]] '''Songs:''' [[Devi Sri Prasad]] Hiten-[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] Lijo George-DJ Chetas
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Rohit Shetty Pictures
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
}}
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirkus |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/cirkus-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda5ode5 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|150
}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Akshay Kumar reportedly charged 80% of Cuttputlli budget? As Bollywood looks at recession, actors' fees need to be cut |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood-slipping-into-recession-actors-fees-needs-to-be-cut-11941202.html |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|61.47}} crore<ref name="box:bh" />
}}

'''''Cirkus''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Period piece|period]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Cirkus is a period comedy set in the 1960's |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-scoop-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus-period-comedy-set-1960s/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty feature in a dramatic BTS pic from Cirkus, final schedule begins |url=https://hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-and-rohit-shetty-feature-in-a-dramatic-bts-pic-from-cirkus-final-schedule-begins-101616858066264.html |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> directed and produced by [[Rohit Shetty]]. The film is jointly produced by Rohit Shetty Pictures and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh, Rohit Shetty to collaborate on 'Comedy of Errors' adaptation 'Cirkus' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-to-collaborate-on-comedy-of-errors-adaptation-cirkus/article32899132.ece |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film stars [[Ranveer Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=18 November 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh wraps up Cirkus shares photo with Rohit Shetty & Varun Sharma: "Shooting khatamn promotion ki planning shuru.." |url=https://mamaraazzi.com/2022/11/18/ranveer-singh-wraps-up-cirkus-shares-photo-with-rohit-shetty-varun-sharma-shooting-khatamn-promotion-ki-planning-shuru/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=Mamaraazzi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Cirkus: Ranveer Singh joins Johnny Lever, Varun Sharma, Pooja Hegde for a 'current laga' performance |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/cirkus-ranveer-singh-johnny-lever-varun-sharma-pooja-hegde-current-laga-performance-8337197/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Varun Sharma]] in [[dual roles]] alongside [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Johny Lever]], and [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]].<ref name="filmfare.com">{{Cite web |title=Ranveer Singh to play double role for Angoor remake by Rohit Shetty |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-play-double-role-for-angoor-remake-by-rohit-shetty-44198.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Cirkus: Ranveer Singh, Rohit Shetty to collaborate again after Simmba, film to star Pooja Hegde and Jacqueline Fernandez |url=https://hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cirkus-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-to-collaborate-again-after-simmba-film-to-star-pooja-hegde-and-jacqueline-fernandez/story-04J6Tu5laeDDfvXJyZyPGI.html |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2021 |title=BREAKING: Deepika Padukone joins Ranveer Singh in Rohit Shetty's Cirkus |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-deepika-padukone-joins-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus/ |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="Hungama">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=15 September 2021 |title=SCOOP: Not just Deepika Padukone, even Ajay Devgn to have a cameo in Ranveer Singh starrer Cirkus : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-not-just-deepika-padukone-even-ajay-devgn-cameo-ranveer-singh-starrer-cirkus/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> In the film, two sets of identical twins mixed up at birth encounter each other as adults.

''Cirkus'' is a spin-off to 2017 film ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' and an adaptation of the 1963 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Bhranti Bilas|Bhranti Bilash]]'', which itself was based on [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'', and marks the final collaboration to date between Shetty and [[Farhad Samji]], the latter of whom did not return to work on Shetty's subsequent [[Cop Universe]] projects ''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]'' and ''[[Singham Again]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title='Cirkus' A Different Take On 'The Comedy of Errors': Rohit Shetty |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-cirkus-a-different-take-on-the-comedy-of-errors-rohit-shetty-news-204935 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=17 November 2021 |title=क्या संजीव कुमार की 'अंगूर' से प्रेरित है रणवीर सिंह की 'सर्कस'? जानिए इस पर क्या बोले रोहित शेट्टी |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/rohit-shetty-revealed-ranveer-singh-starrer-cirkus-is-not-adaptation-of-sanjeev-kumar-movie-angoor-918362.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the film began in November 2020 at [[Mumbai]] and also took place in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh starts shooting for Rohit Shetty's 'Cirkus' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-ranveer-singh-starts-shooting-for-rohit-shettys-cirkus/articleshow/79268522.cms |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''Cirkus'' was released theatrically on 23 December 2022.<ref name="release">{{Cite news |date=19 May 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Cirkus to release on December 23, 2022; first look poster confirms double role |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus-release-december-23-2022-first-look-poster-confirms-double-role/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film was panned by critics and audiences, and became a [[box-office bomb|major commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=BIGGEST FLOPS Bollywood 2022 Movie List: Samrat Prithviraj, Cirkus, Shamshera, films that FLUNKED at box office |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/biggest-flops-bollywood-2022-movie-list-samrat-prithviraj-cirkus-shamshera-films-that-flunked-at-box-office-article-96613454 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{hatnote|The film's timeline is connected with [[Golmaal Again]], and depicts the events before.}}
In 1944, Dr. Roy Jamnadas, who is working on the theory of [[nature vs nurture]], separates two sets of identical twins he finds at the doorstep of the orphanage he runs and gives them up for adoption to two different families, based in two different cities of India. One twin from each pair is given to a couple in [[Ooty]] and the other twin from the pair to a couple in [[Bangalore]]. Coincidentally, both the couples name the twins Roy and Joy, after Dr. Roy and his own adoptive brother Joy. Roy 1 and Joy 1's father runs a circus and after his death, they both take up the responsibility of running the circus. Roy 2 and Joy 2's father is a wealthy industrialist. Roy 1 has a strange connection with electricity and electric currents do not affect him. He uses this ability to show tricks at the circus and becomes famously known as 'Electric Man'. Elsewhere, Roy 2 receives electric shocks whenever Roy 1 comes into contact with electricity.

The story then moves forward 30 years. Roy 1's wife, Mala, cannot conceive and wishes to adopt a child from the Jamnadas Orphanage, but Roy 1 is against the idea. Roy 2 is in love with Bindu but her father, Rai Bahadur, is skeptical about him as he has seen Roy 1 with Mala in Ooty and has mistaken him for Roy 2, thinking that he is cheating on Bindu. Roy 2 and Joy 2 come to Ooty to buy a tea estate and there is a lot of confusion and misunderstanding as people mistake them for the other pair of twins. Three robbers - Momo, Mango and Chikki - are after them to rob their money. They back off when Roy 2 gives them electric shocks and their boss, Polson Dada, later comes to take revenge. They also come across Nagmani, the shady cab driver and Bagheera, a dacoit turned hotel owner. Roy 2 thinks they are all part of a criminal gang who want to rob them, and when they happen to come across Mala, they think that she is the leader of the gang.

Roy 1 decides to gift a diamond necklace to Mala but the jeweler mistakenly gives it to Roy 2, creating further confusion. Moreover, Rai Bahadur is now convinced that Roy 2 is married to Mala. On hearing this, Bindu threatens to end her relationship with him, not knowing that Mala is actually Roy 1's wife. All the confusion is cleared when both pairs of twins come face to face at the circus and Dr. Jamnadas reveals the truth to them and his real intention behind separating them. They all reconcile with Roy 1 and Mala finally adopting a child from the orphanage while Roy 2 and Bindu plan to get married soon.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ranveer Singh]] in [[dual role]]s as
**Roy Chauhan aka Electric Man
**Roy Shenoy
* [[Pooja Hegde]] as Mala, Roy Chauhan's wife
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Bindu, Roy Shenoy's girlfriend
* [[Varun Sharma]] in [[dual role]]s as
**Joy Chauhan
**Joy Shenoy
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Dr. Roy Jamnadas
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Rai Bahadur, Bindu's father
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Shakuntala Shenoy, Roy Shenoy and Joy Shenoy's mother
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Polson Dada
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]] as Momo
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Daaku Bagheera
* Radhika Bangia as Lily
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Naag mani, a taxi driver
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Veljibhai, a jeweller
* [[Vijay Patkar]] as Shankar
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Yusuf
* [[Anil Charanjeett]] as Prem
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Joy Jamnadas
* [[Sulabha Arya]] as Chachi
* Umakant Patil as Chikki
* Ashish Warang as Mango
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as Dev Chauhan, Roy Chauhan and Joy Chauhan's late father (cameo appearance)
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Vrindama (special appearance in song "Current Laga Re")
* Krishna Saajnani as [[Conductor (transportation)|Travelling ticket examiner]] (TTE) at Ooty Station
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Rohit Shetty]] had originally planned to team up with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] for a remake of the 1982 film, ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''. After the 2011 blockbuster ''[[Singham]]'', Shetty had begun writing the script of the film but left it half-finished.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Did you know Rohit Shetty was supposed to make Angoor remake with Shah Rukh Khan in the lead? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/did-you-know-rohit-shetty-was-supposed-to-make-angoor-remake-with-shah-rukh-khan-in-the-lead/669384 |website=timesnownews.com}}</ref> In 2015, Shetty said "We always plan to make ''Angoor'' but we ended up making ''[[Chennai Express]]'' and then ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''. We will definitely make ''Angoor'' but I don't know when."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Bollywood News |date=24 December 2015 |title=Rohit To Turn Producer; Vows to Remake Angoor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/Dec/24/rohit-to-turn-producer-vows-to-remake-angoor-859934.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> During [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], Shetty worked on developing the story further and narrated it to [[Ranveer Singh]], who later confirmed for the film, marking their third feature film collaboration after ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018) and ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=12 October 2020 |title=EXPLOSIVE NEWS: Ranveer Singh's next with Rohit Shetty is the Angoor adaptation! Double Dhamaka : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/explosive-news-ranveer-singhs-next-rohit-shetty-angoor-adaptation-double-dhamaka/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The film was produced by [[Rohit Shetty|Rohit Shetty Productionz]] and [[T-Series Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=23 December 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh on Christmas Release 'Cirkus': 'Its Objective is to Spread Joy' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ranveer-singh-cirkus-rohit-shetty-1235468035/}}</ref> The officially announced the project titled ''Cirkus'' on 19 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 October 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty team up for Cirkus, film set for 2021 release : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-and-rohit-shetty-team-up-for-cirkus-film-set-for-2021-release/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Since the film is a comedy of error that results from [[mistaken identity (plot device)|mistaken identity]] due to the double role of two characters in the film, makers decided to set the film in an era that was devoid of mobile phones and all other modern gadgets. After contemplating on the time frame, they finally zeroed in on 1967 as the era to be recreated in ''Cirkus''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 December 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE SCOOP: Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Cirkus is a period comedy set in the 1960's : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-scoop-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus-period-comedy-set-1960s/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In early November 2020 before the film entering to production, Shetty booked entire [[Mehboob Studio]], Mumbai for the film shoot and started the set construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=10 November 2020 |title=Rohit Shetty books entire Mehboob Studios for Ranveer Singh starrer Cirkus shoot : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rohit-shetty-books-entire-mehboob-studios-for-ranveer-singh-starrer-cirkus-shoot/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Ranveer Singh]] was reported to play double role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 January 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ranveer Singh on Cirkus- "It's an ensemble comedy in which I play a double role" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ranveer-singh-cirkus-ensemble-comedy-play-double-role/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In mid-October 2020, it was confirmed that [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] will play the female leads in the film, in the maiden collaboration with both Shetty and Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=15 October 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE SCOOP: Pooja Hegde & Jacqueline Fernandez join Ranveer Singh for Rohit Shetty's Angoor adaptation : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-scoop-pooja-hegde-jacqueline-fernandez-join-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-angoor-adaptation/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Later, [[Varun Sharma]] was confirmed for playing double role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 October 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE SCOOP: Varun Sharma steps into Deven Verma's shoes for Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Angoor adaptation! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-scoop-varun-sharma-steps-deven-vermas-shoes-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-angoor-adaptation/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Johnny Lever]] was also cast in an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=3 February 2021 |title=Johny Lever joins the cast of Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Cirkus : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/johny-lever-joins-cast-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 17 November 2020 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh begins shooting for Rohit Shetty's Cirkus in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranveer-singh-begins-shooting-for-rohit-shetty-s-cirkus-in-mumbai-1741951-2020-11-18 |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> [[Pooja Hegde]] wrapped the first schedule on 6 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 December 2020 |title=Pooja Hegde wraps first schedule of Cirkus, to resume shoot in the New Year : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pooja-hegde-wraps-first-schedule-cirkus-resume-shoot-new-year/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In late-December 2020, Singh glimpses from the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=23 December 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh is all about lights, camera and action; shares glimpses from a shoot : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ranveer-singh-is-all-about-lights-camera-and-action-shares-glimpses-from-a-shoot/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 December 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh shares goofy photo with Rohit Shetty from the sets of Cirkus on Simmba's 2nd anniversary 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ranveer-singh-shares-goofy-photo-rohit-shetty-sets-cirkus-simmbas-2nd-anniversary/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]] shot a special dance number in mid-February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 February 2021 |title=BREAKING: Deepika Padukone joins Ranveer Singh in Rohit Shetty's Cirkus : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-deepika-padukone-joins-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Final schedule of the film began on 27 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 March 2021 |title=Rohit Shetty begins the final schedule of Cirkus; shares BTS picture with Ranveer Singh : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rohit-shetty-begins-final-schedule-cirkus-shares-bts-picture-ranveer-singh/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=31 March 2021 |title=Pooja Hegde misses Thalapathy 65 mahurat since she is busy shoot for Cirkus 65 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pooja-hegde-misses-thalapathy-65-mahurat-since-busy-shoot-cirkus/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Few Russian artists with elaborate outfits were spotted outside the sets and their looks included coloured wigs and extravagant headgears.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 April 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh shoots with international artists for Rohit Shetty's Cirkus : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-shoots-international-artists-rohit-shettys-cirkus/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Film production was halted during the final schedule in April 2021 as shootings were stopped in Mumbai, due to the second wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]], and the film's vanity vans were given to police for the COVID duty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=21 April 2021 |title=Vanity vans from sets of Cirkus, Gangubai Kathiawadi and Raksha Bandhan provided to police on COVID duty : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vanity-vans-sets-cirkus-gangubai-kathiawadi-raksha-bandha-provided-police-covid-duty/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The last schedule resumed in [[Ooty]] around November 2021 and was completed within December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rohit Shetty on 'Cirkus' hero Ranveer Singh: He is a fabulous actor who can do a 'Lootere' can also play Simmba and Bajirao - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-on-cirkus-hero-ranveer-singh-he-is-a-fabulous-actor-who-can-do-a-lootere-can-also-play-simmba-and-bajirao/articleshow/87715881.cms |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Some patchwork also took place in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=25 July 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty shoot additional scenes for Cirkus in Mumbai : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-shoot-additional-scenes-cirkus-mumbai/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The entire filming for Cirkus was wrapped up in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=17 November 2022 |title=Shooting Khatam! Ranveer Singh wraps Cirkus; calls director Rohit Shetty "Mass-ter" filmmaker : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shooting-khatam-ranveer-singh-wraps-cirkus-calls-director-rohit-shetty-mass-ter-filmmaker/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
[[Post-production]] of the film began simultaneously with the wrapping-up and continuation of film production. Editing and [[VFX]] works began in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 February 2022 |title=SCOOP: Rohit Shetty looking to build his own empire like Yash Raj Studios in Mumbai or Gujarat : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-rohit-shetty-looking-build-empire-like-yash-raj-studios-mumbai-gujarat/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The final copy of the film was ready in late-November, and was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) next month. On 16 December 2022, the film received a [[U/A certificate]] from the [[Censor Board]], with a finalized runtime of 138 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Cast List | Cirkus Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cirkus/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Cirkus (soundtrack)}}
The score is composed by [[Amar Mohile]] and the songs were written by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Lijo George-DJ Chetas.<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Cirkus– Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cirkus/F8qbxwJYe2s_ |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The first single titled "Current Laga Re" was released on 8 December 2022. The second single "Sun Zara", sung by [[Papon (singer)|Papon]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] released on 16 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Cirkus song Sun Zara: Ranveer Singh, Jacqueline Fernandez, Pooja Hegde look lovely in this sweet, simple melody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cirkus-song-sun-zara-ranveer-singh-jacqueline-fernandez-pooja-hegde-8328787/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The third single "Aashiqui", sung by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Amrita Singh released on 21 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Cirkus song Aashiqui: This Badshah track is heavily reminiscent of rapper's Jugnu, watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cirkus-song-aashiqui-this-badshah-song-is-heavily-reminiscent-of-rappers-jugnu-watch-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-video-8336265/ |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The score was composed by [[Amar Mohile]].

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Cirkus'' was theatrically released on 23 December 2022. It was initially scheduled for 31 December 2021, during [[New Year]], and then on 15 July 2022, but were unable due to production delays via [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh starrer Cirkus directed by Rohit Shetty to release on 31 December 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-starrer-cirkus-directed-by-rohit-shetty-to-release-on-31-december-2021/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In May 2022, the new release date with first official poster was announced — 23 December 2022, thus eyeing [[Christmas Eve]].<ref name="release" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Cirkus... |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/cirkus-rohit-shetty-shares-first-poster-ranveer-singh-starrer-announces-christmas-2022-release-1085841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040930/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/cirkus-rohit-shetty-shares-first-poster-ranveer-singh-starrer-announces-christmas-2022-release-1085841 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=28 June 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh starrer Cirkus' digital rights acquired by Netflix; ZEE Network acquires satellite rights : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-starrer-cirkus-digital-rights-acquired-netflix-zee-network-acquires-satellite-rights/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film started streaming on [[Netflix]] from 17 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2023 |title='Cirkus' on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/cirkus-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2336477-2023-02-19 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Ranveer Singh's Cirkus will stream on Netflix from this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singhs-cirkus-will-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date-8448851 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Cirkus'' collected {{INR}}6.25 [[crore]] in India on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Box Office Estimate Day 1: Opening shocks the industry; Rohit Shetty, Ranveer Singh film opens at just Rs. 7 crores :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/cirkus-box-office-estimate-day-1-opening-shocks-industry-rohit-shetty-ranveer-singh-film-opens-just-rs-7-crores/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In its first week, the film made ₹28.20 crore net in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Box Office Day 6: Ranveer Singh starrer collects Rs. 2.25 cr. on Day 6; total collections at Rs. 28.20 cr. :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/cirkus-box-office-day-6-ranveer-singh-starrer-collects-rs-2-25-cr-day-6-total-collections-rs-28-20-cr/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> As of 19 January 2023, the film has collected ₹42.44 crore in India and ₹19.03 crore overseas for a worldwide total of ₹61.47 crore.<ref name="box:bh">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus box office collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cirkus/box-office/ |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Cirkus'' was panned by critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=23 December 2022 |title='Cirkus' review: 'Felt like a Sajid Khan film', say netizens on Ranveer Singh, Pooja Hegde-starrer comedy caper |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/cirkus-review-felt-like-a-sajid-khan-film-say-netizens-on-ranveer-singh-pooja-hegde-starrer-comedy-caper-357522-2022-12-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226060834/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/cirkus-review-felt-like-a-sajid-khan-film-say-netizens-on-ranveer-singh-pooja-hegde-starrer-comedy-caper-357522-2022-12-23 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |quote=Soon after the Rohit Shetty directorial Cirkus hit theatres today, critics and moviegoers slammed the movie on Twitter.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|0|3.4|13|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=26 December 2022}}

