https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KareemOman9338 2026-08-08T17:10:44Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goalpara_West_Assembly_constituency&diff=500660 2026-05-06T19:53:01Z

<p>KareemOman9338: new new post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Goalpara West<br /> | mla = Pabitra Rabha<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Goalpara District|Goalpara]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | electors =<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | constituency_no = 13<br /> | map_image = Goalpara West Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> }}<br /> '''Goalpara West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in the north east state of [[Assam]], India. Goalpara West is also part of [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]]. <br /> <br /> This constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled Tribes]] candidates since 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> * 1967: S. A. Jotder, [[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> * 1972: S. A. Jotder, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 1978: Nazmul Haque, Independent<br /> * 1983: Hassanuddin Ahmed, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 1985: Sheikh Saman Ali, Independent<br /> * 1991: Nazmul Haque, Independent<br /> * 1996: Abu Bakar Siddique Jotdar, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 2001: [[Sheikh Shah Alam]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> * 2006: Abdur Rashid Mandal, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 2011: [[Sheikh Shah Alam]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2 | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |rowspan =2|[[Abdur Rashid Mandal]]&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Goalpara West}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Markline Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52299 |percentage=35.95<br /> <br /> |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanjeep Prasad Rabha|party= Independent (politician) |votes=961 |percentage=0.66<br /> <br /> |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pabitra Rabha|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=92216 |percentage=63.39<br /> <br /> |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India) |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39917 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Goalpara West&lt;ref name=election2016&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Abdur Rashid Mandal<br /> |votes = 61,007<br /> |percentage = 44.77<br /> |change = +24.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Sheikh Shah Alam<br /> |votes = 36,668<br /> |percentage = 26.90<br /> |change = -7.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Jabeen Barbhuiyan<br /> |votes = 32,432<br /> |percentage = 23.80<br /> |change = +22.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Anowar Hussain<br /> |votes = 1,154<br /> |percentage = 0.84<br /> |change = -23.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Mohibul Islam<br /> |votes = 1,016<br /> |percentage = 0.74<br /> |change = -1.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Zesmina Khatun<br /> |votes = 582<br /> |percentage = 0.42<br /> |change = -0.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mizanur Rahman<br /> |votes = 523<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Republican Party of India (A)<br /> |candidate = Khanindra Chandra Nath<br /> |votes = 489<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Babli Goswami Chakraborty<br /> |votes = 480<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = JMBP<br /> |candidate = Ali Akbar<br /> |votes = 457<br /> |percentage = 0.33<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Jali Begum<br /> |votes = 289<br /> |percentage = 0.21<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = National People's Party (India)<br /> |candidate = Joynal Abedin<br /> |votes = 269<br /> |percentage = 0.19<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = NAICP<br /> |candidate = Giasuddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 252<br /> |percentage = 0.18<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 646<br /> |percentage = 0.47<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 24,339<br /> |percentage = 17.87<br /> |change = +7.98<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,36,264<br /> |percentage = 91.67<br /> |change = +2.98<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |swing = +15.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Goalpara West}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Sheikh Shah Alam<br /> |votes = 37,800<br /> |percentage = 34.17<br /> |change = +9.91<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Purandar Rabha<br /> |votes = 26,862<br /> |percentage = 24.28<br /> |change = +4.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Abdur Rashid Mandal<br /> |votes = 22,261<br /> |percentage = 20.12<br /> |change = -6.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Abs Joddar<br /> |votes = 19,154<br /> |percentage = 17.31<br /> |change = -0.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Nazmul Haque<br /> |votes = 2,069<br /> |percentage = 1.87<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Nishikanta Hajong<br /> |votes = 1,563<br /> |percentage = 1.41<br /> |change = -0.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Dilip Roy<br /> |votes = 894<br /> |percentage = 0.80<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 10,938<br /> |percentage = 9.89<br /> |change = +7.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,10,603<br /> |percentage = 88.69<br /> |change = +6.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = +1.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Goalpara West}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Abdur Rashid Mandal<br /> |votes = 26,330<br /> |percentage = 26.89<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Ahammad Ali<br /> |votes = 23,755<br /> |percentage = 24.26<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Robin Rabha<br /> |votes = 19,440<br /> |percentage = 19.86<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Abu Bakkar Siddique Jotdar<br /> |votes = 17,393<br /> |percentage = 17.76<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Nozmul Haque<br /> |votes = 6,534<br /> |percentage = 6.67<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Saman Ali<br /> |votes = 1,961<br /> |percentage = 2.00<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Minorities Front<br /> |candidate = Nazir Uddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 645<br /> |percentage = 0.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = AGP(P)<br /> |candidate = Abul Kashem<br /> |votes = 525<br /> |percentage = 0.54<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Arif Uddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 486<br /> |percentage = 0.50<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |candidate = Jahirul Islam<br /> |votes = 472<br /> |percentage = 0.48<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Delowara Begum<br /> |votes = 365<br /> |percentage = 0.37<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,575<br /> |percentage = 2.63<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 97,906<br /> |percentage = 82.69<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Goalpara district]]<br /> [[Category:Goalpara]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajmohan_Arumugam&diff=528742 2026-05-05T19:12:11Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating new info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian, YouTuber, social media influencer and politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajmohan Arumugam<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|standup comedian|director|television anchor|content creator|orator|motivational speaker}}<br /> | party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> | known_for = ''Put Chutney'' YouTube channel; [[Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu]] Season 2 winner<br /> <br /> | office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Egmore (state assembly constituency)|Egmore]] (SC)<br /> | term_start = May 2026<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = [[I. Paranthamen]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])<br /> <br /> | office1 = Propaganda Secretary of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2025<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | president1 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<br /> <br /> | alma_mater = St. Mary's Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Pallavaram<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajmohan Arumugam''', also popularly known as '''Put Chutney Rajmohan''', is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] actor, standup comedian, director, television anchor, content creator, orator, motivational speaker and politician. He serves as the Deputy General Secretary and Propaganda Secretary of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/rajmohan-1377/ |title=Rajmohan – Candidate profile |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the elected [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Egmore (state assembly constituency)|Egmore assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai]], having won the seat in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ZeeEgmore&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/egmore-election-results-2026-tamil-nadu-live-updates-tamilan-prasanna-dmk-vs-rajmohan-tvk-vs-abishek-r-aiadmk-3043155.html |title=Egmore Election Result 2026 declared: TVK's Rajmohan wins Egmore with 53141 votes |website=Zee News |date=4 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is well known for his content focusing on social awareness and for his fluency in the [[Tamil language]] during his motivational speeches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=இயக்குநரின் குரல்: அபிராமி போன்ற அம்மாக்கள் தேவை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/996422-director-voice.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Television and film career ==<br /> He took part in the television reality programme ''Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu'' aired on [[Star Vijay]], gaining breakthrough by being adjudged the title winner in its second season during the 2008–09 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2020-09-09 |title='Comicstaan Tamil' will encourage more local comics: Rajmohan Arumugam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/stand-up-and-laugh/article32561493.ece |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu - Rajmohan Arumugam's performance |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x69xyi |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.dailymotion.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also participated in ''[[Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Online videos are now the shortcut to stardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/online-videos-are-now-the-shortcut-to-stardom/articleshow/54408252.cms |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the channel director of the YouTube channel ''Put Chutney'' and also founded its sister channel ''Tamil Vannakam''. In 2017, following the suicide of medical aspirant Anitha who opposed the NEET exam, Rajmohan released a widely circulated video titled ''Who Killed Anitha'' on ''Put Chutney'', in which he criticised the political establishment, questioned systemic inequalities in education, and condemned societal apathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2017-09-02 |title=NEET killed Anitha: Put Chutney expresses emotions many in Tamil Nadu feel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/neet-killed-anitha-put-chutney-expresses-emotions-many-tamil-nadu-feel-67787 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of his notable videos tackled the political blame game between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka surrounding the [[2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 2018, [[Vijay Deverakonda]] collaborated with Rajmohan for a promotional video ahead of the theatrical release of [[NOTA (film)|''NOTA'']], unveiled on the ''Put Chutney'' YouTube channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=Ahead of 'NOTA' release, Vijay Devarakonda joins Put Chutney in taking a dig at Tamil Nadu politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Oct/04/ahead-of-nota-release-vijay-devarakonda-joins-put-chutney-in-taking-a-dig-at-tamil-nadu-politics-1881061.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also served as a judge and mentor in ''Comicstaan Semma Comedy Pa'', the Tamil version of the Hindi comedy show ''[[Comicstaan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; During the COVID-19 pandemic, he shifted his focus towards activism, launching a YouTube channel dedicated to college students whose education was disrupted by the pandemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, he made his directorial debut with the film [[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|''Baba Black Sheep'']], which opened to mixed to negative reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2023-07-14 |title=Baba Black Sheep Movie Review: The gags make you smile, but the pathos make you laugh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Jul/14/baba-black-sheep-movie-review-the-gags-make-you-smile-but-the-pathos-make-you-laugh-45634.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=யூடியூப் பிரபலங்கள் நடிக்கும் 'பாபா பிளாக் ஷீப்' படத்தின் முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/157784 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> In 2025, Rajmohan was appointed as the Propaganda Secretary of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK), the political party founded by Tamil actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ThePrint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/lottery-king-santiago-martins-son-in-law-aadhav-arjuna-joins-tvk-will-be-no-2-after-vijay/2471856/ |title=Lottery King Santiago Martin's son-in-law Aadhav Arjuna joins TVK. Will be no.2 after Vijay |website=The Print |date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNMManifesto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vijays-tvk-sets-up-12-member-team-to-draft-manifesto-for-2026-assembly-polls |title=Vijay's TVK sets up 12-member team to draft manifesto for 2026 Assembly polls |website=The News Minute |date=10 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently also held the role of Deputy General Secretary of the party.<br /> <br /> In the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], he was fielded by TVK from the [[Egmore (state assembly constituency)|Egmore assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai]], an SC-reserved constituency forming part of the [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]]. He defeated DMK candidate Tamilan Prasanna and AIADMK candidate Abishek R, securing 53,141 votes with a voter turnout of 85.55%.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZeeEgmore&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] result: [[Egmore (state assembly constituency)|Egmore]] (SC)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|candidate='''Rajmohan Arumugam'''|votes=53,901|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Tamilan Prasanna|votes=43,097|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Abishek R|votes=18,191|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> === Films ===<br /> ;As actor<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> *''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' (2017)<br /> *''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Marina Puratchi]]'' (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2018-01-09 |title=Marina Puratchi: Hitting the bullseye |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Jan/09/marina-puratchi-hitting-the-bullseye-3979.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' (2020)<br /> *[[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|''Baba Black Sheep'']] (2023; also director)<br /> *''Flash Back'' (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Flashback (2025) New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83tVfRLcRHg |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Goldmines Telefilms]] |date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> *''[[Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu]]'' (2008–09)<br /> *[[What If Batman Was From Chennai?|''Batman Returns... To Chennai | The Middle Ages'']] (2015)<br /> *''Comicstaan Semma Comedy Pa'' (2020)<br /> *[[Fall (TV series)|''Fall'']] (2022)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|nm10568967|Rajmohan Arumugam}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Arumugam, Rajmohan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Orators]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian YouTubers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television personalities]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manikandan_R._Achari&diff=515974 2026-04-30T14:58:55Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Adding article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Manikandan R. Achari<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Manikandan R. Achari IMG 20220907 211221 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Manikandan R. Achari at Lulu Mall Kochi in the Promotion event of Malayalam Film ''Pathonpatham Noottandu''<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Thrippunithura, Kerala]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2016{{En dash}}present<br /> | parents = <br /> | spouse = Anjaly<br /> | children = 1 (Isai)<br /> | awards = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> | relatives = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manikandan R. Achari''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in many [[Malayalam]] films and theatre productions. He made his film debut in the 2016 film ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/interview-with-kammattipadam-actor-manikanda-r-achari.html|title=മാർക്കറ്റിൽ മീൻവെട്ടുകാരനായിരുന്നു ദുൽക്കറിന്റെ ബാലൻ|work=ManoramaOnline|access-date=2018-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-manikandans-breakout-film-kammatti-padam-is-grabbing-attention/article8645453.ece|title=The Mani EFFECT|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2016-05-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Manikandan was born in 1980 at [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kerala]]. He married his girlfriend Anjali on April 26, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lockdown-wedding-actor-manikandan-achari-gets-hitched-pictures-are-here/articleshow/75385942.cms |title=Lockdown wedding: Actor Manikandan Achari gets hitched. Pictures are here |work=The Times Of India |date=26 April 2020| access-date=19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple had a boy in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/actor-manikandan-achari-wife-anjali-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-movie-1.5530399 |title=Actor Manikandan Achari, wife Anjali blessed with a baby boy |work=Mathrubhumi News |date=20 March 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Award !! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]||2016||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]||''[[Kammatipaadam]]''||{{Won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards: The full list of winners|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-state-film-awards-full-list-winners-58308|access-date=19 September 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]||2017||Best Debutant Actor||''[[Kammatipaadam]]''||{{Nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 nominations (Malayalam): Maheshinte Prathikaram leads; check date, venue, ticket details|work=International Business Times|date=31 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> *''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year !!Title !!Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Balan ||&lt;ref name=&quot;kammatipaadam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-09 |title='Kammattipadam' actor Manikandan Achari joins Rajinikanth's 'Petta' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Sep/09/kammattipadam-actor-manikandan-achari-joins-rajinikanths-petta-1869784.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=7 | 2017 || ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Great Father]]'' || || Cameo appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ayal Jeevichirippundu'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Alamara]]'' || Sugunan aka Supran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Basheerinte Premalekhanam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || Gilbert Chambakkara ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chippy (film)|Chippy]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Eeda]]'' || Upendran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' || Stalin ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Vava ||&lt;ref name=&quot;kammatipaadam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Gnanam's henchman || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kammatipaadam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' || Kungan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ripper'' || [[Ripper Chandran]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;kammatipaadam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 | 2021 || ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' || Sudharmman ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anan'' || Joppan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mukkon'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kuruthi]]'' || Preman ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | 2022 || ''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]'' || Mani || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]'' || Arumughan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Bava ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eesho]]'' || Ambi Sura ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kakkipada'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People with petty minds on Censor Board is destroying Malayalam cinema: 'Kakkipada' director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/01/17/kakkipada-shebi-chowghat-censor-board-decision-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=OnManorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || Umboocha ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Thuramukham teaser: Nivin Pauly promises high-octane political drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/thuramukham-teaser-nivin-pauly-promises-an-high-octane-political-drama-7313307/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Charles Enterprises]]'' || Saravanan ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charles Enterprises gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2024 || ''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]'' || Adima ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=Actor Manikandan Achari roped in for the Mohanlal starrer 'Malaikottai Valiban' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actor-manikandan-achari-roped-in-for-the-mohanlal-starrer-malaikottai-valiban/articleshow/98148614.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bramayugam]]'' || Koran ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title='Bramayugam' teaser: The black and white glimpse of the Mammootty starrer builds an ample amount of tension for the fantasy horror flick! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bramayugam-teaser-the-black-and-white-glimpse-of-the-mammootty-starrer-builds-an-ample-amount-of-tension-for-the-fantasy-horror-flick/articleshow/106733987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thappinchuku Thiruguvadu Dhanyudu Sumathi]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]'' || Kollan Shankaran / Shankarabharanam||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-05 |title=Trailer of Chemban Vinod Jose-Lukman Avaran's Anchakkallakokkan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/05/trailer-of-chemban-vinod-jose-lukman-avarans-anchakkallakokkan-out |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chithini'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Chithini Trailer: Amith Chakalakkal and Vinay Forrt in a supernatural horror thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/chithini-trailer-amith-chakalakkal-and-vinay-forrt-in-a-supernatural-horror-thriller |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2026 || ''[[Bhishmar]]'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title='Bhishmar' trailer released: Dhyan Sreenivasan and Vishnu Unnikrishnan’s film promises a musical romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhishmar-trailer-released-dhyan-sreenivasan-and-vishnu-unnikrishnans-film-promises-a-musical-romantic-thriller/articleshow/129583747.cms |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|8166767}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Achari, Manikandan R.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1980 births]]<br /> [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silwani_Assembly_constituency&diff=535922 2026-04-19T19:35:15Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started basic info basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Silwani<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 143<br /> | map_image = 143-Silwani.svg<br /> | mla = [[Devendra Patel]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Raisen district|Raisen]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Silwani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&amp;constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It is part of [[Raisen district]].it cover all over [[Begamganj]] municipality and tehsil and [[Silwani]] tehsil of district.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Devendra Patel]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Shakti}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=election2013 name=&quot;election2013-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Devendra Patel]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Silwani&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Devendra Patel]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:95935}}<br /> |percentage = 51.39<br /> |change = +14.54<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:84481}}<br /> |percentage = 45.26<br /> |change = +3.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br /> |candidate = Mohd Talat Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1929}}<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2022}}<br /> |percentage = 1.08<br /> |change = +0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11454}}<br /> |percentage = 6.13<br /> |change = +1.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:186668}}<br /> |percentage = 82.94<br /> |change = +4.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Silwani&lt;ref name=election2018 name=&quot;election2018-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:64222}}<br /> |percentage = 41.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Devendra Patel<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:57150}}<br /> |percentage = 36.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Neelmani Shah (Baba Sahab)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:16892}}<br /> |percentage = 10.89<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Gori Singh Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3606}}<br /> |percentage = 2.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ramrishi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2018}}<br /> |percentage = 1.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Dinesh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1892}}<br /> |percentage = 1.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:675}}<br /> |percentage = 0.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7072}}<br /> |percentage = 4.57<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:155068}}<br /> |percentage = 78.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> # [[Silwani]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|23.30|78.44|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Raisen district]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barachatti_Assembly_constituency&diff=489744 2026-04-14T03:53:45Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating Article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{About|the constituency of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]|Barachatti block|Barachatti}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Barachatti<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 228-Barachatti constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = Bihar<br /> | district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]<br /> | constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|228]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mla = [[Jyoti Devi]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> | preceded_by = Samta Devi, [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> | electors = 310,945<br /> }}<br /> '''Barachatti Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/barachatti-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Barachatti (SC) Vidhan Sabha Election - Barachatti (SC) Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630042159/https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/barachatti-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Shreedhar Narain<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Mustaque Ali Khan<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Vishnu Charan Bharti<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |[[Bhagwati Devi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Mohan Ram<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |[[Bhagwati Devi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |G. S. Ramchandra Das<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Umesh Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian People's Front}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |[[Bhagwati Devi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1996^<br /> |[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |[[Bhagwati Devi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |2003^<br /> |[[Samta Devi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |[[Vijay Kumar Manjhi|Vijay Manjhi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |[[Jyoti Devi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |[[Samta Devi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Jyoti Devi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barachatti&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barachatti&quot; name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barachatti-1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barachatti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04228.htm |accessdate=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126071327/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04228.htm |archivedate=26 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br /> |candidate = Jyoti Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:108271}}<br /> |percentage = 47.44<br /> |change = +8.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Tanushree Kumari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:99378}}<br /> |percentage = 43.54<br /> |change = +7.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Suraaj Party<br /> |candidate = Hemant Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3967}}<br /> |percentage = 1.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = G S Ramchandra Das<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3150}}<br /> |percentage = 1.38<br /> |change = -3.88<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)<br /> |candidate = Manoj Paswan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2661}}<br /> |percentage = 1.17<br /> |change = +0.2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4329}}<br /> |percentage = 1.9<br /> |change = -0.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:8893}}<br /> |percentage = 3.9<br /> |change = +0.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:228235}}<br /> |percentage = 73.4<br /> |change = +12.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barachatti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br /> |candidate = Jyoti Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:72491}}<br /> |percentage = 39.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Samta Devi]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:66173}}<br /> |percentage = 35.79<br /> |change = -9.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Renuka Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11244}}<br /> |percentage = 6.08<br /> |change = -27.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rita Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:9721}}<br /> |percentage = 5.26<br /> |change = +0.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Arjun Bhuiyan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3836}}<br /> |percentage = 2.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Puniya Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3778}}<br /> |percentage = 2.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Bal Kunwar Manjhi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3127}}<br /> |percentage = 1.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Shivcharan Manjhi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2962}}<br /> |percentage = 1.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br /> |candidate = Parmeshwar Paswan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1893}}<br /> |percentage = 1.02<br /> |change = -0.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)<br /> |candidate = Shiv Shankar Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1802}}<br /> |percentage = 0.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3767}}<br /> |percentage = 2.04<br /> |change = -2.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6318}}<br /> |percentage = 3.42<br /> |change = -8.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:184902}}<br /> |percentage = 60.75<br /> |change = +4.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br /> |loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barachatti&lt;ref name=&quot;Barachatti Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Barachatti Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barachatti |accessdate=26 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126071352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barachatti |archivedate=26 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Samta Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:70909}}<br /> |percentage = 45.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Sudha Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:51783}}<br /> |percentage = 33.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Harendra Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7999}}<br /> |percentage = 5.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Mukesh Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3778}}<br /> |percentage = 2.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Republican Party of India<br /> |candidate = Sarju Parsad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3287}}<br /> |percentage = 2.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samras Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ramotar Manjhi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2627}}<br /> |percentage = 1.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br /> |candidate = Sreechand Das<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2408}}<br /> |percentage = 1.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br /> |candidate = Dileep Paswan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2303}}<br /> |percentage = 1.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7328}}<br /> |percentage = 4.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:19126}}<br /> |percentage = 12.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:156134}}<br /> |percentage = 56.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{coord|24.51|85.01|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Service_Medal_(India)&diff=500207 2026-04-13T14:01:17Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{infobox military award<br /> | name = General Service Medal 1947<br /> | image =General-service-medal-large.png<br /> | image_size =300px<br /> | caption = <br /> | presenter = {{IND}}<br /> | country =<br /> | type = [[Military awards and decorations|Military medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Service medal]]<br /> | eligibility = <br /> | awarded_for = Active service in designated operations<br /> | campaign = <br /> | status = <br /> | description = <br /> | motto = <br /> | clasps = Jammu and Kashmir 1947-48&lt;br&gt;Overseas Korea 1950–53&lt;br&gt;Nagaland&lt;br&gt;Goa 1961&lt;br&gt;Ladakh 1962&lt;br&gt;NEFA 1962&lt;br&gt;Mizo Hills <br /> | post-nominals = <br /> | established = 5 June 1950&lt;ref name=medaille&gt;{{cite web|title=General Service Medal with Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48 clasp, attributed, Jammu and Kashmir Security Force|url=http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=7953|work=www.medal-medaille.com|access-date=1 December 2012|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005026/http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=7953|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | firstawarded = <br /> | lastawarded = <br /> | total_awarded = <br /> | total_awarded_posthumously = <br /> | total_recipients = <br /> | precedence_label =<br /> | individual = <br /> | higher = [[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|35px]] [[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]&lt;ref name=precedence&gt;{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&amp;ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|work=indianarmy.nic.in/|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=28 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | same = <br /> | lower = [[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|35px]] [[Samanya Seva Medal]]&lt;ref name=precedence/&gt;<br /> | related = <br /> | image2 = [[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|150px]]<br /> | caption2 = Ribbon bar of the medal<br /> }}<br /> The '''General Service Medal 1947''' is a military service medal of [[India]], established by the [[President of India]] on 5 June 1950. It was awarded for service in [[Kashmir]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], up through service in the [[Mizo Hills]]. Eligible operations are denoted by a [[medal bar|clasp]] for each operation.<br /> <br /> ==Clasps==<br /> The General Service Medal is awarded with a clasp designating the qualifying service of the recipient. There are seven total clasps for the medal.&lt;ref name=719GSM1947&gt;{{cite web |title=719. General Service Medal 1947. |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_2/CHAPTER_16/292.htm |work=Defense Service Regulations, Chapter XVI Medals and Decorations |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621021112/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_2/CHAPTER_16/292.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> ;Jammu and Kashmir 1947-48: For service in Jammu and Kashmir between 27 October 1947 and 1 January 1949 for those who took part in combat or served an aggregate of 180 days with units or formations operating in or located in specific operational or concessional areas.<br /> ;Overseas Korea 1950–53: For operational service rendered by personnel who served as part of the 60th (Parachute) Field Ambulance unit in Korea between 22 November 1950 and 8 July 1953.<br /> ;Nagaland: For 180 days service as part of a detachment, unit, or formation in one of the following operations or areas of operation from 27 April 1955:<br /> *OPG OLI from 27 April 1955 to 1 April 1956.<br /> *Operating during or located under operational command of [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] Assam, [[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Infantry Division]], Operation ORCHID, GOC Nagaland, [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Mountain Division]], or GOC 101 Communication Zone Area.<br /> *For an aggregate of 90 days of service on the active strength of a detachment, unit, or formation operating in the Naga hills and [[Tuensang]] area on temporary duty from 27 April 1955 or thereafter.<br /> ;Goa 1961: For personnel who were part of or attached to formations or units within the geographical limits of the territories of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu|Daman, and Diu]] and were involved in the operations, for no less than 48 hours between 18–22 December 1961.<br /> ;Ladakh 1962: For personnel who rendered 15 days service with units or formations within the geographical limits of [[Ladakh]] between 20 October 1962 and 21 November 1962.<br /> ;NEFA 1962: For service in certain specified areas of [[North-East Frontier Agency]] and [[Assam]] between 21 September 1962 and 21 November 1962.<br /> ;Mizo Hills: For personnel who served an aggregate of 180 days as part of a detachment, unit, or formation located within or operated in the Mizo Hills district from 28 February 1966. Those who were temporarily inducted for specific operations need only have served 90 days.<br /> <br /> Awards of the Nagaland and Mizo Hills clasps were officially discontinued on 8 May 1975. Recipients of either clasp from 1 January 1968 onwards were to wear them with the ribbon of the [[Samanya Seva Medal]] instead of the ribbon of the General Service Medal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette_Clasps_1980&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1|page=447 |date=19 July 1980|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1980/O-0999-1980-0029-44544.pdf|publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Appearance==<br /> The medal is circular, made of [[cupro-nickel]]. It hangs from a claw and bar suspension and with clasps attached above the bar. The [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the medal depicts the Bhavani Talwar, the sword of [[Shivaji I]], surrounded by a halo. The reverse bears a lotus flower bud in the center with the inscription ''GENERAL SERVICE INDIA'' around the edge.&lt;ref name=medaille/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ribbon of the medal in 31&amp;nbsp;mm wide, is red with five equidistant 1&amp;nbsp;mm dark green stripes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General Service Medal |url=http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |work=PrideofIndia.net |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192318/http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Indian military decorations]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=9l24tESPCgFWSWG84FI43A==&amp;ParentID=bNxIWjhaWghDuEFYGJaylQ== General Service Medal 1947]<br /> *[https://sammlung.ru/?p=83987 Awards Kashmir conflict 1947–1948]<br /> <br /> {{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Marihal&diff=538584 2026-04-12T13:56:46Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started the info w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Karnataka Legislative Assembly member}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Suresh Shivarudrappa Marihal<br /> | office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2004<br /> | term_end = 2008<br /> | office2 = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly<br /> | term_start2 = 2008<br /> | term_end2 = 2013<br /> | constituency = [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | profession = Politician<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Suresh Shivarudrappa Marihal''' is an Indian politician who has served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in Karnataka.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Suresh was first elected to the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 2004, representing the [[Kittur Assembly constituency]]. He defeated former Karnataka IT Minister and senior Congress leader [[B. D. Inamdar]] in this election. He was re-elected in 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-05-25 |title=Marihal Suresh Shivarudrappa (BJP) wins from Kittur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/marihal-suresh-shivarudrappa-bjp-wins-from-kittur/articleshow/3070664.cms |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kittur Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates &amp; more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/kittur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99062894.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kittur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Babasaheb Patil Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kittur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7794883.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2013 elections, Marihal contested the Kittur seat again but lost to Inamdar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kittur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kittur-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Marihal, Suresh}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shailesh_Nayak&diff=534344 2026-04-12T11:29:48Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started the article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian oceanographer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Shailesh Nayak<br /> | image = SHAILESH NAYAK.jpg<br /> | caption = Shailesh Nayak in 2012<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|08|21|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Billimora, [[Navsari]], Gujarat<br /> | title = Interim [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]]<br /> | term_start = 1 January 2015<br /> | term_end = 12 January 2015<br /> | predecessor = [[Koppillil Radhakrishnan]]<br /> | successor = [[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox scientist<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | field = [[Oceanography]], Geology and [[Remote sensing]]<br /> | work_institution = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]], [[Government of India|Govt of India]]<br /> | doctoral_advisor =<br /> | doctoral_students =<br /> | prizes =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shailesh Nayak''' (born 21 August 1953) is an Indian scientist and is currently Director of the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] from 2018 onwards, former [[Chancellor]] of [[TERI School of Advanced Studies]] (2019–2025) and [[Distinguished]] [[Scientist]] in the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]]. He was the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO) Chair and Secretary to the Government of India for [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] (MoES) [[Government of India|Indian government]], between August 2008 – 2015. He was also the Chairman of the Earth Commission in India. He served as the interim chairman of [[ISRO]] between 31 December 2014 and 11 January 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/a-s-kiran-kumar-appointed-isro-chairman-115011300010_1.html | title=A S Kiran Kumar appointed Isro chairman | accessdate=12 January 2014 |newspaper = Business Standard | author = T E Narasimhan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has also served as director of the [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]], INCOIS, Hyderabad, India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.incois.gov.in/Incois/incois1024/index/index.jsp?res=1024 |title=Incois Home Page : Ocean forecast, Ocean information services, oceanographic research, scientific community, Ocean Development, Biological Oceanography, Marine Meteorogical Advisory Services, Remote Sensing Applications, Ocean Information Bank, Ocean Currents Data, GIS, Argo Data Management System, Fishery relevant information, Ocean Satellite Data, Oceanic realms, Global Climate Observing Systems, Climate weather Forecasts, Ocean modelling, INCOIS |publisher=Incois.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-12-01 |archive-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214923/http://www.incois.gov.in/Incois/incois1024/index/index.jsp?res=1024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an autonomous institution under ESSO (May 2006 to July 2008). At ESSO-INCOIS, he set up a state-of-the-art Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean. He was responsible for the conceptualization and development of Marine [[Geographic information system|GIS]]. He made outstanding contributions in improving advisory services related to potential fishing zones, ocean state forecast, and Indian Argo project.<br /> <br /> He has been providing leadership for the programs related to science of climate change,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.climatechangeaction.in/who-is-who/shailesh-nayak |title=Shailesh Nayak — Climate Change Action |publisher=Climatechangeaction.in |accessdate=2013-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403145734/http://www.climatechangeaction.in/who-is-who/shailesh-nayak |archive-date=2015-04-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; weather services, polar science, ocean science and modeling, ocean survey, resources, and technology. He chaired an expert group and helped to establish a national GIS in the country.<br /> <br /> == Personal life==<br /> Nayak was born on August 21, 1953, at [[Billimora]], [[Navsari district|Navsari]] in [[Gujarat]]. He did his Ph.D. in geology in 1980 from M. S. [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|University of Baroda]], Vadodara and specialized in [[Oceanography]], [[Remote sensing]]. He has also served in [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]], his area of research includes Coastal and Ocean processes and ocean-atmosphere interaction, coastal geomorphology, hazards. He was honoured with an Honorary Doctorate of Science by [[Andhra University]] in 2011 and [[Assam University]] in 2013. He is recognized as a Ph.D. Guide by six Universities, and six students have obtained Ph.D. under his supervision. He has published more than 100 papers in journals, conferences and reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=xaQvNTkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |title=Shailesh Nayak - Google Scholar Citations |date=2004-12-26 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155157/http://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=xaQvNTkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |archive-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 31, 2015, he relinquished his post of Secretary of Ministry of Earth Sciences, Indian Government.<br /> <br /> == Positions held ==<br /> He has served ISRO and MoES in several capacities namely:&lt;ref&gt;http://moes.gov.in/Dr.%20Shailesh%20Nayak%20-%201.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2014 - chairman, [[ISRO]]<br /> * 2008 - Secretary, [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] (MoES) and chairman, Earth Commission, India<br /> * 2006 - Director, [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]], INCOIS, Hyderabad<br /> * 2001 - Group director, Marine &amp; Water Resources, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad<br /> * 1978 - Joined [[Space Applications Centre]], ISRO, Ahmedabad<br /> He has held several key positions namely:<br /> * Chair, Regional Integrated Multi-hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) and the Indian Ocean Observing System Resource Forum (IRF)<br /> * President, [[Indian Meteorological Society]] (IMS)<br /> * President, Indian Society of Geomatics (ISG)<br /> * Vice-chair, Inter-Governmental Coordinating Group on Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (ICG-IOTWS) (2007–2011)<br /> * President, ISRS, Dehradun<br /> * Chairman, Indian Ocean–Global Ocean Observing System (IO-GOOS) (2006–10)<br /> * President, ISPRS Technical Commission (TC) IV on ‘Geo-databases and Digital Mapping’ for the term 2004–08<br /> <br /> == Academic and research activities==<br /> Following are the highlights of his career as a renowned scientist:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dod.nic.in/resume_Nayak.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-11-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504115859/http://dod.nic.in/resume_Nayak.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Disaster management]]: Provided leadership to set up a state-of-the-art Tsunami Warning Centre within two years within stipulated time and cost. Interacted with fourteen institutes from four different ministries to develop entire tsunami warning system.<br /> * Fishery service for social benefit: Developed methodology for potential fishing zones for saving fuel and time while at the Space Applications Centre (SAC) and continued to improve further while at INCOIS, both methodology and dissemination. Initiated tuna forecast on an experimental basis.<br /> * Marine weather for safe navigation: Operationalized service related to ocean state (height and direction of wave and swell) for the entire Indian Ocean.<br /> * Database organization: Conceptualised and developing Marine GIS for the country. A marine data centre has been established at INCOIS and data is being provided to web.<br /> * Generation of database for coastal zone management: Created satellite-derived benchmark database systematically on coastal landforms, mangroves, coral reef and shoreline change, high and low tide lines for the entire Indian coast for the first time.<br /> * Development of technique and algorithms: Developed techniques for identifying various coastal landforms, mangrove plant communities as well as high tide line and low tide line. Directed research in development of algorithms for retrieving the information on chlorophyll and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and other bio-geo-chemical parameters from the space-based satellite data. The software has been installed in about twenty agencies in the country to utilise Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) data.<br /> <br /> He has contributed immensely towards the advancement of research in Science and Technology in leading institutes of India in various capacities:<br /> * Chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], [[Goa]] <br /> * Chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the [[Centre for Earth Science Studies]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] <br /> * Chairman of the Research Advisory Committee of the [[Defence Terrain Research Laboratory]], [[Delhi]] <br /> * Chair, Governing Board, [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences|Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany]], [[Lucknow]] <br /> * Chair, Governing Board, [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], [[Dehradun]] <br /> * Member of many national committees related to earth science, coastal protection, mangrove, coral reef, and coastal zone management<br /> <br /> == Fellow and member of professional bodies ==<br /> *Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]] <br /> *Fellow, [[National Academy of Sciences]], India, [[Prayagraj|Allah Abad]].<br /> * Fellow, [[International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing]] (ISPRS), 2012<br /> * Member, [[International Academy of Astronautics]], [[Paris]].<br /> * Fellow, [[Indian Society of Remote Sensing]] (ISRS), 2011<br /> * Fellow, [[Geological Society of India]], Bangalore<br /> * Fellow, Meteorological Society of India<br /> * Life Member, Indian Society of Remote Sensing, [[Dehradun]] <br /> * Life Member, Indian Society of Geomatics, [[Ahmedabad]] <br /> * Life Member, Institution of Geoscientists (India), [[Hyderabad]] <br /> * Life Member, Mangrove Society of India, Goa<br /> * Life Member, Astronautical Society of India, Bangalore<br /> * Life Member, Meteorological Society of India, [[New Delhi]]<br /> <br /> == Honours and awards ==<br /> * 'Padma Shri' in the field of science and engineering in 2024.<br /> * Honorary Doctor of Science by Assam University, 2013<br /> * Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Award 2012<br /> * Honorary Doctor of Science by Andhra University, 2011<br /> * Special Achievement in GIS (SAG) Award -2008, E.S.R.I., San Diego, USA (for Tsunami Warning Centre)<br /> * Skotch Challenger Award for Security and Disaster Management, Jan. 2009 (for setting up Tsunami Warning Centre) by Skotch, New Delhi<br /> * Bhaskara Award for 2009<br /> * Gold Medal of Indian Geophysical Union 2009<br /> * National Mineral Award-2005, (Applied Geology) Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India<br /> * Indian National Remote Sensing Award for the Year 1994, Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Dehradun<br /> * Hari-Om Ashram Prerit Inter-University Smarak Trust Prize for the Year 1981-82 for Geology<br /> * Dinesh Chokshi Memorial prize for securing highest marks in M.Sc. (Geology) in 1975<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-gov}}<br /> {{succession box|title=[[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO Chairman]]|before=[[K. Radhakrishnan]]|after=[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]] |years=1 January 2015 to 12 January 2015 }}<br /> {{end}}<br /> {{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science &amp; Engineering}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Shailesh}}<br /> [[Category:Indian oceanographers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Navsari district]]<br /> [[Category:1953 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science &amp; engineering]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formula_One_drivers_from_India&diff=499279 2026-03-29T16:54:57Z

