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List of countries backing India's UNSC seat

2026-09-23T16:14:32Z

Kannadaguy:

{{Short description|Diplomatic support for India's campaign for a permanent UNSC seat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Infobox
| above = India's bid for a permanent UNSC seat
| bodystyle = background:#f8f9fa;
| headerstyle = background:#0B1473; color:white;
| labelstyle = width:38%;
| header1 = Campaign
| label2 = Candidate
| data2 = {{flag|India}}
| label3 = Grouping
| data3 = [[G4 nations]] (with {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|Germany}}, {{flag|Japan}})
| label4 = Objective
| data4 = Permanent membership of a reformed [[United Nations Security Council]]
| header5 = Existing Council
| label6 = Permanent members
| data6 = 5 ([[P5]])
| label7 = Elected members
| data7 = 10 (two-year terms)
| label8 = India's elected terms
| data8 = 8 (most recent: 2021–22)
| header9 = Support among P5
| label10 = Explicit support
| data10 = {{flag|France}}, {{flag|Russia}}, {{flag|United Kingdom}}, {{flag|United States}}
| label11 = Reserved / qualified
| data11 = {{flag|China}}
| header12 = Recent endorsement
| label13 = Visegrád Group
| data13 = {{flag|Czech Republic}}, {{flag|Hungary}}, {{flag|Poland}}, {{flag|Slovakia}} (21 September 2026)
}}
[[File:Support of India's permanent seat at the UNSC.png|thumb|right|450px|Countries that explicitly and openly support India for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.]]

The '''list of countries supporting India's bid for a permanent United Nations Security Council seat''' covers United Nations member states and regional groups that have publicly endorsed [[India]]'s campaign for permanent membership of a reformed [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC).

India is a founding member of the United Nations (joining in 1945 as [[British Raj|British India]]) and has served eight two-year terms as an elected non-permanent member of the Council, most recently in 2021–22.<ref name="IndiaUN">{{cite web |title=India and the United Nations |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations |website=Wikipedia |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> It campaigns jointly with Brazil, Germany and Japan in the [[G4 nations]], whose members support one another's bids and have proposed expanding the Council from 15 members to 25 or 26.<ref name="ReformWP">{{cite web |title=Reform of the United Nations Security Council |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council |website=Wikipedia |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Four of the five existing permanent members—France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia—have publicly supported India's inclusion as a permanent member of an expanded Council. China has supported a greater Indian role at the United Nations, including in the Security Council, but has not issued an equivalent unconditional endorsement of a permanent Indian seat.<ref name="BS2026">{{cite news |title=India's permanent UNSC seat bid gets backing from four European nations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-s-permanent-unsc-seat-bid-gets-backing-from-four-european-nations-126092200176_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=India's UNSC Bid: Who Supports, Opposes It And What A Permanent Seat Would Change |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/indias-unsc-bid-who-supports-opposes-it-and-what-a-permanent-seat-would-change-ws-l-10345145.html |work=News18 |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Support is diplomatic rather than a formal United Nations vote. Under [[Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter|Article 108]] of the UN Charter, any change in permanent membership requires an amendment adopted by two thirds of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and ratified by two thirds of UN members, including all five permanent members.<ref name="Art108">{{cite web |title=Chapter XVIII: Amendments |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-18 |website=United Nations |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Security Council has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The only successful structural expansion of the Council occurred in 1965, when elected seats were increased from six to ten.<ref name="ReformWP"/>

India has been elected a non-permanent member eight times (1950–51, 1967–68, 1972–73, 1977–78, 1984–85, 1991–92, 2011–12 and 2021–22).<ref name="IndiaUN"/> Indian governments argue that a Council designed in 1945 no longer matches the distribution of population, economic weight or peacekeeping burden.

=== G4 proposal ===
The G4 nations were formed in 2004. Their model typically calls for six new permanent seats—two for Africa, two for the Asia-Pacific, one for Latin America and the Caribbean, and one for the Western European and Others Group—plus additional elected seats.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=Hungary Poland Slovakia Czech Republic back India permanent UNSC seat |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-unsc-bid-european-nations-support-2026-yqjajita |work=Mathrubhumi |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Positions of the permanent five ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Permanent members and India's bid
|-
! Permanent member
! Position
! Character of support
! Selected sources
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Strong and repeated; restated in the February 2026 India–France joint statement
| <ref name="News18"/><ref name="Hindu2016">{{cite news |title=U.K., France back UNSC permanent seat for India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/U.K.-France-back-UNSC-permanent-seat-for-India/article16444478.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Has named India among G4 candidates for new permanent seats
| <ref name="Hindu2016"/><ref name="News18"/>
|-
| {{flag|United States}}
| Support in principle for India's permanent membership in an expanded Council
| Public since 2010; later administrations have restated support
| <ref name="NYT2010">{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Helene |title=Countering China, Obama Backs India for U.N. Council |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09prexy.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2010 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Long-standing bilateral and UNGA statements
| <ref name="BBC2004">{{cite news |title=Putin backs India's UN seat bid |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm |work=BBC News |date=4 December 2004 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|China}}
| Greater Indian role at the UN, including the Security Council; no equivalent permanent-seat endorsement
| Qualified / reserved; has not backed the G4 package
| <ref name="BS2026"/><ref name="Firstpost">{{cite news |title=India's UNSC bid gets more backing. Why isn't it a permanent member yet? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/indias-unsc-bid-v4-backing-permanent-member-obstacles-14047538.html |work=Firstpost |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|}

== G4 partners ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Relationship
! Position
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support for permanent seats
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support; coordinates IGN positions
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support; China's opposition to Japan complicates a joint package
|}

== Visegrád Group endorsement, 2026 ==
On 21 September 2026, at the first V4+India foreign ministers' meeting on the sidelines of UNGA 81, the [[Visegrád Group]] collectively endorsed India's permanent membership.<ref name="BS2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Upcoming superpower: 4 European nations back India's bid for permanent UN Security Council seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/un-security-council-india-wins-support-from-4-european-nations-for-permanent-unsc-seat-2999914-2026-09-22 |work=India Today |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Slovak foreign minister [[Juraj Blanár]] said the four countries agreed that India “must be at the table as the permanent member of the UN Security Council.”<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Visegrad Group countries back India's permanent UNSC seat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/visegrad-group-countries-back-indias-permanent-unsc-seat/ |work=The Tribune |date=23 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Grouping
! Position
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| V4
| Bilateral support in 2026, then collective V4 endorsement
|}

== Other reported supporters ==
{{hatnote|There is no official UN register of supporters. Names below are those frequently reported in joint statements or news coverage. Wording varies.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ UN member states and groups frequently reported as supporting India's bid
|-
! Region
! States or groups
|-
| G4 partners
| {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|Germany}}, {{flag|Japan}}
|-
| Permanent members (explicit)
| {{flag|France}}, {{flag|Russia}}, {{flag|United Kingdom}}, {{flag|United States}}
|-
| Central Europe (V4, 2026)
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}, {{flag|Hungary}}, {{flag|Poland}}, {{flag|Slovakia}}
|-
| Rest of Europe
| {{flag|Belgium}}, {{flag|Bulgaria}}, {{flag|Croatia}}, {{flag|Cyprus}}, {{flag|Denmark}}, {{flag|Estonia}}, {{flag|Finland}}, {{flag|Greece}}, {{flag|Iceland}}, {{flag|Luxembourg}}, {{flag|Netherlands}}, {{flag|Norway}}, {{flag|Portugal}}, {{flag|Romania}}, {{flag|Serbia}}, {{flag|Sweden}}, {{flag|Ukraine}}
|-
| South Asia
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}}, {{flag|Bhutan}}, {{flag|Maldives}}, {{flag|Nepal}}, {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|-
| East and Southeast Asia
| {{flag|Cambodia}}, {{flag|Laos}}, {{flag|Malaysia}}, {{flag|Mongolia}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}, {{flag|Singapore}}, {{flag|Vietnam}}
|-
| West and Central Asia
| {{flag|Armenia}}, {{flag|Bahrain}}, {{flag|Kazakhstan}}, {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}, {{flag|Oman}}, {{flag|Qatar}}, {{flag|Tajikistan}}, {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}, {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|-
| Africa
| [[African Union]] (bloc position); {{flag|Ethiopia}}, {{flag|Ghana}}, {{flag|Mauritius}}, {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Mozambique}}, {{flag|Namibia}}, {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Rwanda}}, {{flag|Seychelles}}, {{flag|Tanzania}}, {{flag|Zambia}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| Americas
| {{flag|Bahamas}}, {{flag|Belize}}, {{flag|Bolivia}}, {{flag|Chile}}, {{flag|Cuba}}, {{flag|Dominican Republic}}, {{flag|Guyana}}, {{flag|Jamaica}}, {{flag|Nicaragua}}, {{flag|Peru}}, {{flag|Suriname}}, {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}, {{flag|Uruguay}}, {{flag|Venezuela}}
|-
| Oceania
| {{flag|Australia}}, {{flag|Fiji}}, {{flag|New Zealand}}, {{flag|Palau}}, {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, {{flag|Tuvalu}}
|}

== Opposition and reservations ==
[[Uniting for Consensus]] opposes new permanent seats and prefers more elected seats. Associated states have included Italy, Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, Argentina, Colombia, South Korea, Spain and Turkey. [[Pakistan]] is the principal South Asian opponent of a permanent Indian seat.