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it with 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Rohit Shetty's direction is decent. The biggest strength of his execution is that he doesn't let the film turn confusing though there are far too many characters, including the ones that look similar. He has handled a few comic moments in an entertaining manner. He goes on a high with the scenes of Momo (Siddharth Jadhav) and also Rai Bahadur."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cirkus/critic-review/cirkus-movie-review/cirkus-suffers-from-poor-writing-and-forced-humour-and-appeals-only-in-bits-and-pieces/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]''{{'}}s reviewer felt that, "''Cirkus'' have same drawback as other Bollywood films have nowadays, its seems that it have no respect for audience, ''Cirkus'' is abysmally bad film, it may remind audience ''[[Awaara|Awara]]'' (1951) of Raj Kapoor', referring to its upbringing theme similar Awara. Ranveer Singh's both roles are insipid, this film's comic gags are pathetically unfunny, pointing on technical aspects he wrote that, its gaudy colour pallets made to appear film's real background like painted one."<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Cirkus'' Review: A Great Fall For Both Rohit Shetty And Ranveer Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/cirkus-review-a-great-fall-for-both-rohit-shetty-and-ranveer-singh-1-star-3634465 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''{{'}} Abhishek Khude rated it by 2/5, wrote 'The atmosphere, background in this film looked fake, it have theme of ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017), Singh did acting in his typical one tone, Shetty tried to generate humour by actor's wired body movements and tasteless dialogues, few scenes are humorous, probably kids will enjoy this picture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirkus review |url=https://www.maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/cirkus/amp_moviereview/96471873.cms |website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', rated it by 1.5/5, wrote 'Ranveer Singh-Rohit Shetty film is surprisingly blah', ''Cirkus'' have cliche. She saw similar elements which Rohit Shetty everytime insert in his films to create humour from his multiple editions of ''Golmaal'' onwards, this film have over-the-top hilarity - Shetty style, in most part of it humour gags does not landed, some places it gives lectures to audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus movie review: Ranveer Singh-Rohit Shetty film is surprisingly blah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cirkus-movie-review-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-8340379/}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} reviewer Anuj Kumar, wrote in his review article that, Rohit Shetty used lots of Bollywood clichés such as ''Kali pahadi'', ''Rai Sahab'' but nothing created laughter, Jacqueline Fernandez- Puja Hegde looked like this film's glittering sets that shines a lot but add less worth, ''Cirkus'' is reckless ruckus in Ooty. Jadhav have prominent role, Fizzle generated when Lever appeared, he have 2-3 laugh moments the way Sanjay Mishra have in it.<ref name=":0" /> ''[[ABP News]]'' reviewer expressed that, Ranveer Singh, Varun Sharma's both characters are serious in this film and felt responsibility to generate humour was on [[Siddhartha Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]]- Sanjay Mishra, felt like supporting actors trying to do forced comedy, this film's plot is based on mistaken identity of two twin brother's set.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Movie Review: Rohit Shetty, Ranveer Singh's Comedy hit the theatres |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/cirkus-movie-review-rohit-shetty-ranveer-singh-s-comedy-hit-the-theatres-khabar-filmy-hai-23-12-2022-1571470 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> ''The'' ''Quint's'' Pratiksha Mishra gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and wrote Cirkus's script is predictable, almost every part of this film have done before, such as trio of thieves (you already saw them in ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010) led by Pappi Bhai), the climax scene (similar to ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'') bring forth just a few instances this film have a lot of these. Johny Lever, Varun Sharma and Sanjay Mishra etc. tried to make us laugh but writing is weak, it did not supported them. She criticized [[Film editing|editing]] (due to slow motion scenes) and [[Dialogue in writing|dialogues]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title='Cirkus' Review: A Circus With Great Performers but No Attractions |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/rohit-shetty-ranveer-singh-film-cirkus-full-movie-review-comedy-golmaal-deepika-padukone-song |website=The Quint}}</ref>

Calling the film predictable and unoriginal, [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "There's only so far that an actor's innate talent, nostalgia and kitschy images can take a film. Soon enough, ''Cirkus'' blurs the line between imitation and tribute, until the fun completely ceases." In her 1.75/5-rated review, she added a note of praise towards Shetty's continued use of the Tamil language, stating "Ironically, Rohit Shetty's much-lambasted comedies give us more authenticity in the use of language in southern Indian settings than most commercial Hindi cinema bothers with."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus movie review: Sparsely funny, mostly listless Comedy of Errors with a message |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cirkus-movie-review-sparsely-funny-mostly-listless-comedy-of-errors-with-a-message-11861981.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Vivek M.V. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated it by 1.5 out of 5 stars, wrote it is an ultra-boring film, opposite to its name it does not have any memorable circus acts, it have terrible jokes, gaudy colour tone which strain your eyes. "This is Rohit Shetty's worst film yet."<ref>{{Cite web |last=MV |first=Vivek |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus' movie review: Rohit Shetty's worst film yet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/cirkus-movie-review-rohit-shetty-s-worst-film-yet-1174564.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "There are some occasional jumping acts here and there by jokers, and then the protagonist just holds two cables and passes current through his body. WhatsApp jokes double up as movie dialogues."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirkus Review: Boring! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/cirkus-review-1/20221223.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Cirkus is a busy film filled with a battery of characters put together with a purpose to make us laugh, but is far from that. Entertaining the audience with slapstick comedy and drama is a tightrope that Rohit Shetty has successfully walked before but this time he seems to have tripped several times along the way."<ref>{{Citation |title=Cirkus Review {{!}} Circus Movie Review: All the characters, colours and chaos cannot make up for lack of comedy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/cirkus/movie-review/96434397.cms |access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

Rating the film 2/5, ''[[India Today]]'' critic Tushar Joshi wrote, "The issue with Cirkus is that it feels outdated. Not because it's set in the 60s, but the formula is cliched. The VFX in some scenes looks amateurish and the music, unlike Shetty's previous films, is a big downer. There is no harm in making a mindless comedy, but for it to work you need to have some solid writing to back your effort." He added, "In Cirkus, the writing is average and the only time the film picks tempo is when the supporting cast delivers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus Movie Review: Ranveer Singh's film suffers from power outage, humko current nahi laga re! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/cirkus-movie-review-ranveer-singhs-film-suffers-from-power-outage-humko-current-nahi-laga-re-2312586-2022-12-23 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Monika Rawal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in her review said, Cirkus is an awaful film, it have no comedy, Rohit Shetty appears to stuck in days of ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|Golmaal]]'' (2006), there are endless characters in it and everyone did overacting, Ranveer Singh tried to be funny but his jokes did not land. Jacqueline is no better here and doesn't get to do much other than be just a prop adding some glam quotient.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Cirkus review |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/cirkus-movie-review-unfunny-and-outdated-rohit-shetty-s-brand-of-comedy-touches-a-new-low-ranveer-singh-can-t-save-it-101671790840054.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Tina Das of ''[[ThePrint]]'' wrote that this film have confusing narrative and it is extremely boring, Cirkus have too many characters and it created chaos thus became unfunny, Rohit Shetty's this film is one of the worst film of this year along with ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]'' and ''[[Heropanti 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Rohit Shetty's Cirkus is easily the worst movie of the year |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/rohit-shettys-cirkus-is-easily-the-worst-movie-of-the-year/1278845/ |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Section link|The Comedy of Errors|Adaptations}}
* ''Bhranti Bilas'', 1869 play by Indian writer [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], based on Shakespeare's ''The Comedy of Errors''
** ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'', 1963 Indian Bengali-language comedy film by Manu Sen, based on Vidyasagar's play
** [[Do Dooni Chaar (1968 film)|''Do Dooni Chaar'' (1968 film)]], 1968 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Debu Sen, remake of the 1963 film; itself remade into the 1982 film ''Angoor''
** [[Angoor (1982 film)|''Angoor'' (1982 film)]], 1982 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Gulzar, remade into the 2022 film ''Cirkus''
** ''[[Double Di Trouble]]'', 2014 Indian Punjabi-language film by Smeep Kang remake of the 1982 film ''Angoor''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11112808}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | cirkus }}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Comedy|1940s|1960s}}
{{Rohit Shetty}}
{{T-Series}}
{{The Comedy of Errors}}

[[Category:Films set in 1942]]
[[Category:Films set in 1960]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Shetty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Comedy of Errors]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Circus films]]

Chaurya Paatham

2026-03-21T02:12:13Z

KariMccool73: Starting basic pg and citations...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Nikhil Gollamari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = Nikhil Gollamari
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| producer = [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]
| starring = {{plain list|
*Indhra Ram
*Payal Radhakrishna
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]]
*[[Mast Ali]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| editing = Uthura Parthasarathy
| music = Davzand
| studio = Nakkina Narratives
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzI5MDMyMDI1MDAwMzQ=|title=Chaurya Paatham - CBFC |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chaurya Paatham''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by Nikhil Gollamari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Apr/27/nikhil-gollamari-even-my-own-acting-skills-improved-while-making-chaurya-paatam|title=Nikhil Gollamari: Even my own acting skills improved while making Chaurya Paatam|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=9 April 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film features debutant Indhra Ram, Payal Radhakrishna, [[Rajeev Kanakala]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-indhra-ram-to-make-his-debut-in-telugu-cinema-with-chaurya-paatam-8905525.html|title=Actor Indhra Ram To Make His Debut In Telugu Cinema With Chaurya Paatam|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/indhra-ram-interview-vijay-sethupathi-sir-loved-our-teaser-and-my-look-in-chaurya-paatam/316f0c9fd3505|title=Indhra Ram interview - Vijay Sethupathi sir loved our teaser and my look in Chaurya Paatam|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]] under Nakkina Narratives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/trinadharao-nakkina-speech-at-chaurya-paatam-movie-event-785584.html|title=TrinadhaRao Nakkina : ప్రేక్షకులు థియేటర్లకు రావట్లేదు.. త్రినాథరావు నక్కిన ఆవేదన..|first=ntv|last=Telugu|date=16 April 2025|website=NTV Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/director-trinadha-raosdebut-production-chaurya-pathambegins-musical-journey-863889|title=Director Trinadha Rao'sdebut production 'Chaurya Patham'begins musical journey|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=10 March 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> and editing was done by Uthura Parthasarathy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Apr/24/uthura-parthasarathy-i-have-the-drive-and-zeal-to-make-it-big|title=Uthura Parthasarathy: I have the drive and zeal to make it big|first=Shreya|last=Veronica|date=24 April 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The film was released on 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/16/chaurya-paatam-trailer-a-rural-heist-comedy-with-a-parody-twist|title=Chaurya Paatam trailer: A rural heist comedy with a parody twist|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=16 April 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Summary ==
A young aspiring filmmaker, desperate to fund his first movie, plans to rob a bank in the village of Dhanapalli with the help of a small gang. However, the heist takes an unexpected turn, leading to a series of unforeseen events that dramatically change his life.

== Cast ==
*Indhra Ram as Vedanth Ram
*Payal Radhakrishna as Anjali
* Madee Manepalli as Lakshman Kotipalli
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Zamindar
*[[Mast Ali]] as Bablu Kumar
*Anji Valguman as Jack Dan
*Supriya Aysola as Vasudha
*Edward Stevenson as Shivay

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| all_music = Davzand.<ref>https://www.jiosaavn.com/search/album/chaurya%20paatam {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:34
| title1 = Okkasariga
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 3:31
| title2 = Aada Pisacham
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length2 = 3:03
| title3 = Telisi Telisi
| lyrics3 = Kalyanachakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra3 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 3:24
| title4 = Kanne Kaane
| lyrics4 = [[Roll Rida]], ML Gayatri
| extra4 = [[Roll Rida]], [[Mangli]]
| length4 = 3:36
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Chaurya Paatham'' was released on 25 April 2025.

Aditya Devulapally of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and said "Chaurya Paatam is a zany heist comedy that, despite its promising start and quirky charm, is ultimately let down by weak writing in the latter half."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/26/chaurya-paatam-movie-review-a-zany-heist-comedy-that-doesnt-fully-deliver|title=Chaurya Paatam movie review: A zany heist comedy that doesn't fully deliver|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=26 April 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Bhanuprasad Rangaiahgari from ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' gave the film 2.75/5 stars and stated "Chaurya Paatam is praised for its exceptional cinematography by Karthik Ghattamaneni, its impactful background score, and its high production values."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chaurya-paatam-movie-review-bh-2776964.html|title=Chaurya Paatam Movie Review: చౌర్యపాఠం సినిమా రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే?|date=25 April 2025|website=telugu.news18.com}}</ref> TA Kiran of ''[[Zee News Telugu]]'' also given same rating and said "The performances, particularly by debutant Indra Ram and Rajiv Kanakala, were well-received, with the rest of the cast delivering commendable support."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/chaurya-paatam-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-details-ta-218218|title=Chaurya Paatam Movie Review:'చౌర్య పాఠం' మూవీ రివ్యూ..|date=25 April 2025|website=Zee News Telugu}}</ref>

===Streaming rights===
The movie was given the streaming rights to [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 27 May 2025 and in [[Lionsgate Play]] on 6 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaurya Paatham OTT Release: When and where to watch Indhra Ram’s Telugu crime comedy drama online|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/chaurya-paatham-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-indhra-rams-telugu-crime-comedy-drama-online-1389643?amp|work=[[Pinkvilla]]|accessdate=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chaurya Paatam, A Crime-Comedy Film with a Twist, Now Streaming on Lionsgate Play|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/chaurya-paatam-a-crime-comedy-film-with-a-twist-now-streaming-on-lionsgate-play-8603637/amp?|work=Gadgets360|accessdate=8 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt31311161}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 crime films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 crime comedy films]]

Bhadresar

2026-03-17T20:03:02Z

KariMccool73:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadresar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = gu
| other_name = Bhadreshwar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Bhandasar Jain Temple front view.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhadresar Jain Temple
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|54|43|N|69|54|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,552
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 370410
| registration_plate = starting with GJ 12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/916 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhadresar''' or '''Bhadreshwar''' {{IPAc-en|b|@|'|d|r|E|s|w|@r}} is a village in [[Mundra]] [[Taluka]], [[Kutch]] district of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=A>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cseindia.org/content/cse-analyses-eia-report-thermal-power-project-bhadreshwar-kutch-gujarat |title=CSE analyses: EIA report of thermal power project, Bhadreshwar, Kutch, Gujarat |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720174756/http://www.cseindia.org/content/cse-analyses-eia-report-thermal-power-project-bhadreshwar-kutch-gujarat |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is about 27 km from Taluka headquarters [[Mundra]] and barely a kilometer away from the seashore.<ref name=C>{{cite web|title=Bhadreshwar|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=263&webpartid=532|publisher=Gujarat Tourism, Government of Gujatat|accessdate=30 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127061812/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=263&webpartid=532|archive-date=27 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
Bhadreshwar is the site of the ancient city of Bhadravati.Bhadravati is mentioned in epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=z>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/bhadreshvar.htm |title=www.Jinalaya.com - Shri Bhadreshvar Tirth - Gujarat |website=www.jinalaya.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050712004340/http://www.jinalaya.com/gujarat/bhadreshvar.htm |archive-date=2005-07-12}} </ref> It is mentioned in the works of Kantavijay, a Jain monk.<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

The earliest source of information regarding this place is an inscription on the [[Ajitnath]] statue in Vasai Jain temple which records [[Samvat]] 622 (555 AD) which may be marking Samvat 1622 (1565 AD) also. The Vasai Jain Temple is said to have been founded in the 21st year of the Vairat era, and dedicated to Vasai by Siddhasen of the race of Hari. His successors were Mahasen, Narsen, Bhojraj, Vanraj, Sarangdev, Virasen, and Harisen, who lived in the time of Vikram (57 BC). Harisen had left his kingdom to his widow Lilavati. Lilavati was succeeded by his nephew Kirtidhara. Then came Dharnipal, Devdatt and Danjiraj. In the time of Dhaniraj, the country was plundered by many chiefs.<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

In 156, (Samvat 213), Vanraj Vaghela of Munjpur, who was Jain, seized the country. He was succeeded by Yograj, Ratnadatta or Shivaditya and Vijayarao or Vaisiddha. Next, after a time of misrule, the Kathis of Pavargadh seized Bhadravati and kept it for 147 years. After them, 651 (Samvat 618), Kanak Chavda of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] took the country, built the temple, and in 555 (Samvat 622) set up the statue of [[Ajitnath]] which may be brought in to fit the date on the statue. Kanak's successor was Akad Chavda, a Shaiva. During his time, the village was invaded by Sayyid Lal Shah and Mughuls. He was followed by his son Bhuvad who lost his kingdom to the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] Rajputs of [[Bhangadh]]. The new rulers changed the name of the place to Bhadreshwar in 741 (Samvat 798), and continued to hold it until 1132 (Samvat 1189). Navghan, the son of Bhimrao, was the last of them.<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

in 1178 Fateh Khan Pithu A [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] Chief Of [[Nagarparkar Tehsil|Nagar Parker]] Invaded whole of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and Reached the City of Bhadresar which he destroyed. (See [[Sack of Bhadresar]] for more information)

The other statues of the Jain temple mark Samvat 1232 (1175 AD) as their dates. Perhaps the earliest historical fact is that in Samvat 1182 (1125 AD), [[Jagdusha]], a Jain merchant and [[philanthropist]] who had made a fortune as a grain dealer in a time of famine, received a grant of Bhadreshwar and had the temple so thoroughly repaired that all traces of antiquity were removed. He died without heirs in 1181 (Samvat 1238) and the village fell into the hands Naughan Vaghela and his ''vakils'' Ajjaramal Shantidas and Nagandas Tejpal. Vastupal-Tejapal, the ministers in court of Viradhaval of [[Vaghela dynasty]] visited the temple with Sangha in Samvat 1286 and was well received by Navghan. They managed to convince Viradhaval to get his daughter married with Sarangdev, the grandson of Navghan. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries this was a most popular place of pilgrimage among Jains.<ref name="Burgess1876" />

Under the Hala Jadeja, it was seized by Jam Jadeja and afterwards by Jam Raval in 1535 (Samvat 1592). Since then it has been neglected. In 1763, the walls of the old fort began to be pulled down and the stones used for building. About 1810 even the old temples were razed to supply stones to build the seaport town of [[Mundra]].<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

On 15 December 1815, the army of [[Cutch State]] was defeated near Bhadreshwar. The army of the [[British East India Company]] was led by Colonel East and the army of Cutch was led by a Muslim commander, Hussain Miyan met near Bhadreshwar. The British army was behind the Vasai Jain Temple and the temple was in between them. Husain Miyan respected the sanctity of the temple and he didn't fire on the British, fearing the temple might be damaged.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} The British army won and occupied the fortified town of [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], [[Tuna Port|port of Tuna]] and adjacent villages by 25 December 1815. This led to negotiations between the Cutch and British rulers. The [[Jadeja]] rulers of Kutch accepted the [[suzerainty]] of the British in 1818 and Captain [[James MacMurdo]] was posted as British Political Resident stationed at [[Bhuj]]. The Anjar district, however, remained under direct occupation of British forces for seven years until 25 December 1822, when it was handed back to Cutch State by an agreement.<ref name=S/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anjarkutch.com/index-1.html |title=Glimpse of Anjar, Kutch |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608040032/http://www.anjarkutch.com/index-1.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the independence of India in 1947, Cutch State acceded unto the [[dominion of India]] and was constituted an independent [[commissionaire]], [[Kutch State]]. In 1956, Kutch State was merged with [[Bombay state]], which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state. Bhadreshwar now falls under Mundra Taluka of [[Kutch district]].

==Places of interest==
[[File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Rebuilt Vasai Jain Temple after 2001 earthquake]]

===Vasai Jain Temple===
{{main|Bhadreshwar Jain Temple}}
Vasai Jain Temple is believed to be one of the oldest Jain temples in India, although they have been renovated and rehabilitated from time to time.<ref name=C/> It is said a Jain layman named Devchandra laid the foundation stone of this temple centuries ago.<ref name=z/> In 13th century, the temple was renovated extensively by [[Jagdusha]].<ref name=z/> The temples have been destroyed many times due to natural calamities like earthquakes. The chronicles of [[Mistris of Kutch]], mention that they were the architects and artisans, who renovated temples during the earthquakes of [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|1819]], 1844–45 and 1875.<ref>Kadia Kashtriya Itihas. Published in 1896.</ref><ref>''Nanji Bapa ni Nondh-pothi'' Gujarati book, 1999 Vadodara. It is a diary of Railway Contracts done by KGK community noted by Nanji Govindji Tank. This book was given ''Aank Sidhhi'' award by ''Kutch Shakti'' at [[Mumbai]] in 2000. The book has year wise details of railway lines built by Mistris of Kutch and has a section with photos on Historical Monuments & Architects built by Mistris of Kutch.</ref><ref name=S>''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj : A brief History & Glory'' : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta.</ref><ref name="Burgess1876"/>

In the former temple, the lower part was considered the oldest in age, perhaps about 1170. The temple complex was again completely devastated in [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake of 26 January 2001]]; however, it has now been completely rebuilt to as many of the old shrines were destroyed to the extent that it could not be rehabilitated.<ref name=C/><ref name="Burgess1876"/><ref>[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/8430125 Photo of old Bhadreshwar Jain Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528033317/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/8430125 |date=28 May 2017 }} Old Jain Temple, with rubble of structure destroyed in earthquake, which can be seen.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cptrivedi.com/p_53_jinalaya_temple.asp |title=53 Jinalaya Temple of Bhadreshwar Tirth (Construction) |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624043553/http://cptrivedi.com/p_53_jinalaya_temple.asp |archive-date=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The general plan is like that of the [[Dilwara Temples]] on mount Abu. It stands in a court about 48 feet wide by 85 long, surrounded by a row of forty-four shrines with a corridor in front. The temple stands in a courtyard, which, from the line of the temple front, is covered by three pillared domes. The temple, facing the east, is entered by a flight of steps that rise from the outer door to the covered area in front of the sanctuary. Over the porch is another large dome covering an area separated by a low screen wall from the area of the entrance hall, mandap, between it and the front of the temple itself. At the south-west corner and behind the cells on the left side is a row of chambers with cellars entered by lifting up flagstones in the floor. In the shrine are three white marble images. The central image is Ajitnath, the second of the Tirthankars, with the date 622 probably for Samvat 1622 or AD 1565. On his right is Parshwanath with the snake hood marked 1175 (Samvat 1232), and on his left Santinath, the 16th Tirthankar, also marked 1175 (Samvat 1232). On the extreme right is the image of the black or Shamla Parshwanath.<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

===Lal Shahbaz Dargah===
The [[Shrine of Ibrahim]], is locally known as Pir Lal Shahbaz Dargah, and is said to be that of [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar|whose shrine]] is actually located in the [[Pakistan]]i city of [[Sehwan Sharif]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shokoohy|first1=Mehrdad|title=Bhadreśvar: The Oldest Islamic Monuments in India|date=1988|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004083417|page=14}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Michell|first=George|date=1990-06-01|title=ShokoohyMehrdad: Bhadreśvar: the oldest Islamic monuments in India. With contributions by Manijeh Bayani-Wolpert and Natalie H. Shokoohy. (Studies in Islamic Architecture. Supplements to Muqarnas, Vol. II.) 65 pp., 58 plates. Leiden, New York and Copenhagen: E. J. Brill, 1988. Guilders 72.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/div-classtitleshokoohymehrdad-bhadresvar-the-oldest-islamic-monuments-in-india-with-contributions-by-manijeh-bayani-wolpert-and-natalie-h-shokoohy-studies-in-islamic-architecture-supplements-to-muqarnas-vol-ii-65-pp-58-plates-leiden-new-york-and-copenhagen-e-j-brill-1988-guilders-72div/FD2B7A856A359DB5207FFBABF41CA3F5|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=53|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00026434|issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is a small walled enclosure that has a square pyramid shaped dome. It is round in the inside and supported on eight pillars set against the wall. The roof of the porch is flat and divided into 9×3 small squares, each with lotus flowers inside. Round the architrave, above the vine-ornamented wall-head course, there is a deep line of Arab inscription in large square [[Kufic]] characters, and on the right end of the wall there are two lines of inscription. In the court some graves also have Kufic inscriptions. These [[epigraphy|epigraphs]] constructed in [[Hijri year|AH]] Dhi’l-hijja 554 (December 1159-January 1160 AD) marked the first use of Kufic script as well as the first epigraphic evidence of Muslim settlement in India.<ref name="Burgess1876"/><ref name="toi2012">{{cite web|title=Epigraphs from Sultanate period in Guj show integration of faiths|work=The Times of India|date=24 February 2012|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2012/02/24&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214142051/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2012/02/24&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2014|accessdate=14 December 2014|first=Parth|last=Shastri}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-kutch-dargah-is-india-s-oldest-islamic-bldg-historian-1827674|title=Kutch dargah is India's oldest Islamic building|date=2013-04-27|newspaper=dna|access-date=2017-02-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Chhoti Masjid===
[[File:Duda Vav Stepwell at Bhadreshwar Kutch Gujarat India.jpg|thumb|Duda stepwell]]
Chhoti Masjid is a very old mosque which is reliably dated to the late 12th century, meaning they predate the well known Islamic architecture of [[Ahmedabad]] by 250 years or so, making them in all likelihood the first mosques built in [[India]].<ref name=C/>

=== Solahkhambhi Mosque ruins===
[[File:Ruins of Jagdusha Palace Bhadreshwar Kutch Gujarat India.jpg|thumb|Ruins of mosque|left]]

[[File:Chokhanda Mahadev Temple Bhadreshwar Kutch.jpg|thumb|Chokhanda Mahadev Temple; OPG power plant is visible in the background]]
On the south-west of Vasai Jain temple, there are ruins of another mosque known as Solahkhambhi Mosque which is partially buried in the sand and is no longer in use.