<p>KareemOman9338: new a place!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|List of Formula One drivers who competed as Indian}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use British English|date = November 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox F1 nationality<br /> |title = Formula One drivers from India<br /> | image = flag of India.svg<br /> | caption = <br /> |image_size = 210<br /> |Drivers = [[:Category:Indian Formula One drivers|2]]<br /> |Grands Prix = 59<br /> |Entries = 59<br /> |Starts = 57<br /> |Highest season finish = 18th ({{F1|2005}})<br /> |Wins = 0<br /> |Podiums = 0<br /> |Pole positions = 0<br /> |Fastest laps = 0<br /> |Points = 5<br /> |First entry = [[2005 Australian Grand Prix]]<br /> |First win = <br /> |Last win = <br /> |Last entry = [[2012 Brazilian Grand Prix]]<br /> |2025 = None<br /> |2026 = None<br /> }}<br /> {{As of|2026}}, there have been two [[Formula One]] drivers from [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56828320110506|title=India gets two F1 drivers on track together for first time|last=Baldwin|first=Alan|date=6 May 2011|work=Reuters|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015949/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56828320110506|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/pilote.aspx|title=India – Drivers|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020046/https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/pilote.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian Formula One drivers have had a race entry to 59 Grands Prix. Across these Grands Prix, Indian Formula One drivers have accumulated 5 points between them. No Indian driver has taken a race win, [[Podiums#In motorsport|podium]], [[fastest lap]] or [[pole position]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/engagement.aspx|title=Narain KARTHIKEYAN – Involvement|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101733/https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/engagement.aspx|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india.aspx|title=India|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101728/https://www.statsf1.com/en/india.aspx|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Narain Karthikeyan]] made his debut in {{F1|2005}} driving for [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]. He would score 5 points at that year's {{F1 GP|2005|United States}}. Karthikeyan would go on to race for [[HRT Formula 1 Team|HRT]] for two years from {{F1|2011}}; his Formula One career ended when HRT folded at the end of {{F1|2012}}. India's second driver, [[Karun Chandhok]], made his debut in {{F1|2010}} for HRT and would go on to drive for [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]] in 2011.<br /> <br /> == Former drivers == <br /> [[File:Hispania F111 Kartikeyan 2011 Spanish GP-2.jpg|thumb|right|Karthikeyan driving for HRT at the [[2011 Spanish Grand Prix]]]]<br /> [[India]]'s first Formula One driver was [[Narain Karthikeyan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx?year=2005|title=India – Grands Prix started – 2005|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101746/https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx?year=2005|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthikeyan made his debut in {{F1|2005}} driving for [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/grand-prix.aspx|title=Narain KARTHIKEYAN – Grands Prix started|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301075931/https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/grand-prix.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/saison.aspx|title=Narain KARTHIKEYAN – Seasons|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013418/https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan/saison.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He ended the season with 5 points, having come 4th at the [[2005 United States Grand Prix|United States Grand Prix]]. Besides this, Karthikeyan's best result was eleventh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/2005/etats-unis/classement.aspx|title=USA 2005 – Result|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013437/https://www.statsf1.com/en/2005/etats-unis/classement.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthikeyan was dropped after Jordan was sold to [[Midland F1 Racing|Midland]]. He was given the role as 4th driver for the [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams team]] for the {{F1|2006}} season, and was promoted to third driver after [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] left the team in {{F1|2007}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan.aspx|title=Narain KARTHIKEYAN|website=StatsF1.com|language=French|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013434/https://www.statsf1.com/en/narain-karthikeyan.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthikeyan took a race seat with [[HRT Formula 1 Team|HRT]] for the {{F1|2011}} season. He was replaced after 7 rounds by [[Daniel Ricciardo]]. He later made a one-off return at the [[2011 Indian Grand Prix]], replacing [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx?year=2011|title=HRT – Grands Prix started 2011|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101736/https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx?year=2011|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He drove for HRT again in the {{F1|2012}} season, this time partnering with [[Pedro de la Rosa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx|title=HRT – Grands Prix started|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302031458/https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartikeyan struggled against his teammate, failing to beat him throughout the season's races. He lost his race seat after HRT folded at the end of the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/193846/1/karthikeyan-senna-look-to-the-us-for-next-moves|title=Karthikeyan, Senna look to the US for next moves|last=Lewin|first=Andrew|date=24 July 2013|website=Crash|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101729/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/193846/1/karthikeyan-senna-look-to-the-us-for-next-moves|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[India]]'s second Formula One driver was [[Karun Chandhok]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx?year=2010|title=India – Grands Prix started – 2010|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101741/https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx?year=2010|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chandhok was signed by [[HRT Formula 1 Team|HRT]] for the {{F1|2010}} season. He would participate in 10 of the 19 rounds before [[Sakon Yamamoto]] took his car.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx?year=2010|title=HRT – Grands Prix started 2010|last=|first=|date=|website=www.statsf1.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101731/https://www.statsf1.com/en/hrt/grand-prix.aspx?year=2010|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/karun-chandhok/engagement.aspx|title=Karun CHANDHOK – Involvement|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302030045/https://www.statsf1.com/en/karun-chandhok/engagement.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chandhok was then signed to [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]] as a test driver for {{F1|2011}} and participated in the [[2011 German Grand Prix]] where he replaced [[Jarno Trulli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/lotus/grand-prix.aspx?year=2011|title=Lotus – Grands Prix started|website=StatsF1.com|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302031600/https://www.statsf1.com/en/lotus/grand-prix.aspx?year=2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chandhok left Formula One at the end of 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/Karun-says-he-won%E2%80%99t-race-in-2012-Narain-undecided/article13352263.ece|title=Karun says he won't race in 2012, Narain undecided|date=3 January 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 November 2019|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102101745/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/Karun-says-he-won%E2%80%99t-race-in-2012-Narain-undecided/article13352263.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Gallery<br /> |align=center<br /> |File:Narain Karthikeyan 2011 Malaysia2.jpg|[[Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> |File:Karun Chandhok 2011 Malaysia.jpg|[[Karun Chandhok]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Drivers<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Active Years<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Entries<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Wins<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Podiums<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Career Points<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Poles<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Fastest Laps<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Championships<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Narain|Karthikeyan}}<br /> |{{F1|2005}}, {{F1|2011}}–{{F1|2012}}<br /> | 48 (46 starts)<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | 5<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |{{sortname|Karun|Chandhok}}<br /> |{{F1|2010}}–{{F1|2011}}<br /> | 11<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | 0<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9|Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx|title=India – Grands Prix started|website=www.statsf1.com|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207022714/https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/grand-prix.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/india/pilote.aspx | title=India - Drivers • STATS F1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Formula One drivers]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{Formula One drivers from India}}<br /> {{Formula One nationalities}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Formula One drivers| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indian racing drivers|*]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Tamil_Sangams&diff=512060 2026-03-28T23:22:30Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Adding info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description| Assemblies of Tamil scholars}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> [[File:தமிழ்த் தாய் திருக்கோயிலில் அகத்தியர் சிலை.JPG|thumb|200px|Agathiyar ([[Agastya]]), Chairman of first Tamil [[Sangam literature|Sangam]], at [[Madurai]] in the [[Pandiya]] kingdom. Statue of Agastya in the [[Tamil Thai]] (Mother Tamil) temple in [[Karaikudi]], Tamil Nadu, India]]<br /> <br /> The '''Tamil Sangams''' (Tamil: சங்கம் ''caṅkam'', Old Tamil 𑀘𑀗𑁆𑀓𑀫𑁆, from Sanskrit ''saṅgha'') were three legendary gatherings of Tamil scholars and poets that, according to traditional Tamil accounts, occurred in the remote past. Scholars believe that these assemblies were originally known as ''kooṭam'' or &quot;gathering,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Leela|title=History of Kerala|year=1986|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press &amp; Book Depot|pages=73}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Raghavan|first=Srinivasa|title=Chronology of Ancient Bharat|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=V.J. Tamby|title=Dravidian kingdoms and list of Pandiyan coins|year=1911|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was also a name for [[Madurai]]. Three assemblies are described. The legend has it that the first two were held in cities since &quot;taken by the sea&quot;, the first being called Kapatapuram, and the third was held in the present-day city of [[Madurai]].<br /> {{Sangam literature}}<br /> {{Tamil literature}}<br /> <br /> == Historical Sangam period and Sangam literature ==<br /> {{Main|Sangam literature}}<br /> <br /> The historical [[Sangam period]], alluding to the Sangam-legends,<br /> extended from roughly 300-200 BCE to 300 CE (early Chola period before the interregnum). In this period the earliest extant works of [[Tamil literature]] were written (also known as [[Sangam literature]]), dealing with love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamil Veith Zvelebil pp12&quot;&gt;Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', pp12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry 1955 pp 105&quot;&gt;See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''A History of South India,'' OUP (1955) pp 105&lt;/ref&gt; The name ''Sangam'' and the associated legends probably derive from a much later period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tirupattur Tandakam pp 46&quot;&gt;[[Appar]] mentions the Sangam in his 'poem ''Tirupattur Tandakam''. Referring to [[Shiva|Siva]], he says: 'Look at Him who was gracious enough to appear in the ''Sangam'' as a poet of fine poems' – K.V. Zvelebil, ''The Smile of Murugan,'' pp 46&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207-223 University of Hawaii Press&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Sangam&quot; is also known as ''koodal'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கூடல்) or &quot;gathering&quot;.<br /> <br /> An accurate chronological assessment of literary works has been rendered difficult due to lack of concrete scientific evidence to support conflicting claims.Undue reliance on the Sangam legends has thus culminated in controversial opinions or interpretations among scholars, confusion in the dates, names of authors, and doubts of even their existence in some cases. The earliest archaeological evidence connecting Madurai and the Sangams is the 10th century [[Chinnamanur|Cinnamanur]] inscription of the [[Pandyas]].&lt;ref&gt;An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in Madurai. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp 105&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Three legendary Sangams==<br /> {{See also|History of Tamil Nadu|History of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangams. <br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Sangam <br /> !Time span<br /> !No. of Poets<br /> !no of king!! Kingdom{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}!! Books{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[First Sangam|First]]<br /> |4440 years{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}} <br /> |549{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}<br /> |89||<br /> ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Second Sangam|Second]]<br /> |3700 years{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}<br /> |1700{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}<br /> |59|| <br /> || ''Tolkāppiyam'' (author - Tolkāppiyar)(legendary; extend version dated to 5th c. CE)<br /> |-<br /> |[[Third Sangam|Third]]<br /> |1850 years{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}<br /> | <br /> |49|| [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandiya]] || covers entire corpus of Sangam Literature<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Nilakanta Sastri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |page=111 }} &quot;That a college (Sangam) of Tamil poets flourished for a time under royal patronage in Madura may well be a fact. But the earliest account of it, which occurs in the introduction to the commentary on the Iraiyanar Agapporul (c. A.D. 750), is enveloped in legend. It refers to three Sangams which lasted, at long intervals, for 9,990 years all together and counted 8,598 poets (including a few gods of the Saiva persuasion) as members, and 197 Pandyan kings as patrons. Some of the names of the kings and poets such as Kadungon and Ugrapperuvaludi are found in inscriptions and other authentic records, showing that some facts have got mixed up with much fiction, so that no conclusions of value can be based on it.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; observes that a sangam of Tamil poets flourished for a time in [[Madurai]] may well be a fact. But the facts regarding sangam have got mixed up with much fiction, making it difficult to draw reliable conclusions from them. [[Kamil Zvelebil]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973a|pp=126–127}}&lt;/ref&gt; finds a kernel of truth in them, suggesting that they may be based on one or more actual historical assemblies. Others reject the entire notion as not factual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumari&quot;&gt;&quot;The facts mentioned above have persuaded some scholars to consider that everything about the Sangam found in that commentary to be fabrication. But the more sober view of the matter seems to be to accept the main framework of the traditional account... In this there can be no historical impossibility. The legendary and supernatural frills provided by that commentary can of course be rejected.&quot; {{Harvnb|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, legends of the Sangams played a significant role in inspiring political, social, and literary movements in [[Tamil Nadu]] in the early 20th century.<br /> <br /> Early literature from the pre-[[Pallava]] dynasty period does not contain any mention of the Sangam academies, although some early poems imply a connection between the city of Madurai, which later legends associate with the third Sangam, and Tamil literature and the cultivation of the language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zvelebil 1974 12&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1974|p=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest express references to the academies are found in the songs of [[Appar]] and [[Sampandar]], Shaivite poets who lived in the 7th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973a|pp=126–127}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The first full account of the legend is found in a commentary to the ''[[Iraiyanar Akapporul]]'' by Nakkīrar (c. 7th/8th century CE).&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973b|p=46}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakkīrar describes three &quot;Sangams&quot; (''caṅkam'') spanning thousands of years.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> There are a number of other isolated references to the legend of academies at Madurai scattered through Shaivite and Vaishnavite devotional literature throughout later literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973a|p=127}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next substantive references to the legend of the academies, however, appear in two significantly later works, namely, the ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'' of Perumpaṟṟapuliyūr Nambi, and the better-known work of the same title by Paranjothi Munivar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Marr|1985|pp=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; These works describe a legend that deals mostly with the third Sangam at Madurai, and is so substantially different from that set out in Nakkirar's commentary that some authors such as Zvelebil speculate that it may be based on a different, and somewhat independent, tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In contemporary versions of the legend, the cities where the first two Sangams were held are said to have been located on [[Kumari Kandam]], a fabled lost continent, that lay to the South of mainland India, and which was described as the cradle of [[Tamil culture]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> Kumari Kandam supposedly lay south of present-day [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari District]] and, according to these legends, was seized by the sea in a series of catastrophic floods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1999|p=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==First legendary Sangam==<br /> The First Sangam ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=முதற்சங்க பருவம்|trans=Muthaṟchanga paruvam}}) is also known as the First Academy, and as the Head Sangam ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=தலைச்சங்க பருவம்|trans=Thalaichanga paruvam}}).<br /> <br /> The first Sangam (''mutaṟcaṅkam'') is described as having been held at &quot;the Madurai which was submerged by the sea&quot;, or known among historians as Kapatapuram, lasted a total of 4,400 years, and had 549 members, which supposedly included some gods of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pantheon such as [[Shiva|Siva]], [[Kubera]], [[Murugan]] and [[Agastya]]. A city was found submerged in Pondicherry and according to the location, has been popularly credited as being the site for the first Sangam, Kapatapuram. A total of 4,449 poets are described as having composed songs for this Sangam. There were 89 Pandiya kings starting from Kaysina valudi to Kadungon were decedents and rulers of that period.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refPTSI|P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.230]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was said to be located in ''Then Madurai'' under the patronage of 89 [[Pandya]] kings.{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=204}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India&quot;, page 62, Martha Ann Selby, [[Indira Viswanathan Peterson]], ''Suny Press''&lt;/ref&gt; It is said to have lasted for 4,440 years, and this would put the First Sangam between 9600 BCE to 5200 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=S. Kunjithapatham|first=M. Arunachalam|title=Musical tradition of Tamilnadu|year=1989|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations|pages=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Proceedings - Volume 1 of Proceedings: Edited by R. E. Asher, Vadasery Iyemperumal Subramoniam&quot; page 184, R. E. Asher, Vadasery I. Subramoniam, Pennsylvania State University&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some are of the opinion that [[Agastya|Agathiyar]] was the head of the Head Sangam. However, this is unlikely as the first mention of him is from [[Ptolemy]] and no [[Sangam period|Sangam]] work refers to him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Saletore|first=Rajaram Narayan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian culture: Volume 4|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi00raja|url-access=registration|year=1984|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-0-391-02332-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A more likely proposition is [[Murugan|Lord Muruga (Kartikeya)]] being the head of the First Sangam as believed by others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian history, Volume 38|year=1960|publisher=Dept. of History, University of Kerala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Its function was to judge literary works and credit their worth. Later literary works like [[Iraiyanar Akapporul|Iraiyanar Akaporul]] mention that 549 poets were members of it including [[Shiva]], [[Murugan]], [[Kubera|Kuperan]] and seven [[Pandya]] kings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}&lt;/ref&gt; And 16,149 authors attended the convocation. Its chief works were Perumparipadal, Mudukuruku, Mudunarai and Kalariyavirai. It used [[Agattiyam]] as its grammar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=Sesha|title=Dravidian India|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are no surviving works from this period.<br /> <br /> Muranjiyur Mudinagar, a member of the first Tamil Sangam, is believed to have been a king of the Nagas in Jaffna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pillay|first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi|title=South India and Ceylon|year=1963|publisher=University of Madras}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Siddha medicine]] is said to have been practiced during the First Sangam,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|first=Vē. Irā Mātavan̲|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha medicine|year=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; and people &quot;enjoyed mental and bodily health, respecting nature and living hygienically.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=Richard|title=Recipes for immortality: medicine, religion, and community in South India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Iraiyanar Kalaviyal mentions that a King Kadungon was the last ruler during the Talaiccankam. He is not to be confused with [[Kadungon]] who defeated the [[Kalabhras]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Piḷḷai|first=Es Vaiyāpurip|title=Vaiyapuripillai's history of Tamil language and literature: from the beginning to 1000 A.D.|year=1988|publisher=New Century Book House}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was washed away in a sea-deluge. This led to the [[Second Sangam|Middle Sangam]].{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Second legendary sangam==<br /> The Second Sangam (''iṭaicaṅkam'') is also known as the Middle Sangam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: இடை சங்கம்) and the Second Academy. It was convened in ''Kapatapuram''. This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 59 members, with 3700 poets participating. There were 59 Pandiya kings starting from Vendercceliyan to Mudattirumaran were decedents and rulers of that period.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refPTSI|P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.231]]&lt;/ref&gt; This city was also submerged in sea. <br /> <br /> The primary factors leading to the formation of the Middle Sangam was mentioned by [[Iraiyanar]], one of the authors of [[Kurunthogai]], who mentions the kingdom of a King named Kandungon, the last ruler during the [[First Sangam]]. It was washed away in a sea-erosion. This led to the Second Sangam.<br /> <br /> The second Sangam was convened in ''[[Kuadam|Kapatapuram]]''. This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 59 members, with 1700 poets participating. There were 59 Pandiya kings starting from Vendercceliyan to Mudattirumaran were decedents and rulers of that period. This city was also submerged in sea. Ramayana and Arthashastra of Kautalya corroborates the existence of a city named Kavatapuram. There is a reference to a South Indian place called Kavata by Sugriva in a verse which runs something like 'having reached Kavata suitable for Pandiya'. Kavata is also mentioned by Kautalya in Arthashastra. The grammar followed was [[Budapuranam]], [[Agattiyam]], [[Tholkappiyam]], [[Mapuranam]] and [[Isai Nunukkam]]. The poems attributed to second academy are Kali, Kurugu, Vendali and Viyalamalai Ahaval. <br /> <br /> ==Third legendary Sangam==<br /> [[File:Temple de Mînâkshî01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Late legends say that the third Sangam was held on the banks of the sacred Pond of Golden Lotuses in Madurai]]<br /> <br /> The third Sangam (''kaṭaicaṅkam'') was purportedly located in the current city of [[Madurai]] and lasted for 1850 years. There were 49 Pandiya kings starting from Mudattirumaran (who came away from Kabadapuram to present Madurai) to Ukkirapperu Valudi were decedents and rulers of that period.&lt;ref&gt;[[#refPTSI|P.T. Srinivasa-iyengar, 1929, p.231-232]]&lt;/ref&gt; The academy had 49 members, and 449 poets are described as having participated in the Sangam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973b|p=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; The grammars followed were Agattiyam and Tholkappiyam. The poems composed were Kurunthogai, Netunthogai, Kurunthogai Nanooru, Narrinai Nanooru, Purananooru, Aingurunooru, Padirrupaatu, Kali, Paripaadal, Kuttu, Vari, Sirrisai and Perisai.{{sfnp|Daniélou|2003}}{{pn|date=April 2024}}<br /> <br /> There are a number of other isolated references to the legend of academies at Madurai scattered through [[Shaivite]] and [[Vaishnavite]] devotional literature throughout later literature.<br /> <br /> In Nambi's account, the 49 members of the third Sangam led by Kapilar, Paraṇar and Nakkīrar were great devotees of [[Shiva]], numbered amongst the 63 [[nayanars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Nagaswamy|2004|p=493}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakkirar himself is said to have later headed the Sangam, and to have debated [[Shiva]]. The Sangam is described as having been held on the banks of the Pond of Golden Lotuses in the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Meenakshi-Sundaresvarar Temple]] in Madurai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1974|pp=183–184}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Historicity ==<br /> P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar,&lt;ref&gt;[[#refPTSI|P.T. Srivasa Iyengar]]&lt;/ref&gt; in his book &quot;History of Tamils&quot; (in Chapter XVI on topic &quot;Criticism of the legend&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[#refPTSI|P. T. Srivasa Iyengar, 1929, p. 232]]&lt;/ref&gt; writes that&amp;mdash;<br /> <br /> * The First Sangam lasted 4440 years and spanned 89 succeeding kings.<br /> * The Second Sangam lasted 3700 years and spanned 59 succeeding kings.<br /> * The Third Sangam lasted 1800 years and spanned 49 succeeding kings.<br /> <br /> According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], the assemblies may have been founded and patronised by the Pandian kings and functioning in three different capitals consecutively till the last sangam was set up in [[Madurai]]. Zvelebil argues that the appearance of the tradition in literary and epigraphical sources means that it cannot be dismissed as pure fiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zvelebil 1974 12&quot; /&gt; He suggests that the Sangam legends are based on a historical &quot;body of scholiasts and grammarians [that] 'sits' as a norm-giving, critical college of literary experts, and shifts its seat according to the geopolitical conditions of the Pandiyan kingdom.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1973a|pp=133–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 470 CE, a [[Dravida Sangha]] was established in [[Madurai]] by a [[Jain]] named [[Vajranandi]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;Kamil V. Zvelebil: The Smile of Murugan p.48&lt;/ref&gt; During that time the Tamil region was ruled by the [[Kalabhras]] dynasty. The Kalabhra rulers were followers of either [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]]. The ''Dravida Sangha'' took much interest in the Tamil language and literature.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt; [[George L. Hart]] suggests that later legends about Tamil Sangams may have been based on the Jaina assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Hart|first=George|title=The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems|url=http://tamil.berkeley.edu/html/chapter_1.html|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/19970709071128/http://tamil.berkeley.edu/html/chapter_1.html|archive-date=1997-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Madurai Tamil Sangam]]<br /> *[[List of Sangam poets]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|refs=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> *{{Citation | last=Basham | first=A. L. | author-link=A. L. Basham|title=The Wonder That Was India | year=1981 | edition=3rd | place=Calcutta | publisher=Rupa}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Chopra | first1=P.N. |last2=Ravindran | first2=T.K. | last3=Subrahmanian | first3=N. | title=History Of South India – Ancient Medieval &amp; Modern | year=2003 | publisher=Sultan Chand &amp; Company | place=New Delhi | isbn=81-219-0153-7}}<br /> &lt;!-- D --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|date=2003-02-11|title=A Brief History of India|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781594777943|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=sangam}}<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> *{{Citation | last=Krishnamurti | first=C.R | title=Thamizh Literature Through the Ages: A socio-cultural perspective | year=1998 | publisher=Radhika Publishers | place=Pondicherry}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Nilakanta Sastri | first=K. A. | author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar | year=1975 | edition=4th | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=New Delhi}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Marr | first=John Ralston | title=The Eight Anthologies | publisher=Institute of Asian Studies | place=Madras | year=1985}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Meenakshisundaran | first= T.P. | title=History of Tamil Literature | series=Publications in linguistics – Annamalai University | year=1965 | publisher=Annamalai University | place=Chidambaram}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Nagaswamy | first=R. | chapter=Sangam Poetic traditions under the Imperial Cholas | editor1-last=Chevillard | editor1-first=Jean-Luc | editor2-last=Wilden | editor2-first=Eva | title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday | year=2004 | publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient | place=Pondicherry | series=Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94 | isbn=2-85539-630-1 | issn=0073-8352 | pages=487–494}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Narasimhaiah | first=B. | title=Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu | publisher=Sundeep Prakashan | place=Delhi | year=1980 | isbn=81-7574-048-5}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Ramaswamy | first=Sumathi | title=Catastrophic Cartographies: Mapping the Lost Continent of Lemuria | journal=Representations | year=1999 | pages=92–129 | doi=10.1525/rep.1999.67.1.01p0048w | volume=67 | issue=67| doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Ramaswamy | first=Sumathi | title=The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories | year=2004 | publisher=University of California Press | place=Berkeley | isbn=0-520-24440-0}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | author-link=Kamil Zvelebil | title=The Earliest Account of the Tamil Academies | journal=Indo-Iranian Journal | volume=15 | issue=2 | year=1973a | pages=109–135 | doi=10.1007/BF00157289| doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 | s2cid=189777598 }}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | title= The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India | year=1973b | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | isbn=90-04-03591-5}}<br /> *{{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | title=Tamil Literature | year=1974 | series=A History of Indian Literature, Vol. X Fasc. 1 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz | place=Wiesbaden | isbn=3-447-01582-9}}<br /> *{{citation | last=Srinivasa-iyengar | first=P.T. | title=History of the Tamils: from the earliest times to 600 A.D. | publisher=Asian Educational Service | year=1929 | place=New Delhi | isbn=81-206-0145-9|ref=refPTSI}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil language}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literature]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil organisations]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language literature]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahangir&diff=474465 2026-03-24T19:00:45Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1605 to 1627}}<br /> {{other uses|Jahangir (name)| Jahangir (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Jahangir&lt;br/&gt; جهانگیر<br /> | title = [[Padishah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan al-Azam]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Shahenshah-e-Hind|Shahenshah-e-Hindustan]] (King of Kings of India)<br /> | image = Jahangircrop.jpeg<br /> | caption = Portrait by [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu al-Hasan]], {{circa|1617}}<br /> | succession = [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]]<br /> | reign = {{Nowrap|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627}}<br /> | coronation = 24 November 1605&lt;br /&gt;[[Agra Fort]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Akbar|Akbar I]]<br /> | successor = [[Shah Jahan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shahryar Mirza]] (''de facto'')&lt;br /&gt;[[Dawar Bakhsh]] (titular)<br /> | reg-type = ''[[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Viziers]]''<br /> | regent = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''<br /> |Sharif Khan (1605–1611)<br /> |[[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]] (1611–1622)<br /> |[[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]] (1622–1627)}}<br /> | birth_name = Nur ud-din Muhammad Salim<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1569|8|31|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra|Agra Sarkar]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1627|10|28|1569|8|30|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bhimber]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], Mughal Empire (present-day [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]])<br /> | burial_place = [[Tomb of Jahangir]],{{efn|Following his death in [[Bhimber]], his entrails were preserved in a tomb in the [[Baghsar Fort]] while his body was sent to Lahore}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan<br /> | spouses = {{unbulleted list<br /> |{{marriage|[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]|13 February 1585|5 May 1605|end=died}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=12|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{marriage|[[Jagat Gosain]]|21 September 1586|8 April 1619|end=died}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Trimizi|first=S. A. I.|title=Mughal Documents|publisher=Manohar|year=1989|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=Mughal Administration|publisher=M. C. Sarkar|year=1952|pages=156–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{marriage|[[Sahib Jamal]]|1586|1599|end=died}}<br /> |{{marriage|[[Malika Jahan]]|1587}}<br /> |{{marriage|Karamsi Bai|1589}}<br /> |{{marriage|[[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nissa Begum]]|26 February 1592}}<br /> |{{marriage|[[Khas Mahal]]|18 June 1596}}&lt;ref name=Q&gt;{{cite book|first=Sir William|last=Foster|title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619|publisher=AMS Press|year=1975|pages=100–101|isbn=978-0-404-54825-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{marriage|[[Saliha Banu Begum]]|1608|1620|end=died}}&lt;ref name=Q/&gt;<br /> |{{marriage|[[Nur Jahan]]|1611}}&lt;ref name=Q/&gt;}}<br /> | issue = {{unbulleted list<br /> |[[Sultan-un-Nissa Begum]]<br /> |[[Khusrau Mirza]]<br /> |[[Parviz Mirza]]<br /> |[[Bahar Banu Begum]]<br /> |[[Shah Jahan]]<br /> |[[Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum]]<br /> |[[Shahryar Mirza]]}}<br /> | issue-link = #Issue<br /> | issue-pipe = more...<br /> | full name = Nur ud-din Muhammad Salim<br /> | era dates = 16th and 17th centuries<br /> | regnal name = Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah<br /> | posthumous name = Jannat Makani ({{lit|Dwelling in Heaven}})<br /> | house = [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]<br /> | father = [[Akbar]]<br /> | mother = [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]<br /> | signature = Persian 47 Wellcome L0050349.jpg<br /> | signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Imperial Seal]]<br /> | religion = [[Sunni Islam]]&lt;ref&gt;Andrew J. Newman, ''Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam 632 to 1722'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), online version: p. 48: &quot;Jahangir [was] ... a Sunni.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 103&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hanafi]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nur ud-din Muhammad Salim{{efn|/ˈnuːrʊˌdɪn/ [mʊ.ɦɑmˈmad̪̚] /sə.liːm/}}''' ({{langx|fa|نورالدین محمد سلیم}} {{IPA|fa|ˈnuːrʊˌdɪn/ [mʊ.ɦɑmˈmad̪̚] /sə.liːm|}}) (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), known by his royal name '''Jahangir''' ({{langx|fa|جهانگیر|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA|fa|d͡ʒa.hɑːn.ˈɡiːɾ}}),{{efn|{{IPA|fa|d͡ʒa.hɑːn.ˈɡiːɾ}}; {{lit|Conqueror of the World}}),&lt;ref name=Brit&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |title=Jahāngīr |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} was the fourth [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|emperor of the Mughal Empire]], reigning from 1605 until his death in 1627.<br /> <br /> The third and only surviving son of Emperor [[Akbar&amp;nbsp;I]] ({{Reign|1556|1605}}) and his consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Maryam uz-Zamani]]. Jahangir received a comprehensive education, which included the languages [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], as well as diverse subjects such as [[military tactics]] and [[social sciences]]. In 1594, at the age of 26, Jahangir successfully led an army to crush a revolt by the [[Bundela]] in [[Orchha]], and after the surrender of their leader [[Vir Singh Deo]], transformed Orchha into a vassal state. As such, the [[Jahangir Mahal]] was later constructed in Orchha by Deo in honor of Jahangir. Following Akbar's death, Jahangir succeeded him on 3 November 1605.<br /> <br /> Jahangir's reign was marked by a combination of artistic achievement and political intrigue, set against the backdrop of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s considerable expansion and consolidation. Jahangir's rule is distinguished by his commitment to justice and his interest in the arts, particularly painting and architecture, which flourished during his reign. Jahangir's reign was characterized by a complex relationship with his nobility and family, notably reflected in his marriage to Mehar-un-Nisa (later known as Empress [[Nur Jahan]]), who wielded significant political influence behind the throne. This period saw the empire's further entrenchment into the [[Indian subcontinent]], including efforts to subdue the [[Rajput kingdoms|Rajput Kingdoms]] and extend Mughal authority into the [[Deccan]]. Jahangir's foreign policy included relations with the [[Safavids]] of [[Persia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as with the English [[East India Company]], marking the beginning of European influence in Indian politics and commerce.<br /> <br /> Despite his achievements, Jahangir's reign had challenges, including revolts led by his sons, which threatened the stability of his rule. His poor health, caused by a lifetime of [[opium]] and alcohol use, led to his death in 1627, precipitating a brief succession crisis before the throne passed to his son, [[Shah Jahan]]. Jahangir's legacy lives on through his contributions to [[Mughal art]] and architecture, his memoirs, and the policies he implemented, which continued to influence the empire after his demise.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> [[File:Birth of jahangir.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani]], giving birth to prince Salim in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], painted by [[Bishandas]]. |left]] Prince Nur al-Din Muhammad Salim&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh14&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Pashaura |editor1-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |page=647 |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; was the third son born to [[Akbar]] and [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] in the capital city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] on 31 August 1569.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuzk-e-jahangiri&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909–1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2023 |title=Jahangir {{!}} Ruler, Biography, Administration, &amp; Achievements |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;farishta&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hindu Shah |first1=Muhammad Qasim |title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Henry Beveridge, ''Akbarnama of Abu'l Fazl Volume II'' (1907), p. 503&lt;/ref&gt; He had two full elder twin brothers, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza and Hussain Mirza]], born in 1564, both of whom died in infancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |year=1980 |title=Akbar |url=https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n142/mode/1up |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |page=133 |isbn=978-0-7069-1076-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Foreign Department Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35314 |title=References In The Press To The Visit Of Their Royal Highnesses, The Prince And Princess Of Wales To India, 1905-06 |date=1905 |page=421}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. (Ernest Binfield) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofaryanru00have |title=The history of Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |date=1918 |publisher=New York, Frederick A. Stokes company |others=The Library of Congress |page=469}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Havell EB |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Co, London |others=Kerala State Library |page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2004 |others=Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson |isbn=1-86189-185-7 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=35 |oclc=61751123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grief-struck, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani, sought the blessings of Salim Chishti, a reputed [[khawaja]] (religious leader) who lived at Fatehpur Sikri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Della|title=The 9th edition of the concise oxford Dictionary of English|year=1995|volume=7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akbar confided in Salim Chisti, who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age. His parents, Akbar and Mariam Zamani, in hope of having a son born to them even made a pilgrimage to [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]], barefoot, to pray for a son.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|title=Studies of Islamic culture in the Indian Environment|year=1964|publisher=Clarendon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Findly|1993|p=189}}: &quot;Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Akbar was informed that his chief wife was expecting a child again, an order was passed for the establishment of a royal palace in Fatehpur Sikri (today known as Rang Mahal) near the lodgings of Salim Chishti, where the Empress could enjoy the repose in the vicinity of the saint. Mariam Zamani was shifted to the palace established there and during her pregnancy, Akbar himself used to travel to Sikri and used to spend half of his time in Sikri and another half in Agra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Nizamuddin|title=Tabaqat-i-Akbari|date=1599|page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the time of Mariam-uz-Zamani's pregnancy with Salim, says Jahangir in his memoirs, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. When the matter was reported to Akbar, who was engaged in hunt of cheetahs at that time, vowed that if the baby resumes kicking, he would never hunt cheetahs on Fridays throughout his life and Jahangir further notes, that Akbar kept his vow throughout his life. Jahangir, too, in reverence for his father's vow, never hunted cheetahs on Friday.{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|pp=45–46}} On 31 August 1569, Mariam Zamani gave birth to Salim, and he was named after Hazrat Salim Chishti, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his new born son and wife after forty-one days after his birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=H. |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 |date=1907 |pages=502–506}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin |title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-ii |date=1936 |pages=357–358}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=W. H. |title=Muntakhab - Ut - Tawarikh Vol. 2 |date=1884 |pages=112, 124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jahangir's foster mother was the daughter of Salim Chishti, and his foster brother was [[Qutubuddin Koka]], the grandson of Chishti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title = The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr, Volume 2|year=1909|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London|page=62|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first2= Henry|editor-last2=Beveridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1999 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=65 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |quote=Qutbuddin Khan Koka's mother passed away. She had given me milk in my mother's stead—indeed, she was kinder than a mother—and I had been raised from infancy in her care. I took one of the legs of her bier on my own shoulder and carried it a bit of the way. I was so grieved and depressed that I lost my appetite for several days and did not change my clothes.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir began his education at the age of five. On this occasion, a big feast was thrown by the Emperor to ceremonially initiate his son into education. His first tutor was Qutubuddin Koka. Many other tutors were appointed to teach Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi, Arithmetic, History, Geography, and Sciences. [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], one of the versatile geniuses, was an important tutor of him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&amp;q=Abdur+khan-i-khana |title=History of India: From 1206 to 1773 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-269-3505-5 |volume=2 |page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; His maternal uncle, [[Bhagwant Das]] the [[Kachhwaha]] ruler of [[Amber, India|Amer]], was supposedly one of his tutors on the subject of warfare tactics.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} During this time, Jahangir grew up fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with a &quot;respectable&quot; knowledge of Persianised courtly [[Chaghatai language|Chaghatai]] (&quot;Turki&quot;), the Mughal ancestral language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=24 September 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|page=99|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mogul- Jahangir - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5549249.jpg|thumb|Coin of Jahangir]]<br /> In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, Akbar, alongside [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] also known as Mirza Jafar Beg and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] to defeat the renegade Raja [[Vir Singh Deo]] [[Bundela]] and to capture the city of [[Orchha]] which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry and submitted to the command of Jahangir along with taking up imperial services at the court later. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} From the very beginning of Jahangir's reign as emperor, he witnessed the internal rivalry of the Bundela chiefs for control.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Amir Ahmad |title=The Bundela Revolts During the Mughal Period: A Dynastic Affair |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2005 |volume=66 |page=439 |jstor=44145860 |language=En |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jahangir appointed his favourite Vir Singh, as the ruler of Orchha by removing his elder brother Raja Ram Shah.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad&quot; /&gt; This greatly hampered the interest of Ram Shah's house.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad&quot; /&gt; Thus, Ram Shah along with his family members Bharat Shah, Indrajit, Rao Bhupal, Angad, Prema, and Devi (the wife of the deposed king) raised their arms in rebellion.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad&quot; /&gt; However, Ram Shah was defeated by his brother Vir Singh with the help of imperial army under Abdullah Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad&quot; /&gt; Then the deposed Bundela chief escaped and continued to fight the Mughals for two years until he was finally arrested in 1607 and put in prison at [[Gwalior]] only later to be given the territory of [[Chanderi]] as his patrimony.[[File:Mogul- Jahangir - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5549603.jpg|thumb|Coin of Jahangir depicting him the Moghul Emperor of Hindustan]]<br /> <br /> ===Rebellion against Akbar===<br /> In 1599, while Akbar was engaged in his Deccan campaigns, Prince Salim declared himself emperor in Allahabad, assuming the title of “Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah.” He began issuing coins in his own name and held court separately, effectively challenging Akbar’s sovereignty. Akbar, known for his tolerance and statesmanship, initially sought reconciliation rather than punishment. The rebellion, though serious, ended without a decisive battle. Over time, Salim expressed repentance and was forgiven. By 1604, peace between father and son had been restored, largely through the mediation of influential nobles such as Bir Singh Deo Bundela and Man Singh of Amber.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gktoday.in/succession-of-jahangir/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family ==<br /> The ancestral lineage of Jahangir were traced from the [[Mughal dynasty|House of Babur]]<br /> <br /> {{Ahnentafel<br /> |collapsed=yes<br /> |align=center<br /> |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;<br /> |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;<br /> |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;<br /> |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;<br /> |1= 1. '''Jahangir'''<br /> |2= 2. [[Akbar I]]<br /> |3= 3. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]<br /> |4= 4. [[Humayun]]<br /> |5= 5. [[Hamida Banu Begum]]<br /> |6= 6. [[Bharmal]]<br /> |7= 7. Champa Deiji<br /> |8= 8. [[Babur]]<br /> |9= 9. [[Maham Begum]]<br /> |10= 10. Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami<br /> |11= 11. Mah Afroz Begum<br /> |12= 12. [[Prithviraj Singh I]]<br /> |13= 13. Apurva Deiji<br /> |14= 14. Rao Ganga [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Manohar. Emperor Jahangir Weighs Prince Khurram. Page from Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. 1610-1615, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|left|Emperor Jahangir weighing his son [[Prince Khurram]]<br /> (the future Shah Jahan) on a weighing scale by [[Manohar Das|Manohar]] c.1615.]]<br /> <br /> === Consorts ===<br /> Jahangir's first wife was Manbhawati Bai,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Others |first=Muzaffar H. Syed &amp; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Manbhawati+Bai&amp;pg=PA138 |title=History of Indian Nation: Medieval India |date=20 February 2022 |publisher=K. K. Publications |page=138 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the daughter of Raja [[Bhagwant Das]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], who was serving as the governor of Punjab at the time. Their wedding took place on 13 February 1585 and included both Hindu and Muslim ceremonies.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=6}} The marriage brought significant dowry to Emperor Akbar. She was admired for her beauty, loyalty, and deep affection for Jahangir, which earned her a special place in his heart.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}} After giving birth to their first son, Khusrau, she was honored with the title ''[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begam]]''.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}} She died on 5 May 1605.{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=51}}<br /> <br /> His second wife was ''[[Jagat Gosain]]'', the daughter of Raja [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] (also known as Mota Raja) of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] and Rani Manrang De of Gwalior. Their marriage took place on 11 January 1586 at Mota Raja's palace. Salim is believed to have fallen for Jagat Gosain during a social gathering attended with his mother. Despite initial hesitation from his parents, the match was approved by Hamida Banu. Her dowry was set at seventy-five lakh tankas.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=6}} She was the mother of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. She died on 9 April 1619 and was given the posthumous title of ''Bilqis Makani''.{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=300}}<br /> <br /> His third wife was a princess from [[Bikaner state|Bikaner]], the sixteen year old daughter of Raja [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Rai Singh]]. They were married on 28 May 1586 in Fatehpur Sikri, with a dowry of 250,000 rupees.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=129}} Around the same time, he also married the daughter of [[Gakhars|Gakhar]] chief, Said Khan Gakhar and granddaughter of [[Sultan Sarang Khan Ghakkar|Sarang Khan Gakhar]] as his fourth wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Watson | first=Hubert Digby | title=Gazetteer of the Hazara District, 1907 | publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus | date=1908 | page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=749}} His fifth wife was ''[[Sahib Jamal]]''. She was the daughter of Khawaja Hassan and the cousin of [[Zain Khan Koka]].{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=7}} The marriage took place in 1586.&lt;ref name=Findly&gt;{{harvnb|Findly|1993|pp=124–125}}&lt;/ref&gt; She died on 25 June 1599.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=1133}} Another wife was the daughter of Rawal Bhim Singh of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]], whom Jahangir married in 1587. She was given the title ''[[Malika Jahan]]''.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=129}} Another wife was the daughter of Darya Malbhas.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|pp=865–866}}<br /> <br /> Another wife was the daughter of Mirza Sanjar, and the granddaughter of Khizr Khan Hazara. They married on 18 October 1589.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=882}} Another wife was Karamsi Bai,{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=30}} daughter of Raja Keshav Das Rathor of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=129}} Another wife was the daughter of Abdal Chak and sister of Abiya Chak of the [[Chak dynasty]] of [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmir]].{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=931, index p. 4}} Another wife was the daughter of [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan|Ali Rai]], the ruler of [[Maqpon Dynasty|Little Tibet]]. The marriage took place on 1 January 1592.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=921}} This marriage had a political motive—Tibet's chief offered his daughter to Jahangir to prevent an invasion by Akbar.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=921}} <br /> <br /> Another wife was [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nissa Begum]]. She was the daughter of Ibrahim Hussain Mirza and Gulrukh Begum, the daughter of [[Kamran Mirza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Shaikh Farid|last=Bhakkari|title=The Dhakhiratul-khawanin: a biographical dictionary of Mughal noblewomen|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Dehli|year=1993|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author =[[Gulbadan Begum|Begum, Gulbadan]]|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|page=234}}&lt;/ref&gt; In spring of 1591, Gulrukh Begum petitioned a request of her daughter's marriage with Jahangir. Akbar agreeded to her request, and this led to their betrothal. The marriage took place on the eve of 26 February 1592 at the house of Hamida Banu Begum.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|pp=969-970}} Another wife was the daughter of Mubarak Khan, son of Hussain Chak of Kashmir. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=958}}<br /> <br /> Another wife was the daughter of [[Raja Ali Khan]], ruler of Khandesh. Her father had sent her to be married to Jahangir in 1593.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=982}} The marriage took place on 10 September 1594.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=990}} She died on 20 October 1596.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=1063}} Another wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|p=1115}} Another wife was ''[[Khas Mahal]]'', the daughter of [[Zain Khan Koka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Ziyaud-Din A.|last=Desai|title=Purā-prakāśa: Recent Researches in Epigraphy, Numismatics, Manuscriptology, Persian Literature, Art, Architecture, Archaeology, History and Conservation: Dr. Z.A. Desai Commemoration Volume, Volume 1<br /> |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|year=2003|page=281|isbn=978-8-180-90007-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The marriage took place on the eve of 18 June 1596 at the house of Hamida Banu Begum.{{sfn|Beveridge|1907|pp=1058–59}} Another wife was the daughter of Khawaja Dost Muhammad Kabuli known as Khawaja Jahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46908/page/n841/mode/2up?q=khudayar |title=The Maathir-ul-umara Vol. 1 |page=824 |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=H. |year=1941}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1605, two of his concubines gave birth to two of his sons, Jahandar Mirza and Shahryar Mirza.{{sfn|Thackston|1999|pp=18, 30}}<br /> <br /> Another wife was [[Saliha Banu Begum]]. She was the daughter of Qaim Khan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=K.S.|title=The Mughal harem|date=1988|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85179-03-2|page=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The marriage took place in 1608.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first1=Shāhnavāz Khān|last1=Awrangābādī|first2=Bani|last2=Prasad|first3='Abd al-Hayy ibn|last3=Shāhnavāz|title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā: being biographies of the Muḥammadan and Hindu officers of the Timurid sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D.|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|year=1979|page=926}}&lt;/ref&gt; She died on 10 June 1620.{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=95}} On 8 June 1608,{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=95}} he married the daughter of Jagat Singh, the eldest son of Raja [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] of Amber. Jahangir personally arranged this marriage, gifting Jagat Singh 80,000 rupees and sending a rare European tapestry from the port of Cambay. The wedding took place at the residence of Mariam Zamani. As part of the dowry, Man Singh gave sixty elephants.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=129}} On 11 January 1610,{{sfn|Thackston|1999|p=104}} he married the daughter of Ram Chand Bundela.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=129}} At some point, he also married the daughter of [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]] son of [[Humayun|Emperor Humayun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Q&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nicoll|first=Fergus|title=Shah-Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor|quote=In fact, official records indicate that Khurram's father had at least twelve more wives, including the (unnamed) daughters of Mirza Muhammad Hakim.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His last wife was Mihr-un-Nissa Begum (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]). The marriage took place on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of a high-ranking [[Persian Empire|Persian]] nobleman [[Sher Afgan]]. Mihr-un-Nissa became his utmost favorite wife after their marriage and was the last of his chief consorts. She was witty, intelligent, and beautiful, which attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of ''Nur Jahan'' ('Light of the World'), she was called ''Nur Mahal'' ('Light of the Palace'). After the death of Saliha Banu Begum in 1620, she was designated the title of ''Padshah Begum'' and held it until the death of Jahangir in 1627. Her abilities are said to range from fashion and jewellery designing, perfumery, hunting to building architectural monuments and more.<br /> <br /> === Issue ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> <br /> ! Name<br /> ! Birth<br /> ! Death<br /> ! Notes<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]] ({{circa|1570}} – 5 May 1605)'' <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Sultan-un-Nissa Begum]]<br /> | 25 April 1586<br /> | 5 September 1646<br /> | First child of Jahangir. Remained unmarried.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=746}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Khusrau Mirza]]<br /> | 16 August 1587<br /> | 26 January 1622<br /> | rebelled against Jahangir and was blinded and later killed on the orders of Shah Jahan.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''By [[Jagat Gosain]] (13 May 1573 – 8 April 1619)'' <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Begum Sultan Begum<br /> | 9 October 1590<br /> | September 1591<br /> | born on the same day as her half-sister, Bahar Banu.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Shah Jahan]]<br /> | 5 January 1592<br /> | 22 January 1666<br /> | succeeded Jahangir as the fifth Mughal Emperor.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum]]<br /> | 23 September 1597<br /> | 1603<br /> | Youngest daughter of Jahangir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=1094}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''By the daughter of Said Khan Gakhar''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Iffat Banu Begum<br /> | 6 April 1589<br /> | Infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=816}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By [[Sahib Jamal]] (unknown – 25 June 1599)''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Parviz Mirza]]<br /> | 31 October 1589<br /> | 28 October 1626<br /> | married and had issues including, [[Nadira Banu Begum]].<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | A daughter<br /> | 21 January 1591<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Akbarnama Vol. III|page=883|quote=On this day also Sultan Parviz had a sister born.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | A daughter<br /> | 14 October 1594<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Akbarnama Vol. III|quote=On the 21st, after the passing of 8 hours and 28 minutes, a sister to Sulān Parvīz was born. It is the rule that H.M. promptly gives names to the children and grandchildren. Though the inner servants expressed a wish that he would do this, he did not accept the proposition. Suddenly that newly-born one descended into non-existence, and H.M.'s knowledge of hidden things was anew displayed!}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By the daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Daulat-un-Nissa Begum<br /> | 24 December 1589<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Akbarnama|publisher=ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL|volume=III|page=866}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''By Karamsi''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Bahar Banu Begum]]<br /> | 9 October 1590<br /> | 8 September 1653<br /> |Favourite daughter. Born on the same day as her half-sister, Begum Sultan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=880}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By the daughter of Abdal Chak and sister of Abiya Chak''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | A daughter<br /> | 12 April 1592<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=931}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''By [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nissa Begum]] ({{circa|1570}} – unknown)''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | A daughter<br /> | 28 August 1595<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=1031}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By the daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | A daughter<br /> | January 1595<br /> | infancy <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|page=1015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4 | ''By concubines (various)''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Jahandar Mirza<br /> | circa 1605<br /> | unknown<br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Shahryar Mirza]]<br /> | circa 1605<br /> | 23 January 1628<br /> | Youngest child of Jahangir. <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> [[File:8 Abu'l Hasan. Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir. Jahangirnama. St. Petersburg Album. ca. 1615-18, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg..jpg|thumb|Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir in 1600, when [[Akbar]] was away from the capital on an expedition, Salim organised a coup and declared himself emperor. Akbar had to hastily return to [[Agra]] and restore order.|upright]]<br /> <br /> According to [[Jesuit]] missionary [[Pierre de Jarric]], the orthodox scholar [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] sent letters to his disciple, [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari]], a [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Mir Bakshi]] official who had been appointed as representative of the muslim orthodox faction of Mughal court, to support Jahangir to succeed his father. The orthodox faction extracted promise from Jahangir that he would support the cause of orthodox faction's cause if he succeeded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R3nmCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=farid+bukhari++traditional+islam&amp;pg=PA23 |title= Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India |date= 1993 |author= Ellison Banks Findly |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-507488-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jahangir succeeded the throne on Thursday, 3 November 1605, eight days after his father's death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=1983 |page=80 |quote=Jahangir became the Emperor of Hindustan. However, Jahangir could not place absolute reliance on the old nobility}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Versha Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBVnDwAAQBAJ |title=Botanical Culture of Mughal India |date=27 July 2018 |publisher=Partridge |isbn=978-1-5437-0336-8 |page=75 |quote=Kashmir was Jahangir's first love always. First time he visited along Kashmir with his father in 1589. He had scholarly instinct and love of nature. After he became the emperor of Hindustan, he visited the happy valley for a number of times for enjoying the cool and refreshing air of the valley}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Khusrau rebellion===<br /> After Jahangir's ascent to the Mughal throne, growing tensions would cause Khusrau to rebel in April 1606.{{Sfn|Findly|1993|p=19-26}} Soon after, Jahangir had to fend off his son [[Khusrau Mirza]] when he attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will.&lt;ref name=HistoryAfghan /&gt; He left Agra with 350 horsemen on 6 April 1606 under the pretext of visiting [[Akbar's tomb]] in nearby Sikandra.&lt;ref&gt;Majumdar, R.C. (ed.)(2007). ''The Mughal Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.179&lt;/ref&gt; Khusrau laid siege on Lahore, defended by Dilawar Khan. Jahangir relieved the siege and defeated Khusrau at the battle of Bhairowal. He was captured by Jahangir's army while crossing the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river, attempting to flee toward [[Kabul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Flight of Khusrau&quot;&gt;[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001081%26ct%3D14 &quot;The Flight of Khusrau&quot;], ''The [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]] Or Memoirs Of Jahangir'', Alexander Rogers, and Henry Beveridge. Royal Asiatic Society, 1909–1914. Vol. I, Chapter 3. p 51, 62–72., Volume 1, chapter 20&lt;/ref&gt; Khusrau was then defeated with the support of the [[Barha dynasty|Barha]] and Bukhari [[sayyid|sāda]] and confined in the fort of [[Agra]].&lt;ref name=HistoryAfghan&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Tg-AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=indian+afghans+barha |title=History of the Afghans in India, A.D. 1545-1631 |date=4 October 1961 |publisher=Pakistan Publishing House |page=261 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103034411/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Tg-AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=indian+afghans+barha |archive-date=3 November 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir was found to be more militarily capable, and he crushed the rebellion in a week. Jahangir had all the young aristocrat supporters of Khusrau tortured, impaled and made him watch them in agony as a warning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; After rebelled and defeated again for the second time, Khusrau was then blinded and imprisoned until 1619. In 1620, Khusrau was sent on a mission to Deccan with his brother, Shah Jahan.{{Sfn|Findly|1993|p=171}}<br /> <br /> ===Rule===<br /> [[File:سکه_جهانگیرشاه_هند.jpg|thumb|[[Commemorative coin]] of Jahangir for the 6th year of rule, with [[Lion and Sun]] symbol and legends in [[Persian language|Persian]]. 1611]]<br /> From the time of his marriage with Mehr-un-Nissa, later known as Empress [[Nur Jahan]], Jahangir left the reins of government in her hands and appointed her family and relatives to high positions. Nur Jahan had complete freedom of speech near Jahangir without any reprimand. On the contrary, she could nag and fight with him on the smallest issue. Thus, her unprecedented freedom of action to control the state caused the displeasure of both his courtiers and foreigners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514034521/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=brown.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1608, Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue the rebel [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], the Masnad-e-Ala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&amp;pg=PA12 |title= Bangladesh and Pakistan Flirting with Failure in South Asia |date= 2022 |author= Pawan singh |publisher= Gaurav Book Center |page= 21 |access-date= 19 March 2023 |archive-date= 4 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123156/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&amp;pg=PA12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyan confederacy]] in [[Bengal]],&lt;ref name=&quot;bpedia&quot;&gt;{{cite Banglapedia|article=Musa Khan|author=Muazzam Hussain Khan}}&lt;/ref&gt; who was able to imprison him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|page=12|title=400 years of Dhaka|first=M A Hannan|last=Feroz|publisher=Ittyadi|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sen2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=165}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> [[File:Silver Rupee of Jahangir, Ahmednagar Mint.jpg|thumb|Silver rupee of Jahangir, Ahmednagar Mint.]]<br /> In 1613, Jahangir issued a sanguinary order for the extirpation of the race of the [[Koli people|Kolis]] who were notorious robbers and plunderers living in the most inaccessible parts of the province of [[Gujarat]]. A large number of the Koli chiefs were slaughtered and the rest hunted to their mountains and deserts. 169 heads of such Koli chiefs killed in battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander of 'Bollodo'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |title=Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime |publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7625-063-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=73–74 |language=en |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111814/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herbert |first=Sir Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46NMAQAAMAAJ |title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great: Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version |publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-86698-475-1 |location=New Delhi, India |page=180 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year later,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Sekhara Bandyopadhyaya |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=37 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Portuguese seized the Mughal ship [[Rahīmī|''Rahimi'']], which had set out from Surat on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] to attend the annual [[Hajj]]. The ''Rahimi'' was owned by [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], mother of Jahangir and Akbar's favourite consort.&lt;ref name=&quot;farishta&quot; /&gt; She was bestowed the title of 'Mallika-e-Hindustan' (Queen of [[Hindustan]]) by Akbar and was subsequently referred to as same during Jahangir's reign. The ''Rahimi'' was the largest Indian ship sailing in the [[Red Sea]] and was known to the Europeans as the &quot;great pilgrimage ship&quot;. When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe. The outrage was compounded by the fact that the owner and the patron of the ship was none other than the revered mother of the current emperor. Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town [[Daman, India|Daman]]. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the [[Jesuit]]s. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would later ensue and lead to colonisation of the Indian sub-continent. Jahangir then gathered his forces under the command of Ali Kuli Khan and fought Raja Lakshmi Narayan Bhup of the Kingdom of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] in the far eastern province of [[Bengal]]. Raja Lakshmi Narayan then accepted the Mughals as his suzerains and was given the title ''Nazir'', later establishing a garrison at Atharokotha. Jahangir was responsible for ending a century-long struggle with the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] house of [[Mewar]]. The campaign against them was pushed so extensively that they were made to submit with great loss of life and property.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> [[File:Jahangir holding a globe, 1614-1618.jpg|thumb|Jahangir holding a globe, 1614–1618.]]<br /> <br /> In 1614, The [[East India Company]] persuaded [[James VI and I|King James I]] to send a British ambassador to the Mughal court, [[Thomas Roe]]. Thomas Roe describes how petitioners could use the chain of justice to attract the emperor's attention if his decision was not to their satisfaction during [[Darshan (Indian religions)|Darshana]]. The Darshana tradition was adopted by the Mughal Emperors from Hindu religio-political rituals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahangir chain of Justice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emperor Jahangir at the Jharoka window, AKM136, The Aga Khan Museum |url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/jahangir-jharoka-window-agra-fort-folio-jahangirnameh-memoirs-jahangir-akm136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331161705/https://agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/jahangir-jharoka-window-agra-fort-folio-jahangirnameh-memoirs-jahangir-akm136 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a royal envoy to the Agra court of Jahangir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Willian |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-6437-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=15–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roe resided at Agra for three years, until 1619. At the Mughal court, Roe allegedly became a favourite of Jahangir and may have been his drinking partner; he arrived with gifts of &quot;many crates of red wine&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchy&quot; /&gt;{{rp|16}} and explained to him what beer was and how it was made.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchy&quot; /&gt;{{rp|17}} The immediate result of the mission was to obtain permission and protection for an East India Company [[factory (trading post)|factory]] at [[Surat]]. While no major trading privileges were conceded by Jahangir, &quot;Roe's mission was the beginning of a Mughal-Company relationship that would develop into something approaching a partnership and see the &quot;EIC&quot; gradually drawn into the Mughal nexus&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchy&quot; /&gt;{{rp|19}} While Roe's detailed journals&lt;ref name=&quot;Roe&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roe |first1=Sir Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog |title=The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mughal |date=1899 |publisher=Humphrey Milford |editor1-last=Foster |editor1-first=W |edition=Rev. 1926 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; are a valuable source of information on Jahangir's reign, the Emperor did not return the favour, with no mention of Roe in his voluminous diaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchy&quot; /&gt;{{rp|19}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Jahangir - Abu al-Hasan.jpeg|thumb|Jahangir by [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu al-Hasan]] c.1617]]<br /> <br /> In 1615, Jahangir captured [[Kangra Fort]], whose Katoch rulers came under Mughal vassalship during the reign of [[Akbar]]. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which &quot;resulted in the submission of the Raja of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region.&quot; The district of [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], in the vast province of [[Kashmir]], was also conquered the same year.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> In October 1616, Jahangir sent Prince Khurram to fight against the combined forces of three rebel kingdoms of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur]] and [[Golconda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal (2018) p126&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=Empress - The astonishing reign of Nur Jahan |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-393-23934-8 |edition=1st |location=United States of America |pages=126, 191}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jahangir considered his third son, Khurram (regnal name [[Shah Jahan]]) as his favourite son.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> After intense lobbying by [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] factors during Jahangir's visit to Ahmedabad, Jahangir issued the first known Firman directed towards the VOC in [[Gujarat]], contained in a letter from P. G. van Ravesteyn and A. W. Goeree to [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], dated 12 March 1618. The firman granted few notable assurances to the factors, such as freedom to trade at any Mughal ports, autonomy to govern their affairs, application of normal customs duty (believed to be 2.5% during Jahangir's reign),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Salim |first=Nur-ud-din Muhammed |url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10152026750366675.pdf |title=Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir: From the first to the twelfth year of its reign |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London |year=1909 |editor-last=Beveridge |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |volume=1 |location=London |page=417 |language=English |quote=In the time of the Sultans of Gujarat, the customs of this port came to a large sum. Now in my reign it is ordered that they should not take more than one in forty. In other ports, calling it a tithe, they take one in ten or one in eight, and give all kinds of trouble to merchants and travellers. |author-link=Jahangir |editor-last2=Rogers |editor-first2=Alexander}}&lt;/ref&gt; freedom to trade with local merchants and profess their religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Coen |first=Jan Pieterszoon |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/p1janpieterszcoen07coen/page/316/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Bescheiden omtrent zijn bedrijf in Indie |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1952 |editor-last=Coolhaas |editor-first=Willem Phillipus |location=The Hague |pages=316–317 |language=Dutch |chapter=Pieter Gillisz, Van Ravesteyn en Adriaen Willemz, Soeratte 12 Maart 1618 |author-link=Jan Pieterszoon Coen |access-date=23 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Karl |date=1965 |title=The beginning of Dutch trade with Gujarat 1686 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=27 |page=209 |jstor=44140624}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1621 of February, However, when Nur Jahan married her daughter, [[Mihr-un-nissa Begum]], to Jahangir's youngest son, [[Shahryar Mirza]], Khurram suspected that his stepmother was trying to maneuver Shahryar as the successor to Jahangir. Using the rugged terrain of Deccan to his advantage, Khurram launched a rebellion against Jahangir in 1622. This precipitated a political crisis in Jahangir's court. Khurram murdered his blind older brother, Khusrau Mirza, to smooth his path to the throne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Findly1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ellison Banks Findly |url={{Google books|ugxFjVDk3I8C|page=PA171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |pages=170–172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Simultaneously, the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid emperor]] [[Abbas the Great]] attacked [[Kandahar]] in the winter of 1622. Since it was both a commercial center at the border of the Mughal Empire and the burial place of [[Babur]], the founder of the Mughal Empire, Jahangir dispatched Prince Shahryar to repel the Safavids. However, due to Shahryar's inexperience and harsh Afghan winter, [[Mughal–Safavid War (1622–1623)|Kandahar fell to the Safavids]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Shah ʿAbbas I receiving Khan ʿÁlam, ambassador from Jahángír in 1617.jpg|thumb|Shah Abbas I receiving Khan Alam, ambassador from Jahangir in 1617]]<br /> <br /> In 1623, Emperor Jahangir sent his ''[[tehsildar]]'', Khan Alam, to Safavid [[Persia]], accompanied by 800 sepoys, scribes and scholars, along with ten [[howdah]]s well decorated in gold and silver, to negotiate peace with Emperor Abbas after a brief conflict in the region around Kandahar.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Khan Alam soon returned with valuable gifts and groups of [[master of the hunt (disambiguation)|masters of the hunt]] ({{langx|fa|میر شکار|mir shikār}}) from both Safavid Iran and the [[Khanate]]s of Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} On March, Jahangir ordered [[Mahabat Khan]], one of Jahangir's most loyal high generals, to crush Khurram's rebellion in the [[Deccan]]. After a series of victories by Mahabat Khan over Khurram, the civil war finally ended in October 1625.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal (2018) p126&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Mughals, and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] of the [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at [[Kandahar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political &amp; Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748; Naimur Rahman Farooqi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Naimur Rahman Farooqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political &amp; Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 |date=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=38 |language=En |access-date=9 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman [[Sultan]], [[Murad IV]]. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise due to his death in 1627.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> [[File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Jahangir]] in Lahore]]<br /> A lifelong user of opium and wine, Jahangir was frequently ill in the 1620s. Jahangir was trying to restore his health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. He went from Kabul to Kashmir but decided to return to [[Lahore]] because of a severe cold.<br /> <br /> In 1627 on 29 October,&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot; /&gt; during the journey from Kashmir to Lahore, Jahangir died near [[Bhimber]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan 1934 p. 398&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=Sir T. Wolsely |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA398 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=398}}&lt;/ref&gt; To embalm and preserve his body, the entrails were removed; these were buried inside [[Baghsar Fort]] near Bhimber in Subah of Lahore. The body was then conveyed by palanquin to Lahore and was buried in [[Shahdara Bagh]], a suburb of that city. His son, Shah Jahan, commissioned his [[Tomb of Jahangir|tomb]] and is today a popular tourist attraction site.&lt;ref name=&quot;JTT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jahangir's tomb |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/lahore/jahangir.php |access-date=13 March 2015 |publisher=Oriental Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tomb site was inscribed on the tentative list for [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] status in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tentative Lists |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=pk |access-date=14 September 2017 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir's death launched a minor succession crisis. While Nur Jahan desired her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, to take the throne, her brother [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Abu'l-Hassan Asaf Khan]] was corresponding with his son-in-law, Prince Khurram to take over the throne. To counter Nur Jahan, Abu'l Hassan put [[Dawar Bakhsh]] as the puppet ruler and confined Nur Jahan in the Shahdara. Upon his arrival in Agra in February 1628, Prince Khurram executed both Shahryar and Dawar and took the regnal name [[Shah Jahan]] (Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=Empress - The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-393-23934-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=214–216}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Jahangir was famous for his &quot;Chain of Justice&quot;. In contemporary paintings, it has been shown as a golden chain with golden bells. In his memoir ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'', he wrote that he ordered the creation of this chain for his subjects to appeal to the emperor if they were denied justice at any level.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahangir chain of Justice&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir also took interest in public health and medicine. After his accession, he passed twelve orders, of which at least two were related to this area. The fifth order forbade the manufacturing and sale of rice spirit and any kind of intoxicating drugs, and the tenth order was instrumental in laying the foundation of free hospitals and appointment of physicians in all the cities of his empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chattopadhyay_1995&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chattopadhyay A |date=1995 |title=Jahangir's interest in public health and medicine |journal=Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad |volume=25 |issue=1–2 |pages=170–182 |doi= |pmid=11618835}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir was known for his fondness in hunting [[Nilgai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book<br /> |title = Need of the Society &amp; the Law<br /> |author1 = Pallab Pradhan<br /> |author2 = Debabrata Basu<br /> |date = 2023<br /> |publisher = Sankalp Publication<br /> |isbn = 978-93-94901-73-5<br /> |language = en<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gUu1EAAAQBAJ<br /> |access-date = 10 December 2025<br /> |page = 12-14<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Religious view ===<br /> [[File:Jahangir with sufi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7| A [[Mughal miniature]] by [[Bichitr]] dated from the early 1620s depicting the [[Mughal emperor]] ''Jahangir'' [[Jahangir preferring a Sufi shaikh to kings|preferring an audience]] with Sufi [[saint]] to his contemporaries, the [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Ahmed I]] and the [[King of England]] [[James VI and I|James I]] (d. 1625); the picture is inscribed in [[Persian language|Persian]]: &quot;Though outwardly shahs stand before him, he fixes his gazes on dervishes.&quot;]]<br /> [[File:Portrait of Emperor Jahangir Praying.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Mughal Emperor Jahangir making [[Dua]]]]<br /> <br /> According to [[M. Athar Ali]], Jahangir generally continued the religious policy of Akbar and had a major interest in [[pantheism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |year=1990 |title=The Religious World of Jahangir |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=295–296}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, orthodox figures in the Mughal's court influenced him in his later years to become more puritan in stance and reversed some of Akbar's religious policy.&lt;ref name=FaridInfluence /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards; 1993&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> At the start of his regime, many staunch Sunnis were hopeful, because he seemed less tolerant of other faiths than his father had been. At the time of his accession and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and the architect of his eclectic religious stance, a powerful group of orthodox noblemen had gained increased power in the Mughal court. This included nobles especially like [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaykh Farid]], Jahangir's trusted [[Mir Bakhshi]], who held firmly the citadel of orthodoxy in Muslim India.&lt;ref name=FaridInfluence&gt;{{cite book |author=Muhammad Tariq Awan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=highest%20post%20in%20mughal%20government%20is%20mir%20bakhshi |title=History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals |date=1994 |publisher=[[Ferozsons]] |isbn=978-969-0-10034-4 |page=342 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405042902/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=highest%20post%20in%20mughal%20government%20is%20mir%20bakhshi |archive-date=5 April 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another influence for Jahangir changed his religious policies was due to the action of [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], who routinely attend the court debates to counteract some religious beliefs and doctrines which prevalent in the court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Hasan Murtaza |title=7. Letters of Sheikh Ahmad. (A New Source of Historical Study) [1563—1624 A. D.] |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1946 |volume=9 |pages=273–281 |jstor=44137073 |language=En |quote=n : It v as written from the Imperial Camp. It shows that the Imam was held in esteem in the Imperial Court, used to attend it daily and by his daily debates there used to counter-act the beliefs and doctrines pre- valent in court. /It almost gives a list of the beliefs and doctrines which were discussed, criticised and ridiculed in the Court. T}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the process, it is recorded from these correspondence which compiled in 1617, that Farid Murtaza Khan took Ahmad Sirhindi advices regarding this matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Irfan Habib |title=The Political Role of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Shah Waliullah |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1960 |volume=23 |pages=209–223 |jstor=44304065 |language=en |issn=2249-1937 |quote=There is no real proof ... that Shaikh Farid ever took Shaikh Ahmad's advice}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=March 2024}} His efforts influenced [[Abul Fazl]], protegee of emperor Akbar, to support Ahmad Sirhindi in effort to convince Jahangir to reverse the policies of Akbar of tolerating Hindus in Mughal court.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards; 1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=98–100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |access-date=4 December 2023 |language=En |format=Paperback}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yohanan Friedmann]] has noted that according to many modern historians and thinkers, the puritanical though of Ahmad Sirhindi has inspired the religious orthodoxy of emperor [[Aurangzeb]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought; Gerhard Bowering, Mahan Mirza, Patricia Crone&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Gerhard Bowering |author2=Mahan Mirza |author3=Patricia Crone |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Adnan |last2=Zubair |first2=Muhammad |last3=Parveen |first3=Uzman |title=Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564-1624) on muslim society in the sub continent |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |date=2016 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MALEOS-28 |access-date=9 March 2024 |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |doi=10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|pp=162–163}} This was noted by how Ahmad Sirhindi managed to influence the successor of emperor Akbar, starting from Jahangir, into reversing Akbar's policies such as lifting marriage age limits, mosque abolishments, and ''[[Hijri year|Hijra]]'' methodology revival which was abandoned by his father.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|pp=158-161}} It is noted by historians that this influence has been significantly recorded during the conquest of [[Kangra district|Kangra]] under Jahangir, that at the presence of Ahmad Sirhindi who observed the campaign, the Mughal forces had the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered, [[Khutbah]] sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|pp=159-161}} Further mark of Jahangir's departure from Akbar's secular policy were recorded Terry, a traveller, who came and observed India region between 1616 and 1619, where he found the mosques full of worshippers, the exaltation of Quran and hadith practical teaching, and the complete observance of [[Fasting during Ramadan]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]] celebrations.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|pp=159-161}}<br /> <br /> Jahangir issued bans on cowslaugher and animal slaughter on certain days of the week in continuance of his father's policy. According to the ''[[Dabistan-i Mazahib]]'' he appointed Srikant of Kashmir to be qazi of the Hindus so that they would have their own judicial representative. He also continued his father's policy of patronizing Brahmins and temples. Notably he issued several grants to the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Chaitanya sect]] for their temples in [[Vrindavan]], but also made negative comments about their temples. He, like his father, disapproved of reincarnation and idol worship and ordered the boar image to be removed from Rana Shankar's temple at [[Pushkar]].{{Sfn|Ali|1990|pp=294-295}}<br /> <br /> Most notorious was the execution of the [[Sikh]] [[Guru Arjan Dev]] on Jahangir's orders. His lands were confiscated and his sons imprisoned as Jahangir suspected him of helping Khusrau's rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |year=2009 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url={{Google books|xQGwgJnCPZgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Facts on File |pages=83–84 |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear whether Jahangir even understood what a Sikh was, referring to Guru Arjan as a Hindu, who had &quot;captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners... for three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm.&quot; The trigger for Guru Arjan's execution was his support for Jahangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]], yet it is clear from Jahangir's own memoirs that he disliked Guru Arjan before then: &quot;many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Guru Arjan's successor Guru Hargobind was imprisoned for sometime but released soon. He developed friendly relations with Jahangir and accompanied him on his journey to Kashmir just before the latter's death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=History of Medieval India (800-1700) |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page/324/mode/1up |year=2015 |orig-date=First published 2007 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |page=324 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Jahangir's memoirs, he issued a [[firman]] banning Jain seorahs (monks) due to alleged scandalous behavior. However, the ban was quickly rescinded but Jahangir neglected to mention that in his memoirs. There is a wide variety of evidence that Jahangir had good relations with Jains and Jain sources themselves extol him. According to Ali, Jahangir wrote his memoirs with his intended audience of Persian-speaking Muslims in mind and sought to portray himself as an anti-idolatry sultan and thus &quot;modified&quot; facts.{{Sfn|Ali|1990|pp=292-293}} Jahangir's memoirs also omit the fact that three of his nephews at one point converted to Christianity with his permission, although they would later reverse their decision.{{Sfn|Ali|1990|pp=293-294}}<br /> <br /> He issued 'Jahangiri coins' which had his own portrait. He even issued the zodiac series of gold and silver coins which had images of zodiac symbols alongside the radiating sun in the background, due to his faith in astrology. The sign of the zodiac was substituted for the month in which the coin was minted. All of this was considered haram by the ulema due to which his successor Shah Jahan ordered all those coins melted, accounting for their extreme rarity now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |date=13 September 2022 |title=Why did Mughal emperor Jahangir issue these rare and singular astrology-themed coins? |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1032653/why-did-mughal-emperor-jahangir-issue-these-rare-and-singular-astrology-themed-coins |access-date=14 October 2024 |magazine=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Jahangir |url=https://coinindia.com/galleries-jahangir.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=coinindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Jahangir had a strong inclination toward pragmatism, reason and skepticism. He often remarked on unusual occurrences by stating, &quot;This is so strange, it is recorded here,&quot; or dismissing claims that defied logic with, &quot;It does not accord with reason, and my mind does not accept it.&quot; While he upheld religious tolerance, his patience did not extend to deceitful religious practices. He swiftly punished a self-proclaimed guru who displeased him, expelled a yogi while destroying his idol for performing a superstitious ritual with his visitors, and imprisoned a renowned Naqshbandi Muslim scholar for a while, who, in his view, held an inflated sense of self-importance and hoodwinked people by peddling mysticism. However, he was not without his own biases. He maintained a deep reverence for the tombs of saints and firmly believed in the power of holy men's prayers, particularly those he credited with enabling his birth. He held faith in astrology and ensured he gave alms to counteract the negative effects of unfavorable planetary alignments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard M Eaton]], Emperor Jahangir issued many edicts admonishing his nobles not to convert the religion of anybody by force, but the issuance of such orders also suggests that such conversions must have occurred during his rule in some measure. He continued the Mughals tradition of being scrupulously secular in outlook. Stability, loyalty, and revenue were the main focus, not the religious change among their subjects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |title='We will never know the number of temples desecrated through India's history': Richard Eaton |url=http://scroll.in/article/769463/we-will-never-know-the-number-of-temples-desecrated-through-indias-history-richard-eaton |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=20 November 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526191846/https://scroll.in/article/769463/we-will-never-know-the-number-of-temples-desecrated-through-indias-history-richard-eaton |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Art ===<br /> [[File:Jahangir inscription on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|Jahangir's inscription on the [[Allahabad Pillar]] of [[Ashoka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RT&quot;&gt;Description and recent photograph in {{cite web |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=India and the World as Viewed from a Pillar of Ashoka Maurya |url=https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/ |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930204907/https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Jahangir was fascinated with art and architecture. In his autobiography, the [[Jahangir-nama|Jahangirnama]], Jahangir recorded events that occurred during his reign, descriptions of flora and fauna that he encountered, and other aspects of daily life, and commissioned court painters such as [[Ustad Mansur]] to paint detailed pieces that would accompany his vivid prose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 1619, he put pen to paper in awe of a royal falcon delivered to his court from the ruler of Iran: &quot;What can I write of the beauty of this bird's colour? It had black markings, and every feather on its wings, back, and sides was extremely beautiful,&quot; and then recorded his command that Ustad Mansur paint a portrait of it after it perished.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Association with Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/314 314]|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W.M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Nadiri]]&quot; was a type of exclusive clothing designed by Jahangir, reserved for his personal use and esteemed courtiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&amp;dq=nadiri%28dress%29&amp;pg=PA221 |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |date=25 March 1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=221 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715064900/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&amp;dq=nadiri(dress)&amp;pg=PA221 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jahangir bound and displayed much of the art that he commissioned in elaborate albums of hundreds of images, sometimes organized around a theme such as zoology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jahangir himself was far from modest in his autobiography when he stated his prowess at being able to determine the artist of any portrait by simply looking at a painting. As he said: {{blockquote|text=...my liking for painting and my practice in judging it have arrived at such point when any work is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of the moment that is the work of such and such a man. And if there is a picture containing many portraits and each face is the work of a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of them. If any other person has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, I can perceive whose work the original face is and who has painted the eye and eyebrow.}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Jahangirs huqqa close national museum india.JPG|thumb|Jahangir's Jade ''[[hookah]]'', [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]<br /> <br /> Jahangir took his connoisseurship of art very seriously. He also preserved paintings from Emperor Akbar's period. An excellent example of this is the painting done by [[Ustad Mansur]] of Musician [[Naubat Khan]], son-in-law of legendary [[Tansen]]. In addition to their aesthetic qualities, paintings created under his reign were closely catalogued, dated and even signed, providing scholars with fairly accurate ideas as to when and in what context many of the pieces were created.<br /> <br /> In the foreword to [[Wheeler Thackston|W. M. Thackston]]'s translation of the Jahangirnama, [[Milo C. Beach|Milo Cleveland Beach]] explains that Jahangir ruled during a time of considerably stable political control, and had the opportunity to order artists to create art to accompany his memoirs that were &quot;in response to the emperor's current enthusiasms&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Association with Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|page=vii|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W.M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He used his wealth and his luxury of free time to chronicle, in detail, the lush natural world that the Mughal Empire encompassed. At times, he would have artists travel with him for this purpose; when Jahangir was in Rahimabad, he had his painters on hand to capture the appearance of a specific tiger that he shot and killed because he found it to be particularly beautiful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Som Prakash|title=Mughal Painter of Flora and Fauna: Ustād Manṣūr|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1999|location=New Delhi|page=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He had his artist [[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]] travel to Prayagraj(Allahabad) to paint sadhus. This resulted in the earliest set of images depicting sadhus in all yogic positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |last2=Anand |first2=Anita |title=Jahangir: A World of Light And Darkness(Ep1) |url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/6xDj4HLlFSAA6MrzzQANos?si=7db988896c474760 |website=Spotify}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Jesuits had brought with them various books, engravings, and paintings and, when they saw the delight Akbar held for them, sent for more and more of the same to be given to the Mughals. They felt the Mughals were on the &quot;verge of conversion&quot;, a notion which proved to be very false. Instead, both Akbar and Jahangir studied this artwork very closely and replicated and adapted it, adopting much of the early iconographic features and later the pictorial realism for which [[Renaissance]] art was known. Jahangir was notable for his pride in the ability of his court painters. A classic example of this is described in [[Sir Thomas Roe]]'s diaries, in which the Emperor had his painters copy a European miniature several times creating a total of five miniatures. Jahangir then challenged Roe to pick out the original from the copies, a feat Sir Thomas Roe could not do, to the delight of Jahangir.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> Jahangir was also revolutionary in his adaptation of European styles. A collection at the [[British Museum]] in London contains seventy-four drawings of Indian portraits dating from the time of Jahangir, including a portrait of the emperor himself. These portraits are a unique example of art during Jahangir's reign because faces were not drawn in full, including the shoulders as well as the head as these drawings are.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Losty |first1=J.P. |title=The Carpet at the Window: a European Motif in the Mughal Jharokha Portrait |publisher=Mapin Publishing |location=Ahmedabad |date=2013 |pages=52–64 |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=M |editor2-last=Kaimal |editor2-first=P |series=Indian Painting: Themes, History and Interpretations; Essays in Honour of B.N. Goswamy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Politics ===<br /> Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |title=Asia in the Making of Europe Vol. III, Bk. 2: A Century of Advance, South Asia |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-46767-2 |page=629 |edition=Pbk.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Flores |first1=Jorge |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-30753-7 |page=9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |editor-last=Waghmar |editor-first=Burzine K. |translator-last=Attwood |translator-first=Corinne |title=The empire of the Great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2005 |publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub. |location=Lahore |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 45] |edition=Revised |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |last2=Curtis |first2=Ken |title=Voyages in World History, Volume 1 to 1600 |date=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-41512-3 |page=446 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Orientalist [[Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|Henry Beveridge]] (editor of the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'') compares Jahangir to the Roman emperor [[Claudius]], for both were &quot;weak men... in their wrong places as rulers... [and had] Jahangir been head of a Natural History Museum,... [he] would have been [a] better and happier man.&quot;{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=311}} Further he notes, &quot;He made no addition to the imperial territories, but on the contrary, diminished them by losing Qandahar to the Persians. But possibly his peaceful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subservience to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarrel with his son, Shah Jahan, who was the ablest and best of his male children&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Beveridge|first1=Henry|title=Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London|volume=II|page=6(preface)|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tuzuk-l-jahangiri-or-memoris-jahangir-thirteenth-beginning-nineteenth-year-his-reign|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831183934/https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tuzuk-l-jahangiri-or-memoris-jahangir-thirteenth-beginning-nineteenth-year-his-reign|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sir William Hawkins]], who visited Jahangir's court in 1609, said: &quot;In such short that what this man's father, called Ecber Padasha [Badshah Akbar], got of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccans]], this king, Selim Sha [Jahangir] beginneth to lose.&quot;{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=311}} Italian writer and traveller, [[Niccolao Manucci]], who worked under Jahangir's grandson, [[Dara Shikoh]], began his discussion of Jahangir by saying: &quot;It is a truth tested by experience that sons dissipate what their fathers gained in the sweat of their brow.&quot;{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=311}}<br /> <br /> According to [[John F. Richards]], Jahangir's frequent withdrawal to a private sphere of life was partly reflective of his indolence, brought on by his addiction to a considerable daily dosage of wine and opium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Mughal Empire |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-85618-49-4 |page=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Science ===<br /> Jahangir had a keen interest in conducting his own &quot;scientific&quot; experiments, which reflected his deep fascination for the natural world. He found that the widely accepted belief about the aggressiveness of mountain sheep was not true. He investigated the effectiveness of bitumen for healing broken bones using a chicken as a specimen(bitumen proved ineffective). He compared the air quality of Ahmadabad and Mahmudabad by observing the rate of decay in sheep carcasses. Additionally, he actively engaged in animal husbandry and goat breeding, accurately estimated the gestation period of elephants, and studied the livers of lions and wolves to determine whether the location of their gall bladders, whether they were inside or outside the liver, correlated with courage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |location=New York |publication-date=1999 |page=xxiv |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Popular culture ==<br /> === Films and television ===<br /> * In the 1939 Hindi film ''[[Pukar (1939 film)|Pukar]]'', Jehangir was portrayed by [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandra Mohan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bajaj |first=J. K. |date=2014 |title=On &amp; Behind the Indian Cinema |url={{Google books|_1UqAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |page=2020 |isbn=978-93-5083-621-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 1953 Hindi film ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=U |first=Saiam Z. |date=2012 |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema |url={{Google books|JSVCCwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80070-25-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 1955 Hindi film ''[[Adil-E-Jahangir]]'', he was portrayed by [[D. K. Sapru]].<br /> * In the 1955 Telugu film ''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]].<br /> * In the 1958 Urdu film ''[[Anarkali (1958 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Sudhir (Pakistani actor)|Sudhir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/118242-Anarkali-screened-at-Mandwa|title='Anarkali' screened at Mandwa|date=8 May 2016|work=The News International |archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223093304/https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/118242-Anarkali-screened-at-Mandwa|access-date=10 April 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 1960 Hindi film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', he was portrayed by [[Dilip Kumar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mughal-E-Azam: Lesser known facts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo-features/Mughal-E-Azam-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/47653911.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013121528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo-features/Mughal-E-Azam-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/47653911.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jalal Agha]] also played the younger Jahangir at the start of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * In the 1966 Malayalam film ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Prem Nazir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Vijaykumar |first=B. |title=Anarkali 1966 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anarkali-1966/article788581.ece |date=31 May 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=12 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 1979 Telugu film ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]].<br /> * In the 1988 [[Shyam Benegal]]'s TV Series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', he was portrayed by [[Vijay Arora]].<br /> * In the 2000 TV series [[Noorjahan (TV Series)|''Noorjahan'']], he was portrayed by [[Milind Soman|Milnd Soman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |date=27 September 1999 |title=Model Milind Soman to play Salim in serial Noorjahan on DD1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990927-model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd-824130-1999-09-26 |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815223107/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd1/1/255257.html |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 2013 [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s TV Series ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', he was portrayed by [[Ravi Bhatia]]. Ayaan Zubair Rahmani also played young Salim initially.<br /> * In the 2014 [[Indu Sudaresan]]'s TV Series ''[[Siyaasat]]'', he was portrayed by [[Karanvir Sharma]] and Later [[Sudhanshu Pandey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=20 March 2015 |title=Sudhanshu Pandey replaces Karanvir Sharma in Siyaasat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sudhanshu-Pandey-replaces-Karanvir-Sharma-in-Siyaasat/articleshow/46632331.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sudhanshu-Pandey-replaces-Karanvir-Sharma-in-Siyaasat/articleshow/46632331.cms |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the 2014 Indian television sitcom ''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]'', Pawan Singh portrayed the role of prince Salim.<br /> * In the 2018 [[Colors TV]] series [[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]], he is portrayed by [[Shaheer Sheikh]].<br /> * In the 2023 [[ZEE5|ZEE5's]] web series [[Taj: Divided by Blood]], he is portrayed by [[Aashim Gulati]].<br /> <br /> === Literature ===<br /> * Jahangir is a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's award-winning historical novel ''The Twentieth Wife'' (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sundaresan|first=Indu|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethwife00sund_0/page/11|title=Twentieth wife: a novel|publisher=Washington Square Press|isbn=978-0-7434-2818-7|edition=Paperback|location=New York|year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as in its sequel ''The Feast of Roses'' (2003).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sundaresan|first=Indu|title=The Feast of Roses: A Novel|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7434-8196-0|year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jahangir is a principal character in Alex Rutherford's novel ''Ruler of the World'' (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Alex|title=Ruler of the World|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2011|isbn=978-0-755-34758-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as in its sequel ''The Tainted Throne'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Alex|title=The Tainted Throne|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2012|isbn=978-0-755-34761-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the series ''[[Empire of the Moghul]]''.<br /> * Jahangir is a character in novel Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written by Tanushree Poddar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Podder|first=Tanushree|title=Nur Jahan's Daughter|publisher=Rupa &amp; Co.|year=2005|isbn=978-81-291-0722-0|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jahangir is a character in the novel ''Beloved Empress Mumtaz Mahal: A Historical Novel'' by Nina Consuelo Epton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Epton|first=Nina Consuelo|title=Beloved Empress Mumtaz Mahal: A Historical Novel|publisher=Roli Books|year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jahangir is a principal character in the novel ''Nurjahan: A historical novel'' by Jyoti Jafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jafa|first=Jyoti|title=Nurjahan: A Historical Novel|publisher=Writers Workshop|year=1978|location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jahangir is a character in the novel ''Taj, a Story of Mughal India'' by Timeri Murari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Murari|first=Timeri|title=Taj, a Story of Mughal India|publisher=Penguin|year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Jahangirnama]]<br /> * [[Hiran Minar]]<br /> * [[Sheikhupur, Badaun]]<br /> <br /> == Appendix ==<br /> === Notes ===<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> === References ===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abul Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |year=1907 |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |volume=III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55650/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta, India |publisher=Asiatic Society |ref={{harvid|Beveridge Volume III|1907}}}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500|last1=Andrea|first1=Alfred J.|author-link1=Alfred J. Andrea|last2=Overfield|first2=James H.|edition=Fifth|year=2005|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-37041-2}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Alvi|first=Sajida S.|author-link=Sajida Alvi|year=1989|title=Religion and State during the Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahǎngǐr (1605–27): Nonjuristical Perspectives|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=69|pages=95–119|doi=10.2307/1596069|jstor=1596069}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |title=The Emperor Jahangir: Power and Kingship in Mughal India |location=London |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-83860-042-6}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=April–June 1987 |title=Jahāngīr's Vow of Non-Violence |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/602833 |jstor=602833}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Gascoigne|first1=Bamber|title=The Great Moghuls|last2=Gascoigne|first2=Christina|publisher=Constable|year=1998|location=London|pages=130–179|oclc=39270860|orig-date=1971}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Lefèvre |first=Corinne |year=2007 |title=Recovering a Missing Voice from Mughal India: The Imperial Discourse of Jahāngīr (r. 1605–1627) in his Memoirs |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=452–489 |doi=10.1163/156852007783245034|s2cid=153839580 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00706230/file/Recovering%20a%20Missing%20Voice_JESHO.pdf }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1999 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |ref={{harvid|Thackston|1999}} }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=Soma | title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions | publisher=Gyan Books | date=2001 | isbn=978-81-212-0760-7}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Gutenberg author|id=47485}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Emperor of Hindustan |first=Jahangir |translator-last=Price |translator-first=David |date=1829 |title=Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofemperor00jaharich#page/n5/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=J. Murray}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |author-link=Henry Miers Elliot |date=1875 |title=Wakiʼat-i Jahangiri |url=https://archive.org/stream/wakiatijahangiri00jaha#page/n5/mode/2up |location=Lahore |publisher=Sheikh Mubarak Ali}}<br /> * [http://www.kforknowledge.com/2011/09/jehangir-and-shah-jehan.html Jehangir and Shah Jehan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505015507/http://www.kforknowledge.com/2011/09/jehangir-and-shah-jehan.html |date=5 May 2012 }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528145829/http://www.boloji.com/history/012.htm The World Conqueror: Jahangir] (archived)<br /> * [http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/places/jainism-and-islam/jains-and-the-mughals.html Jains and the Mughals]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]] || 20 September 1569 || 8 November 1627}}<br /> {{s-reg|}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Akbar]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Mughal Emperor]] | years=1605–1627}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Shah Jahan]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Mughal Empire}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1569 births]]<br /> [[Category:1627 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People from Agra]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mariam-uz-Zamani]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:17th-century memoirists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Lahore]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&diff=447189 2026-03-17T07:16:03Z