A reform that added only India is widely regarded as implausible. Any viable amendment is expected to be a package covering Africa, Latin America and at least one other Asian seat.<ref name="Firstpost"/>

== Amendment procedure ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Step
! Requirement
|-
| Negotiated text
| Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) produce a draft amendment
|-
| General Assembly vote
| Two thirds of the General Assembly (Article 108)
|-
| National ratification
| Two thirds of UN members
|-
| Permanent-member ratification
| '''All five''' permanent members must ratify
|}

== See also ==
* [[G4 nations]]
* [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council]]
* [[Uniting for Consensus]]
* [[Ezulwini Consensus]]
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-18 UN Charter, Chapter XVIII]
* [https://www.mea.gov.in/ Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]

{{United Nations}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:India and the United Nations]]
[[Category:Reform of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:G4 nations]]
[[Category:Lists of countries]]
[[Category:United Nations Security Council]]

List of countries backing India's UNSC seat

2026-09-23T15:53:03Z

Kannadaguy: A useful list created

{{Short description|Diplomatic support for India's campaign for a permanent UNSC seat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Infobox
| above = India's bid for a permanent UNSC seat
| bodystyle = background:#f8f9fa;
| headerstyle = background:#0B1473; color:white;
| labelstyle = width:38%;
| header1 = Campaign
| label2 = Candidate
| data2 = {{flag|India}}
| label3 = Grouping
| data3 = [[G4 nations]] (with {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|Germany}}, {{flag|Japan}})
| label4 = Objective
| data4 = Permanent membership of a reformed [[United Nations Security Council]]
| header5 = Existing Council
| label6 = Permanent members
| data6 = 5 ([[P5]])
| label7 = Elected members
| data7 = 10 (two-year terms)
| label8 = India's elected terms
| data8 = 8 (most recent: 2021–22)
| header9 = Support among P5
| label10 = Explicit support
| data10 = {{flag|France}}, {{flag|Russia}}, {{flag|United Kingdom}}, {{flag|United States}}
| label11 = Reserved / qualified
| data11 = {{flag|China}}
| header12 = Recent endorsement
| label13 = Visegrád Group
| data13 = {{flag|Czech Republic}}, {{flag|Hungary}}, {{flag|Poland}}, {{flag|Slovakia}} (21 September 2026)
}}

The '''list of countries supporting India's bid for a permanent United Nations Security Council seat''' covers United Nations member states and regional groups that have publicly endorsed [[India]]'s campaign for permanent membership of a reformed [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC).

India is a founding member of the United Nations (joining in 1945 as [[British Raj|British India]]) and has served eight two-year terms as an elected non-permanent member of the Council, most recently in 2021–22.<ref name="IndiaUN">{{cite web |title=India and the United Nations |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations |website=Wikipedia |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> It campaigns jointly with Brazil, Germany and Japan in the [[G4 nations]], whose members support one another's bids and have proposed expanding the Council from 15 members to 25 or 26.<ref name="ReformWP">{{cite web |title=Reform of the United Nations Security Council |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council |website=Wikipedia |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Four of the five existing permanent members—France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia—have publicly supported India's inclusion as a permanent member of an expanded Council. China has supported a greater Indian role at the United Nations, including in the Security Council, but has not issued an equivalent unconditional endorsement of a permanent Indian seat.<ref name="BS2026">{{cite news |title=India's permanent UNSC seat bid gets backing from four European nations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-s-permanent-unsc-seat-bid-gets-backing-from-four-european-nations-126092200176_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=India's UNSC Bid: Who Supports, Opposes It And What A Permanent Seat Would Change |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/indias-unsc-bid-who-supports-opposes-it-and-what-a-permanent-seat-would-change-ws-l-10345145.html |work=News18 |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Support is diplomatic rather than a formal United Nations vote. Under [[Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter|Article 108]] of the UN Charter, any change in permanent membership requires an amendment adopted by two thirds of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and ratified by two thirds of UN members, including all five permanent members.<ref name="Art108">{{cite web |title=Chapter XVIII: Amendments |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-18 |website=United Nations |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Security Council has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The only successful structural expansion of the Council occurred in 1965, when elected seats were increased from six to ten.<ref name="ReformWP"/>

India has been elected a non-permanent member eight times (1950–51, 1967–68, 1972–73, 1977–78, 1984–85, 1991–92, 2011–12 and 2021–22).<ref name="IndiaUN"/> Indian governments argue that a Council designed in 1945 no longer matches the distribution of population, economic weight or peacekeeping burden.

=== G4 proposal ===
The G4 nations were formed in 2004. Their model typically calls for six new permanent seats—two for Africa, two for the Asia-Pacific, one for Latin America and the Caribbean, and one for the Western European and Others Group—plus additional elected seats.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=Hungary Poland Slovakia Czech Republic back India permanent UNSC seat |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-unsc-bid-european-nations-support-2026-yqjajita |work=Mathrubhumi |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

== Positions of the permanent five ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Permanent members and India's bid
|-
! Permanent member
! Position
! Character of support
! Selected sources
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Strong and repeated; restated in the February 2026 India–France joint statement
| <ref name="News18"/><ref name="Hindu2016">{{cite news |title=U.K., France back UNSC permanent seat for India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/U.K.-France-back-UNSC-permanent-seat-for-India/article16444478.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Has named India among G4 candidates for new permanent seats
| <ref name="Hindu2016"/><ref name="News18"/>
|-
| {{flag|United States}}
| Support in principle for India's permanent membership in an expanded Council
| Public since 2010; later administrations have restated support
| <ref name="NYT2010">{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Helene |title=Countering China, Obama Backs India for U.N. Council |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09prexy.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2010 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Explicit support for a permanent seat
| Long-standing bilateral and UNGA statements
| <ref name="BBC2004">{{cite news |title=Putin backs India's UN seat bid |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm |work=BBC News |date=4 December 2004 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|China}}
| Greater Indian role at the UN, including the Security Council; no equivalent permanent-seat endorsement
| Qualified / reserved; has not backed the G4 package
| <ref name="BS2026"/><ref name="Firstpost">{{cite news |title=India's UNSC bid gets more backing. Why isn't it a permanent member yet? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/indias-unsc-bid-v4-backing-permanent-member-obstacles-14047538.html |work=Firstpost |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>
|}

== G4 partners ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Relationship
! Position
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support for permanent seats
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support; coordinates IGN positions
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| G4 partner
| Mutual support; China's opposition to Japan complicates a joint package
|}

== Visegrád Group endorsement, 2026 ==
On 21 September 2026, at the first V4+India foreign ministers' meeting on the sidelines of UNGA 81, the [[Visegrád Group]] collectively endorsed India's permanent membership.<ref name="BS2026"/><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Upcoming superpower: 4 European nations back India's bid for permanent UN Security Council seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/un-security-council-india-wins-support-from-4-european-nations-for-permanent-unsc-seat-2999914-2026-09-22 |work=India Today |date=22 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

Slovak foreign minister [[Juraj Blanár]] said the four countries agreed that India “must be at the table as the permanent member of the UN Security Council.”<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Visegrad Group countries back India's permanent UNSC seat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/visegrad-group-countries-back-indias-permanent-unsc-seat/ |work=The Tribune |date=23 September 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Grouping
! Position
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| V4
| Collective endorsement, 21 September 2026
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| V4
| Bilateral support in 2026, then collective V4 endorsement
|}

== Other reported supporters ==
{{hatnote|There is no official UN register of supporters. Names below are those frequently reported in joint statements or news coverage. Wording varies.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ UN member states and groups frequently reported as supporting India's bid
|-
! Region
! States or groups
|-
| G4 partners
| {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|Germany}}, {{flag|Japan}}
|-
| Permanent members (explicit)
| {{flag|France}}, {{flag|Russia}}, {{flag|United Kingdom}}, {{flag|United States}}
|-
| Central Europe (V4, 2026)
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}, {{flag|Hungary}}, {{flag|Poland}}, {{flag|Slovakia}}
|-
| Rest of Europe
| {{flag|Belgium}}, {{flag|Bulgaria}}, {{flag|Croatia}}, {{flag|Cyprus}}, {{flag|Denmark}}, {{flag|Estonia}}, {{flag|Finland}}, {{flag|Greece}}, {{flag|Iceland}}, {{flag|Luxembourg}}, {{flag|Netherlands}}, {{flag|Norway}}, {{flag|Portugal}}, {{flag|Romania}}, {{flag|Serbia}}, {{flag|Sweden}}, {{flag|Ukraine}}
|-
| South Asia
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}}, {{flag|Bhutan}}, {{flag|Maldives}}, {{flag|Nepal}}, {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|-
| East and Southeast Asia
| {{flag|Cambodia}}, {{flag|Laos}}, {{flag|Malaysia}}, {{flag|Mongolia}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}, {{flag|Singapore}}, {{flag|Vietnam}}
|-
| West and Central Asia
| {{flag|Armenia}}, {{flag|Bahrain}}, {{flag|Kazakhstan}}, {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}, {{flag|Oman}}, {{flag|Qatar}}, {{flag|Tajikistan}}, {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}, {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|-
| Africa
| [[African Union]] (bloc position); {{flag|Ethiopia}}, {{flag|Ghana}}, {{flag|Mauritius}}, {{flag|Morocco}}, {{flag|Mozambique}}, {{flag|Namibia}}, {{flag|Nigeria}}, {{flag|Rwanda}}, {{flag|Seychelles}}, {{flag|Tanzania}}, {{flag|Zambia}}, {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| Americas
| {{flag|Bahamas}}, {{flag|Belize}}, {{flag|Bolivia}}, {{flag|Chile}}, {{flag|Cuba}}, {{flag|Dominican Republic}}, {{flag|Guyana}}, {{flag|Jamaica}}, {{flag|Nicaragua}}, {{flag|Peru}}, {{flag|Suriname}}, {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}, {{flag|Uruguay}}, {{flag|Venezuela}}
|-
| Oceania
| {{flag|Australia}}, {{flag|Fiji}}, {{flag|New Zealand}}, {{flag|Palau}}, {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, {{flag|Tuvalu}}
|}

== Opposition and reservations ==
[[Uniting for Consensus]] opposes new permanent seats and prefers more elected seats. Associated states have included Italy, Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, Argentina, Colombia, South Korea, Spain and Turkey. [[Pakistan]] is the principal South Asian opponent of a permanent Indian seat.