The original entrance is on the east side, within which is built a small chamber, apparently never finished. The porch is raised on eight pillars, with pilasters against the walls. At the back is a mehrab, a plain semi-circular recess, and two neat doors leading into an inner apartment, possibly a second place of prayer for a select number. It has four doors, two at each end. This mosque is built of pretty large stones, most accurately jointed, and all the roofs are of flat slabs. The doors have drips over them, and the two into the front apartment have semi-circular arches, the others lintels. The architraves are carved with neat ''veli'' or creeper patterns and with large flowers below. The pillars are square at the base, octagonal in the middle and circular above having bracket capitals above to support lintels which are 9 feet long. In the front of the mehrab are two rows of pillars in good condition followed by two rows of pillars with disturbed condition. It followed by a wall and four more rows of pillars and some other pillars, probably of porch.<ref name="Burgess1876"/><ref name=":0" />

===Duda stepwell===
Duda Vav is a large and substantial though plain stepwell with a lintel about 17 feet 7 inches long by 2 feet 1 inches square. It was constructed by placing heavy blocks of stones on one another. The stepwell is now partially collapsed and is ruined. There was a dome of Shiva Temple near it in the 1850s. It was 15 feet 18 {{1/2}} inches overall and the pillars are 1 foot 4 inches long.

<ref name="Burgess1876">{{cite book|author=James Burgess|author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist)|title=Report on the Antiquities of Kutch & Kathiawar: Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0D9MgEACAAJ|accessdate=27 August 2016|year=1876|publisher=India Museum|location=London|pages=205–210}} [http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/106940 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829062000/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/106940 |date=29 August 2016 }}</ref>

===Chokhanda Mahadev Temple===
There is also an ancient [[Shiva]] temple known as Chokhanda Mahadev situated at the seashore. This old temple was made with red stones. There is also the centuries-old Rokadiya [[Hanuman]] temple.

==Economy==
The majority of the population relies on fishery.

There is a thermal power plant by OPG Power.<ref name=A/><ref>[http://www.globaldata.com/reportstore/Report.aspx?ID=Adani-Power-Announces-Project-Financing-of-$2719m-For-Bhadreswar-Coal-Fired-Power-Plant-In-Gujarat-India-Banking-on-India-Power-Needs&ReportType=Industry_Report Adani Power Announces Project Financing of $2,719m For Bhadreswar Coal Fired Power Plant In Gujarat, India - Banking on India Power Needs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323021001/http://www.globaldata.com/reportstore/Report.aspx?ID=Adani-Power-Announces-Project-Financing-of-%242719m-For-Bhadreswar-Coal-Fired-Power-Plant-In-Gujarat-India-Banking-on-India-Power-Needs&ReportType=Industry_Report |date=23 March 2012 }}</ref> The Bhadresar has been included in [[special economic zone]] of Mundra. However, the local fishermen and other communities have protested the development and there is resentment that the traditional livelihoods of residents in the area have been affected by the new industrial projects, leading to organized protests.<ref>[http://www.epw.in/epw/user/loginArticleError.jsp?hid_artid=14461 A visit to the coastal areas adjoining the Mundra port in the Kutch reveals discontent among fisherfolk, traders and pastoralists over the creation of a special economic zone in the area. Apart from environmental concerns, the traditional livelihoods of residents in the area have also been affected by the new industrial projects, leading to organised protests, as witnessed in Bhadreswar village a few months ago.] Development and Displacement: Resentment in the Kutch (20 February 2010)</ref><ref>[http://www.coastalcampaign.page.tl/May-02,-2008.htm Fisher Woman Speaks in the campaign Meeting of Leaders of fishing villages at Bhadreswar, Kutch.] The story of the land acquisition is itself a pointer to the apathy of the government for conservation and their leaning to big business. The coastal stretch of Mundra had creeks and thick mangrove vegetation even five years back. The business houses first started putting up bunds through their henchmen blocking inflow of sea water. This was a blatant violation of CRZ regulation. The blockage of water inflow killed large parts of the mangroves. Then the business houses moved in to secure formal lease from the government claiming it as waste land.</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_adani-power-awaits-environ-min-nod-for-bhadreshwar-plant_1485351 Adani Power awaits environ min nod for Bhadreshwar plant 24 December 2010]</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Shokoohy|first=Mehrdad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmZzDUYNb0AC&q=uparkot+jama+masjid+junagadh+architecture|title=Bhadreśvar: The Oldest Islamic Monuments in India|date=1988|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08341-7|language=en}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* This article contains public domain text from {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|pages=213–215}} and from {{cite book|author=James Burgess|author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist)|title=Report on the Antiquities of Kutch & Kathiawar: Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0D9MgEACAAJ|accessdate=27 August 2016|year=1876|publisher=India Museum|location=London|pages=205–210}} [http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/106940 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829062000/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/106940 |date=29 August 2016 }}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]

Bala (director)

2026-03-10T03:48:47Z

KariMccool73: refine page additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Director Bala at Salim Movie Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Bala at ''[[Salim (film)|Salim]]'' Movie Audio Launch.
| birthname = Bala Palanisamy<ref>{{cite news |title=Varmaa controversy: Director Bala says he stepped down after he was asked to make changes to the Dhruv Vikram-starrer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |access-date=10 February 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210042225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|07|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, Screenwriter, Film producer
| alma_mater = [[American College, Madurai]]
| years_active = 1998–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Muthumalar|July 5, 2004|March 5, 2022|end=div}}
| children =
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Bala ''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and film producer, working in [[Tamil cinema]]. Bala has been praised for "revolutionizing Tamil cinema"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2010 |title=Bala: Man of the moment |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bala-man-of-the-moment/articleshow/5495035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227183004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bala-Man-of-the-moment/articleshow/5495035.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110710033701/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-kadavul-fever-begins-worldwide-news-tamil-kkfsxoejhec.html Naan Kadavul fever begins worldwide!]. Sify.com (3 February 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090206053947/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/44767.html Pyramid Saimira releasing Naan kadavul in USA]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref> through his realistic, dark and disturbing depiction of the working class on celluloid screen.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-09-04/bala-24-03-09.html Bala's change for Soundarya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429093937/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-09-04/bala-24-03-09.html |date=29 April 2009 }}. Behindwoods.com (24 March 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref> His films are known to be tragic and disturbing.

== Film career ==
Bala was introduced by lyricist [[Arivumathi]] to director [[Balu Mahendra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saravanan|first=T.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/poet-and-lyricist-arivumathi-talks-about-his-struggles-to-stay-afloat-in-the-mad-rush-to-name-and-fame/article6485201.ece|title=Man of his word|date=2014-10-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128090921/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/poet-and-lyricist-arivumathi-talks-about-his-struggles-to-stay-afloat-in-the-mad-rush-to-name-and-fame/article6485201.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, he began working as a production assistant under him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/sep/25/to-sir-with-love-294459.html|title=To Sir, with love|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326162020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/sep/25/to-sir-with-love-294459.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later Bala turned to work with him as assistant director in his movies.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kolappan|first1=B.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-craftsman-who-was-also-a-great-teacher/article5684162.ece|title=Master craftsman who was also a great teacher|date=2014-02-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-26|last2=Subramanian|first2=Karthik|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229121324/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-craftsman-who-was-also-a-great-teacher/article5684162.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/5-filmmaking-tropes-of-bala|title=5 Filmmaking Tropes of Bala|date=2017-04-24|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002192346/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/5-filmmaking-tropes-of-bala|url-status=live}}</ref> Bala made his directorial debut with ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' in 1999, that gave a break to [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], the film's lead actor, who was also struggling in the Tamil film industry for almost a decade without a hit and recognition. More than 60 distributors saw the film and hesitated to screen it because of its tragic ending. The film was released on a low profile without any advertisement but after the first days the film started running to packed houses just through 'word of mouth'.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020526050958/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/10/19/stories/09190224.htm The Hindu : About maternal bond]}}. Hinduonnet.com (19 October 2001). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref><ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/10slde2-bala-on-naan-kadavul-god-and-faith.htm 'You can't compare Bala to anyone else'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415142836/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/10slde2-bala-on-naan-kadavul-god-and-faith.htm |date=15 April 2009 }}. Specials.rediff.com (10 March 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref> The film was said to have initiated a 'new wave'<ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/10slde1-bala-on-naan-kadavul-god-and-faith.htm Exclusive: Bala on Naan Kadavul, God and faith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906113338/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/10slde1-bala-on-naan-kadavul-god-and-faith.htm |date=6 September 2009 }}. Specials.rediff.com (10 March 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2011.</ref> as it received critical acclaim and became a hit. Its success led to remakes in Kannada (''[[Huchcha]]''), Telugu (''[[Seshu]]''), and Hindi (''[[Tere Naam]]'') languages. He next made ''[[Nandhaa]]'' in 2001, which gave a breakthrough for [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/06nandha.htm|title = Strangely familiar}}</ref>

After delivering superhit films each with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], Bala reunited with both actors for the second time, and he made the two leading actors come together for the first time in ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003). Bala sketched the lead characters of the film well, and he impressed fans with the twists and turns in the film. ''Pithamagan'' mixed with different emotions made the audience enjoy the film, and the director gave an emotional climax to make the film remembered by fans for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-pithamagan-five-soundest-outcomes-of-balas-directorial-featuring-vikram-and-suriya/photostory/104727090.cms?picid=104727115|title = 20 years of 'Pithamagan': Five soundest outcomes of Bala's directorial featuring Vikram and Suriya| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

[[Shaji N. Karun]], who headed the jury of the [[56th National Film Awards]], said, "Bala is unique in many ways. The way he changed Tamil cinema's character was commendable ... There were many who tried for a change. Among the new generation of filmmakers, Bala leads the pack in bringing a change in Tamil cinema's outlook and approach."<ref>{{cite web |last=Vilakudy |first=Rajaneesh |title=I never expected a film like Naan Kadavul from Tamil |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/28/why-bala-got-his-national-award.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 March 2013 |date=28 January 2010 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220060830/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/28/why-bala-got-his-national-award.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' featuring [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Pooja Umashankar]], won its first [[National Film Award for Best Direction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/Jan/24/bala-bags-national-award-for-naan-kadavul-163885.html|title = Bala bags National Award for Naan Kadavul| date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> In 2011, Arya and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] playing the lead roles in the comedy drama ''[[Avan Ivan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/avan-ivan-tamil-movie-12014|title = Avan Ivan| date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> Produced by Bala himself under the banner of [[B Studios]], ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013), takes on the challenge of transforming the boy-next-door looks of [[Atharvaa]] into an almost bald, unsophisticated village simpleton of a bygone era. After working with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in his earlier films, director Bala for the first time teams up with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] for the music of ''Paradesi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm|title = Review: Paradesi is exceptional}}</ref> In 2016, overall the performances in ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' are of superior quality and so is the technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thaarai-thappattai/thaarai-thappattai-review.html|title = Thaarai Thappattai - Movie Review| date=13 January 2016 }}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' stars [[Jyothika]] in the titular role, while [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and newcomer [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] play important supporting characters in this engaging crime thriller.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naachiyaar/naachiyaar-review.html|title = Naachiyaar Movie Review| date=16 February 2018 }}</ref> In 2020, the romantic drama ''[[Varmaa]]'' was disappointed with critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/varmaa/varmaa-review.html|title = Varmaa Movie Review| date=6 October 2020 }}</ref> In 2025, ''[[Vanangaan]]'', starring [[Arun Vijay]], [[Roshni Prakash]] and Ridha, is a film where the hero takes justice into his hands. The film is yet another addition to movies insensitively portraying sexual crimes against women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vanangaan-movie-review-director-bala-arun-vijay-film-on-sexual-violence-has-contrasting-ideologies-2662949-2025-01-10|title = Vanangaan review: Director Bala's film on sexual violence has contrasting ideologies}}</ref>

== Dispute ==
Bala was chosen as the director of ''[[Varmaa]]'', the Tamil remake of ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'', for which the rights were bought by E4 Entertainment. Principal photography was wrapped up in September 2018. On 7 February 2019, E4 Entertainment issued a press statement stating that they would go for a complete re-shoot as they were not satisfied with the final cut provided by Bala. They added that the film would be relaunched with a completely new cast and crew while retaining lead actor Dhruv.<ref name="reshot">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |title=E4 Entertainment not happy with Bala's Varmaa; to re-shoot the Arjun Reddy remake with a new team |date=7 February 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |archive-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> Bala disagreed with these comments, saying it was his own decision to quit the film "in order to safeguard creative freedom" because he was asked to make changes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |title=Varmaa controversy: Director Bala says he stepped down after he was asked to make changes to the Dhruv Vikram-starrer |date=9 February 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=10 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210042225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |archive-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> This became the first such incident in Tamil cinema that the producer of the film refused to release the film due to unsatisfactory final cut despite the completion of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varmaa-tamil-remake-of-cult-telugu-film-arjun-reddy-dropped-producers-and-director-bala-at-loggerheads-6047231.html |title=Varmaa: Tamil remake of cult Telugu film Arjun Reddy dropped; producers and director Bala at loggerheads |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=7 February 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124526/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varmaa-tamil-remake-of-cult-telugu-film-arjun-reddy-dropped-producers-and-director-bala-at-loggerheads-6047231.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bala was born and brought up in Madurai. His father worked in a bank in [[Madurai]] and his mother was a homemaker. Bala completed his graduation from [[American College, Madurai|American College]] with an aim to dive into the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=azhiyadha kolangal book - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=azhiyadha+kolangal+book#ip=1 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> Bala married Muthumalar in 2004 and has a daughter. Bala and Muthumalar divorced in 2022, after 18 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Bala and Muthumalar get divorced after 18 years of marriage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-bala-and-muthumalar-legally-end-their-18-years-of-marriage-7806316/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714052200/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-bala-and-muthumalar-legally-end-their-18-years-of-marriage-7806316/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Notes
|-
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] [[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil]] 
[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nandhaa]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}|| [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Director]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pithamagan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
[[ITFA Best Director Award]] 
[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|{{No}}||
[[National Film Award for Best Direction]] 
[[Vijay Award for Best Director]] 
Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Avan Ivan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
South Indian Cinematographers Association Award for Best Director 
[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] 
[[Vijay Award for Best Director]] 
[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Director]] 
[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Director]] 
[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award Best Director]] 
[[11th Chennai International Film Festival|Chennai International Film Festival Special Jury Award]] 
[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Film]] 
[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Film]] 
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Naachiyaar]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}|| <ref name="FL">{{cite news |title=First look of Jyothika-Bala film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-jyothika-bala-film/articleshow/57390391.cms |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408063503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-jyothika-bala-film/articleshow/57390391.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pics">{{cite news |title=Naachiyar first look: Suriya unveils Jyothika's never-seen-before avatar, see pics |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/naachiyar-first-look-suriya-unveils-jyothika-never-seen-before-avatar-see-pics-4547968/ |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228114955/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/naachiyar-first-look-suriya-unveils-jyothika-never-seen-before-avatar-see-pics-4547968/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="naach">{{cite news |title=Jyothika, G.V. Prakash to star in Bala's next |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jyothika-gv-prakash-to-star-in-balas-next/article17382016.ece |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407024031/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jyothika-gv-prakash-to-star-in-balas-next/article17382016.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Varmaa]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}||
|-
| 2025
|''[[Vanangaan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=First look of Arun Vijay - Bala's 'Vanangaan' out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-arun-vijay-balas-vanangaan-out/article67343731.ece |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925115735/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-arun-vijay-balas-vanangaan-out/article67343731.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:20px;"| Year
! style="width:100px;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; width:50px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Maayavi]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pisaasu]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chandi Veeran]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' ||
|-
|2022
|''[[Visithiran]]''
|
|-
|}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Veedu]]'' || Postman || Uncredited role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' || Auto driver || Uncredited appearance
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Bala}}
* {{IMDb name|1220246|Bala}}

{{Bala (director)}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Durgapur Junction (film)

2026-03-04T00:10:43Z

KariMccool73: Starting new entry w/ sources...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali medico-thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Durgapur Junction
| image = File:Durgapur Junction poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = Arindam Bhattacharya
| producer = Arindam Bhattacharya
| screenplay = Arindam Bhattacharya
| story = Arindam Bhattacharya
| starring = [[Vikram Chatterjee]] [[Swastika Mukherjee]] [[Ekavali Khanna]]
| music = Soum-Sree-Tiru
| cinematography = Prosenjit Chowdhury
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray
| studio = Dreamliner Entertainment
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|04|25}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Durgapur Junction''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Medical fiction|medico-crime thriller film]] written, produced and directed by Arindam Bhattacharya under the banner of Dreamliner Entertainment. The film stars [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Vikram Chatterjee]] and [[Ekavali Khanna]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Chatterjee and Swastika Mukherjee reunite after nine years for ‘Durgapur Junction’; teaser out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vikram-chatterjee-and-swastika-mukherjee-reunite-after-nine-years-for-durgapur-junction-teaser-out/cid/2091256 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

The film is based upon the [[Chicago Tylenol murders]] and set in the backdrop of [[Durgapur]]. Soum-Sree-Tiru worked as the music director of the film while Salini Mitra handled the art direction. Prosenjit Chowdhury did the cinematography while Sujay Datta Ray handled the editing. The film was released in the theatres on 25 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=আসছে স্বস্তিকা ও বিক্রম অভিনীত 'দুর্গাপুর জংশন', প্রকাশ্যে ছবির মোশন পোস্টার |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/the-motion-poster-of-durgapur-junction-is-out-stars-swastika-mukherjee-and-vikram-chatterjee-west-bengal-news-wbs25022401715 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=ETV Bharat |date=24 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The film begins with a series of unnatural deaths among middle-aged men in [[Durgapur]]. After the local police failed to find the root cause of the serial deaths, they dismissed them as heart attacks. But the case is then handed over to the [[CID West Bengal|CID]]. Soumya Sen leads the investigation, under the supervision of his senior, [[Deputy Superintendent#India|Deputy Superintendent]] Gouri Singh. Initially, they struggle to find a link between the victims, who didn't have any connection with each other.