<p>KareemOman9338: page edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Scientific study of language}}<br /> {{About|the field of study|publications}}<br /> {{Redirect|Linguist}}<br /> {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Linguistics}}<br /> '''Linguistics''' is the scientific study of [[language]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Trask |first=Robert Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHt-gNzagikC&amp;q=linguistics |title=Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts |date=2007 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-415-41359-6 |page=156 |language=en |access-date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Halliday |first1=Michael A. K. |author-link=Michael Halliday |title=On Language and Linguistics |last2=Jonathan Webster |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8264-8824-4 |page=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Linguistics? {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208131649/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics |archive-date=8 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The areas of linguistic analysis are [[syntax]] (rules governing the structure of sentences), [[semantics]] (meaning), [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (structure of words), [[phonetics]] (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in [[sign language]]s), [[phonology]] (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and [[pragmatics]] (how the context of use contributes to meaning).&lt;ref name=&quot;akmajian&quot; /&gt; Subdisciplines such as [[biolinguistics]] (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and [[psycholinguistics]] (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linguistics Program – Linguistics Program &amp;#124; University of South Carolina |url=https://sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/linguistics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606230152/https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/linguistics/ |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Linguistics encompasses [[Outline of linguistics|many branches and subfields]] that span both theoretical and practical applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;linguisticsociety.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Studying Linguistics {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/studying-linguistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052138/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/studying-linguistics |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Theoretical linguistics]] is concerned with understanding the [[universal grammar|universal]] and [[Philosophy of language#Nature of language|fundamental nature]] of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it. [[Applied linguistics]] seeks to utilize the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy. [[Mathematical linguistics]] is the application of [[mathematics]] to model phenomena and solve problems in general linguistics and [[theoretical linguistics]]. [[Computational linguistics]] is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] field concerned with the [[computational modelling]] of [[natural language]], as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. <br /> <br /> Linguistic features may be studied through a variety of perspectives: [[Synchronic analysis|synchronically]] (by describing the structure of a language at a specific point in time) or [[Historical linguistics|diachronically]] (through the historical development of a language over a period of time), in [[Monolingualism|monolinguals]] or in [[Multilingualism|multilinguals]], among children or among adults, in terms of how it is being learnt or how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or practical fieldwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=François |first1=Alex |last2=Ponsonnet |first2=Maïa |chapter=Descriptive Linguistics |pages=184–187 |chapter-url={{GBurl|0sR1AwAAQBAJ|p=184}} |doi=10.4135/9781452276311.n61 |date=2013 |title=Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia |isbn=978-1-4129-9963-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Linguistics emerged from the field of [[philology]], of which some branches are more qualitative and [[holistic]] in approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crystal-1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=Clinical linguistics |date=1981 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7091-4001-7 |location=Wien |page=3 |oclc=610496980 |quote=What are the implications of the term &quot;science&quot; encountered in the definition on p. 1? Four aims of the scientific approach to language, often cited in introductory works on the subject, are comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematicness and precision. The contrast is usually drawn with the essentially non-scientific approach of traditional language studies—by which is meant the whole history of ideas about language from Plato and Aristotle down to the nineteenth century study of language history (comparative philology).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, philology and linguistics are variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language study, but, by and large, linguistics can be seen as an umbrella term.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |year=2022 |chapter=Philosophy of Linguistics |access-date=3 June 2022 |chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/linguistics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214225442/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/linguistics/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linguistics is also related to the [[philosophy of language]], [[stylistics]], [[rhetoric]], [[semiotics]], [[lexicography]], and [[translation]].<br /> <br /> == Major subdisciplines ==<br /> [[File:Citation de Ferdinand de Saussure.jpg|thumb|Swiss linguist [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] is regarded as the creator of [[semiotics]].]]<br /> <br /> === Historical linguistics ===<br /> {{main|Historical linguistics}}<br /> Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes over history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages. [[Western world|Western trends]] in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of [[philology]], the study of ancient texts and oral traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Historical Linguistics: An Introduction |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7486-4601-2 |location=Edinburgh |page=391}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practised during the late 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amsterdamska |first1=Olga |title=Schools of Thought |chapter=The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians |date=1987 |pages=32–62 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3759-8_2 |isbn=978-94-010-8175-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite a shift in focus in the 20th century towards [[Formalism (linguistics)|formalism]] and [[generative grammar]], which studies the [[universal grammar|universal]] properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include [[language change]] and [[grammaticalization]].<br /> <br /> Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a [[synchronic linguistics|synchronic]] manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=de Saussure |first1=Ferdinand |chapter=Synchronic Linguistics |pages=101–139 |chapter-url={{GBurl|ffzWX9LeeykC|p=101}} |jstor=10.7312/saus15726.11 |editor1-last=Meisel |editor1-first=Perry |editor2-last=Saussy |editor2-first=Haun |translator-last1=Baskin |translator-first1=Wade |title=[[Course in General Linguistics]] |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2011 |oclc=826479070 |isbn=978-0-231-52795-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At first, historical linguistics was the cornerstone of [[comparative linguistics]], which involves a study of the relationship between different languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge introduction&quot;&gt;&quot;Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics.&quot; In: ''The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics'' Routledge p.&amp;nbsp;25.&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, scholars of historical linguistics were only concerned with creating different categories of [[Language family|language families]], and reconstructing [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] proto-languages by using both the [[comparative method]] and the method of [[internal reconstruction]]. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that contains a certain meaning is re-used in different contexts or environments where there is a variation in either sound or analogy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge introduction&quot; /&gt;{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}<br /> <br /> The reason for this had been to describe well-known [[Indo-European languages]], many of which had detailed documentation and long written histories. Scholars of historical linguistics also studied [[Uralic languages]], another European language family for which very little written material existed back then. After that, there also followed significant work on the [[Text corpus|corpora]] of other languages, such as the [[Austronesian languages]] and the [[Native American language|Native American language families]].<br /> <br /> In historical work, the [[Uniformitarian Principle (linguistics)|uniformitarian principle]] is generally the underlying working hypothesis, occasionally also clearly expressed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labov |first=William |title=Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors |publisher=Blackwell |year=1994 |location=Malden, MA |pages=21–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; The principle was expressed early by [[William Dwight Whitney]], who considered it imperative, a &quot;must&quot;, of historical linguistics to &quot;look to find the same principle operative also in the very outset of that [language] history.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Whitney |first=William Dwight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOANAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Continuous |title=Language and the Study of Language |publisher=Scribener |year=1867 |page=428}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The above approach of comparativism in linguistics is now, however, only a small part of the much broader discipline called historical linguistics. The comparative study of specific Indo-European languages is considered a highly specialized field today, while comparative research is carried out over the subsequent internal developments in a language: in particular, over the development of modern standard varieties of languages, and over the development of a language from its standardized form to its varieties.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> For instance, some scholars also tried to establish [[Macrofamily|super-families]], linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other language families to a hypothetical [[Nostratic languages|Nostratic language group]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quiles |first=Carlos |date=29 December 2019 |title=Early Uralic – Indo-European contacts within Europe |url=https://indo-european.eu/2019/12/early-uralic-indo-european-contacts-within-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707073955/https://indo-european.eu/2019/12/early-uralic-indo-european-contacts-within-europe/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=Indo-European.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{unreliable source|date=March 2026}} These attempts are still not widely accepted as credible methods. A limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed for the functional purpose of conducting research.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baldi |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Baldi |year=2012 |title=Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/ped10/Giuli_Dussias/Publications/External/Baldi_Dussias_Rhesis_2012_GD_09_13_2012.pdf |journal=Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717020630/http://www.personal.psu.edu/ped10/Giuli_Dussias/Publications/External/Baldi_Dussias_Rhesis_2012_GD_09_13_2012.pdf |archive-date=Jul 17, 2022}} p.&amp;nbsp;11.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also hard to date various proto-languages. Even though several methods are available, these languages can be dated only approximately.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Benj |date=11 August 2019 |title=History of Historical Linguistics Essay on History, Linguistics |url=https://benjaminbarber.org/history-of-historical-linguistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002042131/https://benjaminbarber.org/history-of-historical-linguistics/ |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=Essay Examples}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In modern historical linguistics, we examine how languages change over time, focusing on the relationships between dialects within a specific period. This includes studying morphological, syntactical, and phonetic shifts. Connections between dialects in the past and present are also explored.&lt;ref name=&quot;Acadmia Morphology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fábregas |first=Antonio |date=January 2005 |title=The definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented morphology |url=https://www.academia.edu/529248 |url-status=live |journal=Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114350/https://www.academia.edu/529248 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Syntax===<br /> {{main|Syntax}}<br /> <br /> Syntax is the study of how words and [[morpheme]]s combine to form larger units such as [[phrase]]s and [[sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]s. Central concerns of syntax include [[word order]], [[grammatical relations]], [[constituent (linguistics)|constituency]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Luuk |first1=Erkki |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences |chapter=Syntax–Semantics Interface |date=2015 |pages=900–905 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[agreement (linguistics)|agreement]], the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning. There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.<br /> <br /> === Morphology ===<br /> {{main|Morphology (linguistics)}}<br /> <br /> Morphology is the study of [[word]]s, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Stephen R. |title=Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science |date=n.d. |publisher=Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University |chapter=Morphology |access-date=30 July 2016 |chapter-url=http://cowgill.ling.yale.edu/sra/morphology_ecs.htm |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729153028/http://cowgill.ling.yale.edu/sra/morphology_ecs.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Aronoff |first1=Mark |title=What is Morphology? |last2=Fudeman |first2=Kirsten |date=n.d. |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |chapter=Morphology and Morphological Analysis |access-date=30 July 2016 |chapter-url=http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/introling/Aronoffmorphology.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227235159/https://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/introling/Aronoffmorphology.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of ''[[morpheme]]s'', which are the smallest units in a language with some independent [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]]. Morphemes include [[root (linguistics)|root]]s that can exist as words by themselves, but also categories such as [[affix]]es that can only appear as part of a larger word. For example, in English the root ''catch'' and the suffix ''-ing'' are both morphemes; ''catch'' may appear as its own word, or it may be combined with ''-ing'' to form the new word ''catching''. Morphology also analyzes how words behave as [[parts of speech]], and how they may be [[inflected]] to express [[grammatical categories]] including [[Grammatical number|number]], [[Grammatical tense|tense]], and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. Concepts such as [[Productivity (linguistics)|productivity]] are concerned with how speakers create words in specific contexts, which evolves over the history of a language.<br /> <br /> The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is [[morphophonology]].<br /> <br /> === Semantics and pragmatics ===<br /> {{main|Semantics|Pragmatics}}<br /> Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with meaning. These subfields have traditionally been divided according to aspects of meaning: &quot;semantics&quot; refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while &quot;pragmatics&quot; is concerned with meaning in context. Within linguistics, the subfield of [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]] studies the [[denotation]]s of sentences and how they are [[compositionality|composed]] from the meanings of their constituent expressions. Formal semantics draws heavily on [[philosophy of language]] and uses formal tools from logic and [[computer science]]. On the other hand, [[cognitive semantics]] explains linguistic meaning via aspects of general cognition, drawing on ideas from cognitive science such as [[prototype theory]].<br /> <br /> Pragmatics focuses on phenomena such as [[speech act]]s, [[implicature]], and [[Conversation analysis|talk in interaction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mey&quot;&gt;Mey, Jacob L. (1993). ''Pragmatics: An Introduction''. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or &quot;coded&quot; in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the structural and linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meaning (Semantics and Pragmatics) {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924233822/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics |archive-date=24 September 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaozhong |first=Liu |title=What is pragmatics? |url=http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307222541/http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=18 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Phonetics and phonology ===<br /> {{main|Phonetics|Phonology}}<br /> Phonetics and phonology are branches of linguistics concerned with sounds (or the equivalent aspects of sign languages). Phonetics is largely concerned with the physical aspects of sounds such as their [[Articulatory phonetics|articulation]], acoustics, production, and perception. [[Phonology]] is concerned with the linguistic abstractions and categorizations of sounds, and it tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a word.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Szczegielniak |first=Adam |title=Introduction to Linguistic Theory – Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/adam/files/phonology.ppt.pdf |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153405/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/adam/files/phonology.ppt.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=Harvard University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Typology ===<br /> {{excerpt|Linguistic typology|only=paragraph}}<br /> <br /> == Structures ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}<br /> Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussurean]] [[Sign (semiotics)|linguistic sign]]. For instance, the meaning &quot;cat&quot; is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in [[sign language]]s), and written symbols (in written languages). Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the [[knowledge engineering]] field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data.<br /> <br /> Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For instance, consider the structure of the word &quot;tenth&quot; on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word &quot;tenth&quot; is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker &quot;th&quot; follows the number &quot;ten&quot;. On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the &quot;n&quot; sound in &quot;tenth&quot; is made differently from the &quot;n&quot; sound in &quot;ten&quot; spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of &quot;tenth&quot;, they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.{{fact|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound&lt;ref&gt;All references in this article to the study of sound should be taken to include the manual and non-manual signs used in sign languages.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to [[phonology]] (the organization of phonetic sound systems), [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (the formation and composition of words), and [[syntax]] (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences).&lt;ref name=&quot;akmajian&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Akmajian, Adrian |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=12240 |title=Linguistics |last2=Richard A. Demers |last3=Ann K. Farmer |last4=Robert M. Harnish |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-51370-8 |edition=6th |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121214215844/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=12240 |archive-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern [[Grammar#Theoretical frameworks|frameworks that deal with the principles of grammar]] include [[structural linguistics|structural]] and [[functional linguistics]], and [[generative linguistics]].&lt;ref&gt;''Syntax: A Generative Introduction'' (2nd ed.), 2013. Andrew Carnie. Blackwell Publishing.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following:<br /> * '''[[Phonetics]]''', the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception, and delves into their acoustic and [[Articulatory phonetics|articulatory]] properties<br /> * '''[[Phonology]]''', the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning ([[phonemes]])<br /> * '''[[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]]''', the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified<br /> * '''[[Syntax]]''', the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentences]]<br /> * '''[[Semantics]]''', the study of lexical and grammatical aspects of meaning&lt;ref name=&quot;Meaning and Grammar: An Introductio&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Chierchia, Gennaro |title=Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics |last2=Sally McConnell-Ginet |publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-262-53164-1 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''[[Pragmatics]]''', the study of how [[utterance]]s are used in [[speech acts|communicative acts]], and the role played by situational context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning&lt;ref name=&quot;Meaning and Grammar: An Introductio&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''[[Discourse analysis]]''', the analysis of language use in [[Text (literary theory)|texts]] (spoken, written, or signed)<br /> * '''[[Stylistics (field of study)|Stylistics]]''', the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context<br /> * '''[[Semiotics]]''', the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication<br /> <br /> === Discourse ===<br /> Discourse is language as social practice (Baynham, 1995) and is a multilayered concept. As a social practice, discourse embodies different ideologies through written and spoken texts. Discourse analysis can examine or expose these ideologies. Discourse not only influences genre, which is selected based on specific contexts but also, at a micro level, shapes language as text (spoken or written) down to the phonological and lexico-grammatical levels. Grammar and discourse are linked as parts of a system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ariel |first=Mira |year=2009 |title=Discourse, grammar, discourse |journal=Discourse Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5–36 |doi=10.1177/1461445608098496 |jstor=24049745 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]].&lt;ref&gt;Leckie-Tarry, Helen (1995). ''Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register'', Continuum International Publishing Group, p.&amp;nbsp;6. {{ISBN|1-85567-272-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Thus, registers and discourses distinguish themselves not only through specialized vocabulary but also, in some cases, through distinct stylistic choices. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the &quot;medical discourse&quot;, and so on.<br /> <br /> === Lexicon ===<br /> The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and [[bound morphemes]], which are parts of words that can not stand alone, like [[affixes]]. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. [[Lexicography]], closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or [[neologization]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |author-link=Ghil'ad Zuckermann |url=http://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781403917232 |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4039-1723-2 |pages=2ff |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827112758/http://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781403917232 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the new words are called [[neologism]]s.<br /> <br /> It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with [[linguistic competence|competence]], rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences.<br /> <br /> [[Vocabulary]] size is relevant as a measure of comprehension. There is general consensus that reading comprehension of a written text in English requires 98% coverage, meaning that the person understands 98% of the words in the text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=Norbert |last2=Cobb |first2=Tom |last3=Horst |first3=Marlise |last4=Schmitt |first4=Diane |title=How much vocabulary is needed to use English? Replication of van Zeeland &amp; Schmitt (2012), Nation (2006) and Cobb (2007) |journal=Language Teaching |date=April 2017 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=212–226 |doi=10.1017/S0261444815000075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The question of how much vocabulary is needed is therefore related to which texts or conversations need to be understood. A common estimate is 6-7,000 [[Word family|word families]] to understand a wide range of conversations and 8-9,000 word families to be able to read a wide range of written texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nation |first=Paul |date=2006 |title=How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? |journal=Canadian Modern Language Review |volume=63 |pages=59–82 |doi=10.3138/cmlr.63.1.59 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Style ===<br /> [[stylistics (field of study)|Stylistics]] also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stylistics&quot; by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. ''Encyclopedia of Linguistics''. |url=http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220434/http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It involves the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis of description of particular [[dialects]] and [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] used by speech communities. Stylistic features include [[rhetoric]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Richards, I. A. |title=The Philosophy of Rhetoric |publisher=Oxford University Press (New York) |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; diction, stress, satire, [[irony]], dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text.<br /> <br /> In the 1960s, [[Jacques Derrida]], for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself.&lt;ref&gt;Derrida, Jacques (1967). ''[[Writing and Difference]]'' and ''[[Of Grammatology]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Palaeography]] is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language.&lt;ref&gt;Chapter 1, section 1.1 in {{Cite book |last=Antonsen, Elmer H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvSi3JVNRFQC |title=Trends in Linguistics: Runes and Germanic Linguistics |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-11-017462-5 |edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt; The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like [[psycholinguistics]], which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; [[neurolinguistics]], which studies language processing in the brain; [[biolinguistics]], which studies the biology and evolution of language; and [[language acquisition]], which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages.<br /> <br /> == Methodology ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}<br /> Modern linguistics is primarily [[descriptive linguistics|descriptive]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinet&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Martinet |first=André |author-link=André Martinet |title=Elements of General Linguistics |publisher=Faber |year=1960 |series=Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. |location=London |page=15 |translator-last=Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is &quot;good&quot; or &quot;bad&quot;. This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a [[zoologist]] studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular species is &quot;better&quot; or &quot;worse&quot; than another.<br /> <br /> [[Linguistic prescription|Prescription]], on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favoring a particular dialect or &quot;[[acrolect]]&quot;. This may have the aim of establishing a [[Standard language|linguistic standard]], which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see [[Linguistic imperialism]]). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among [[censorship|censors]], who attempt to eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in [[language education|language instruction]], like in [[English language teaching|ELT]], where certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to [[language acquisition|acquire]] the language.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that [[spoken language|spoken data]] and [[Sign language|signed data]] are more fundamental than [[written language|written data]]. This is because<br /> * Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;<br /> * Features appear in speech which are not always recorded in writing, including [[phonological rule]]s, [[sound change]]s, and [[speech error]]s;<br /> * All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one), even with [[pictographic]] scripts like [[Dongba]] writing [[Naxi language|Naxi]] [[homophone]]s with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;<br /> * Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;<br /> * Individuals learn to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they do with writing.<br /> <br /> Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on [[corpus linguistics]] and [[computational linguistics]], written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically [[transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of [[computer-mediated communication]] as a viable site for linguistic inquiry.<br /> <br /> The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.<br /> <br /> === Analysis ===<br /> Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a [[diachronic linguistics|diachronic]] plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with the rise of Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more [[synchronic linguistics|synchronic]] approach, where the study was geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.<br /> <br /> At another level, the [[syntagmatic analysis|syntagmatic]] plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article &quot;the&quot; is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The [[paradigmatic analysis|paradigmatic]] plane, on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{main|History of linguistics}}<br /> The earliest activities in the [[linguistic description|description of language]] have been attributed to the 6th-century&amp;nbsp;BC Indian grammarian [[Pāṇini]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=[[Rens Bod]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14 |title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-966521-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908 |volume=2 |page=263 |chapter=Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02hunt}}&lt;/ref&gt; who composed a [[Formal grammar|formal description]] of the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] in his {{IAST|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0 |url=http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005527/http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/ |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=panini.phil.hhu.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=S.C. Vasu (Tr.) |url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) |publisher=Vedic Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-208-0409-8 |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172935/http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, modern-day theories on [[generative grammar|grammar]] employ many of the principles that were laid down then.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Penn |first1=Gerald |last2=Kiparski |first2=Paul |title=On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems |url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |journal=Proceedings of COLING 2012 |pages=943–950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005455/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nomenclature ===<br /> Before the 20th century, the term ''[[philology]]'', first attested in 1716,&lt;ref name=&quot;Etymonline Definition of Philology&quot;&gt;{{OEtymD|philology|accessdate=5 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nichols 65-1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nichols |first1=Stephen G. |title=Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture |journal=Speculum |date=1990 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/2864468 |jstor=2864468 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Understanding&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=A.M.S. |title=Understanding Language Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-44665-5 |pages=9, 19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]'s insistence on the importance of [[synchronic analysis (linguistics)|synchronic analysis]], however, this focus has shifted&lt;ref name=&quot;Understanding&quot; /&gt; and the term ''philology'' is now generally used for the &quot;study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition&quot;, especially in the United States&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Morpurgo Davies |first=A. |title=Nineteenth-Century Linguistics |date=1998 |series=History of Linguistics |volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the &quot;science of language&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Etymonline Definition of Philology&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the term ''linguist'' in the sense of &quot;a student of language&quot; dates from 1641,&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline linguist&quot; /&gt; the term ''linguistics'' is first attested in 1847.&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline linguist&quot;&gt;{{OEtymD|linguist|accessdate=5 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is now the usual term in English for the scientific study of language,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahhoseiny |first=Hajar |year=2013 |title=Differences between Language and Linguistic in the ELT Classroom |url=https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol03/12/12.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2023 |publisher=Theory and Practice in Language Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Linguistics? |url=https://www.bcu.ac.uk/english/news/blog/what-is-linguistics |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=Birmingham City University}}&lt;/ref&gt; though ''linguistic science'' is sometimes used.<br /> <br /> Linguistics is a [[Interdisciplinarity|multi-disciplinary]] field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences, [[formal science]]s, and the humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Spolsky |first1=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nc6nRRbMSQC&amp;pg=PA13 |title=The Handbook of Educational Linguistics |last2=Hult |first2=Francis M. |date=February 2010 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-3104-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Berns |first=Margie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUMqGSbeEXAC&amp;pg=PA23 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics |date=20 March 2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-096503-1 |pages=23–25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Science of Linguistics |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192211/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=Linguistic Society of America |quote=Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology, neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin. ''[https://philarchive.org/rec/PITWKO Essays on Linguistic Realism]'' (2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7–20&lt;/ref&gt; Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |author-link=David Crystal |title=Linguistics |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-013531-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term ''linguist'' applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;American Heritage 2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Linguist |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7 |isbn=978-0-395-82517-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Early grammarians ===<br /> {{further|Philology|Grammarian (Greco-Roman)}}<br /> An early formal study of language was undertaken in India by the 6th-century&amp;nbsp;BC grammarian [[Pāṇini]], who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. Pāṇini's systematic classification of the sounds of [[Sanskrit]] into consonants and vowels, and word classes, such as nouns and verbs, was the first known instance of its kind. In the Middle East, [[Sibawayh]], a Persian, made a detailed description of Arabic in AD 760 in his monumental work, ''Al-kitab fii an-naħw'' ({{lang|ar|الكتاب في النحو}}, ''The Book on Grammar''), the first known author to distinguish between [[phonetics|sounds]] and [[phonology|phonemes (sounds as units of a linguistic system)]]. Western interest in the study of languages began somewhat later than in the East,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bloomfield|1983|p=307}}.&lt;/ref&gt; but the grammarians of the classical languages did not use the same methods or reach the same conclusions as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in language in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights into semantic theory were made by [[Plato]] in his [[Cratylus (dialogue)|''Cratylus'' dialogue]], where he argues that words denote concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. This work is the first to use the word etymology to describe the history of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of [[Alexander the Great]]'s successors founded a university (see [[Musaeum]]) in [[Alexandria]], where a school of philologists studied the ancient texts in Greek, and taught Greek to speakers of other languages. While this school was the first to use the word &quot;grammar&quot; in its modern sense, Plato had used the word in its original meaning as &quot;[[Art of Grammar|téchnē grammatikḗ]]&quot; ({{script|Greek|Τέχνη Γραμματική}}), the &quot;art of writing&quot;, which is also the title of one of the most important works of the Alexandrine school by [[Dionysius Thrax]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Seuren, Pieter A. M. |title=Western linguistics: An historical introduction |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-631-20891-4 |pages=2–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout the [[Middle Ages]], the study of language was subsumed under the topic of philology, the study of ancient languages and texts, practised by such educators as [[Roger Ascham]], [[Wolfgang Ratke]], and [[John Amos Comenius]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bloomfield|1983|p=308}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Comparative philology===<br /> In the 18th century, the first use of the [[comparative method]] by [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] sparked the rise of [[comparative linguistics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bloomfield|1983|p=310}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bloomfield attributes &quot;the first great scientific linguistic work of the world&quot; to [[Jacob Grimm]], who wrote ''Deutsche Grammatik''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomfield 1914 311&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bloomfield|1983|p=311}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It was soon followed by other authors writing similar comparative studies on other language groups of Europe. The study of language was broadened from [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] to language in general by [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], of whom Bloomfield asserts:&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomfield 1914 311&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|This study received its foundation at the hands of the Prussian statesman and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), especially in the first volume of his work on Kavi, the literary language of Java, entitled ''{{lang|de|Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts}}'' (''On the Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence upon the Mental Development of the Human Race'').}}<br /> <br /> === 20th-century developments ===<br /> There was a shift of focus from historical and comparative linguistics to synchronic analysis in early 20th century. Structural analysis was improved by [[Leonard Bloomfield]], [[Louis Hjelmslev]]; and [[Zellig Harris]] who also developed methods of [[discourse analysis]]. Functional analysis was developed by the [[Prague linguistic circle]] and [[André Martinet]]. As sound recording devices became commonplace in the 1960s, dialectal recordings were made and archived, and the [[audio-lingual method]] provided a technological solution to foreign language learning. The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of [[language universals]] in [[linguistic typology]]. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of [[language technology]] and digitalized [[corpus linguistics|corpora]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Kim Ebensgaard |date=December 19, 2014 |title=Linguistics in the digital humanities: (computational) corpus linguistics |journal=MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research |volume=30 |issue=57 |doi=10.7146/mediekultur.v30i57.15968 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McEnery |first=Tony |year=2019 |title=Corpus Linguistics, Learner Corpora, and SLA: Employing Technology to Analyze Language Use |journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=39 |pages=74–92 |doi=10.1017/S0267190519000096 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hunston |first1=S. |title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics |chapter=Corpus Linguistics |date=2006 |pages=234–248 |doi=10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00944-5 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Areas of research ==<br /> {{more citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}<br /> <br /> === Sociolinguistics ===<br /> {{main|Sociolinguistics}}<br /> Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The study of language variation and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and idiolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research both style and discourse in language, as well as the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.<br /> <br /> === Developmental linguistics ===<br /> {{main|Developmental linguistics}}<br /> Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly [[Language acquisition|the acquisition of language]] in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into are how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of language acquisition is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Charles-James N. |title=Developmental Linguistics |journal=Folia Linguistica |date=1981 |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–38 |doi=10.1515/flin.1981.15.1-2.29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Neurolinguistics ===<br /> {{main|Neurolinguistics}}<br /> Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in [[psycholinguistics]] and [[theoretical linguistics]], and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using [[aphasiology]], [[brain imaging]], electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mariën |first1=Peter |last2=Manto |first2=Mario |title=Cerebellum as a Master-Piece for Linguistic Predictability |journal=The Cerebellum |date=April 2018 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |doi=10.1007/s12311-017-0894-1 |pmid=29071518 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Applied linguistics ===<br /> {{Main|Applied linguistics}}<br /> Linguists are largely concerned with finding and [[descriptive linguistics|describing]] the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages. [[Applied linguistics]] takes the results of those findings and &quot;applies&quot; them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as [[language education]], [[lexicography]], translation, [[language planning]], which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use, and [[natural language processing]]. &quot;Applied linguistics&quot; has been argued to be something of a misnomer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barbara Seidlhofer |title=Controversies in Applied Linguistics (pp. 288) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-437444-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, and not literally &quot;applying&quot; existing technical knowledge from linguistics. Moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g., conversation analysis) and anthropology. ([[Constructed language]] fits under Applied linguistics.)<br /> <br /> Today, computers are widely used in many areas of applied linguistics. [[Speech synthesis]] and [[speech recognition]] use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide [[voice interface]]s to computers. Applications of [[computational linguistics]] in [[machine translation]], [[computer-assisted translation]], and [[natural language processing]] are areas of applied linguistics that have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.<br /> <br /> Linguistic analysis is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics used by many governments to verify the claimed nationality of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Analysis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eades |first=Diana |year=2005 |title=Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases |url=http://songchau.googlepages.com/503.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Applied Linguistics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=503–26 |doi=10.1093/applin/ami021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083553/http://songchau.googlepages.com/503.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=31 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This often takes the form of an interview by personnel in an immigration department. Depending on the country, this interview is conducted either in the asylum seeker's [[native language]] through an [[language interpretation|interpreter]] or in an international ''[[lingua franca]]'' like English.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Analysis&quot; /&gt; Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Analysis&quot; /&gt; Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by private contractors or within a department of the government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Analysis&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Language documentation ===<br /> [[Language documentation]] combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars. [[Lexicography]] involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a [[dictionary]]. [[Computational linguistics]] is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and [[Language interpretation|interpretation]], as well as in [[language education]] – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.{{fact|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics, linguists have been concerned with describing and analysing previously [[language documentation|undocumented languages]]. Starting with [[Franz Boas]] in the early 1900s, this became the main focus of American linguistics until the rise of [[formal linguistics]] in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly motivated by a concern to document the rapidly [[language death|disappearing]] languages of indigenous peoples. The ethnographic dimension of the Boasian approach to language description played a role in the development of disciplines such as [[sociolinguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], and [[linguistic anthropology]], which investigate the relations between language, culture, and society.{{fact|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has also gained prominence outside North America, with the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages becoming a focus in some university programs in linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, usually requiring years of field work in the language concerned, so as to equip the linguist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of documentation requires the linguist to collect a substantial corpus in the language in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within open repositories, and used for further research.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Himmelmann |first1=Nikolaus P. |title=Essentials of Language Documentation |chapter=Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for? |date=2006 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1515/9783110197730.1 |isbn=978-3-11-018864-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> {{main|Translation|Translation studies}}<br /> The sub-field of translation includes the translation of written and spoken texts across media, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally means to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are often employed by organizations such as travel agencies and governmental embassies to facilitate communication between two speakers who do not know each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within [[computational linguistics]] setups like [[Google Translate]], which is an automated program to translate words and phrases between any two or more given languages. Translation is also conducted by publishing houses, which convert works of writing from one language to another in order to reach varied audiences. Cross-national and cross-cultural [[Survey methodology|survey research]] studies employ translation to collect comparable data among multilingual populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Behr |first1=Dorothée |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |title=Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research |journal=The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research |date=27 July 2018 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Yuling |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |last3=Park |first3=Hyunjoo |title=The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation |date=2019 |doi=10.4324/9780429294914 |isbn=978-0-429-29491-4 }}{{pn|date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Academic translators specialize in or are familiar with various other disciplines such as technology, science, law, economics, etc.<br /> <br /> === Clinical linguistics ===<br /> {{main|Clinical linguistics}}<br /> Clinical linguistics is the application of linguistic theory to the field of [[speech-language pathology]]. Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to treat [[communication disorders|communication]] and swallowing disorders.<br /> <br /> === Computational linguistics ===<br /> {{main|Computational linguistics}}<br /> Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is &quot;computationally responsible&quot;, i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.<br /> <br /> === Evolutionary linguistics ===<br /> {{Main|Evolutionary linguistics}}<br /> Evolutionary linguistics is a [[sociobiology|sociobiological]] approach to analyzing the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Croft |first=William |date=October 2008 |title=Evolutionary Linguistics |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=37 |pages=219–34 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Forensic linguistics ===<br /> {{main|Forensic linguistics}}<br /> Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also used their expertise in the framework of criminal cases.&lt;ref&gt;Olsson, John. &quot;[https://www.thetext.co.uk/what_is.pdf What is Forensic Linguistics?]&quot; (PDF). ''Forensic Linguistics Intelligence''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=what is forensic linguistics? |url=http://www.forensiclinguistics.net/cfl_fl.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927010829/http://www.forensiclinguistics.net/cfl_fl.html |archive-date=2010-09-27 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=CFL at Aston University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{portal|Linguistics|Language}}<br /> {{div col}}<br /> * {{Anli|Articulatory phonetics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Articulatory synthesis}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Axiom of categoricity}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Critical discourse analysis}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Cryptanalysis}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Decipherment}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Global language system}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Hermeneutics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Integrational linguistics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Integrationism}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Interlinguistics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Language engineering}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Language geography}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Linguistic rights}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Metalinguistics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Meta-communication}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Microlinguistics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Onomastics}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Reading}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Speech processing}}<br /> * {{Annotated link |Stratificational linguistics}}<br /> * [[Outline of linguistics|Outline]] and lists<br /> ** {{Annotated link |Index of linguistics articles}}<br /> ** {{Annotated link |List of departments of linguistics}}<br /> ** {{Annotated link |List of summer schools of linguistics}}<br /> ** {{Annotated link |List of schools of linguistics}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{refbegin|30}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Akmajian, Adrian |title=Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication |last2=Demers, Richard |last3=Farmer, Ann |last4=Harnish, Robert |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-51370-8 |location=Cambridge, MA}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=The handbook of linguistics |publisher=Blackwell |year=2000 |editor-last=Aronoff, Mark |location=Oxford |editor-last2=Rees-Miller, Janie}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bloomfield |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MN3YkwOgNYC&amp;pg=PA307 |title=An Introduction to the Study of Language |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=1983 |isbn=978-90-272-8047-3 |edition=New |location=Amsterdam |orig-year=1914}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |url=https://archive.org/details/onlanguagechomsk00chom |title=On Language |publisher=The New Press, New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56584-475-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=Linguistics |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-013531-2}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Derrida |first=Jacques |url=https://archive.org/details/ofgrammatology00derr |title=Of Grammatology |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-8018-5830-7}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Christopher |title=An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8264-8734-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Isac |first1=Daniela |url=http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/ |title=I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science |last2=Charles Reiss |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-966017-9 |edition=2nd |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/ |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=McShane |first1=Marjorie |last2=Nirenburg |first2=Sergei |title=Linguistics for the Age of AI |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=9780262363136 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5042/Linguistics-for-the-Age-of-AI}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|wikititle=linguistics}}<br /> * [https://linguistlist.org/ The Linguist List], a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily<br /> * [https://glossary.sil.org/term Glossary of Linguistic Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209165226/https://glossary.sil.org/term |date=February 9, 2025 }} by [[SIL International|SIL Global]] (last revised 2003)<br /> * [http://www.glottopedia.org Glottopedia], MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071126121113/http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields.cfm Linguistic sub-fields] – according to the Linguistic Society of America<br /> * Linguistics and language-related [[wiki]] articles on [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language Scholarpedia] and [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Linguistics Citizendium]<br /> * [https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/bibliography.html &quot;Linguistics&quot; section] – A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J.A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Isac |first1=Daniela |url=https://archive.org/details/ilanguageintrodu00dani |title=I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science |last2=Charles Reiss |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-953420-3 |edition=2nd}}<br /> <br /> {{Philosophy of language}}<br /> {{Communication studies}}<br /> {{Social sciences}}<br /> {{Nonverbal communication}}<br /> {{Sister bar|auto=1|d=yes}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Linguistics| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cognitive science]]<br /> [[Category:Communication studies]]<br /> [[Category:Language]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh&diff=470360 2026-03-17T02:31:00Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Garden and memorial in Punjab, India}}{{for multi|the 1919 massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre|the 1977 Indian film|Jallian Wala Bagh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox historic site<br /> | name = Jallianwala Bagh<br /> | image = Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar 01.jpg<br /> | caption = Entrance with statue of [[Udham Singh]]<br /> | location = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]<br /> | beginning_label = Dedicated to nation<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|31.620521|74.880565|display=inline,title}}<br /> | locmapin = India Punjab#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br /> | type = Memorial site<br /> | etymology = <br /> | area = {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}}<br /> | beginning_date = <br /> | formed = <br /> | founded = Sardar Himmat Singh Bains Jallewalia<br /> | founder = <br /> | built = 1812<br /> | built_for = As a Bagh and samadhi of Jallewalia sardar<br /> | original_use = Garden<br /> | demolished = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | restored = <br /> | restored_by = <br /> | current_use = <br /> | architect = <br /> | sculptor = <br /> | architecture = <br /> | visitors_num = <br /> | visitors_year = <br /> | visitors_ref = <br /> | governing_body = Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust<br /> | owner = Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | designation1 = <br /> | designation1_offname = <br /> | designation1_type = <br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_date = <br /> | delisted1_date = <br /> | designation1_partof = <br /> | designation1_number = <br /> | designation1_free1name = <br /> | designation1_free1value = <br /> | designation1_free2name = <br /> | designation1_free2value = <br /> | designation1_free3name = <br /> | designation1_free3value = <br /> }}<br /> '''Jallianwala Bagh''' ({{ipa|pa|dʒəlɪjãːʋaːlaː baːɣ, baːɡ|ipa}}) is a historic [[Bāgh (garden)|garden]] and memorial of national importance close to the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] that took place on the site on the festival of [[Baisakhi|Baisakhi Day]], 13 April 1919. The {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}} site houses a museum, gallery and several memorial structures. It is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, and will be renovated between 2025 and 2027.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Early history ===<br /> The {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}} site is located in the vicinity of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2019pp.97-109&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&amp;pg=PA97 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 9. No warning, no way out. pp.97-109]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bagh was founded by Sardar Himmat Singh Bains, Jagirdar of [[Alawalpur]], Dhogri and other villages in the area, as well as additional villages in Gurdaspur, Multan, Kohat, and Peshawar amounting to an annual income of RS 3,00,000. He also held Jallah, valued at RS 20,000 annually, in district Ludhiana while also serving as an ambassador to the Riyasat of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]. His father, Chaudhary Gulab Rai Bains, was a hereditary Mughal [[Chaudhary]]( [[Jagirdar]] ) of [[Mahilpur]] as well as later [[Jagir|Jagirdar]] of Achharwal , villages near [[Adampur]] &amp; Jallah in Sirhind under the Sikh Misls in the 1760s. In 1812, the Maharaja of Nabha introduced Sardar Himmat Singh to Sher-e-Punjab [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who was impressed by Himmat Singh's abilities and appointed him as his personal advisor and [[Vakil-i-Mutlaq|Vakil-i-Multaq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Saggar |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BduAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=lepel+h+griffin+bains |title=Who's who in the History of Punjab, 1800-1849 |date=1993 |publisher=National Book Organisation |isbn=978-81-85135-60-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Griffin Lepel. H Sir |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206269/page/n197/mode/2up?q=bains |title=Chiefs And Families Of Note In The Punjab Vol-i |date=1940}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1812 Sardar Himmat Singh Founded a garden, which came to be known as ''Jalle Waliyan da Bagh'' or ''Jalleyan Bagh'', with the name &quot;Jallah&quot; deriving from his estate, Jallah Jagir, in Ludhiana. His family became known in the Lahore Durbar as the Jallewalia Sardars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919, the site gained symbolic importance. A commemorative committee was formed and, in 1923, they purchased the Bagh for RS 565,000..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Padama |first=Piārā Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLYNtwAACAAJ |title=Sankhep Sikh itehas |date=1990 |publisher=Kalam Mandir |language=pa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jallianwala Bagh or the garden of the Jallah-man, with its well, implies that it was once green and flowering.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2019pp.97-109&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&amp;pg=PA97 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 9. No warning, no way out. pp.97-109]&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years it had become popular as a recreation ground and an area of rest for those visiting the nearby Golden temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2019pp.97-109&quot;/&gt; In 1919, it was a dried-out plot, surrounded by tightly packed multi-occupancy buildings divided by some narrow streets, and having only one entrance and exit route.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.150-153&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919''. Chapter 8. Baisakhi. pp.150-153]&lt;/ref&gt; It was unoccupied and surrounded by a wall.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.150-153/&gt; The place derives its name from the Jallianwalia family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=nankana+massacre+brahmin&amp;pg=PA163 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Massacre ===<br /> {{main article|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}<br /> [[File:Jallianwallah.jpg|thumb|right|Jallianwala Bagh ( dried out plot ) in 1919]]<br /> In 1919, in response to excluding [[Mahatma Gandhi]] from visiting Punjab, the secret deportation of [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and [[Satyapal]] on 10 April and the reactions to the [[Rowlatt Act]], Punjab had witnessed attempts of Indians to gather and protest.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; On the morning of [[Baisakhi]], 13 April 1919, to the sound of military drums by the cities [[town criers]], Punjab [[Brigadier General]] [[R.E.H. Dyer]]'s new rules were proclaimed.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; He had placed restrictions on leaving the city without a permit, banned all &quot;processions of any kind&quot;&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; and any congregation of more than four people, and announced around the city that &quot;any person found in the streets after 8&amp;nbsp;pm will be shot&quot;.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; The announcements came at a time of noise and unusual heat, and missed key locations around the city, so that they were not widely disseminated.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; Dyer was subsequently informed at 12.40&amp;nbsp;pm that day that a political gathering was to be held at Jallianwala Bagh.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt; By the time Dyer arrived with 90 [[Sikh]], [[Gurkha]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Rajput]] troops from [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2]]-[[9th Gorkha Rifles|9th Gurkhas]], the [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|54th Sikhs]] and the [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Sind Rifles]], there was a crowd of 20,000; a mix of speakers, listeners, picnic-makers, men, women and children of all ages, including Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt;&lt;ref name=Anand2015&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5SlBAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=1919&amp;pg=PA331|title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary|last=Anand|first=Anita|date=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781408835463|pages=331–334|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dyer then ordered his troops to fire at the crowds.&lt;ref name=Collett2007&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&amp;q=54th+scinde+|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|last=Collett|first=Nigel|date=2007|publisher=[[Hambledon Continuum]]|isbn=978-1852855758|location=London|pages=256–259|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately 1,650 rounds were fired and the number, killing and injuring many; the numbers are disputed.&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Memorial site ===<br /> During the [[Partition of India|troubles of 1947]] several surrounding buildings had been destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nehru1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHtDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22jallianwala+bagh+memorial%22|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: without special title|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|date=1991|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1951, the government of India established the site as a 'memorial of national importance'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hazra2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/memorialising-and-remembering-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/68856088.cms|title=Memorialising, and Remembering, Jallianwala Bagh|last=Hazra|first=Indrajit|date=13 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The site was renovated between 2019 and 2021.&lt;ref name=Div2021&gt;{{cite news|author=Divya A|date=5 September 2021|title=Explained: What to watch out for at the renovated Jallianwala Bagh memorial|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jallianwala-bagh-renovation-explained-7475352/|access-date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The central government had earmarked {{INRconvert|20|c}} in 2019 for the commemoration of the centenary of the massacre.&lt;ref name=Div2021/&gt; In 1920 a Trust was formed with the aim of creating a memorial at the massacre site.&lt;ref name=&quot;LondonMayor2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.gov.uk//press-releases/mayoral/call-for-formal-apology-for-jallianwala-bagh|title=Mayor calls for formal apology for Jallianwala Bagh Massacre|date=16 December 2017|website=London City Hall|language=en-GB|access-date=9 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The memorial was closed to the public in February 2019 for the renovation work, and reopened in August 2021.&lt;ref name=Div2021/&gt; The renovation was criticized by various historians, political leaders and some of the kin of the martyrs; many said that the renovations were improper and had erased the tragedy of the massacre.&lt;ref name=Dutta&gt;{{cite news|author=Prabhash K Dutta|date=31 August 2021|title=Decoded: Why renovated Jallianwala Bagh Smarak has landed in controversy|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/decoded-controversy-behind-jallianwala-bagh-smarak-renovation-1847514-2021-08-31|access-date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Paul&gt;{{cite news|author=GS Paul|date=6 September 2021|title=Jallianwala Bagh: Kin of 1919 martyrs hold candle march, want original character restored|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/jallianwala-bagh-kin-of-1919-martyrs-hold-candle-march-want-original-character-restored-307589|access-date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Staff|date=31 August 2021|title=Jallianwala Bagh renovation: Memorial looks very nice, says Punjab CM, contradicts Congress|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1004198/insult-to-martyrs-of-jallianwala-bagh-historians-opposition-leaders-criticise-revamp|access-date=8 September 2021|work=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sites ==<br /> <br /> ===Entrance===<br /> [[File:Amritsar 20180906 115355.jpg|thumb|Flame titled ''Amar Jyoti'' (Eternal Flame)]]<br /> The entrance to Jallianwala Bagh is via a narrow passage, the same passage that was the only entry and exit point at the time of the massacre and the same route that General Dyer and his troops took to reach the grounds.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919''. Epilogue. Jallianwala Bagh. pp.260-265]&lt;/ref&gt; At the entrance is a statue of [[Udham Singh]]. Once entered, some old trees can be a seen in the garden with some buildings at the back. With the words '[[Vande Mataram]]', a flame titled ''Amar Jyoti'' (Eternal Flame) is seen burning to the right under a domed meditation area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=Nonica|date=13 April 2019|title=Why Popular Local Memory of Jallianwala Bagh Doesn't Fit the National Narrative|url=https://thewire.in/history/jallianwala-bagh-100-years-amritsar|access-date=10 October 2019|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Memorials===<br /> [[File:Jallianwala Bagh in Day light.JPG|thumb|Martyr's memorial]]<br /> The 'Martyrs Well' is surrounded by the Martyr's memorial, a large structure with a sign giving a figure of &quot;120&quot; as the number of bodies that were recovered from the well.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt; It was designed by American architect [[Benjamin Polk]] and inaugurated in 1961.&lt;ref name=LondonMayor2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Seneviratna&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdKhuDerQsgC&amp;dq=benjamin+polk+jallianwala&amp;pg=PP4|title=Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrines|last1=Seneviratna|first1=Anuradha|last2=Polk|first2=Benjamin|date=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172819|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A number of the bullet holes in the walls are preserved.&lt;ref name= Gopinath2019&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-bullet-marks-are-still-raw-a-visit-to-jallianwala-bagh/article26744270.ece|title=A visit to Jallianwala Bagh, where the bullet marks are still raw|last=Gopinath|first=P. Krishna|date=6 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Modi2015/&gt; One of the walls with bullet holes has a plaque reading:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;The wall has its own historic significance as it has thirty-six bullet marks which can be easily seen at present and these were fired into the crowd by the order of General Dyer. Moreover, no warning was given to disperse before Dyer opened fire which was gathered here against the Rowlatt Act. One Thousand Six Hundred and Fifty Rounds were fired&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Other plaques are seen inside the garden, one of which reads:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;This site is saturated with the blood of thousands of Indian patriots who were martyred in a nonviolent struggle to free India from British domination. General Dyer of the British army opened fire here on unarmed people. Jallianwala Bagh is thus an everlasting symbol of non-violent &amp; peaceful struggle for the freedom of India&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The Flame of Liberty is represented by a central pylon.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/&gt; It is white and shaped like a flame. Engraved are faces of 'martyrs' and below are given their names.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> ===The Martyr's gallery and museum===<br /> [[File:Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh.jpg|thumb|One of the seven urns containing the ashes of Udham Singh are kept in the museum]]<br /> The Martyr's gallery contains a number of paintings including some of political leaders&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt; and a painting of the inside of Jallianwala Bagh, showing a number of people dead on the ground. The addition to the painting of the Gurkha's was painted in at a later date.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/&gt; The names of those killed are not included.&lt;ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/&gt; A portrait of [[Udham Singh]] is on display in the gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt; One of the seven urns containing his ashes are kept in the museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Anand2019pp.313-314&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&amp;pg=PA314 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 25. The return pp.314]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Using newspaper clippings and letters from Mahatma Gandhi, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and others, 45 panels depicting the Amritsar massacre are displayed.&lt;ref name=IndiaTodayApril2019/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Management==<br /> The site is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust formed under the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 2025 passed by the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1951Act&quot;&gt;[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1775899/ Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act]. ACT NO. 25 OF 1951. 1 May 1951.&lt;/ref&gt; The initial trustees of the Trust were named as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], the President of the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] and three people nominated by the [[Government of India|Central Government]].&lt;ref name=1951Act/&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2019, the act was amended thus removing the President of the Indian National Congress as a trustee and replacing that position with the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition]] in [[Loksabha]] (lower house of Parliament) or in absence of Leader of Opposition, the leader of the single largest opposition party in the Loksabha. It also amended that a nominated trustee may be removed by the Central Government before the end of five years term.&lt;ref name=Poulomi2019&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parliament-winter-session-begins-today-from-citizenship-bill-to-slowdown-what-s-in-store-1619939-2019-11-18|title=Parliament Winter Session begins today: From Citizenship Bill to slowdown, what's in store|last=Saha|first=Poulomi|date=18 November 2019|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/jallianwala-bagh-national-memorial-amendment-bill-2019-passed-by-the-parliament-1574223625-1|title=Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill, 2019 passed by the Parliament|date=2019-11-20|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Site visits==<br /> Since the massacre, Jallianwala Bagh has been the site of a number of official and publicized visits.&lt;ref name=Tharoor2003&gt;Tharoor, Shashi. [https://archive.org/details/nehruinventionof00thar ''Nehru: The Invention of India'']. Arcade Publishing (2003). New York. First edition. p. 33. {{isbn|9781559706971}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the earliest was during the public enquiry by the Indian Congress, when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the site in the immediate aftermath of the massacre. His investigation revealed 64 bullets in one part of the wall.&lt;ref name=Tharoor2003/&gt;<br /> <br /> The site was visited by the Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in 1961, 1983 and 1997, and British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] visited in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-04-09/debates/A5FB9CDE-F333-46BB-9336-5F9C9500726B/JallianwalaBaghMassacre|title=Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Hansard|website=hansard.parliament.uk|access-date=11 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; During [[Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Catherine's]] official visit to India, Jallianwala Bagh was not on their itinerary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard2019&quot;/&gt; Others from Britain include [[Sadiq Khan]], the [[Mayor of London]] in 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard2019&quot;/&gt; and [[Dominic Asquith]]&lt;ref name=Asquith&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-centenary-deep-regret-for-what-happened-says-british-envoy/articleshow/68862023.cms?from=mdr|title=Jallianwala Bagh massacre centenary: Deep regret for what happened, says British envoy|date=13 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Justin Welby]] in 2019.&lt;ref name=IndiaTodayWelby&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/archbishop-canterbury-apologizes-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-justin-welby-1597713-2019-09-10|title=I am sorry: Archbishop of Canterbury apologizes for Jallianwala Bagh massacre|website=India Today|date=10 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the grounds in 2015&lt;ref name=Modi2015&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-pays-tributes-to-martyrs-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/46666349.cms|title=PM Modi pays tributes to martyrs at Jallianwala Bagh|date=23 March 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and politician [[Kiren Rijiju]] visited in 2016 as part of an India-Pakistan border visit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kiren-rijiju-visits-india-pakistan-border-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/50797833.cms|title=Kiren Rijiju visits India-Pakistan border, Jallianwala Bagh|date=31 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proposed renovations to Jallianwala Bagh were presented to India’s vice president [[Venkaiah Naidu]], the governor of Punjab [[V.P. Singh Badnore]] and other officials when they visited the site in April 2019 to attend a commemoration ceremony organised by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].&lt;ref name=IndiaTodayApril2019&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vice-president-venkaiah-naidu-jallianwala-bagh-memorial-1501250-2019-04-13 Vice President Venkaiah Naidu remembers martyrs at Jallianwala Bagh memorial on 100th anniversary]. India Today (April 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; Other visitors in 2019 included [[Rahul Gandhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-100-years-of-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-hundreds-pay-tribute-2022411|title=100 Years of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: Rahul Gandhi Pays Tribute At Jallianwala Bagh Memorial: Highlights|last=Hariharan|first=Revathi|date=13 April 2019|website=NDTV.com|access-date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also == <br /> <br /> * [[Patharughat#massacres|Patharighat massacre]] - Jallianwala of Assam<br /> * [[List of massacres in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *Anand, Anita, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mk7ptwEACAAJ&amp;q=Anand ''The Patient Assassin: a true tale of massacre, revenge, and India's quest for independence''], Simon &amp; Schuster (2019), {{ISBN|978-1-5011-9570-9}}<br /> *Wagner, Kim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial ''Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre'']. [[Yale University Press]] (2019). {{ISBN|9780300200355}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/punjabdisturbanc01lahouoft/page/n11 ''Punjab disturbances'']. Compiled from the Civil and military gazette (April 1919)<br /> *[https://books.google.com/books?id=xy_H0lBcpF0C&amp;q=Building+for+South+Asia%3A+An+Architectural+Autobiography+By+Benjamin+Polk Building for South Asia: An Architectural Autobiography]. [[Benjamin Polk]]. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi (1993). {{isbn| 978-8170173007}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Jallianwala Bagh}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070817142903/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/jbnma1951276/ Text of ''Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act'', 1951]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Gardens in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Amritsar]]<br /> [[Category:Historic sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre|*]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_English&diff=446868 2026-03-14T14:12:55Z