A reform that added only India is widely regarded as implausible. Any viable amendment is expected to be a package covering Africa, Latin America and at least one other Asian seat.<ref name="Firstpost"/>

== Amendment procedure ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Step
! Requirement
|-
| Negotiated text
| Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) produce a draft amendment
|-
| General Assembly vote
| Two thirds of the General Assembly (Article 108)
|-
| National ratification
| Two thirds of UN members
|-
| Permanent-member ratification
| '''All five''' permanent members must ratify
|}

== See also ==
* [[G4 nations]]
* [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council]]
* [[Uniting for Consensus]]
* [[Ezulwini Consensus]]
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-18 UN Charter, Chapter XVIII]
* [https://www.mea.gov.in/ Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]

{{United Nations}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:India and the United Nations]]
[[Category:Reform of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:G4 nations]]
[[Category:Lists of countries]]
[[Category:United Nations Security Council]]

Yashasvi Solanki

2026-09-18T17:36:10Z

Kannadaguy: Yashasvi Solanki.jpeg

{{Short description|Indian Navy officer and aide-de-camp to the President of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Yashasvi Solanki
| honorific_prefix = Lieutenant Commander
| image = Yashasvi Solanki.jpeg
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[Indian Navy]]
| serviceyears = 2012–present
| rank = [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| laterwork = Aide-de-camp to the [[President of India]]
}}

'''Yashasvi Solanki''' is an officer of the [[Indian Navy]] holding the rank of [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]. In 2025, she was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]], becoming the first woman officer from the Indian Navy to hold the appointment. She was also the first woman officer to serve as an ADC to the President from the Indian Armed Forces.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Navy's Yashasvi Solanki Becomes First Woman Aide-De-Camp To President |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-yashasvi-solanki-becomes-first-woman-aide-de-camp-to-president-8648598 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |last=Divya |first=A |title=Meet first woman ADC to President: ‘Never dreamt this would be possible’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meet-first-woman-adc-to-president-never-dreamt-this-would-be-possible-10059396/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Solanki is from [[Haryana]]. During her school years, she participated in [[badminton]] and [[volleyball]] and competed at the district level in the two sports.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

== Naval career ==

Solanki joined the [[Indian Navy]] in 2012 through the [[Short Service Commission]]. She served in the Navy's Logistics Branch.<ref name="NDTV"/>

Before her appointment as the President's ADC, Solanki was posted in [[Hyderabad]] with the Naval Armament division under Naval Armament (Defence Production). She served as a technical officer in that assignment.<ref name="IE"/>

== Aide-de-camp to the President ==

In April 2025, Solanki was selected for appointment as an ADC to President Droupadi Murmu. The selection process included a panel of three women naval officers, who underwent an assessment at the Presidential Estate. The officers were assessed on physical criteria, basic intelligence and adaptability, and were interviewed by the President.<ref name="IE"/>

Following her selection, Solanki underwent an orientation programme before taking up her responsibilities as an ADC in May 2025.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

Her appointment made her the first woman officer from the Indian Navy to serve as an ADC to the President. The President's ADC establishment generally consists of five officers: three from the Army and one each from the Navy and Air Force.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |title=Yashasvi Solanki first woman Navy officer to become President's Aide-de-Camp |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yashasvi-solanki-first-woman-navy-officer-aide-de-camp-president-of-india-2733004-2025-05-30 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

The ADC assists the President with official engagements, protocol and ceremonial functions and facilitates communication and coordination between the President and government and military establishments. The duties also include assisting with official meetings, appointments and the President's daily programme.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

Solanki's appointment was followed in 2026 by the appointment of Major [[Navya Shekhawat]] as the first woman officer from the [[Indian Army]] to serve as an ADC to the President.<ref name="Navya">{{cite news |title=Navya Shekhawat becomes first woman Army officer to be President's ADC |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Solanki is the first member of her family to join the defence forces. Her elder sister and younger brother pursued business management.<ref name="IE"/>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Aide-de-camp]]
* [[Lieutenant commander]]
* [[Women in the Indian Navy]]
* [[Droupadi Murmu]]
* [[Navya Shekhawat]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Yashasvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the 21st century]]

File:Yashasvi Solanki.jpeg

2026-09-18T17:35:33Z

Kannadaguy: Yashasvi Solanki, an officer of the Indian Navy holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

== Summary ==
Yashasvi Solanki, an officer of the Indian Navy holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

Navya Shekhawat

2026-09-18T17:24:04Z

Kannadaguy: Navya Shekhawat.jpeg

{{Short description|Indian Army officer and aide-de-camp to the President of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Navya Shekhawat
| honorific_prefix = Major
| image = Navya Shekhawat.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1997}}
| birth_place = Kerpura, Sikar district, Rajasthan, India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2021–present
| rank = [[Major (India)|Major]]
| unit = [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]]
| laterwork = [[Aide-de-camp]] to the [[President of India]] (2026–present)
}}

'''Navya Shekhawat''' is an officer of the [[Indian Army]] serving in the [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]]. In 2026, she was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]]. She became the first woman officer from the Indian Army to serve as an ADC to the President.<ref name="TOI-edu">{{cite news |title=From CDS to Rashtrapati Bhavan: Major Navya Shekhawat becomes first woman Army officer to serve as President's ADC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/from-cds-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-major-navya-shekhawat-becomes-first-woman-army-officer-to-serve-as-presidents-adc/articleshow/134327867.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |title=Who is Major Navya Shekhawat? Meet the first woman Army officer to serve as President Droupadi Murmu's ADC |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-is-major-navya-shekhawat-meet-the-first-woman-army-officer-to-serve-as-president-droupadi-murmus-adc-1503638447.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> She is the second woman overall to hold the appointment, following [[Lieutenant Commander]] Yashasvi Solanki of the [[Indian Navy]], who became the first woman to serve as a presidential ADC in 2025.<ref name="TOI-people">{{cite news |title=Meet the woman Army officer now serving as President Murmu's ADC: Who is Major Navya Shekhawat? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/meet-the-woman-army-officer-now-serving-as-president-murmus-adc-who-is-major-navya-shekhawat/articleshow/133952523.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Who is Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer appointed President's Aide-De-Camp |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-major-navya-shekhawat-first-woman-army-officer-appointed-presidents-aide-de-camp-assisting-her-in-official-duties-/articleshow/133956158.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Shekhawat was born in 1997 and is from Kerpura village in the Khandela block of [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="NDTV-gf">{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रपति की ADC नव्या शेखावत के दादा रहे विंग कमांडर, बताई पोती के संघर्ष की पूरी कहानी |url=https://ndtv.in/india/navya-shekhawat-president-adc-success-story-grandfather-interview-12059092 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi |date=17 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ETV">{{cite news |title=राजस्थान की बेटी ने बढ़ाया मान, राष्ट्रपति की ADC बनीं सीकर की मेजर नव्या शेखावत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/state/navya-shekhawat-as-first-female-army-adc-officer-deployed-president-security-rjs26091800914 |work=[[ETV Bharat]] |language=hi |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Shekhawat's family has a background in the [[Indian Air Force]]. Her grandfather, Wing Commander Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat, served in the IAF, while her father, Group Captain Karan Singh Shekhawat, was serving in the IAF as of 2026.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/><ref name="ETV"/><ref name="Patrika">{{cite news |title=Major Navya Shekhawat : राजस्थान की बेटी मेजर नव्या शेखावत ने रचा इतिहास, बनीं राष्ट्रपति की पहली महिला आर्मी ADC |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/major-navya-shekhawat-president-first-woman-army-adc-rajasthan-20915805 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Shekhawat is the third generation of her family to serve in the armed forces, following her grandfather and father.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/><ref name="Patrika"/>

She received schooling in different cities because of her father's postings, including [[Delhi]]. She later completed a bachelor's degree in economics from the Modi Institute in [[Lachhmangarh|Lakshmangarh]], Sikar district.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/>

== Military career ==

=== Entry and commissioning ===

Shekhawat entered the Army through the [[Combined Defence Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. She appeared in the CDS (I) 2020 examination and was selected for the 27th Short Service Commission Women (Non-Technical) Course at the [[Officers Training Academy]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="ET"/>

Her name appears at number seven in the OTA women's merit list for the CDS (I) 2020 examination, with roll number 1110476.<ref name="DDE-merit">{{cite web |title=CDS 1 2020 Merit List Officers Training Academy |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2021/05/24/cds-1-2020-merit-list-officers-training-academy/ |website=Defence Direct Education |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="IASPortal">{{cite web |title=(Result) UPSC Combined Defence Services Examination (I) (OTA) 2020 |url=https://iasexamportal.com/cds/result/2020-ota |website=UPSC IAS EXAM PORTAL |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The published merit list records 51 candidates in the women's category, with Shekhawat listed seventh.<ref name="DDE-merit"/>