After further investigation, they find that the deaths are occurring from the consumption of a seemingly harmless vitamin capsule, which has been laced with deadly doses of [[potassium cyanide]]. In the meantime, journalist Ushashie delves deep into the matter despite facing objections from her editor and receiving threats from criminals. She finds a vital clue regarding the case that made her cross paths with Soumya Sen. The investigation further delves into the core of the case, which reveals that the syndicate racket runs deep beyond a simple medicine scam.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Swastika Mukherjee and Vikram Chatterjee to play the lead in Arindam Bhattacharya’s next ‘Durgapur Junction’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/swastika-mukherjee-and-vikram-chatterjee-to-play-the-lead-in-arindam-bhattacharyas-next-durgapur-junction/articleshow/101123878.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Soumyo Sen, CID officer
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Ushashie, a journalist
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Gouri Singh, Deputy Superintendent of Police
* Rajdeep Sarkar
* Pradeep Dhar
* Sreemoyee Majumdar

== Production ==
=== Development and casting ===
The title of the film was revealed in June 2023. The film is based on the [[Chicago Tylenol murders]] in the [[USA]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Manasi |title=স্বস্তি নেই স্বস্তিকার, খুনের ঘটনায় তলব অভিনেত্রীকে! রহস্যে মোড়া ‘দুর্গাপুর জংশন’-এর টিজার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/vikram-chatterjee-and-swastika-mukherjee-reunite-after-nine-years-for-durgapur-junction/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=28 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The director has made the film in the backdrop of Durgapur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durgapur Junction: Vikram plays cop and Swastika, a journalist |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/durgapur-junction-vikram-plays-cop-and-swastika-a-journalist/3041f43841612 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

The motion poster of the film was released on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=The motion poster of Durgapur Junction is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-motion-poster-of-durgapur-junction-is-out/articleshow/118473958.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 February 2025}}</ref> ''Durgapur Junction'' marked the collaboration between Vikram and Swastika, eight years after ''[[Saheb Bibi Golaam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=অন্ধকার রাস্তায় লুটিয়ে পড়ে নিথর দেহ! ওষুধের বিক্রিয়ায় একের পর এক খুন 'দুর্গাপুর জংশন'-এ |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/first-motion-poster-of-bengali-thriller-movie-durgapur-junction-which-starring-vikram-chatterjee-and-swastika-mukherjee-ent-167061 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=22 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Initially, the role of police officer was given to Swastika, and the role of journalist was given to Vikram. But later, their characters were interchanged upon mutual interest and agreement between Vikram and Swastika. Vikram wanted to play a police officer because he hadn't played one since ''[[Khoj (2017 film)|Khoj]]''. On the other hand, Swastika did a police role in ''Khoj'', so she did not want to repeat the same kind of role. She said in an interview that she agreed to the script because "I am personally a fan of thrillers, and besides, thrillers are highly appreciated and loved by audience these days."<ref>{{cite news |title='মানুষ দুর্গাঠাকুরের বুক নিয়ে কথা বলতে ছাড়ে না আর আমাকে... !'- স্বস্তিকা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/exclusive-swastika-mukherjee-opens-up-about-her-upcoming-movie-durgapur-junction-west-bengal-news-wbs25041801122 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=ETV Bharat |date=18 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "I am happy that I got to play a journalist’s character—an investigative journalist—after 15 years. I’m even more excited that Ushashie is not a grieving mother mourning her child’s death or disappearance, as I have often portrayed in the past."
| source = — [[Swastika Mukherjee]], sharing her experience of working in ''Durgapur Junction''<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Durgapur Junction is packed with thrilling twists, says director Arindam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/durgapur-junction-is-packed-with-thrilling-twists-says-director-arindam/articleshow/120580795.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 37%
}}

[[Vikram Chatterjee]] mentioned in an interview that he and [[Swastika Mukherjee]] had improvised a lot on the spot, "both in terms of the script and dialogue, to make it more powerful and impactful." He also added that an action choreographer was appointed at the last moment to help them shoot the climax sequence.<ref name="TOI"/>

The filming started in July 2023 and was completed in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Grew up watching SRK’s films: Vikram Chatterjee |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/grew-up-watching-srks-films-vikram-chatterjee-523817 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=29 June 2023}}</ref> The last leg of the shooting was done in different parts of [[Kolkata]]. Major parts of the film have been shot in [[Durgapur]]. A few additional scenes have been shot in [[Bolpur]].<ref name="abp">{{cite news |title='Durgapur Junction' Shoot Wrap-up: বড়পর্দায় স্বস্তিকা-বিক্রম জুটি করবে রহস্যের উদঘাটন, শেষ হল 'দুর্গাপুর জংশন' ছবির শ্যুটিং |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/arindam-bhattacharya-directed-durgapur-junction-starring-swastika-mukherjee-vikram-chatterjee-shoot-wrap-up-1033177 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=21 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Durgapur Junction
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Soum-Sree-Tiru
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:05
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Bangla]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The music of the film has been composed by Soum-Sree-Tiru, while the lyrics have been penned by Saikat Chattapadhya, Kaustav KC, Cizzy (Rounak Chakrabarty) and Manidipa Singha.<ref>{{cite news |title=নায়িকা এ বার নেপথ্য গায়িকা! অরিন্দমের ‘দুর্গাপুর জংশন’-এ কী গান গাইবেন স্বস্তিকা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/swastika-mukherjee-doing-playback-in-bengali-movie-durgapur-junction-dgtlx/cid/1519094 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The first song "Cyanide" was released on 19 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyanide ignites Durgapur Junction’s musical journey with a thrilling launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cyanide-ignites-durgapur-junctions-musical-journey-with-a-thrilling-launch/articleshow/119414794.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2025}}</ref> The second song "Ami Oporadhi" was released on 2 April 2025. The third song "Rap-O-Benachiti" was released on 22 April 2025. The fourth song "Aaji Jhorer Ratey" was released on 5 May 2025. "Aaji Jhorer Ratey" has been adapted from an eponymous [[Rabindra Sangeet]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Cyanide
| length1 = 4:27
| lyrics1 = Saikat Chattapadhya, Kaustav KC, Cizzy (Rounak Chakrabarty)
| extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]], Soum-Sree-Tiru, Saikat Chattapadhya
| title2 = Ami Oporadhi
| length2 = 4:10
| lyrics2 = Manidipa Singha
| extra2 = [[Iman Chakraborty]], Soum-Sree-Tiru, Manidipa Singha
| title3 = Rap-O-Benachiti
| length3 = 2:42
| lyrics3 = Cizzy (Rounak Chakrabarty)
| extra3 = Cizzy (Rounak Chakrabarty), Soum-Sree-Tiru
| title4 = Aaji Jhorer Ratey
| length4 = 5:46
| lyrics4 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra4 = [[Ujjaini Mukherjee]], Shruti Gupta, Soum-Sree-Tiru
}}

== Release ==
Initially, the filming was scheduled to be completed by mid-2023 and the film was planned to be released in December 2023. But since the filming was completed late, in December 2023, the release date was postponed to 2024. Due to certain production issues, the film was postponed for another year.<ref name="abp"/> The film was finally released in the theatres on 25 April 2025.<ref name="T2">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Vikram Chatterjee and Swastika Mukherjee share the spotlight in the intriguing trailer of Durgapur Junction |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/vikram-chatterjee-and-swastika-mukherjee-share-the-spotlight-in-the-intriguing-trailer-of-durgapur-junction/1412750 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The teaser was released at an event in [[Kolkata]] on 27 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Chatterjee, Ekavali Khanna launch teaser of Durgapur Junction |url=https://neherald.com/showbiz/vikram-chatterjee-ekavali-khanna-launch-teaser-of-durgapur-junction |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=Northeast Herald |date=1 April 2025}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 15 April 2025.<ref name="T2"/>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Arkapravo Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "What could have been a layered exploration of corruption and human motives devolves into a rushed, disjointed narrative." He praised the music of the film and the performances of Swastika Mukherjee and Vikram Chatterjee. But, he bemoaned that the abrupt twists in the film and below par character exploration undermines the film's potential.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Arkapravo |date=26 April 2025 |title=Durgapur Junction Movie Review: A weak storyline kills off what could have been a good watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/durgapur-junction/movie-review/120642808.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Subhadrika Sen of ''[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]]'' reviewed the film and opined "''Durgapur Junction'' is an overall package where the hard work of hundreds on and behind the screen coincides to create a thrilling adventure for the audience on the silver screen." She applauded the thrill factor throughout the film, the food for thought given to the audience, the pace of the narrative, the climax, the music and the performances of Swastika, Vikram and Ekavali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=25 April 2025 |title=‘Durgapur Junction’: The medico-crime thriller that heralds the return of the Bengali action hero |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Apr/25/durgapur-junction-the-medico-crime-thriller-that-heralds-the-return-of-the-bengali-action-hero |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]]}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and noted "''Durgapur Junction'' aspires to be a slick, small-town thriller but struggles with storytelling." He criticized the impalpable tension in the film, the weak script and the easily predictable twists but applauded the screen time between Vikram and Swastika, their individual performances, the editing and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=26 April 2025 |title=‘Durgapur Junction’: Swastika Mukherjee and Vikram Chatterjee elevate a run-off-the-mill thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/swastika-mukherjee-and-vikram-chatterjee-elevate-a-run-off-the-mill-thriller/cid/2096012 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Aditi Basu Roy of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 7/10 stars and bemoaned the weak screenplay, the unexplained loopholes in the plot and the weak direction but applauded the acting of the lead cast, the cinematography, music, background score and the editing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বসু রায় |first1=অদিতি |title=স্বস্তিকার দুরন্ত অভিনয়ে কি জমল হত্যারহস্যের কাহিনি ‘দুর্গাপুর জংশন’? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-bengali-movie-durgapur-junction-dgtl/cid/1598312 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=26 April 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|7|10}}</ref>

Arpan Das of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "''Durgapur Junction'' could have been more tense by making the investigation scenes more detailed while maintaining the fast pace. But still, the thrill factor in the second half makes up for the shortcomings in the film." He particularly applauded the mysterious and elemental cinematography by Prosenjit Chowdhury, the performance of Swastika and Vikram in their respective roles, the differing contrast throughout the film but bemoaned the poor character background development for Vikram's character.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Arpan |title=বিষণ্ণ দুর্গাপুরে দুর্ভেদ্য থ্রিলার, পড়ুন ‘দুর্গাপুর জংশন’-এর রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/review-of-movie-durgapur-junction/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=25 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Subhodeep Bandyopadhyay of ''The Wall'' rated the film 7.5/10 stars and opined "The trump card for the film is the varying shades of Swastika's character." He praised Chatterjee's improved direction, Vikram's screen presence, Swastika's layered performance, the physical and social nudity shown in the film, the music and lyrics, the cinematography, the editing, the climax and the art direction. But she criticized the over-the-top unreal storyline in certain parts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=শুভদীপ |title='দুর্গাপুর জংশন' যেন পাপের আঁতুড়ঘর, রহস্য গল্পে পূর্ণ নগ্নতা বুনলেন স্বস্তিকা-বিক্রম |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/durgapur-junction-swastika-mukherjee-vikram-chatterjee-new-film-review/tid/156748 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=The Wall |date=24 April 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|7.5|10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt36277363}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime films]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Asli Naqli

2026-03-03T23:45:33Z

KariMccool73: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|1986 film directed by Sudarsan Nag}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Asli Naqli
| image = Aslinaqlifilm.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Sudharshaan Nag
| writer = [[K. C. Bokadia]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
| producer = M.A.K.Hilal
| narrator =
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Sudharshan Nag
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|10|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 2 hours 8 min
| country =
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Asli Naqli''''' ({{translation|Real and Fake}}) is a 1986 [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Sudarsan Nag. It stars [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Rajinikanth]] with [[Anita Raj]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] playing their female leads respectively. It was a box office hit. The movie was dubbed in Tamil as ''Thaayin Meedhu Sabatham''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-12 |title=Rajinikanth Birthday Special: Must Watch Hindi Movies of the Thalaiva |url=https://www.india.com/viral/rajinikanth-birthday-special-must-watch-hindi-movies-of-the-thalaiva-2742623/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=India.com }}</ref>

==Plot==
Seth Laxmi Narayan and his wife had a son who was separated at an early age. The only clue they have is that he has a locket around his neck. When Laxmi Narayan passes away, he leaves behind a lot of money and wealth. His wife makes efforts to locate her long-lost son, with the help of her relative, Durjan Singh. Durjan Singh hires a local thug, Birju, and asks him to pose as the long-lost son, for a hefty price, to which he agrees. Mrs. Narayan welcomes Birju as her son, and accepts him, little knowing his agenda, and the evil scheme devised by Durjan Singh and his son.

==Cast==
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Vijay
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Birju Ustad
*[[Anita Raj]] as Anita
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Vijay's sister
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shakti Singh
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Driver / Chacha (uncle)
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Durjan Singh
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Birju's mother
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Sub-Insp. Chamanlal
*[[Bharat Bhushan Bhalla|Bharat Bhushan]] as Priest
*[[Seema Deo]] as Mrs. Laxmi Narayan (Anita's mother)
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Goga
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Seth Laxmi Narayan
*Gurbachchan Singh as Goga's man
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Tiku

==Soundtrack==
Music is composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], while all the songs are written by [[S.H. Bihari]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1
| "Duniya Bhar Ko Dhokha Dekar"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Shabbir Kumar]], Laxmikant
|-
| 2
| "Ek To Ye Bharpur Jawani"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Dilraj Kaur
|-
| 3
| "Kya Asli Hai Kya Naqli Hai"
| Anup Jalota
|-
| 4
| "Teri Botal Ban Gayi Sautan"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy, Laxmikant
|-
| 5
| "Roj Milte Ho Babuji Mele Me"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0358950|Asli Naqli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asli Naqli (1986 Film)}}
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mayur Chauhan

2026-02-28T19:33:07Z

KariMccool73: made a info w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayur Chauhan
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for =
}}

'''Mayur Chauhan''' is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Gujarati cinema]].

== Career ==
=== Theater ===
Mayur Chauhan<ref>{{Cite news
|title=I am trying to tap the full potential of Gujarati cinema: Mayur Chauhan
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/i-am-trying-to-tap-the-full-potential-of-gujarati-cinema-mayur-chauhan/articleshow/110637012.cms
|newspaper=The Times of India
|first=Kanksha
|last=Vasavada
|date=2 June 2024
|access-date=2025-06-29
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasavada |first=Kanksha |title=I want to play urban characters now: Mayur Chauhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/i-want-to-play-urban-characters-now-mayur-chauhan/articleshow/116213739.cms |website=The Times of India|date=12 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> has performed in several theater plays across different languages, including:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Theater Plays
|-
! Play !! Language !! Source
|-
| ''Kadak Badshahi'' || Gujarati || <ref>{{cite news |title=Kadak Badshahi continues to enthrall Amdavadis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/theatre/kadak-badshahi-kadak-badshahi-continues-to-enthrall-amdavadis/articleshow/45951351.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Times of India|date=20 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Akoopar'' || Gujarati || <ref>{{cite web
|title=Mayur Chauhan Gujarati Actor Play Akoopar
|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/29-akoopar-gujarati-play-preview.asp
|website=Mumbai Theatre Guide
|access-date=2024-06-29
}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vijali - The Musical'' || Gujarati || <ref>{{cite web
|title=VIJALI - Gujarati Play
|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/vijali-gujarati-play-preview.asp#
|website=Mumbai Theatre Guide
|date=11 April 2023
|access-date=2024-06-29
}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Filmography
|-
! Title !! Role !! Year
|-
| ''[[Chhello Divas]]''|| Naresh || 2015
|-
|''Daav Thai Gayo Yaar''
|
|2016
|-
| ''[[Machchhu]]''|| || 2019<ref>{{Cite news|title=Machchhu: A Real-Life Tragic Story is All Set to Release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/machchhu-a-real-life-tragic-story-is-all-set-to-release/articleshow/65081425.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Will the Gujarati Film 'Macchu' Be Released?|url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/when-will-the-gujarati-film-macchu-be-released|website=VTV Gujarati|date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Karsandas Pay and Use]]''|| Tilok || 2017<ref>{{cite web
|title=Karsandas Pay & Use Week 1 Box Office Collection: Mayur-Deeksha Starrer Turns Big Gujarati Money Spinner
|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/karsandas-pay-use-week-1-box-office-collection-mayur-deeksha-starrer-turns-big-gujarati-money-728215
|website=International Business Times
|date=26 May 2017
|access-date=2024-09-03
}}</ref>
|-
| ''Saiyar Mori Re''<ref>{{cite web
|title=K Brothers produced Saiyar Mori Re With Mayur Chauhan as in lead role
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/k-brothers-produced-saiyar-mori-re-wins-the-hearts-of-the-audience-as-anticipated-after-the-trailer-release20220713132245/
|website=ANI News
|access-date=2024-06-29
}}</ref> || Hari || 2022
|-
| ''[[Samandar (film)|Samandar]]''<ref>{{cite web
|title=Mayur Chauhan and Jagjitsinh Vadher starrer gangster drama Gujarati movie Samandar teaser released, watch video
|url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/entertainment/mayur-chauhan-and-jagjitsinh-vadher-starrer-gangster-drama-gujarati-movie-samandar-teaser-released-watch-video-187031
|website=Gujaratii Jagran
|date=30 August 2023
|access-date=2024-06-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Mayur Chauhan Unveils the Official Poster of Samandar; The Film's Trailer to Be Out on April 26
|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/mayur-chauhan-unveils-the-official-poster-of-samandar-the-films-trailer-to-be-out-on-april-26/amp_articleshow/109502743.cms
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=2024-09-03
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>|| Uday || 2024
|-
| ''[[Haha Car]]''<ref>{{cite news
|title=Hahacar teaser unveiled, promises a laughter-packed comedy entertainer
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/hahacar-teaser-unveiled-promises-a-laughter-packed-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/112411177.cms
|website=The Times of India
|date=9 August 2024
|access-date=2024-09-03
}}</ref> || Hitu || 2024<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Kinjal |title=Hahacar strikes the right chord |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/hahacar-strikes-the-right-chord/81880720.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |newspaper=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=6 December 2024 |language=en }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7630840}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Mayur}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]

Surat Singh of Bikaner

2026-02-24T11:55:09Z

KariMccool73:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bikaner from 1787 to 1828}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Surat Singh
| image = Surat Singh of Bikaner, seated in a window (6125056540).jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = 25 April 1787 – 25 March 1828
| predecessor = Pratap Singh
| successor = [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]]
| birth_date = 18 December 1765
| birth_place = [[Junagarh Fort]], [[Bikaner]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1828|03|25|1765|12|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Junagarh Fort]], [[Bikaner]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
| Panwarji Sardar Kanwarji of Jaitsisar in [[Bikaner]]
| Bhatiyaniji (Barsalpuriji) Shyam Kanwarji of Barsalpur in [[Bikaner]]
| Bhatiyaniji Abhai Kanwarji of Sindhu in [[Jaisalmer]]
| Kachwahiji (Rajawatji) Shringar Kanwarji of Baleri in [[Bikaner]]
}}
| house = Bikawat-Rathore
| father = [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]]
| mother = Kachwahiji (Rajawatji) Phool Kanwarji grand-daughter of Raja Kushal Singh of Jhalai in [[Jaipur]]
}}
[[File:Raja Surat Singh on horseback with retainers (6124565415).jpg|thumb|Raja Surat Singh on horseback with retainers (6124565415)]]
'''Maharaja Surat Singh''' (18 December 1765 – 25 March 1828) was the ruler of the Kingdom of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] between 1787 and 1828. It was during his reign that the Kingdom of Bikaner became a [[princely state|Princely State]] of the imperial [[British Empire]].