<p>KareemOman9338: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Set of varieties of English language}}<br /> {{Redirect|BrE|other uses|BRE (disambiguation){{!}}BRE}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}} <br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = British English<br /> | altname = <br /> | nativename = <br /> | states = [[United Kingdom]] (originally [[England]])<br /> | region = [[British Isles]]<br /> | ethnicity = [[British people]]<br /> | familycolor = Indo-European<br /> | fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]<br /> | fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]<br /> | fam4 = [[North Sea Germanic]]<br /> | fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]<br /> | fam6 = [[Anglic language|Anglic]]<br /> | fam7 = [[English language|English]]<br /> | dia1 = [[English language in England]]<br /> | dia2 = [[Scottish English]]<br /> | dia3 = [[Welsh English]]<br /> | dia4 = [[Ulster English]]<br /> | dia5 = [[Hiberno-English]]<br /> | dia6 = [[Bermudian English]]<br /> | dia7 = [[Falkland Islands English]]<br /> | dia8 = [[Cayman Islands English]]<br /> | dia9 = [[Gibraltarian English]]<br /> | dia10 = [[Manx English]]<br /> | dia11 = [[Channel Island English]]<br /> | ancestor = [[Proto-English]]<br /> | ancestor2 = [[Old English]]<br /> | ancestor3 = [[Middle English]]<br /> | ancestor4 = [[Early Modern English]]<br /> | stand1 = [[Received Pronunciation]]<br /> | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]]) &lt;br /&gt; [[Unified English Braille]]<br /> | nation = [[United Nations]] (with [[Oxford spelling]])<br /> | isoexception = dialect<br /> | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}<br /> }}<br /> {{American and British English differences}}<br /> '''British English'''{{efn|Abbreviations: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', and '''BE''')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} is the set of [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the [[English language]] native to the [[United Kingdom]], especially [[Great Britain]].{{refn|The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' applies the term to English as &quot;spoken or written in the [[British Isles]]; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain&quot;, reserving &quot;[[Irish English]]&quot; for the &quot;English language as spoken and written in Ireland&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford English Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others, such as the ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', define it as the &quot;[[English language in England|English language as it is spoken and written in England]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary&quot;&gt;[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary&lt;/ref&gt;}} More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the [[English language in England]], or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the United Kingdom taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating [[Scottish English]], [[Welsh English]], and [[Northern Irish English]]. [[Tom McArthur (linguist)|Tom McArthur]] in the [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Guide to World English]] acknowledges that British English shares &quot;all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity&quot;.<br /> <br /> Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective ''wee'' is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally [[Yorkshire dialect|Yorkshire]], whereas the adjective ''little'' is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term ''British English''. The forms of [[Spoken language|spoken]] English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&amp;nbsp;12}}&lt;/ref&gt; and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. <br /> <br /> Globally, countries that are [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|former British colonies]] or members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] tend to follow British English,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; as is the case for English used by European Union institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United Nations]] also uses British English with [[Oxford spelling]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China, both British English and American English are taught.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and [[British Council|operates in more than 100 countries]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|History of the English language}}<br /> <br /> ===Origins===<br /> {{further|History of the English language|Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Germanic|Proto-West Germanic|Proto-English|Old English|Middle English|Early Modern English|Modern English}}<br /> English is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] that originated from the [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] [[dialect]]s brought to Britain by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic settlers]] from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking [[Common Brittonic]]—the insular variety of [[Continental Celtic]], which was influenced by the [[Roman army|Roman]] occupation. This group of languages ([[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Cumbric]]) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the [[Germanic languages]], influence on English was [[Lists of English words of Celtic origin|notably limited]]. However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages.&lt;ref&gt;[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in [[Brittonicisms in English]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, [[Old English]] was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, [[Late West Saxon]], eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the [[Scandinavia]]n branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the [[Normans]] in the 11th century, who spoke [[Old Norman]] and ultimately developed an English variety of this called [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]. These two invasions caused English to become &quot;mixed&quot; to some degree (though it was never a truly [[mixed language]] in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication).<br /> <br /> The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains [[Latin]] and [[French language|French]] influences, e.g. swine (like the Germanic {{Lang|de|schwein}}) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French {{Lang|fr|porc}}) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server |access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another example is the Anglo-Saxon {{Lang|ang|cu}} meaning cow, and the French {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} meaning beef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the [[Romance languages|Romance]] branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a [[loanword|&quot;borrowing&quot; language]] of great flexibility and with a very large [[vocabulary]].<br /> <br /> == Dialects ==<br /> {{see also|English language in England|Scottish English|Welsh English|Northern Irish English|Irish English|Anguillan Creole|Montserrat Creole|Bermudian English|Falkland Islands English|Cayman Islands English|Gibraltarian English|Manx English|Channel Island English}}<br /> {{IPA notice}}[[List of dialects of the English language#Europe|Dialects]] and [[Regional accents of English|accents]] vary amongst the four [[countries of the United Kingdom]], as well as within the countries themselves.<br /> <br /> The major divisions are normally classified as [[English language in England|English English]] (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into [[English language in Southern England|Southern English]], [[West Country English|West Country]], [[East Midlands English|East]] and [[West Midlands English]] and [[English language in Northern England|Northern English]]), [[Northern Irish English]] (in Northern Ireland), [[Welsh English]] (not to be confused with the [[Welsh language]]), and [[Scottish English]] (not to be confused with the [[Scots language]] or [[Scottish Gaelic]]). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages.<br /> <br /> Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word ''though''.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehistoryofenglish.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Research ===<br /> Following its last major [[survey of English Dialects]] (1949–1950), the [[University of Leeds]] has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biography on the [[Leeds University]] website&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MEO&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Leeds University]] website, 25 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The team are{{efn|name=note}} sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the &quot;Voices project&quot; run by the [[BBC]], in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout the country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. &quot;Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio&quot;.&lt;ref name=MEO/&gt; When discussing the award of the grant in 2007, [[University of Leeds|Leeds University]] stated:<br /> {{blockquote|that they were &quot;very pleased&quot;—and indeed, &quot;well chuffed&quot;—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been &quot;bostin&quot; if he had come from the [[Black Country]], or if he was a [[Scouser]] he would have been well &quot;made up&quot; over so many spondoolicks, because as a [[Geordie]] might say, £460,000 is a &quot;canny load of chink&quot;.&lt;ref name=Indi-20070601&gt;McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a &quot;canny load of chink&quot; to sort &quot;pikeys&quot; from &quot;chavs&quot; in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 June 2007. Page 20&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === English regional ===<br /> {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}}<br /> Most people in Britain speak with a regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called [[Received Pronunciation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (also called &quot;the King's English&quot;, &quot;Oxford English&quot; and &quot;[[BBC]] English&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC English because this was originally the form of English used on radio and television, although a wider variety of accents can be heard these days.&lt;/ref&gt;), that is essentially region-less.&lt;ref name=sweet&gt;{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fowler&gt;{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period.&lt;ref name=fowler/&gt; It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners.&lt;ref name=fowler/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the South East, there are significantly different accents; the [[Cockney]] accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney [[rhyming slang]] can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand,&lt;ref name=&quot;Franklyn1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated.<br /> <br /> [[London]]ers speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. [[Estuary English]] has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Immigrants to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the [[Inner London Education Authority]] discovered more than 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title=&quot;Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority&quot; |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably [[Multicultural London English]], a [[sociolect]] that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, [[Working class|working-class]] people in [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] parts of [[London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210430131251/https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |archive-date= 30 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the mass [[internal migration]] to [[Northamptonshire]] in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the [[Kettering]] accent, which is a transitional accent between the [[East Midlands]] and [[East Anglia]]n. It is the last southern Midlands accent to use the broad &quot;a&quot; in words like ''bath'' or ''grass'' (i.e. {{respell|barth}} or {{respell|grarss}}). Conversely ''crass'' or ''plastic'' use a slender &quot;a&quot;. A few miles northwest in [[Leicestershire]] the slender &quot;a&quot; becomes more widespread generally. In the town of [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by the West Scottish accent.<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect.<br /> <br /> === T-glottalling ===<br /> Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, {{IPA|/t/}} has become commonly realised as a [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} when it is in the intervocalic position, in a process called [[T-glottalisation]]. National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, ''not'' being heard as &quot;no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}&quot; and ''bottle of water'' being heard as &quot;bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er&quot;. It is still stigmatised when used in word-medial positions, such as ''later''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trudghill56&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are ''p'', as in pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er and ''k'' as in ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trudghill56&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === R-dropping ===<br /> In most areas of England and Wales, outside the [[West Country English|West Country]] and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhoticity]].<br /> In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the [[intrusive R]]. It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are ''car'' and ''sugar'', where the R is not pronounced.<br /> <br /> === Diphthongisation ===<br /> British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between.<br /> <br /> ==== North ====<br /> Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in '''go''' and '''say''' (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in the traditional accent of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'.<br /> <br /> ==== South ====<br /> Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that '''ee''' and '''oo''' in '''feed''' and '''food''' are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with a greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ].<br /> <br /> === People in groups ===<br /> Dropping a morphological [[grammatical number]], in [[collective noun]]s, is stronger in British English than North American English.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=Nov 18, 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher= [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=September 5, 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people.<br /> <br /> The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.&lt;ref name=BBC1&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> A sports team can be treated likewise:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.&lt;ref name=BBC2&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, [[Jane Austen]], a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of ''[[Pride and Prejudice (novel)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', published in 1813:{{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}}<br /> <br /> === Negatives ===<br /> Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as [[double negatives]]. Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', and ''never'' would be used in the same sentence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}&lt;/ref&gt; While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows the idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Standard British English ==<br /> [[Standard English]] in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} with French or the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] with Spanish. Standard British English [[Comparison of American and British English|differs notably]] in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard [[American English]] and certain other standard English varieties around the world. [[American and British English spelling differences|British and American spelling]] also differ in minor ways.<br /> <br /> The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for more than a century as [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP). However, due to [[language change|language evolution]] and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist [[Geoff Lindsey]] for instance calls Standard Southern British English.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other scholars suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England.&lt;ref&gt;Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., &amp; Leemann, A. (2020). &quot;General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning&quot;. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.&lt;/ref&gt; Outside of England, namely in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts very little influence, particularly in the 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the [[British Empire]], is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP [[Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation|notably contrasts]] with standard North American accents.<br /> <br /> As of the 21st century, dictionaries such as the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', the ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', and the ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' record actual [[Usage (language)|usage]] rather than attempting to [[Linguistic prescription|prescribe]] it.&lt;ref name=&quot;courses.nus.edu.sg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and [[neologisms]] are frequent.<br /> <br /> ===History of standardisation===<br /> For historical reasons dating back to the rise of [[London]] in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and the [[East Midlands]] became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both [[Dialect levelling in Britain|dialect levelling]] and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of a lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence.&lt;ref name=&quot;courses.nus.edu.sg&quot;/&gt; Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehistoryofenglish.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) was a large step in the [[English-language spelling reform]], where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' and ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' by [[Sir Ernest Gowers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no-frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication is included in style guides issued by various publishers including ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, the ''[[Oxford University Press]]'' and the ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. ''The Oxford University Press'' guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as ''[[Hart's Rules]]'', and in 2002 as part of ''The Oxford Manual of Style''. Comparable in authority and stature to ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' for published [[American English]], the Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Relationship with Commonwealth English ==<br /> British English is the basis of, and very similar to, [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]], though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in [[Australian English|Australia]], [[Languages of Malta#English|Malta]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[Nigerian English|Nigeria]], and [[South African English|South Africa]]. It also includes [[South Asian English]] used in South Asia, in English varieties in [[Southeast Asia]], and in parts of Africa. [[Canadian English]] is based on British English, but has more influence from [[American English]], often [[North American English|grouped together]] due to their close proximity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Cols}}<br /> * [[American English]]<br /> * [[Australian English]]<br /> * [[British Sign Language]]<br /> * [[Canadian English]]<br /> * [[Comparison of American and British English]]<br /> * [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br /> * [[Hiberno-English]]<br /> * [[Newfoundland English]]<br /> * [[New Zealand English]]<br /> * [[South African English]]<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Notes ===<br /> {{notes | refs =<br /> {{efn<br /> | name = note<br /> | In British English [[collective noun]]s may be either singular or plural, according to context. An example provided by [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]] is: &quot; 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', but 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ...Thus...singular when...a unit is intended; plural when the idea of plurality is predominant&quot;. [[BBC News|BBC television news]] and [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] style guide follow Partridge but other sources, such as [[BBC Online]] and ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' style guides, recommend a strict noun-verb agreement with the collective noun always governing the verb [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in the singular. BBC radio news, however, insists on the plural verb. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': &quot;Collective Nouns&quot;. Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', page 31.<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} paperback.<br /> * Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}}<br /> *{{Cite book<br /> |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today<br /> |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey<br /> |year=2019<br /> |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland<br /> |isbn=978-3030043568<br /> }}<br /> * Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}.<br /> * Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Examples of regional accents and dialects across the UK on the [[British Library]]'s 'Sounds Familiar' website<br /> * [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Accents and dialects from the British Library Sound Archive]<br /> * [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accents of English from Around the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Hear and compare how the same 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world – instantaneous playback online<br /> * [http://septicscompanion.com/ The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary] – an online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category<br /> * [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ British English Turkey]<br /> <br /> {{English dialects by continent}}<br /> {{English official language clickable map}}<br /> {{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Language}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British English| ]]<br /> [[Category:English-language dialects]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Gibraltar]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of the United Kingdom]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala%27s_rainforest_gardeners&diff=509333 2026-03-14T10:29:48Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Informal group of conservationists}}<br /> {{Essay-like|date=January 2026}}<br /> '''Kerala's rainforest gardeners''' are a team of twenty to forty local women who look after the plants at the Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary in [[Kerala]], South Western India. Together they seek out, preserve and cultivate species of [[List of endangered plants|endangered plants]] local to the [[Western Ghats]] area of Southern India. They also work to restore nearby degraded [[habitat]] and run [[educational program]]mes. Many of the women do not have formal training or qualifications in [[Botany]] or [[conservation biology]]. Nevertheless, some have discovered [[Species description|new species]], [[Collaborative writing|co-author]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ed articles on new plant species in [[Academic journal|science journals]], co-presented at botanical [[seminar]]s and now train and guide newer gardeners.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Founded in 1981 by Wolfgang Dieter Theuerkauf, a [[Autodidacticism|self-taught]] German [[Conservation biology|conservationist]], the now 32-hectare collectively owned, private Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, lies near the [[Periyar National Park|Periya]] reserve forest in northern Kerala. The sanctuary consists of open beds, greenhouses, nurseries, [[rainforest]], community living spaces and a two-acre [[botanical garden]] which is open to the public and serves as a catalyst for educational programmes. The sanctuary aims to restore habitat and conserve some 2,000 plant species. It is sometimes known as the &quot;Noah's Ark for Plants.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=These Women are Reviving Kerala's Rainforest |url=https://www.goodnet.org/articles/these-women-are-reviving-keralas-rainforest |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Goodnet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rainforest Concern - Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary |url=https://www.rainforestconcern.org/projects/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Rainforest Concern |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In a nutshell {{!}} gbsanctuary.org |url=https://www.gbsanctuary.org/inanutshell.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.gbsanctuary.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stallsmith |first=Audrey |date=2025-07-14 |title=Kerala's Green Revolution: Protecting Rare Plants Before They're Gone |url=https://www.backyardboss.net/noahs-ark-of-endangered-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=BackyardBoss |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before he died in 2014, Theuerkauf trained and [[Mentorship|mentored]] twenty local women to look after the rare species of native plants, including [[orchid]]s, [[fern]]s, and [[Succulent plant|succulents]], that he had collected from nearby land that was being cleared. Although the Western Ghats mountain range is listed as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], a growing [[Population growth|population]], [[urban sprawl]], [[climate change]] and [[deforestation]] have put the [[Biodiversity|bio-diversity]] and bio-abundance in the area under massive threat. Thanks to the work of the founder and the rainforest gardeners, the sanctuary is now a refuge for 40% of plant species found in the Western Ghats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2021-11-03 |title=Women guard India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1109107/features/photography---flora-and-fauna/women-guard-indias-rainforest-refugees |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Oman Observer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;roundglasssustain.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Growing with Nature {{!}} Roundglass Sustain {{!}} Roundglass {{!}} Sustain |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=roundglasssustain.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: The women guarding India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/4/india-women-guarding-rainforest-western-ghats-climate-crisis |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=The women guarding India's rainforest 'refugees' - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/11/04/2003767271 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary community project has been supported by [[Tropical rainforest conservation|Rainforest Concern]] since 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Community-Led Rainforest Restoration in Kerala: A Model for Global Conservation |url=https://www.rainforestconcern.org/news/community-led-rainforest-restoration-in-kerala-a-model-for-global-conservation |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Rainforest Concern |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == The gardeners ==<br /> Most of the women now living and working at the sanctuary had left school by the age of 15 or 16 and have no formal training in [[Botany]] or [[Conservation biology|plant conservation]]. They have however been carefully observing the plants in their care over the years and have experimented with different conditions to find out what helps the plants to thrive. Many of the women have worked at the sanctuary community for years and are now acknowledged as rainforest [[ecology]] experts. They wear boots to protect against snakes and leeches and work long hours. A senior gardener at the sanctuary is Sheena Mol. She joined the community when she was 15. It was her first job.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Gardeners Work to Protect 'Rainforest Gardens' Made to Be Noah's Ark for Endangered Plants |url=https://www.greenmatters.com/pn/gardeners-work-to-protect-rainforest-gardens-made-to-be-noahs-ark-for-endangered-plants |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.greenmatters.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laly Joseph was originally in training as an X-ray technician but, needing a job urgently and already loving plants, joined the community of volunteers at the sanctuary some 35 years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vallangi |first=Neelima |date=2025-07-01 |title=Meet Kerala's 'rainforest gardeners' creating a Noah's ark for endangered plants |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jul/01/kerala-india-rainforest-biodiversity-restoration-nature-gardeners-gurukula-western-ghats |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph now searches for rare plants under threat in the local area, and with the rest of the team restores them to health, experimenting with the best way to conserve and cultivate these 'plant refugees' within the sanctuary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caring For A Rainforest {{!}} Nature inFocus |url=https://www.natureinfocus.in/the-restoration-notebook/caring-for-a-rainforest |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.natureinfocus.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=The Western Ghats' amazing biodiversity is being brought back to life |url=http://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/30/india-s-all-female-rainforest-team-take-on-cobras-to-protect-biodiversity |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2021-11-03 |title=Women guard India's rainforest 'refugees' |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1109107/features/photography---flora-and-fauna/women-guard-indias-rainforest-refugees |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Oman Observer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=God's Own Gardeners {{!}} Tehelka |url=https://tehelka.com/gods-own-gardeners/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=tehelka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has discovered new species of plants&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India Flora Online |url=https://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/herbsheet.php?id=6315&amp;cat=13#:~:text=Collector(s)%20Name%20:%20Laly%20Joseph,,Collection%20Date%20:%2008/11/2002 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and co-authors articles and co-presents seminars on rare and new species in scientific journals and conferences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shajitha |first=P. P. |last2=Dhanesh |first2=N. R. |last3=Ebin |first3=P. J. |last4=Joseph |first4=Laly |last5=Devassy |first5=Aneesha |last6=John |first6=Reshma |last7=Augustine |first7=Jomy |last8=Mathew |first8=Linu |date=2016-11-05 |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Balsams (Genus Impatiens) Based on ITS Regions of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Implies Two Colonization Events in South India |url=https://jabonline.in/abstract.php?article_id=162&amp;sts=2 |journal=Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=001–009 |doi=10.7324/JABB.2016.40601 |issn=2347-212X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Raajwrita |date=2025-11-23 |title=Kerala Women Restore Forest &amp; Protect 2000 Native Plant Species |url=https://thebetterindia.com/472446/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary-kerala-women-restore-forest-2000-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;roundglasssustain.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gillott |first=Gabi |date=2020-02-27 |title=Siân Bowen's Leverhulme Research Fellowship Exhibition: After Hortus Malabaricus: Sensing and Presencing Rare Plants |url=https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/32799 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Botanics Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McClure |first=Tess |last2=Johnson |first2=Sarah |last3=Begum |first3=Thaslima |last4=Lay |first4=Kat |last5=Malleret |first5=Constance |last6=Townsend |first6=Mark |last7=Vallangi |first7=Neelima |date=2025-12-26 |title=We can be heroes: the inspiring people we met around the world in 2025 – part two |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/dec/26/inspiring-people-we-met-around-the-world-in-2025-part-two |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph was included in the '2025 World Everyday Heroes' section of ''The Guardian Weekly'' in December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2025 |title=2025 World Everyday Heroes |work=[[The Guardian Weekly]] |pages=28–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As well as [[Conservation biology|plant conservation]], the women work on the restoration of degraded land, for example parcels of tea and coffee [[plantation]]s adjoining the sanctuary which have gradually been acquired piece by piece. Suprabha Seshan, originally from Delhi, lives and works at the sanctuary. She joined Gurukula in 1991 as a [[Volunteering|volunteer]] [[Internship|intern]], stayed on and is now a renowned, published and prize-winning conservationist involved in the sanctuary's education and reforestation projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Re-growing a Forest: The Remarkable Life of Suprabha Seshan and Her Rewilder Friends {{!}} The Kodai Chronicle |url=https://www.thekodaichronicle.com/environment/re-growing-a-forest-the-remarkable-life-of-suprabha-seshan/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rainforest gardeners use low intervention methods, such as some cutting, clearing, planting and tree dispersal, so that the [[reforestation]] or [[rewilding]] happens fairly naturally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary |url=https://era-india.org/project/rewilding-former-plantations-and-degraded-forest-in-western-wayanad/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240618191711/https://era-india.org/project/rewilding-former-plantations-and-degraded-forest-in-western-wayanad/ |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=ERA India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=In the Western Ghats, 20 Kerala Women Are Protecting a Forest Home to 2000 Native Plants |url=https://thebetterindia.com/472446/gurukula-botanical-sanctuary-kerala-women-restore-forest-2000-plants/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Vikalp Sangam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:People from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]<br /> [[Category:Ecology organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Reforestation]]<br /> [[Category:Biodiversity]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_prohibition_in_Tamil_Nadu&diff=485465 2026-03-13T20:31:28Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating A Page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> '''Alcohol prohibition in Tamil Nadu ''' is governed by the State Prohibition and Excise department as per the Tamil Nadu Prohibition Act, 1937. [[TASMAC]], a state government-owned company, controls the wholesale and retail vending of alcoholic beverages in the State. On 24 May 2016, after her swearing-in, [[J. Jayalalithaa]] announced the closing of 500 liquor shops and the reduction of the business hours of State-run liquor shops across the State.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa closes 500 liquor shops, cuts liquor shop timings by two hours|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Jayalalithaa-cuts-liquor-shop-timing-by-two-hours-closes-500-Tasmac-shops/articleshow/52398161.cms|accessdate=24 May 2016|agency=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 February 2017, the first office order signed by the Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was the closure of 500 liquor outlets owned by the public sector [[TASMAC]]. This is in addition to the 500 liquor outlets closed down by late Chief Minister [[J Jayalalithaa]] in May 2016.<br /> <br /> ==Prohibition before Independence==<br /> The Madras Abkari Act of 1886 set in place a strict regulation that banned the local manufacturing of alcohol and confined it to central distilleries where excise duty was paid prior to being sold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A World Without Drink: Temperance in Modern India, 1880-1940|publisher=Robert Eric Colvard|section=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; This British tax policy favored the consumption of foreign liquors over more traditional drinks such as toddy and country liquors. One fifth of the Madras Presidency population consumed alcohol. Excise revenue from [[Madras Presidency]] accounted for as much as 38% of its total revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Review of A World Without Drink: Temperance in Modern India, 1880-1940|url=http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/10083|website=Dissertation Reviews|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per Historian Robert Eric Colvard, alcohol consumption came to be defined as something &quot;foreign&quot; and inherently anti-Indian by nationalists. Major Indian freedom struggle like the Swadeshi, Non-Cooperation, and Civil Disobedience movement played vital role in anti-alcohol agitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia: Intoxicating Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTzgCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA176|isbn=9781317916826|last1=Fischer-Tiné|first1=Harald|last2=Tschurenev|first2=Jana|date=2014-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Congress won with majority in Madras Presidency in 1937, [[C. Rajagopalachari]] imposed alcohol prohibition in [[Salem district]] then later extended throughout the presidency.<br /> <br /> ==Prohibition after Independence==<br /> Though prohibition was relaxed on other states after independence including former Madras Presidency regions, Tamil Nadu continued to adopt total prohibition until 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindumay24&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu's experiments with liquor ban|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/tamil-nadu-prohibition-politics/article8460791.ece|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1971 the DMK government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] suspended it in 1971 and allowed the sale of arrack and toddy. But later, the same government stopped the sale of these in 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;frontlinejan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=A series of tragedies resulting from the consumption of methanol|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1901/19010400.htm|accessdate=24 May 2016|agency=Frontline}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1981, the AIADMK government headed by [[M.G. Ramachandran]] lifted prohibition and reintroduced the sale of arrack and toddy. Due to wide use of the methanol in industries and there were no restrictions in other States, In 1984 September methanol was removed from the purview of the Tamil Nadu Prohibition Act. In 1987, the sale of arrack and toddy was again banned. During 1975-76 and 1988–90, illicit liquor claimed many lives in Tamil Nadu. In 1990, the DMK government revived the sale of arrack and toddy. In 1991 July 16, again the sale of arrack and toddy was banned by new government led by [[J. Jayalalitha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindumay24&quot;/&gt; Methanol was substituted and consumed under the illegal liquor trade. In 2002, Methanol brought again under Prohibition act&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Methanol again brought under Prohibition Act|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/02/26/stories/2002022602520400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-02-26|accessdate=24 May 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==TASMAC==<br /> {{Main article|TASMAC}}<br /> Whenever the state government has imposed prohibition, the illegal sale of toddy and arrack along with consumption of methanol, an industrial solvent, has resulted in the loss of several lives. This paved the way for a lifting of the ban.&lt;ref name=&quot;frontlinejan&quot;/&gt; In 2001, prohibition was lifted once again and TASMAC became the wholesale monopoly for alcohol. In January 2002, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] under [[O. Panneerselvam]] started selling low-cost liquor through [[TASMAC]]. In 2014-15, the annual revenue of TASMAC was Rs. 26,188 crores and the company sold 48.23 lakh cases of liquor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindumay24&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Anti-liquor agitations==<br /> 59-year-old Gandhian [[Sasi Perumal]] protested to demand closure of a TASMAC shop in [[Kanyakumari]]. During the protest on 31 July 2015, Perumal climbed up a mobile phone tower and began losing his consciousness led to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gandhian Sasi Perumal Dies While Staging Demonstration Atop Cellphone Tower|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Gandhian-Sasi-Perumal-Dies-While-Staging-Demonstration-Atop-Cellphone-Tower/2015/07/31/article2950283.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803013351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Gandhian-Sasi-Perumal-Dies-While-Staging-Demonstration-Atop-Cellphone-Tower/2015/07/31/article2950283.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2015|accessdate=31 July 2015|agency=New Indian Express|issue=31 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2015, residents of [[Kalingapatty]] village in [[Tirunelveli district]], was led by Mariammal, mother of [[Vaiko]] ransacked nearby TASMAC outlet to call for prohibition in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Liquor shop ransacked at Kalingapatti in Tirunelveli district; police fire teargas|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/villagers-ransack-liquor-shop-at-kalingapattti-police-fire-teargas/article7492024.ece|accessdate=24 May 2016|agency=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 October 2015, police arrested Kovan, a Folk artist and a member of extreme Left group Makkal Kalai Iyakkam, who was criticising government policy on earning revenue by selling liquor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Folk artist, activist Kovan arrested by Chennai police for criticising Jayalalithaa government|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-folk-artist-activist-kovan-arrested-by-chennai-police-for-criticising-jayalalithaa-government-2140188|accessdate=24 May 2016|agency=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Related Acts and Rules==<br /> # Tamil Nadu Prohibition Act, 1937&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PROHIBITION AND EXCISE WING OF HOME, PROHIBITION AND EXCISE DEPARTMENT|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/home/handbook-prohexcise.pdf|website=tn.gov.in|accessdate=24 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # The Tamil Nadu Neera and Padaneer Rules, 1939 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Molasses Control and Regulation Rules, 1958. <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Denatured Spirit, Methyl alcohol and Varnish (French Polish) Rules, 1959 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Spirituous Essence Rules, 1972 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Disposal of Articles (Confiscated under Tamil Nadu Prohibition Act, 1937) Rules, 1979 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Distillery Rules, 1981 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Indian Made Foreign Spirit (Manufacture) Rules, 1981<br /> # The Tamil Nadu Liquor (Licence and Permit) Rules, 1981 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Liquor Transit Rules, 1982 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Indian Made Foreign Spirit (Supply by Wholesale) Rules, 1983<br /> # The Tamil Nadu Brewery Rules, 1983 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Prohibition Appeal and Revision Rules, 1983 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Mass Wine Rules, 1984 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu [[Chloral hydrate|Chloral Hydrate]] Rules, 1984 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Spirituous Preparation (Control) Rules, 1987 <br /> # The Tamil Nadu Rectified Spirit Rules, 2000 <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Alcohol in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Alcohol law in India]]<br /> [[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipali_Goenka&diff=497328 2026-03-08T23:38:30Z

<p>KareemOman9338: new new bio!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businesswoman}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dipali Goenka<br /> | image = Dipali Goenka.png<br /> | caption = Dipali Goenka in 2017<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|10|13}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Sriram |title=Welspun CEO Dipali Goenka is more than a dancing CEO⁠— she's a homemaker-turned-CEO engaged in the good fight |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/who-is-welspun-ceo-dipali-goenka-dancing-video-and-full-profile/articleshow/74211823.cms |work=[[Business Insider]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]<br /> | occupation = Businesswoman<br /> | title = CEO &amp; MD, [[Welspun Living]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Martha Stewart backs India outsourcing as companies rethink China supply chains |url=https://www.ft.com/content/57bb34f0-611f-4b55-985f-6bd0fc169950 |work=www.ft.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | spouse = Balkrishan Goenka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dipali Goenka: Unstoppable Tycoon |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/dipali-goenka-unstoppable-tycoon-315145-2021-12-10 |work=Business Today |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | children = 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Sujata |title=Welspun group heiress Radhika Goenka wants to surprise her parents with entrepreneurial abilities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/following-her-own-dream-radhika-goenka-doesnt-want-to-live-under-her-parents-shadow/articleshow/59435022.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Thomson |first1=Lisa Mary |title=Check out how leaders of India Inc bring up their kids |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/check-out-how-leaders-of-india-inc-bring-up-their-kids/articleshow/5444150.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=11 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dipali Goenka''' (born 1969) is an Indian businesswoman, and the CEO and MD of [[Welspun Living]], a textile company in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Shruti |title=How Dipali Goenka transformed Welspun into a global textile giant |url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/dipali-goenka/ |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Business]] |access-date=2024-07-10 |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710121848/https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/dipali-goenka/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Gayatri |date=27 January 2024 |title=Spinning a Success Story |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-free-press-journal/20240127/282471418737571 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2016, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked her as one of the 50 most powerful woman in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mary E. |title=Asia's 50 Power Businesswomen 2016|quote=this list -- which is presented alphabetically and is not intended to be a ranking |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2016/04/06/asias-50-power-businesswomen-2016/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Samidha |title=The Onus Of Empowering Women Lies Equally On Women Too: Dipali Goenka Of Welspun India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/the-onus-of-empowering-women-lies-equally-on-women-too-dipali-goenka-of-welspun-india/86853/1 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2023, she was appointed an independent director of [[NDTV]] alongside former [[SEBI]] chairman [[U. K. Sinha|UK Sinha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Dipali Goenka, CEO of Rs 19000 crore company, social media star; her house is costlier than Ratan Tata's |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-dipali-goenka-ceo-of-rs-19000-crore-welspun-india-social-media-star-house-costlier-ratan-tata-mumbai-3032818 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also invited to be part of NDTV World Summit in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jayaraj |first=Prajwal |date=2024-10-22 |title=Welspun Operations To Be Entirely Green By 2030: Dipali Goenka |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/ndtv-world-summit-welspun-living-sustainability-goals-dipali-goenka |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Goenka was born in [[Jaipur]] and studied at Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tamta |first=Prashant |title=Meet woman, who married at 18, later studied at Harvard, now runs Rs 18566 crore company as... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-woman-dipali-goenka-harvard-alumnus-who-married-at-18-now-runs-rs-18566-crore-company-welspun-living-ceo-3105406 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to family circumstances, she married at the age of 18&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Naandika |title=Diversity Is Not Just About Women, It's About Embracing The Community: Dipali Goenka |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/diversity-is-not-just-about-women-its-about-embracing-the-community-dipali-goenka/86283/1 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and moved to [[Mumbai]] in the late 1980s. She later completed her degree with a specialization in psychology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title='If you want the nation to progress, then you need to empower women': Dipali Goenka, CEO and joint MD, Welspun India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/if-you-want-the-nation-to-progress-then-you-need-to-empower-women-dipali-goenka-ceo-and-joint-md-welspun-india-6871561.html |work=Money Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> In 2002, Goenka joined her husband's textile business, where she headed the design studio. Welspun was initially a textile exporter. Under her leadership, the company expanded into the domestic retail market with the brand Spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welspun CEO Dipali Goenka is more than a dancing CEO⁠— she's a homemaker-turned-CEO engaged in the good fight {{!}} Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/who-is-welspun-ceo-dipali-goenka-dancing-video-and-full-profile/articleshow/74211823.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raghunathan |first=Anuradha |date=2019-11-29 |title=Fabric-ation? Welspun Crisis Takes Toll On Goenkas |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2016/fabrication-welspun-crisis-takes-toll-on-goenkas/44931/1 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, she set up a textile manufacturing facility in [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Dipali Goenka: Unstoppable Tycoon |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/dipali-goenka-unstoppable-tycoon-315145-2021-12-10 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Goenka attended the owner and president management program at [[Harvard Business School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Who is Dipali Goenka, CEO of Rs 9400 crore Indian brand that makes Wimbledon towels; know about her lifestyle and net worth |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/who-is-dipali-goenka-ceo-of-rs-9400-crore-indian-brand-that-makes-wimbledon-towels-know-about-her-lifestyle-and-net-worth/3165355/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, she acquired [[Christy (towel manufacturer)|Christy]], a UK-based towel manufacturer, for ₹100 crores.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spinning A Success Story - Dipali Goenka |url=https://www.marwar.com/spinning-a-success-story.php |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.marwar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, she was appointed CEO of Welspun's global business&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Dibeyendu |date=2013-03-08 |title=Can Balkrishan Goenka's decision to choose family over professionals work at Welspun? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/can-balkrishan-goenkas-decision-to-choose-family-over-professionals-work-at-welspun/articleshow/18849197.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=2017-03-02 |title=Dipali Goenka gives a high-tech spin to get Welspun back on target |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dipali-goenka-gives-a-high-tech-spin-to-get-welspun-back-on-target/articleshow/57391195.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2014, she became the Joint Managing Director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-06 |title=Dipali Goenka's plans for Welspun Group |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/multimedia/watch-dipali-goenkas-ambitious-plans-for-welspun/105528 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> She has participated in international forums, including the Harvard India Conference in 2018 and the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]] in 2024, where she was a panelist at a session titled ''Investing in Parity - The Double X Factor''. She is a brand ambassador for WEConnect International,&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; chaired the [[ASSOCHAM]] Women's Council,&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NDTV Appoints Former SEBI Chairman UK Sinha And Business Leader Dipali Goenka As Independent Directors |url=https://www.ndtv.com/communication/ndtv-appoints-two-new-independent-directors-3897780 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is a board member of the consumption platform at the World Economic Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=NDTV appoints former SEBI chairman U.K. Sinha, Welspun India CEO Dipali Goenka as independent directors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ndtv-appoints-former-sebi-chairman-uk-sinha-welspun-india-ceo-dipali-goenka-as-independent-directors/article66669245.ece |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> She married BK Goenka, co-founder and chairman of Welspun World, in 1987. The couple has two daughters, Radhika&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt; and Vanshika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Zachariah |first1=Reeba |last2=V K |first2=Vipashana |title='Working empowers you, makes you confident': Dipali Goenka, MD, Welspun Retail - ET Retail |url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/home-and-decor/furniture-and-decor/working-empowers-you-makes-you-confident-dipali-goenka-md-welspun-retail/32585142 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lawsuit ==<br /> During her tenure at Welspun India, the company faced a major setback when the US retail corporation [[Target Corporation|Target]] terminated all its contracts with Welspun due to a dispute over cotton supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Lawsuits against Welspun, Wal-Mart roil cotton industry |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/AMsqSWdB3fhIqs56CYo0YN/Class-action-suits-roil-cotton-industry.html |work=livemint}}&lt;/ref&gt; Target alleged that the bedsheets supplied by the company were falsely labeled as [[Gossypium barbadense|Egyptian cotton]] and that another type of non-Egyptian cotton was substituted during production between August 2014 and July 2016 without Target's knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galani |first=Una |title=India's Welspun is in a tangle of its own making |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/us/indias-welspun-is-in-a-tangle-of-its-own-making-idUSL3N1B71CY/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=26 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, [[Walmart]] and [[Bed Bath &amp; Beyond]] also ceased their partnerships with Welspun. This led to a 54% decline in Welspun India's market capitalization between August 19, 2016, and August 30, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-24 |title=Welspun India shares crash after US retailer ends contract |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/welspun-india-shares-crash-after-us-retailer-ends-contract-2993189/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> * One of the ''Most Powerful Women in Business'' by [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] in 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Forbes]]'' named her one of the 50 most powerful woman in Asia in 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-07 |title=8 Indian women who made it to Forbes' Asia Power Businesswomen 2016 list |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/in-the-news/photo/indian-women-in-forbes-asia-power-businesswomen-2016-list-5258-2016-04-07 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Yoshita |title=Nita Ambani most powerful businesswoman in Asia |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/pix-nita-ambani-most-powerful-businesswoman-in-asia/20160407.htm |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[CNBC TV18|CNBC]] Changemakers in 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Dipali Goenka |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/28/dipali-goenka-cnbc-changemakers.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welspun Living Limited's CEO &amp; MD, Dipali Goenka, Honored with CNBC's Changemaker Award |url=https://infashionbusiness.com/home/news_details/2557/9 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=infashionbusiness.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.weforum.org/people/dipali-goenka/ Deepali Goenka] on [[World Economic Forum]]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goenka, Dipali}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saraswati_veena&diff=456466 2026-03-05T06:33:31Z

<p>KareemOman9338: refined lead and added references after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Plucked string instrument from India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox instrument<br /> | name = Saraswati veena<br /> | image = Long-necked lute (sarasvati vina).png<br /> | background = string<br /> | names = <br /> | classification = string<br /> | related = <br /> | musicians = [[Veenai Dhanammal]], [[S. Balachander]], [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]], [[Kalpakam Swaminathan]], [[E. Gayathri]], [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]], [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]], [[Punya Srinivas]]<br /> | range = <br /> | articles = [[Rudra veena]], [[Vichitra veena]], [[Chitra veena]]<br /> | image_capt = Sarasvati veena<br /> | sound sample = [[File:Veena Kinhal, song Haratanaya Sree, from the album '&quot;Tribute to Veena Raja Rao&quot;.ogg|thumb|center|Veena Kinhal, song ''Haratanaya Sree'', from the album '&quot;Tribute to Veena Raja Rao&quot;]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Sarasvatī vīṇa''' (also spelled '''Saraswati veena''') ({{langx|te|సరస్వతి వీణ}}, {{langx|kn|ಸರಸ್ವತಿ ವೀಣೆ}}, {{langx|ta|சரஸ்வதி வீணை}}, [[Malayalam]]: സരസ്വതി വീണ) is an ancient Indian plucked [[veena]]. It is named after the Hindu goddess [[Saraswati]], who is usually depicted holding or playing the instrument. Also known as ''raghunatha veena,'' it is used mostly in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Indian classical music]]. There are several variations of the veena, which in its South Indian form is a member of the [[lute]] family. One who plays the veena is referred to as a ''vaiṇika''.<br /> <br /> The Saraswati veena is one of 4 major types of [[veena]] today. The others include [[chitra veena]], [[vichitra veena]] and [[rudra veena]]. Out of these the rudra and vichitra veenas are used more often in [[Hindustani music]], while the Saraswati veena and the [[chitra veena]] are used more frequently in the [[Carnatic music]] of [[South India]]. They can be used to play either traditional music or contemporary music.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The veena has a recorded history that dates back to approximately 1700 BCE. In ancient times, the tone vibrating from the hunter's bow string when he shot an arrow was known as the Vil Yazh. The Jya ghosha (musical sound of the bow string) is referred to in the ancient [[Atharvaveda]]. Eventually, the archer's bow paved the way for the musical bow. Twisted bark, strands of grass and grass root, vegetable fibre and animal gut were used to create the first strings. Over the veena's evolution and modifications, more particular names were used to help distinguish the instruments that followed. The word veena in India was a term originally used to generally denote &quot;stringed instrument&quot;, and included many variations that would be either plucked, bowed or struck for sound.&lt;ref&gt;Bonnie C. Wade (2004). &quot;Music in India&quot;. Manohar, 90-93.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Bhushan Prof 2005&quot;&gt;Padma Bhushan Prof. P. Sambamurthy (2005). &quot;History of Indian Music&quot;. The Indian Music Publishing House, 208-214.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The veena instruments developed much like a tree, branching out into instruments as diverse as the harp-like Akasa (a veena that was tied up in the tops of trees for the strings to vibrate from the currents of wind) and the Audumbari veena (played as an accompaniment by the wives of Vedic priests as they chanted during ceremonial [[Yajna]]s). Veenas ranged from one string to one hundred and were composed of many different materials like eagle bone, bamboo, wood, and coconut shells. The [[yazh]] was an ancient harp-like instrument that was also considered a veena. But with the developments of the fretted veena instruments, the yazh quickly faded away, as the fretted veena allowed for the easy performance of [[raga]]s and the myriad subtle nuances and pitch oscillations in the [[gamak]]as prevalent in the Indian musical system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Bhushan Prof 2005&quot;/&gt; As is seen in many Hindu temple sculptures and paintings, the early veenas were played vertically. It was not until the great Indian [[Carnatic music]] composer and Saraswati veena player [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] that it began to be popularized as played horizontally.<br /> <br /> According to musicologist P. Sambamurthy, &quot;The current form of the Saraswati veena with 24 fixed frets evolved in [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], during the reign of [[Raghunatha Nayak]] and it is for this reason sometimes called the Tanjore veena or the Raghunatha veena. The Saraswati veena contains 4 strings. It is said Govinda Dikshita father of Venkatamukhin, who was a musician and a minister in the court of Raghunatha Nayaka designed it. Prior to his time, the number of frets on the veena was less and also movable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Padma Bhushan Prof. P. Sambamurthy (2005). &quot;History of Indian Music&quot;. The Indian Music Publishing House, 203.&lt;/ref&gt; The Saraswati veena developed from [[Kinnari veena]]. Made in several regions in South India, those made by makers from Thanjavur in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] are to date considered the most sophisticated. However, the purest natural sound is extracted by plucking with natural fingernails on a rosewood instrument construction, which is exemplified by the grandeur of the Mysore Veena. Pithapuram in East Godavari District and Bobbili in Vijayanagara District of Andhra Pradesh is also famous for Veena makers. Sangeeta Ratnakara calls it [[Eka-tantri Vina|Ekatantri Veena]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_ektantri.htm|title=Ektantri Veena: Excerpts from Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya - Articles OMENAD|date=8 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081754/http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_ektantri.htm|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=8 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and gives the method for its construction.<br /> <br /> While the Saraswati veena is considered in the lute genealogy, other North Indian veenas such as the Rudra veena and Vichitra veena are technically [[zither]]s. Descendants of [[Tansen]] reserved Rudra Veena for family and out of reverence began calling it the Saraswati Veena.<br /> <br /> ==Construction==<br /> {{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}&lt;!---Adding text describing the leg-rest bulb (made of papier-mache - or gourd?) would also be helpful, but I lack the knowledge to do this myself. ACWilson9--&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Tuning Pegs (Kunti) of Saraswati Veena.jpg|thumb|Tuning Pegs (Kunti) of Saraswati Veena]]<br /> About four feet in length, its design consists of a large resonator (''kudam'') carved and hollowed out of a log (usually of [[jackfruit]] wood), a tapering hollow neck (''dandi'') topped with 24 brass or bell-metal frets set in [[Fingerboard#Scalloping|scalloped]] black wax on wooden tracks, and a tuning box culminating in a downward curve and an ornamental dragon's head (''yali''). If the veena is built from a single piece of wood it is called (''Ekanda'') veena. A small table-like wooden bridge (''kudurai'')&amp;mdash;about 2 x 2½ x 2&amp;nbsp;inches&amp;mdash;is topped by a convex brass plate glued in place with resin. Two rosettes, formerly of ivory, now of plastic or horn, are on the top board (''palakai'') of the resonator. Four main playing strings tuned to the tonic and the fifth in two octaves (for example, B flat-E flat below bass clef - B flat- E flat in bass clef) stretch from fine tuning connectors attached to the end of the resonator across the bridge and above the fretboard to four large-headed pegs in the tuning box. Three subsidiary drone strings tuned to the tonic, fifth, and upper tonic (E flat - B flat- E flat in the tuning given above) cross a curving side bridge leaning against the main bridge, and stretch on the player's side of the neck to three pegs matching those of the main playing strings. All seven strings today are of steel.<br /> <br /> ==Playing technique==<br /> [[File:Veena (close view).jpg|right|thumb|Close up of a veena being played.]]<br /> The veena is played by sitting cross-legged with the instrument held tilted slightly away from the player. The small gourd on the left rests on the player's left thigh, the left arm passing beneath the neck with the hand curving up and around so that the fingers rest upon the frets. The palm of the right hand rests on the edge of the top plank so that the fingers (usually index and middle) can pluck the strings. The drone strings are played with the little finger. The veena's large resonator is placed on the floor, beyond the right thigh.<br /> <br /> Like the ''[[sitar]]'', the left hand technique involves playing on the frets, controlled pushing on the strings to achieve higher tones and glissandi through increased tension, and finger flicks, all reflecting the characteristics of various ''[[ragas]]'' and their ornamentation (''gamaka''). Modern innovations include one or two circular sound holes (like that of the lute), substitution of machine heads for wooden pegs for easier tuning, and the widespread use of transducers for amplification in performance.<br /> <br /> ==Religious associations within Hinduism==<br /> [[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Saraswati.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Saraswati|Goddess Saraswati]] depicted playing the veena]]<br /> The [[Hindu]] goddess of learning and the arts, [[Saraswati]], is often depicted playing a ''veena.'' The god [[Shiva]] is also depicted playing or holding a vina in his form called &quot;Vinadhara,&quot; which means &quot;bearer of the vina.&quot; The sage [[Narada]] is known as a veena maestro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/1/5/1/en1 |title=Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 5 Verse 1 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180457/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/5/1/en1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and refers to 19 different kinds of Veena in [[Sangita Makarandha]].<br /> <br /> [[Ravana]], the antagonist of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', is described as a versatile veena player. Scholars hold that as Saraswati is the goddess of learning, the most evolved string instrument in a given age was placed in her hands by contemporary artistes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://omenad.net/articles/saraswati_veena.htm|title=Saraswati Veena - Articles OMENAD|website=Omenad.net|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References in ancient texts and literature==<br /> The ''Ramayana'', the [[Puranas]] and [[Bharata Muni]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' all contain references to the veena, as well as the ''[[Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Aranyaka]]''. The Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]] speaks of the greatness of the veena in the following verse: &quot;One who is skilled in Veena play, one who is an expert in the varieties of srutis (quarter tones) and one who is proficient in tala (rhythm) attain salvation without effort.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Padma Bhushan Prof. P. Sambamurthy (2005). &quot;History of Indian Music&quot;. The Indian Music Publishing House, 202, 205, 207.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many references to the veena are made in [[Vedic Sanskrit|old Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature, such as ''[[Lalita Sahasranama]]'', [[Adi Shankara]]'s ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]'', poet [[Kalidasa]]'s epic [[Sanskrit]] poem ''[[Kumarasambhava]]'' and ''Shyamala Dandakam'', and Tamil [[Tevaram|''Thevaram''s]] and the ''[[Thiruvasagam]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://egayathri.blogspot.com/2009/04/nada-yoga_15.html|title=Jasmine Strings: Nada Yoga|website=Egayathri.blogspot.com|date=15 April 2009|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; to name a few. Examples include &quot;veena venu mridanga vAdhya rasikAm&quot; in ''Meenakshi Pancharathnam'', &quot;mAsil veeNaiyum mAlai madhiyamum&quot; Thevaram by [[Appar]]. Veena or the Hindu goddesses playing the veena i.e. Saraswathi and Shakti have also been referred to as ''kachchapi'' (in the Lalitha Sahasranama for example)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vignanam.org/veda/sree-lalita-sahasra-nama-stotram-english.html|title=Sree Lalita Sahasra Nama Stotram - English &amp;#124; Vaidika Vignanam|website=Vignanam.org|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; or ''[[Vipanchi veena|vipanchi]]'' (in the Soundarya Lahari) in Sanskrit texts. Musical compositions like [[Tyagaraja]]'s ''Mokshamugaladha'' contain philosophies about the spiritual aspects of the veena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/c1291.shtml|title=Carnatic Songs - mOkSamu galadA galadhA|website=Karnatik.com|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Each physical portion of the veena is said to be the seat in which subtle aspects of various gods and goddesses reside in Hinduism. The instrument's neck is Shiva; the strings constitute his consort, [[Parvati]]. The bridge is [[Lakshmi]], while the secondary gourd is [[Brahma]], and the dragon head is [[Vishnu]]. Upon the “table” (or the resonating body) is Saraswati. &quot;Thus, the veena is the abode of divinity and the source of all happiness.&quot;- R. Rangaramanuja Ayyangar&lt;ref&gt;Bonnie C. Wade (2004). &quot;Music in India&quot;. Manohar, 93.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Eminent veena player [[E. Gayathri]] has mentioned in many interviews that the ''[[Aitareya Upanishad]]'' contains a verse stating that human beings are the “veena” created by God (''daiva veena''), and the Saraswati veena (instrument) is the man-made form (''maanushi veena''). According to her, the veena is resemblant of the human skeleton, where the resonating ''kudam'' represents the skull, the ''dandi'' and the lion (Yali) face the human backbone, and the twenty-four frets on the fretboard clearly represent the 24 vertebrae of the human spine.<br /> <br /> ==Variants==<br /> Scholars consider that, today, four instruments are signified by the name ‘veena’ (which, in the past, has been used as a generic, catch-all term for any stringed Indian instruments);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://madhukali.com/articles/veena-manifestation-of-intangibility/ |title=Kali &amp;#124; Hindu Matrimonial &amp;#124; Karma &amp;#124; Hinduism &amp;#124; Statue Ganesh &amp;#124; Vedic Astrology at Madhukali.com |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714014527/http://madhukali.com/articles/veena-manifestation-of-intangibility/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; these are the Tanjavur (Saraswati) Veena, [[Rudra veena]], [[Vichitra veena]], and [[Gottuvadhyam]] veena (also called the [[Chitra veena]]).<br /> <br /> Modern-day evolving of the veena includes the Sruti veena (more an instrument for theoretical demonstration than for actual playing), which was constructed by [[Lalmani Misra]] in the early 1960s, and on which all 22 srutis can be produced simultaneously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://omenad.net/articles/Shruti_Veena_Vadya.htm|title=Shruti Veena:the Sound Link (Instrument) - Articles OMENAD|website=Omenad.net|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contemporary situation==<br /> Veena represents the system of Indian music. Several instruments evolved in response to cultural changes in the country. Communities of artists, scholars and craftsmen moved around and at times settled down. Thus Veena craftsmen of Kolkata were famous for their instruments. Similarly, Rudra Veena was given a new form which came to be known after the craftsmen of Tanjavur as Tanjavur Veena. Modern life-style is no longer limited to definite routine within a small locality, thus along with performers and teachers of Veena, the community of craftsmen is also on decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/the-last-notes-of-the-thanjavur-veena/32670/1|title=The Last Notes Of The Thanjavur Veena &amp;#124; Forbes India|website=Forbes India|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attempts to start institutions of instrument-making have been made, but there is a strong need for conservatories which focus on all aspects of Veena. As a state party to [[UNESCO]] Convention 2003, India has identified Veena as an element of Intangible Cultural Heritage and proposed its inscription in the Representative list of UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://omenad.net/articles/veena_conserve.html|title=Clutching the Intangible: Conserving Veena - Articles OMENAD|website=Omenad.net|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Electronic and Digital veena: Over the years, the acoustic Tanjavur veena (also known as Saraswati veena) has been used in solo and duet concerts in large auditoria. Performers have also been travelling across the globe for concerts. Many practitioners of the art live outside India. The challenges faced by them in using the acoustic veena:<br /> 1. Low sound output (volume) compared to other louder instruments like flute or violin, causing the sound of the veena to be almost inaudible in concerts comprising other instruments along with the veena. This necessitated use of a contact mike (pioneered by Emani Sankara Sastri) or magnetic pickup (pioneered by S.Balachander). Usage of these requires carrying an additional amplispeaker to enable audibility to the performer.<br /> 2. Fragility of the acoustic instrument, causing frequent breakage and damage during travel.<br /> 3. Requirement of re-fretting every year or so, necessitating either carrying the instrument back to India or facilitating the travel and stay overseas, of the skilled artisan from India for this specific purpose.<br /> All these factors led to the creation of the rudimentary electric veena, followed by the electronic veena(1986) and digital veena (2002) by the engineer-flautist G Raj Narayan of Bengaluru.(1971)[[File:Elec-veena-pressreport1971.jpg|thumb|Electric veena]][[File:GRN-RRN-kal-ke-kalakar.jpg|thumb|Early Electronic veena]]<br /> The main characteristics of the electronic veena:<br /> <br /> Enhanced volume, with the amplifier and speaker built into one of the gourds;<br /> <br /> Built-in electronic tambura for sruti in the other removable gourd;<br /> Matched pick-up and amplispeaker to enable authentic sweet veena sound;<br /> Adjustable independent volume control for main and taala strings;<br /> Adjustable frets on a wooden fret board, eliminating the more delicate wax fret board, frets can be adjusted easily by the user;<br /> Guitar-type keys for easy and accurate tuning;<br /> Complete portability, as the sound box of the veena is dispensed with, and replaced by a plank of wood. Easy assembly / disassembly;<br /> Usage on battery in case of AC Mains power failure.<br /> <br /> The electronic veena has gained popularity among users of the instrument. Videos of electronic veena concerts are available online.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Qp6dhg3anY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/3Qp6dhg3anY |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Raaga Alapana - Hamsadhwani|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgKKxyddXUk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/TgKKxyddXUk |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=HINDU TEMPLE OF GREATER CHICAGO: EKANTHA SEVA: SARASWATHI RANGANATHAN: &quot;MANAVYALAKINCHA..&quot;|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8i4PW1z7SE|title=- YouTube|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv5l0VNopDU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Qv5l0VNopDU |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Radel Veena Festival-GRS Murthy-Part 1.wmv|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, this did not solve other issues such as need for repeated retuning while playing, change of strings for playing on higher pitch, mismatch of same note on different strings, etc. This led to the invention of the Digital veena (for which the inventor G Raj Narayan was awarded a patent by the Indian Patent office),demonstrated at the Madras Music Academy in 2002. This is the first synthesiser for Indian music, and its salient features are:[[File:DVN-demo.jpg|thumb|Photo of demonstration of digital veena]] [[File:digiveena-2013.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> Can be used at any pitch without changing strings;<br /> All four strings and tala strings tuned automatically and perfectly on selection of ANY pitch;<br /> Selection of PA / MA for mandara panchamam and taala panchamam strings – PA will change to MA on open string but first fret will still be Suddha Dhaivatam;<br /> String will not change sruti while playing (frequency / sruti will not reduce or increase);<br /> Gamakam response adjustment – can be set for high response to smaller transverse deflection of finger or small response to more deflection. e.g., Selection can be made so that with a moderate pull of string, five-note gamakam can be achieved on the same fret;<br /> Enhanced volume, with the amplifier and speaker built-in to one of the gourds, adjustable volume;<br /> Increased sustenance of notes; thus long passages can be played with fewer plucks, adjustable ‘sustain’ to suit a user’s style;<br /> 8 ‘voice’ choices ( types of sound) – e.g. Tanjore veena, mandolin, saxophone, flute, etc.;<br /> Fixed frets on a wooden fret board, eliminating the more delicate wax fret board. No setting of melam. Digitally preset fret positions for perfect frequency of each note;<br /> Built-in electronic tambura for sruti and line-out facility, battery back-up in case of AC Mains power failure;<br /> Complete portability, as the sound box of the veena is dispensed with, and replaced by a detachable gourd with an ampli-speaker with easy assembly / disassembly.<br /> <br /> The digital veena has also been used in junior/amateur concerts, and are available to view online.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL78310529B34D2B20|title=Radel Digiveena concert - YouTube|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1DC8992449F99704|title=Radel Digital Veena Concert - YouTube|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPntK9cnRa695tzMidqD7r6CODCjrX3Gj|title=Flute-digital veena duet 2013 - YouTube|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tone and acoustics==<br /> [[Nobel Prize]]-winning physicist [[C.V. Raman]] has described the veena as having a unique construction. The string terminations at both ends are curved and not sharp. Also, the frets have much more curvature than any other instrument. Unlike in guitar, the string does not have to be pushed down to the very base of the neck, so no rattling sound is generated. This design enables a continuous control over the string tension, which is important for glissandi.<br /> <br /> The [[beeswax]] beneath the frets may act as a noise filter.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}<br /> <br /> == Notable vainikas ==<br /> ===Pioneers and legends===<br /> [[File:Veena Subbanna Seshanna 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Veene Sheshanna]] and Veena Subbanna in 1902. Seshanna was a concert musician at the court of the princely state of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]]]<br /> * [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]<br /> * [[Veenai Dhanammal]] (1867 - 1938) (known for her individual style)<br /> * [[Veene Sheshanna|Veena Sheshanna]] (1852 - 1926) (Mysore style)<br /> * [[Veena Venkatagiriappa]] (1887 - 1951)<br /> * Veena [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]] (1920 - 1997) (Mysore style)<br /> * [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] (1922 - 1987) (Andhra style)<br /> * [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]] (1936 - 1996) (Andhra style)<br /> * [[Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer]] (1888 - 1958) (Karaikudi style)<br /> * [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]] (1914 - 1999) (Travancore style)<br /> * [[Trivandrum R Venkataraman]] (1938 - 2010) (Travancore style)<br /> * [[S. Balachander]] (1927 - 1990) (known for his individual style)<br /> <br /> ===Other exponents===<br /> [[File:Veena Dhanammal 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Veenai Dhammal.|[[Veenai Dhanammal]] was one of the early exponents and Veena player of [[Tamil Nadu]]]]<br /> * [[Veenai Ranganayaki Rajagopalan|Ranganayaki Rajagopalan]] (1932 - 2018) (Karaikudi style)<br /> * [[R. Pichumani Iyer|R Pitchumani Iyer]] (1919 - 2015)<br /> * [[T. N. Seshagopalan|Madurai T. N. Seshagopalan]] <br /> * [[B. Sivakumar (musician)|B. Sivakumar]]<br /> * [[Kalpakam Swaminathan]] (1922 - 2011)<br /> * [[Mangalam Muthuswamy]] (1937 - 2007)<br /> <br /> ===Contemporary artists===<br /> [[File:SmtRugminiGopalakrishnan.jpg|thumb|Rugmini Gopalakrishnan]]<br /> [[File:VeenaJayanthi and Kumaresh.jpg|thumb|[[Jayanthi Kumaresh]] performing a concert]]<br /> [[File:198.jpg|thumb|[[E. Gayathri|Veenai Gayathri]]]]<br /> [[File:Prince Ashwathi Thirunal Rama Varma.jpg|thumb|Prince Rama Varma]]<br /> <br /> * [[Padmavathy Ananthagopalan]] (born 1934) - Chennai based, disciple of Lalgudi Gopala Iyer, creator of a portable veena, advocate of gurukula tradition and founder of Sri Satguru Sangita Vidyalaya music school.<br /> * [[Rugmini Gopalakrishnan]] (born 1936) - Thiruvananthapuram based, disciple of K. S. Narayanaswamy.<br /> * [[Karaikudi S. Subramanian]] (born 1944) - grandson and adoptive son of Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer, 9th generation Veena player in the illustrious [[Karaikudi S. Subramanian#The Karaikudi lineage|Karaikudi Veena Tradition]].<br /> * [[E. Gayathri]] (born 1959) - Chennai based, disciple of Kamala Aswathama and T. M. Thyagarajan, recognized with &quot;''Kalaimamani''&quot; and &quot;''Sangeet Natak Akademi''&quot; awards, Vice Chancellor of [[Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University]].<br /> * [[D Balakrishna]] (born 1961) - Bangalore based, the torch bearer of the Mysore style of Veena playing, son and prime disciple of Mysore V. [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]].<br /> * [[Kannan Balakrishnan|B. Kannan]] (born 1964) - Chennai based, disciple of Vasantha Krishnamurthy and Pichumani Iyer, Founder-President of Youth Association for Classical Music (YACM) and composer of many thillanas.<br /> * [[Nirmala Rajasekar]] (born 1966) - disciple of Kalpakam Swaminathan, recognized with McKnight Performing Artists Fellowship and founder of Naada Rasa music school.<br /> * [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Prince Rama Varma]] (born 1968) - disciple of [[Trivandrum R Venkataraman]] and [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]], organiser of Swathi Sangeethotsavam and member of the Travancore royal family.<br /> * [[D. Srinivas (instrumentalist)|D. Srinivas]] (born 1968) - Hyderabad based, disciple of Srinivasan and P. Srinivasa Gopalan, recognized with &quot;''Ugadi Visishta Puraskaram''&quot; Award, &quot;''Ashtana Vidwan''&quot; of Shri [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]. <br /> * [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]] (born 1973) - Chennai based, recognized with Kalaimani award, founder of Ravna International School of Veena, has worked with various music directors of Tamil movies.<br /> * [[Prashanth Iyengar]] (born 1973) - Bangalore based, disciple of Padmasini Narasimhachar &amp; R. K. Suryanarayana, composer of 90 varnas (including 72-varnas tuned in each of the 72-melakarta ragas), holder of the limca record for a 24-hour marathon veena concert.<br /> * [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]] - Bangalore based, disciple of [[Padmavathy Ananthagopalan]] and [[S. Balachander]], recognized with Kalamamani Award (awarded to tamilians), founder of Indian National Orchestra.<br /> * [[Dr. Suma Sudhindra]] - Creator of the Tarantino Veena. Founder of Tarantino Academy/ Disciple of [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]]. <br /> * [[Veena Srivani]] Famous veena performer. Known for her viral veena covers.<br /> * [[Tirupati Srivani Yalla]] - Tirupati based, recognized with &quot;''Veena Visharade''&quot;, Lecturer in Veena S. V. Music College, TTD, Tirupati.<br /> * [[Phani Narayana]] - Versatile veena artiste known for his dynamic music. Reputed teacher.<br /> * [[Bhagyalakshmi Chandrasekharan]] - Exponent of the Gayaki style of music. Senior Vainika.<br /> * [[Punya Srinivas]] - disciple of Kamala Aswathama and [[Suguna Varadachari]], member of Panchachanyam band, specialising in fusion music, over 5000 film recordings to her credit.<br /> * [[Jaysri-Jeyaraaj]] - Chennai-based artists, disciples of A. Anantharama Iyer and A. Champakavalli, recognized with &quot;''Nadha Kala Vipanchee''&quot; Award, founders of Veenavaadhini school. <br /> * [[Revathy Krishna]] - Chennai based, disciple of [[Sundaram Iyer]], and later with [[Sharada Shivanandam]] and [[K.P.Sivanandam]]; recognized with Kalaimanani and Kumar Gandharwa Awards, also now for film recordings.<br /> * [[Iyer brothers]] - Melbourne based, disciples of R. Pichumani and R. Venkataraman, recognized with the Multicultural Award for Excellence by the State of Victoria.<br /> * [[Suvir Misra]] - Delhi-based civil services officer proficient in [[Rudra veena]], Saraswati veena and the Surbahar; inventor of the [[Misr Veena]], known for playing [[Khayal]] in the Saraswati Veena.<br /> <br /> ==Veena festivals==<br /> * Maargashira/ Margazhi Veena Festival - since 2004 organized by Sri Guruguha Vaageyya Pratishtana Trust &amp; Sri Guruguha Sangeeta Mahavidyala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/10day-veena-festival-from-sunday/article5432667.ece | title=10-day veena festival from Sunday | date=7 December 2013 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=24 March 2015 | location=Shimoga}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Mudhra Veenotsav - since 2005 at Chennai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mudhra.org/other-festival/one-raga-one-kriti/veena-festival-2005.html | title=Mudhra Veenotsav|website=Mudhra.org | access-date=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Veena Navarathri - since 2007 at Chennai organized by the Veena foundation and the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/veena-navarathri-inaugurated/article1909933.ece | title='Veena Navarathri' inaugurated | date=12 September 2007 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=15 March 2015 | location=Chennai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * International Veena conference and festival - since 2009 by Sri Annamacharya Project of North America (SAPNA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/strings-in-dialogue/article6938208.ece | title=Strings in dialogue | date=27 February 2015 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=22 March 2015 | location=Hyderabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Rashtriya Veena Mahotsava organized by Guruguha Vaggeya Pratishtana Trist &amp; Sri Guruguha Sangeeta Mahavidyalaya<br /> *Ahorathri Veena Mahotsava organized by Guruguha Vaggeya Pratishtana Trist &amp; Sri Guruguha Sangeeta Mahavidyalaya<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India|Music}}<br /> *[[Carnatic music]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Saraswati veena}}<br /> *[https://www.google.com/search?q=saraswati%20veena Google - Saraswati Veena]<br /> *[http://www.omenad.net/articles/saraswati_veena.htm Saraswati Veena]<br /> *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=827581034070154455 Saraswati Veena in North Indian Khayal Style] See Video of Beenkar [[Suvir Misra]] playing Saraswati Veena in Hindustani Khayal Style.<br /> <br /> {{Indian musical instruments}}<br /> &lt;!--Keep in both categories because some veenas are not necked bowl lutes--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]<br /> [[Category:Necked bowl lutes]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical instruments]]<br /> [[Category:Carnatic music]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil music]]<br /> [[Category:Saraswati veena players|*]]<br /> [[Category:Plucked string instruments]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anandabhairavi_(film)&diff=463597 2026-03-03T21:33:18Z