After completing her training at the Officers Training Academy, Shekhawat was commissioned into the [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]] in 2021.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Statesman"/><ref name="TimesNow">{{cite news |title=From Rajasthan to Rashtrapati Bhavan: Major Navya Shekhawat becomes Indian Army's first woman ADC to the President |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/success-story-from-rajasthan-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-major-navya-shekhawat-becomes-indian-armys-first-woman-adc-to-the-president-article-156132065 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Army Service Corps is responsible for logistical functions including supply and transport.<ref name="TBI">{{cite news |title=Major Navya Shekhawat is first woman Army officer on the President's ADC team |url=https://thebetterindia.com/upsc/major-navya-shekhawat-first-army-woman-presidents-adc-12181827 |work=[[The Better India]] |date=20 July 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> She subsequently attained the rank of [[Major (India)|Major]].<ref name="ET"/><ref name="Statesman"/>

=== Aide-de-camp to the President ===

In 2026, Shekhawat was appointed as an ADC to President Droupadi Murmu and began serving at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. Reports about her appointment place the beginning of her tenure around July 2026.<ref name="TimesNow"/><ref name="Logical">{{cite news |title=Meet Rajasthan's Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer to serve as President's ADC |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/navya-shekhawat-first-woman-adc-125638/ |work=The Logical Indian |date=3 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Who is Navya Shekhawat? Know about first woman officer to serve as President's Aide-de-camp |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-navya-shekhawat-know-about-first-woman-officer-to-serve-as-president-s-aide-de-camp-3220325 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

The appointment made Shekhawat the first woman officer from the Indian Army to serve as a presidential ADC.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Statesman"/> The appointment followed that of Lieutenant Commander Yashasvi Solanki of the Indian Navy, who became the first woman officer to serve as an ADC to the President in 2025.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="TBI"/>

The President's military staff includes ADCs drawn from the armed forces. Reports state that the President is customarily assisted by five military ADCs, including three from the Army and one each from the Navy and Air Force.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Vajiram">{{cite web |title=Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer ADC to President |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/major-navya-shekhawat/ |website=Vajiram & Ravi |date=31 August 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> ADCs assist the President during official engagements and ceremonial functions and undertake duties involving coordination and military protocol.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="TBI"/>

The ADC appointment is held by a serving military officer and does not constitute a separate form of entry into the armed forces.<ref name="Logical"/> Shekhawat's appointment came approximately five years after her commissioning in 2021.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="ET"/>

== See also ==

* [[Women in the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Aide-de-camp]]
* [[Army Service Corps (India)]]
* [[Officers Training Academy]]
* [[Droupadi Murmu]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhawat, Navya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Army]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the 21st century]]
[[Category:Officers Training Academy alumni]]

File:Navya Shekhawat.jpeg

2026-09-18T17:23:47Z

Kannadaguy: Major Navya Shekhawat, an officer of the Indian Army serving in the Army Service Corps.

== Summary ==
Major Navya Shekhawat, an officer of the Indian Army serving in the Army Service Corps.

Yashasvi Solanki

2026-09-18T17:17:56Z

Kannadaguy: First woman officer from the Indian Navy to hold the appointment.

{{Short description|Indian Navy officer and aide-de-camp to the President of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Yashasvi Solanki
| honorific_prefix = Lieutenant Commander
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[Indian Navy]]
| serviceyears = 2012–present
| rank = [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| laterwork = Aide-de-camp to the [[President of India]]
}}

'''Yashasvi Solanki''' is an officer of the [[Indian Navy]] holding the rank of [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]. In 2025, she was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]], becoming the first woman officer from the Indian Navy to hold the appointment. She was also the first woman officer to serve as an ADC to the President from the Indian Armed Forces.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Navy's Yashasvi Solanki Becomes First Woman Aide-De-Camp To President |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-yashasvi-solanki-becomes-first-woman-aide-de-camp-to-president-8648598 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |last=Divya |first=A |title=Meet first woman ADC to President: ‘Never dreamt this would be possible’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meet-first-woman-adc-to-president-never-dreamt-this-would-be-possible-10059396/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Solanki is from [[Haryana]]. During her school years, she participated in [[badminton]] and [[volleyball]] and competed at the district level in the two sports.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

== Naval career ==

Solanki joined the [[Indian Navy]] in 2012 through the [[Short Service Commission]]. She served in the Navy's Logistics Branch.<ref name="NDTV"/>

Before her appointment as the President's ADC, Solanki was posted in [[Hyderabad]] with the Naval Armament division under Naval Armament (Defence Production). She served as a technical officer in that assignment.<ref name="IE"/>

== Aide-de-camp to the President ==

In April 2025, Solanki was selected for appointment as an ADC to President Droupadi Murmu. The selection process included a panel of three women naval officers, who underwent an assessment at the Presidential Estate. The officers were assessed on physical criteria, basic intelligence and adaptability, and were interviewed by the President.<ref name="IE"/>

Following her selection, Solanki underwent an orientation programme before taking up her responsibilities as an ADC in May 2025.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

Her appointment made her the first woman officer from the Indian Navy to serve as an ADC to the President. The President's ADC establishment generally consists of five officers: three from the Army and one each from the Navy and Air Force.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |title=Yashasvi Solanki first woman Navy officer to become President's Aide-de-Camp |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yashasvi-solanki-first-woman-navy-officer-aide-de-camp-president-of-india-2733004-2025-05-30 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

The ADC assists the President with official engagements, protocol and ceremonial functions and facilitates communication and coordination between the President and government and military establishments. The duties also include assisting with official meetings, appointments and the President's daily programme.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="IE"/>

Solanki's appointment was followed in 2026 by the appointment of Major [[Navya Shekhawat]] as the first woman officer from the [[Indian Army]] to serve as an ADC to the President.<ref name="Navya">{{cite news |title=Navya Shekhawat becomes first woman Army officer to be President's ADC |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Solanki is the first member of her family to join the defence forces. Her elder sister and younger brother pursued business management.<ref name="IE"/>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Aide-de-camp]]
* [[Lieutenant commander]]
* [[Women in the Indian Navy]]
* [[Droupadi Murmu]]
* [[Navya Shekhawat]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Yashasvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the 21st century]]

Template:Navalranks

2026-09-18T15:47:00Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Sidebar | name = Navalranks | title = Naval officer ranks | headingstyle = background: LightSteelBlue | contentclass = hlist | heading1 = Flag officers | content1 = * Admiral of the fleet * Grand admiral * Admiral * General admiral * Vice admiral * Squadron admiral * Lieutenant admiral * Rear admiral * Admiral-superintendent * Port admiral * Counter admiral * Divisional admiral * Commodore * F..."

{{Sidebar
| name = Navalranks
| title = Naval officer ranks

| headingstyle = background: LightSteelBlue
| contentclass = hlist

| heading1 = [[Flag officer]]s
| content1 =
* [[Admiral of the fleet]]
* [[Grand admiral]]
* [[Admiral]]
* [[General admiral]]
* [[Vice admiral]]
* [[Squadron admiral]]
* [[Lieutenant admiral]]
* [[Rear admiral]]
* [[Admiral-superintendent]]
* [[Port admiral]]
* [[Counter admiral]]
* [[Divisional admiral]]
* [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
* [[Flotilla admiral]]
* ''[[Schout-bij-nacht]]''

| heading2 = Senior officers
| content2 =
* [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
* [[Captain at sea]]
* [[Captain of sea and war]]
* [[Flag captain]]
* [[Fleet captain]]
* [[Post-captain]]
* [[Ship-of-the-line captain]]
* [[Commander]]
* [[Frigate captain]]
* [[Corvette captain]]

| heading3 = Junior officers
| content3 =
* [[Captain lieutenant]]
* [[Lieutenant commander]]
* [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]
* [[Ship-of-the-line lieutenant]]
* [[Frigate lieutenant]]
* [[Lieutenant (junior grade)|Lieutenant junior-grade]]
* [[Sub-lieutenant]]
* [[Corvette lieutenant]]
* [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]]
* [[Midshipman]]

}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Military ranks and insignia templates|Naval]]
[[Category:Navy sidebar templates|Ranks]]
</noinclude>

Module:Infobox3cols

2026-09-18T15:44:59Z

Kannadaguy: Template gives error so I have updated supporting module.

local check_for_unknown_parameters = require("Module:Check for unknown parameters")._check

local p = {}
local args = {}
local origArgs = {}
local root
local lists = {
plainlist_t = {
patterns = {
'^plainlist$',
'%splainlist$',
'^plainlist%s',
'%splainlist%s'
},
found = false,
styles = 'Plainlist/styles.css'
},
hlist_t = {
patterns = {
'^hlist$',
'%shlist$',
'^hlist%s',
'%shlist%s'
},
found = false,
styles = 'Hlist/styles.css'
}
}

local function has_list_class(args_to_check)
for _, list in pairs(lists) do
if not list.found then
for _, arg in pairs(args_to_check) do
for _, pattern in ipairs(list.patterns) do
if mw.ustring.find(arg or '', pattern) then
list.found = true
break
end
end
if list.found then break end
end
end
end
end

-- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence.
local function union(t1, t2)

local vals = {}
for k, v in pairs(t1) do
vals[v] = true
end
for k, v in pairs(t2) do
vals[v] = true
end
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(vals) do
table.insert(ret, k)
end
return ret
end

-- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist
-- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and
-- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}.
local function getArgNums(prefix, suffix)
local nums = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([0-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$')
if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end
end
table.sort(nums)
return nums
end

-- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell
-- or a label/data cell combination.
local function addRow(rowArgs)
if rowArgs.header then
has_list_class({rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class, args.headerclass})
root
:tag('tr')
:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
:tag('th')
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-header')
:addClass(rowArgs.class)
:addClass(args.headerclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-header
:cssText(args.headerstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'h'])
:wikitext(rowArgs.header)
elseif rowArgs.label then
if rowArgs.data then
has_list_class({rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class})
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
row
:tag('th')
:attr('scope', 'row')
:addClass('infobox-label')
:cssText(args.labelstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'l'])
:wikitext(rowArgs.label)
:done()

local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '3')
:addClass('infobox-data')
:addClass(rowArgs.class)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-data
:cssText(rowArgs.datastyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num])
:newline()
:wikitext(rowArgs.data)
elseif rowArgs.dataa or rowArgs.datab or rowArgs.datac then
has_list_class({rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.classa})
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
row
:tag('th')
:attr('scope', 'row')
:addClass('infobox-label')
:cssText(args.labelstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'l'])
:wikitext(rowArgs.label)
:done()

local dataCella = row:tag('td')
dataCella
:addClass('infobox-data infobox-data-a')
:addClass(rowArgs.classa)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-data-a
:cssText(rowArgs.dataastyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'a'])
:newline()
:wikitext(rowArgs.dataa)
if rowArgs.renderb then
has_list_class({rowArgs.classb})
local dataCellb = row:tag('td')
dataCellb
:addClass('infobox-data infobox-data-b')
:addClass(rowArgs.classb)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-data-b
:cssText(rowArgs.databstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'b'])
:newline()
:wikitext(rowArgs.datab)
end
if rowArgs.renderc then
has_list_class({rowArgs.classc})
local dataCellc = row:tag('td')
dataCellc
:addClass('infobox-data infobox-data-c')
:addClass(rowArgs.classc)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-data-c
:cssText(rowArgs.datacstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num .. 'c'])
:newline()
:wikitext(rowArgs.datac)
end
end
elseif rowArgs.data then
has_list_class({rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class})
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)

local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-full-data')
:addClass(rowArgs.class)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-full-data
:cssText(rowArgs.datastyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:cssText(args.extracellstyles[rowArgs.num])
:newline()
:wikitext(rowArgs.data)
end
end

local function renderTitle()
if not args.title then return end
has_list_class({args.titleclass})

root
:tag('caption')
:addClass('infobox-title')
:addClass(args.titleclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-title
:cssText(args.titlestyle)
:wikitext(args.title)
end

local function renderAboveRow()
if not args.above then return end
has_list_class({args.aboveclass})

root
:tag('tr')
:tag('th')
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-above')
:addClass(args.aboveclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-above
:cssText(args.abovestyle)
:wikitext(args.above)
end

local function renderBelowRow()
if not args.below then return end
has_list_class({args.belowclass})

root
:tag('tr')
:tag('td')
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-below')
:addClass(args.belowclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-below
:cssText(args.belowstyle)
:newline()
:wikitext(args.below)
end

local function addSubheaderRow(subheaderArgs)
if not subheaderArgs.data then return end

has_list_class({subheaderArgs.rowclass, subheaderArgs.class})
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(subheaderArgs.rowclass)

local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-subheader')
:addClass(subheaderArgs.class)
:cssText(subheaderArgs.datastyle)
:cssText(subheaderArgs.rowcellstyle)
:newline()
:wikitext(subheaderArgs.data)
end

local function renderSubheaders()
if args.subheader then
args.subheader1 = args.subheader
end
if args.subheaderrowclass then
args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass
end
local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader','')
for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do
addSubheaderRow({
data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)],
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-subheader
datastyle = args.subheaderstyle,
rowcellstyle = args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)],
class = args.subheaderclass,
rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)]
})
end
end

local function addImageRow(imageArgs)
if not imageArgs.data then return end

has_list_class({imageArgs.rowclass, imageArgs.class})
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(imageArgs.rowclass)

local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-image')
:addClass(imageArgs.class)
:cssText(imageArgs.datastyle)
:newline()
:wikitext(imageArgs.data)
end

local function renderImages()
if args.image then
args.image1 = args.image
end
if args.caption then
args.caption1 = args.caption
end
local imagenums = getArgNums('image','')
for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do
local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)]
local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)])
if caption then
data
:tag('div')
:addClass('infobox-caption')
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-caption
:cssText(args.captionstyle)
:wikitext(caption)
end
addImageRow({
data = tostring(data),
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-image
datastyle = args.imagestyle,
class = args.imageclass,
rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)]
})
end
end

-- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers,
-- and renders them all in order
local function renderRows()
local rownums = union(getArgNums('header',''), getArgNums('data','[abc]?'))
local datab_count = #(getArgNums('data','b'))
local datac_count = #(getArgNums('data','c'))
table.sort(rownums)
for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do
addRow({
num = tostring(num),
renderb = datab_count > 0,
renderc = datac_count > 0,
header = args['header' .. tostring(num)],
label = args['label' .. tostring(num)],
data = args['data' .. tostring(num)],
datastyle = args.datastyle,
class = args['class' .. tostring(num)],
dataa = args['data' .. tostring(num) .. 'a'],
dataastyle = args.datastylea,
classa = args['class' .. tostring(num) .. 'a'],
datab = args['data' .. tostring(num) .. 'b'],
databstyle = args.datastyleb,
classb = args['class' .. tostring(num) .. 'b'],
datac = args['data' .. tostring(num) .. 'c'],
datacstyle = args.datastylec,
classc = args['class' .. tostring(num) .. 'c'],
rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)],
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> rowclass
rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)],
rowcellstyle = args['rowcellstyle' .. tostring(num)],
})
end
end

local function renderNavBar()
if not args.name then return end

root
:tag('tr')
:tag('td')
:attr('colspan', '4')
:addClass('infobox-navbar')
:wikitext(require('Module:Navbar')._navbar{
args.name,
mini = 1,
})
end

local function renderItalicTitle()
local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title'])
if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then
root:wikitext(require('Module:Italic title')._main({}))
end
end

-- Render tracking categories. args.decat == turns off tracking categories.
local function renderTrackingCategories()
local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
if args.decat == 'yes' then return end

if #(getArgNums('data','[abc]?')) == 0 and title.namespace == 0 then
root:wikitext('[[Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows]]')
end

root:wikitext(check_for_unknown_parameters({
['unknown'] = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{
title = 'main other',
args = {'[[Category:Pages using infobox3cols with unknown parameters|_VALUE_"' .. title.text .. ']]'}
},
['preview'] = 'Page using [[Template:infobox3cols]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"',
['ignoreblank'] = 'y',
regexp1 = "header[%d]+",
regexp2 = "label[%d]+",
regexp3 = "data[%d]+[abc]?",
regexp4 = "class[%d]+[abc]?",
regexp5 = "rowclass[%d]+",
regexp6 = "rowstyle[%d]+",
regexp7 = "rowcellstyle[%d]+",
regexp8 = "subheader[1]?[0-9]?",
regexp9 = "subheaderrowclass[1]?[0-9]?",
"above", "aboveclass", "aboverowclass", "abovestyle", "below", "belowclass",
"belowrowclass", "belowstyle", "bodyclass", "bodystyle", "caption", "caption1",
"caption2", "captionstyle", "child", "datastyle", "datastylea", "datastyleb",
"datastylec", "extracellstyles", "headerstyle", "image", "image1", "image2",
"imageclass", "imagerowclass1", "imagerowclass2", "imagestyle", "labelstyle",
"name", "subbox", "subheaderstyle", "templatestyles",
"title", "titleclass", "titlestyle"
}, origArgs))

if origArgs.header0 or origArgs.label0 or origArgs.data0 or origArgs.data0a
or origArgs.data0b or origArgs.data0c or origArgs.class0 or origArgs.rowclass0 then
root:wikitext("[[Category:Pages using infobox3cols with header0 or label0 or data0]]")
end

if title.namespace == 10 and mw.ustring.sub(title.text, 1, 7) == "Infobox" then
root:wikitext("[[Category:Infobox templates|" .. mw.ustring.sub(title.text, 9) .. "]]")
end
end

--[=[
Loads the templatestyles for the infobox.

TODO: FINISH loading base templatestyles here rather than in
MediaWiki:Common.css. There are 4-5000 pages with 'raw' infobox tables.
See [[Mediawiki_talk:Common.css/to_do#Infobox]] and/or come help :).
When we do this we should clean up the inline CSS below too.
Will have to do some bizarre conversion category like with sidebar.