==Biography==
Surat Singh was born in 1765. His father was [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]], who ruled as Maharaja between 1746 and 1787. Upon Gaj Singh's death, his eldest surviving son Raj Singh ascended the throne, only to die a few days later. Raj Singh's son Pratap Singh, a boy of six, was crowned, with Surat Singh being appointed as the regent.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=49}}

===Regency===
Pratap Singh survived his father for a short while, but died soon after. The Khiyat ascribes his death to [[smallpox]], but it is agreed upon by historians that he was, in all probability, murdered by Surat Singh.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=49}}

===Reign===
Faced with a Thakur rebellion, Surat Singh decided to seek British assistance. He sent an emissary to Delhi in order to negotiate a treaty with [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]]. On 9 March 1818, the treaty was signed, which stated that the rulers of Bikaner were bound to act in “subordinate co-operation” to the British, in exchange for protection and British assistance in quelling any rebellions.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=53}}

===Death===
Surat Singh died in 1828, and was cremated, with his final rites being performed by his son [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]]. [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]] succeeded him as Maharaja.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=53}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146804/mode/2up |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner |publisher=Bharat Printers |year=1962 |location=Jaipur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547015/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of The Bikaner State |year=1874 }}

==External links==
* [https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/101271 Maharaja Surat Singh of Bikaner Confers with Guru Narayanaji]

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SIngh, Surat, of Bikar}}
[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:1775 births]]

Parangarpar

2026-02-06T16:51:44Z

KariMccool73: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parangarpar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5437|N|89.1945|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.7041
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11408
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735211
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03563
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Falakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Falakata]]
| website = {{URL|alipurduar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Parangarpar''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipurduar subdivision]] of the [[Alipurduar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=390| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|40|0|N|89|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the western portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Madarihat-Birpara, Falakata and Alipuduar I CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|31|31|N|89|32|36|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Alipurduar Railway Junction| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|31|12|N|89|33|36|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Bholar Dabri| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bholar Dabri]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|32|24|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Chechakhata| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chechakhata]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|48|N|89|12|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Falakata| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Falakata]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|41|55|N|89|4|57|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Jagijhora Barabak| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Jagijhora Barabak]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|36|52|N|89|8|36|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Jateswar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Jateswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|42|0|N|89|17|0|E}}| label-pos7=top|label7=Madarihat| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Madarihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|11|40|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Parangarpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= Parangarpar (CT)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|33|21|N|89|32|5|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Paschim Jitpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Paschim Jitpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|10|N|89|4|39|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10= Sisha Jumrha| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sisha Jumrha]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|30|0|N|89|30|0|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Birpara| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Birpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|27|30|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Alipurduar| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Alipurduar]] (M) | shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|43|40|N|89|8|11|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Birpara TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Birpara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|28|35|N|89|24|20|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Pachkalguri| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Pachkalguri]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|49|48|N|89|18|36|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Totopara| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Totopara]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|29|54|N|89|22|32|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Sonapur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sonapur, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|39|35|N|89|15|27|E}}| label-pos17= left |label17= Aryaman TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Aryaman Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|39|27|N|89|16|34|E}}| label-pos18=bottom|label18=Jaldapara |labela18= National| labelb18= Park| numbered18=NP| mark-title18= [[Jaldapara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color18=#228B22
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|16|0|E}}| label19= Khairbari |labela19= Reserved |labelb19= Forest| label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19=0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|46|20|N|89|16|30|E}}| label20= Titi |labela20= Reserved |labelb20= Forest| label-color20 = #C42222 | label-angle20=0| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label21= Torsha River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|29|0|N|89|6|0|E}}|label22= Jaldhaka River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=30| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|47|2|N|89|6|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Bandapani TG| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bandapani Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color23= #A42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|5|N|89|6|17|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Dheklapara TG| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dheklapara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color24= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|52|30|N|89|15|30|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0 | arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=1.5}}

===Location===
Parangarpar is located at {{coord|26.5437|N|89.1945|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the [[Dooars]] in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the [[Himalayas]] in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% of the population living in the rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns and that means that 20.62% of the population lives in urban areas. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of tribal people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 29 June 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Parangarpar had a total population of 11,408. There were 5,930 (52%) males and 5,478 (48%) females. There were 1,084 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Parangarpar was 8.750 (84.75% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 July 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Jalpaiguri'', Parangarpar covered an area of 5.7041 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 23 km roads, with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, uncovered wells. It had 1,661 domestic electric connections, 175 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 1 veterinary hospital, 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 7 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools. It had 1 recognised shorthand, typewriting and vocational training centre, 5 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), 1 orphanage home. Three important commodities it produced were: ply wood, wooden furniture, jute choir. It had branches of 1 nationalised bank, 2 cooperative banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 451-453: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 454-455: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 456-457: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 458-459: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 460—463: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 464: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 26 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alipurduar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Alipurduar-geo-stub}}

Calcutta Youth Choir

2026-02-03T10:28:20Z

KariMccool73: rework intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian performance group}}
{{Multi|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Copy edit|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}

'''Calcutta Youth Choir''' ({{Langx|bn|ক্যালকাটা ইয়ুথ কয়্যার}}) was set up in 1958 by [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] with [[Salil Chowdhury]] and [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Lun Chun|first=Allen John Uck|author2=Ned Rossiter |author3=Brian Shoesmith |title=Refashioning pop music in Asia: cosmopolitan flows, political tempos, and aesthetic industries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT2Mje38yPsC&q=Calcutta+Youth+Choir&pg=PA92|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-1401-4|page=92}}</ref>

Calcutta Youth Choir is known for their performance of folk and mass songs. Several years ago, the choir broke out with the song 'Aaj joto juddhabaaj'. Shibdas Bandopadhyay wrote the words and V. Balsara composed the music. The songs performed by choir under the direction of [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] widely includes song of [[Dwijendralal Ray]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Rajanikanta Sen]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul Islam]], [[Prem Dhawan]], [[Sudhin Dasgupta]], [[Salil Chowdhury]] and [[Sibdas Banerjee]].

==History==
In the year, July, 1974 20-member folk song and dance troupe of Calcutta Youth Choir led by Ruma Guha Thakurta, won the first prize in the Copenhagen Youth Festival. The choir also took part in the 25th anniversary of Independence Day of India in Delhi. Opening song by Calcutta Youth Choir to welcome [[Nelson Mandela]] in India in 1990 and to honour [[Amartya Sen]] for Nobel in the year 1998, 21 June 2007 performing for 30 years [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) in [[West Bengal]] are the Laurels. More than 5000 shows have been performed by the choir led by [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]. There are more than 300 members in the choir involved in various activities like singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, management, etc. 3 December 1994, Calcutta Youth Choir celebrated its 36th anniversary to celebrate 50 years of [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]'s association with music, dance and cinema where sitting chief minister of [[West Bengal]] [[Jyoti Basu]], [[Bijoya Ray]] (wife of Late [[Satyajit Ray]]), [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], singer [[Usha Uthup]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] and many other legend were present. In spite of her major heart attack since 2004 Ruma Guhathakurta is still regularly performing. This is the only leading choir troupe of Calcutta performing continuously for the last 55 years.

Former chief minister of [[West Bengal]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] inaugurated the new building of the choir in South [[Calcutta]] on 29 December 2006.

2 May 2008 in the birthday of [[Satyajit Ray]], Calcutta Youth Choir celebrated 50 years anniversary at Rabindrasadan, [[Kolkata]] in presence of [[Manna Dey]], sitting speaker of Parliament [[Somnath Chatterjee]], [[Sabita Chowdhury]], Mayor of Kolkata [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]], [[Suchitra Mitra]] and others. [[Manna Dey]] and [[Sabita Chowdhury]] participated in the song ''Janeywaleey Sipahi'' under the direction of Ruma Guha Thakurta.

16 September 2010, choir celebrated its 52nd anniversary where 6 members of Calcutta Youth Choir were honoured for performing regularly with the choir for more than 50 years by [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]].

9 April 2012, choir celebrated its 54th anniversary of Calcutta Youth Choir headed by [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]. This was the last show Guha Thakurta was present and conducted the show.

11 June 2013, choir celebrated its 55th anniversary of Calcutta Youth Choir. For the first time [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] was not present in the Annual Show due to her deteriorating health condition.

27 January 2013, the choir hosted a Dance and Music Festival held at the Uttarpara Jaikrishna Ground. This event showcased the true culture of Bengali music accompanied with folk dance.
5 May 2013, the choir performed a collection of patriotic songs at the Gitanjali Stadium.
23 January 2014, the choir made their next appearance at the Mother Teresa International Award Ceremony and performed various folk songs to keep the audience and dignitaries entertained.
In May 2014, they also performed hit numbers at Pete Seeger's Tribute Concert at the Tollygunge Club.
On 4 July and 17 October 2014 the choir performed in St. James’ School and on both the occasions and performed their trademark folk and mass songs.
8 January 2015, the choir performed at Bhantala High School and entertained the crowd with their enthralling music.
On 12 September 2015, the Calcutta Youth choir performed at the Golden Jubilee Celebration of Naragole Raj College in Midnapur.
In July 2016, the choir performed at Rabindra Sadan to celebrate the birth anniversary of D.L. Roy, [[Atul Prasad Sen]] and Rajani Ratan Sen.
On 30 December 2016, the Calcutta Youth Choir performed in a Sangeet Anusthan held in the district of Hedua.
The Calcutta Youth Choir has performed at the Bangla Sangeet Mela organised by the Govt. of West Bengal on several occasions:
9 April 2013, the choir participated in the Bangla Sangeet Mela held at the Rabitirtha Hall in Newtown.
In February 2014, 17 February 2015 and 18 December 2016 the choir yet again performed at the historic Bangla Sangeet Mela organised by the Govt. of West Bengal and held at Rabindra Sadan.
19 July 2015, the choir performed to celebrate the birth anniversary of D.L. Roy and Atul Prasad Sen at Rabindra Sadan.

==Albums by Calcutta Youth Choir==
# ''Beje Uthlo Ki Somoyer Ghori'', A collection of mass songs released by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] in 1976
# ''Waqt Ki Awaz (Hindi)'', A collection of modern songs released by His Master's Voice
# ''Prarthna Sangeet'', A collection of devotional songs released by CBS
# ''All times Great Calcutta Youth Choir'', A collection of selected track from His Master's Voice
# ''Amra Tori Beye Jai'', A collection of mass songs released by His Master's Voice in 1981
# ''Manusher Gaan Gai'', A collection of mass songs released by His Master's Voice in 1982
# ''Pochis Bochor Dhore'', Released by His Master's Voice in the year 1983 on 25th anniversary of the choir
# ''Bharatbarsho Surger Ek Naam'', A collection of Bengali modern songs released by His Master's Voice
# ''Swadesi Juger Gaan'', a collection of patriotic songs released by His Master's Voice
# ''Chetonar Gaan'', A collection of songs to welcome [[Nelson Mandela]] in India released by CBS in 1988
# ''Besh Sotoker Gaan'', A collection of Bengali mass songs released by Hindustan Records in 1990 celebrating 300th birthday of [[Calcutta]]
# ''Deshatobodok Gaan'', A collection of patriotic songs released by Gathani in 1993
# ''Din Agato Oi'', A collection of modern songs released by Gathani in 1994 for the celebration of Bengali New Year (1400 SATABDI)
# ''Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja (Hindi)'', A collection of INA (Azad Hind Fauj) songs by His Master's Voice for the 100th birth anniversary of Netaji [[Subhas Bose]] in 1996
# ''Mile Sobe Bharat Santan'', A collection of modern songs released by His Master's Voice in 1998
# ''Sikol Bhangar Gaan'', A collection of Patriotic songs (before India's Independence) released in 2001
# ''Amader Salilda'', A collection of mass songs by [[Salil Chowdhury]] released by ASHA AUDIO in 2007
# ''Ek Dor Mein'', A collection of Hindi Translation Rabindra Sangeet released by Saregama (formerly His Master's Voice) in 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bengalimusiconline.com/index.php?action=artist&id=68|title=Calcutta Youth Choir|website=bengalimusiconline.com|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.google.co.in/search?q=Calcutta+Youth+Choir&hl=en&rlz=1B3GGLL_enIN403IN403&prmd=v&source=univ&tbs=vid:1&tbo=u&ei=OKfNTIPBAo7svQOs8-TJDw&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=10&ved=0CD8QqwQwCQ Calcutta Youth Choir, performances]

{{Kolkata topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Choirs of children]]
[[Category:Youth choirs]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1958]]
[[Category:Indian choirs]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]

2022 Delhi Capitals season

2026-01-25T03:56:56Z

KariMccool73: Created A Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Delhi Capitals
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Rishabh Pant]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Squad - IPL 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/delhi-capitals-squad-1300872/series-squads |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 March 2024 |date=13 February 2022}}</ref>
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League|Tournament performance]]
| comp1 result =
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (432)
| most wickets = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (21)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Delhi Capitals in 2021|2021]]
| nextseason = [[Delhi Capitals in 2023|2023]]
}}
[[Delhi Capitals]] are a [[Twenty20]] franchise [[cricket]] team based in [[Delhi]], India. The team competed in the [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 edition of the Indian Premier League]]. Founded in 2008 as the Delhi Daredevils, the franchise is owned by the [[GMR Group]] and the [[JSW Group]]. The team's home ground is [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], located in [[New Delhi]]. They were one of the ten teams to compete in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Background==
Delhi Capitals retained four players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>

;Retained Players:[[Rishabh Pant]], [[Axar Patel]], [[Prithvi Shaw]], [[Anrich Nortje]]
;Released: [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Avesh Khan]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Kagiso Rabada]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Marcus Stoinis]], [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]], [[Pravin Dubey]], [[Chris Woakes]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Manimaran Siddharth]], [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Lukman Meriwala]], [[Vishnu Vinod]], [[Ripal Patel]], [[Sam Billings]]
;Acquired at the auction: David Warner, Mitchell Marsh, Shardul Thakur, Mustafizur Rahman, Kuldeep Yadav, Ashwin Hebbar, Sarfaraz Khan, Kamlesh Nagarkoti, KS Bharat, Mandeep Singh, Khaleel Ahmed, Chetan Sakariya, Lalit Yadav, Ripal Patel, Yash Dhull, Rovman Powell, Pravin Dubey, Lungi Ngidi, Tim Seifert, Vicky Ostwal.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*'''Squad strength''': 24 (17 - Indian, 7 - overseas)
* Ages correct as of 27 March 2022.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Captain
|-
| 17 || '''[[Rishabh Pant]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1997|10|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|16|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Batters
|-
|18|| '''[[Mandeep Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|3|27|1991|12|18}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.1|c}} ||
|-
| 28 || [[Ripal Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1995|9|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|Medium]] || style="text-align:center"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 31 || '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1986|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.25|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 52 || '''[[Rovman Powell]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1993|7|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm fast medium || style="text-align:center"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 97 || [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1997|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 100 || '''[[Prithvi Shaw]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1999|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.5|c}} ||
|-
||| [[Yash Dhull]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|2002|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| All-Rounders
|-
| 8 || '''[[Mitchell Marsh]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1991|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 16 || [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1997|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|65|l}} ||
|-
| 20 || '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9|c}} ||
|-
||| [[Ashwin Hebbar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1995|11|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center" | Wicket-Keepers
|-
| 15 || [[K. S. Bharat]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1993|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 ||
|-
| 43 || '''[[Tim Seifert]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center" | 2022 || style="text-align:right" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| 2 || '''[[Anrich Nortje]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1993|11|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|6.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 5 || [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1998|5|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1|c}} ||
|-
| 54 || '''[[Shardul Thakur]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1991|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium-pace]] || style="text-align:center" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|10.75|c}} ||
|-
| 55 || '''[[Chetan Sakariya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1998|2|28|df=y}}||Left-handed||Left arm [[Fast Bowling|Medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} ||
|-
| 71 || '''[[Khaleel Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1997|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast Bowling|Fast-Medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} ||
|-
| 90 || '''[[Mustafizur Rahman]]''' || {{cr|BAN}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1995|09|06|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm fast-medium || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
| || '''[[Lungi Ngidi]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1996|3|29|df=y}} ||Right-handed||Right arm [[Fast Bowling|Fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| 23 || '''[[Kuldeep Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm [[wrist spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
| 46 || [[Praveen Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|1993|7|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[leg break]] [[googly]] || style="text-align:center"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
| || [[Vicky Ostwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|27|2002|09|01|df=y}} || Right-Handed || Left-arm orthodox || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/delhi-capitals-squad-1300872/series-squads DC squad]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Team manager|| Siddharth Bhasin
|-
| Head coach|| [[Ricky Ponting]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| [[Ajit Agarkar]], [[Shane Watson]]
|-
|Batting coach|| [[Pravin Amre]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[James Hopes]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| [[Biju George]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.delhicapitals.in/players DC Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:55%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest branding
|-
|[[Wrogn]]
|[[JSW Group|JSW]]
|Octa
|APL Apollo
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _redborder
| pattern_b = _dc22
| pattern_ra = _blueborder
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 0000B8
| body = 0000B8
| rightarm = FF0000
| pants = 0000B8
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

== Teams and standings ==
=== Points table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=DC}}

== Group fixtures ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 177/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 81[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/6 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] 48[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Basil Thampi]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304048.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 171/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 84 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 43 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304056.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Lockie Ferguson]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 149/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 61 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 80 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 2/31 (3.4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304061.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = Quinton de Kock (Lukhnow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match15}}'''Match 15'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 215/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 61 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 54 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304065.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 66[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 66 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 16 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304073.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match27}}'''Match 27'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 115 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 32 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119/1 (10.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 60[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/21 (2.3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304078.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The match was originally scheduled to take place at the MCA International Stadium in Pune, but it was relocated to the Brabourne Stadium after a number of [[COVID-19]] cases in the Delhi camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals - Punjab Kings game moved to Brabourne Stadium |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121971/delhi-capitals-punjab-kings-game-moved-to-brabourne-stadium|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=19 April 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match32}}'''Match 32'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 222/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 116 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 1/43 (4 overs)
| score2 = 207/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 44 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304080.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The match was originally scheduled to take place at the MCA International Stadium in Pune, but it was relocated to the Wankhede Stadium after a number of [[COVID-19]] cases in the Delhi camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Capitals-Royals clash moved from Pune to Wankhede Stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-delhi-capitals-rajasthan-royals-clash-moved-from-pune-to-wankhede-stadium-1311622|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2022|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the second player to score consecutive hundreds in the IPL, after [[Shikhar Dhawan]]. Buttler also became the second player after [[Virat Kohli]] to score three or more centuries in a single IPL season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tendulkar leads as cricket fraternity reserve massive praise for Buttler|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-surely-the-best-white-ball-player-in-the-world-former-players-including-tendulkar-vaughan-reserve-massive-praise-for-jos-buttler-101650644514057.html|access-date=23 April 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match34}}'''Match 34'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 146/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/14 (3 overs)
| score2 = 150/6 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 42 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304087.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Harshit Rana (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match41}}'''Match 41'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 195/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 77 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 44 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 4/16 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304091.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match45}}'''Match 45'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 207/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 92[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 186/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 62 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Khaleel Ahmed]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 21 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304096.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match50}}'''Match 50'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 208/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 87 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 25 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 91 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304101.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match55}}'''Match 55'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 50 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 89 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304104.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match58}}'''Match 58'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 63 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/36 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304110.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match64}}'''Match 64'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 43 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 48 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/32 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304115.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the playoffs and Delhi Capitals were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-69th-match-1304115/match-report|title=RCB sneak into playoffs after Tim David, Jasprit Bumrah knock Delhi Capitals out|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 69'''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals IPL team Delhi Capitals web page on official IPL T20 website - IPLT20.com]
*[http://www.delhidaredevils.com/ The Official Delhi Capitals Site]

{{2022 Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Capitals in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals seasons|2022]]

Narayanpur (234040)

2026-01-21T13:20:07Z

KariMccool73: made first post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Village in Bihar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{distinguish||text=[[Narayanpur (234060)]], a village of the same name in the same administrative block; the two have distinct census location codes}}

'''Narayanpur''' is a village in Parsa block, [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 1,216 across 179 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|265119|Narayanpur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saran district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district]]

{{Saran-geo-stub}}

Bhabha Institute of Education

2026-01-18T16:25:21Z

KariMccool73: Created New Article

{{short description|College in Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Bhabha Institute of Education
|image_name =
|caption =
|motto =
|established =
|founder = Er. Awadhesh Kumar<ref>{{cite web|title=About us |url=http://bitgaya.org/en/about-us/}} Buddha Group of Institutions</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=From The Desk of Chairman |url=http://www.bhabhaeducation.org/en/home}} Bhabha Institute of Education</ref>
|type = Private
|city = [[Gaya, Bihar]]
|country = India
|affiliations = [[Magadh University]]
|website = {{url|www.bhabhaeducation.org}}
}}

'''Bhabha Institute of Education''' also known by BIE, Gaya is a unit of Buddha Group of Institutions,<ref>{{cite web|title=BIT Group of Institutions| url=http://bitgaya.org/en/home/}}</ref> it is a Teacher Training college situated in [[Gaya, Bihar]], India. The college, approved by [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=Bihar Colleges in Bihar, University Grants Commission]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/bhabha-institute-of-education-gaya|title = Bhabha Institute of Education, Gaya: Admission 2021, Courses, Fee, Cutoff, Ranking, Placements & Scholarship}}</ref> for courses B.Ed. & D.El.Ed and affiliated by [[Magadh University]] for B.Ed. & [[Bihar School Examination Board]] for D.El.Ed from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=D.El.Ed Affiliated College of NCTE | url=http://ncte.gov.in/Website/deled_bihar.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026130838/http://ncte.gov.in/Website/deled_bihar.aspx| archive-date=2019-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=B.Ed Affiliated College of NCTE | url=http://ncte.gov.in/Website/b_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022034323/http://ncte.gov.in/Website/b_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-date=2019-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ERC NCTE Affiliated College List |url=http://biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in/sites/default/files/circulars/erc_ncte_se_maanytaa_praapt_evn_bihaar_vidyaaly_priikssaa_smiti_se_smbddhtaa_praapt_mhaavidyaalyon_kaa_naam_mhaavidyaaly_kodd_aavnttn_ke_saath_suucii.pdf |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621061146/http://biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in/sites/default/files/circulars/erc_ncte_se_maanytaa_praapt_evn_bihaar_vidyaaly_priikssaa_smiti_se_smbddhtaa_praapt_mhaavidyaalyon_kaa_naam_mhaavidyaaly_kodd_aavnttn_ke_saath_suucii.pdf |url-status=dead }} Si No.-160 name-Bhabha Institute of Education, Industrial Aria, Gaya</ref>