<p>KareemOman9338: slightly refined structure based on references and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{About||the 1983 Telugu/Kannada film|Ananda Bhairavi (film)|the Carnatic Raga|Anandabhairavi}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Anandabhairavi<br /> | image = Anandabhairavi (2007 film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Jayaraj]]<br /> | producer = [[Jayaraj]]<br /> | writer = Mahesh Rajiv<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]|Master Devdas|[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]|[[Babu Namboothiri]]|[[Sreebala]]|[[Atlas Ramachandran]]}}<br /> | music = Veena Parthasarathy<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2007|04|27|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> ''''' Anandabhairavi''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2007|2007]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film by [[Jayaraj]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/jun/54th_nfa.pdf|title=54th NATIONAL FILM AWARDS: ENTRIES OF FEATURE FILMS|publisher=MINISTRY OF INFORMATION &amp; BROADCASTING, [[Government of India]]|accessdate=2009-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; starring [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] and Devdas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/5505.html |title=Ananda Bhairavi (2007) |publisher=MMDB |accessdate=2009-07-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710155223/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/5505.html |archivedate=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai Kumar won the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for second best actor for this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.malayalam.yahoo.com/News/Regional/0702/09/1070209009_1.htm|title=പൃഥ്വി മികച്ച നടന്‍; ഉര്‍വ്വശി നടി ( Malayalam )|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|language=malayalam|accessdate=2009-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kerala.gov.in/intfeb_07/pg08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216012745/https://kerala.gov.in/intfeb_07/pg08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2024 |title=State Film Awards 2006 |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=2009-07-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/10/stories/2007021016120100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211185958/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/10/stories/2007021016120100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2007|title=State film awards announced |date= 10 February 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film tells the story of a highly talented, but ailing boy, with extraordinary musical talent.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! Actor || Role<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br /> | Vasudeva Panicker<br /> |-<br /> | Devdas<br /> | Appu<br /> |-<br /> | [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Babu Namboothiri]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Sreebala<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Atlas Ramachandran|M. M. Ramachandran]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> [[Jayaraj]]'s Anandabhairavi depicts the life of Vasudeva Panicker, a [[Kathakali]] artist, and his son who is a child prodigy.<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Composer !! Raga<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> |&quot;Vuyyalaloogavayya&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 04:37<br /> | [[Tyagaraja]]<br /> | Nilambari<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Raja Raja Radhite&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 01:36<br /> | [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]<br /> | [[Niroshta]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Swarangal&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 02:31<br /> | N/A<br /> | N/A<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Karuna Cheyvan&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 06:46<br /> | [[Irayimman Thampi]]<br /> | [[Sri Ragam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Thulaseedala&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 02:29<br /> | Tyagaraja<br /> | [[Mayamalavagowla]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Hantha Hanumane&quot;<br /> | [[Kottakkal Madhu]] <br /> | 02:15<br /> | Traditional [[Kathakali]] music<br /> | N/A<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> |&quot;Sare Jahan Se&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 12:52<br /> | [[Ravi Shankar]]<br /> | N/A<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> |&quot;Arul Seyya Vendum&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 01:29<br /> | [[Koteeswara Iyer]]<br /> | [[Rasikapriya]]<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> |&quot;Jagadananda&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 08:09<br /> | Tyagaraja<br /> | Nattai<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> |&quot;Samajavaragamana&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 01:59<br /> | Tyagaraja<br /> | [[Hindolam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> |&quot;Ajitha Hare Jaya&quot;<br /> | [[Kottakkal Madhu]]<br /> | 05:00<br /> | Traditional [[Kathakali]] music<br /> | [[Sri Ragam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> |&quot;Kalavati Kamalasana Yuvati&quot;<br /> | Arjun B. Krishna<br /> | 01:08<br /> | [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]<br /> | [[Kalavati]]<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> |&quot;Sukhamo Devi&quot;<br /> | [[Kottakkal Madhu]]<br /> | 03:32<br /> | Traditional [[Kathakali]] music<br /> | Nattakurinji<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0463412|Anandabhairavi}}<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20100717075842/http://www.whataboutu.com/list_Anandabhairavi~19118.html<br /> <br /> [[Category:2007 films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 musical films]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kempegowda_2&diff=509200 2026-03-03T21:27:00Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{short description|2019 film directed by Shankar Gowda}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{infobox film<br /> | name = Kempegowda 2<br /> | image = Kempegowda 2 poster.jpg<br /> | director = Shankar Gowda<br /> | producer = A. Vinodh<br /> | starring = [[Komal Kumar]]<br /> | music = [[Varun Unni]]<br /> | story = Shankar Gowda<br /> | screenplay = Shrinath M. S.,&lt;br&gt;K. V. Raju,&lt;br&gt;Nanjunda<br /> | editing = Ravichandra<br /> | studio = Panchamukhi Hanuman Cine Productions<br /> | cinematography = Rosh Mohan - Karthik<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|08|09}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> '''''Kempegowda 2''''' is a 2019 Kannada action film directed by Shankar Gowda. The film stars [[Komal Kumar]] and Rakshika Sharma in lead roles alongside [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]] and [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] in supporting roles. The film was produced by A. Vinodh under Panchamukhi Hanuman Cine Productions. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Varun Unni]]. Despite the title, the film is not a sequel to the 2011 film of [[Kempe Gowda (film)|same name]] and is a namesake sequel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/13/komal-back-with-kempegowda-2-1963650.html |title=Komal back with Kempegowda 2 |date=13 April 2019 |newspaper=The Indian Express |accessdate=15 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Yamadheera'' in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Yamadheera: 'యమధీర' డిఫరెంట్ పొలిటికల్ బ్యాక్ డ్రాప్ మూవీ... నిర్మాత వేదాల శ్రీనివాస్ ఆసక్తికర వ్యాఖ్యలు.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/yamadheera-cricketer-srishanth-komalkumar-political-backdrop-movie-yamadheera-movie-producer-vedala-srinivas-say-sure-hit-ta-129526 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |date=22 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Komal Kumar]] as Kempe Gowda<br /> *Rakshika Sharma <br /> *[[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]] as Deshmukh<br /> *[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]<br /> *[[Nagendra Babu]] as Police commissioner<br /> *[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Deshmukh's relative<br /> *[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as MLA<br /> *[[Viji Chandrasekhar]]<br /> *[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Police officer<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film featured Komal Kumar in a serious role of a cop, for the first time completely different from comedic roles which he was known for. He agreed to do this role as 'he was getting tired of being typecast as a comedian' and had to lose weight around 23 kilos to look the part.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/komal-goes-from-being-overweight-to-a-fit-cop-in-kempegowda-2/article28900488.ece |title=Komal goes from being overweight to a fit cop in Kempegowda 2 |work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-lost-23-kgs-for-kempegowda-2/articleshow/69127257.cms |title=Komal lost 23 kgs for Kempegowda 2 |work=Times of India|date=May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film marked the acting debut of [[Sreesanth]] in [[Kannada film industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/sreeshant-acting-debut-kempegowda-2/ |title=S Sreesanth on his debut Kannada movie Kempegowda 2 |work=The Live Mirror|date=August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The original songs and [[background score]] of the film were composed by Varun Unni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/kempegowda-2 |title=Kempegowda 2 Songs |work=Gaana |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216053421/https://gaana.com/album/kempegowda-2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&quot;Usire&quot; - Varun Unni, [[Supriya Lohith]]<br /> *&quot;Kempe Gowda&quot; - Patla Sathish Shetty, Zia Ul Haq<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Times of India'' wrote &quot;While the story is inspiring, the edit could have helped land the final punch more adequately. If you are a fan of cop-oriented action dramas, Kempegowda 2 might just be your cup of tea&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kempegowda-2/movie-review/70605041.cms |title=Kempegowda 2 Movie Review |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Bangalore Mirror'' wrote &quot;What is not good is the slow-paced narrative. It would not feel slow if the thrills and twists were more pronounced. The film tries to take itself seriously This was unnecessary as in any such film, it is entertainment that should take precedence. Despite this flaw, Kempegowda 2 is a good watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kempegowda-2-movie-review-a-kannada-offshoot-for-action-buffs/articleshow/70612380.cms |title=Kempegowda 2 movie review: A Kannada offshoot for action buffs |work=Bangalore Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 action films]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gharana_Mogudu&diff=475417 2026-03-03T18:21:50Z

<p>KareemOman9338: brief fix content to improve readability and added references per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1992 film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Gharana Mogudu<br /> | image = Gharana Mogudu poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> | producer = [[Devi Vara Prasad]]<br /> | based_on = ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (1986)<br /> | screenplay = [[Paruchuri brothers]]<br /> | story = [[P. Vasu]], [[Dr Rajkumar]]<br /> | starring = [[Chiranjeevi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nagma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vani Viswanath]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rao Gopal Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]<br /> | music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]<br /> | editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br /> | studio = Devi Film Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|1992|4|9}}<br /> | runtime = 149 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Gharana Mogudu''''' ({{translation|Respected/Noble/High Class husband}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nagma]] and [[Vani Viswanath]] with [[Rao Gopal Rao]] and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], and cinematography was handled by [[A. Vincent]]. It is a remake of the 1986 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975343.cms |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;''<br /> <br /> Released on 9 April 1992, ''Gharana Mogudu'' became the first [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film to collect over {{INR}}10 [[crore]] in [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] at the box office,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=28 Years for Gharana Mogudu: 4 fascinating things about the Chiranjeevi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/28-years-for-gharana-mogudu-4-fascinating-things-about-the-chiranjeevi-starrer/photostory/75079293.cms |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=Gharana Mogudu was a commercial success, and it went on to become the first South Indian film to collect over Rs 10 crore share at the box office. Chiranjeevi is probably the first hero in the history of Indian cinema to take Rs 1 crore remuneration for a film.}}&lt;/ref&gt; marking the third consecutive hit for the combination of K. Raghavendra Rao and Chiranjeevi after [[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari|''Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari'']] (1990) and ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' (1991).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film completed 100 days in 39 centres and its 100-day celebrations were held at Brahmananda Reddy Stadium in [[Guntur]] on 26 July 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; It received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]] and was featured at the [[24th International Film Festival of India]] in the mainstream section.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm24IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=24IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134803/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm24IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=24IIFA.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Raju ([[Chiranjeevi]]) is a do-gooder who helps his co-workers in a [[Visakhapatnam]] shipyard, but when his mother suffers a paralytic stroke, he moves back to Hyderabad and looks for a job. Uma Devi ([[Nagma]]), daughter of industrialist Bapineedu ([[Raogopal Rao]]) takes over the business from her father and helps it to reach new heights, which also sees her headstrong ways reach new heights. In this scenario, she not only rejects Ranganayakulu's ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]) son's marriage proposal, but insults them when the father-son duo show up at her house. To avenge the insult, they send goons to kill Uma Devi. As fate would have it, Bapineedu shows up in the car instead of Uma Devi and is rescued by Raju, who asks him for a job, which Bapineedu readily agrees to.<br /> <br /> Raju wins over the employees in no time and takes on the high-handedness of Uma Devi and her management. This leads to constant conflict and Uma Devi decides to marry Raju, so that he will not interfere anymore. To this end, she emotionally blackmails Raju's mother and eventually makes Raju agree to marry her. But Raju continues to trouble her even after marriage. Uma Devi's secretary, Bhavani ([[Vani Viswanath]]), is also a friend of Raju, which leads to jealousy. In the meantime, Ranganayakulu, with the help of Uma Devi's manager Sarangapani ([[Ahuti Prasad]]) schemes against Uma Devi to sabotage her factory. The rest of film deals with how Raju thwarts the schemes of Ranganayakulu and teaches Uma Devi to be humble.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Chiranjeevi]] as Raju<br /> * [[Nagma]] as Uma Devi (Voice Dubbed by Saritha)<br /> * [[Vani Viswanath]] as Bhavani (Voice Dubbed by Silpa)<br /> * [[Raogopal Rao]] as Bapineedu<br /> * [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Ranganayakulu<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]] as Albithri Appanna<br /> * [[Sharat Saxena]] as Ranganayakulu's son<br /> * [[Ramaprabha]] as Seethamma<br /> * [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Savithri<br /> * [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Sarangapani<br /> * [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Veeraiah<br /> * [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Rammurthy<br /> * [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Chalapathi<br /> * [[P. L. Narayana]] as Narayana<br /> * [[Disco Shanti]] as [[item number]] in the song &quot;Bangaru Kodi Petta&quot;<br /> * [[Gautam Raju]] as Yousuf<br /> * [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music and background score for the film were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], with lyrics provided by [[Bhuvanachandra]] and Keeravani himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gharana Mogudu - 1992 |url=http://www.telugufm.com/modules/music/moviedetail.aspx?mid=10130 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233509/http://telugufm.com/Modules/music/MovieDetail.aspx?MID=10130 |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date= |website=TeluguFM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Originally, the song &quot;Bangaru Kodi Petta&quot; had a different tune, but Chiranjeevi requested a more energetic, &quot;peppy number&quot; where he could showcase his full energy. Keeravani quickly composed a new tune at the producer's home, initially penning the lyrics as &quot;Smuggled Goods Bandi Vachinandi.&quot; Bhuvanachandra later revised the lyrics to &quot;Bangaru Kodi Petta,&quot; completing the writing in just half an hour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=22 September 2012 |title='I wrote 'vana vana…' in the train' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-wrote-vana-vana-in-the-train/article3926611.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230906154108/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-wrote-vana-vana-in-the-train/article3926611.ece |archive-date=6 September 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;Bangaru Kodi Petta&quot; was later remixed by Keeravani in the ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=On Ram Charan's birthday: A playback to some of his most memorable dance numbers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-ram-charans-birthday-a-playback-to-some-of-his-most-memorable-dance-numbers-10471651.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms|title=Tollywood stars dance to daddy's tunes|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|work=The Times of India|date=13 December 2012|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118144945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-stars-dance-to-daddys-tunes/articleshow/17599269.cms|archive-date=18 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keeravani later reused &quot;Hey Pilla&quot; as &quot;Hey Babu&quot; for the 1996 Hindi film ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]''.<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Gharana Mogudu<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | released = 1992<br /> | recorded = 1992<br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 30:13<br /> | label = [[Lahari Music]]<br /> | producer = M. M. Keeravani<br /> | prev_title = [[Soorya Manasam]]<br /> | prev_year = 1992<br /> | next_title = [[Vaaname Ellai]]<br /> | next_year = 1992<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Telugu track listing<br /> | total_length = 30:13<br /> | extra_column = Performer(s)<br /> | title1 = Bangaru Kodi Petta || extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]] || length1 = 6:14|| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]<br /> | title2 = Kitukulu Thelisina || extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra|K.S. Chitra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || length2 = 5:00|| lyrics2 = Bhuvanachandra<br /> | title3 = Hey Pilla Hello Pilla || extra3 = K.S. Chitra, Mano || length3 = 4:30|| lyrics3 = Bhuvanachandra<br /> | title4 = Kappuko Duppati || extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra || length4 = 4:51|| lyrics4 = M. M. Keeravani<br /> | title5 = Endibe Ettaga Undhi || extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra || length5 =4:37 || lyrics5 = Bhuvanachandra<br /> | title6 = Pandu Pandu Pandu || extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra || length6 = 5:01 || lyrics6 = Bhuvanachandra<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Malayalam Soundtrack of ''Hey Hero''<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! Song !! Lyricist !! Singers<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || Eppadi Eppadi Udambu || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Kousthubham Charthi Nee || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan || M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra, Chorus<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Pandu Pandu Pandu || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan || M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra, Chorus<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Punnara Peda Maane || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan || M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Puthumazha Pozhiyanu || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan || M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Thenmullappanthal Ketti || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan || M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra, Chorus<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Box office==<br /> * ''Gharana Mogudu'' became the highest grossing Telugu film of all time, collecting a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of over ₹10 crore in its initial release.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; It also emerged as the first South Indian movie to collect a distributor share of over ₹10 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Gharana Mogudu'' collected a distributor share of {{INR}}1.35 crore in its opening week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chiru movies Opening week shares |url=http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040111055844/http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=104 |archive-date=2004-01-11 |website=NonstopCinema.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The film had a 100-day run in 39 centres&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2007 |title=Gharana Mogudu: Third Hit In A Row For Chiru-KRR Combo |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/gharanamogudu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011003432/http://www.cinegoer.com/gharanamogudu.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |website=CineGoer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a 175-day run in three centres, including a 183-day run in Sandhya 70mm, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chiranjeevi's 175-Day Centres List |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/chiru175.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814181040/http://www.cinegoer.com/chiru175.htm |archive-date=14 August 2012 |website=CineGoer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * It was dubbed in Malayalam as ''Hey Hero''. It was successful in [[Kerala]]; it collected ₹1 crore with a distributor share of ₹0.4 crore, and it had run for 175 days in the same theatre in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]].<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> *[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]] - K. Devi Vara Prasad<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0245917}}<br /> <br /> {{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}<br /> {{K. Raghavendra Rao}}<br /> {{Anuraga Aralithu and its remakes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1992 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]<br /> [[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1990s masala films]]<br /> [[Category:1992 action films]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadhal_Azhivathillai&diff=472143 2026-03-03T04:34:51Z

<p>KareemOman9338: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2002 film by T. Rajendran}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Kadhal Azhivathillai.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[T. Rajendar]]<br /> | writer = T. Rajendar<br /> | producer = T. Rajendar<br /> | starring = [[Silambarasan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Charmy Kaur]] &lt;br /&gt; T. Rajendar<br /> | cinematography = T. Rajendar<br /> | editing = P. R. Shanmugam<br /> | music = T. Rajendar<br /> | studio = Chimbu Cine Arts<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|11|4}}<br /> | runtime = 180 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kadhal Azhivathillai''''' ({{Translation|Love can never be destroyed}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] written, directed and produced by [[T. Rajendar]], who also composed the music and portrayed a supporting role. It stars his son [[Silambarasan]] (in his debut as a lead actor) and [[Charmy Kaur]]. The film released on 4 November 2002 and was average at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Tamil Movies-2002 |url=https://www.cooljilax.com/2002/movie2002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715183613/https://www.cooljilax.com/2002/movie2002.html |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=cooljilax.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot|date=June 2023}}<br /> Vallavan is elected college chairman after defeating Charmy, the daughter of Ravishankar, a minister. Predictably, the two soon fall for each other, though they never directly reveal it. But when Ravishankar learns of the love affair, he is staunchly against it and is willing to go any distance to make sure that it never succeeds. At Vallavan's house, his father mentally harasses his wife, since he suspects her of having an affair with her ex-lover. Outside the home, Vallavan is helped by Vakkeel Dada, a lawyer who makes sure justice is served, whatever the means.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Silambarasan]] as Chimbu<br /> *[[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]] as Charmy<br /> *[[Prakash Raj]] as Prakash, Chimbu's father<br /> *[[Radha Ravi]] as Union Minister Ravishankar, Charmy's father<br /> *[[Sachu]] as Kundhavai, Charmy's grandmother<br /> *[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Rangarajan Iyengar, Charmy's grandfather<br /> *[[Dhamu]] as Ravishankar's PA<br /> *[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] as Paramasivan<br /> *[[S. S. Chandran]] as Deputy PM's PA<br /> *Rohit as Chimbu's friend<br /> *[[Karunas]] as Sami<br /> *[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Professor<br /> *[[Madhan Bob]] as Principal<br /> *[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Ravishankar's Telugu-speaking PA<br /> *[[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Ravishankar's Telugu-speaking PA<br /> *[[Ajay Rathnam]] as police inspector<br /> *[[Ganga (actor)|Ganga]] as Guest at Raksha Bandhan event<br /> *[[Riyaz Khan]] as Vasanth<br /> *[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Swarnakka, Charmy's mother<br /> *[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha Parthiban]] as Subramaniyam, Chimbu's mother<br /> *[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Monica<br /> *[[Y. Vijaya]] as Parvathy, Charmy's aunt<br /> *[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] (special appearance in &quot;Pilaiyar Suzhi&quot;)<br /> *[[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]] as Chimbu's friend<br /> *[[Kottachi]] as college student<br /> *[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as college student<br /> *[[Bonda Mani]] as Vakkeel Dada's henchman<br /> *[[Kovai Senthil]] (credited as Senthil)<br /> *[[Cool Suresh]] as Vallavan's friend<br /> *Rathan as Deputy CM<br /> *[[A. Veerappan]] <br /> *[[T. Rajendar]] as Vakkeel Dada (director)<br /> *[[Kuralarasan]] as Kumaran, Charmy's brother<br /> ;Uncredited<br /> *[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Aravind, Chimbu's friend <br /> * [[Vengal Rao]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[T. Rajendar]] announced that his son [[Silambarasan]] would play the lead role in ''Kadhal Azhivathillai'' in late 2001. After failing to find a suitable lead actress to appear opposite Silambarasan, Rajender postponed the project and went on to make ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' (2001).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rasika |title=Deferred Debut |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep203.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017143202/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep203.asp |archive-date=17 October 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vadivelu's brother, Jagatheeshwaran, played a role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Vadivelu's younger brother Jagatheeshwaran passes away at 52 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vadivelus-younger-brother-jagatheeshwaran-passes-away-at-52/articleshow/103133824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vadivelus-younger-brother-jagatheeshwaran-passes-away-at-52/articleshow/103133824.cms |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two songs &quot;Clinton Magalo&quot; and &quot;En Manathil&quot; were shot at Switzerland while the song &quot;Maara Maara&quot; was shot at seven sets.&lt;ref name=ka /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by T. Rajendar who also wrote the lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kadhal Azhivathillai (2002) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-azhivathillai-songs-T0000419 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607045345/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-azhivathillai-songs-T0000419 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pilaiyar Suzhi&quot; || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || 06:32<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Paarkadha Podhu Podhu&quot; || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Silambarasan]] || 06:08<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kadhal Azhivathilai&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 06:51<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jothikava&quot; || Silambarasan || 05:01<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Clinton Magalo&quot; || Silambarasan || 06:40<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maara Maara&quot; || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Annupamaa|Anupama]] || 06:24<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Evanthan&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 05:47<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;En Manasil&quot; || Prasanna Rao, Srivardhini || 06:09<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film was released on 4 November 2002 on Diwali day.&lt;ref name=&quot;ka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2002 |title=Adding glamour to Deepavali |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/01/stories/2002110101200500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704122010/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/01/stories/2002110101200500.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote &quot;This rich guy-poor girl romance, set against a college campus backdrop is narrated in the director's expected, inimitable style&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 November 2002 |title=Kaadhal Azhivathillai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov222.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211211822/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov222.asp |archive-date=11 February 2005 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' wrote &quot;The story line has nothing innovative to offer in terms of content&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=7 November 2002 |title=Kadhal Azhivadillai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kadhal-azhivadillai/article28571821.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210215951/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801070200.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' wrote &quot;This is the launch vehicle of Silambarasan the ?Little star? of yesterday who is touted as ?Little Superstar? by his father T. Rajendar who has produced and directed film Kathal Azhivathillai. The film has been made to showcase Silambarasan?s many talents (?). In spite of all this and loud boasting, the film is a slur on the audience thinking capability. Does T. Rajendar think that the audience are dumb and ignoramus?&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2002 |title=Kathal Azhivathillai |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kathal-azhivathillai-review-tamil-pcluw2ijbijhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171123/http://www.sify.com/movies/kathal-azhivathillai-review-tamil-pcluw2ijbijhf.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cinesouth'' wrote &quot;It makes you wonder why T Rajinder was making all that noise about a dud film like that. That's what 'Kaadhal Azhivathillai' makes you feel. T Rajinder is under this illusion that as long as his son dances and fights well, he can make it big in the industry. He cares so much about his son. He didn't even give a thought about the poor viewer. You get the distinct feeling of having watched a dubbed third rated Telugu film to add to the effect there are Y.Vijaya and Sudhakaran in the film! There is a song after every 10 minutes. The length of the songs and Silambarasan's interval-less dance makes them a tiresome affair&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kadhal Azhivathillai review |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kadhalaz.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030203092115/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kadhalaz.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2003 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> {{T. Rajendar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000s romantic action films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by T. Rajendar]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by T. Rajendar]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Rajendar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atom_Yoiremba&diff=488240 2026-02-26T12:31:29Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating A Data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox royalty|name=Atom Yoiremba|reign=1150 CE - 1163 CE|reign-type=[[Monarchy]]|successor=[[Hemtou Iwanthaba]]|predecessor=[[Loitongba]]|house=[[Ningthouja dynasty]]|father=Loitongba|occupation=Monarch of the Kangleipak kingdom|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}}<br /> <br /> '''Atom Yoiremba''' was a Meitei king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Kangleipak]] who ruled from 1150 CE to 1163 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Self_Determination_Movement_in_Manipur/L3VpEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Atom+Yoiremba&amp;pg=PA64&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Self Determination Movement in Manipur|last=Singh|first=Aheibam Koireng|last2=Hanjabam|first2=Shukhdeba Sharma|last3=Thangjam|first3=Homen|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-5125-097-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He succeeded his father [[Loitongba]]. However, he was expelled out of his kingdom by his brother [[Hemtou Iwanthaba]] in 1163 CE and took shelter in the [[Khuman kingdom]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466438|title=A Short History Of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. k Jhaljit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cheitharol-kumbaba|title=Cheitharol Kumbaba: The Court Chronicles Of the Kings of Manipur Vol.1|last=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|publisher=Routledge|pages=34|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ningthouja kings]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> <br /> {{Kangleipak-stub}}<br /> {{India-royal-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shama_Parveen&diff=534456 2026-02-24T06:57:46Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started some entry more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kabaddi player}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br /> '''Shama Parveen''' is an Indian international [[kabaddi]] player. She was born in Dariyapur panchayat of [[Mokama]],Patna District, Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Two small town women kabaddi players overcome 'Dangal' odds, make it to SAI|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-s-small-town-women-kabaddi-players-beat-odds-to-make-it-to-sai-training-camp-eye-slot-in-indian-team-for-asiad/story-RybPvn5Rl14nv3o90PADOJ.html|first=Reena|last=Sopam|date=6 July 2017|accessdate=8 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=फुरसतः जिद के आगे जीत|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india-today-hindi/conversation/story/shama-parvin-kabaddi-player-bihar-muslim-family-broken-mirror-gold-medal-iran-nitish-kumar-529010-2018-01-16|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|work=The Wire|title=The Story Of The Lone Muslim Player Of The Indian Women's Kabaddi Team|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi6xlxyu_MI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-18|title=मिलिए बिहार की शमा परवीन जो भारतीय महिला कबड्डी टीम की एक मात्र मुस्लिम खिलाड़ी हैं|url=https://www.patnabeats.com/the-story-of-lone-muslim-player-of-indian-kabaddi-team-shama-parveen/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=PatnaBeats|language=en-US|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219175452/https://www.patnabeats.com/the-story-of-lone-muslim-player-of-indian-kabaddi-team-shama-parveen/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She started playing Kabbadi from 2008 and has won several laurels at different levels. She also represented India in gold winning Asian Kabbadi championship team in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=شانڈلیہ|first=منیش|date=2017-12-12|title=ہندوستانی خواتین کبڈی ٹیم کی اکیلی مسلم کھلاڑی شمع پروین سے ایک ملاقات|url=http://thewireurdu.com/20481/the-story-of-lone-muslim-player-of-indian-kabaddi-team-shama-parveen/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=The Wire - Urdu|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-06-14|title=Real-Life Dangal: The Story of Small-Town Girls Overcoming Social Resistance To Thrive in Kabaddi|url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/37575-real-life-dangal-the-story-of-small-town-girls-overcoming-social-resistance-to-thrive-in-kabaddi.html|access-date=2022-02-19|website=www.mensxp.com|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-27|title=शमा जलती रहे तो बेहतर है|url=https://mokamaonline.com/shama-parveen-mokama/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Mokama Online|language=en-US|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219175453/https://mokamaonline.com/shama-parveen-mokama/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=शिक्षक दिवस: बिना मैदान कबड्डी के अंतरराष्ट्रीय खिलाड़ी गढ़ रहे इलियास-Video|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-patnas-kabaddi-coach-mohammad-ilyas-make-international-players-2728827.html|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=लोग मैदान में शौच करके, कील फेंककर चले जाते थे, ताकि ये लड़की खेल न पाए|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/meet-shama-parveen-gold-medalist-of-asian-women-kabaddi-2017-who-face-a-lot-criticism-to-play-kabaddi-in-her-village/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=LallanTop - News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has also been appointed as district icon of Election Commission of India for Patna, Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-06|title=पटना: ईशान किशन और शमा परवीन बने जिला आइकॉन|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-ishaan-kishan-and-shama-parvin-district-icon-of-patna-1642453.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Parveen, Shama}}<br /> [[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaswamy_Venkataraman&diff=455965 2026-02-23T13:59:19Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|President of India from 1987 to 1992&lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;}}<br /> {{redirect|R. Venkataraman|the Indian cricketer|R. Venkataraman (Indian cricketer)}}<br /> {{Indian patronymic|Venkataraman|Ramaswamy}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ramaswamy Venkataraman<br /> | caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1987}}<br /> | image = Ramaswamy Venkataraman (2012 stamp of India) (cropped).jpg<br /> | office = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;[[President of India]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[V. P. Singh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chandra Shekhar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | vicepresident = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br /> | term_start = 25 July 1987<br /> | term_end = 25 July 1992<br /> | predecessor = [[Zail Singh]]<br /> | successor = Shankar Dayal Sharma<br /> | office2 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt; [[Vice President of India]]<br /> | president2 = Zail Singh<br /> | primeminister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]&lt;br /&gt;Rajiv Gandhi<br /> | term_start2 = 31 August 1984<br /> | term_end2 = 24 July 1987<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]<br /> | successor2 = Shankar Dayal Sharma<br /> | office3 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;[[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]<br /> | primeminister3 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | term_start3 = 22 June 1982<br /> | term_end3 = 2 September 1982<br /> | predecessor3 = Zail Singh<br /> | successor3 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]<br /> | office4 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;[[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]<br /> | primeminister4 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | term_start4 = 15 January 1982<br /> | term_end4 = 2 August 1984<br /> | predecessor4 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | successor4 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br /> | office5 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;[[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]<br /> | primeminister5 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | term_start5 = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end5 = 15 January 1982<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|12|04}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Rajamadam]], [[Pattukottai|Thanjavur]], [[British Raj|British India]] &lt;br /&gt; {{small|(present-day Tamil Nadu, India)}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|01|27|1910|12|04}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Janaki Venkataraman]]|1938}}<br /> | children = 3<br /> | alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[University of Madras]]<br /> | profession = {{hlist|[[Lawyer]]|[[politician]]}}<br /> | signature = Ramaswamy Venkataraman's Autograph.jpg<br /> | order = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;<br /> | order2 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;<br /> | order1 = &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Ramaswamy Venkataraman''' ({{audio|Rsv.ogg|pronunciation}}, 4 December 1910{{spaced en dash}}27 January 2009),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61535-329-3|pages=87–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vinay Kumar (28 January 2009) {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20091205191739/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2009/01/28/stories/2009012861430100.htm R. Venkataraman passes away]}}. ''The Hindu''&lt;/ref&gt; also known as '''R. Venkataraman''', was an Indian lawyer, independence activist and politician who served as a union minister and as the &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt;[[vice president of india]] and [[president of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pastpresidentsofindia.indiapress.org/venkat.html |title=Shri Ramaswami Venkataraman – R.Venkataraman – Past President of India |publisher=Pastpresidentsofindia.indiapress.org |access-date=13 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Venkataraman was born in [[Rajamadam]] village in [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district, Madras Presidency]]. He studied law and practised in the [[Madras High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]]. In his youth, he was an activist for the [[Indian independence movement]], and he participated in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He was appointed as the member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional cabinet. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] four times and served as [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Finance Minister]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. In 1984, he was elected as the &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt; [[vice president of India]] and in 1987, he became the &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt; president of India and served from 1987 to 1992. He also served as a state minister under [[K. Kamaraj]] and [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Members Bioprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1095.htm|access-date=2020-09-18|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Venkataraman was born in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-12 |title=How Brahmins became invisible in Tamil Nadu's politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/tamil-nadu/news/how-brahmins-became-invisible-in-tamil-nadus-politics/articleshow/68842141.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|quote= many Brahmins like R Venkataraman, Mani Shankar Aiyar, and Subramanian Swamy shot into prominence in politics in later years, they chose to operate from Delhi.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajesh Ramachandran |date=2004-04-02 |title=Take 2 for Tambrams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/take-2-for-tambrams/articleshow/595669.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Rajamadam village near [[Pattukkottai|Pattukottai]], [[Tanjore district]] in [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]. He had his school education in Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Pattukottai and undergraduation in [[National College, Tiruchirappalli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Gopalkrishna|date=2010-12-04|title=The value of decency|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-value-of-decency/article15579183.ece|access-date=2020-09-18|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Educated locally and in the city of [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), Venkataraman obtained his master's degree in economics from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[Madras]]. He later qualified in Law from the Law College, Madras. Venkataraman was enrolled in the [[Madras High Court]] in 1935 and in the Supreme Court in 1951.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129214547/http://hindu.com/2009/01/28/stories/2009012861861400.htm Venkataraman presided over the change to era of coalitions] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 28 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While practising law, Venkataraman was drawn into the movement for India's freedom from Britain's colonial subjugation. His active participation in the Indian National Congress's celebrated resistance to the British Government, the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, resulted in his detention for two years under the Defence of India Rules. Venkataraman's interest in the law continued during this period. In 1946, when the transfer of power from British to Indian hands was imminent, the Government of India included him in the panel of lawyers sent to Malaya and Singapore to defend Indian nationals charged with offences of collaboration during the Japanese occupation of those two places. In the years 1947 to 1950, Venkataraman served as Secretary of the Madras Provincial Bar Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;webVenk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=July 16, 1987: Venkataraman elected Indian President|url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/july-16-1987-venkataraman-elected-indian-president-1.2059225|access-date=2020-09-18|website=gulfnews.com|date=15 July 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Law and trade activity led to Venkataraman's increasing association with politics. He was a member of [[Constituent Assembly of India|constituent assembly]] that drafted [[Constitution of India|India's constitution]]. In 1950, he was elected to free India's Provisional Parliament (1950–1952) and to the First Parliament (1952–1957). During his term of legislative activity, Venkataraman attended the 1952 Session of the Metal Trades Committee of International Labour Organisation as a workers' delegate. He was a member of the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in New Zealand. Venkataraman was also Secretary to the Congress Parliamentary Party in 1953–1954.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grewal|first=Kairvy|date=2020-01-27|title=R Venkataraman — President who stuck by rulebook to guide India through troublesome times|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/r-venkataraman-president-who-stuck-by-rulebook-to-guide-india-through-troublesome-times/354007/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Members Bioprofile&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Venkatraman was reelected to Parliament from [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]] in the [[1957 Indian general election|general election of 1957]] with an improved majority of 37,000 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|volume=I |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=80 |url=https://www.ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/57_Vol_I.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He however resigned the seat and joined the [[Madras State|Madras government]] at the invitation of its [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]], [[K. Kamaraj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The value of decency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-value-of-decency/article15579183.ece |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=3 December 2010 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman was sworn in as Minister for Industries on 26 April 1957 and was allotted several ministries including those of Labour and Co-operation, Commercial Taxes and Nationalised Transport, Textiles, Mines and Minerals and Companies and was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]] in the biennial elections conducted in March 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1957-1962) |date=March 1962 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Madras |pages=93, 129 |url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/2nd_1957/Review_2-1957-62.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|assembly election of 1962]], the Congress Party under K Kamaraj was returned to power. Venkataraman was retained as minister in charge of the same ministries during the [[K. Kamaraj ministry|Kamaraj Ministry]] which lasted 2 October 1963 and under Chief Minister [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]] who succeeded Kamaraj. Venkataraman himself was sworn in as Minister in the Bhaktavatsalam Ministry only on 23 October 1963, as he was in New York City to attend the session of the [[United Nations Administrative Tribunal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67: A Review |date=August 1967 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department, Government of Madras |location=Madras |pages=10–13 |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman was reelected to the Council in the biennial elections of March 1964 and remained the leader of the house in the council until after the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections of 1967]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67: A Review |date=August 1967 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department, Government of Madras |location=Madras |pages=114, 129 |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As Minister of Industries, Venkataraman proved to be an able administrator who ushered in a period of [[Industrialisation|industrial development]] in Madras.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The President who went by the book |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-president-who-went-by-the-book/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 January 2009 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He championed the idea of [[industrial estates]], the first of which was established at [[Guindy]], and succeeded in getting investments in major [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] such as the [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[NLC India Limited|Neyveli Lignite Corporation]] and the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Presidential elections: Zail Singh's shadow to prevail over Rashtrapati Bhavan for a while |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870715-presidential-elections-zail-singh-shadow-to-prevail-over-rashtrapati-bhavan-for-a-while-799038-1987-07-14 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1987 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Built to last, the story of Guindy Industrial Estate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/built-to-last-the-story-of-guindy-industrial-estate/article65814635.ece |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=26 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=City pays homage to man behind TN's industrial growth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/city-pays-homage-to-man-behind-tns-industrial-growth/articleshow/4038858.cms |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman persuaded the [[TVS Group]] to set up a factory at [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]] and several other private companies including [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Hindustan Motors]] and [[Enfield Automotive|Enfield]] established their automobile factories in [[Chennai|Madras]] during this time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In R Venkatraman's demise, TN lost a great patron and Father of Industry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/in-r-venkatramans-demise-tn-lost-a-great-patron-and-father-of-industry/articleshow/4038516.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Economy of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's industrialization]] has been widely credited to steps initiated during Venkataraman's decade as the state's industries minister and he has been described as the &quot;father of industrialization&quot; in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The federal manoeuvre: on Karunanidhi and the Dravidian movement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-federal-manoeuvre-on-the-dravidian-movement/article62112666.ece |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2017 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=&quot;RV, father of industrialisation in Tamil Nadu&quot; |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rv-father-of-industrialisation-in-tamil-nadu/article2687295.ece |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=4 December 2011 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1967, Venkataraman contested the [[1967 Indian general election|parliamentary election]] from Thanjavur but lost to the D.S. Gopalar of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nathan |first1=S K S |title=The DMK and the Politics of Tamilnad |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1967 |volume=2 |issue=48 |page=2139 |jstor=24478287 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24478287 |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |date=1968 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=213 |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/LOKSABHA-HISTORY/1967-LS.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|assembly election of 1967]], the Congress was routed by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. [[C. N. Annadurai]], the DMK's leader in the Council became Chief Minister and Venkataraman the [[Leader of the Opposition|leader of the opposition]] in the council until his resignation from the Council in August 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY QUADRENNIAL REVIEW 1967-70 |date=June 1971 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Madras |pages=139, 257 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=5dd9ee01c89bbcc9818a8897a0a134beec921a69 |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Venkataraman was appointed a member of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] in July, 1967 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and held charge of [[Economy of India|industry]], [[Labour in India|labour]], [[Electricity sector in India|power]], [[Transport in India|transport]], [[Telecommunications in India|communications]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=D.R. Gadgil and R. Venkataraman for Planning Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/dr-gadgil-and-r-venkataraman-for-planning-commission/article19272631.ece |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2017 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jai |first1=Janak Raj |title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&amp;dq=r+venkataraman+planning+commission&amp;pg=PA190 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1970, the Commission on Major Ports headed by Venkataraman submitted its report to the Government. This was the first study to be made of the integrated function and development of [[List of ports in India|major ports in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Y. Gouthama |title=Financial Management in Public Undertakings: A Study of Ports |date=1987 |publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7100-010-4 |pages=44–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYJhtNcq4OEC&amp;dq=r+venkataraman+planning+commission&amp;pg=PA44 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He resigned from the Planning Commission in 1971.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Subhomoy |title=India's Coal Story: From Damodar to Zambezi |date=30 April 2017 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-86446-01-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRtBDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=r+venkataraman+planning+commission&amp;pg=PT49 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1977, Venkataraman was elected to the Lok Sabha from Madras (South) Constituency and served as an Opposition Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former President R. Venkataraman Passes Away|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/former-president-r-venkataraman-passes-away/652721|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Venkataraman was also, variously, a member of the Political Affairs Committee and the Economic Affairs Committee of the Union Cabinet; Governor, [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], and the [[Asian Development Bank]]. Venkataraman was a Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961. He was Leader of the Indian Delegation to the 42nd Session of the International Labour Conference at Geneva (1958) and represented India in the Inter Parliamentary Conference in Vienna (1978). He was a member of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal from 1955 to 1979 and was its president from 1968 to 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=R. Venkataraman Biography – Ramaswamy Venkataraman Profile, Childhood, Life, Timeline|url=https://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/r-venkataraman.html|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.iloveindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Hazarika|first1=Sanjoy|date=1987-07-17|title=MAN IN THE NEWS; INDIA'S MILD NEW PRESIDENT: Ramaswamy Venkataraman|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/17/world/man-in-the-news-india-s-mild-new-president-ramaswamy-venkataraman.html|access-date=2020-09-18|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Union Minister ==<br /> === Minister of Finance ===<br /> Venkataraman was re-elected to the Lok Sabha from the [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Madras South constituency]] in the [[1984 Indian general election|1980 general election]] with an improved majority of over 120,000 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha Volume II |date=1981 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=354 |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/LOKSABHA-HISTORY/1980-LS.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was sworn in as [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]] [[Minister of Finance (India)|in charge of Finance]] in the [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi ministry]] on 14 January 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No. 55/1/1/80 - Cab Swearing-in Ceremony |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/initial_compositions_of_council_of_ministers/english/1_Upload_2042.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Notification No. 4/2/80-States dated 14 January, 1980 |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/initial_compositions_of_council_of_ministers/english/1_Upload_1988.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; During January to April, 1980 he was also [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No. 55/1/1/80 - Cab dated 16 January, 1980 |url=https://www.cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2431.pdf|publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No. 55/1/1/80- Cab dated 5 April, 1980 |url=https://www.cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2433.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; As finance minister, Venkataraman presented the interim and final budgets for 1980 and the budget in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy - Pillars of Indian economy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance-ministers-who-shaped-indias-economy/ramaswamy-venkataraman-1980-1982/slideshow/67522425.cms |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman's budget in 1981 was seen as favouring the [[middle class]] and industry, focusing on improving growth and [[saving]]s in the economy while raising [[Tariff|customs duty]] on all [[import|imported goods]] to raise revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Forty Years Ago, March 1, 1981: Budget Proposals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-march-1-1981-budget-proposals-7208809/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he introduced a bill for the establishment of the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] which was passed by Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=New Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |journal=Weekly Economic Digest |date=30 November 1981 |volume=I |issue=40 |page=1 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/FEATURE/1981-%20FEATURE%20JULY%20DEC/PDF/FEA-1981-11-30_129.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When allegations of corruption were raised against the Congress Party and the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[A. R. Antulay]] regarding the collection of funds by a trust named after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, she tasked Venkataraman with defending the government in debates on the matter in Parliament. Although [[parliamentary opposition|members of the opposition]] attempted to introduce [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|privilege motions]] against Venkatraman on the grounds that he had misled parliament, these were rejected by the presiding officers in both houses of parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Walter K. |title=India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension |journal=Asian Survey |date=1982 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=120–121 |doi=10.2307/2643939 |jstor=2643939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643939 |access-date=14 June 2023 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=September 8, 1981, Forty Years Ago: FM exonerated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/fm-r-venkataraman-exonerated-forty-years-ago-7495200/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his interventions, Venkataraman sought to dissociate the Prime Minister from the activities of Antulay and he rejected the opposition's demand for a probe arguing that no improprieties had been committed by the trust to warrant an inquiry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=September 3, 1981, Forty Years Ago: No Probe On Antulay |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/september-3-1981-forty-years-ago-no-probe-on-antulay-7485508/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=September 15, 1981, Forty Years Ago: Ruckus in Lok Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/lok-sabha-protest-forty-years-ago-7509070/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 September 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was during Venkataraman's tenure as finance minister that India negotiated with the [[International Monetary Fund]] for a loan for 5 billion [[special drawing rights]] amounting to US$5.68 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rowen |first1=Hobart |title=IMF Approves $5.8 Million Loan to India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1981/11/10/imf-approves-58-million-loan-to-india/c4c73303-4bc9-4a78-ac31-680b093e658e/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=10 November 1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nossiter |first1=Bernard D. |title=RECORD I. M.F. LOAN TO INDIA DUE; $5.68 BILLION WILL AID OIL SEARCH |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/09/world/record-i-mf-loan-to-india-due-5.68-billion-will-aid-oil-search.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=9 September 1981}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanctioned in November 1981, this was the largest loan ever made by the IMF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Lending Commitments: India |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=430&amp;date1key=2000-05-31 |website=www.imf.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times&quot;/&gt; While the loan required the Indian government to limit the expansion of credit and curtail commercial borrowings and to consult the IMF on [[Fiscal policy|fiscal]] and [[Monetary policy|monetary policies]] of the government, it did not require India to [[Devaluation|devalue]] the rupee as was [[Devaluation of rupee in india|done in the past]].&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Minister of Defence ===<br /> Venkataraman was shifted from the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] on 15 January 1982 to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], a portfolio that had until then been held by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Walter K. |title=India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension |journal=Asian Survey |date=1982 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=124 |doi=10.2307/2643939 |jstor=2643939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643939 |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No. 55/1/1/82-Cab dated 15 January, 1982 |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2415.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During Venkataraman's tenure in the ministry, the Government of India signed deals to purchase [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King|Sea King helicopters]] and [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle missiles]] from the United Kingdom and [[Dassault Mirage|Mirage fighter aircraft]] and [[Type 209 submarine]]s from other western nations thus seeking to undo the near monopoly that the Soviet Union had on weapons systems in the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian armed forces]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Foreign News Briefs |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/07/20/Foreign-News-Briefs/4882427521600/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |agency=UPI |date=20 July 1983 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Soviet Union concerned at growing diversification of India's arms purchases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19830815-soviet-union-concerned-at-growing-diversification-of-indias-arms-purchases-770933-2013-07-17 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1983 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Months before Operation Bluestar, UK, India talked defence deals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/months-before-operation-bluestar-uk-india-talked-defence-deals/articleshow/28946558.cms |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, the Soviets, keen to not lose out in their [[List of countries by military expenditures|largest arms market]] in the [[Developing country|developing world]], agreed to India's request for acquiring the [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] fighter jet and to the licensed production in India of the [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG-27]] and MiG-29 aircraft during Venkataraman's visit to Moscow in June 1983. The offer was finalized during the visit to India of the [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Soviet Defence Minister]], [[Dmitry Ustinov]] in March 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S. Nihal |title=Why India goes to Moscow for Arms |journal=Asian Survey |date=1984 |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=707–720 |doi=10.2307/2644184 |jstor=2644184 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644184 |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Christopher Nicholas |title=The armament process in the Third World: A case study of India |date=1989 |publisher=University of Bath |location=Bath |page=327 |url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/188149073/Christopher_Nicholas_Smith_thesis.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His most consequential contribution as Defence Minister, however, was the launch of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] in 1983 which led to the indigenous development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]], [[Akash (missile)|Akash]], [[Agni (missile)|Agni]], [[Trishul (missile)|Thrishul]] and [[Nag (missile)|Nag]] missile systems by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The copy-book president&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=The copy-book president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-copybook-president/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2010 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Missile Development Programme |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-06-25_150.pdf |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman's term also witnessed India attempt to conduct a [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear test]] in 1983 and the [[Operation Meghdoot|seizing of the Siachen Glacier]] by the [[Indian Army]] in 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;The copy-book president&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Jaswant |title=A Minister Remembers |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060730/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum |date=30 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Venkataraman demitted office on 2 August 1984 and was succeeded by [[Shankarrao Chavan|S. B. Chavan]] as Minister of Defence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No. 55/1/1/84-Cab dated 2 August, 1984 |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2350.pdf |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tenure as President &amp; Vice President==<br /> ===Vice President of India (1984–1987)===<br /> Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose Venkataraman to be the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party's]] candidate for the [[1984 Indian vice presidential election|vice presidential election]] to elect a successor to [[Mohammad Hidayatullah|M. Hidayatullah]]. [[B. C. Kamble|Bapu Chandrasen Kamble]] of the [[Republican Party of India]] was his sole opponent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 August 1984 |title=Gandhi names candidate for vice presidential election |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-odessa-american-gandhi-names-candida/183389554/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=The Odessa American |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the election held on 22 August 1984, Venkataraman won 508 of 715 valid votes cast to win outright. Venkataraman was sworn in as vice-president on 31 August 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=VICE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FROM 1952 TO 1997 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=18 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/8463-vice-presidential-election-2002/?do=download&amp;r=19346&amp;confirm=1&amp;t=1&amp;csrfKey=3da7ee9cf3d979905d5e1a9ec470b10f |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's assassination]], Vice President Venkataraman went along with President Zail Singh's decision to appoint [[Rajiv Gandhi]] as prime minister. It was Venkataraman who announced Indira Gandhi's death on [[Doordarshan]] and the [[Oath|swearing-in]] of a new government under Rajiv Gandhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pranab Mukherjee recalls how Rajiv Gandhi became PM after Indira's death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pranab-mukherjee-recalls-how-rajiv-gandhi-became-pm-denies-he-tried-to-clinch-post/story-nLtDpvKNPXir0OUNBCFliN.html |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As relations between Rajiv Gandhi and President Zail Singh worsened, the Prime Minister stopped calling on the President. The government also began to depute Venkataraman in place of Singh on [[State visit|diplomatic visits]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President Zail Singh may end up being the least travelled head of state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-president-zail-singh-may-end-up-being-the-least-travelled-head-of-state-800530-1986-01-31 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=India Today |date=31 January 1986 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gandhi however told [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] that he had been meeting the president regularly and had kept him informed on all matters of policy. A letter contradicting the Prime Minister's statement, allegedly written by President Singh, was leaked to the media which led to a political furore. Venkataraman saved Rajiv Gandhi's government much embarrassment when he declined to allow a discussion in the house on this letter and on the president's right to be kept informed under Article 78 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. Despite angry protests and [[walkout]]s by [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition parties]], Venkataraman refused to budge stating that [[confidentiality]] of communications between the president and the prime minister was required to be maintained in the interest of the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rift between President Zail Singh and PM Rajiv Gandhi 'amicably settled' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870415-rift-between-president-zail-singh-and-pm-rajiv-gandhi-amicably-settled-798768-1987-04-14 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 April 1987 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Guhan |first1=S. |title=The Blotted Copybook |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=35 |pages=2283–2288 |jstor=4401687 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4401687 |access-date=15 July 2023 |issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mähendra Prasad |title=The Indian Parliamentary-Federal Executive |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1995 |volume=56 |issue=1/4 |pages=36–37 |jstor=41855723 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855723 |access-date=15 July 2023 |issn=0019-5510}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As President Singh's term neared its end it was widely speculated that he intended to dismiss Gandhi as prime minister and appoint a [[caretaker government]]. Singh asked Venkataraman whether he would be interested in becoming the prime minister in such an eventuality but Venkataraman declined the offer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A tantalising tit-bit from former President Giani Zail Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880331-a-tantalising-tit-bit-from-former-president-giani-zail-singh-797077-1988-03-30 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=India Today |date=31 March 1988 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=R. Venkataraman's 'My Presidential Years' informs, reveals and provokes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19940815-r-venkataraman-my-presidential-years-informs-reveals-and-provokes-809487-1994-08-14 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 August 1994 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Today&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zail Singh's last days as President and the story of manipulations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880415-zail-singhs-last-days-as-president-and-the-story-of-manipulations-797167-1988-04-14 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 April 1988 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the run up to the presidential election of 1987, the Congress party's initial choices for president were [[B. Shankaranand]], [[Pupul Jayakar]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]]. However, Venkataraman let it be known that he would resign if he were not nominated as the party's candidate for the presidency. On 14 June 1987 the Congress Parliamentary Board endorsed Venkataraman as the party's nominee for the presidential election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=K C |title=The Giani And The Sea Of Changes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-giani-and-the-sea-of-changes/281106 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=Outlook |date=5 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India Today&quot;/&gt; The [[Communist party|Left parties]] fielded Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] as their candidate and despite speculation that he might contest as an independent candidate, President Singh chose to retire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Presidential elections: Over 70 years, 14 Presidents, 15 big fights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/presidential-elections-election-commission-of-india-7961182/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === President of India (1987–1992) ===<br /> [[File:Swearing-in ceremony of Shri Chandra Sekhar as the Prime Minister of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan forecourt.jpg|right|thumb|Chandra Shekhar being sworn in as Prime Minister of India. Shekhar was the first prime minister to be administered the oath of office in the forecourt of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Modi 2.0: Oath-taking ceremony – all you should know |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/modi-20-oath-taking-ceremony-all-you-should-know-736927.html |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:President R. Venkataraman addressing the Members of Parliament on the occasion of 40th anniversary of India's independence at the central hall, Parliament House.jpg|right|thumb|President Venkataraman addressing Parliament on the fortieth anniversary of India's independence.]]<br /> [[File:The President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma meeting with former President of India, Shri R. Venkataraman at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on May 18, 1995.jpg|right|thumb|President Shankar Dayal Sharma with R. Venkataraman in May,1995]]<br /> In the [[1987 Indian presidential election|election held in July 1987]] Venkataraman emerged victorious winning 740,148 votes against 281,550 votes polled by Krishna Iyer. Mithilesh Kumar came a distant third winning 2,223 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;bookElection&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF INDIA 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |page=26 |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Pres_VicePres_2022/03-BACKGROUNDMATERIAL-ENGLISH-2022.pdf |access-date=18 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkatraman won the support of 606 of 755 [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] and majorities in 14 of 25 [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]] while Iyer won a majority in 8 legislative assemblies where non-Congress parties held a majority and the support of 139 members of Parliament. Kumar, leader of the Goodmans Party, ended up winning seven votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Venkataraman elected eighth president of India|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/07/16/Venkataraman-elected-eighth-president-of-India/2598553406400/ |access-date=18 June 2023 |agency=UPI |date=16 July 1987 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Stories in the story of presidential poll losers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/stories-in-the-story-of-presidential-poll-losers-8033894/ |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venkataraman was declared elected on 16 July 1987 and was sworn in on 25 July 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;bookElection&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SHRI R. VENKATARAMAN TO BE SWORN IN ON SATURDAY |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/HOME%20AFFAIR/1987-JAN-DEC-HOME-AFFAIRS/PDF/HOM-1987-07-22_129.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=18 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The election was [[Election petition|challenged]] unsuccessfully in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] by Mithilesh Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mithilesh Kumar vs Sri R. Venkataraman &amp; Ors on 16 October, 1987 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1011048/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=18 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coming after a series of electoral defeats, controversies over defence deals and the uneasy relationship between Prime Minister Gandhi and President Zail Singh, the election result was perceived as a boost to the Congress Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=July 16, 1987: Venkataraman elected Indian President |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/july-16-1987-venkataraman-elected-indian-president-1.2059225 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=Gulf News |date=15 July 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Venkataraman served as [[President of India]] starting 1987, where he worked with four prime ministers, and appointed three of them: [[V. P. Singh]], [[Chandra Shekhar]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], during his five-year term, which saw the advent of coalition politics in India. His successor [[Shankar Dayal Sharma|S. D. Sharma]] was the only other Indian President in 20th Century to work with four prime ministers and appoint three of them.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-28/india/28054987_1_rashtrapati-bhavan-zail-singh-rv Former President Venkataraman passes away] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 28 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/former-president-r-venkataraman-passes-away/415704/ Former President R Venkataraman passes away] ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 27 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; According to his book ''My Presidential Years'', Venkataraman noted that a Congress MP approached him with the idea of seeking a second term, which he &quot;categorically&quot; declined.<br /> Desire for retirement: Venkataraman explained that he did not want to be involved in the political maneuvering necessary for a second term.<br /> <br /> == Post-presidency ==<br /> Venkataraman returned to Chennai after retiring, but moved back to Delhi a few years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: What our Presidents did after leaving Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/20sld9.htm |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=m.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:President R. Venkataraman on a State Visit to United Kingdom.jpg|right|thumb|Venkataraman made a state visit to the United Kingdom in 1990. Seen here with [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], [[Janaki Venkataraman]] and [[Queen Elizabeth II]].]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Indiase president Vankataraman in Amsterdam begroet door Koningin Beatrix, Bestanddeelnr 934-3119.jpg|right|thumb| President Venkataraman with [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]] during his state visit to the Netherlands in 1988.]]<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> Venkataraman received the Doctorate of Law (Honoris Causa) from the [[University of Madras]]. He is an Honorary Fellow, [[Madras Medical College]]; a Doctor of Social Sciences, [[University of Roorkee]]; Doctor of Law (Honoris Causa) from the [[University of Burdwan]]. He was awarded the Tamra Patra for participation in the freedom struggle, the Soviet Land Prize for his travelogue on [[K. Kamaraj]]'s visit to the Socialist countries. He was the recipient of a Souvenir from the Secretary-General of the United Nations for distinguished service as President of the U.N. Administrative Tribunal. The title of &quot;Sat Seva Ratna&quot; was conferred on him by the Sankaracharya of Kancheepuram. He was a great devotee of the [[Paramacharya]] of Kanchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;webVenk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Illness and death==<br /> On 12 January 2009, Venkataraman was admitted to the Army Hospital (then Research and Referral) in New Delhi with complaints of Urosepsis (sepsis caused by a urinary tract infection).&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Former President R Venkataraman dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090081563|publisher=[[NDTV]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131152540/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090081563|archive-date=31 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; His condition grew critical on 20 January, when he was detected with [[low blood pressure]] and ''[[E. coli]]'' tract infection.<br /> <br /> Venkataraman died at the age of 98 on 27 January 2009 at 14:30 IST,&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv&quot; /&gt; due to multiple organ failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;sindh_today&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sindhtoday.net/south-asia/56521.htm|title=Former President Venkataraman dead|date=27 January 2009|work=Sindh Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131060735/http://www.sindhtoday.net/south-asia/56521.htm|archive-date=31 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since he died on the day after [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], some programmes coinciding it were cancelled to mark the respect towards the late former president. He was cremated with full state honours at Ekta Sthal near [[Raj Ghat]]. President [[Pratibha Patil]], Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], and various other leaders condoled his death.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was married to [[Janaki Venkataraman]], and had a daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Nothing came easy to me,' says former President R Venkataraman's daughter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jul/25/nothing-came-easy-to-me-says-former-president-r-venkataramans-daughter-1848055.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books by Venkataraman==<br /> * ''Role of Planning in Industrial Development'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Govt. of India Press, 1969.<br /> * ''The Role of a Private Member of Parliament'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Harold Laski Institute of Political Science, 1986.<br /> * ''My Presidential Years – R Venkataraman'', by R Venkataraman. 1995. HarperCollins/Indus. {{ISBN|81-7223-202-0}}.<br /> * ''R. Venkataraman on Contemporary Issues'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman, K. Venkatasubramanian. Published by Variant Communications, 1996.<br /> * ''Relevance of Gandhi: And Other Essays'', by K Swaminathan, Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Gandhigram Trust, 1998.<br /> <br /> ==Books on Venkataraman==<br /> * ''President R. Venkataraman'', by Nand Gopal Chaudhry. Published by Manas Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7049-018-9}}.<br /> * ''The Great Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman'', by Attar Chand. Published by Gian Pub. House, 1987. {{ISBN|81-212-0106-3}}.<br /> * ''So May India be Great: Selected Speeches and Writings of President R. Venkataraman'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1990.<br /> * ''Selected Speeches, 1984–87, 10 September 1984 – 14 May 1987'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1991.<br /> * ''President R. Venkataraman Selected Speeches: July 1987 – December 1989.'', by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1991.<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite news|title=Ramaswamy Venkataraman:Eighth President of India|work=[[The Times]]|date=30 January 2009|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article5613765.ece}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> * {{Wikiquote-inline}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title=Offices and distinctions<br /> |list1= <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=1980–1982}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Indira Gandhi]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=1982–1984}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Shankarrao Chavan]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Zail Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=1982}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of India]]|years=1984–1987}}<br /> {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Zail Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=1987–1992}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |list = <br /> {{Presidents of India}}<br /> {{Vice presidents of India}}<br /> {{Defence ministers of India}}<br /> {{Home Ministry (India)}}<br /> {{Indian Independence Movement}}<br /> {{Sri Lankan Civil War}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataraman, R.}}<br /> [[Category:1910 births]]<br /> [[Category:2009 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br /> [[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of finance of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian autobiographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of India]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]<br /> [[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Vice presidents of India]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian technology writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political writers]]<br /> [[Category:National College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Sri Lankan civil war]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rishi_Narain_Singh&diff=470702 2026-02-10T03:04:24Z