]=]
local function loadTemplateStyles()
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()

local hlist_templatestyles = ''
if lists.hlist_t.found then
hlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.hlist_t.styles }
}
end

local plainlist_templatestyles = ''
if lists.plainlist_t.found then
plainlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.plainlist_t.styles }
}
end

-- See function description
local base_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Infobox/styles.css' }
}

local templatestyles = ''
if args['templatestyles'] then
templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['templatestyles'] }
}
end

local child_templatestyles = ''
if args['child templatestyles'] then
child_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['child templatestyles'] }
}
end

local grandchild_templatestyles = ''
if args['grandchild templatestyles'] then
grandchild_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['grandchild templatestyles'] }
}
end

return table.concat({
-- hlist -> plainlist -> base is best-effort to preserve old Common.css ordering.
-- this ordering is not a guarantee because the rows of interest invoking
-- each class may not be on a specific page
hlist_templatestyles,
plainlist_templatestyles,
base_templatestyles,
templatestyles,
child_templatestyles,
grandchild_templatestyles
})

end

-- common functions between the child and non child cases
local function structure_infobox_common()
renderSubheaders()
renderImages()
-- preprocessRows()
renderRows()
renderBelowRow()
renderNavBar()
renderItalicTitle()
-- renderEmptyRowCategories()
renderTrackingCategories()
-- cleanInfobox()
end

-- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings if the
-- infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox.
local function _infobox()

root = mw.html.create('table')
has_list_class({args.bodyclass})

root
:addClass((args.child == 'yes' or args.subbox == 'yes') and 'infobox-subbox' or 'infobox')
:addClass(args.child == 'yes' and 'infobox-3cols-child' or nil)
-- avoid https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/F55300125
:addClass('infobox-table')
:addClass(args.bodyclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name>
:cssText(args.bodystyle)

renderTitle()
renderAboveRow()
structure_infobox_common()

return loadTemplateStyles() .. tostring(root)
end

-- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table.
-- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions.
local function preprocessSingleArg(argName)
if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then
args[argName] = origArgs[argName]
end
end

-- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in
-- batches of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from
-- appearing in the wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing
-- tables, each of which has two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a
-- "depend" table. The function always parses parameters containing the "prefix"
-- string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" table if the prefix
-- parameter is present and non-blank.
local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step)
if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then
error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2)
end
if type(step) ~= 'number' then
error("Invalid step value detected", 2)
end

-- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input.
for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or
(v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then
error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2)
end
preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix)
-- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present
-- and not blank.
if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then
for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then
error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs')
end
preprocessSingleArg(dependValue)
end
end
end

-- Get arguments with number suffixes.
local a = 0 -- Counter variable.
local moreArgumentsExist = true
while moreArgumentsExist == true do
moreArgumentsExist = false
for i = a, a + step - 1 do
for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i) .. (v.suffix or '')
if origArgs[prefixArgName] then
-- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones.
moreArgumentsExist = true
preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName)
end
-- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present
-- and not blank, or we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is
-- present and not blank, and if the depend table is present.
if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then
for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i) .. (v.dependsuffix or '')
preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName)
end
end
end
end
a = a + step
end
end

-- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so
-- that references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that
-- depend on another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present,
-- to avoid phantom references appearing in article reference lists.
local function parseDataParameters()
preprocessSingleArg('child')
preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass')
preprocessSingleArg('subbox')
preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle')
preprocessSingleArg('title')
preprocessSingleArg('titleclass')
preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle')
preprocessSingleArg('above')
preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass')
preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}}
}, 10)
preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass')
preprocessSingleArg('image')
preprocessSingleArg('caption')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}}
}, 10)
preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle')
preprocessSingleArg('imageclass')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'header'},
{prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'a', depend = {'label'}},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'a'},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'b', depend = {'label'}},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'b'},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'c', depend = {'label'}},
{prefix = 'data', suffix = 'c'},
{prefix = 'rowclass'},
{prefix = 'rowstyle'},
{prefix = 'rowcellstyle'},
{prefix = 'class'},
{prefix = 'class', suffix = 'a'},
{prefix = 'class', suffix = 'b'},
{prefix = 'class', suffix = 'c'}
}, 50)
preprocessSingleArg('headerclass')
preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('datastyle')
preprocessSingleArg('datastylea')
preprocessSingleArg('datastyleb')
preprocessSingleArg('datastylec')
preprocessSingleArg('below')
preprocessSingleArg('belowclass')
preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('name')
-- different behaviour for italics if blank or absent
args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title']
preprocessSingleArg('decat')
preprocessSingleArg('templatestyles')
preprocessSingleArg('child templatestyles')
preprocessSingleArg('grandchild templatestyles')

args['extracellstyles'] = {}
for line in mw.text.gsplit(origArgs['extracellstyles'] or '', '\n') do
local equals = line:find('=')
if equals then
for i in mw.text.gsplit(line:sub(1, equals - 1), '%s*,%s*') do
args.extracellstyles[i] = line:sub(equals + 1)
end
end
end
end

-- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template.
-- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in.
function p.infobox(frame)
if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then
origArgs = frame:getParent().args
else
origArgs = frame
end

parseDataParameters()

return _infobox()
end

-- For calling via #invoke within a template
function p.infoboxTemplate(frame, extra_args)
origArgs = extra_args or {}
for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs[k] = mw.text.trim(v) end

parseDataParameters()

return _infobox()
end

-- Shortcut for making child infoboxes via #invoke.
function p.child(frame)
return p.infoboxTemplate(frame, {child = "yes"})
end

return p

Template:Military ranks

2026-09-18T15:41:26Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar | name = Military ranks | class = mw-collapsible | style = border-collapse:collapse; | navbarstyle = padding:0 2px | abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}; | above = Comparative military ranks | contentstyle = padding:0; | content1 = {{#invoke:infobox3cols|infoboxTemplate|child=yes | headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}} | label1 = <nowiki /> | data1a = '''Armies, air force..."

{{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar
| name = Military ranks
| class = mw-collapsible
| style = border-collapse:collapse;
| navbarstyle = padding:0 2px
| abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}};
| above = [[List of comparative military ranks|Comparative military ranks]]
| contentstyle = padding:0;
| content1 = {{#invoke:infobox3cols|infoboxTemplate|child=yes
| headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| label1 = <nowiki />
| data1a = '''Armies, air forces (non-Commonwealth)'''
| data1b = '''Navies, coast guards'''
| data1c = '''Air forces''' '''(Commonwealth system)'''

| header2 = [[General officer]]s, [[flag officer]]s, [[air officer]]s

| label3 = <nowiki />
| data3a = [[Marshal]] or [[field marshal]]
| data3b = [[Admiral of the fleet]]
| data3c = [[Marshal of the air force]]

| label4 = <nowiki />
| data4a = [[General officer|General]] or [[colonel general]] or [[army general]]
| data4b = [[Admiral]]
| data4c = [[Air chief marshal]]

| label5 = <nowiki />
| data5a = [[Lieutenant general]] or [[army corps general]]
| data5b = [[Vice admiral]]
| data5c = [[Air marshal]]

| label6 = <nowiki />
| data6a = [[Major general]] or [[divisional general]]
| data6b = [[Rear admiral]] or [[counter admiral]]
| data6c = [[Air vice-marshal]]

| label7 = <nowiki />
| data7a = [[Brigadier]] or [[brigadier general]]
| data7b = [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] or [[flotilla admiral]]
| data7c = [[Air commodore]]

| header8 = [[Senior officer]]s

| label9 = <nowiki />
| data9a = [[Colonel]]
| data9b = [[Captain (naval)|(Ship-of-the-line) Captain]]
| data9c = [[Group captain]]

| label10 = <nowiki />
| data10a = [[Lieutenant colonel]]
| data10b = [[Commander]] or [[frigate captain]]
| data10c = [[Wing commander]]

| label11 = <nowiki />
| data11a = [[Major (rank)|Major]] or [[Commandant (rank)|commandant]]
| data11b = [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant commander]] or [[corvette captain]]
| data11c = [[Squadron leader]]

| header12 = [[Junior officer]]s

| label13 = <nowiki />
| data13a = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| data13b = [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]
| data13c = [[Flight lieutenant]]

| label14 = <nowiki />
| data14a = [[First lieutenant]] or [[lieutenant]]
| data14b = [[Lieutenant (junior grade)|Lieutenant junior grade]] or [[sub-lieutenant]]
| data14c = [[Flying officer]]

| label15 = <nowiki />
| data15a = [[Second lieutenant]] or [[junior lieutenant]]
| data15b = [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] or [[midshipman]]
| data15c = [[Pilot officer]]

| header16 = [[Non-commissioned officer|Senior NCO]]s

| label17 = <nowiki />
| data17a = [[Warrant officer]] or [[sergeant major]]
| data17b = [[Warrant officer]] or [[chief petty officer]]
| data17c = [[Warrant officer]] or [[Flight Sergeant]]

| header18 = [[Non-commissioned officer|Junior NCO]]s

| label19 = <nowiki />
| data19a = [[Sergeant]]
| data19b = [[Petty officer]]
| data19c = [[Sergeant]]

| label20 = <nowiki />
| data20a = [[Corporal]] or [[Bombardier (rank)|bombardier]]
| data20b = [[Leading seaman]]
| data20c = [[Corporal]]

| header21 = [[Enlisted rank]]s

| label22 = <nowiki />
| data22a = [[Lance corporal]] or [[Lance bombardier]] or [[Specialist (rank)|specialist]]
| data22b = [[Able seaman (rank)|Able seaman]]
| data22c = [[Leading aircraftman]] or [[Air specialist]]

| label23 = <nowiki />
| data23a = [[Private (rank)|Private]] or [[Gunner (rank)|gunner]] or [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]] or [[Sepoy]] or [[Sapper#Specific_usage|sapper]]
| data23b = [[Seaman (rank)|Seaman]]
| data23c = [[Aircraftman]] or [[airman]] or [[Aircraftman|aviator]]
}}
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Military ranks and insignia templates| ]]
[[Category:Military sidebar templates|ranks and insignia]]
</noinclude>

Lieutenant Commander

2026-09-18T15:40:26Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Short description|Commissioned officer rank in the Indian Navy and other navies}} {{Navalranks}} {{Military ranks}} '''Lieutenant Commander''' ('''Lt Cdr''') is a military rank used by the Indian Navy and several other naval forces. In the Indian Navy, it is a commissioned officer rank senior to Lieutenant and junior to Commander.<ref name="IndianNavy">{{cite web |title=Ranks & Insignia |url=https://www.joinindiannavy..."