==Courses==
* [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]]
* [[Doctor of Education|D.El.Ed]]

==See also==
* [[List of teacher education schools in India]]
* [[Teacher Training College, Gaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Official Website : [http://www.bhabhaeducation.org/ Bhabha Institute of Education]

{{Buddha Group of Institutions}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

Sumon Barman

2026-01-16T14:07:00Z

KariMccool73: starting a info

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Sumon Barman''' (born 2002) is an Indian kho kho player from [[West Bengal]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as an allrounder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was part of the Indian men's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He plays for [[Chennai Quick Guns]] in the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]], a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumon Barman Profile 438 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/sumon-barman-profile-438 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Barman is from Milan Palli of [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chunsurah]], [[Hooghly district]], West Bengal. He is the son of Ramdev Barman, a cook who works for daily wages and his mother, Sujata Barman, is a domestic help, who also does odd tailoring works at home. They live a one-room house of 10 ft x 10 ft with tin roof. He has a sister, Riya Barman, also a kho kho player, and a brother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=পাল |first=নবীন |date=2025-01-20 |title=জুটত না খাবার, ছিল না বুট, খো খো বিশ্বকাপ জেতা সুমনের পরিবারের দাবি... |url=https://eisamay.com/sports/other-sports/kho-kho-world-cup-winner-suman-barman-family-says-he-need-a-job-to-survive/200339338.cms#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> Krishnaranjan Chakraborty was his first coach and he also trained under assistant coach Sujit Saha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=ফুল-মালায় চুঁচুড়াবাসী বরণ করল খো খো বিশ্বকাপ জয়ী সুমন বর্মনকে |url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/chinsurah-people-welcome-kho-kho-world-cup-champion-suman-barman-by-garland-1158111.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
In January 2025, he was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=India edge closer to Kho Kho World Cup knockouts after outclassing Brazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-outclass-brazil-kho-kho-world-cup-edge-closer-to-knockouts-2664829-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62–42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 54–36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-19 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: After women, Indian men's team also crowned champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kho-kho-world-cup-after-women-indian-mens-team-also-crowned-champion/article69117372.ece |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Sumon}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]

J. G. Greig

2026-01-08T04:24:03Z

KariMccool73: adjust layout per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = J. G. Greig
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| fullname = John Glennie Greig
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1871|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Mhow]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1958|05|24|1871|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Milford on Sea]], [[Hampshire]], England
| nickname = Junglee{{sfn|Mukherji|2020|p=72}}
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Spin bowling|slow]]
| role =
| family =
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1893/94–1920/21}}
| club2 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| year2 = 1898–1910
| club3 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year3 = 1901–1922
| club4 = [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| year4 = 1902/03
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 125
| runs1 = 7,348
| bat avg1 = 36.37
| 100s/50s1 = 15/32
| top score1 = 249[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6,550
| wickets1 = 138
| bowl avg1 = 23.46
| fivefor1 = 8
| tenfor1 = 2
| best bowling1 = 7/35
| catches/stumpings1 = 102/–
| date = 11 September
| year = 2020
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13465.html Cricinfo
}}

'''John Glennie Greig''' {{postnominal|CIE}} (24 October 1871 — 24 May 1958) was an English first-class [[cricket]]er and cricket administrator, [[British Army]] officer, [[rackets (sport)|racquets]] and [[tennis]] player, and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]].

Greig's military career spanned from 1892 to 1921, beginning with his commissioning into the [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)|Loyal North Lancashire Regiment]] and eventual transfer to the [[British Indian Army]]. In [[British India]], he held the appointments of ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' and military secretary to the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]]. He would later serve with the [[107th Pioneers]] during the [[First World War]].

As a cricketer, his [[first-class cricket|first-class career]] spanned from 1893 to 1922, with Greig predominantly playing for the [[Europeans cricket team]] in India and [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in England. In 125 first-class matches, he scored over 6,500 runs and took nearly 140 wickets. He was considered the leading "white" player of the time in India, and in 1898 he made the first double-century to be scored in first-class cricket on Indian soil. Greig was head of the committee which selected the Indian team [[Indian cricket team in England in 1911|which toured England in 1911]], the first by an All-Indian team. During his time in India, he was also credited with discovering [[Palwankar Baloo]] while he was engaged with the Poona Gymkhana. The cricket historian [[Vasant Raiji]] likened Greig's contribution to Indian cricket to that of [[Ranjitsinhji]]'s to English cricket. He would later serve Hampshire in an administrative capacity as its secretary from 1921 to 1930 and its president in 1945 and 1946.

Greig was also a competent [[rackets (sport)|racquets]] and [[tennis]] player, who won the [[Western India Championships|Western India Tennis Championships]]. Later in his life, he would be ordained as a Roman Catholic priest and was appointed to be the first resident priest in [[Ringwood, Hampshire]].

==Early life and military career==
Greig was born in [[British India]] at [[Mhow]] in October 1871. He was educated in England at [[Downside School]], before proceeding to the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[seminary]] [[Ushaw College]].<ref name="BOOK">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnBZXcdHnIUC|title=John Glennie Greig|journal=The Tablet|publisher=[[The Tablet|Tablet Publishing Company]]|year=1911|page=980|volume=118–119|issn=0039-8837|language=en}}</ref> However, he did not at this stage enter into ecclesiastical duties, instead attending the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College at Sandhurst]]. He graduated from there into the [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)|Loyal North Lancashire Regiment]] as a [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries|second lieutenant]] in November 1892,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26346|date=18 November 1892|page=6477}}</ref> with promotion to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] following in December 1894.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26612|date=2 April 1895|page=1998}}</ref>

Greig transferred to the [[British Indian Army]] in October 1895, where he was attached to the [[Indian Staff Corps]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26835|date=23 March 1897|page=1672}}</ref> He was appointed ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]] in February 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27398|date=17 January 1902|page=393}}</ref> and was shortly thereafter promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in November 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27414|date=7 March 1902|page=1668}}</ref> He vacated his ''aide-de-camp'' appointment in December 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27570|date=30 June 1903|page=4100}}</ref> but was reappointed in June 1904.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27716|date=23 September 1904|page=6142}}</ref> In October 1907, Greig was appointed military secretary to the incumbent Governor of Bombay, [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|Sir George Clarke]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28091|date=20 December 1907|page=8881}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in November 1910,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28454|date=6 January 1911|page=132}}</ref> and was made a Companion to the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|date=8 December 1911|page=9363}}</ref> He would serve Clarke's successor, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]], as his military secretary.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28717|date=9 May 1913|page=3351}}</ref> Prior to the [[First World War]], he spent time serving on the [[North-West Frontier Province]].<ref name="BOOK"/> Greig served during the First World War with the [[107th Pioneers]], acting as a temporary [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] from August to October 1918 whilst commanding a battalion.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30992|date=5 November 1918|page=13009}}</ref> Following the end of the war, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31449|date=11 July 1919|page=8859}}</ref> and retired from active service in November 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32529|date=25 November 1921|page=9471}}</ref>

==First-class cricket career==
===Early career in India and England===
[[File:Palwankar Baloo.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Greig is credited with discovering [[Palwankar Baloo]] (pictured) during his membership of the Poona Gymkhana]]
Greig's cricket began while at Downside and Ushaw College's.<ref name="BOOK"/> While serving in the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment in British India in 1893, he made his debut in [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Europeans cricket team]] against the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsees]] at [[Bombay Gymkhana|Bombay]] in the 1893–94 [[Bombay Tournament (cricket)|Bombay Presidency Match]]. He featured regularly for the Europeans up to September 1896,<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6628/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by John Greig|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=13 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with Greig having a particularly successful 1896–97 season, in which he scored 259 runs in his two Bombay Presidency Matches, making three half centuries and a highest score of 98.<ref name="FCBAS">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6628/f_Batting_by_Season.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by John Greig|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=13 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> From the early 1890s, Greig was a leading member of the Poona Gymkhana, where he was affectionately known as "Junglee" (a play on his first, middle and last names).{{sfn|Menon|2006|p=3}} He is credited with discovering [[Palwankar Baloo]] during his time at the Gymkhana. Greig would often turn up an hour before other members and accompany Baloo in the [[Cricket nets|nets]], where Baloo would bowl at Greig, with him encouraging Baloo by reputedly paying him eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] each time he dismissed him.{{sfn|Menon|2006|p=3}} Greig sought to overcome the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] which held Baloo back, with the leading Hindu club in Poona (whose membership was formed of conservative, higher-caste Hindus) reluctant to allow Baloo, who was lower-caste [[chamar]], to play for them.{{sfn|Mukherji|2020|p=73}} Greig intervened, suggesting to the press that the Hindus would be foolish to deprive themselves of Baloo's bowling talents.{{sfn|Menon|2006|p=4}}

Greig made two first-class appearances upon his return to England in 1898, playing for the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) against [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]], and for [[A. J. Webbe]]'s personal eleven against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]].<ref name="FCM"/> He returned to India later in 1898, where he resumed playing for the Europeans in the Bombay Presidency Matches. Against the Parsees in the 1898–99 Bombay Presidency Match, he claimed his first [[five wicket haul]]s with his right-arm [[Spin bowling|slow bowling]], taking figures of 6 for 22 and 7 for 36 in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/5/5116.html|title=Europeans v Parsees, Bombay Presidency Match 1898/99|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=15 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In the 1899-1900 Bombay Presidency Match against the Parsees, he recorded his maiden first-class [[century (cricket)|century]], making 184 runs [[Batting order (cricket)#Opening batters|opening the batting]] alongside [[Archie Douglas]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/5/5316.html|title=Europeans v Parsees, Bombay Presidency Match 1899/00|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=13 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> this was the highest individual score made in India to that point.

Returning to England on leave in 1901, Greig began playing for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in the [[County Championship]]. His reputation in India was such that [[Ranjitsinhji]] wrote a letter of introduction for him to Hampshire, writing "Greig is a better batsman than I am, and is an excellent bowler as well".{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=72}} His first season for Hampshire was a success, with Greig scoring 1,277 runs at an [[batting average (cricket)|average]] of 41.19; he made five centuries,<ref name="FCBAS"/> including a maiden double-century (249 [[not out]]) against [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] at [[Aigburth Cricket Ground|Liverpool]].<ref name="OBIT">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228436.html|title=Wisden – Obituaries in 1958|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> Alongside his eighteen appearances for Hampshire in 1901, he also played for the MCC and for the Gentlemen in the [[Gentlemen v Players]] fixture.<ref name="FCM"/> The 1901 season was, in terms of the number of wickets taken, his most successful with the ball, with Greig taking 27 wickets at a [[bowling average]] of 25.62.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6628/f_Bowling_by_Season.html|title=First-Class Bowling in Each Season by John Greig|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=15 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Returning to India following the end of the 1901 season, Greig played two matches against the Parsees in the 1902–03 Bombay Presidency Matches, becoming the first player to make 1,000 runs in the Presidency Matches,<ref name="JUN">{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/jungly-greig-indias-first-little-master-277189|title="Jungly" Greig: India's first Little Master|first=Abhishek|last=Mukherjee|website=www.cricketcountry.com|date=26 April 2015|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> in addition to playing for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] against a touring [[Oxford University Authentics cricket team|Oxford University Authentics team]] at Bombay in November 1902,<ref name="FCM"/> scoring 204 in Bombay's second innings;{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=72}} this was the first double-century in first-class cricket to made on Indian soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/early-cricket-hundreds-on-indian-soil-1859-to-1902-453303/|title=Early cricket hundreds on Indian soil, 1859 to 1902|first=Pradip|last=Dhole|website=www.cricketcountry.com|date=30 May 2016|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> He returned to England on leave in 1905 and made nine appearances in the [[1905 County Championship|County Championship]] and played against the touring [[Australia national cricket team|Australians]].<ref name="FCM"/> He again performed well for Hampshire, averaging over 50 with the bat.<ref name="FCBAS"/> He made three centuries in the season, all against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]; at [[New Road, Worcester|Worcester]] in his first match of the season, Greig made scores of 115 and 130, and later in season he made an unbeaten 187 at [[Dean Park Cricket Ground|Bournemouth]].<ref name="OBIT"/> Returning to India for the winter, he made two appearances in the 1905–06 Presidency Matches,<ref name="FCM"/> before returning to England on leave in the summer of 1906, where he made sixteen appearances in the [[1906 County Championship|County Championship]] and one appearance for the MCC;<ref name="FCM"/> he did not manage to make a century during the 1906 season, scoring 867 runs at an average of 26.27.<ref name="FCBAS"/>

===Later career and administrative duties===
Over the coming seasons, Greig remained in India in his capacity as military secretary to the Governor of Bombay, playing for the Europeans with some success in the 1907–08 and 1908–09 seasons.<ref name="FCBAS"/> Returning to England in 1910, he made twelve [[1912 County Championship|County Championship]] appearances, alongside playing once for the MCC.<ref name="FCM"/> Upon his return to India, Greig was appointed to head the committee to select the Indian team [[Indian cricket team in England in 1911|which toured England in 1911]], the first by an All-Indian team.{{sfn|Kidambi|2019|p=131}} The composition of the committee reflected the changing balance of power in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], with representatives from the [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Islam|Muslim]], and [[Parsis]] communities. Despite his great knowledge of Indian cricket, Greig's appointment as committee head was seen more as a political move designed to circumvent any selection deadlocks which might emerge between the different communities represented on the committee.{{sfn|Kidambi|2019|p=131}} Greig's first-class cricket was solely played in India between 1911 and 1913, predominantly for the Europeans, though he did also feature for his own personal eleven against the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] at the [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground|Poona Gymkhana]].<ref name="FCM"/> When on leave in England, Greig made nine appearances in the [[1914 County Championship]],<ref name="FCM"/> before it was curtailed by the outbreak of the First World War. His last season before the war saw him score 489 runs and making a single century.<ref name="FCBAS"/>

Although first-class cricket had been suspended in England, this was not the case in India, where first-class cricket was played throughout the entirety of the war. He played for the Europeans in the Bombay Quadrangular Tournament during the war, while also playing for a team termed "[[Rest of England cricket teams|England]]" against [[India national cricket team|India]] at Bombay in December 1915,<ref name="FCM"/> a match arranged to raise money for the Bombay Presidency War and Relief Fund;<ref name="JUN"/> he made a double-century (216) which helped "England" to an [[Result (cricket)|innings and 263 runs victory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9485.html|title=India v England, Other First-Class matches in India 1915/16|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Despite playing a large part of his first-class cricket in India, Greig was described as "no lover of Indian cricket" by the political scientist and author [[Ronojoy Sen]].{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=73}} This was exemplified in a match between the Europeans and the Hindus in the 1916–17 Bombay Quadrangular Tournament, when he was adjudged out [[stumping|stumped]] by native [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] [[Mukundrao Pai]]. Greig disagreed with his decision, and was ordered from the field by Pai for quarrelling and disagreeing with his decision. Upon his return to the [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]], Greig's protests against the decision continued and led to the game being delayed for thirty minutes.{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=73}} The subsequent controversy, which was covered by extensively by the press in India,{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=73}} resulted in the Hindus impressing on the British authorities the need for neutral umpires, with subsequent games having a member of the [[Muslims cricket team|Muslims]] or Parsees teams officiating when the Hindus and Europeans played.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|date=1998|title=Cricket and Politics in Colonial India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651075|journal=Past & Present|issue=161|pages=167–168|jstor=651075|issn=0031-2746|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030125909/https://www.jstor.org/stable/651075|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the war, Greig returned home to England in 1920, where he made four appearances for Hampshire in the [[1920 County Championship|County Championship]].<ref name="FCM"/> Returning to India following the 1920 season, he made his final appearance for the Europeans in the 1920–21 Bombay Quadrangular Tournament.<ref name="FCM"/> Following his retirement from the military in 1921, he returned home to England and made six appearances in the [[1921 County Championship]], before making a final appearance for Hampshire against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] in the [[1922 County Championship]].<ref name="FCM"/> Greig was elected to replace George Harvey Muir as Hampshire secretary in 1921,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/19210513/143/0007|title=Hampshire county cricket|work=[[Hampshire Advertiser]]|location=[[Southampton]]|page=7|date=13 May 1921|access-date=14 April 2024|url-access=subscription|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> a post he would hold until 1930.<ref name="OBIT"/> He later served as Hampshire president in 1945 and 1946.<ref name="OBIT"/>

===Legacy and statistics===
Greig was considered by Sen to be a "prolific batsman",{{sfn|Sen|2015|p=72}} who was for many years considered the best "white" batsman in India.{{sfn|Menon|2006|p=3}} Of short stature, he was derogatorily remarked by [[D. B. Deodhar]] as a "white [[pygmy]]",<ref name="JUN"/> while the cricket historian [[Vasant Raiji]] wrote "though slight of physique he possessed strong wrists and uncommonly keen vision, which enabled him to employ several attractive strokes all round the wicket".{{sfn|Raiji|1986|pp=61–63}} ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' noted that his most attractive stroke was the [[Batting (cricket)#Cut|cut]],<ref name="OBIT"/> which had rarely been seen in India.<ref name="JUN"/> His thirst for run-scoring was likened to that of [[Don Bradman]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]].{{sfn|Menon|2006|p=3}} His bowling was described by Deodhar as "brainy and artful", while noting that his [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] was "as good as his batting".<ref name="JUN"/>

Greig played 39 first-class matches for the Europeans, scoring 2,300 runs at an average of 37.70, making three centuries and fourteen half centuries.<ref name="FCBAT">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6628/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by John Greig|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As a bowler, he took 72 wickets for the Europeans at a bowling average of 14.47, taking four five wicket hauls and ten wickets in a match twice.<ref name="FCBOW">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6628/f_Bowling_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Bowling For Each Team by John Greig|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=14 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In the field, he took 44 [[Caught|catches]] for the Europeans.<ref name="FCBAT"/> Making 77 first-class appearances for Hampshire, he scored 4,375 runs at an average of 34.17, making ten centuries and seventeen half centuries.<ref name="FCBAT"/> He found less successful bowling in English conditions, but nonetheless he took 64 wickets for Hampshire at an average of 32.03, taking five wickets in an innings on four occasions.<ref name="FCBOW"/> In the field, he took 52 catches for Hampshire.<ref name="FCBAT"/> His overall career first-class record was 7,348 runs at an average of 36.37, from 125 matches, while with the ball he took 138 wickets at an average of 23.46. In the field, he took a total of 102 catches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/john-greig-13465|title=Player profile: John Greig|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

Raiji considered his contributions to Indian cricket as of a same class as that of Ranjitsinhji to English cricket.{{sfn|Raiji|1986|pp=61–63}}

==Racquets and tennis==
In addition to playing cricket in India, Greig also partook in [[rackets (sport)|racquets]] and [[tennis]] tournaments.<ref name="JUN"/> He won the Open Singles Racquets Cup on ten occasions and competed with success in the [[Western India Championships|Western India Tennis Championships]];<ref name="JUN"/> he was runner-up to Herbert Cheetham in the 1897 Championship, before defeating Cheetham in the final of the 1898 Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetennisbase.com/tournaments/|title=Tournaments:Bombay – Western India Championships|website=www.thetennisbase.com|access-date=15 April 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515071923/https://thetennisbase.com/tournaments/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Ecclesiastical duties and death==
Greig studied to become a Roman Catholic priest in 1934 at [[Beda College]] in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004156/19340602/071/0005|title=Colonel studying for priesthood|work=Nottingham and Midland Catholic News|page=5|date=2 June 1934|access-date=14 April 2024|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> He was ordained as a priest in 1935, and in 1937 he was appointed the first resident priest in [[Ringwood, Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19370917/046/0004|title=Hants cricketer becomes parish priest: Father J. G. Greig|work=[[The News (Portsmouth)|Portsmouth Evening News]]|page=4|date=17 September 1937|access-date=15 April 2024|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> In 1947, he was made an honorary canon of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth]].<ref name="OBIT"/> Greig died at [[Milford on Sea]] in May 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004074/19580531/248/0008|title=Death of Canon J. C. Greig, C.I.E|work=[[Lymington Times and New Milton Advertiser|New Milton Advertiser]]|page=4|date=31 May 1958|access-date=15 April 2024|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP4GEAAAQBAJ|title=Cricket India: Tales Untold: Controversies and Contributions|first=Raju|last=Mukherji|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|location=[[Chennai]]|year=2020|isbn=9781636337869}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50KjDwAAQBAJ|title=Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire|first=Prashant|last=Kidambi|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=9780198843139}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|first=Ronojoy|last=Sen|author-link=Ronojoy Sen|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=[[New York City]]|year=2015|isbn=9780231539937}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxDB5GBCpNEC|title=Cultural History of Modern India|first=Dilip M.|last=Menon|publisher=Social Science Press|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=2006|isbn=9788187358251}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVjSAAAAMAAJ|title=India's Hambledon Men|first=Vasant|last=Raiji|author-link=Vasant Raiji|publisher=Tyeby Press|location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]]|year=1986}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=13465}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greig, John}}
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:People from Mhow]]
[[Category:People educated at Downside School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Ushaw College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Loyal Regiment officers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:English racquets players]]
[[Category:English male tennis players]]
[[Category:British male tennis players]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:A. J. Webbe's XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Hampshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Gentlemen cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:J. G. Greig's XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Non-international England cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:English cricket administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century English Roman Catholic priests]]

Hubballi–Gangavathi Express

2025-11-30T10:21:02Z

KariMccool73: added the stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Express train in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Hubballi–Gangavathi Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{Start date and age|2019|06|03|df=y}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hubli Junction}}
| stops = 8
| end = [[Gangavati, Karnataka|Gangavathi]]
| distance = {{convert|165|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General]]
| seating =
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17241 / 17242
| speed = {{convert|140|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Hubballi–Gangavathi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that run between {{stnlnk|Hubli Junction}} and [[Gangavati, Karnataka|Gangavathi]] of [[Karnataka]] state in India.