<p>KareemOman9338: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian geophysicist}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Rishi Narain Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|7|17}}<br /> | birth_place = Bajha, [[Mirzapur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | residence = <br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Geophysics]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] | [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation|Fourth Paradigm Institute]] | [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] | [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]] [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] | [[IIT Gandhinagar]] }}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Banaras Hindu University]] | [[Dalhousie University]] | [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] }}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = <br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = Modelling of the thermomechanical structure of the Indian lithosphere<br /> | awards = {{ublist | 1985&amp;nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2004&amp;nbsp;[[Indian Geophysical Union|IGU]] | 2014&amp;nbsp;[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|MoES]] National Award in Geoscience and Technology }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Rishi Narain Singh''' (born 1943) is an Indian geophysicist and an emeritus Professor of the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]], Hyderabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emeritus Professor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dbls.ahduni.edu.in/ngg_tag/professor-rishi-narain-singh/ |title=Emeritus Professor |date=2016 |publisher=Ahmedabad University}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for his researches on the quantification of geological processes&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=60 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N91-1083 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Singh,_Dr_Rishi_Narain |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;View Bhatnagar Awardees&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> [[File:Central Library BHU.jpg|thumb|235px|Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> R. N. Singh, born on 17 July 1943 in Bajha, a small village in the [[Mirzapur district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to a school teacher, did his early schooling at local village schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Rishi Narain Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/National_award_RNSINGH-%202014-4.pdf |title=Dr. Rishi Narain Singh |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry f Earth Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; His graduate degree in science came from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1962 after which he continued at the university to obtain a master's degree in 1964 and a doctoral degree in 1969, both in geophysics.&lt;ref name=&quot;R. N. Singh - Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitgn.ac.in/iitgn_new/sites/default/files/R-N-Singh-IITGN-cv.pdf |title=R. N. Singh - Profile |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Gandhinagar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, he joined [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1964 and served the institute for the rest of his career, barring three stints outside on deputation. While at NGRI, he took a hiatus and did his post-doctoral research at [[Dalhousie University]] and [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] during 1970–73. Back at NGRI, he continued his service when he was sent to the [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]] in 1977 as an assistant professor where he worked for one year. In 1996, he was deputed to Fourth Paradigm Institute, then known as the [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation]], as the scientist-in-charge and in 1999, he was shifted to [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] as its director. He returned to NGRI in 2003 and served out his service there to superannuate in 2005. Post-retirement, he continued his association with the institute as an CSIR Emeritus Scientist during 2005–10 and as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist during 2010–15.&lt;ref name=&quot;R. N. Singh - Profile&quot; /&gt; Since then, he serves as an honorary professor at [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] of NGIR&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Rishi Narain Singh&quot; /&gt; and as a visiting professor at [[IIT Gandhinagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;R. N. Singh - Profile&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> The prime focus of Singh's researches were on designing methodologies for the quantification of geological processes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his days at NEERI, he worked on introducing mathematical modeling for use in developing environmental technologies and evolved models of several geophysical and environmental processes such as the models of heat conduction processes in stratified crust, linear surface heat flow and surface heat generation using Thomson-Haskell matrix method which helped in quantifying the lithospheric geodynamics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Rishi Narain Singh&quot; /&gt; The [[Cuddapah]] basin, south Indian high grade metamorphic terrains, [[Eighty Five East Ridge|Afanasi Nikitin seamount]], [[Carlsberg Ridge]], and fracture zones in the Indian Oceanic lithosphere are some of the other models developed by him. He is credited with using [[Rheology|rheological laws]] of rock forming minerals for the first time in India which he used for profiling the Indian continental lithosphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow&quot; /&gt; His studies have been detailed in over 150 peer-reviewed articles;&lt;ref name=&quot;Browse by Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Singh=3ARishi_Narain=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository has listed 110 of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;On ResearchGate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rishi_Singh7 |title=ResearchGate |date=2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides, he co-edited a text, ''Magmatic and Allied Processes'',&lt;ref name=&quot;KumarSingh2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Santosh Kumar|author2=Rishi Narain Singh|title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zUqBAAAQBAJ|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06471-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; which contains three chapters written by him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=R. N. Singh, A. Manglik |title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes |chapter=Parameterized Mantle Convection Analysis for Crustal Processes |date=June 2014 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06471-0_4 |series = Society of Earth Scientists Series|isbn = 978-3-319-06470-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=R. N. Singh, Jibamitra Ganguly |title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes |chapter=Modelling Paleogeotherms in the Continental Lithosphere: A Brief Review and Applications to Problems in the Indian Subcontinent |date=June 2014 |pages=89–108 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06471-0_5 |series = Society of Earth Scientists Series|isbn = 978-3-319-06470-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh delivered a series of lectures in the 1970s propagating the inverse theory in geophysics and was involved in the coordination of more than one hundred environmental impact and risk assessment reports.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Rishi Narain Singh&quot; /&gt; He was involved in the development of [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation]] during his early years and sat in the editorial boards of the Journal of Earth System Sciences of Indian Academy of Sciences and Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (Physical Sciences). He was also a member of the council of the Indian National Science Academy during 2000-02 and was the guide for nine scholars in their doctoral studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Singh the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Sciences&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 1988&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow profile&quot; /&gt; and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow&quot; /&gt; He received the Decennial Award of the [[Indian Geophysical Union]] in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;Decennial Award&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igu.in/awards.htm |title=Decennial Award |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Geophysical Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] awarded him the National Award in Geoscience and Technology in 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Award in Geoscience and Technology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.moes.gov.in/content/dr-rishi-narain-singh |title=National Award in Geoscience and Technology |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected bibliography ==<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> * {{cite book|author1=Santosh Kumar|author2=Rishi Narain Singh|title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06471-0}}<br /> <br /> === Chapters ===<br /> * {{Cite book |last=R. N. Singh, A. Manglik |chapter=Parameterized Mantle Convection Analysis for Crustal Processes |title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes |series=Society of Earth Scientists Series |date=June 2014 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06471-0_4 |isbn=978-3-319-06470-3 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=R. N. Singh, Jibamitra Ganguly |chapter=Modelling Paleogeotherms in the Continental Lithosphere: A Brief Review and Applications to Problems in the Indian Subcontinent |title=Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes |series=Society of Earth Scientists Series |date=June 2014 |pages=89–108 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06471-0_5 |isbn=978-3-319-06470-3 }}<br /> <br /> === Articles ===<br /> * {{Cite journal |author1=Verma, Saurabh K. |author2=Singh, Rishi Narain |title=Transient electromagnetic response of an inhomogeneous conducting sphere |journal=Geophysics |date=1970 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=331–336 |doi=10.1190/1.1440095|bibcode=1970Geop...35..331V }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Singh, Rishi Narain |title=Propagator matrix formulation for earth currents of deep internal origin |journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics |date=1973 |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=858–863 |doi=10.1007/BF00875834|bibcode=1973PApGe.105..858S |s2cid=121784682 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Singh, Rishi Narain |title=A method of the calculation of the mantle-electrical conductivity by the inversion of the geomagnetic secular variation data |journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics |date=1974 |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1007/BF00875929|bibcode=1974PApGe.112..149S |s2cid=122013990 }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |author1=Singh, Rishi Narain |author2=Negi, Janardan G. |title=A reinterpretation of the linear heat flow and heat production relationship for the exponential model of the heat production in the crust |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=1979 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=741–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb06787.x|bibcode=1979GeoJ...57..741S |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |author1=Rai, Shivendra Nath |author2=Singh, Rishi Narain |title=A mathematical model of water table fluctuation in a semi-infinite aquifer induced by localized transient recharge |journal=Water Resources Research |date=1981 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1028–1032 |doi=10.1029/WR017i004p01028|bibcode=1981WRR....17.1028R }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Carlsberg Ridge]]<br /> * [[Eighty Five East Ridge]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Geology}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=http://dbls.ahduni.edu.in/about-us/distinguished-visitors/ |title=Distinguished Visitors |date=2016 |publisher=Ahmedabad University}}<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean &amp; Planetary Sciences}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rishi Narain}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean &amp; Planetary Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:1943 births]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian geophysicists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mirzapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]<br /> [[Category:Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Kochangadi&diff=505459 2026-02-07T23:01:00Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer and music journalist (born 1944)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jamal Kochangadi<br /> | image = JAMALKOCHANGADI-JOURNALIST.jpg<br /> | parents = <br /> | birth_name = P Z Mohamad Jamal <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|04|30|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kochangadi]], [[Kochi]] [[Kerala]] [[India]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children =<br /> | occupation = Journalist, Lyricist, Author<br /> | years_active = 1963–present <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jamal Kochangadi''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/jamal-kochangadis-ethente-kochi-is-a-nostalgic-tribute-to-kochi-and-its-forgotten-history-of-people-and-places/article23499834.ece|title=Looking back at Kochi|first=K.|last=Pradeep|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian writer, script writer, lyricist and music journalist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/jamal-kochangadi-literature-song-writer-ck-hassan-koya/|title=തിരസ്ക്കാരങ്ങളുടെ ഭാണ്ഡവുമായി പ്രതിഭയുടെ &quot;വലിയങ്ങാടി&quot;|date=25 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/40611/sunday-plus/vakku-article-jamal-kochangadi|title=നീയെന്തറിയുന്നു നീലത്താരകമേ...|date=19 November 2017|website=Malayalam News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Kochangadi was born on 30 April 1944 in [[Kochangadi]], in the [[Ernakulam]] district of Kerala. His parents were P.A. Zainuddhin Naina (Freedom fighter, journalist, political leader, founder of Coir Fed) and Sulekha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> After completing school in 1963, he joined ''Kerala Nadam'', an evening newspaper, eventually becoming the Chief Editor of the Bharatharajyam Evening Newspaper.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Then he worked in a couple of small newspapers in Kochi like Yuva Keralam, Jai Hind, Cochin Express and a weekly named Film Nadam. From 1980 onwards he held positions in news dailies such as League Times, [[Madhyamam]], and Thejus. From 1988 to 2018 he was in charge of the Special Edition of newspapers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejasnews.com/latestnews/jamal-kochangadi-kozhikode-souhradaya-koottayma-151582|title = ജമാല്‍ കൊച്ചങ്ങാടിക്ക് കോഴിക്കോട് സൗഹൃദ കൂട്ടായ്മയുടെ ആദരം|date = 30 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-unsung-musician/article6863463.ece|title = An unsung musician|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became the editor of Varadya Madhyamam and Thejus Sunday Edition.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br /> <br /> His short story [[Chappa]] was made into a feature film of the same name, directed by [[P. A. Backer]]. The film was released in 1982 and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=534 ജമാൽ കൊച്ചങ്ങാടി - മലയാള ചലച്ചിത്രം]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Literary works==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Short stories===<br /> <br /> * Anjum Moonnum Onnu- Short story collection, written in 1961, when he was a final year student at school in association with Late MJ Zackaria Sait (former Deputy Speaker of [[Kerala]])<br /> <br /> ===Translation===<br /> *Hitlarude Manass (Mind of Hitler)<br /> *Marubhumiyile Pravachakan (Prophet of the Desert)<br /> *Classic Abhimukhangal (Classic Interviews)<br /> *Dhyanam Islamil (Contemplation in Islam)<br /> *Columusum mattu yathrikarum (Columbus and other travelers.)<br /> <br /> === Biography ===<br /> *Latha Mangeshkar- Music and Life,<br /> *Luminaries of World Literature (Brief biographical notes on 150 world known writers) <br /> *From Tansen to Zakir Hussain (Biographies of Musical legends)<br /> *Melody (Biosketches of 40 Hindi film singers and Composers)<br /> <br /> === As editor ===<br /> *Baburaj (An anthology of music composer MS Baburaj)<br /> *Kerala Samskraram – Adanapradanangal (Collection of studies on Kerala Culture)<br /> <br /> ===Fiction===<br /> *Sfadikam Pole (Like a crystal)<br /> *Nilavinte Sangeetham (Music of moonlight)<br /> <br /> ===Collection of Social Essays===<br /> *Manpazham thinnu maricha kutty, akathalam, sthree kudumbam, kuttikal<br /> <br /> ===Memoirs===<br /> *Pena Sakshi (Pen as witness) Memories of media life through letter communication with eminent persons.<br /> *Ithente Kochi (This is my Cochi) Memories of Cochin<br /> *Basheer, Vijayan, Mammootty pinne mattu chilarum. Memories of [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Mammootty]] and other well known dignitaries.<br /> <br /> ===Play===<br /> *Iniyum Unarathavar (Kozhikode Sangamam Theatres) <br /> *Kshubhitharude Ashamsakal (Stage India, Kozhikode)<br /> <br /> ===Interviews===<br /> Sathyam Parayunna Nunayanmaar- (Liars who tells truth) Interviews with cartoonists from Kerala like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kutty (cartoonist)]], [[E. P. Unny]] etc.,<br /> <br /> ===Songs===<br /> * Pravachana ganangal - Musical Album on Prophet [[Muhammad]]<br /> * Marakkillorikalum<br /> <br /> == As lyricist==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- &quot;<br /> ! Year !! Song !! Film !! Singers<br /> |-<br /> | 1980 ||Aa Churam Ee Churam || [[Thaliritta Kinakkal]] ||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]] <br /> |-<br /> | 1980 ||En Mooka Vishadham||[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]] ||[[S. Janaki]] <br /> |-<br /> | 1983 ||En Manassil (F) ||[[Marakkillorikkalum]] ||[[Vani Jairam]] <br /> |-<br /> | 1983 ||En Manassil (M) ||[[Marakkillorikkalum]] ||[[P. Jayachandran]] <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}<br /> *Thiruvananthapuram Muslim Association Puraskaram<br /> *P.A. Sayed Mohammad Foundation Award <br /> *P.A. Backer Puraskaram <br /> *J.C.Kuttikad Award<br /> *Kozhikode Souhrida Puraskaram <br /> *Vakkam Abdul Khader Smaraka Puraskaram (Trivandrum)<br /> *Qatar Thanathu Samskarika Vedi Puraskaram &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/nov/14/state-media-awards-announced-682290.html|title=State Media Awards Announced|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|nm11074124}}<br /> *[https://www.thehindu.com/books/jamal-kochangadis-ethente-kochi-is-a-nostalgic-tribute-to-kochi-and-its-forgotten-history-of-people-and-places/article23499834.ece Looking back at Kochi]<br /> *[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/nov/14/state-media-awards-announced-682290.html State Media Awards Announced]<br /> *[https://en.maktoobmedia.com/2020/03/12/narayanan-and-zainuddin-were-arrested-together-by-the-british-raj-freedom-struggle-memories-that-india-shall-never-forget/ Narayanan and Zainuddin were arrested by British Raj. Freedom struggle memories that India shall never forget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323100257/https://en.maktoobmedia.com/2020/03/12/narayanan-and-zainuddin-were-arrested-together-by-the-british-raj-freedom-struggle-memories-that-india-shall-never-forget/ |date=23 March 2020 }}<br /> *[http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57259 താന്‍സന്‍ മുതല്‍ സക്കീര്‍ഹുസൈന്‍ വരെ]<br /> *[https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=193317221 Jamal Kochangadi senior-journalist during an interaction with The Hindu Metro Plus in Kochi.... | The Hindu Images]<br /> *[https://www.azhimukham.com/social-wire-jamal-kochangadi-criticize-balachandran-chullikkad/ 'ദുരവസ്ഥയില്‍ സഹോദരനെ കൈവിടാന്‍ മാത്രം കടുപ്പമുള്ളതാവുമോ ഈ കവിഹൃദയം']<br /> *[https://www.keralawomen.gov.in/ml/node/294 ഹലീമാബീവി മുൻപേ നടന്ന പോരാളിയായ വനിത]<br /> *[https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/column/pusthaka-vich-ram/melody-book-by-jamal-kochangadi-46696 സംഗീത സാഗരം]<br /> *[https://www.thalsamayamonline.com/news/--126805 ഹിജാബ് പോലല്ല നിഖാബ്, അത് നിരോധിക്കേണ്ടതുതന്നെ]<br /> *[https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?l=534 List of Malayalam Songs written by Jamal Kochangadi]<br /> *[https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/jamal-kochangadi-literature-song-writer-ck-hassan-koya/ തിരസ്ക്കാരങ്ങളുടെ ഭാണ്ഡവുമായി പ്രതിഭയുടെ “വലിയങ്ങാടി”]<br /> *[http://asianspeaks.com/vkn-letter-to-jamal-kochangadi/ വി കെ എന്‍, ജമാല്‍ കൊച്ചങ്ങാടിക്ക് അയച്ച ഒരു കത്ത്]<br /> *[http://kslc.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl? KERALA STATE LIBRARY COUNCIL catalog › Advanced search]<br /> *[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=51994 Marubhoomiyile pravaachakan &amp;#91;മരുഭൂമിയിലെ പ്രവാചകന്‍&amp;#93;]<br /> *[https://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/jamal-kochangadi Kerala Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705174656/http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/jamal-kochangadi |date=5 July 2019 }}<br /> *[https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?l=534 List of Malayalam Songs written by Jamal Kochangadi]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl2_-wG-BRA Veritta Kazhchakal Literature Jamal Kochangadi]<br /> *[https://m3db.com/film/2126]<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kochangadi, Jamal}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian editors]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lyricists]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lengpui_Airport&diff=469193 2026-01-31T11:33:16Z

<p>KareemOman9338: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Airport in Aizawl, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox airport<br /> | name = Lengpui Airport<br /> | nativename = <br /> | image = Lengpui Airport Building.JPG<br /> | image-width = 300<br /> | caption = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | IATA = AJL<br /> | ICAO = VELP<br /> | pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Mizoram<br /> | pushpin_label = '''AJL'''<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | type = Public<br /> | owner = [[Government of Mizoram]]<br /> | operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br /> | owner-oper = <br /> | city-served = [[Aizawl]]<br /> | location = [[Lengpui]], [[Mamit district]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]<br /> | elevation-f = 1,328.4<br /> | elevation-m = 405<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23|50|18.39|N|092|37|13.29|E|region:IN-MZ_type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/node/92869 Lengpui Airport]<br /> | metric-elev = y<br /> | metric-rwy = y<br /> | r1-number = 17/35<br /> | r1-length-f = 8,200<br /> | r1-length-m = 2,500<br /> | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025<br /> | stat1-header = Passengers<br /> | stat1-data = 493,465 ({{increase}} 23.8%)<br /> | stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br /> | stat2-data = 4,692 ({{increase}} 15.6%)<br /> | footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | stat3-data = 1,309 ({{increase}} 48.3%)<br /> | stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Lengpui Airport''' {{airport codes|AJL|VELP}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Aizawl]], the capital of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. Located in [[Lengpui]] within the [[Mamit district]], the airport lies approximately 32&amp;nbsp;km north of Aizawl. It offers flights connecting to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport|Imphal]] and [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]]. Notably, Lengpui Airport is the first in India to be constructed by a State Government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AAI to handle Mizoram's Lengpui airport |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/AAI-to-handle-Mizoram%E2%80%99s-Lengpui-airport/article20588698.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=14 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport is also known as '''Aizawl Airport''' or '''Aizawl–Lengpui Airport''', reflecting its role in serving Aizawl.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:First trial flight for Lengpui Airport.jpg|thumb|left|The very first trial flight at Lengpui Airport in 1999, operated by the then [[Indian Airlines]], using its [[Boeing 737-200]] aircraft.]]<br /> The airport was constructed at a cost of ₹ 979 crore,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Advani inaugurates Lengpui airport|url=http://www.nenanews.com/OT%20Dec22-Jan6,99/oh13.htm|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=NENA NEWS|date=22 December 1998 – 6 January 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233613/http://www.nenanews.com/OT%20Dec22-Jan6,99/oh13.htm|archive-date=6 February 2012|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was completed in a record time of two years and two months. The construction work started in December 1995 and completed in February 1998. The airport was expected to be able to cater to 300 incoming and outgoing passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LENGPUI AIRPORT|url=http://mizopwd.nic.in/project/lengpui.htm|publisher=Mizoram PWD|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427080636/http://mizopwd.nic.in/project/lengpui.htm|archive-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the construction of this airport, Aizawl was {{convert|130|km|abbr=on|0}} from the nearest railway head at [[Bairabi]] and {{convert|205|km|abbr=on|0}} from the nearest airport at [[Silchar]]. With regards to land acquisition, it has been found out that about 65 percent of the area acquired, belonged to some high government officials and political leaders at Aizawl, who started buying plots from people in Lengpui village at very low prices. They then donated the land to the government for the airport for which the rich persons got much more compensation as donors than the actual farmers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pranami|first=Garg|title=Lengpui Airport: The Veiled and The Real Victims|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:sDBUTfD9E14J:onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/NESRC/Pranami/LENGPUIPRANAMI.doc+&amp;hl=en&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESjgfrgO4HsB32Vi0nCLCsflaIY1TUkbjg3wXZNfUbb3mwyWIjIX7I4lsK7emn4PkUjVoOfAmsULc_GZnxsfMbAfmmfkJKSiFlelhdmGwEdIlgk_4hvxA41d7-WzlH4CJutztTUS&amp;sig=AHIEtbRQTXI7fTzX11ETkU_4PRQKTuXCqg|access-date=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Previously, the airport was also served by [[Air Deccan]] which later became [[Kingfisher Red]], but the airline stopped operating from the airport in April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kingfisher looks to shut some stations, reduce workforce |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/LSNxsMXwkfwDKfbiYQUywO/Kingfisher-looks-to-shut-some-stations-reduce-workforce.html |website=livemint |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=14 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Technical details==<br /> The 2,500-metre runway of the Lengpui airport is unique in that it has many hilly streams running underneath.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lengpui Airport safe for passenger flights, claims Aviation Wing|url=http://www.mizonews.net/mizo-news/lengpui-airport-safe-for-flights-claims-aviation-wing/|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=mizo news|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221205917/http://www.mizonews.net/mizo-news/lengpui-airport-safe-for-flights-claims-aviation-wing/|archive-date=21 February 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport is one of the airports in India that has a [[Tabletop runway|table top runway]] (others being [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]], [[Shimla Airport|Shimla]], [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/Indian-skies-are-safe-for-flying-Kanu-Gohain-Ex-Director-General-DGCA/articleshow/5964029.cms|title= Indian skies are safe for flying: Kanu Gohain, Ex-Director General, DGCA|date= 23 May 2010|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which creates an optical illusion that requires a very precise approach from the pilot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tabletop&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052356181100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107121854/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052356181100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 November 2012 |title= Tabletop runway creates an optical illusion, says pilot |date= 23 May 2010 | work = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present, Lengpui Airport has installed a Cat I [[instrument landing system]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LENGPUI AIRPORT ILS|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lengpui-airport-ils|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218163806/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/lengpui-airport-ils|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; which helps planes land safely during low-visibility conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Now, planes can land in Mizoram in low light condition|url=http://www.sify.com/news/now-planes-can-land-in-mizoram-in-low-light-condition-news-national-libwakjiadd.html?ref=false|access-date=30 August 2012|newspaper=Sify News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619011051/http://www.sify.com/news/now-planes-can-land-in-mizoram-in-low-light-condition-news-national-libwakjiadd.html?ref=false|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A runway safety area&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sarma|first=Pankaj|title=Panel for safer runway at Lengpui|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/northeast/story_15640879.jsp#.UCttUKO4KuI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623060240/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/northeast/story_15640879.jsp#.UCttUKO4KuI|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=15 August 2012|newspaper=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and isolation parking bay are also planned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kingfisher leh Air India ten Mizoram sum nuai 117 an ba|url=http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5021:kingfisher-leh-air-india-ten-mizoram-sum-nuai-117-an-ba&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|access-date=15 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozam Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230048/http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5021:kingfisher-leh-air-india-ten-mizoram-sum-nuai-117-an-ba&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian Air Force is planning to station at least 4 jet fighters at Lengpui airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IAF-in Lengpui Airport-ah Jet Fighter 4 dah an dil|url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3734:iaf-in-lengpui-airport-ah-jet-fighter-4-dah-an-dil&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416012630/http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3734:iaf-in-lengpui-airport-ah-jet-fighter-4-dah-an-dil&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|access-date=30 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozamtimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Indian Oil]] handles the [[aviation fuel]] service department of Lengpui airport.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Renovation ==<br /> [[File:LengpuiAirportfromaircraft.jpg|thumb|left|The new under-construction departure ramps (red roofs) seen from an aircraft.]]<br /> Starting from 21 April 2021, Lengpui Airport is currently underway under a renovation project that will result in an upgraded terminal and an [[overpass|elevated roadway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www-vanglaini-org.translate.goog/article/48406?_x_tr_sl=lus&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp&amp;_x_tr_hist=true | title=Vanglaini }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The programme ‘Improvement/Upgradation of Operational/Non-Operational facilities of Lengpui Airport’ is being funded under North East Special Infrastructure Development Schemes (NESIDS) and the Special Central Assistance (SCA) at a cost of Rs. 19.59 crores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/pwd-minister-in-tlawng-lei-dawh-that-mek-leh-lengpui-airport-sak-that-mekte-a-tlawh | title=PWD Minister-In Tlawng Lei Dawh That Mek Leh Lengpui Airport Sak That Mekte a Tlawh }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * The SCA is in charge of Earth works, Dismantling Item, PCC works, RCC works, Brick Walling, Plastering, Tile Flooring, Ceiling &amp; Pannelling with ACO Board, Painting, Railing (Stainless Steel with Tuffen Glass), Door &amp; Windows fittings, Temporary [[Lamination|Laminated]] Board Partition, Roof Treatment, Sanitary Fittings, and Sub-Surface Cabel Channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www-vanglaini-org.translate.goog/article/48406?_x_tr_sl=lus&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp&amp;_x_tr_hist=true | title=Vanglaini }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The NESIDS is in charge of Construction of Elevated Road, Construction of Departure Ramp (2 Nos), Extension of Baggage Make-up area, SITC of MRV/VRF Centralised Air Conditioners, Internal Electrification of Terminal Building, and Underground Cable (XLPE/PVC) for First Floor [[Conveyor belt|Conveyer Belt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www-vanglaini-org.translate.goog/article/48406?_x_tr_sl=lus&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp&amp;_x_tr_hist=true | title=Vanglaini }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Airlines and destinations ==<br /> &lt;!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --&gt;<br /> {{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes<br /> | {{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}} | [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Three new flights connecting Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram launched; check schedule|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/three-new-flights-connecting-assam-arunachal-meghalaya-manipur-mizoram-launched-check-schedule/ar-AA13xvZQ|work=Times Now|date=30 October 2022|access-date=30 October 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport|Imphal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Three new flights connecting Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram launched; check schedule|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/three-new-flights-connecting-assam-arunachal-meghalaya-manipur-mizoram-launched-check-schedule/ar-AA13xvZQ|work=Times Now|date=30 October 2022|access-date=30 October 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]], [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://allianceair.in/schedule|title=Alliance Air flight schedule|work=Alliance Air|accessdate=27 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[IndiGo]] |[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.traveltrendstoday.in/news/aviation/item/8160-indigo-launches-26-new-flights|title=IndiGo Launches 26 New Flights|work=Travel Trends Today|date=6 March 2020 |access-date=6 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/indigo-to-launch-direct-flights-from-guwahati-to-aizawl-and-varanasi.html|title=IndiGo to launch direct flights from Guwahati to Aizawl and Varanasi|work=NorthEast Now|date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {{Airport-Statistics|iata=AJL}}<br /> <br /> ===Top flights===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:89%; align=center;&quot;<br /> |+ '''Busiest flights out of Aizawl–Lengpui by flight per weekly, As of 31 May 2024.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/ajl | title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:darkgrey;&quot;<br /> ! |Rank|| |Destinations|| |Frequency (weekly)<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]]<br /> |20<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> ||{{flagicon|India}} [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<br /> |14<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]]<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |{{flagicon|India}} [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]]<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Helicopter Service==<br /> [[File:Pawan hans helicopter mizoram.jpg|thumb|Pawan hans Helicopter Mizoram]]<br /> A Helicopter service by [[Pawan Hans]] operating in Lengpui connects Aizawl with [[Lunglei]], [[Lawngtlai]], [[Siaha]], [[Chawngte]], [[Serchhip]], [[Champhai]], [[Kolasib]], [[Khawzawl]], [[Mamit, India|Mamit]] and [[Hnahthial]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mizorama helicopter service Tur chief minister in Hawng |url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |publisher=Mizoram DIPR |access-date=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nilaini atangin 'Helicopter Service|url=http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163051/http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&amp;catid=43:news&amp;Itemid=63|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozam Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Accidents and incidents==<br /> &lt;!--this includes accidents involving aircraft arriving and departing from the airport, including those that take place outside of the airport--&gt;<br /> [[File:Written off Northeast Shuttle flight at lengpui airport.jpg|thumb|Crashed Northeast Shuttle airfract at Lengpui Airport]]<br /> * On 4 May 2011, a Northeast Shuttle's [[Cessna Caravan]] (VT-NES) crash-landed at Lengpui airport, overshooting the runway. While there were no fatalities, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and was written off. The officials at Lengpui airport attributed the mishap to rainfall coupled with strong winds reducing visibility during landing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cessna aircraft crash landed at Mizoram airport, 9 injured|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article1990728.ece|access-date=29 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] enquiry reported the cause of the accident to be &quot;inadequate skill level of the pilot to execute a safe landing during marginal weather conditions&quot;. The pilot had failed to execute a stabilized approach. As a consequence the aircraft touched down well past the runway threshold, overshot the runway, and fell into a ravine. The overshoot was a consequence of the pilot choosing to continue with the unstable approach, rather than going around to divert or make another approach. The DGCA also held the operator responsible for not ensuring that the pilot met the minimum regulatory requirements of the DGCA. The pilot was not cleared as per DGCA regulations to operate in airports situated in hilly terrain. The regulator also observed that the availability of a [[Runway safety area|runway end safety area]] (RESA) and a functioning [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) would have increased the safety margin at the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Final Investigation Report|url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-NES.pdf|access-date=20 August 2014|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *On 23 January 2024, a Myanma army plane crash-landed at Lengpui Airport as it skidded off the runway. Out of the 14 people aboard, 6 were injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/burmese-army-with-14-people-crashes-lengpui-airport-mizorams-lengpui-airport-6-injured-101705992280888.html | title=Myanmar Army plane with 14 people crashes at Mizoram's Lengpui airport | date=23 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 276 Myanmar soldiers fled to [[Mizoram]] due to the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar civil war]] and on the day before the crash, a Burmese army plane took back 184 soldiers who fled to [[Mizoram]]. Then, the next day, it came back to take its remaining 92 soldiers back but skidded off the runway after a late touchdown and fell into a ravine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram/myanmar-army-plane-crash-lands-in-mizoram-airport-eight-injured-2860412 | title=Myanmar army plane skids off runway in Mizoram Airport, 8 injured }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Aviation}}<br /> * [[Vuakmual Airport]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lengpui.jsp Lengpui Airport at the AAI]<br /> *Director General of Civil Aviation. (18/03/2019). [http://dgca.nic.in/dom_flt_schedule/INDIGO_SS19.pdf APPROVED DOMESTIC SCHEDULE SUMMER]. Aurbindo Marg, Opp. Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi 110003, INDIA<br /> <br /> {{Mizoram}}<br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Transport in Aizawl]]<br /> [[Category:Airports established in 1998]]<br /> [[Category:Airports in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aara_(actress)&diff=484046 2026-01-28T08:13:56Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating New Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aara<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = Actress, model<br /> | years_active = 2014–present<br /> | imagesize =<br /> | homepage = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aara''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil films. She has starred in films such as ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' (2016) and ''[[One Way (2022 Indian film)|One Way]]'' (2022).<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Aara is the daughter of noted Tamil film press relations officer Durai Pandi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/actress-aara-paisa-is-mandatory-in-everyones-life-but-it-shouldnt-overtake.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605103631/http://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/actress-aara-paisa-is-mandatory-in-everyones-life-but-it-shouldnt-overtake.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2016 |title=Actress Aara - &quot;Paisa&quot; is mandatory in everyone’s life. But it shouldn’t overtake&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; After playing supporting roles in ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014) and ''[[Poojai]]'' (2014), she portrayed her first lead role in ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' (2016), portraying a girl who works in a supermarket.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050516/following-her-heart-aara.html |title=Following her heart: Aara |first=S. |last=Subhakeerthana |date=5 May 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aara-will-be-seen-as-a-slum-dweller/articleshow/52123857.cms |title=Aara will be seen as a slum-dweller |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She subsequently worked on ''[[Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru]]'' (2017), which also had a low-key opening.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/8499-actress-aara-open-talk-about-guru-uchaththula-irukkaru |title=Actress Aara open talk about Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru |website=WoodsDeck |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222053426/http://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/8499-actress-aara-open-talk-about-guru-uchaththula-irukkaru |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/hopes-of-a-debutant-look-out-for-director-b-dhandapanis-political-comedy-guru-uchaththula-irukkar-1707332.html |title=Hopes of a debutant: Look out for Director B Dhandapani's political comedy 'Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru' |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She had two releases in 2022, the long-delayed ''[[Kuzhali]]'', where she had replaced [[Esther Anil]] in a lead role, and ''[[One Way (2022 Indian film)|One Way]]'', where she featured alongside [[Kovai Sarala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/actress-aara-in-one-way-and-kuzhali-movies/ |title=Actress Aara in One Way and Kuzhali.Movies |date=13 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2014 || ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poojai]]'' || Vasu's sister || <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2016 || ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' || Veni || <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2017 || ''[[Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru]]'' || Tamizhselvi || <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022 || ''[[Kuzhali]]'' || Kuzhali || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[One Way (2022 Indian film)|One Way]]'' || Selvi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''Poonga'' || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|9445838}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aara}}<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century births]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machilipatnam%E2%80%93Dharmavaram_Express&diff=514248 2026-01-23T12:01:03Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Machilipatnam –Dharmavaram Express<br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|07|12}}<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}} (MTM)<br /> | stops = 18<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}} (DMM)<br /> | distance = {{convert|695|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 14h 25m<br /> | frequency = Daily train effective February 2019.<br /> | class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = No<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering &lt;br&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | entertainment = No<br /> | baggage = No<br /> | other facilities= Below the seats<br /> | stock = 2<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = <br /> | trainnumber = 17215/17216<br /> | speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Machilipatnam–Dharmavaram Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}} and {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}} in India. It is served daily with 17215/17216 train numbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2023-02-14 |title=Union Minister Kishan Reddy flags off Dharmavaram-Machilipatnam Express in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/union-minister-kishan-reddy-flags-off-dharmavaram-machilipatnam-express-in-andhra-pradesh/article66509002.ece |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Initially ending at Vijayawada, it was extended to Machilipatnam on 14 February 2023. This is the first passenger train to bypass {{stnlnk|Gooty Junction}} in favor of {{stnlnk|Gooty Fort}}, skipping engine reversing time and efforts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,5,268&amp;dcd=8927&amp;did=1494933941193B424A97DC5E6B2378D15B4326EAD561B.web91 Additional Stoppage to Vijayawada-Dharmavaram-Vijayawada Express at Koilakuntla Railway Station]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,5,268&amp;dcd=8550&amp;did=1487056231852D6303C13B09CECF90B508060F0830C36.web91 Additional Stoppages for Vijayawada-Dharmavaram-Vijayawada tri-weekly Express]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,5,268&amp;dcd=8550&amp;did=1487056231852D6303C13B09CECF90B508060F0830C36.web91 Additional Stoppages for Vijayawada-Dharmavaram-Vijayawada tri-weekly Express]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2023-02-14 |title=Union Minister Kishan Reddy flags off Dharmavaram-Machilipatnam Express in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/union-minister-kishan-reddy-flags-off-dharmavaram-machilipatnam-express-in-andhra-pradesh/article66509002.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> The 17215/Machilipatnam–Dharmavaram Express has an average speed of 49.6&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 694&amp;nbsp;km in 14h 00m. The 17216/Dharmavaram–Machilipatnam Express has an average speed of 47.0&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 694&amp;nbsp;km in 14h 45m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-07-13/New-train-launched-between-Vijayawada-Dharmavaram/241706|title=New train launched between Vijayawada, Dharmavaram|first=The Hans|last=India|date=13 July 2016|website=www.thehansindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are:<br /> * {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Gudivada}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Guntur Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Narasaraopet}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vinukonda}}<br /> *[[Markapur|Markapur Road]]<br /> *[[Giddalur]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Nandyal Junction}}<br /> *[[Banganapalle|Banaganapalle]]<br /> *[[Koilkuntla|Koilakuntla]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jammalamadugu}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Proddatur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Yerraguntla Junction}}<br /> *[[Tadipatri]]<br /> * {{stnlnk|Gooty Fort}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Anantapur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}}<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130&amp;nbsp;km/h. The train consists of 20 coaches:<br /> <br /> * 2 AC II Tier<br /> * 8 AC III Tier<br /> * 6 Sleeper coaches<br /> * 4 General Coaches <br /> * 2 Generators cum Luggage/parcel van<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Vijayawada Loco Shed,|Vijayawada Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive.<br /> <br /> ==Direction reversal==<br /> <br /> The train reverses its direction at {{stnlnk|Yerraguntla Junction}}.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Dharmavaram Junction railway station]]<br /> * [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}Frequency of this train has been increased. Now it runs as daily train effective February 2019.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/48560 17215/Vijayawada - Dharmavaram Express] India Rail Info<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/48561 17216/Dharmavaram - Vijayawada Express] India Rail Info<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayawada-Dharmavaram Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]<br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parbatia_Banal_Panditayan&diff=524419 2026-01-09T04:32:22Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Parbatia Banal Panditayan<br /> | image = Parbatia Banal Panditayan poster.jpeg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Ramnath Roy<br /> | writer = Ramnath Roy<br /> | screenplay =<br /> | story =<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = Sheetla Prasad Agrahari<br /> | starring = Girija Mitra &lt;br&gt;Shiv Agrahari&lt;br&gt; [[Laxmi Chhaya]]&lt;br&gt; [[Chandrakala]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kalpana Pandit]]&lt;br&gt;[[Naseem Banu]]<br /> | narrator =<br /> | cinematography =<br /> | editing =<br /> | music = Pratibha Dutt&lt;br&gt; [[Usha Mangeshkar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mahendra Kapoor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anuradha Paudwal]]&lt;br&gt;Dilbar Khan<br /> | studio = Rajwanta Films<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|1986}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Parbatia Banal Panditayan''''' (English translation - ''Parbatia turns into a panditayan'') is a 1986 [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri film]] directed by Ramnath Roy&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajadhyaksha-Encyclopedia-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=536}}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced by Sheetla Prasad Agrahari under the banner of Rajwanta Films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit |title=Cinema Bhojpuri |date=22 May 2010 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9788184752564 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&amp;dq=Sheetla+Prasad+Agrahari&amp;pg=PT232 |quote=15. Parbatiya Banal Panditayeen (Parbatiya turns into a panditayeen)-Producer: Sheetla Prasad Agrahari. Director Ramnath Rai. Music: Pratima Dutta.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars Girija Mitra, Shiv Agrahari, [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Chandrakala]], [[Kalpana Pandit]] and [[Naseem Banu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Parbatia Banal Panditayan |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/parbatia-banal-panditayan/2030216361/ |publisher=[[TV Guide]] |date=15 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharda |first1=Ratan |title=Collections, First Indian Film &amp; Video Guide |date=1991 |publisher=Update Video Publication LLP, the [[University of Michigan]] |pages=205}}&lt;/ref&gt; It had music by Pratibha Dutt, lyrics by Ramnath Roy and songs sung by [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and Dilbar Khan.&lt;ref name=saregama/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A girl named Parbatia who falls in love with Kishan Pandit, a police officer, but they both belong to a different sections of society. Kishan fights for his love and marries her. The climax of the film deals with a twist related to the hidden truth of Parbatia's past life.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * Girija Mitra as Parbatia<br /> * Shiv Agrahari as Kishan Pandit<br /> * [[Laxmi Chhaya]]<br /> * [[Chandrakala]]<br /> * Liaqat Ali<br /> * [[Kalpana Pandit]]<br /> * Sheetla Prasad Agrahari<br /> * [[Naseem Banu]]<br /> * Vandna Shashtri<br /> * Hari Shukla<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Parbatia Banal Panditayin<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = Prativa Dutta<br /> | cover = Parbatia Banal Panditayan Music Album poster.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{start date|df=yes|1980||}}<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue = Mumbai<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 25:40<br /> | language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> | label = [[The Gramophone Company of India]]<br /> | producer = Sheetla Prasad Agrahari<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> ''Parbatiya Banal Panditayan'' has music by Prativa Dutta, with lyrics by Ramnath Roy. The songs were sung by [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Dilbar Khan, [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and Prativa Dutta.&lt;ref name=saregama&gt;{{cite web |title=Parbatia Banal Panditayin |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/parbatia-banal-panditayin_1818 |publisher=[[Saregama]] |date=17 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | lyrics1 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra1 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]<br /> | title1 = Laaj Se Mori Jaye<br /> | length1 = 6:02<br /> | total_length = 25:40<br /> | lyrics2 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra2 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]<br /> | title2 = Parbatia Banal Panditayin<br /> | length2 = 3:11<br /> | lyrics3 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra3 = Prativa Dutta<br /> | title3 = Darogaji Ho<br /> | length3 = 3:19<br /> | lyrics4 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra4 = Dilbar Khan, Prativa Dutta<br /> | title4 = Charhti Jawani<br /> | length4 = 3:09<br /> | lyrics5 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra5 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]<br /> | title5 = Piyawa Maan Dailan Hamar<br /> | length5 = 3:17<br /> | lyrics6 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra6 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br /> | title6 = Badi Badnami Bhoil<br /> | length6 = 3:06<br /> | lyrics7 = Ramnath Roy<br /> | extra7 = Dilbar Khan, Prativa Dutta<br /> | title7 = Chand Tu Ja Kaha<br /> | length7 = 3:28<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bhojpuri Film Industry]]<br /> *[[List of Bhojpuri films]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|17048916}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1986 films]]<br /> [[Category:1980s Bhojpuri-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1986 Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aulakh,_Muktsar&diff=488328 2026-01-07T19:00:36Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating Page...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{for|the village in Nakodar|Aulakh, Nakodar}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Aulakh<br /> | native_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_shield = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = centre<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30|16|43|N|74|30|43|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district| Sri Muktsar Sahib]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Panchayat<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 50<br /> | population_total = 2500<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 152112<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = (+91) 01637<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Aulakh''' is a small village in [[Punjab, India]]. It lies in the tahsil (sub-district) of ''Malout'' and in the district of Sri Muktsar Sahib.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2025 |title=Aulakh Population - Muktsar, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35272-aulakh-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an estimated population of only 2500. The place has three religious places, comprising one ''gurdwara'' sahib and two other places.{{Clarify|reason=what are the two other religious places?|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As of 2011, the village had a total population of 2576, comprising 1365 males and 1211 females. The sex ratio in the village is 885 females per 1000 males. The literate ratio in the village is 200 for males and 55 for females.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In terms of education, this village is a hub for all the other villages in the neighborhood. ''Aulakh'' has one ''government school'' and four other private schools.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Punjab (Indian state)|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]<br /> {{Sri Muktsar Sahib district}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Kolli&diff=492059 2026-01-06T05:41:26Z

<p>KareemOman9338: new entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Pp-pc|reason=Persistent unexplained removal of material}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian screenwriter and film director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date= September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Bobby Kolli <br /> | caption = <br /> | other_names = K. S. Ravindra<br /> | image = Kolli Bobby.jpg<br /> | birth_name = Kolli Santosh Ravindra<br /> | birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|storywriter}}<br /> | spouse = Anusha<br /> | children = 1<br /> | yearsactive = 2007–present<br /> }}<br /> '''Kolli Santosh Ravindra''', professionally known as '''Bobby Kolli''', is an Indian film director and [[screenwriter]], who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He won the Best Debut Director Award, for ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' (2014), at the [[Santosham Film Awards]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Kolli Santosh Ravindra was born and brought up in [[Guntur]], India. After graduating with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com]] degree, Ravindra started his film career in 2003 and joined writer Chinna Krishna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-09-17|title=From Guntur to Tollywood|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140916/entertainment-tollywood/article/guntur-tollywood|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went on to work under several directors including [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]] and [[Gopichand Malineni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=కె.ఎస్. రవీంద్ర (బాబీ)|url=http://www.zeecinemalu.com/celebrity/k-s-ravindra-bobby-59792/|website=Zee Cinemalu|language=te|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228021510/http://www.zeecinemalu.com/celebrity/k-s-ravindra-bobby-59792/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravindra made his directorial debut with [[Power (2014 Telugu film)|''Power'']] (2014), starring [[Ravi Teja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-17|title=శ్రీను వైట్ల టు బాబీ..రవితేజ ప‌రిచ‌యం చేసిన డైరెక్ట‌ర్లు వీళ్లే|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/srinu-vaitla-to-bobby-raviteja-introduces-these-directors-124091|access-date=2021-02-16|website=ntnews|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His 2016 directorial, ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'', starring [[Pawan Kalyan]] was a commercial failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-14|title=Pawan Kalyan starrer 'Sardaar Gabbar Singh' fares miserably at box office|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-starrer-%E2%80%98sardar-gabbar-singh%E2%80%99-fares-miserably-box-office-43235|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113115741/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-starrer-%E2%80%98sardar-gabbar-singh%E2%80%99-fares-miserably-box-office-43235|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next film, ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' (2017) where [[Jr NTR]] essayed three roles, was a blockbuster at the box office, grossing over {{INR}}100 [[crore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jai Lava Kusa Box Office Collection: Junior NTR's Film Is At 100 Crore And Counting On Day 6|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jai-lava-kusa-box-office-collection-junior-ntrs-film-is-at-100-crore-and-counting-on-day-6-1756273|access-date=2021-02-17|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, Ravindra directed ''[[Venky Mama]]'', starring [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Naga Chaitanya]]. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was a profitable venture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Venky Mama' Box-Office: Venkatesh and Naga Chaitanya starrer turns into a profitable venture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/venky-mama-box-office-venkatesh-and-naga-chaitanya-starrer-turns-into-a-profitable-venture/articleshow/72992448.cms|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, &quot;Ravindra tries to milk the real life family bond between Venkatesh and Chaitanya in ''Venky Mama'', which relies heavily on the camaraderie between its lead actors.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-13|title=Venky Mama movie review: Venkatesh, Naga Chaitanya-starrer is not wholesome entertainment|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/venky-mama-movie-review-venkatesh-naga-chaitanya-starrer-is-not-wholesome-entertainment/story-hJTfgUpRro40Y36oqmgy2L.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemanth Kumar in his review for ''Firstpost'' opined, &quot;In his attempt to blend humour and sentiment, KS Ravindra (Bobby) turns ''Venky Mama'' into a bland drama, where the narrative moves from one set piece to another without leaving a strong impression.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-13|title=Venky Mama movie review: Venkatesh, Naga Chaitanya's chemistry is heartwarming in an otherwise bland drama|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/venky-mama-movie-review-venkatesh-naga-chaitanyas-chemistry-is-heartwarming-in-an-otherwise-bland-drama-7778851.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His next film, ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'', starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Ravi Teja]], released in January 2023, for [[Sankranti]]. This was followed by ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]'' in January 2025.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Ravindra is married to Anusha Dronavalli, the elder sister of chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]], [[Harika Dronavalli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Rupam|date=7 June 2015|title=I am uncool, but I'm cool with that: Dronavalli Harika|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/i-am-uncool-but-im-cool-with-that-dronavalli-harika/articleshow/47574020.cms|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple has a daughter born in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Director Bobby throws a lavish bash for baby girl's first birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/director-bobby-throws-a-lavish-bash-for-baby-girls-first-birthday/articleshow/71539868.cms|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> ===Director===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Venky Mama]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{TBA|align=left}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Mega 158': Chiranjeevi teams up with Bobby Kolli and KVN Productions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mega-158-chiranjeevi-bobby-kolli-kvn-productions-chiranjeevi-70th-birthday/article69965114.ece |access-date=29 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |department=The Hindu Bureau |date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831222946/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mega-158-chiranjeevi-bobby-kolli-kvn-productions-chiranjeevi-70th-birthday/article69965114.ece |archive-date=31 August 2025 |url-status=live |lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{pending film|Mega 158}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Writer===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Writer<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Don Seenu]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Oh My Friend]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Balupu]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Story}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Alludu Seenu]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Story}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Pantham]]''<br /> | {{Partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm5725247}}<br /> * {{Facebook|DirectorBobby}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolli, Bobby}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_Rock_Edicts&diff=476044 2026-01-02T11:39:42Z