{{Short description|Commissioned officer rank in the Indian Navy and other navies}}
{{Navalranks}}
{{Military ranks}}

'''Lieutenant Commander''' ('''Lt Cdr''') is a [[military rank]] used by the [[Indian Navy]] and several other naval forces. In the Indian Navy, it is a commissioned officer rank senior to [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] and junior to [[Commander (rank)|Commander]].<ref name="IndianNavy">{{cite web |title=Ranks & Insignia |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/ranks-insignia.html |website=Join Indian Navy |publisher=[[Indian Navy]] |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== India ==

=== Indian Navy ===

In the [[Indian Navy]], Lieutenant Commander is the third commissioned officer rank above [[Sub-lieutenant]] and [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]], and below [[Commander (rank)|Commander]]. The rank is abbreviated as '''Lt Cdr'''.<ref name="IndianNavy"/>

The rank is placed at [[Military rank|Defence Pay Matrix]] Level 11. Indian Navy recruitment material lists the rank above Lieutenant, which is Level 10B, and below Commander, which is Level 12A.<ref name="IndianNavyPay">{{cite web |title=University Entry Scheme |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/files/event_attachments/UES.pdf |website=Join Indian Navy |publisher=[[Indian Navy]] |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Lieutenant Commanders serve in appointments across the Indian Navy's branches and specialisations. Their duties vary according to their branch, qualification and appointment. Officers may serve in operational, technical, administrative or other naval roles.

The rank insignia consists of the insignia prescribed by the Indian Navy for Lieutenant Commander.<ref name="IndianNavy"/>

== Equivalent ranks ==

Lieutenant Commander is generally classified as a senior officer rank in naval rank structures. In armed forces that use equivalent inter-service ranks, it corresponds broadly to [[Major (rank)|Major]] in an army or air force.

The rank is classified as [[NATO rank code|OF-3]] in the NATO rank structure in systems where the corresponding naval rank is designated OF-3.<ref name="STANAG">{{cite web |url=http://www.militaria.lv/stanag.htm |title=NATO Standard Agreement (STANAG) 2116: NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel |date=13 March 1996 |publisher=[[NATO]] Standardization Agency |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Other navies ==

Lieutenant Commander is used in a number of naval forces, although its position, insignia, duties and promotion arrangements vary between countries. In many naval rank systems it is positioned between Lieutenant and Commander.

The rank is used by, among others, the [[Royal Navy]], [[United States Navy]], [[Royal Canadian Navy]], [[Royal Australian Navy]], [[Pakistan Navy]], [[Bangladesh Navy]], [[Sri Lanka Navy]], [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] and several other naval and maritime forces.

In the [[United States Navy]], Lieutenant Commander is designated O-4 and is senior to Lieutenant and junior to Commander. The rank is also used by the [[United States Coast Guard]] and certain other United States uniformed services.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Military Rank Insignia |url=https://www.war.gov/Resources/Insignia/ |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

In the [[Royal Navy]], the rank was formally established in 1914. It developed from earlier arrangements under which senior lieutenants could command smaller vessels or hold responsibilities associated with the command of a vessel or establishment.

== Duties ==

The duties of a Lieutenant Commander depend on the navy, branch and appointment. In many navies, officers of the rank serve as department heads, executive officers or commanding officers of smaller vessels and establishments. In naval aviation, officers of the rank may also hold departmental or operational appointments.

== Insignia ==

The design of Lieutenant Commander insignia differs between naval forces. The Indian Navy uses its own rank insignia and uniform regulations, while other navies use their respective national systems.<ref name="IndianNavy"/>

== See also ==

* [[Military ranks of India]]
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Commander (rank)]]
* [[Lieutenant (navy)]]
* [[Military ranks of the Indian Armed Forces]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Naval ranks]]
[[Category:Indian Navy ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of India]]

Aide-de-camp

2026-09-18T15:35:14Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{short description|Personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} A [[French Imperial Army aide-de-camp (right)]] An '''aide-de-camp''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|d|_|d|ɪ|_||ˈ|k|æ|m|p|,_|-|ˈ|k|ɒ|m|p}}; {{IPA|fr|ɛd də kɑ̃|lang}}; plural: ''aides-de-camp'') is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior o..."

{{short description|Personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Napoleon Division General by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[French Imperial Army]] aide-de-camp (right)]]
An '''aide-de-camp''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|d|_|d|ɪ|_||ˈ|k|æ|m|p|,_|-|ˈ|k|ɒ|m|p}}; {{IPA|fr|ɛd də kɑ̃|lang}}; plural: ''aides-de-camp'') is a [[personal assistant]] or [[secretary]] to a person of high [[military rank|rank]], usually a senior [[officer (armed forces)|military]], [[police officer|police]] or [[government officer]], or to a member of a [[royal family]] or a [[head of state]]. The term comes from a [[French language|French]] expression meaning "helper in the [[military camp]]".<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Aide-de-Camp |volume=1 |page=435}}</ref>

An aide-de-camp may participate at [[Ceremony|ceremonial]] functions, and the first aide-de-camp is typically the foremost personal aide. This is not to be confused with an [[adjutant]], who is the senior administrator of a military unit.

The badge of office for an aide-de-camp is usually the [[aiguillette]], a braided cord in gold or other colours, worn on the shoulder of a uniform. Whether it is worn on the left or the right shoulder is dictated by protocol.

In some countries, aide-de-camp is considered to be a [[title of honour]], which confers the [[post-nominal letters]] ADC or A de C.

==Argentina==
In [[Argentina]], three officers, one from each armed service, of the rank of lieutenant colonel or its equivalent, are appointed as aide-de-camp to the [[President of Argentina|president of the republic]] and three others to the [[Ministry of Defence (Argentina)|minister of defence]], these six being the only ones to be called {{lang|es|edecán}}, which is one Spanish translation for aide-de-camp ({{lang|es|edecán}} is a phonetic rendition of the French term; {{lang|es|ayuda}} or {{lang|es|ayudante de campo}} is a [[calque]]).

A controversy was raised in 2006, when president [[Néstor Kirchner]] promoted his army aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Graham, to colonel, one year ahead of his class. Upon becoming president, [[Cristina Kirchner]] decided to have, for the first time, female officers as her aides-de-camp.

In each of the armed forces, the chief of staff and other senior officers have their own adjutants, normally of the rank of major or lieutenant colonel, or its equivalent. At unit level, the unit [[S1 (military)|S1]] (personnel officer) doubles as the unit commander's adjutant, although in recent times in many units this practice has been left only for ceremonial purposes, while for everyday duties a senior [[non-commissioned officer]] performs the adjutant's activities.

An aiguillette is worn on the right shoulder by aides-de-camp and adjutants as a symbol of their position, the colour of the aiguillette depending on the rank of the person they are serving (there are golden, tan, silver and red aiguillettes, as well as an olive-green one for combat uniform).

==Belgium==
In [[Belgium]], the Head of the King's Military Household is a two, three or four-star General who helps the King exercise the powers vested in him by the constitution in the field of defence. He monitors the international security situation and informs the King accordingly. He keeps the King posted of the situation, means and resources, functioning and missions of the Belgian Armed Forces, in close cooperation with the King's Cabinet. The Head of the Military Household also oversees the coordination with the security detail of the Royal Palace and runs the Information Technology Service.

The Aides de Camp to the King are general or senior officers assigned by the King to accompany important visitors or to represent him on occasions when he cannot be present himself.

The Equerries to the King are at the King's constant disposal on a rotational basis; they accompany him on his travels and assist him in performing his daily tasks.<ref>[https://www.monarchie.be/en/monarchy/royal-household/military-household Belgian Monarchy website, Royal Household, Military Household]</ref>

The title of honorary aide-de-camp to the [[Monarchy of Belgium|king]] can be granted by the royal court for services rendered. Notable people include Major General Baron [[Édouard Empain]], Count Charles John d'Oultremont, and Lieutenant General Baron [[Albert du Roy de Blicquy]].

==Commonwealth of Nations countries==
[[File:Her-aide-de-camp-Early-19thc-Humorous.png|thumb|''Her Aide-de-Camp'', a 19th-century humorous and symbolic drawing]]
In [[Commonwealth of Nations]] countries, aides-de-camp are mostly appointed from military or auxiliary services. They are entitled to use the letters ADC or A de C after their names.<ref name="CanGaz1974"/> The emblem of the office is the [[aiguillette]] worn on their uniform.

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], Australian Defence Force officers serve as aides-de-camp to specific senior appointments, such as the [[Monarchy of Australia|monarch]], [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]], state governors, [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|chief of the Defence Force]], and other specified Army, Navy and Air Force command appointments. Honorary aides-de-camp to the governor-general or state governors are entitled to the post-nominal ADC during their appointment.

Officers of and above the ranks of rear admiral, major general, and air vice-marshal in specifically designated command appointments are entitled to an aide-de-camp with the army rank of captain (or equivalent). Within the navy, an aide-de-camp is called a "flag lieutenant" and senior naval officers are called "[[flag officer]]s".

=== Bermuda ===
In 1973, [[Richard Sharples|Sir Richard Sharples]], then [[governor of Bermuda]], and his aide-de-camp, Captain Hugh Sayers, were murdered on the grounds of Government House.