==Background==
This train was inaugurated on 3 June 2019 at [[Gangavathi railway station]], flagged off by [[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]] a [[BJP]] MP from [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Paranna Munavalli]] a [[BJP]] MLA from [[Gangavathi]] for connectivity between the major commercial hub of North Karnataka-Hubli and rice bowl of Karnataka-Gangavathi of Karnataka State.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-hubballi-gangavati-hubballi-express-train-flagged-off/article27430145.ece | title= New Hubballi-Gangavati-Hubballi Express train flagged off | date=4 June 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=17 July 2019 }}</ref>

==Service==
The frequency of this train is daily, it covers the distance of 165 km with an average speed of 42 km/h.<ref>[https://www.patrika.com/bangalore-news/hubli-gangawati-express-launches-4666845/ patrika.com], Retrieved 26 June 2019</ref>

==Routes==
This train passes through {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ginigera Junction}} in both directions.

==Traction==
As this route is currently going to be electrified, a [[WDP-4]]-based locomotive pulls the train to its destination on both sides.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/95584 17303 Hubballi–Gangavathi Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/latur-yesvantpur-express-16584/70340/2651/997 17304 Gangavathi–Hubballi Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubballi-Gangavathi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]

Agiripalli

2025-11-17T04:58:24Z

KariMccool73: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agiripalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]]
| image_skyline = AP_village_Agiripalli_4.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|40|54|N|80|47|2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=17 February 2016|page=16,286|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.34
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13283
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630347|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 521 211
| registration_plate = AP 16
| website = http://agiripalli.in
| footnotes =

}}

'''Agiripalli''' is a town, North suburb of Vijayawada and Mandal Headquarters, in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Agiripalli [[mandal]] Agiripalli is famous for Laxmi Narsimha Swamy Temple.<ref name="census" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vijay Nambisan

2025-10-16T15:52:54Z

KariMccool73: starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer, critic, and journalist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

'''Vijay Nambisan''' (1963 – August 10, 2017) was an [[India]]n poet, writer, critic and journalist who primarily wrote in English. He won the first [[All India Poetry Prize]] in 1990. He died following health complications on the 10th of August, 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title = Vijay Nambisan, poet who saw life in everything | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/Aug/11/vijay-nambisan-poet-who-saw-life-in-everything-1641583.html}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Both debut authors, Vijay Nambisan and [[Jeet Thayil]], co-authored ''Gemini'' in 1992. Nambisan received the first [[All India Poetry Prize]] in 1988 for his poem "Madras Central".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiauncut.com/iublog/article/madras-central-vijay-nambisan/ |title=India Uncut – ''Madras Central'' by Nambisan |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092415/http://indiauncut.com/iublog/article/madras-central-vijay-nambisan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wrote ''First Infinities'' in 2015, his first collection of poems since ''Gemini''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijay Nambisan, poet and writer, dead|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/vijay-nambisan-poet-and-writer-dead-4790233/|website=The Indian Express|date=10 August 2017 |accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> Additionally, he wrote several non-fiction books including: ''Bihar Is in the Eye of the Beholder'' in 2000, ''Language as an Ethic'' in 2003, and ''Two Measures of Bhakti'' in 2009, which include translations of works by [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] and [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijay Nambisan – Speaking Tiger Books|url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/authors-name/vijay-nambisan/?srsltid=AfmBOooQZKvS0I6c_-XtDp4U3g2RqhXysiwUbNyjBKE2rBIr05g4ako4}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijay Nambisan graduated from [[IIT Madras]]. He married the novelist and doctor [[Kavery Nambisan]].

==Bibliography==

'''Books'''

* ''Language as an Ethic'' (Essays) New Delhi: [[Penguin Books]], [[India]] 2003. {{ISBN|978-0143030218}}
* ''Bihar is in the Eyes of the Beholder'' (Reflection) (Poetry in English). New Delhi: [[Viking]], [[India]] 2000. {{ISBN|978-0670892402}}
* ''Gemini'' (Poems). New Delhi: [[Viking Books]], [[India]] 1992.
* '’Puntanam and Melpattur: Two Measures of Bhakti'’ (Religion), [[Penguin Books]], India New Delhi (2009). {{ISBN|978-0143064480}}

===Online references===
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/authors/vijay-nambisan Book Reviews in DNA by Vijay Nambisan]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/book10.htm ‘’Reasons of Belonging’’ -“Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets” ] by [[Ranjit Hoskote]]

==See also==
{{portal|India|Literature|Poetry}}
* [http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/kaveri-nambisan/ Kaveri Nambisan – A Biography]
* [http://www.oocities.org/indian_poets/indian_english.html Indian Poets Writing in English]
* [[The Poetry Society (India)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambisan, Vijay}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:All India Poetry Prize]]

Panchavadyam

2025-07-29T22:33:32Z

KariMccool73: added references

{{Short description|Musical art form in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Multiple issues
|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2010}}
{{original research|date=August 2010}}
{{cleanup list|date=May 2011}}
}}

[[File:Panchavadyam Cherpulasseri,Kerala.jpg|thumb|Panchavadyam Cherpulasseri Ayyappan Kaavu, Kerala, India]]
[[File:Panchavadyam at anandanathukavu, Ernakulam.webm|thumb|Panchavadyam at anandanathukavu, Ernakulam]]
'''Panchavadyam''' ([[Malayalam]]: പഞ്ചവാദ്യം), literally meaning an orchestra of five instruments,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherinian |first=Zoe C. |year=2004 |title=India: A musical anthology. Rounder Records 82161-1755-2. (A Danielou) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298132183 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=475–478}}</ref> is basically a temple art form that has evolved in [[Kerala]]. Of the five instruments, four — [[timila]], [[maddalam]], [[ilathalam]] and [[idakka]] — belong to the percussion category, while the fifth, [[Kombu, Kerala|kombu]], is a wind instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|title=Panchavadyam - traditional orchestra of Kerala|website=www.keralaculture.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/traditional-orchestras/134|title=Traditional orchestras of Kerala, Panchavadyam, Pandi Melam, Panchari Melam, Thayambaka, Enchanting Kerala, Newsletter, Kerala Tourism|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=47|title=Art & Culture|website=archive.india.gov.in|access-date=2019-04-14}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Much like any [[chenda]] melam, panchavadyam is characterised by a pyramid-like rhythmic structure with a constantly increasing tempo coupled with a proportional decrease in the number of beats in cycles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=Kaladharan |title=Kerala Kalamandalam: A legacy revisited |journal=Indian Theatre Journal |date=2023-06-01 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1386/itj_00032_1 |url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/itj_00032_1 |access-date=2025-02-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, in contrast to a chenda melam, panchavadyam uses different instruments (though ilathalam and kompu are common to both), is not related very closely to any temple ritual and, most importantly, permits much personal improvisation while filling up the rhythmic beats on the timila, maddalam and idakka.<ref name=PIB1>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=104807|title=Panchavadyams and Poorams: Spectacles of North Kerala|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-04-14}}</ref>

Panchavadyam bases itself on the seven-beat thripuda (also spelt thripuda) thaalam ([[Tala (music)|taal]]) but amusingly sticks to the pattern of the eight-beat chempata thaalam — at least until its last parts. Its pendulum beats in the first stage (pathikaalam) total 896, and halves itself with each stage, making it 448 in the second, 224 in the third, 112 in the fourth and 56 in the fifth. After this, panchavadyam has a relatively loose second half with as many stages, the pendulum beats of which would now scale down to 28, 14, 7, 3.5(three-and-a-half) and 1.<ref name=PIB1 />

Whether panchavadyam is originally a feudal art is still a matter of debate among scholars, but its elaborate form in vogue today came into existence in the 1930s. It was primarily the brainchild of late maddalam artistes [[Venkichan Swami]] (Thiruvillwamala Venkateswara Iyer) and his disciple [[Madhava Warrier]] in association with late timila masters [[Annamanada Achutha Marar]] and [[Chengamanad Sekhara Kurup]]. Subsequently, it was promoted the late idakka master [[Pattirath Sankara Marar]]. They dug space for a stronger foundation (the Pathikaalam), thus making pachavadyam a five-stage (kaalam) concert with an intelligent mixture of composed and improvised parts. Spanning about two hours, it has several phrases where each set of the instruments complement the others more like [[harmony]] in the [[orchestra|Western orchestra]] than the concept of [[melody]] in [[India]]. Much like in Panchari and other kinds of chenda melam, panchavadyam, too, has its artistes lined up in two oval-shaped halves, facing each other. However, unlike any classical chenda melam, panchavadyam seemingly gains pace in the early stages itself, thereby tending to sound more casual and breezy right from its start, beginning after three lengthy, stylised blows on the conch (shankhu).

A panchavadyam is anchored and led by the timila artist at the centre of his band of instrumentalists, behind whom line up the ilathalam players. Opposite them stand the maddalam players in a row, and behind them are the kompu players. Idakka players, usually two, stand on both sides of the aisle separating the timila and maddalam line-up. A major panchavadyam will have 60 artistes.

Panchavadyam is still largely a temple art, but it has come out of its precincts to be seen performed during non-religious occasions like cultural pageantry and according welcome to VIPs.

== Major venues ==

There are several central and northern Kerala temples that have been traditionally playing host to major pachavadyam performances.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=KRISHNA KC |first=ARCHANA |date=2024-09-10 |title=EVERYDAYNESS OF A DALIT THEYYAM ARTIST: CASTE, ECONOMY, AND LIFE FROM NORTH MALABAR |url=http://digitallibrary.loyolacollegekerala.edu.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3064/1/Archana%20Krishna%20K%20C.pdf |publisher=University of Kerala}}</ref> Prominent festivals featuring them are [[Thrissur Pooram]] (its renowned Panchavadyam event is known as 'Madhathil Varavu'), Nadappura Panchavadyam at Wadakancheri Siva Temple participating to famous Uthralikkavu Vela at Wadakancheri, Kaladi Panchavadyam ulsavam, Machattu Thiruvanikkavu vela, Nenmara-Vallangi vela, [[Kizhakkencherry]] Ratholsavam, Vayilliamkunnu Pooram, Pariyanampatta pooram, Chinakathoor pooram, [[Varavoor]] Palakkal Karthika vela, Tirumandhamkunnu pooram purappadu, Tripunithura [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple|Sree Poornathrayeesa]] Aarattu, Tripunithura [[Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|Thamaramkulangara]] Makaravilakku, Thiruvona Mahotsavam at Sree Vamanamoorthy Temple Thrikkakara, Kunnathurmedu Balamurali Sree Krishna Jayanthi Maholsavam and Cherpulassery Ayyappan Kavu ulsavam, besides temples in places like Chottanikkara, Odakkali, [[Vaikom]], Ambalapuzha, Perumbavur, Pazhur, Ramamangalam, Ooramana, Nayathodu, Chengamanad, Elavoor, Chennamangalam, Triprayar/Arratupuzha, Irinjalakuda, Alathara sree kodikkunnnath pooram (Anakkallu desham), Thiruvillwamala, [[Pallassena]], Pallavoor and several renowned temples in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] like Kottakkal Viswambhara Temple and Kottakkal Pandamangalam Sreekrishna Temple, Mannarkkad Pallikurup Manadala Niramala and further up in Tulu Nadu. Chembuthara Kodungallur Bagavathi Temple on the first Tuesday of Malayalam month "Makaram". On every 2 October Panchavadhyam is conducted on Annamanada Mahadeva Temple on behalf of late Annamanada Peethambara Marar, Achutha Marar and Parameshwara Marar popularly known as Annamanada Threyyam.

== Training institutes ==

Some of the known institutions that give formal training in panchavadyam are [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Richard |date=2023-04-03 |title=Kerala International Festival of Theatre Schools (IFTS) 2023 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23322551.2023.2207964 |journal=Theatre and Performance Design |volume=9 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–119 |doi=10.1080/23322551.2023.2207964 |issn=2332-2551|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and Kshetra Kalapeetham in [[Vaikom]] and also kshethrakala kshethram kongad. In addition to the above Sri. Thrikkampuram Krishnankutty Marar himself trained many people. All the panchavadyam performances in Kerala will have at least one of his disciples as a performer.

==See also==
* [[Parisha Vadyam]]
* [[Pandi Melam]]
* [[Panchari melam]]
* [[Thayambaka]]
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]
* [[Music of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Panchavadyam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521063513/http://melam.gosree.org/#top Melam Collections]
* [http://sopanam.info School of Panchavadhyam]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HmjXA5fpA4 Youtube Video]

{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Music of Kerala}}

[[Category:Kerala music]]
[[Category:Types of percussion ensembles]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]

Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai

2025-07-07T11:04:15Z

KariMccool73: Starting basic article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian public television station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}

'''Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai''' also referred as '''Mumbai Doordarshan''' is an Indian television station in [[Mumbai]], owned and operated by state-owned [[Doordarshan]], the television network of [[Prasar Bharati]] (Broadcasting Corporation of India). It was established on 2 October 1972, and now produces and broadcasts the 24-hour [[Marathi language]] TV channel, [[DD Sahyadri]], which was launched in 1994 and covers most of the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

== Early history ==
Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai was inaugurated on 2 October 1972. The center is located at [[Worli]] and has elaborate programme production facilities and large studios.<ref name="DDK50">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-doordarshan-celebrates-50-years-with-touching-reunion/articleshow/94608111.cms Mumbai Doordarshan celebrates 50 years with touching reunion]</ref><ref name = "ddk2">{{Cite web|url = http://prasarbharati.gov.in/Information/Annual%20Report/Documents/PB%2010-11%20Eng_m.pdf|title = Layout 1 - PB 10-11 Eng_m |date = 2011|access-date = 27 January 2015|website = Prasar Bharati}}</ref> The station broadcast on channel 4 from 6 to 10pm every evening, with additional schools programming on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.<ref name=tvfactbook>{{cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977-TV-Factbook/1977-TV-Factbook.pdf |title=Television Factbook |date=1977 |accessdate=31 March 2021 |page=1109-b }}</ref> A second station in [[Pune|Poona]] on channel 5 was added in 1973.<ref name="tvfactbook"/> Regional service started on 9 August 1986.<ref name = "ddk">{{Cite web
|url = http://www.ddkmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/facts-at-a-glance-2010-1-%28March-2011%20update%29.pdf
|title = facts-at-a-glance-2010-1-(March-2011 update).pdf
|date = 31 March 2011
|access-date = 27 January 2015
|website = Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150128135033/http://www.ddkmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/facts-at-a-glance-2010-1-%28March-2011%20update%29.pdf
|archive-date = 28 January 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The transmission was initially limited to few hours in a day. Besides the regional language Marathi, programmes in [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and even [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] were also telecast.

With the introduction of Regional Language Satellite Services, all regional centers of Doordarshan started generating programmes in their respective regional languages. And thus, RLSS Marathi (DD10) came into existence on 15 August 1994 along with many other channels of Doordarshan. The channel was later on rechristened as DD Sahyadri.

The station celebrated its 50th anniversary on 2 October 2022 with a reunion of former staff, mostly retired.<ref name="DDK50"/>

== DD Sahyadri ==
{{Main article|DD Sahyadri}}Presently, Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai telecasts its programmes under the brand name DD Sahyadri. The channel was launched way back on 1 May 1985. A new studio was inaugurated on 2 June 1999. Telecast time was increased to 17 hours per day on 1 January 2000. On 5 April 2000 RLSS Marathi (DD 10) was renamed DD Sahyadri and became 24-hour channel.

Considered as the best regional TV channel of Doordarshan, DD Sahyadri Channel is Number One among all Marathi GEC available in Maharashtra as per TAM.

== Programmes ==
Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai produces a wide spectrum of programmes including acclaimed serials, film-based programmes, documentaries, musical programmes, reality shows, cookery show, news and current affairs programmes, informative programmes, public debates and utility programmes related to health, agriculture and civic issues, etcetera. Old and new Marathi films shown on this channel are a favorite among the viewers.

=== Events ===
DD Sahyadri offers about six to eight events in a year mainly in compliance with its responsibilities as a Public Service Broadcaster.

Navaratan Awards.is an event in which achievers in different fields like literature, fine arts, social service, etc., are honored.

Hirkhani Awards is organized to felicitate specifically the women achievers of Maharashtra.

Awards to artists and technicians of Marathi Cinema are given in Sahyadi Cine Awards.

Sahyadri Manik Awards Sohla is organized to felicitate artists and technicians for meritorious contribution to Sahyadri Channel. Services of the employees of Mumbai Doordarshan are also recognized on this occasion through Sewa Awards,

Krishi Awards is the event in which farmers, scholars and experts are honored for their contribution in the field of Agriculture.

All India Robotic Contest Robocon is being organised by this Kendra since 2005. In 2008, Kendra hosted International ABU Robocon at Pune.

Celebrations of festivals like Govinda and Ganpati Visarjan and major sports and cultural events are brought live to the viewers by the channel every year.

=== Serials ===
Commissioned and in house serials telecast by Mumbai Doordarshan are the main attraction for the viewers.

=== TV shows ===
Serialised TV shows like Music Masti Gappa Gane (M2 G2), Contests based reality shows like Sahyadri Antakshari, Dhina Dhin Dha and Dam Dama Dam, etc. have not only entertained viewers over the years, they have also created awareness about richness of the culture and traditions of Maharashtra.

=== Contribution to national and other channels ===
Doordarshan Mumbai has been producing a number of programmes for national, sports and news channels of Doordarshan.

==== Contribution to national channels ====
All feature films telecast on national channel and Hindi belt network of Doordarshan are capsuled and uplinked by Mumbai Kendra. All in house films based programmes of national channel like [[Bioscope (TV station)|Bioscope]], [[Rangoli (TV station)|Rangoli]] and Chulbuli Filmen Chatpati Gupshup are also produced and linked up by Mumbai Center. Cine Satrangi and Top Ten, now discontinued film based programmes, were also contributes to by Mumbai Doordarshan. ''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (TV series)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]'', the programme based on interviews of film celebrities anchored by [[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]] was a craze among viewers. Later on viewers enjoyed talking to their favourite film stars in the live phone-in programme ''Hello DD''.

Most of the New Year Eve Special Programmes telecast from national channel are produced by Mumbai center.

Since 2005, Mumbai Kendra is organising and producing programmes related to [[Robocon India]], an annual Robotic Contest.

==== Contribution to News Channel ====
Besides regular contributions of important happenings of the state, Daily Business News, telecast daily from 13:30 to 14:00 hours, Metro Scan telecast daily from 18:30 to 19:00 hours and News Preview telecast on every Thursday at 08:00 hours are contributed to DD News Channel by Mumbai Doordarshan.

==== Contribution to Sports Channel ====
The Kendra covers important sports events held in Maharashtra state including Robocon India for DD Sports Channel. Many of them are telecast live.

== Staff ==
Doordarshan Mumbai has a staff strength of more than 500 belonging to programme, engineering, administration, news and canteen categories.