<p>KareemOman9338: enhanced article per sources and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient rock inscriptions in India attributed to Mauryan emperor Ashoka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox artefact<br /> | name = Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka<br /> | image = [[File:Sahasram Edict of Ashoka.jpg|300px]]<br /> | image_caption = Minor rock edict of [[Sasaram]].<br /> | material = Rock, stone<br /> | size = <br /> | writing =<br /> | created = 3rd century BCE<br /> | discovered = 1893<br /> | location = [[India]]<br /> | id = <br /> | registration = <br /> | map ={{Location map+<br /> |South Asia<br /> |float = center<br /> |border = none<br /> |width = 300<br /> |caption = [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|8px]] Location of the Minor Rock Edicts (Edicts 1,2&amp;3)<br /> |nodiv = 1<br /> |mini = 1<br /> |relief=<br /> |places =<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=28.55856|N |long=77.25662|E |label=[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Bahapur]]|position=top |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.57699|N |long=78.54594|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra|Gujarra]]|position=left |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia|lat=22.73028|N |long=77.51917|E |label=[[Saru Maru]]|position=bottom |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.52000|N |long=76.83361|E |label=Udegolam|position=right |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=0}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.54717|N |long=76.83270|E |label=Nittur|position=left |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=0}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.95723|N |long=76.64122|E |label=[[Maski]]|position=top|mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg |label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=14.81361|N |long=76.79944|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur|Siddapur]]|position=bottom|mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg |label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=14.81361|N |long=76.80611|E |label=Brahmagiri|position=right|mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=0}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=14.84972|N |long=76.79083|E |label=Jatinga|position=left |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=0}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.34416|N |long=76.13694|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Palkigundu|Pakilgundu]]|position=left |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=0}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.96111|N |long=89.34277|E |label='''[[Mahasthan]]'''|position=bottom |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.43500|N |long=77.47166|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edicts, Rajula Mandagiri|Rajula/Mandagiri]]|position=right |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=15.20995|N |long=77.57688|E |label=[[Yerragudi]]|position=right |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=00}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.94138|N |long=84.03833|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Sasaram|Sasaram]]|position=top |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.64083|N |long=80.03194|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Rupnath|Rupnath]]|position=bottom |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.45188|N |long=76.18499|E |label=[[Bairat]]|position=left |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.41712|N |long=76.16256|E |label=[[Bairat Temple|Bhabruh]]|position=right |mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg|label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.02000|N |long=83.02000|E |label=[[Ahraura]]|position=bottom|mark=Orange ff8040 pog.svg |label_size=70}}<br /> {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=18|N |long=75|E |label=[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Palkigundu|Pakilgundu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gavimath|Gavimath]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Yerragudi|Yerragudi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Commons: Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Jatinga Rameshwara|Jatinga/Rameshwara]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Brahmagiri|Brahmagiri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Nittur|Nittur]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Udegolam|Udegolam]]|position=left|mark=7 Local Superclusters (blank 2).png |label_size=70}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> {{Ashoka Edicts articles}}<br /> The '''Minor Rock Edicts''' of [[Ashoka]] (r. 269–233 BCE)&lt;ref&gt;Phuoc 2009, p.30&lt;/ref&gt; are rock inscriptions which form the earliest part of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], and predate [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]]. These are the first edicts in the Indian language of Emperor Ashoka, written in the [[Brahmi]] script in the 11th year of his reign. They follow chronologically the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]], in Greek and in Aramaic, written in the 10th year of his reign (260 BCE),&lt;ref name = &quot;DC&quot;&gt;India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early ... by Dilip K. Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT395 {{p.|395}}]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsoka Inscriptions Of Asoka, E.Hultzsch, 1925]&lt;/ref&gt; which is the first known inscription of Ashoka.&lt;ref&gt;Valeri P. Yailenko [https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 ''Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dharma d'Asoka''] Dialogues d'histoire ancienne vol.16 n°1, 1990, p.243&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are several slight variations in the content of these edicts, depending on location, but a common designation is usually used, with Minor Rock Edict N°1 (MRE1)&lt;ref&gt;Minor Rock Edict 1&lt;/ref&gt; and a Minor Rock Edict N°2 (MRE2), which does not appear alone but always in combination with Edict N°1), the different versions being generally aggregated in most translations. There is also a minor edict No.3, discovered in [[Bairat]], for the Buddhist clergy.&lt;ref&gt;Inscriptions of Asoka by DC Sircar [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_omDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT32 p.32-22]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The inscriptions of Ashoka in [[Greek language|Greek]] or [[Aramaic]] are sometimes also categorized as &quot;Minor Rock Edicts&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Minor Pillar Edicts of Ashoka refer to five separate Edicts inscribed on columns, the Pillars of Ashoka. These edicts are preceded chronologically by the Minor Rock Edicts and may have been made in parallel with the Major Rock Edicts.<br /> <br /> == Chronology ==<br /> The Minor Rock Edict were written quite early in the reign of Ashoka, from the 11th year of his reign at the earliest (according to his own inscription, &quot;two and a half years after becoming a secular Buddhist&quot;, i.e. two and a half years at least after the [[Kalinga War|Kalinga conquest]] of the eighth year of his reign, which is the starting point for his gradual conversion to Buddhism). The technical quality of the engraving of the inscriptions is generally very poor, and generally very inferior to the pillar edicts dated to the years 26 and 27 of Ashoka's reign.&lt;ref name=&quot;JI&quot;&gt;[[John Irwin (curator)|John Irwin]]&amp; [https://www.scribd.com/document/136703111/Chronology-of-Asokan-Pillars &quot;The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars&quot;], in:''[[Artibus Asiae]]'', Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), {{p.|247-265}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Minor Rock Edicts therefore follow the very first inscription of Ashoka, written in year 10 of his reign, the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] established at [[Chilzina]], [[Kandahar]], in the center of [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref name = &quot;VY&quot;&gt;Valeri P. Yailenko [https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 ''Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dharma d'Asoka''] Dialogues d'histoire ancienne vol.16 n°1, 1990, pp.239-256&lt;/ref&gt; This first inscription was written in Classical Greek and [[Aramaic]] exclusively.<br /> <br /> The Minor Rock Edicts maybe slightly earlier than the [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edicts]] established to propagate the [[Dharma]], from the 12th year of Ashoka's reign.&lt;ref name=&quot;CA&quot;&gt;Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor by Charles Allen [https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&amp;pg=PT83 {{p.|83}}]&lt;/ref&gt; These Ashoka inscriptions are in Indian languages with the exception of the [[Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka]] inscribed on a limestone stele.&lt;ref name = &quot;VY&quot;/&gt; It was only later, during the 26th and 27th years of his reign, that Ashoka wrote new edicts, this time on majestic columns, the [[pillars of Ashoka]].&lt;ref name = &quot;CA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;JI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Text of the Minor Rock Edicts==<br /> The different variations of edicts on rock 1 and 2 are usually presented in the form of a compilation.&lt;ref&gt;A translation of the Edicts of Ashoka [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf p.259] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517144931/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf |date=2017-05-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a minor edict on Rock No.3, discovered in [[Bairat]] only, addressing not the Ashoka officers as the first two edicts, but the Buddhist clergy, with the recommendation to study a very specific list of Buddhist scriptures.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;At Bairat, a third Minor Rock Edict of Asoka was also found besides the version of Minor Rock Edict I ... &quot; in DC Sircar's Inscriptions of Asoka [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_omDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT32 p.32]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Minor Rock Edicts, Ashoka makes explicit mention of his religious affiliation by presenting himself as a &quot;lay disciple&quot; or &quot;disciple of the Buddha&quot; according to the versions, and speaking of his proximity to &quot;the order&quot; ([[samgha]]), which is far from the case in most other edicts where he is only promulgating the moral laws of &quot;[[Dharma]]&quot;.<br /> <br /> ;Association of Ashoka with the title &quot;Devanampriya&quot; (&quot;Beloved-of-the-Gods&quot;)<br /> [[File:Rock_edict-_closer_look.JPG|thumb|The [[Maski]] inscription confirmed the association of the title &quot;[[Devanampriya]]&quot; with &quot;Asoka&quot;, both readable in the first line.]]<br /> [[File:Devanampiyasa Asoka.jpg|thumb|&quot;Devānaṃpiyasa Asoka&quot;, honorific Devanampiya (&quot;Beloved of the God&quot;, in the adjectival form -sa) and name of [[Ashoka]], in [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Maski]] [[Edict of Ashoka]].]]<br /> There are slight variations between each of the versions of the Minor Rock Edicts. The [[Maski]] version of Minor Rock Edict No.1 was historically especially important in that it confirmed the association of the honorific title ''&quot;[[Devanampriya]]&quot;'' with [[Ashoka]]:&lt;ref name=CSH&gt;{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA42 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&amp;pg=PT13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|<br /> [A proclamation] of [[Devanampriya]] [[Ashoka|Asoka]].&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a [[Buddhist|Buddha]]-[[Shakya|Sakya]].&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the [[Sangha|Samgha]] and have shown zeal.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in [[Jambudvipa]], have how become mingled (with them).&lt;br /&gt;<br /> This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : &quot;If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half.<br /> |[[Maski]] [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Ashoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In the Gujarra Minor Rock Edict also, the name of Ashoka is used together with his titles: &quot;Devanampiya Piyadasi Asokaraja&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Buddhism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Malalasekera |first1=Gunapala Piyasena |title=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism |date=1990 |publisher=Government of Ceylon |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdwKAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Pre-existence of pillars<br /> In the Minor Rock Edicts, Ashoka also mentions the duty to inscribe his edicts on the rocks and on the pillars (&quot;wherever there is a pillar or rock&quot;). This has led some authors, especially John Irwin, to think that there were already pillars in India before Ashoka erected them. For John Irwin, examples today of these pillars prior to Ashoka would be the bull pillar of [[Rampurva]], the elephant pillar of [[Sankissa]], and the [[Allahabad pillar]] of Ashoka.&lt;ref&gt;John Irwin, &quot;The true chronology of Ashokan pillars&quot;, [https://www.scribd.com/document/136703111/Chronology-of-Asokan-Pillars p.147]&lt;/ref&gt; None of these pillars received the inscription of the Minor Rock Edicts, and only the pillar of Allahabad has inscriptions of Ashoka, which weakens this theory, since, according to the orders of the same of Ashoka, they should have been engraved with his Minor Rock Edicts.<br /> <br /> ;Language of the edicts<br /> Several edicts of Ashoka are known in Greek and Aramaic; by contrast the many minor edicts on rock engraved in southern India in [[Karnataka]] use the [[Prakrit]] of the North as the language of communication, with the [[Brahmi]] script, and not the local [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] idiom, which can be interpreted as a kind of intrusion and authoritarianism in respect to the southern territories.&lt;ref name=&quot;SB&quot;&gt;A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization published by Niharranjan Ray, Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcyho16xzWEC&amp;pg=PA592 p.592]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Full texts of the Minor Rock Edicts===<br /> ;Minor Rock Edict No.1<br /> In this Edict, Ashoka describes himself as a [[Buddhist|Buddhist layman]] ([[Upāsaka]])&lt;ref&gt;The term [[Upasaka]] (Buddhist layman) is used in most inscriptions.{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=167 Note 18 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n343/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; /a [[Buddha]]-[[Shakya|Śaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;Maski inscription {{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=174 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; /a [[Shakya|Saka]],&lt;ref name=&quot;https&quot;&gt;Rupnath inscription {{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=167 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n343/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also explains he has been getting closer to the [[Sangha]] and has become more ardent in the faith.<br /> <br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Minor Rock Edict No.1 (conflated versions)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script<br /> |-<br /> | align = left |<br /> {{smalldiv|{{blockquote|<br /> From [[Suvarnagiri]], on the order of His Highness the Prince, and the officers: good health to the officers of Isila who are to be instructed thus:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Thus speaks the Beloved of the Gods, Asoka:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> I have been a [[Buddhist|Buddhist layman]] ([[Upāsaka]])&lt;ref&gt;The term [[Upāsaka]] (Buddhist layman) is used in most inscriptions.{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=167 Note 18 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n343/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; /a [[Buddha]]-[[Shakya|Śaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;Maski inscription {{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=174 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; /a [[Shakya|Saka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;https&quot;&gt;Rupnath inscription {{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=167 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n343/mode/2up |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt; for more than two and a half years, but for a year I did not make much progress. Now for more than a year I have drawn closer to the Order ([[Sangha]]) and have become more ardent. The gods, who in India up to this time did not associate with men, now mingle with them, and this is the result of my efforts.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Moreover this is not something to be obtained only by the great, but it is also open to the humble, if they are earnest and they can even reach heaven easily.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> This is the reason for this announcement that both humble and great should make progress and that the neighbouring peoples also should know that the progress is lasting,&lt;br /&gt;<br /> And this investment will increase and increase abundantly, and increase to half as much again.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> This matter must be inscribed here and elsewhere on the hills, and wherever there is a stone pillar it is to be engraved on that pillar. You must go out with this document throughout the length and breadth of your [[Vishaya|district]].&lt;br /&gt;<br /> This announcement has been proclaimed while on tour; 256 nights have been spent on tour.<br /> | Adapted from Romilla Thapar, A translation of the Edicts of Ashoka [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf p.259]<br /> }}}}<br /> | align = center width = &quot;30%&quot; | [[File:Sahasram_Edict_of_Ashoka.jpg|thumb|center|250px| Minor Rock Edict No.1 in [[Sasaram]].]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Upasaka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|center|The word ''[[Upāsaka]]'' (&quot;Buddhist lay follower&quot;), used by Ashoka to describe himself, in most versions of his Minor Rock Edict No.1.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ;Minor Rock Edict No.2<br /> Only appears in a few places, in conjunction with Minor Edict No.1<br /> <br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Minor Rock Edict No.2 (conflated versions)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script<br /> |-<br /> | align = left |<br /> {{smalldiv|{{blockquote|<br /> Thus says the Beloved of the Gods. Whatever the Beloved of the Gods orders must be carried out in every respect. The rajuka [rural officer] is to be instructed and he will instruct the people of the countryside, assembling them with the sound of the drum; likewise the local chiefs. Obey mother and father, obey the teachers, have mercy on living beings; speak the truth. These virtues of [[Dharma|Dhamma]] should be followed.<br /> <br /> Thus you will instruct them on the orders of the Beloved of the Gods, and also you will ensure that elephant trainers, clerks, fortune-tellers, and [[Brahmin|Brahmans]] instruct their apprentices according to ancient tradition, that they should honour their masters.... righteous masters. In a family relatives must treat each other with respect.<br /> <br /> This is the ancient custom, conducive to long life, and thus it must be carried out. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Carved by the engraver Capada.<br /> |Adapted from Romilla Thapar, A translation of the Edicts of Ashoka [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf p.259]}}}}<br /> | align = center width = &quot;30%&quot; | [[File:Ashoka_Minor_Rock_Edict_inscription,_Siddapur.jpg|thumb|center|250px| Minor Rock Edicts 1&amp;2 in [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur|Siddapur]].]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ;Minor Rock Edict No.3<br /> Only appears at [[Bairat]], where it was discovered in front of the [[Bairat Temple]], possibly the oldest free-standing temple in India. The Edict is now located in the Museum of [[The Asiatic Society]], [[Calcutta]], and because of this is sometimes called the &quot;Calcutta-Bairāṭ inscription&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Museum Asiatic Society |url=http://www.asiaticsocietykolkata.org/museum/history |website=www.asiaticsocietykolkata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA245 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also known as the Bhabru Edict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674975279 |page=501 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA501 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ashoka claims &quot;great is my reverence and faith in the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] (and) the [[Samgha]]&quot;, and makes a list of recommended Buddhist scriptures that Buddhist monks as well as the laity should repeatedly study.<br /> <br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Minor Rock Edict No. 3<br /> |-<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script<br /> |-<br /> | align = left |<br /> {{smalldiv|{{blockquote|<br /> The [[List of monarchs of Magadha|Magadhan King]] [[Priyadarsin]], having saluted the [[Samgha]] hopes they are both well and comfortable.<br /> <br /> It is known to you, Sirs, how great is my reverence and faith in the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] (and) the [[Samgha]].<br /> <br /> Whatsoever, Sirs, has been spoken by the blessed Buddha, all that is quite well spoken.<br /> <br /> But, Sirs, what would indeed appear to me (to be referred to by the words of the scripture): &quot;thus the true Dharma will be of long duration&quot;, that I feel bound to declare:<br /> <br /> The following expositions of the Dharma, Sirs, (viz.) the ''Vinaya-Samukasa'' (&quot;The Exaltation of Discipline&quot;), the ''Aliya-vasas'' (&quot;The Ideal Mode of Life&quot;), the ''Anagata-bhayas'' (&quot;Fears to Come&quot;), the ''Muni-gathas'' (&quot;The Songs of the Hermit&quot;), the ''Moneya-Suta'' (&quot;Discourse on the Hermit Life&quot;), the ''Upatisa-pasina'' (&quot;The Questions of Upatishya&quot;), and the ''Laghulovada'' (&quot;The Sermon to [[Rahula]]&quot;) which was spoken by the blessed Buddha concerning falsehood, — I desire, Sirs, that many groups of monks and (many) nuns may repeatedly listen to these expositions of the Dharma and may reflect (on them).<br /> <br /> In the same way both [[Householder (Buddhism)|laymen and laywomen]] (should act).<br /> <br /> For the following (purpose), Sirs, am I causing this to be written, (viz.) in order that they may know my intention.<br /> |Adapted from Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch 1925 [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n349/mode/2up p.172] Public Domain<br /> }}}}<br /> | align = center width = &quot;30%&quot; | [[File:Bhabru_inscription.jpg|thumb|center|235px|Minor Rock Edict No.3, from [[Bairat]] only.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Ashoka_Inscriptions_Calcutta_Bairat_rock_inscription.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Rubbing of Minor Rock Edict No.3, from [[Bairat]] only.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Locations ==<br /> The minor rock edicts of Ashoka are exclusively inscribed on rock. They are located throughout the Indian subcontinent. Edict N°1 appears alone in [[Saru Maru|Panguraria]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Rock Edict, Maski|Maski]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Palkigundu and Gavimath|Palkigundu et Gavimath]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Bahapur, Delhi|Bahapur/Srinivaspuri]], Bairat, Ahraura, [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra|Gujarra]], [[Sasaram]], [[:Commons:Ashoka Minor Rock Edicts, Rajula Mandagiri|Rajula Mandagiri]], Rupnath, Ratampurwa and in conjunction with Edict N°2 at [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Yerragudi|Yerragudi]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Udegolam|Udegolam]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Nittur|Nittur]], [[Commons:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Brahmagiri|Brahmagiri]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur|Siddapur]], [[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Jatinga Rameshwara|Jatinga-Rameshwara]].&lt;ref name =&quot;Chak&quot;&gt;India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations ... by Dilip K. Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT395 p.395]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The traditional Minor Rock Edicts (excluding the miscellaneous inscriptions in [[Aramaic]] or [[Greek language|Greek]] found in [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]) are located in central and southern India, whereas the [[Major Rock Edicts]] were located at the frontiers on Ashoka's territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hirakawa |first1=Akira |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120809550 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&amp;pg=PA96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; width = &quot;10%&quot; | Name !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Location !! scope = &quot;col&quot; |Map !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Overview !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Rock !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Rubbing / Close-up<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Bahapur, Delhi|Bahapur]] || Location of Srinivaspuri near Kalkaji Temple, in the [[Kailash Colony]], near the Bahapur area, South [[Delhi]] &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict # 1 only.&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|28.55856|77.25662|display=inline}} [https://www.google.com/maps/@28.5585934,77.2566071,3a,75y,108.41h,80.7t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOvlXXwPlEY6qXVs6D77LtAEkeH1_18lKUVZn-O!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOvlXXwPlEY6qXVs6D77LtAEkeH1_18lKUVZn-O%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya69.55413-ro-0-fo100!7i2508!8i1254?hl=en Local 3D view]||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Bahapur<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 28.558563<br /> | lon_deg =77.256625<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Shelter on the surrounding rocky landscape.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Rock Edict in Delhi surrounded by steel cage.jpg|60px]] || [[File:Ashoka's Rock Edict 02.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra|Gujarra]] || Near [[Jhansi]], [[Datia district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict # 1 only.&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;/&gt;Here, the name of Ashoka is used together with his titles: &quot;''Devanampiya Piyadasi Asokaraja''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Buddhism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |pages=86–96 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n97/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n97/mode/2up Full inscription]/{{Coord|25.57699|78.54594|display=inline}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |pages=239–240, note 47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA239 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Gujarra Devanampiyasa Piyadasino Asokaraja.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Inscription ''&quot;Devanampiyasa Piyadasino Asokaraja&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n103/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Gujarra<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 25.576996<br /> | lon_deg =78.545945<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Gujarra Edict.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka's Minor Rock Edict at Gujarra, Datia District, Madhya Pradesh, India.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Gujarra Ashoka Minor Rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Saru Maru]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Panguraria]] || [[Sehore District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Minor rock edict # 1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=SircarXVII/&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{coord|22.729949|N|77.519910|E|display=inline}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> In Saru Maru/Panguraria there is also a commemorative inscription referring to the visit of Ashoka as a young man, while he was still viceroy of [[Madhya Pradesh]]:&lt;ref name = &quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;Gupta, The Origins of Indian Art, p.196&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CA154/&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|''Piyadasi nama rajakumala va samvasamane imam desam papunitha vihara(ya)tay(e)''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> The king, who (now after consecration) is called &quot;Piyadasi&quot;, (once) came to this place for a pleasure tour while still a (ruling) prince, living together with his unwedded consort.<br /> |Commemorative Inscription of the visit of Ashoka, Saru Maru. Translated by Falk.&lt;ref name=CA154&gt;{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor |date=2012 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=9781408703885 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&amp;pg=PT154 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SircarXVII/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Saru Maru<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 22.730278<br /> | lon_deg =77.519167<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Saru_Maru_small_stupas.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ashokan Inscription near Panguraria village, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|100px|Rock Edict No.1.&lt;ref name=SircarXVII&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |page=Plate XVII |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n177/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;]] || [[File:Panguraria Top View Closeup detail.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Commemorative inscription.&lt;ref name=SircarXVII/&gt;]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Udegolam|Udegolam]] || [[Bellary District]], Karnataka. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict n°1 and n°2&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.52000|76.83361|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Udegolam<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.520000<br /> | lon_deg =76.833611<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict location, Udegolam.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Udegolam.jpg|100px]] [[File:Ashoka_Minor_Rock_Edict_2,_Udegolam.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Udegolam Minor Rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Nittur|Nittur]] || [[Bellary District]], Karnataka. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edicts #1 and #2&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.54717|76.83270|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Nittur<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.547173<br /> | lon_deg =76.832706<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Nittur.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edcit, Nittur inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Nittur Minor Rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Rock Edict, Maski|Maski]] || [[Maski]], [[Raichur district]], Karnataka. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;[A proclamation] of Devanampriya Asoka.&quot;''&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;Two and a half year [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a [[Buddha]]-[[Sakyamuni|Sakya]]...&quot;'' [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.95723|76.64122|display=inline}}<br /> ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Maski<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.957234<br /> | lon_deg =76.641220<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Way to edict.JPG|100px]] || [[File:Rock edict- closer look.JPG|100px]] || [[File:Maski Edict Grafix.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur|Siddapur]] || Near [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]], Karnataka (14°48'49&quot; N 76°47'58&quot; E). &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edicts # 1 and #2&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n357/mode/2up Full inscription] &lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|14.81361|76.79944|display=inline}}||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Siddapur<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 14.813611<br /> | lon_deg =76.799444<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Siddapur.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka_Minor_Rock_Edict_inscription,_Siddapur.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Inscriptions Siddapura rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Brahmagiri|Brahmagiri]] || [[Chitradurga district]], Karnataka. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edicts n°1 and n°2&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|14.81361|76.80611|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Brahmagiri<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 14.813611<br /> | lon_deg = 76.806111<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Brahmagiri Ashoka rock.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Brahmagiri Ashoka inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Inscriptions Brahmagiri rock inscription.jpg|100px]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Commons: Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Jatinga Rameshwara|Jatinga-Rameshwara]] || Near Brahmagiri, Karnataka. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edicts n°1 and n°2&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n361/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|14.84972|76.79083|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Jatinga-&lt;br /&gt;Rameshwara<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 14.849722<br /> | lon_deg = 76.790833<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> <br /> || [[File:Jatinga Rameshwara Ashoka Minor Rock.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Jatinga Rameshwara Ashoka Minor Rock inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka_Inscriptions_Jatinga_Ramesvara_inscription_Lower_Half.jpg|100px]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal|Palkigundu and Gavimath]] ||{{main|Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal}} [[Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal|Palkigundu and Gavimath]] (also called &quot;Gavi Matha Koppal&quot;), Koppal district, [[Karnataka]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.34416|76.13694|display=inline}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.33729|76.16213|display=inline}}||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Pakilgundu<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.344167<br /> | lon_deg = 76.136944<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Gavimath<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.3372926<br /> | lon_deg = 76.1621377<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:ASHOKA ROCK EDICT 10.JPG|100px]] [[File:Palkigundu_Ashoka_Minor_Edict.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Pakilgundu Gavimath Ashoka Minor Edict.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Gavimath Ashoka Minor Edict Inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edicts, Rajula Mandagiri|Rajula Mandagiri]] || Near Pattikonda, [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.43500|77.47166|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Rajula&lt;br /&gt;Mandagiri<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.435000<br /> | lon_deg = 77.471667<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Rajula Mandagiri Ashoka Minor Rock Edict.jpg|100px]] || [[File:King_Ashoka_Minor_Edict_at_Rajulamandagiri, _Near_Pattikonda, _Kurnool_dist, _Andhra_Pradesh..jpg|100px]] || [[File:Rajula Mandagiri Ashoka Minor Rock Edict inscription detail.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[: Commons: Category: Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Yerragudi|Yerragudi]] || [[Gooty]], near [[Guntakal]], [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edicts n°1 and n°2.&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot;/&gt; The [[Major Rock Edicts]] are also present here.&lt;ref&gt;The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the ... by Dilip K Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT32 p.32]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|15.20995|77.57688|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Yerragudi<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 15.209956<br /> | lon_deg = 77.576881<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Yerragudi Asoka Inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Yerragudi Major Rock Edict.jpg|100px]] || [[File:అశోకుని ఎర్రగుడి శాసనం క్రీ పూ ౨౫౭.png|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sasaram]] / Sahasram || [[Rohtas District]], [[Bihar]]. The edict is located near the top of the terminal spur of the [[Kimur Range]] near [[Sasaram]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u00476000.html BLO]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;...And where there are stone pillars here in my dominion, there also cause it to be engraved.&quot;'' [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n345/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|24.94138|84.03833|display=inline}}&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Jambudiipasi.jpg|thumb|center|The name ''[[Jambudvipa|Jambudīpasi]]'' for &quot;[[India]]&quot; ([[Brahmi script]]) in the [[Sahasram]] Minor Rock Edict of [[Ashoka]], circa 250 BCE.&lt;ref name=Hultzsch&gt;{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=169–171 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n345 |language=Sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674057777 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Sasaram<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 24.941389<br /> | lon_deg = 84.038333<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Terminal spur of the Kimur Range, near the top of which is the Sasaram Asoka Edict.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:Sahasram Edict of Ashoka.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Sahasram rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rupnath || On Kaimur Hills near [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh; [http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/katni_padaria_rockedictofashokarupnath.html ASI page]&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am openly a [[Sakyamuni|Sakya]]...&quot;'' [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n341/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|23.64083|80.03194|display=inline}} ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Rupnath<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 23.640833<br /> | lon_deg = 80.031944<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/gallery/gallery_files/katni/padaria/rock_edict_of_rshoka_rupnath/1.jpg Image]|| [[File:Ashoka Inscriptions Rupnath rock inscription.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:Rupnath Minor Rock Edict.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bairat]] || Found on a very large rock, on the hill north of [[Bairat]], [[Rajasthan]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n347/mode/2up Full inscription] &lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|27.45188|76.18499|display=inline}}||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Bairat<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 27.451888<br /> | lon_deg = 76.184998<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Ashoka Shilalekh(Rock Edict)Viratnagar,Rajasthan. 01.JPG|100px]] || [[File:Bairat rock inscription.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bairat Minor Rock Edict.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Calcutta]]/[[Bairat]]|| An inscription found on the hill about one mile southwest of [[Bairat]], [[Rajasthan]], on a block of [[granite]] on the platform between the [[Bairat Temple]] and the large cannon-shaped rock in front of it.&lt;ref name=ASI&gt;{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Four Reports Made During The Years 1862 - 63 - 64 - 65 Volume Ii |date=1871 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83271/page/n293 242]–248 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83271}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JASB&gt;{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. |date=1840 |publisher=Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press [etc.] |page=616 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic9102asia#page/616}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The edict was discovered by Captain Burt in 1840,&lt;ref name=JASB/&gt; and transferred to the Museum of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] at Calcutta, hence the name &quot;Calcutta-Bairat&quot;, also called the Bhabra or Bhabru Edict.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Little Vehicle to Great Vehicle&quot;: Ancient Rajasthan into Buddhist Culture, Prof. Vibha Upadhyaya, Department of History &amp; Indian Culture, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India [http://www.ojs.mcu.ac.th/index.php/jiabu/article/viewFile/758/637 p.97]&lt;/ref&gt; Contains Minor rock edict #3 only, in which Ashoka gives a list of Buddhist scriptures to study.&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''&quot;...It is known to you Sirs, how great is my faith and reverence in the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] and the [[Sangha]]...&quot;'' [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n349/mode/2up Full inscription]&lt;br /&gt;In this inscription, Ashoka is referred to as &quot;''Piyadasi Raja Magadhe''&quot; (&quot;Piyadasi, king of Magadha&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&amp;pg=PA208 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|27.417124|76.162569|display=inline}}<br /> || <br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Bairat<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 27.451888<br /> | lon_deg = 76.184998<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Bairat_temple_and_rock.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bhabru inscription.jpg|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[https://i0.wp.com/www.kolkataonwheels.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/DSC_0042.jpg Modern image in the Asiatic Society]&lt;/small&gt;|| [[File:Ashoka Inscriptions Calcutta Bairat rock inscription.jpg|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Bhabra inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahraura]] || [[Mirzapur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. &lt;br /&gt; Minor rock edict #1 only&lt;ref name = &quot;Chak&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ashoka Inscriptions, Sircar [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n83/mode/2up/search/ahaura p.72]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|25.02000|83.02000|display=inline}}||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Ahraura<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 25.020000<br /> | lon_deg = 83.020000<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[https://plus.google.com/photos/104904538078959495310/album/6220591055792717841/6220591058004303010?authkey=CNG0vJGlzNLarwE Image]<br /> ||[[File:Ahraura inscription of Ashoka.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ahraura Ashoka Minor Rock inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ratampurwa || [[Kaimur District]], [[Bihar]]. Identical to the [[Sasaram]] rock edict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The Minor Rock Edict of Asoka at Ratanpurwa |url=https://www.academia.edu/5363085 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|25.018067|83.341657|display=inline}}||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | India<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = Ratampurwa<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = top<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg<br /> | marksize = <br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 25.018067<br /> | lon_deg = 83.341657<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[https://www.academia.edu/5363085 Images]<br /> || || <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Miscellaneous inscriptions often catalogued in the Minor Rock Edicts==<br /> Some Ashoka inscriptions in Greek or Aramaic, or the inscriptions of the [[Barabar Caves]], are difficult to categorize, and are sometimes included in the &quot;Minor Rock Edicts&quot;.<br /> <br /> This is sometimes also the case with the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] (the designation of &quot;Minor Rock Edict No.4&quot; was proposed), although its nature is quite different from other edicts and it is the oldest of Ashoka's inscriptions (10th year of his reign).&lt;ref&gt;Inscriptions of Asoka by DC Sircar [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_omDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT33 p.33]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The inscriptions in Aramaic, especially the [[Aramaic Inscription of Laghman]] and the [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila]] are also often catalogued among the minor rock edicts, although their character of edict is not very clear, and if the first was inscribed on rock, the second was inscribed on an octagonal marble pillar.<br /> <br /> The inscriptions of the [[Barabar Caves]] are purely dedicatory, without moral content.<br /> <br /> {|class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Inscriptions often included in the &quot;Minor Rock Edicts&quot;<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; width = &quot;10%&quot; | Name !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Location !!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Map!! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Overview !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Rock !! scope = &quot;col&quot; | Rubbing/ Close-up<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] || Chil-Zena Hill, [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] &lt;br /&gt; Original bilingual Greek-Aramaic edition, sort of a summary or introduction of the Edicts of Ashoka. Sometimes categorized as &quot;Minor Rock Edict No. 4&quot;, due to its more recent discovery, although it is the oldest of all Ashoka inscriptions (year 10 of his reign). Two Major Rock Edicts, the [[Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka]], were also discovered in Kandahar. ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | South Asia<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = [[Kandahar]]<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = right<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Purple pog.svg<br /> | marksize = 7<br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 31.615639<br /> | lon_deg =65.664028<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Old_Kandahar_and_Chil_Zena.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Chil Zena wide.jpg|100px]] || [[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aramaic Inscription of Laghman]] || Valley of [[Laghman, Afghanistan]] &lt;br /&gt; Short moral injunction accompanied by information for the journey to [[Palmyra]]. ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | South Asia<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = [[Laghman, Afghanistan|Laghman]]<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = right<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Purple pog.svg<br /> | marksize = 7<br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 34.5846<br /> | lon_deg =70.1834<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> ||[[File:Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg|100px]] || || [[File:Aramaic_inscription_of_Laghman.jpg|100px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila]] || Greek city of [[Sirkap]], [[Taxila]], [[Pakistan]]. &lt;br /&gt; Not perfectly identified inscription, engraved on a marble architectural block, mentioning &quot;Our Lord Priyadasi&quot; (Ashoka) twice . ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | South Asia<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = [[Taxila]]<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = right<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Purple pog.svg<br /> | marksize = 7<br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 33.7561<br /> | lon_deg =72.8292<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:SirkapCity.JPG|100px]] || [[File:Aramaic_inscription_from_Taxila_JRAS.jpg|50px]] || [[File:Sirkap_Aramaic_inscription_4th_century_BC.jpg|35px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Inscriptions of Ashoka (caves of Barabar)]] || [[Barabar Caves]], [[Bihar]] ||<br /> {{Location map<br /> | South Asia<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | float = <br /> | border = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | relief = yes<br /> | AlternativeMap = <br /> | overlay_image = <br /> | label = [[Barabar]]<br /> | label_size = 70<br /> | position = bottom<br /> | background = <br /> | mark = Purple pog.svg<br /> | marksize = 7<br /> | link = <br /> | lat_deg = 25.005<br /> | lon_deg =85.063<br /> | outside =0<br /> }}<br /> || [[File:Sudama_and_Lomas_Rishi_entrances.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Sudama_cave_entrance.jpg|70px]] || [[File:Visvakarma_cave_Ashoka_inscription.jpg|100px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Le Huu Phuoc, ''Buddhist Architecture''. Grafikol 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-9844043-0-8}}.<br /> * Valeri P. Yailenko [https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 ''Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dharma d'Asoka'']. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne vol.16 n°1, 1990, pp.&amp;nbsp;239–256.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal| Ancient Greece |History| India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian inscriptions]]<br /> [[Category:Linguistic history of India]]<br /> [[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasenjit_Barman&diff=526449 2025-12-09T20:00:34Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (1934–2021)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> [[File:Prasenjit Barman.jpg|thumb|Prasenjit Barman]]'''Prasenjit Barman''' (1 October 1934 – 22 December 2021) was an Indian politician and lawyer from [[Cooch Behar]], northern [[West Bengal]]. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 1967 to 1970, and a [[Rajya Sabha]] Member of Parliament from 1976 to 1982. He was noted for advocacy for [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]] culture and language, including efforts to secure the restoration of the [[Cooch Behar Palace]].<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Barman was politically active in the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref name=sba&gt;Sukhabilāsa Barmā. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=l-jZAAAAMAAJ Socio-political Movements in North Bengal: A Sub-Himalayan Tract, Vol. 2]''. Global Vision Publishing House, 2007. p. 181&lt;/ref&gt; He was twice a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Cooch Behar West Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar West constituency]] between 1967–1968 and 1969–1970.&lt;ref name=tte&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph|title=Leader behind Cooch Behar royal palace restoration no more|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/leader-behind-cooch-behar-royal-palace-restoration-no-more/cid/1844449|date=23 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rs/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt; For the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971 election]], the Congress Party fielded Rajani Das as their candidate for Cooch Behar West instead.&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Barman was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[parliament of India]], between 3 April 1976, and 2 April 1982, as a Congress Party parliamentarian representing West Bengal.&lt;ref name=rs/&gt; Barman later joined the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]&lt;!-- not sure if he joined when it was still WBTMC --&gt;.&lt;ref name=sba/&gt; The Trinamool Congress fielded Barman as its candidate for the [[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Uttar seat]] in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] - he finished in second place with 82,628 votes (43.94%).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140414170321/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2011 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Barman was active in socio-cultural issues of the [[Rajbanshi people]] for many years.&lt;ref name=sba/&gt; He was the president of the Cooch Behar Kshatriya Samiti for an extended period.&lt;ref name=sba/&gt; He would often contribute with articles to different publications, relating to socio-cultural issues of the Rajbanshi people.&lt;ref name=sba/&gt; In Cooch Behar, he was recognized for his efforts as a Rajya Sabha member which led to the restoration of the [[Cooch Behar Palace|Cooch Behar royal palace]].&lt;ref name=tte/&gt; He was a member of Cooch Behar Debuttor Trust and Cooch Behar Heritage Committee.&lt;ref name=tte/&gt; When the Mamata Banerjee government instituted the Rajbanshi Bhasa Academy, a state institution promoting Rajbanshi language, Barman was appointed as its chairman.&lt;ref name=tte/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was born on 1 October 1934, as the son of Chandra Mohan Barman.&lt;ref name=rs&gt;Rajya Sabha Secretariat. ''[https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952-2019]''&lt;/ref&gt; He studied Law and obtained [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] degrees.&lt;ref name=rs/&gt; As a lawyer, he practised law in Cooch Behar Court.&lt;ref name=rs/&gt;&lt;ref name=tte/&gt; He was married to Radharai Barman.&lt;ref name=rs/&gt; The couple had four sons and two daughters, and lived at Debibari in Cooch Behar.&lt;ref name=rs/&gt; Prasenjit Barman died at the [[Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital]] in Cooch Behar on 22 December 2021, having been admitted to the hospital a few days earlier.&lt;ref name=tte/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Prasenjit}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2021 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Cooch Behar]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laxman_Singh&diff=452406 2025-11-13T20:58:30Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Article updated with improved flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Last ruling Maharawal of Dungarpur from 1918–1949}}<br /> {{other people}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = HH Maharawal Sir Lakshman Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = photograph of Laxman Singh of Dungarpur<br /> | title = [[Dungarpur|Maharawal of Dungarpur]]<br /> | succession = Maharawal of Dungarpur<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1908|3|7}}<br /> | birth_place = Udai Vilas Palace, [[Dungarpur]] [[Dungarpur State]], [[Rajputana]], [[British Raj]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1989|6|6|1908|3|7|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Udai Vilas Palace, [[Dungarpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India<br /> | spouse = HH Maharaniji Sa Bisenji Shri Brajraj Kanwarji of [[Bhinga]] Estate<br /> <br /> <br /> HH Maharaniji Sa Rathorji Shri Manhar Kanwarji of [[Kishangarh State]]<br /> | issue = [[Mahipal Singh]]<br /> <br /> Maharajkumarji Jai Singh<br /> <br /> Maharajkumarji Raj Singh<br /> <br /> Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Rajendra Kanwarji m.to Thakore Saheb Dharmendra Sinhji of [[Muli State]]<br /> <br /> Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Sushila Kanwarji m.to HH [[Maharaja Karni Singh]] of [[Bikaner State]]<br /> <br /> Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Hemant Kanwarji m.to HH Maharana Prithviraj Sinhji of [[Danta State]]<br /> <br /> Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Krishna Kanwarji m.to HH [[Raja]] [[Lalit Sen]] of [[Suket State]]<br /> | father = HH [[Maharawal]] [[Sir]] [[Bijai Singh]]<br /> | mother = HH Maharaniji Sa Rathorji Shri Devendra Kanwarji Saheba d.of HH [[Maharaja]] [[Sir]] [[Jashwant Singh II]] of [[Sailana State]]<br /> | reign = 1918–1949<br /> | predecessor = HH Maharawal Sir Bijay Singh<br /> | successor = [[Mahipal Singh]]<br /> | succession2 = [[Speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | reign2 = 1977–1979<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Ram Kishore Vyas]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]]<br /> | royal house = <br /> | dynasty = [[Guhila dynasty]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''HH Rai-e-Rayan Mahi Mahendra Maharajadhiraj Ravi Kula Bhushan Shri Shri 108 Maharawal Sir Lakshman Singh Bahadur''' [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (7 March 1908 &amp;ndash; 6 June 1989), was the last ruling [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] [[Guhilot]] Maharawal of the [[princely state|Princely State]] of [[Dungarpur]] from the year 1918 to 1989, a former [[Member of parliament|MP]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and speaker of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from July 1977 to June 1979.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Maharawal Sir Lakshman Singh was born on 7 March 1908 at Udai Villas, [[Dungarpur]], the eldest son and heir apparent of Maharawal Sir [[Bijai Singh]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Dungarpur]]. He was the elder brother of [[Nagendra Singh]], later the President of the [[International Court of Justice]].<br /> <br /> In November 1918, during the [[Spanish flu|influenza pandemic]], both Lakshman Singh and his father contracted the disease; though Singh survived, his father developed double pneumonia and died.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles|last2=Dwivedi |first2=Sharada |date=1984 |title=Lives of the Indian Princes |location=Great Britain |publisher=Century Publishing Co. |page=301 |isbn=0517556898}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, he succeeded to the throne at the age of 10, ruling under the [[Regent|regency]] of the Dungarpur [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] until he came of age in 1928.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> From 1931 to 1947, Lakshman Singh was a member of the standing committee of the [[Chamber of Princes]], and was [[knight]]ed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1935 King's Birthday and Silver Jubilee Honours.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34166/supplements/3596 The London Gazette, 3 June 1935]&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 August 1947, he was appointed as the last Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38161/supplements/7 The London Gazette, 1 January 1948]&lt;/ref&gt; Following [[Independence]], he established an interim legislature for Dungarpur, then with his fellow rulers formed the United State of [[Rajasthan]] on 25 March 1948. The following year, this became the Greater Rajasthan Union to which Dungarpur acceded on 30 March. From 1952 to 1958, Sir Lakshman served as an [[Member of parliament|MP]] for Aspur in the [[Rajya Sabha]], then became President of the [[Swatantra Party]] in Rajasthan from 1961 to 1969. From 1962 until his death, he also served as President of the All-India Kshatriya Mahasabha and as an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chittor]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], serving as speaker from 1977 to 1979; he also served as the leader of the Opposition from 1962 to 1979. He also served as president of [[Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha]] from 1960 till his death.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> On 8 February 1920 at [[Benares]], Lakshman Singh married Biswanji Maharani Shri Brijraj Kunwari Ba Sahiba of Bhinga (1907–1982); the couple had two daughters. On 8 March 1928, he married Rathorji Maharani Shri Manhar Kunwar Ba Sahiba of [[Kishangarh]] (1914–1975); the couple had three sons and two daughters.<br /> His youngest son [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]] was a president of Board of Control for Cricket in India.&lt;ref&gt;[[Raj Singh Dungarpur]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> Despite being officially deprived of his titles as a monarch by the [[Indira Gandhi]] government in 1971, Sir Lakshman continued to serve in politics to the end of his days. He died while in office at his birthplace, Udai Villas at Dungarpur, on 6 June 1989 after a reign of 71 years, aged 81. At the time of his death he was also the second-to-last surviving Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] ([[Chithira Thirunal of Travancore]] would die two years later). Lakshman Singh was succeeded as titular Maharawal of Dungarpur by his eldest son, [[Mahipal Singh]].<br /> <br /> ==Titles==<br /> *1908–1918: [[Maharajkumar]] [[Shri]] Lakshman Singh [[Sahib]] [[Baghatur|Bahadur]], [[Yuvaraja]] of [[Dungarpur]]<br /> *1918–1935: [[His Highness]] Rai-i-Rayan, Mahimahendra, [[Maharajadhiraj]] Maharawal Shri Lakshman Singh Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur<br /> *1935–1947: His Highness Rai-i-Rayan, Mahimahendra, Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Shri [[Sir]] Lakshman Singh Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]<br /> *1947–1989: His Highness Rai-i-Rayan, Mahimahendra, Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Shri Sir Lakshman Singh Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur, [[GCIE]], KCSI<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> *[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935<br /> *[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI)-1935<br /> *[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937<br /> *[[Indian Independence Medal]]-1947<br /> *[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1947<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * ''Dungarpur Rajya ka Itihasa (History: Kingdom of Dungarpur)'', by [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha]], First published 1936. Publisher: Rajasthani Granthaghar, Jodhpur 2000. {{ISBN|81-87720-01-8}}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140301162612/http://rajassembly.nic.in/sp-photo.htm Page including a photo of Laxman Singh]<br /> * [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38813/38813.html CricketArchive: Lakshman Singh]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Laxman}}<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:1908 births]]<br /> [[Category:1989 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dungarpur]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan cricket captains]]<br /> [[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party politicians]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attangudi_Palace&diff=488261 2025-11-07T19:41:58Z

<p>KareemOman9338: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Palace in India}}<br /> {{more footnotes|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> [[File:Athangudipalace1.jpg|thumb|Attangudi palace]]<br /> [[File:Athangudipalace3.jpg|thumb|Attangudi palace, another view]]<br /> [[File:Athangudipalace2.jpg|thumb|Main entrance]]<br /> '''Attangudi Palace''' is a palace{{Clarify|reason=Gives no details of whose &quot;palace&quot; or house it is. When it was made. gives no sources. <br /> Is it even a palace at all. It says below that &quot;Chettinad houses are like palaces&quot;. Is this what it is: &quot;like palace&quot; but not one itself.|date=November 2025}}situated in [[Attangudi]] in [[Sivaganga District]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Attangudi is located 24&amp;nbsp;km from [[Karaikkudi]]. The palace is situated in [[Chettinad]] region. Attangudi is famous for its palace and tiles.<br /> <br /> ==Palaces==<br /> In Tamil Nadu, Chettinad houses are found in many places such as Karaikkudi, Pallatthur, Attangudi and Kothamangalam. These houses are like palaces having ornamental works and woodwork throughout the building.&lt;ref name=tngovt/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Specialities==<br /> According to the world standard, in Chettinad, nearly 7,000 bungalows were found. Many of them were of 80–200 years old. Still they are afresh to look. The locals of Chettinad went to overseas for carrying out business foreign. In spite of that on their return in their native they built such buildings, after learning the techniques there. The materials which they used for the construction of these grand houses are mixture of lime, jaggery and the white of egg combined with Kadukkai (Myrobalan). Combination of these mixtures gave them the shining to the structure and strength. While the small bungalow were of 40' breadth and 120' length, the larger ones like palaces would be of 60' breadth and 200'. Aesthetic sense was the priority given to these structure. Without ceiling fan the inner building would be of cool. Some palaces were in 0.5&amp;nbsp;km. from the main entrance. The entrance doorjamb and the doors were made of Burma teak wood. The floors would having the marble stones imported from Dutch. Attangudi tiles add much beauty to the palace. The inner ceiling of the bungalow would have teak wood. Sculptures such as yazhi and elephant would be found with beautiful iconographical aspects. Drawings of Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple and Rameswaram Temple were found in many palaces. In some floor, Japan flower design was also found. The pillars would be of big. In order to save the water, proper water management system was also applied. Rain water harvesting played a major role in these structures, which were introduced many years back.&lt;ref name=tngovt&gt;[https://sivaganga.nic.in/ta/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D/ சிவகங்கை மாவட்டம், காணத்தக்க இடங்கள்]&lt;/ref&gt; The materials used for the construction of these buildings have long life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekaraikudi.com/tourist-places/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D/ |title=ஆத்தங்குடி பேலஸ், காரைக்குடி |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728103638/http://www.thekaraikudi.com/tourist-places/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Attangudi tiles==<br /> Attangudi is very known throughout the country for its hand-made terracotta tiles. They are made here, by using cement, sand, synthetic oxides and belly jelly. There are so many steps for doing this tiles. Firstly they are shaped and later sun-dried. Later artistically made patterns are given to them. They get their unique texture through the well designed patterns which are carried out by the workers and artisans. The pattern would be given with many colours for having attraction. For their houses and lawns people use it. They appeal to the building. There are also design covering the flora and fauna model. Many of the ancestral houses of this area are having these tiles.&lt;ref&gt;[https://sivaganga.nic.in/tourism/places-of-interest/ Places of interest], &lt;/ref&gt; In Chettinadu many palace like houses are found with these tiles. They are made with cement, sand, synthetic oxides and so on.&lt;ref name=tngovt/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/karaikudi/attractions/athangudi/#photos ஆத்தங்குடி, காரைக்குடி]&lt;/ref&gt; In Chettinadu these tiles are found in this palace and many other palaces in [[Arimalam]], [[Kandanur]], Karaikkudi, Kadiyapatti, [[Kanadukathan]], [[Kottaiyur]], Konapattu, [[Sirukoodalpatti]], [[Devakottai]], [[Pallathur]], [[Puduvayal]], [[Rangiyam]], [[Rayavaram, Tamil Nadu|Rayavaram]] and Valayapatti.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Sivaganga district]]<br /> [[Category:Palaces in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Military_Confidence_Building_Measures,_1996&diff=484888 2025-10-27T22:05:56Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating Details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Anchor|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox treaty<br /> | name = Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996<br /> | long_name = Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas<br /> | type = Standstill agreement&lt;br&gt;Border management&lt;br&gt;Confidence building measures<br /> | context = [[Sino-Indian border dispute|India China boundary question]]<br /> | date_signed = 29 November 1996<br /> | location_signed = New Delhi, India<br /> | condition_effective = [[Ratification]] by China and India<br /> | parties = *{{flagicon|China}} China<br /> *{{flagicon|India}} India<br /> | citations = <br /> | languages = * Chinese<br /> * English<br /> * [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures''' (formally the ''Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas'') followed the [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993|1993 border agreement]]. The Instruments of Ratification were exchanged during the tenth meeting of JWG in August 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2003 |title=1996 Pact on CBMs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/1996-pact-on-cbms/story-28ANt9GSYiPU4bH4yPYxmJ.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Following the 1993 agreement, formal interaction between the two countries continued. In the military sphere, an officer exchange program and high level visits took place. Vice Chief of China's People's Liberation Army and the Chinese Defence Minister visited India while India's Chief of Army Staff and Chief of Naval Staff visited China.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Swaran|title=Sino-Indian CBMs: Problems and Prospects|url=https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-4.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215141342/https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-4.html|archive-date=15 February 2018|access-date=2021-02-22|website=idsa-india.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Agreement ==<br /> {{wikisourcelang|zh|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定}}<br /> The agreement was signed in [[New Delhi]] during a state visit by the President of China. This was the first visit of a Chinese President to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suo moto statement by External Affairs Minister in both Houses of Parliament on 5 December, 1996 on the visit of the President of the People's Republic of China to India |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1996-JAN-DEC-EXTRNAL-AFFAIRS/EXT-1996-12-05_108.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108181237/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1996-JAN-DEC-EXTRNAL-AFFAIRS/EXT-1996-12-05_108.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-08 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=Archive of the Press Information Bureau, Government of Indi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement opened with a mention of the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|five principles of peaceful coexistence]] as well as the [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993|1993 agreement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Border&quot; /&gt; The twelve articles make it understood that the agreement is a no war agreement, that the ultimate solution to the boundary question remains and that the LAC shall be respected. It states that military deployment shall be limited and details on how to deal with military exercises, air intrusions, overflights and landings by military aircraft near the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]]. It aims to prevent &quot;dangerous military activities&quot; near LAC, covers [[Confidence-building measures|CBMs]] such as &quot;flag meetings and telecommunications&quot; and deals with the accidental crossing of the LAC. It reiterates that clarification can be sought with regard to the agreement and LAC and issues of ratification. The agreement recognizes that there are differing perceptions in certain areas along the LAC.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Border&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Gaurav|date=July–September 2020|title=India-China Border Agreements|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/india-china-border-agreements/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-22|website=United Service Institution of India|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620145013/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/india-china-border-agreements/ |archive-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Exchange of maps ===<br /> Article 10 of the agreement mentioned the exchange of maps between the two countries. Initially there had been some progress with the exchange of maps. India and China exchanged maps of the [[Barahoti|Barahoti sector]] during the latter part of 2000. In June 2001 the Indian and Chinese sides had the first in-depth discussion on the LAC in the central sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=J. N. |author-link=Jyotindra Nath Dixit |date=17 July 2001 |title=Talks Know No Boundaries |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/talks-know-no-boundaries/cid/927070 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001041611/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/talks-know-no-boundaries/cid/927070 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maps of Sikkim were also exchanged.&lt;ref name=&quot;Int Law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Utkarsh |date=16 December 2020 |title=The India-China Border Question: An Analysis of International Law and State Practices |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-india-china-border-question/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216094257/https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-india-china-border-question/ |archive-date=2020-12-16 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This resulted in the &quot;Memorandum on Expanding Border Trade&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Int Law&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Documents signed between India and China during Prime Minister Vajpayee's visit to China (June 23, 2003) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7692 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, as maps of other sectors were exchanged, especially the western sector,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2002 |title=India, China exchange maps to resolve border dispute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/india-china-exchange-maps-to-resolve-border-dispute/articleshow/29781150.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223152115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/India-China-exchange-maps-to-resolve-border-dispute/articleshow/29781150.cms |archive-date=2020-12-23 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |date=31 March 2002 |title=India, China agree to exchange border maps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-agree-to-exchange-border-maps/articleshow/5408781.cms |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 November 2002 |title=India, China exchange sample maps of LAC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-china-exchange-sample-maps-of-lac/articleshow/29463091.cms |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt; perceptions vastly differed to a point where the process stopped around 2002/2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |date=8 June 2020 |title=Indo-China row signals breakdown of confidence building measures |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/indo-china-row-signals-breakdown-of-confidence-building-measures-67469/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616135607/https://www.orfonline.org/research/indo-china-row-signals-breakdown-of-confidence-building-measures-67469/ |archive-date=2020-06-16 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Spokesperson's response to queries on the recent media report quoting a Chinese Foreign Ministry statement regarding China's position on the LAC (September 29, 2020) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/response-to-queries.htm?dtl/33074 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=mea.gov.in |quote=...the two sides had engaged in an exercise to clarify and confirm the LAC up to 2003, but this process could not proceed further as the Chinese side did not show a willingness to pursue it....}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2020 the Chinese ambassador to India said that Beijing isn't interested in continuing with the exchange of maps process which had stopped in 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Call From Indian Quarters Urging Change in India's China Policy Worrisome, Says Chinese Envoy |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/india-china-policy-sun-weidong-galwan-pangong-ladakh |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; A drawback of the process of exchanging maps was that it gave an &quot;incentive to exaggerate their claims of where the LAC lay&quot;.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=21 (ebook)}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Tree list}}<br /> * India China border agreements<br /> ** 1988: [[India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question]]<br /> ** Confidence building measures<br /> *** 1993: Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement<br /> *** 1996: Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures<br /> *** 2005: Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures<br /> ** Political measures<br /> *** 2003: Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation<br /> *** 2005: [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005|Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question]]<br /> ** 2012: Agreement on the Establishment of a [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs]]<br /> ** 2013: [[Border Defence Cooperation Agreement]]<br /> ** 2020: 5-point statement<br /> {{Tree list/end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> '''Citations'''{{reflist|30em}}'''Bibliography'''<br /> * {{citation |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduACwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2911-2}}<br /> *{{Cite journal|last=Indurthy|first=Rathnam|year=2016|title=India and China: Conflict, Competition, Cooperation, and Prospects for Peace|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45014321|journal=International Journal on World Peace|volume=33| issue = 1|pages=43–108|jstor=45014321}}<br /> *{{Cite book|last=Fravel|first=M. Taylor|title=Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=9781351001540|editor-last=Bajpai|editor-first=Kanti|chapter=9: Stability in a second strategic direction: China and the border dispute with India after 1962|editor-last2=Ho|editor-first2=Selina|editor-last3=Miller|editor-first3=Manjari Chatterjee}}<br /> *{{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=December 1989|title=The Sino-Indian Border Talks, 1981–1989: A View from New Delhi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644760|journal=Asian Survey|volume=29| issue = 12|pages=1123–1135|doi=10.2307/2644760 |jstor=2644760 |hdl=2022/25945 |hdl-access=free}}<br /> *{{Cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Neville|date=10–16 April 1999|title=Sino-Indian Border Dispute Reconsidered|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407848|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=34| issue = 15|pages=905–918|jstor=4407848}}<br /> <br /> {{China–India relations}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]<br /> [[Category:1996 in China]]<br /> [[Category:1996 in Indian politics]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties of India]]<br /> [[Category:November 1996 in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Boundary treaties]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhairavi_Goswami&diff=490736 2025-10-11T06:04:42Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating New Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress, model, and television host}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Bhairavi Goswami.jpg<br /> | caption = Bhairavi Goswami at AIDS Healthcare Foundation Launch 'Keep the Promise'<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | occupation = Actress, model<br /> | years_active = 2002–present<br /> |website = {{URL|http://thebhairavigoswami.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhairavi Goswami''' is an Indian actress, model, and television host.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Bhairavi was born to parents of mixed heritage. Her father is part Bengali while her mother is Creole. Bhairavi left India at the age of 6 and returned as a teenager to pursue a career in modelling and acting, spending most of her adolescence in the United Kingdom.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ===Modelling===<br /> Bhairavi won the &quot;Pantaloons Model Quest&quot; and was runner up at the &quot;AXN Hot &amp; Wild&quot; contest.&lt;ref name=&quot;AXN announces eight 'Hot 'n Wild' finalists&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/aug/aug146.htm|title=AXN announces eight 'Hot 'n Wild' finalists|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=19 August 2003|archive-date=25 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825175807/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/aug/aug146.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Times of India'' described her as &quot;the Paris Hilton of India, who loves to socialise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE NYMPH WHO DARED!&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Delhi_Times/THE_NYMPH_WHO_DARED/articleshow/2349495.cms|title=THE NYMPH WHO DARED!|accessdate=20 December 2009|date=8 September 2007|work=The Times of India|first1=Kalpana|last1=Sharma|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012010128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/THE-NYMPH-WHO-DARED/articleshow/2349495.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Movies and theatre===<br /> After her first movie role in Sagar Bellary's ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhairavi Goswami's colourful Bheja Fry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sawfnews.com/bollywood/53020.aspx|title=Bhairavi Goswami's colorful Bheja Fry|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=26 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817075339/http://www.sawfnews.com/bollywood/53020.aspx|archive-date=17 August 2010|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;I was so embarrassed for slap sequence: Bhairavi Goswami&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/apr/27_bhairavi_goswami_bheja_fry.asp|title=Bhairavi Goswami slaps Rajat Kapoor|accessdate=15 November 2009|archive-date=23 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223195141/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/apr/27_bhairavi_goswami_bheja_fry.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; she acted in the children's hit composite animation film ''My Friend Ganesha 2''.&lt;ref name=&quot;English-speaking 'Ganesha' to hit big screens on August 22&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200808170901.htm|title=English-speaking 'Ganesha' to hit big screens on August 22|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=17 August 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204023456/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200808170901.htm|archivedate=4 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In her next film, ''Mr. Bhatti on Chutti'', starring [[Anupam Kher]] with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in a cameo appearance, she played a glamorous girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amitabh Bachchan in Mr Bhatti On Chutti?&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Amitabh-Bachchan-in-Mr-Bhatti-On-Chutti/articleshow/2498940.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan in Mr Bhatti on Chutti?|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=30 October 2007|work=The Times of India}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhairavi shed her glamorous image to play a simple school teacher in ''Kachcha Limboo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhairavi goes for a new look in KACHCHA LIMBOO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/dec/26-bheja-fry-bhairavi-kachcha-limboo-vinay-atul-sarika-120704.asp|title=Bhairavi goes for a new look in Kachcha Limboo|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=26 December 2007|archive-date=22 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922192929/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/dec/26-bheja-fry-bhairavi-kachcha-limboo-vinay-atul-sarika-120704.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Bhairavi returns with BHEJA FRY director&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/nov/17-bheja-fry-bhairavi-goswami-kaccha-limboo-bhatti-goes-on-chutti-110708.asp|title=Bhairavi returns with BHEJA FRY director|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=19 August 2003|archive-date=20 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220020149/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/nov/17-bheja-fry-bhairavi-goswami-kaccha-limboo-bhatti-goes-on-chutti-110708.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has ten plays to her credit, including ''Liar Liar'', ''Tea Coffee or Me'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Not everyone's cup of tea&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/04/stories/2006100400590800.htm|title=Not everyone's cup of tea|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=4 October 2006|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=5 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205022710/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/04/stories/2006100400590800.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mad House'' and ''See no Evil, Hear no Evil, Speak no Evil'' &lt;ref name=&quot;See no Evil, Hear no Evil, Speak no Evil&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/english/seenoevil2.asp|title=See no Evil, Hear no Evil, Speak no Evil - Plot 2|accessdate=8 September 2014|date=4 October 2006|location=Mumbai, India|work=Mumbai Theatre Guide|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908091843/http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/english/seenoevil2.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Music videos===<br /> * &quot;Samundar Mein Nahake&quot; remix directed by Samir Malkan<br /> * Raaghav Sachar's first album directed by Indrajit Nattoji for [[Saregama]]<br /> * &quot;Raat Taakli&quot;&quot;, Marathi music video directed by Deepali Vichare<br /> <br /> ===Television credits===<br /> * ''JBC'' with Javed Jaffery<br /> * ''Bollywood Live'' (Indonesia)<br /> * Guest VJ on ''[[B4U Music|B4U]]''<br /> * Appeared on ''Movers &amp; Shakers'' (Shekhar Suman Show)<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Film<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Role<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> |''Kamasutra - The Poetry of Sex''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | ''[[Mr. Bhatti on Chutti|Mr.Bhatti on Chutti]]''<br /> | Katy<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | ''[[Hate Story]]''<br /> | Bhairavi<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Kaccha Limboo|Kachha Limboo]]''<br /> | Lily Fernandes<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | ''My Friend Ganesha – 2''<br /> | Anita<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]''<br /> | Suman Rao<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Theatre==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Genre<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Play<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Director<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''Liar Liar''<br /> | Dinyar Contractor<br /> | 150 shows worldwide<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''Madhouse''<br /> | Dinyar Contractor<br /> | 140 shows worldwide<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''P Dialogues''<br /> | Alyque Padamsee<br /> | 10 shows in Mumbai<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''Mad Horses of Matheran''<br /> | Gary Richardson<br /> | 195 shows<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''Unspoken Dialogues''<br /> | Alyque Padamsee<br /> | 8 shows in Mumbai<br /> |-<br /> | Hindi comedy<br /> | ''Tea, Coffee Or Me''<br /> |<br /> | 85 shows<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil''<br /> | Paritossh Painter<br /> | 50 shows worldwide<br /> |-<br /> | Hindi comedy<br /> | ''Shree, Adi, Manav''<br /> | Paritossh Painter<br /> | 5 shows in Mumbai<br /> |-<br /> | English comedy<br /> | ''Dil Maange More''<br /> | Paritossh Painter<br /> | 5 shows<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Indian film actresses]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://thebhairavigoswami.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203084328/http://thebhairavigoswami.com/ |date=3 December 2016 }}<br /> * {{IMDb name|3079380}}<br /> * {{Twitter}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Bhairavi}}<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Information_Commission&diff=539452 2025-10-07T03:52:14Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started the info initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Statutory body in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Primary sources|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> '''Tamil Nadu Information Commission''' is a statutory body in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It was created in pursuance of the sub-section (1) of section 15 of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/tn-the-first-state-to-introduce-rti-act-guv/states/news/1370290.html|title=TN The First State to Introduce RTI Act: Guv|date=5 October 2018|work=United News of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, it consisted of State Chief Information Commissioner and two State Information Commissioners per the G.O.(Ms). No.988, Public(Estt I &amp; Legislation) Department order dated 7 October 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnsic.gov.in/gorders/G.O.Ms.NO.988.pdf|title=The Right to Information Act, 2005 - Tamil Nadu State Information Commission - Constitution of - Orders - Issued}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnsic.gov.in/aboutus.html|title=Constitution of the Tamil Nadu Information Commission|website=www.tnsic.gov.in|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620165338/http://www.tnsic.gov.in/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, the Government of Tamil Nadu issued the G.O.Ms.No.72, Personnel and Administrative Reforms (AR3) Department order dated 10 April 2008 which increased the strength of State Information Commissioners from two to six, thus reaching its current state of one Chief Information Commissioner and six State Information Commissioners.<br /> <br /> In 2018, the Commission was criticised for dealing with less appeals with seven commissioners on its staff than it had done in 2015 when it had only five.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rtis-pile-up-as-tamil-nadu-information-commission-fails-2666574|title=RTIs pile up as Tamil Nadu Information Commission fails|last=Jagannath|first=G.|date=2018-09-23|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is independent of the [[Central Information Commission]], which deals only with appeals over petitions under the Right to Information Act relating to Central government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnsic.gov.in/guidelines_public.html|title=Guidance for Public|website=www.tnsic.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and Objective ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right To Information Act.<br /> * Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right To Information Act.<br /> * Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act' 2005 effectively by general public.<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu State Information Commission members should consist of a:&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012610/http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 1. State Chief Information commissioner and<br /> <br /> 2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.<br /> <br /> The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.<br /> <br /> The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are not permitted to hold any other office of profit or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.<br /> {{glossary}}<br /> <br /> {{term|Chief Information Commissioner}} {{defn|R. Rajagopal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/r-rajagopal-appointed-chief-information-commissioner-of-tamil-nadu/articleshow/72115175.cms|title=R Rajagopal appointed chief information commissioner of Tamil Nadu|first=Julie|last=Mariappan|date=19 November 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{term|State Information Commissioners&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnsic.gov.in/authorised_officers.html|title=State Chief Information Commissioner &amp; State Information Commissioners|website=www.tnsic.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} {{defn|R. Dakshinamurthy&lt;br&gt;G. Murugan&lt;br&gt;S. Selvaraj&lt;br&gt;S.T. Tamilkumar&lt;br&gt;Dr. R. Pratapkumar&lt;br&gt;S. Muthuraj&lt;br&gt;}}<br /> {{glossary end}}<br /> <br /> == Powers and Functions ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref14&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How the Right to Information Act is being steadily scuttled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-right-to-information-act-is-being-steadily-scuttled-1868754-2021-10-24 |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=24 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.<br /> <br /> The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.<br /> <br /> Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.<br /> The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.<br /> <br /> The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:<br /> <br /> Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.<br /> <br /> Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.<br /> <br /> Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.<br /> <br /> Provision requiring evidence on stamped affidavit.<br /> <br /> Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.<br /> <br /> Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.<br /> <br /> == Challenges ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura did not have pending complaints.&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.<br /> <br /> In spite of above limitation,Tamil Nadu State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.<br /> <br /> A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;sic ref11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References == <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:State agencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Right to Information in India]]<br /> [[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Coke_Studio_(Indian_TV_program)_episodes&diff=512298 2025-09-06T06:32:53Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Adding entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Italic title|string=Coke Studio}}<br /> <br /> ''[[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio]]'' is an Indian music series that features live musical performances by various artists recorded in a studio. The series showcases a diverse range of music genres from the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]], as well as contemporary hip hop, [[Rock music|rock]], and [[pop music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dr Vineeta Agrawal &amp; Dr Piali Haldar |date=8 May 2023 |title=Fascinating Saga of A Beverage Giant THE COKE STORY |work=Pune Mirror |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/fascinating-saga-of-a-beverage-giant-the-coke-story/cid1683501418.htm |access-date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show's concept is inspired by a similarly named program in [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Sanjay Monie |date=17 June 2011 |title=Coke Studio Brings People Together |work=[[Forbes India]] |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/coke-studio-brings-people-together/26072/1?id=26072&amp;pg=1 |access-date=21 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Initially, Coke Studio @ MTV used to feature several songs in each episode, following a consistent episodic format that continued for four seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rafay Mahmood |date=21 June 2011 |title='Coke @ MTV': A good first attempt |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/193445/coke-mtv-a-good-first-attempt |access-date=3 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, with the launch of Coke Studio Bharat and Coke Studio Tamil, the program adopted a new format of releasing one song per month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |date=3 February 2023 |title=Fans are in love with AR Rahman's daughter Khatija Rahman and Arivu's Coke Studio Tamil song Sagavaasi |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627 |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/khatija-rahman-arivu-coke-studio-tamil-song-sagavaasi-8422627/ |archive-date=3 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Coke Studio Bharat releases its first song Udja. Watch here |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/coke-studio-bharat-releases-first-song-udja-watch-8430047/ |access-date=9 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Series overview ==<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | infoA = Producer<br /> | network = y<br /> | multiseries = {{Series overview/part|c=#ccf|subtitle=MTV Edition}}<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | series = ''Coke Studio @ MTV''<br /> | infoA = y<br /> <br /> | color1 = #B11030<br /> | link1 = #Season 1 (2011)<br /> | episodes1 = 10<br /> | start1 = {{Start date|2011|06|17|df=yes}}<br /> | end1 = {{End date|2011|08|19|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA1 = [[Leslee Lewis]]<br /> | network1 = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)| MTV India]] &amp; &lt;br /&gt; [[YouTube]]<br /> <br /> | color2 = #005B9C<br /> | link2 = #Season 2 (2012)<br /> | episodes2 = 10<br /> | start2 = {{Start date|2012|07|07|df=yes}}<br /> | end2 = {{End date|2012|09|08|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA2 = Multi Producers<br /> <br /> | color3 = #055F4D<br /> | link3 = #Season 3 (2013)<br /> | episodes3 = 10<br /> | start3 = {{Start date|2013|08|17|df=yes}}<br /> | end3 = {{End date|2013|10|19|df=yes}}<br /> <br /> | color4 = #F17618<br /> | link4 = #Season 4 (2015)<br /> | episodes4 = 6<br /> | start4 = {{Start date|2015|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> | end4 = {{End date|2015|10|04|df=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Series overview/part|c=#ccf|subtitle=Special}}<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | series = ''Coke Music Live''<br /> | infoA = y<br /> <br /> | color1S = #FFD700<br /> | link1S = #Coke Music Live<br /> | linkT1S = Memu Aagamu<br /> | released1S = {{Start date|2022|08|22|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA1S = [[Lost Stories (DJs)|Lost Stories]] &amp; [[Shinsadong Tiger|S.TIGER]]<br /> | network1S = [[YouTube]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Series overview/part|c=#ccf|subtitle=Tamil Edition}}<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | series = ''Coke Studio Tamil''<br /> | infoA = y<br /> <br /> | color1 = #B50000<br /> | link1 = #Season 1 (2023)<br /> | episodes1 = 7<br /> | start1 = {{Start date|2023|02|01|df=yes}}<br /> | end1 = {{End date|2023|07|27|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA1 = Arivu &amp; [[Sean Roldan]]<br /> | network1 = [[YouTube]]<br /> <br /> | color2 = #F17618<br /> | link2 = #Season 2 (2024)<br /> | episodes2 = 9<br /> | start2 = {{Start date|2023|12|20|df=yes}}<br /> | end2 = {{End date|2023|07|25|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA2 = [[Sean Roldan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Series overview/part|c=#ccf|subtitle=Bharat Edition}}<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | series = ''Coke Studio Bharat''<br /> | infoA = y<br /> <br /> | color1 = #B50000<br /> | link1 = #Season 1 (2023)_2<br /> | episodes1 = 8<br /> | start1 = {{Start date|2023|02|07|df=yes}}<br /> | end1 = {{End date|2023|10|09|df=yes}}<br /> | infoA1 = Ankur Tewari<br /> | network1 = [[YouTube]]<br /> <br /> | color2 = #4b498f<br /> | link2 = #Season 2 (2024)_2<br /> | episodes2 = 6<br /> | start2 = {{Start date|2024|02|09|df=yes}}<br /> | end2 = {{End date|2024|10|15|df=yes}}<br /> <br /> | color3 = #F17618<br /> | link3 = #Season 3 (2025)<br /> | episodes3 = 6<br /> | start3 = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=yes}}<br /> | end3 = present<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Coke Studio @ MTV ==<br /> === Season 1 (2011) ===<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio @ MTV season 1}}<br /> {{:Coke Studio @ MTV season 1}}<br /> <br /> === Season 2 (2012) ===<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio @ MTV season 2}}<br /> {{:Coke Studio @ MTV season 2}}<br /> <br /> === Season 3 (2013) ===<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio @ MTV season 3}}<br /> {{:Coke Studio @ MTV season 3}}<br /> &lt;!-- To edit the episodes in this section, you need to edit the article listed above. --&gt;<br /> <br /> === Season 4 (2015) ===<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio @ MTV season 4}}<br /> {{:Coke Studio @ MTV season 4}}<br /> &lt;!-- To edit the episodes in this section, you need to edit the article listed above. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Coke Music Live ==<br /> {{Episode table|background=#FFD700|overall=1|season=1|title=15|aux1=18|writer=15|aux2=15|airdate=9|titleT=Song Title|aux1T=Singer(s)|writerT=Lyricist(s)|aux2T=Composer(s)|episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Music Live <br /> | EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> | EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br /> | Title = Memu Aagamu<br /> | Aux1 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Tri.be]] &amp; Lost Stories<br /> | WrittenBy = [[Kunaal Vermaa]], ELLY &amp; S.TIGER<br /> | Aux2 = Lost Stories &amp; ELLY<br /> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|22|df=yes}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sukanya Agrawal |date=7 September 2022 |title=Coke Studio India's relaunch with 'Memu Aagamu' is business, not art |work=A Humming Heart |url=https://ahummingheart.com/opinions/coke-studio-indias-relaunch-with-memu-aagamu-is-business-not-art/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907125217/https://ahummingheart.com/opinions/coke-studio-indias-relaunch-with-memu-aagamu-is-business-not-art/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> == Coke Studio Tamil ==<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio Tamil }}<br /> {{:Coke Studio Tamil}}<br /> &lt;!-- To edit the episodes in this section, you need to edit the article listed above. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Coke Studio Bharat ==<br /> {{Main|Coke Studio Bharat}}<br /> {{:Coke Studio Bharat season 1}}<br /> &lt;!-- To edit the episodes in this section, you need to edit the article listed above. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[MTV Unplugged]]<br /> * [[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Coke Studio Bangla]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{YouTube|handle=cokestudioindia|title=Coke Studio India}}<br /> * {{YouTube|handle=cokestudiotamil|title=Coke Studio Tamil}}<br /> <br /> {{Coke Studio (Indian series)}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Coke Studio India episodes}}<br /> [[Category:Coke Studio (Indian TV program)]]<br /> [[Category:DD National original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Indian music television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian television series episodes]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of reality television series episodes]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chura_(bangles)&diff=494563 2025-08-31T11:16:10Z