== Awards and nominations ==
Programmes produced by Jalandhar Kendra have won a number of awards in various categories over the years. The Kendra was adjudged the best among all Doordarshan Kendras in 2001 and also in 2009-10.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOORDARSHAN KENDRAMUMBAI ANNUAL REPORT 2010-2011|url=http://vigilantegroup.in/project/sahyadri/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/DDK-MUMBAI-(Annual%20Report%202010-11).pdf|accessdate=26 August 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Award !! Result !! Category !! Name !! Programme
|-
| DD Award 2010-11 || Won || Public Service Broadcast || MW Shishupal || -
|-
| DD Award 2009-10 || Won || Best DDK || Lakshamendra Chopra || -
|-
| DD Award 2009-10 || Won || Spot || UN Nayak || Bharat Main Hai Vishwas
|-
| DD Award 2009-10 || Won || Screenplay || Madhusudan Pillai || Manjula
|-
| DD Award 2009-10 || Won || Editing || Shubhangi || Manjula
|-
| DD Award 2009-10 || Won || sports || VY Pawar || Aquatic Championship
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Literary adoption || [[Ravi Deep]] || samander Ki Rani
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Animation || Vijay Bhingarde || Robocon’08 Montage
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Agriculture || Jayu Bhatkar || Krishi Ratna
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || DG Nominee || UN Nayak || -
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Technical || M.S. Thomas || -
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Technical || Arjun Vibhute || -
|-
| DD Award 2008-09 || Won || Technical || Vimlesh Kumar || -
|-
| DD Award 2002 || Won || - || Shilaja Pandeya & Sheela Junnarkar || Hello Sakhi
|-
| DD Award 2001 || Won || Best Doordarshan Kendra || Mukesh Sharma || -
|-
| DD Award 2001 || Won || TV show || Neena Raut || Tak Dhina Dhin
|-
| DD Award 2001 || Won || - || Kishan Meghani || Saap Shidi (Sindhi)
|-
| DD Award 2001 || Won || Youth Programme || Sharan Birajdar || Option (Skit)

|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113083547/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/ddindiachannel/KendraHome.aspx?k=MUMBAI Official page]

[[Category:Doordarshan|Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Earth stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1972]]

2014 Rajasthan Royals season

2025-06-13T23:39:36Z

KariMccool73: Created Data

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Rajasthan Royals]]
| season =2014
| coach = [[Paddy Upton]]
| captain = [[Shane Watson]]
| ground = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| comp1 = [[2014 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 5th
| most runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] and [[Sanju Samson]] (339)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Pravin Tambe]] (13)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2015|2015]]
}}

[[Rajasthan Royals]] (RR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Jaipur]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2014 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Shane Watson]]. Rajasthan Royals finished 5th in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Squad==
*Players with international caps prior to the start of the 2014 season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:95%;"
|-
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Nat
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Batting Style
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Bowling Style
! style="background:#00009c; color:gold; text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1988|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|7|| '''[[Brad Hodge]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1974|12|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|49|| '''[[Steve Smith (cricketer, born 1989)|Steve Smith]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1989|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
|69|| [[Karun Nair]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1991|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|99|| [[Unmukt Chand]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1993|3|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|4|| [[Deepak Hooda]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1995|4|19|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|20|| [[Rahul Tewatia]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1993|5|20|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Rajat Bhatia]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1979|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Abhishek Nayar]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1983|10|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Ben Cutting]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1987|1|30|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|33|| '''[[Shane Watson]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1981|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas; Captain
|-
|44||'''[[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1990|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|84|| '''[[Stuart Binny]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1984|6|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|90|| [[Kevon Cooper]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1989|2|16|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|9|| [[Sanju Samson]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|27|| [[Ankush Bains]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1995|12|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|77|| [[Dishant Yagnik]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1983|6|22|df=y}} || Left-handed || – ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|1|| [[Amit Mishra (Uttar Pradesh cricketer)|Amit Mishra]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1991|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|02|| [[Pravin Tambe]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1971|10|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|5|| [[Vikramjeet Malik]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1983|5|9|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Tim Southee]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1988|12|11|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|13|| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1989|12|2|df=y}}|| Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|18|| [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1991|4|20|df=y}}|| Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Kane Richardson]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1991|2|12|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|91|| '''[[Dhawal Kulkarni]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1988|12|10|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|}

==IPL==
===Standings===
Rajasthan Royals finished 5th in the league stage of IPL 2014.
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RR}}

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Man of the match
!Scorecard
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 1 Matches in United Arab Emirates
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=4|3=18}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 4 Wickets || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 59(53) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/match/729285.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=4|3=20}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Lost by 7 Wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729291.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=4|3=23}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Lost by 7 Runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729297.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=4|3=26}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 6 Wickets || [[Pravin Tambe]] 4/20 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729305.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=4|3=29}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] ||Match Tied; Super Over Tied; Won by Boundary Count || [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] 2*(1) & 3/11 (2 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729315.html Scorecard]
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Phase 2 Matches in India
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=3}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|New Delhi]] || Won by 7 Wickets || [[Karun Nair]] 73*(50) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733975.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=5}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Won by 10 Runs || [[Pravin Tambe]] 3/26 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733979.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=8}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Lost by 33 Runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733989.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=11}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 5 Wickets || [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] 41(17) & 1/42 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733999.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=13}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Lost by 5 Wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734003.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=15}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Won by 62 Runs || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 64(50) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734011.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=19}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Lost by 26 Runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734017.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=23}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 17 Runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734033.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2014|2=5|3=25}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 5 Wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734041.html Scorecard]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan Royals}}

[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]

Nanchanahalli Palya

2025-05-14T14:22:02Z

KariMccool73: made basic stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Nanchana Halli Palaya.srirampura-1.jpg|thumb|N.H.Palaya]]
[[File:Nanchana Halli Palaya-1.jpg|thumb|Nanchanahalli Palaya]]
'''Nanchana Halli Palaya''' or N.H.Palaya is a suburb of [[Mysore]] city in [[Karnataka]] province of India.
{{coord|12.266378|N|76.634672|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

==Location==
N.H.Palaya is located on Mananthavady Road at a distance of two kilometres from Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/12.2909463,76.646204/Mysuru,+Karnataka+570001,+India/@12.2933064,76.6428984,18z/data=!4m6!4m5!1m0!1m2!1m1!1s0x3baf70381d572ef9:0x2b89ece8c0f8396d!3e0|title = Mananthavadi Rd to Mysuru}}</ref>

==Education==
GHPS Urdu School is the only educational facility of the slum village.<ref name="icbse">{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/ghps-urdu-nachana-halli-palya/29261201801|title=Ghps Urdu Nachana Halli Palya School, Ward-12, Mysore – Karnataka|publisher=icbse.com|accessdate=2016-05-01}}</ref>

==Post Office==
There is a [[post office]] in the village with the postal code 570008.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

P. R. Ashokanand

2025-04-04T00:22:52Z

KariMccool73: improved details for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = P. R. Ashokanand
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|11|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 17 April 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26749.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Poll Ramchandrarao Ashokanand''' (born 27 November 1940) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[Madras cricket team|Madras]] and [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] between 1957 and 1972.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26749.html |title=Poll Ashokanand |access-date=17 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hyderabad cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/26749.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashokanand, P. R.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}

Matrilineal society of Meghalaya

2025-03-23T12:50:15Z

KariMccool73:

{{Short description|Migration flow in Meghalaya}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Khasi_Girls.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Khasi women]]
Multiple tribes in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]] in [[northeast India]] practise [[matrilineal descent]]. Often referred to as [[Khasi people]] and [[Garo people]], among the Khasi people which is a term used as a blanket term for various subgroups in Meghalaya who have distinguishing languages, rites, ceremonies, and habits, but share an ethnic identity as ''Ki Hynniew Trep'' (The Seven Huts) whereas the Garo people refers to the various groups of Achik people. The Khasi, [[Garo people|Garo]], and other subgroups have a proud heritage, including [[matrilineality]], although it was reported in 2004 that they were losing some of their matrilineal traits. The tribes are said to belong to one of the "largest surviving matrilineal culture[s]" in the world.
{{Quote box
| quote ="This system will survive because the people zealously guard this system. It has support from many quarters, including the indigenous religious systems.... The [[NGO]]s in Meghalaya also support this system." – C Joshua Thomas, regional director, [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]]<ref name= Bhaumik/>
| source =
| width =25%
| align =right
}}

==Background==
Khasi, among multiple tribes in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]] in [[northeast India]], practise [[matrilineal descent]].<ref name=Rimmer>{{Cite web|last=Rimmer|first=Sandra|url=http://www.abroadintheyard.com/ancient-indian-tribe-where-women-are-in-charge/|title=The ancient Indian tribe where the women are in charge and activists lobby for men's rights|access-date=10 March 2016|publisher=Planet Earth & its Life Forms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310131731/http://www.abroadintheyard.com/ancient-indian-tribe-where-women-are-in-charge/|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> They are referred to as [[Khasi people]]; Khasi is used as an umbrella phrase to refer to many subgroups in Meghalaya who have distinguishing languages, rites, ceremonies, and habits, but share an ethnic identity as ''Ki Hynniew Trep'' (The Seven Huts).{{sfn|Schweizer|White|1998|p=}}

Khasi are an ancient tribe said to be the "largest surviving matrilineal culture[s]" in the world.<ref name=Laird>{{Cite web|last=Laird|first=T.|url=http://lib.icimod.org/record/9474|title=A woman's world: Meghalaya, India – matrilineal culture|access-date=10 March 2016|publisher=ICIMOD|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310153942/http://lib.icimod.org/record/9474|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> who, along with other subgroups, such as Garo, live in Meghalaya, as well as bordering areas of [[Assam]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Khasis are believed to be migrants with ancestral links to the [[Mon State|Mon]]-[[Cambodia|Khmer]] people of [[East Asia]]. The matrilineal tradition which the Khasi and other subgroups practice in Meghalaya is unique within India. Matrilineal principles among the Khasi are emphasised in myths, legends, and origin narratives.{{sfn|Sen|2004|p=48}} Khasi kings embarking on wars left the responsibility of running the family to women and thus their role in society became very deep rooted and respected.<ref name= Rimmer/><ref name= Bhaumik/> Reference to ''Nari Rajya'' (female kingdom; or land of matriarchy) in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' likely correlates with the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]] and Meghalaya's present-day matrilineal culture.{{sfn|Mann|1996|p=42-43}}{{sfn|Gupta|1984|p=7}} The proud heritage of the Khasi, [[Garo people|Garo]], and other subgroups is [[matrilineality]]; however in 2004 it was reported that their matrilineal traits were on the wane.{{sfn|Lyndem|De|2004|p=280}}

==Rights, roles, responsibilities==
Women have a dominant role in the matrilineal society of Meghalaya. The youngest daughter of the family, the ''Ka Khadduh'',<ref name= Allen/> inherits all ancestral property. After marriage, husbands live in the mother-in-law's home. The mother's surname is taken by children. When no daughters are born to a couple, they adopt a daughter and pass their rights to property to her. The birth of a girl is celebrated while the birth of a son is simply accepted.<ref name= Rimmer/> There is no social stigma attributed to a woman remarrying or giving birth out of wedlock as the "Khasi Social Custom Lineage Act" gives security to them. Women are known to intermarry outside their tribe.<ref name= Bhaumik/> The women who enjoy all the rights live an independent life, dress well, attend church, and many prefer not to get married. They enjoy total security, unlike in the rest of the country.<ref name= Bouissou/> A successful career woman of the Khasi society feels that "their societal anomaly" has enabled her to be successful in every way.<ref name=Allen>{{Cite news|last=Allen|first=Timothy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16592633|title=Meghalaya, India: Where women rule, and men are suffragettes|date=19 January 2012|access-date=10 March 2016|newspaper=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322204146/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16592633|archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> Most small businesses are managed by women.<ref name= Bhaumik/>

In 1994, Bina Agarwal compared characteristic features between the Garo and Khasi. She reported that Garo practiced matrilineal inheritance, matrilocal post-marital residence, a preference for cross-cousin marriage, acceptance of pre-marital sex by women, but adultery by women is punished, while the Khasi practised matrilineal inheritance, [[Matrilocal residence| matrilocal]] and duolocal post-marital residence (in which the husband lives in a separate house while the wife stays at her parents’ residence), an aversion to cross-cousin marriage, and again, acceptance of pre-marital sex by women, but adultery by women is punished.{{sfn|Agarwal|1994|p=141}}

Care of children is the responsibility of mothers or mothers-in-law.<ref name=Bouissou>{{Cite news|last=Bouissou|first=Julien|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/india-khasi-women-politics-bouissou|title=Where women of India rule the roost and men demand gender equality|date=18 January 2011|access-date=10 March 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222846/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/india-khasi-women-politics-bouissou|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The youngest daughter of this society who inherits the ancestral property holds a pivotal role of looking after the welfare of her parents in their old age, as well as the welfare and education of her siblings.<ref name= Rimmer/><ref name=Bhaumik>{{Cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/2013/2013/10/meghalaya-where-women-call-shots-2013103152936824511.html|title=Meghalaya: Where women call the shots|date=16 Oct 2013|access-date=10 March 2016|newspaper=Aljazeera|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143505/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/2013/2013/10/meghalaya-where-women-call-shots-2013103152936824511.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

Some Khasi men perceive themselves to be accorded a secondary status. They have established societies such as the ''Syngkhong Rympei Thymmai'' (SRT)<ref name= Rimmer/> (3,000 members)<ref name= Bhaumik/> and ''Sam Kam Rin Ku Mai'' (Societal Restructuring Association) to protect equal rights for men. They express that "Khasi men don’t have any security, they don’t own land, they don’t run the family business and, at the same time, they are almost good for nothing."<ref name= Rimmer/> However, [[Patricia Mukhim]], who edits the ''[[Shillong Times]]'' feels: "I tend to think Khasi men feel diminished in their manhood compared with outsiders... it's a pity, because that's what distinguishes us from the others".<ref name= Bouissou/>

While the society is matrilineal, it is not matriarchal. In past monarchies of the state, the son of the youngest sister of the king inherited the throne. Even now in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] or village councils or ''panchayats'' the representation of women in politics is minimal.<ref name= Bouissou/> As of 2013, in a [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] of 60 members, there are only four women. In the male-centric ''Dorbar Shnong'', which is the basic political arm of the tribes, women are not permitted to hold office.<ref name= Bhaumik/> However, women feel that they take better care of money matters than men and they enjoy economic freedom.<ref name= Kirkpatrick>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2015/04/17/kingdom-of-girls-women-hold-power-in-this-remote-indian-village/ |title=Kingdom of girls: Women hold power in this remote Indian village |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 April 2015 |author=Nick Kirkpatrick |access-date= 6 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Bina|title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA141|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-42926-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Pranab Kumar Das|title=Life and Culture of Matrilineal Tribe of Meghalaya|url=https://archive.org/details/lifecultureofmat0000dasg|url-access=registration|year=1984|publisher=Inter-India Publications}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lyndem|first1=Biloris|last2=De|first2=Utpal Kumar|title=Education in North East India: Experience and Challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHJlnkDG8IMC&pg=PA280|year=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-063-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Rann Singh|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&pg=PA42|year=1996|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7}}
*{{cite book|last1=Schweizer|first1=Thomas|last2=White|first2=Douglas R.|title=Kinship, Networks, and Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSIAkgk-qasC&pg=PA119|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59021-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Soumen|title=Khasi-Jaintia Folklore: Context, Discourse, and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6p0GXek13cC&pg=PA48|year=2004|publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org|isbn=978-81-901481-3-9}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:People from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Matriarchy]]

John Ovington

2025-01-23T18:09:06Z

KariMccool73: added first bio first draft

{{Short description|English ecclesiastical writer and traveler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Onesource|date=February 2024}}

'''John Ovington''' (1653–1731) was an English priest known for his travel narrative ''A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689'', which described his journey to Surat and his experiences there as an [[East India Company]] chaplain. Ovington travelled to [[India]] on the ''Benjamin'', disembarking for a few days in [[Bombay]] before settling in [[Surat]] where he was to live for two and a half years. His travel memories, translated into French by [[Niceron]] in 1725 under the title of "Voyages made to Surate & other places in Asia & Africa", depict Bombay as a city of debauchery populated by prostitutes and drunkards. From his stay in Surat, Ovington describes the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence, the religious and cultural particularities of the Hindus and the Parses, and finally speculates on the status of the [[fakir]], a Muslim hermit. Ovington describes the tea ceremony and praises the drink's consumption, a stance that earned him criticism from [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]]. But the most interesting aspect of Ovington's travels is still his description of the organization and procedures of the English [[Factory (trading post)|manufacture]] in Surat. Of all the travel accounts of this period, those of Ovington are, according to Riddick, the most interesting and the most witty.

== Writings ==
*''A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689,'' (1698), impr. Jacob Tonson, Londres. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ovington|first=John|url=http://archive.org/details/AVoyageToSurattInTheYear1689|title=A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0945-7|language=en}}</ref>
*''An essay upon the nature and qualities of tea'' (1699), impr. R. Robert, Londres.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ovington, John}}
[[Category:1653 births]]
[[Category:English essayists]]
[[Category:English travel writers]]
[[Category:1731 deaths]]

{{Explorer-stub}}

Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai

2024-07-06T06:47:02Z

KariMccool73: correct references as per guidelines and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Hindu Mission Hospital]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Marketing of Ra.One

2024-06-11T03:00:42Z

KariMccool73: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ra.One#Marketing]]

{{rcat shell|
{{R to section}}
}}

[[Category:Advertising campaigns|Ra.One]]
[[Category:Ra.One]]

Agrahara Circle

2024-02-18T12:19:52Z

KariMccool73: Created A Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

'''Agrahara Circle''', officially known as '''N. Madhava Rao Circle''', is a street circle and a suburb in the [[South India|southern Indian]] city of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Circle (Ballal Circle) - Mysuru |url=http://wikimapia.org/12106342/Ashoka-Circle-Ballal-Circle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-31 |title=Novel drinking water campaign for birds launched in city |url=https://starofmysore.com/novel-drinking-water-campaign-for-birds-launched-in-city/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-19 |title=Citizens stage unique protest |url=https://starofmysore.com/citizens-stage-unique-protest/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-28 |title=Overflowing manhole near Agrahara Circle |url=https://starofmysore.com/overflowing-manhole-near-agrahara-circle/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-13 |title=SUCI opposes abolition of subsidy on LPG |url=https://starofmysore.com/suci-opposes-abolition-subsidy-lpg/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=Excessive consumption of liquor claims man's life |url=https://starofmysore.com/excessive-consumption-of-liquor-claims-mans-life/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
An Inscription dating back to 1821 located within the premises of Prasanna Nanjundeshwara Swamy Temple at Santhe Pete says that the Agraharas were first established by Maharani Devajammanni, the queen of Maharaja [[Dodda Krishnaraja I|Krishnaraja Wadiyar I]] and adoptive mother of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]], by constructing 21 houses to the west of Mysore Fort, on the right side of the royal stables.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=How Mummadi and his Queens built Mysore |url=https://starofmysore.com/how-mummadi-and-his-queens-built-mysore/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Agrahara Circle is named after the [[N. Madhava Rao|Sir N. Madhava Rao]], the [[Diwan of Mysore|dewan of Mysore]] and prime minister to Maharaja [[Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kadati Reddera Basavaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4dAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=334}}</ref> He managed food shortage crisis in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Kingdom]] faced during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. During his tenure, the [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and the Mysore Representative Assembly were combined to form the new [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Mysore Legislative Council]]. The first election to the new Council was conducted in February 1941. His son, N. Lakshman Rao, was the Chief Commissioner of [[Mysore City Corporation|Mysore Municipality Corporation]], and saw to the further development of Mysore city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Landmarks for Dewans and their services forgotten |url=https://starofmysore.com/landmarks-for-dewans-and-their-services-forgotten/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
Agrahara Circle is located between [[Nanju Malige]] and the [[Mysore Palace|Palace]]. Vanivilas Market is located next to Agrahara Circle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=Two-wheelers damaged as tree branch falls near Agrahara Circle |url=https://starofmysore.com/two-wheelers-damaged-as-tree-branch-falls-near-agrahara-circle/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Agrahara, Mysore]]
* [[Krishnaraja Boulevard]]
* [[Chamarajapuram railway station]]
* [[Kuvempunagar]]
* [[Ballal Circle]]
* [[Chamarajapuram, Mysore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

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C. K. Narayanan Kutty

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{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = C. K. Narayanan Kutty
|birth_date =15 February 1927
|death_date = 28 April 2009
|office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Parali grama panchayat|Parali constituency]]
|term_start = 1957
|predecessor =
|term_end =1960
|successor =
}}
'''C. K. Narayanan Kutty''' (15 February 1927 – 28 April 2009) was an Indian politician. He represented [[Parali grama panchayat|Parali constituency]] in the first [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m464.htm |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

==Life==
Narayanan Kutty had graduated from the [[Sree Kerala Varma College|Thrissur Kerala Varma College]]. He is also a graduate in law from the [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]] and practised in the Palakkad Bar. Narayanan Kutty was an active member in the AISF [[All India Students' Federation]]. Later he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist]] party. In 1957, he contested from the Parli bilingual assembly and won against K Gopalakrishnan Nair of the Congress by a margin of 7,631 votes. Narayanankutty was a close associate of Communist leaders such as [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|E M S Namboodiripad]], [[C. Achutha Menon|C Achutha Menon]] and [[M. N. Govindan Nair|M N Govindan Nair.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former MLA passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/apr/29/former-mla-passes-away-44898.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]

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