<p>KareemOman9338: new details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bride's adornment traditional in India}}<br /> {{redirect|Chudi|出帝|Emperor Chu (disambiguation)}}<br /> [[File:Bharat Takhtani, Esha Deol at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 02.jpg|thumb|[[Esha Deol]] wearing ''chura'' at her wedding]]<br /> '''''Chura''''' (in [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]]), '''''chuda''''', or '''''chudlo'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Chudlo |title=Gazetteers: Bhavnagar District |date=1969 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) is a set of [[bangle]]s traditionally worn by a bride on her wedding day and for a period after, especially in [[Indian wedding clothes|Indian weddings]].<br /> <br /> ==Materials and appearance==<br /> The ''chura'' is usually red and white; sometimes the red bangles are replaced with another colour, but they are usually only two colours. They are traditionally made of ivory,&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldenburg2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg|title=Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSjVgCpc5p4C&amp;pg=PA91|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515072-8|page=91}}&lt;/ref&gt; with inlay work, though now made with plastic.&lt;ref name=&quot;RatraKaur2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Amiteshwar Ratra|author2=Praveen Kaur|author3=Sudha Chhikara|title=Marriage And Family : In Diverse And Changing Scenario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XV5iBV_pYm0C&amp;pg=PA500|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-758-5|pages=500–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditionally there are 21 bangles,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathews2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mathew Mathews|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA317|year=2017|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|isbn=978-981-323-475-8|page=317}}&lt;/ref&gt; although more recently the bride often wears 7, 9 or 11 bangles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mina Singh|title=Ceremony of the Sikh wedding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIDXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Rupa &amp; Co.|page=38|isbn=9788129106339 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bangles range in size according to the circumference of the top of the forearm and the wrist end so that the set fits neatly.<br /> <br /> == Gujarati chudlo ==<br /> In [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] tradition, the bridal bangles are referred to as ''chudlo'' ({{lang|gu|ચૂડલો}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Traditionally they were made using elephant's tusks/ivory and were known as &quot;''haathi daant no chudlo&quot;''. These bangles are gifted to the bride by her maternal uncle.<br /> <br /> ''Chudlo'' is generally paired with Gujarati bridal [[sari]] known as ''Panetar''. These ''chudlo'' bangles are generally red and green in colour to match the ''Panetar'' sari. ''Chudlo'' has great significance in [[Gujarati culture]] as is evident several folk songs like &quot;Chudlo Lyado Ji [[Mirabai|Meera Bai]] Pehar Lyo&quot; and &quot;[[Radha]] Chudlo Perje Mara Naam Nu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Manorma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzbaAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Chudlo |title=Folk India: A Comprehenseive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-135-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marathi Hirva chuda ==<br /> ''Hirva chuda'', peacock green-coloured ''chuda'' bangles are preferably worn by [[Marathi people|Marathi]] brides. The green is the colour of fertility and is associated with [[Devi]] ([[Hinduism|Hindu]] Goddess). In the ''Devi'' shrines of [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Tuljabhavani]] and ''Renukadevi,'' the Goddesses are adorned using ''Hirva chuda.'' The [[Marathi culture|Marathi tradition]] of ''Hirva chuda'' during marriage is akin to wearing green bangles during [[Haryali Teej|Hariyali Teej]] in [[North India]]. Sometimes, green bangles are also paired with red bangles. The hirva chuda (green bangles) are worn after the [[Haldi (ceremony)|haldi]] oil bath, given by a ''suvasini'' and are worn for a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Glk6AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Hirva+Chuda |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=July 1970 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Nepali chura ==<br /> A Nepali ''chura'' set is usually made of red-coloured gilded bangles. ''Chura'' bangles are often paired with pote (beaded necklace).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shrestha |first=Bimala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40huAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Nepali+chura+pote |title=Social Life in Nepal, 1885-1950 |date=1997 |publisher=Vani Prakashan Co-operative Limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chura'' bangle sets are also worn during ''Teej'' celebrations as is evident from Nepali ''Teej'' songs like &quot;Chura Tika Laali&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Bengali and Odia Shakha Pola chura ==<br /> In [[Odia people|Odia]] &amp; [[Bengalis|Bengali]] marriages, brides wear red and white set of bangles which are made from sea shell (''shankh'') and red coral (''pola''). Thus, Shakha are white bangles made through conch-shell and Pola are red bangles made by red corals. ''Loha'', a large iron bangle covered with gold is also worn along with ''Shakha Pola chura''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyIQYdGideMC&amp;dq=shakha+pola&amp;pg=PA98 |title=The Annual Review of Women in World Religions: Volume VI |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |date=2001-11-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5426-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Assamese Muthi Kharu chura ==<br /> The ''Muthi Kharu'' is a traditional and ethnic bangle worn in marriages by the bride also while celebrating [[Bihu]] festival in [[Assam]] extensively. It has a golden layer and silver in some parts making it more attractive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Ashok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jzXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Muthi+Kharu+marriage |title=Folk Culture of the Misings of Assam: Tradition and Change |date=2004 |publisher=Decent Books |isbn=978-81-86921-27-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sindhi chura ==<br /> Sindhi traditional churas were made of ivory and seashells, but today it is made of plastic of different colours like red, blue, green, orange etc are also used unlike traditionally it was only of white colour. Ivory was used to make many jewelries, the [[Banbhore|Bhambhore]] city had the biggest ivory workshop in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Archaeologists discover huge ivory factory in Pakistan's ancient Bhanbhore city |url=https://arab.news/crh2h |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RBSI - Shells, shell bangles and ivory from excavations. Brahmanabad and Depar Gangro, Hyderabad District. - 1896 Photograph of miscellaneous shells, shell bangles and ivory from excavations at Brahmanabad |url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10151043730386675 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=rarebooksocietyofindia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Sindh the traditional churas were rings of ivory covering the fore arms or full arms,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Magedin |first=Shireen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBuEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sindhi+tribes&amp;pg=PT9 |title=Lifelines |date=2022-05-07 |language=en |quote=In many Sindhi tribes married women had to wear ivory-coloured bangles that covered their arms? Your great grandmother used to wear them. She told me that an ideal set would have included seventeen bangles worn on the upper arm and nine on the lower arm; a total of fifty-two bangles on each arm.&quot; My great grandmother? I listened with interest.}}&lt;/ref&gt; these were worn by all sects, religions and classes but unlike other parts of India these were not worn as wedding symbol, as unmarried women would also wear Churas, perhaps only till forearms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO6pPmYjF5MC&amp;q=Ivory |title=Sindh and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus: With Notices of the Topography and History of [the] Province |last2=Burton |first2=Sir Richard Francis |date=1992 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0758-3 |pages=302 |language=en |quote=Sindhi women are fond of wearing a multitude of ornaments; they are not, however, so profuse in their decorations as the natives of India, who will rather wear bangles of glass and gum than leave the wrist bare. In Sindh these bangles are unknown to the people. Their chief peculiarity is the fondness for large rings of ivory covering the fore arm; these are worn by all sects and classes.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are three different styles/types of such churas worn in Sindh first are Sindhi style, Dhatki style and Marwari style. The traditional churas have been completely abandoned by many Sindhi women of Sindh today and have adopted wearing the red coloured churas made of glass worn usually by bride only on the wedding ceremony, for others glass bangles or silver or gold Kangar/Kara (bracelets) are worn. But many women of [[Tharparkar|Thar]] still continue to wear the ancient Sindhi churas.<br /> <br /> ==Customary use==<br /> Wearing the ''chura'' is primarily an [[Indian Hindu]] tradition which is also followed by other Indian religious communities culturally. [[Sindhoor]] and [[Mangalsutra]]{{mdash}} are other adornments worn by married women. The custom is widely observed in [[Jammu division|Jammu]], [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=affair |first=Wedding |date=2023-01-19 |title=The Himachali Wedding |url=https://weddingaffair.co.in/the-himachali-wedding/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Wedding Affair |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Punjab]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Pravina Shukla|title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA257|year=2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-02121-2|page=431}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |author-link=D. K. Taknet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Chuda+bangles+rajasthani&amp;pg=PT169 |title=Jaipur: Gem of India |last2=IntegralDMS |date=2016-07-07 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-05-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghIndia2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=Anthropological Survey of India|title=People of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBMwAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7304-114-3|page=1127}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathews2017&quot; /&gt; The ''chura'' ceremony &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghIndia2005&quot; /&gt; is held on the morning of the wedding or the day before.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldenburg2002&quot; /&gt; The bride's maternal uncle and aunt give her a set of ''churiyan''.<br /> <br /> Traditionally, the bride would wear a ''chura'' for a full year,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Pravina Shukla|title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA257|year=2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-02121-2|page=257}}&lt;/ref&gt; although if a newly wed bride became pregnant before her first anniversary, the ''chura'' was taken off. When the colour started to fade, her in-laws would actually have it re-coloured, so everyone would know that she had been married for less than a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tandon1968&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Prakash Tandon|title=Punjabi Century, 1857-1947|url=https://archive.org/details/punjabicentury181968tand|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01253-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/punjabicentury181968tand/page/132 132]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On an auspicious holiday, usually [[Sankranti]], after the first anniversary her in-laws would hold a small intimate ceremony in which the ''chura'' was removed and glass ''churiyan'' (bangles) were placed on both hands. This usually was accompanied with [[Mithai (confectionery)|mithai]] (Indian sweets) and a monetary ''shagun''. The ''chura'' then was taken to a river and a prayer was said and it was left to float onto the water. Afterwards the woman could wear other ''chura'' in any colour for as long as she liked.<br /> <br /> It is now normal for the bride to wear her ''chura'' for a month and a quarter (40 days). As the ''chura'' is made of fragile materials, Indian custom has it that the bride may refrain from heavy housework in her marital home to keep it intact for the 40 days, as a kind of [[honeymoon]]. After that, in traditional homes at least, she takes over the lion's share of domestic work from her mother-in-law.&lt;ref name=&quot;bakhshi2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Surinder Singh bakhshi|title=Sikhs in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUxx1PPhq7gC&amp;pg=PA233|year=2009|publisher=Dr Surinder Bakhshi|isbn=978-0-9560728-0-1|page=233}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bracelets]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Jewellery of India]]<br /> [[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu wedding rituals]]<br /> [[Category:Indian wedding]]<br /> [[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi culture]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh practices]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Yusuf_College&diff=504812 2025-08-26T00:55:39Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|College of Mumbai, India}}{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> |name = Ismail Yusuf College<br /> |image_name = Ismail_Yusuf_College.png<br /> |image_size = 150px<br /> |caption = Ismail Yusuf College<br /> |motto = &quot;Sā vidyā yā vimuktaye&quot;<br /> |type = Govt. College<br /> |city = [[Mumbai]]<br /> |state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> |country = India<br /> |established = {{start date and age|1930}}<br /> |undergrad = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]], [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]<br /> |postgrad = <br /> |students = <br /> |coor = {{coord|19.13334|72.854022|region:IN-MH_type:edu|display=inline, title}}<br /> |staff =<br /> |principal = Swati Wavhal<br /> |campus = Urban, [[Jogeshwari]], {{convert|54|acre|m2}}<br /> |affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[University of Mumbai]]<br /> |mascot =<br /> |nickname = IY College<br /> |free_label =<br /> |free =<br /> |website = {{URL|https://ismailyusufcollege.ac.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ismail Yusuf College''' is the fourth oldest college of [[Mumbai]], India. ''&quot;I Y college&quot;'', as it is popularly known, is managed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is the oldest college in North Mumbai. It was established in 1930 with a large donation from Sir Mohammed Yusuf Ismail, K.T. on [[Jogeshwari]] Hill. The foundation stone was laid by [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Leslie Orme Wilson]], [[Governor of Bombay]] in 1924.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> In April 2025, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Ismail Yusuf College did not yet have a college development committee (CDC) and could get fined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 April 2025 |title=NEP mandate: 2 govt colleges may be fined and barred |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/nep-mandate-2-govt-colleges-may-be-fined-and-barred/articleshow/120136507.cms |access-date=2025-06-21 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Alumni==<br /> *[[Kantilal Mardia]], Mathematician and statistician<br /> *[[A. R. Antulay]], former Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]] State<br /> *[[Rafiq Zakaria]], Islamic scholar and former Minister of Maharashtra State<br /> *[[P. L. Deshpande]], Marathi playwright<br /> *[[Kader Khan]], film artist<br /> *[[Habib Wali Mohammad]], ghazal singer<br /> *[[Amroz Siddiqui]], Maths scholar, teacher<br /> *[[Hamid Dalwai]], social reformer<br /> *[[Shankar Vaidya]], Marathi poet and former Marathi Professor of I Y College<br /> *[[Sunil K. Pandya]], Neurosurgeon, historian, author<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official|http://www.ismailyusufcollege.com}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1930]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1930]]<br /> [[Category:1930 establishments in India]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelkanth_Mahadev_Temple,_Dausa&diff=521480 2025-08-10T20:28:32Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Adding place - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Dausa<br /> | image = Neelkanth_Mahadev,_Temple_Dausa.jpg<br /> | caption = Neelkanth Mahadev Temple on Devgiri Hill<br /> | deity = Neelkanth Mahadev (Shiva)<br /> | location = Dausa, Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.88755|N|76.34535|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | festivals = Mahashivratri, Sawan Month Festivals<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Neelkanth Mahadev Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, situated on Devgiri hill in [[Dausa district]], [[Rajasthan]], India. The temple is a prominent local pilgrimage site, particularly known for its challenging climb of 365 steps and its historical significance.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The temple's origin is attributed to the 9th to 11th centuries, based on regional records and architectural style. It is constructed in a civil architectural style, distinguishing it from other traditional temple designs of the region. The temple's elevated location on Devgiri hill is a notable feature, requiring pilgrims to ascend a significant flight of steps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/rajasthan-news-built-in-civil-style-the-11th-century-is-the-nilkanth-mahadev-temple-025556-4041767.html|title=नागर शैली में निर्मित 11वीं शताब्दी का है नीलकंठ महादेव मंदिर|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=4 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/dausa/news/devotees-reaching-devgiri-hill-to-see-neelkanth-mahadev-by-climbing-365-steps-130132652.html|title=300 फिट लंबी तिरंगा कावड़ यात्रा: 365 सीढ़ियां चढ़कर नीलकंठ महादेव के दर्शन करने पहुंच रहे श्रद्धालु - Dausa News|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious significance and observances ==<br /> The Neelkanth Mahadev Temple holds importance for devotees from Dausa and surrounding areas. It is especially visited during major Hindu observances:<br /> <br /> * '''Mahashivratri:''' The temple witnesses large gatherings and special ceremonies during [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]]. Local reports highlight the decoration of grand tableaux and processions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/rajasthan/dausa-news/news-mahashivratri-festival-celebrated-with-pomp-in-dausa-grand-tableaux-to-be-decorated-in-neelkanth-mahadev-temple-news-hindi-1-704905-KKN.html|title=दौसा में महाशिवरात्रि महोत्सव की धूम, नीलकंठ महादेव मंदिर में सजेंगी भव्य झांकियां|date=24 February 2025|website=khas khabar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/dausa-shivratri-special-five-mahadev-temple-grand-program-everywhere-know-amazing-facts-of-shiv-mandir-5400283.html|title=Mahashivratri: एक आकार की मूर्तियों वाले 5 महादेव मंदिरों की कहानी क्या है? दौसा में कितनी खास होगी शिवरात्रि?|date=17 February 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Sawan Month:''' During the holy month of Sawan, a large number of devotees visit the temple, and the Lakhi fair is organized, further emphasizing the temple’s local cultural significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/sawan-2024-neelakanth-shiv-mandir-lakhi-fair-will-be-held-on-5th-august-8535506.html|title=नीलकंठ महादेव मंदिर में 5 अगस्त को लगेगा लक्खी मेला, हर साल श्रद्धालुओं का उमड़ता है जनसैलाब|date=30 July 2024|website=News18 हिंदी}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Media coverage and recognition ==<br /> Regional media outlets frequently cover the temple’s religious and cultural relevance. Reports mention consistent large gatherings of devotees and the temple’s standing as a site of miraculous belief and traditional worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/dausa-miraculous-temple-of-neelkanth-mahadev-this-9th-century-temple-has-amazing-recognition-6468481.html|title=दौसा में है नीलकंठ महादेव का चमत्कारी मंदिर, 9वीं शताब्दी के इस मंदिर की गजब की है मान्यता|date=9 June 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/crowd-of-devotees-at-neelkanth-mahadev-temple-in-dausa-rjs24080503613|title=देवगिरि पहाड़ी पर मौजूद दो सौ साल पुराने नीलकंठ महादेव के दर्शनों के लिए उमड़ा सैलाब - Neelkanth Mahadev Temple in Dausa|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=5 August 2024|website=ETV Bharat News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Hindu_temples_in_Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Dausa district]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalachand_Temple&diff=507544 2025-07-14T16:19:01Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started location</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Kalachand Temple<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = File:Kalachand Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | Peetham =<br /> | caption = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | deity = <br /> | tradition = <br /> | organizational_status = <br /> | functional_status = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | temple_board = <br /> | festival = <br /> | festivals = <br /> | tower = <br /> | temple_tank = <br /> | temple_tree = <br /> | location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | province = <br /> | country = India<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23|3|33.17|N|87|19|29.96|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = <br /> | architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]<br /> | architecture_style = ''[[ek-ratna]]'' style<br /> | founded_by = [[Raghunath Singha Dev]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1656}}<br /> | groundbreaking = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | date_demolished = <br /> | facade_direction = <br /> | length = {{cvt|11.1|m|ft}}<br /> | width = {{cvt|11.1|m|ft}}<br /> | height_max = {{cvt|9.2|m|ft}}<br /> | site_area = <br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | materials = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | designation1 = Monuments of National Importance (India) <br /> | designation1_type = Cultural <br /> | designation1_offname = Kalachand Temple<br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_date = <br /> | footnotes = {{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=15}}<br /> | website = <br /> |designation1_number = IN-WB-12}}<br /> '''Kalachand Temple''', Located in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> == History and architecture ==<br /> According to the inscriptional plaque found in the temple, the temple was founded in 1656 by [[Raghunath Singha Dev]] King of [[Mallabhum]]. The Temple is built in the ''Ek-ratna'' style temple architecture.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Kalachand |website=www.asikolkata.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> on the south bank side of the Lal-bandh. The temple is about 11.1m square on plan and 9.2 m in height. The south-facing Kalachand temple stands with corridor around, with three arched openings on all four sides. The roof of the temple is curved, upon which the sikhara rises upwards and ends with an amalaka on the top. The temple is decorated with low relief carvings and the main subject is Krishna-lila. Apart from Krishna-lIlia scenes there are also representations of Pauranic deities, ascetics and dancers.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BHID: Bishnupur Heritage Image Database |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~bsnpr/kalachand.php |website=Indian Statistical Institute (ISI)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Twelve such temples are still surviving in Bishnupur, of which two are made of brick and the rest are of laterite. The earliest of the eka-ratna temples is the Kalachand temple (in laterite).{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=15}}<br /> <br /> Currently, it is preserved as one of the archaeological monuments by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Kalachand |website=www.asikolkata.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1998, the Kalachand Temple is on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Site's]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|Tentative list]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Kalachand temple 03.jpg<br /> File:Kalachand Temple of Bishnupur (04).jpg<br /> File:Kalachand Temple of Bishnupur (53).jpg<br /> File:Kalachand temple 02.jpg<br /> File:Couple of Rose Ringed Parakeet at the top of Kalachand Temple, Bishnupur, Bankura.jpg<br /> File:Kalachand Temple Bishnupur West Bengal 02.jpg<br /> File:Kalachand Temple Bishnupur West Bengal 22.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |edition=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypxFqTmRsgC |language=en}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Hiteshranjan |title=Kalachand temple, Dalmadal, Bishnupur |url=https://hrsarchive.cssscal.org/collections/show/24 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Hitesranjan Sanyal Collection at [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]]}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|}}<br /> <br /> {{Mallabhum}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mallabhum temples]]<br /> [[Category:Bishnupur, Bankura]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]<br /> [[Category:Temples in Bishnupur, Bankura]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirunallar_Dharbaranyeswarar_Temple&diff=541500 2025-06-19T05:39:23Z

<p>KareemOman9338: started the location basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple<br /> | image = Thirunallar Dharbaranyeeswarar Temple and Tank.jpg<br /> | alt = Thirunallar Dharbaranyeeswarar temple and tank<br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10|55|32|N|79|47|32|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = Dharbaranyam<br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]<br /> | district = [[Karaikal district|Karaikkal]]<br /> | location = [[Tirunallar]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Dharbaranyeswarar ([[Shiva]]) and Bogamartha Poonmulaiyaal ([[Parvati]]),&lt;br&gt; [[Shani]]<br /> | utsava_deity_God = <br /> | utsava_deity_Godess= <br /> | Direction_posture = <br /> | Vimanam = <br /> | Prathyaksham = <br /> | festivals = <br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dharbaranyeswarar Temple''', more popularly known as '''Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple''', is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in the [[Thirunallar]] village of the [[Karaikal district]], in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], Southeastern [[India]].<br /> <br /> The temple complex covers around {{Convert|2|acre}} and entered through a five tiered [[gopuram]], the main gateway. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Shiva as Dharbaranyeswarar, his consort Praneswari Amman ([[Parvati]]), [[Shani]] (Saniswararan) and [[Somaskanda]] (a combined form of Shiva with Parvati and his son [[Kartikeya|Murugan]]) being the most prominent. All the shrines of the temple are enclosed in large concentric rectangular granite walls. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagar rulers]]. The temple is maintained and administered by the Department of Hindu Religious Institutions by the [[Government of Puducherry]].<br /> <br /> The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00&amp;nbsp;a.m. to 9:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. Mahasivarathri festival celebrated during the month of the ''Chittirai'' (March - April) is the most prominent festival of the temple for the presiding deity, while Sanipeyarchi festival that occurs every 2.5 years is the most prominent for Shani.<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> [[File:THIRUNALLAR SANISWARAN TEMPLE.jpg|The Rajagopuram of the temple|200x200px|left|thumb]]<br /> As per [[Hindu]] legend, the ruler of the region asked a shepherd to provide milk to the temple daily. The shepherd was a staunch devotee of Shiva and happily provided milk for [[Abhisheka|ablution]] of the presiding deity. The government's headman, who lived close to the temple, coerced the shepherd to give the milk to him, instead of the temple, without the knowledge of the king. Once, the temple priest informed the king that the temple was not receiving the milk from the shepherd. The king asked the shepherd the reason for disobeying his order. Out of fear of the headman, the shepherd remained silent, which angered the king. He ordered the shepherd to be killed. The shepherd prayed to Shiva to relieve him of the punishment. Shiva stopped the punishment with his trident. Following the legend, the altar (''[[Bali Pitha|bali pitham]]'') of the temple is slightly away from the axis of the flagstaff and the central shrine.&lt;ref name=Giri/&gt;<br /> <br /> As per another legend, [[Nala]] was ruling this region, full of tropical grass locally called [[Kusha grass|Darba]] after which the place came to be known as Darbaranyam (&quot;forest of Darba&quot;). Every person is afflicted by the movement of planet Saturn, which is believed to create negative effects on the lives of people. Nala was also afflicted by the planetary movement of Saturn on a day when he skipped standard practices of cleanliness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Temple Tales: Secrets and Stories from India's Sacred Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQC0DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=thirunallar&amp;pg=PT36|page=36|first=Sudha G. |last=Tilak|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2019|isbn=9789388322478}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is believed to have resided in the temple to get himself off the curses of [[Shani]], the planet [[Saturn]]. He prayed to Shiva and wanted him to protect all the devotees afflicted with Shani to be protected when they visit the temple. Following the legend, people afflicted take a holy dip with oil in Nala theertham, the temple tank and wear black dress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Planet Saturn Secrets: Vedic Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfnHDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=thirunallar&amp;pg=PT30|first=Saket|last=Shah|publisher=Body, Mind &amp; Spirit |year=2020|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The temple is located in [[Thirunallar]], a village located {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Karaikkal]] in the [[Union territory of Puducherry]] and {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Thanjavur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=80}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple has a rectangular plan with a five-tiered [[gopuram|rajagopuram]], the gateway tower and all the shrines are enclosed in granite walls. The presiding deity is Dharbaranyeswarar ([[Shiva]]) and is believed to have been made of ''darba'' grass. The central shrine is located in an elevated platform axial to the main entrance. The sanctum houses the image of Dharbaranyeswarar in the form of [[lingam]] (aniconic form of Shiva). The southern shrine parallel to the shrine of sanctum houses the image of [[Somaskanda]]. The niches around the sanctum houses the images of [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Durga]] and [[Lingodbhava]]. The shrine of [[Shani]] (the god of the planet Saturn) is located in the northern side of the entrance tower. Shani is treated as the door keeper of the shrine. According to [[Hinduism]], Saturn resides in each ''rasi'' (zodiac) for two and half years.&lt;ref name=Meena&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tradition is to worship Shani before entering the inner sanctum of Shiva.&lt;ref name=Giri&gt;{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=Tamil|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=52–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is maintained and administered by the Department of Hindu Religious Institutions by the [[Government of Puducherry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sri Dharbaranyeswara Swami Devasthanam|url=https://thirunallarutemple.org/|publisher=Department of Hindu Religious Institutions|year=2020|access-date=23 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Processional Dance==<br /> The [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]] at [[Tiruvarur]] is famous for the ''ajapa thanam'' (dance without chanting), that is executed by the deity itself. According to legend, a [[Chola]] king named Mucukunta obtained a boon from the god [[Indra]] and wished to receive an image of Thyagaraja (presiding deity [[Shiva]] in the temple) reposing on the chest of reclining [[Vishnu]]. Indra tried to misguide the king and had six other images made, but the king chose the right image at Tiruvarur. The other six images were installed in Thirukkuvalai, [[Nagapattinam]], Tirukarayil, Tirukolili, Thirukkuvalai and [[Tirumaraikadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The great temple at Tanjore|last=Pillai|first=J.M. Somanasundaram|publisher=Tamil University, Thanjavur|year=1994|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; All the seven places are villages situated in the river [[Cauvery]] delta. All seven Thyagaraja images are said to dance when taken in procession(it is the bearers of the processional deity who actually dance). The temples with dance styles are regarded as ''Saptha Vidangam''(seven dance moves)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras |volume= 33-34 |publisher=Music Academy (Madras, India) |year= 1962}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the related temples are as under:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nityasumaṅgalī: devadasi tradition in South India|page=146|first=Saskia C. |last=Kersenboom-Story}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFC569&quot;<br /> | width=&quot;200pt&quot; | '''Temple'''<br /> | width=&quot;140pt&quot; | '''Vidangar Temple'''<br /> | width=&quot;140pt&quot; | '''Dance pose'''<br /> | width=&quot;250pt&quot; | '''Meaning'''<br /> |- align =&quot;center&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#ffe;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]]<br /> | ''Vidhividangar''<br /> | ''Ajabathaanam''<br /> | Dance without chanting, resembling the dance of Thyagaraja resting on Vishnu's chest<br /> |-<br /> | Dharbaranyeswarar Temple<br /> | ''Nagaradangar''<br /> | ''Unmathanathaanam''<br /> | Dance of an intoxicated person<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kayarohanaswami Temple, Nagapattinam|Kayarohanaswamy Temple]]<br /> | ''Sundaravidangar''<br /> | ''Vilathithaanam''<br /> | Dancing like waves of sea<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannayariamudayar Temple, Thirukkarayil|Kannayariamudayar Temple]]<br /> | ''Adhividangar''<br /> | ''Kukunathaanam''<br /> | Dancing like a cock<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]<br /> | ''Avanividangar''<br /> | ''Brunganathaanam''<br /> | Dancing like a bee that hovers over a flower<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vaimoornathar Temple, Tiruvaimur|Vaimoornaathar Temple]]<br /> | ''Nallavidangar''<br /> | ''Kamalanaanathaanam''<br /> | Dance like lotus that moves in a breeze<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]]<br /> | ''Bhuvanivividangar''<br /> | ''Hamsapthanathaanam''<br /> | Dancing with the gait of a swan<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> [[Sambandar]], the 7th century ''[[Nayanars|nayanar]]'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[saivite]]'' poet has revered the deity with four hymns, in one of which he refers to a contest with [[Jainism|Jains]], and his victory. [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]], the other ''[[Nayanars]]'' have glorified the temple with their hymns. [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century poet and staunch devotee of [[Lord Muruga]] has composed hymns on the deity and this temple is attributed to [[Murugan]] worship as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation| page=62| first=Rajeshwari |last=Ghose}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Naganathar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Dharbaranyeswarar in 10 verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Fifth Tirumurai''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.&lt;ref name=R/&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is one of the nine [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu]] and is a part of the popular Navagraha pilgrimage in the state - it houses the image of Shani (Saturn).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jothirlingam: The Indian Temple Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE55CgAAQBAJ&amp;q=thiruvenkadu|page=92|publisher=Partridge Publishing|author=Suriya|year=2015|isbn=9781482847864}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&amp;q=tirunageswaram&amp;pg=PA425|last1=K.R.| first1=Sundararajan|last2=Mukerji|first2=Bithika|page=425|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=2003|isbn=9788120819375}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Navagraha temples|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/navagrahas_m.html|publisher=Thanjavur District Administration|access-date=2013-07-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112023302/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/navagrahas_m.html|archive-date=2013-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious practices==<br /> The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushatkalam at 5:30&amp;nbsp;a.m., Kalashanti at 8:00&amp;nbsp;a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. and Arddha Jamam at 9:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhishekam'' (sacred bath), ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''naivedyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Dharbaranyeswarar and Praneswari Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kruttika'', ''[[pournami (festival)|purnima]]'' (full moon day) and ''chaturthi''.&lt;ref name=dinamalar&gt;{{cite web|title=Sri Dharbaranyeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1570|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=R&gt;{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=160–1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{official website| https://thirunallarutemple.org/}}<br /> *[https://templeknowledge.com/about-thirunallar-temple/ Tirunallar Temple Complete info]<br /> <br /> {{Navagraha}}<br /> {{Shaivism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Shani temples]]<br /> [[Category:Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadashivanagar&diff=447217 2025-06-13T11:41:18Z

<p>KareemOman9338: page updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{one source|date=June 2019|bot=noref (GreenC bot)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> [[File:Sankey Tank (Sankey Lake) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|alt=]]<br /> '''Sadashivanagara''' is an affluent residential neighbourhood in the northwestern part of [[Bangalore]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is bounded by [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]] to the west,[[Vyalikaval]] and [[Palace Guttahalli]] to the south, [[Palace grounds]] to the east and [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] to the north. The neighbourhood houses plush homes and mansions of several famous celebrities, businessmen and politicians. It is part of the [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]] and the [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram]].<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sadashivanagar<br /> | native_name = Sadashivanagara<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br /> | image_skyline = &lt;!-- Include an image if available --&gt;<br /> | image_caption = &lt;!-- Caption for the image --&gt;<br /> | nickname = Palace Orchards<br /> | motto = <br /> | image_flag = <br /> | flag_size = <br /> | image_seal = <br /> | seal_size = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Bangalore<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bangalore, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban]]<br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = [[Karnad Sadashiva Rao]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]<br /> | unit_pref = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_blank1_title = <br /> | population_blank1 = <br /> | population_blank2_title = <br /> | population_blank2 = <br /> | demographics_type1 = <br /> | demographics1_footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | demographics1_title2 = <br /> | demographics1_info2 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 560080&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx | title=LocatePostOffices }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91-80<br /> | registration_plate = KA04<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = Rajmahal Vilas Extension<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Sadashivanagara was created out of the former royal gardens, and is home to one of the original four towers built in 1597 by [[Kempe Gowda I]], the founder of the city.<br /> <br /> In the 1960s and early 1970s, the gardens of the Bangalore Palace (a summer home of the [[Wodeyar]] dynasty of [[Mysore]]) were converted into a residential neighborhood, and this was when the first lots in Sadashivanagara were purchased. Until the 1990s, Sadashivanagara was known as &quot;Palace Orchards,&quot; as it was built in the former royal grounds. It was renamed in honor of [[Karnad Sadashiv Rao|Karnad Sadashiva Rao]], a freedom fighter and philanthropist.<br /> <br /> Even today, homes in the Raj Mahal Vilas Extension (built in the wing formerly known as Upper Palace Orchards) are situated right opposite what is left of the official palace grounds. Many highly placed government officials, ex-governors, film stars and millionaire businessmen have bought homes in the neighborhood. The neighborhood is also home to various Wodeyar royals.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Along with the adjacent older, neighborhood of [[Malleswaram]], the atmosphere in Sadashivanagara is Old Bangalore. The majority of the residents come from old families and try to preserve tradition and heritage.<br /> <br /> ==Present boundary==<br /> The Sadashivanagara area runs from Mehkri Circle in the north to Bashyam Circle a little way south. A less expensive area once known as Lower Palace Orchards spills over and partially surrounds the Bashyam Circle. Sadashivanagara borders the Sankey Tank, a midsized lake on the edge of which are several large homes. A trail runs along the circumference of the lake and is sometimes used by residents for exercise.<br /> <br /> To reduce pollution of the natural water bodies, the Civic Authority has constructed an artificial tank for immersion of [[Ganesha]] during the famous Ganesha Chathurthi festival. There are also a few small parks in Sadashivanagara.<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''<br /> |Northwest = [[Indian Institute of Science]]<br /> |North = [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]<br /> |Northeast = Mekhri Circle<br /> |West = [[Malleshwaram]]<br /> |Centre = Sadashivanagar<br /> |East = [[Palace grounds]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Vyalikaval]]<br /> |South = [[Palace Guttahalli]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Vasanth Nagar]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Notable residents==<br /> * [[Swaroop Kanchi]] (Noted Film actor, Director and author)<br /> * [[D. K. Shivakumar]] - deputy chief Minister of Karnataka (Congress)<br /> * [[K C Reddy]] - Karnatakas First Chief Minister<br /> * [[Basappa Danappa Jatti]] - former President of India<br /> * [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] - former Chief Minister of Karnataka and former Union Minister of Commerce and Industry<br /> * [[Veerendra Patil]] - twice former Chief Minister of Karnataka<br /> * [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]] - former union minister, Lingayat/Veerashiva Political Chief, Former finance/revenue/excise/industries minister<br /> * [[S.M. Krishna]] - former Chief Minister of Karnataka, former Governor of Maharashtra, former Union Minister of External Affairs<br /> * [[Dharam Singh]] - former Chief Minister of Karnataka<br /> * [[D. Devaraj Urs]] - twice former Chief Minister of Karnataka<br /> * [[Bangarappa]] - former Chief Minister of Karnataka<br /> * [[Kumar Bangarappa]] - MLA, Former Minister Govt. of Karnataka,<br /> * [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] former Chief Minister of Karnataka and former Prime Minister of India<br /> * [M. NageswaraRao] - former managing director and Finance Director, (one of the company's first leaders) Hindustan Machine Tools<br /> * [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] - Union Minister of Labour and Employment<br /> * [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] - Chief Minister of Mysore State (before Karnataka was formed)<br /> * [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] - Kannada actor and producer<br /> * [[Bhogaraju Ramana Rao]] - celebrity physician, awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2010.<br /> * [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] - Kannada actor<br /> * [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] - Kannada actor, singer and television presenter<br /> * [[Upendra (actor)]] - Kannada actor and director<br /> * [[V. G. Siddhartha]] - founder and chairman of [[Café Coffee Day]]<br /> * [[V.L. Patil]] - former Revenue Minister, Social welfare Minister, Transport &amp; Labour, Industry, Horticulture and Member of Parliament.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|13|0|33.57|N|77|34|50|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{Bangalore topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Bhikhari_Medical_College&diff=454300 2025-05-23T11:00:32Z

<p>KareemOman9338: fixed content per sources as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|College affiliated with Vinoba Bhave University, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image_name = HMC Hazaribag logo.png<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | latin_name = <br /> | other_name = &lt;!--or, other_names--&gt;<br /> | former_name = Hazaribag Medical College<br /> | motto = आरोग्यं परमं भाग्यं<br /> | motto_lang = sa<br /> | mottoeng = <br /> | top_free_label = <br /> | top_free = <br /> | type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]<br /> | established = {{start date and age|2019}}<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --&gt;<br /> | founder = <br /> | parent = <br /> | affiliation = [[Vinoba Bhave University]]<br /> | religious_affiliation = <br /> | academic_affiliation = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | budget = <br /> | officer_in_charge = <br /> | chairman = <br /> | chairperson = <br /> | chancellor = <br /> | president = <br /> | vice-president = <br /> | superintendent = <br /> | vice_chancellor = <br /> | provost = <br /> | rector = <br /> | principal = Dr. Sushil Kumar Singh<br /> | director = <br /> | dean = <br /> | head_label = Teacher-in-Charge<br /> | head = <br /> | academic_staff = <br /> | administrative_staff = <br /> | students = <br /> | undergrad = <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | other = <br /> | address = Kolghatti<br /> | city = [[Hazaribag]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | province = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | postcode = 825301<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.0161466|N|85.3613559|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India<br /> | campus = [[urban area|Urban]]<br /> | language = <br /> | free_label = <br /> | free = <br /> | free_label2 = <br /> | free2 = <br /> | colors = &lt;!--or, colours= --&gt;<br /> | athletics = <br /> | sports = <br /> | athletics_nickname = &lt;!--or, sports_nickname= --&gt;<br /> | sporting_affiliations = <br /> | mascot = &lt;!--or, mascots= --&gt;<br /> | sports_free_label = <br /> | sports_free = <br /> | sports_free_label2 = <br /> | sports_free2 = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://hazaribagmedicalcollege.org/}}<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College''' (earlier name '''Hazaribag Medical College''') is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government Medical college. It was established in the year 2019. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery course (MBBS).<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=250| zoom=12<br /> | coord={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|21|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Hazaribagh City'''&lt;br/&gt; CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, C: educational centre, F: facility&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|24|1|46|N|85|19|17|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chharwa | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chharwa]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|23|59|48|N|85|18|53|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Salgaon| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Salgaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|0|5|N|85|19|34|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Kadma| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Kadma, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|1|10|N|85|21|25|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Marai Kalan| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Marai Kalan]] (CT) |shape-color4= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|23|58|53|N|85|19|26|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Masratu| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Masratu]] (CT) |shape-color5= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|1|27|N|85|20|11|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Pelawal| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Pelawal]] (CT) |shape-color6= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|1|19|N|85|22|14|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Vinoba Bhave University| numbered7=C| mark-title7= [[Vinoba Bhave University]] (C)|shape-color7=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|0|58|N|85|21|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= SB Medical College| numbered8=C| mark-title8= Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College (C)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|23|58|59|N|85|20|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Hazaribagh Town |labela9 =railway station| numbered9=F| mark-title9= [[Hazaribagh Town railway station]] (F)|shape-color9=#C42222 <br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|59|51|N|85|21|22|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sadar Hospital| numbered10=F| mark-title10= Sadar Hospital (F)|shape-color10=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|0|52|N|85|23|38|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Canary Hill| numbered11=T|shape-color11= #74C365| mark-title11= Canary Hill (T)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|23|59|41|N|85|21|19|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadar Police Station| numbered12=F| mark-title12= Sadar Police Station (F)|shape-color12=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|23|59|54|N|85|21|51|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Hazaribagh Court| numbered13=F| mark-title13= Hazaribagh Court (F)|shape-color13=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|21|0|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Okni| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Okni]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|31|N|85|21|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Hazaribagh Jhil| numbered15=T|shape-color15= #74C365| mark-title15= Hazaribagh Jhil (T)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|23|59|55|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Police Training Centre| numbered16=F| mark-title16= Police Training Centre (F)|shape-color16=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|23|59|17|N|85|21|53|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Curzon Ground| numbered17=F| mark-title17= Curzon Ground (F)|shape-color17=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|59|10|N|85|21|32|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Mission Hospital| numbered18=F| mark-title18= Mission Hospital (F)|shape-color18=#C42222}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital is located at {{coord|24.0161466|N|85.3613559|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> ==About College==<br /> The college is affiliated to [[Vinoba Bhave University]] and is recognised by [[Medical Council of India]]. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the [[Hazaribag]] district. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jharkhand-government-to-appoint-110-senior-residents-in-5-medical-colleges-in-4-days/story-29YEQJo18eLYv4Scg41TLP.html|title=Jharkhand Government to appoint 110 senior residents in 5 medical colleges in 4 days|date=22 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Courses==<br /> Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College undertakes education and training of students MBBS courses.{{fact|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[Literacy in India]]<br /> *[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]<br /> *[[Sheikh Bhikhari]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://hazaribagmedicalcollege.org/ Hazaribag Medical College]<br /> <br /> {{Vinoba Bhave University}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hazaribag Medical College And Hospital}}<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Vinoba Bhave University]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Hazaribagh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hospital-stub}}<br /> {{Jharkhand-university-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nundkol_Lake&diff=522587 2025-04-26T18:22:07Z

<p>KareemOman9338: Creating new entry.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lake in Ganderbal district, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox lake<br /> | name = Nundkol Lake<br /> | image = Nundkol Lake and Harmukh.jpg<br /> | alt = View of Nundkol Lake<br /> | location = [[Ganderbal district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<br /> |coords = {{Coord|34.417855|N|74.935663|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}<br /> |lake_type = [[oligotrophic lake]]<br /> |inflow = [[Gangbal Lake]]<br /> |outflow = [[Sind River]]<br /> |pushpin_map=India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> |pushpin_map_alt = Location of Nundkol lake within Jammu and Kashmir<br /> |area = {{convert|1.5|km2|abbr=on}}<br /> |length = {{convert|1.2|km|mi}}<br /> |width = {{convert|0.5|km|mi}}<br /> |elevation = {{convert|3505|m|ft}}<br /> |frozen =<br /> }}<br /> The '''Nundkol Lake''' or '''Nund Kol''' also known as '''Nandi Kund''' and '''Kalodaka Lake''' is an [[oligotrophic lake|oligotrophic]] [[Alpine climate|alpine]] lake situated in [[Ganderbal district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalodaka Lake&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=Raj | last=Kumar | title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mba9NlbOwd0C&amp;q=kalodaka+lake&amp;pg=PA198|page=198 | year=1997 | publisher=Indian History Congress | isbn= 9780975022870}}&lt;/ref&gt; This lake is considered sacred by Hindus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BRILL&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siudmak |first=John |date=2013-01-01 |title=Appendix: Kashmirian Literary Evidence for Multi-Headed Śiva Images |journal=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004248328/B9789004248328_012.xml |language=en |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The lake was originally called ''Nandi Kund'' meaning (Lake of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]). The term &quot;Nundkol&quot; also means ''Lake of Nandi''. Nandi is the bull [[vahana]] of the Hindu god [[Shiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BRILL&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The Nundkol Lake lies at the foot of [[Mount Haramukh]] ({{convert|5142|m|ft}}). The [[Gangabal Lake]] which is bigger and at higher elevation lies 1.5&amp;nbsp;km to the north of the lake. Surrounded by the lush green meadows, the banks of the Nundkol Lake serve as the camping site during the summers. [[Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir|Naranag]] is the nearest settlement and serves as the base camp for trekking to the lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=John|first=Sludmak|title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and Its Influences Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia Volume 28 of Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indien |issn=0169-9377|year=2013|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004248328|page=498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&amp;q=nundkol+lake+of+haramukh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nund kol Lake&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Garry Weare | title=A Long Walk in the Himalaya: A Trek from the Ganges to Kashmir | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YrnnbiEhI0C&amp;q=Nundkol+lake&amp;pg=PA276 | year=2007 | publisher=DoctorZed Publishing | isbn= 9780975022870| page=276}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Nundkol Lake is fed by Gangabal Lake and the melting glaciers of the Mount Haramukh. It gives rise to Wangath Nallah, the major right tributary of the [[Sind River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nund kol Lake&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sacred-shrine-of-haramukh/|title=Sacred Shrines of Haramukh|publisher=dailyexcelsior.com|access-date=2013-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> This lake is sacred for Hindus. According to a legend, Nandi was born as son of sage Shilad, who performed a great penance near this lake. Upon penance of Shilad, [[Shiva]] took his permanent abode thereby. The inner blue color of lake is believed to mark the presence of Shiva, while the outer light green portion of lake is supposed to mark the presence of Nandi. Shiva is also worshipped with the name ''Nandisa'' there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2012-08-17 |title=Sacred Shrines of Haramukh |language=en-US |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sacred-shrines-of-haramukh/ |access-date=2022-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BRILL&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> During the winter, Nundkol Lake freezes and is covered by heavy snow. In the summers, the basin of the lake is surrounded by a sheet of alpine flowers. The [[geum]], [[blue poppy]], [[potentilla]] and [[gentian]] are relatively common. [[Hedysarum]] flowers are found in late spring throughout the area around the lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nundkol Lake flowers&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Samsar Chand Koul | title=Beautiful valleys of Kashmir and Ladakh | url= https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=601&amp;noj=1&amp;tbm=bks&amp;sclient=psy-ab&amp;q=+flowers+nundkol+lake&amp;oq=+flowers+nundkol+lake&amp;gs_l=serp.12...45004.45570.1.48868.4.3.0.0.0.2.1392.3881.7-3.3.0....0...1c.1.19.serp.XCSqztoFeA8| year=1971 | publisher= L. Koul| isbn=9788173871078 | page=116}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Nundkol Lake is stocked with trout among of which is the [[brown trout]]. Fishing is permitted to the licensed anglers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nundkol&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1=T. |last1=Petr |first2=Deep Bahadur |last2=Swar | title=Cold Water Fisheries in the Trans-Himalayan Countries Issue 431 of FAO Fisheries Technical Paper| issn=0429-9345 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFw3SK6xzvIC&amp;q=Nundkol&amp;pg=PA25 | year=2002 | publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org.| isbn=9789251048078 | page=25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Access==<br /> The Nundkol Lake is accessible only during the summer; during the winter, the treks are closed because of the heavy snowfall. It can be reached from [[Srinagar]], via a 65&amp;nbsp;km motorable road which leads through Ganderbal and [[Wayil, Jammu and Kashmir|Wayil]] to the Naranag trekking camp. The alpine meadows of Trunakhul and Badpathri lies at the halfway point of this two-day trek to the lake. An alternate trek starts from Chattergul village, 10&amp;nbsp;km to the west of Naranag which leads through the meadows of Mahlish. The lake can also be accessed through [[Bandipora]] and the five-day trekking starting point is Arin. Tourists prefer Naranag trek and return via [[Gadsar Lake]], [[Vishansar Lake]] and [[Sonamarg]] to cover most alpine lakes of the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kashmirtreks.com/product/naranag-gangabal-trek/|title=Naranag-Gangabal Trek|publisher=KashmirTreks|access-date=27 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nundkol Lake&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=M. S. Kohli | title=The Himalayas: Playground of the Gods - Trekking, Climbing and Adventures | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&amp;q=Nundkol+lake&amp;pg=PA39 | year=1983 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=9788173871078 | pages=38, 39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;<br /> Nundkol Lake.JPG|left|Nundkol Lake, [[Harmukh]] at the background<br /> NundkolMilkyway.jpg|Photograph of Milkyway at Nundkol Lake located in the vicinity of Mt. Harmukh<br /> Harmukh.jpg|Mount Harmukh rising from Gangabal (right) and Nundkol Lakes (left)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Kashmir Valley}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Ganderbal district]]<br /> [[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]</div>

KareemOman9338 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemant_Singh_(cricketer)&diff=447009 2025-04-04T00:57:00Z

<p>KareemOman9338: updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Hemant Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | country = <br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|11|10|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | batting = <br /> | bowling = <br /> | role =<br /> <br /> | club1 = <br /> | year1 = <br /> | clubnumber1 = <br /> | club2 = <br /> | year2 = <br /> | clubnumber2 =<br /> <br /> | date = 29 January 2017<br /> | source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/604716.html ESPNcricinfo]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hemant Singh''' (born 10 November 1988) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/604716.html |title=Hemant Singh |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament]] on 29 January 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;T20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079274.html |title=Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament, Central Zone: Madhya Pradesh v Railways at Jaipur, Jan 29, 2017 |access-date=29 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=604716}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hemant}}<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Railways cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from New Delhi]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}</div>

KareemOman9338