===Canada===
[[File:Lise Thibault-flags.jpg|thumb|Aide-de-camp Colonel Jean-Claude Cloutier with [[lieutenant-governor of Quebec]] [[Lise Thibault]] in 2006]]
[[File:Aide de camp insignia to Canadian Lieutenant Governors.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Canadian Navy]] shoulder boards worn by honorary aides-de-camp to the lieutenant-governors of [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia|British Columbia]] (left) [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|Quebec]] (centre), and [[Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]] (right)]]
Aides-de-camp in Canada are appointed to the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]] and some members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canada's royal family and house|royal family]], the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], and to certain other appointments (e.g., [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]], [[Flag officer#Canada|flag]] and [[General (Canada)|general officers]], Canadian heads of mission, foreign heads of state visiting Canada).<ref name="CFAO3-4"/>

In addition to the military officers appointed as full-time aides-de-camp to the governor general, several other flag, general, and senior officers are appointed ''[[ex officio]]'' as honorary aides-de-camp to the governor general or members of the royal family including:<ref name=CFAO3-4/>
* [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
* Commandant of the [[Royal Military College of Canada]]
* A senior officer of the Quebec-based [[Royal 22e Régiment|Royal 22e Régiment]]
* Commanding officer, [[the Governor General's Horse Guards]]
* Commanding officer, [[Governor General's Foot Guards]]
* Commanding officer, [[the Canadian Grenadier Guards]]
* Commanding officer, [[the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]]
* Commanding officers of [[Canadian Forces Primary Reserve#Naval Reserve|Naval Reserve]] divisions

Most aides-de-camp wear a gold-pattern [[aiguillette]] when acting in their official capacity; however, members of [[St. John Ambulance Canada]] wear silver aiguillettes consistent with their other accoutrements as aides-de-camp.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} All aides-de-camp also wear the cypher or badge of the principal to whom they are appointed.<ref name="CFP265"/> Honorary appointees to the monarch, [[King Charles III]], or the [[Prince of Wales]], wear the appropriate cypher on their uniform epaulette and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters ADC for the duration of their appointment.

Aides-de-camp to the governor general wear the governor general's badge, known as the crest of the [[arms of Canada]], and aides-de-camp to a lieutenant-governor wear the lieutenant-governor's badge (the shield of the province surmounted by a crown).<ref name=CFP265/> They are appointed from officers of the [[Canadian Forces]]. Aides-de-camp to lieutenant-governors are appointed from officers of the Canadian Forces, [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and, depending on the province, aides may also be appointed from other uniformed organizations such as municipal or provincial police and emergency services. In certain instances, civilians may be appointed. Non-uniformed civilians do not wear the aiguillette, but do wear their lieutenant-governor's badge as a symbol of their appointment. On 29 November 1973, Governor General [[Roland Michener]] concluded his initiative to permit aides-de-camp to the governor general and lieutenant-governors to use the post-nominal letters A de C for the duration of their appointment.<ref name=CanGaz1974/><ref name="CanHeritage"/>

Aides-de-camp to royal and vice-regal personages wear the aiguillette on the right shoulder. Aides-de-camp to all others wear their aiguillette on the left shoulder.<ref name=CFP265/>

===India===
[[File:Ram_Nath_Kovind_with_Dipak_Mishra.png|thumb|A presidential aide-de-camp to the left of President [[Ram Nath Kovind]], who has just administered the oath of office to Indian [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[Dipak Misra]] on 28 August 2017]]
In [[India]], officers of the rank of [[major general]] and equivalent and above in the sister services who are in command of divisions or of peacetime commands have aides-de-camp who usually belong to their general's parent regiment/battalion. There have been instances where the sons have served a tenure of aide-de-camp to their fathers. In India, aide-de-camp is a [[title of honour]], and current as well as former aides-de-camp are conferred the [[post-nominal letters]] ADC.

The service chiefs, including the chief of the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy]], and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Air]] Staff, usually have three aides-de-camp and the [[president of India]] has five aides-de-camp (three from the Army and one each from the Navy and the Air Force). There is also one honorary aide-de-camp from the [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]. The president may appoint any distinguished officer from the armed forces including the service chiefs as honorary aide-de-camp. The [[Governor (India)|governors]] of the states have two aides-de-camp, one each from the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the Indian and state police services except for the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where both the aides-de-camp to the governor are appointed from the [[Indian Army]].

===Malaysia===
An aide-de-camp or ''adikung'' as known locally in [[Malaysia]] is appointed by the [[Federal government of Malaysia|federal government]] or the [[State governments of Malaysia|state government]] from officers of the [[Royal Malaysian Police]] or from the [[Malaysian Armed Forces]] officers comprising the [[Malaysian Army]], [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] or from [[Royal Malaysian Navy]]. There were also non-military or police officers who were appointed as aide-de-camp.

===New Zealand===
As in other Commonwealth countries where the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|monarch]] is head of state, personnel from the [[New Zealand Defence Force]] serve as aides-de-camp to royal and vice-regal personages. The governor-general of New Zealand has two full-time aides-de-camp of the rank of [[New Zealand Army|army]] [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]], [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] [[Royal New Zealand Navy|RNZN]] or [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|RNZAF]] [[flight lieutenant]]. Additional and honorary aides-de-camp to the governor-general are of the rank of lieutenant colonel or equivalent. [[Aiguillette]]s are of the standard palace {{abbr|No.|number}} 1 type and worn on the right shoulder. Equivalent appointments also serve the [[Minister of Defence (New Zealand)|minister of Defence]], the [[chief of Defence Force (New Zealand)|chief of Defence Force]] and service chiefs. These are usually known as military assistants (MA) personal staff officers (PSOs) or, in the case of the RNZN, flag lieutenant (flags), and wear service-specific {{abbr|No.|number}} 2 aiguillettes with coloured flecks (dark blue for navy, red for army and light blue for air force) on the left shoulder.

===Pakistan===
In [[Pakistan]], the [[President of Pakistan|president]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]], and governors have their own aides-de-camp. The aide-de-camp can be from any one of the three [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and typically are of the rank of [[Captain (land)|captain]] (army), [[Lieutenant#Naval rank|lieutenant]] (navy) or [[flight lieutenant]] (air force). The aide-de-camp to Justice [[Khan Habibullah Khan]], while he was chief minister and leader of the house of [[West Pakistan]], was his son, a senior bureaucrat, Captain Akhtar Munir Marwat and Captain [[Gohar Ayub Khan]] was to his father, President Field Marshal [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and all the three service chiefs are authorised to have an aide-de-camp. In Pakistan, officers of the rank of major general and equivalent and above in the sister services who are in command of divisions or of peacetime commands have aides-de-camp who usually belong to their general's parent regiment/battalion.

===Papua New Guinea===
As in other [[commonwealth realm]]s where the [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|monarch]] is head of state, the governor-general of Papua New Guinea has two full-time aides-de-camp. One is from the [[Papua New Guinea Defence Force]] and one from the [[Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary]] of the ranks of [[Papua New Guinea Defence Force|PNGDF]] [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] and [[Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary|RPNGC]] [[Superintendent (police)|superintendent]].<ref name="PNGPost"/>

===Singapore===
In [[Singapore]], the [[President of Singapore|president]] appoints aides-de-camp from the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF), the [[Singapore Police Force]] (SPF) and the [[Singapore Civil Defence Force]] (SCDF). Selected SAF officers typically hold the rank of major or [[Singapore Armed Forces ranks|military expert 5]], selected SCDF officers hold the rank of major, and selected SPF officers typically hold the rank of assistant superintendent of police. Both male and female officers may serve as aides-de-camp.

Their duties include assisting in liaison for important guests on behalf of the president and taking care of visiting foreign dignitaries.<ref name="SingaporeNews"/>

===Sri Lanka===
In [[Sri Lanka]], the [[President of Sri Lanka|president]] has an aide-de-camp and an extra aide-de-camp from the three armed services. All [[general officer|general]], [[flag officer|flag]] and [[air officer]]s are entitled to an aide-de-camp, usually selected from their parent regiment or unit. In the navy, an aide-de-camp is called a flag lieutenant. [[Junior officer]]s (of the rank of major and below) of the armed services who have completed three years of service can be appointed for (extra-regimental) special appointments as an aide-de-camp or extra aide-de-camp for a maximum of three years. Following such appointment, reappointment is not possible for two years. Medical officers of the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]] and above can be appointed as honorary physician to the president or honorary surgeon to the president.<ref name="SLregs"/>

The tradition dates back to the office of [[Governors of British Ceylon|governor of Ceylon]]. The governor's staff included an aide-de-camp as a permanent appointment drawing pay from the civil list, usually held by a retired junior officer from a British Army regiment. In addition the governor's staff included the [[Maha Mudaliyar|head mudaliyar]] who served as the native aide-de-camp to the governor on a permanent and honorary (non-paid) basis; as well as several extra aide-de-camp appointed from regiments of the [[Ceylon Defense Force]] and later from the [[Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force|Ceylon Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]]. With the formation of the office of the [[Governor-General of Ceylon]] the practice continued with Ceylon Army officers replacing the British Army officers. At present an officer of the rank of brigadier serves as aide-de-camp to the president, while an officer of the rank of colonel or equivalent serves as aide-de-camp to the defence secretary.<ref>{{cite web |title=High-level Sri Lankan Defence delegation attends International Military Technical Forum "ARMY-2019", meets top Russian Defence officials |url=http://www.srilankaembassy.ru/en/news/570-high-level-sri-lankan-defence-delegation-attends-international-military-technical-forum-army-2019-meets-top-russian-defence-officials-2 |website=srilankaembassy.ru |date=July 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

In 1992, two Sri Lankan ADCs were killed in active service, and in 2006 an ADC was severely wounded:
* On 8 August 1992, [[Major General]] [[Denzil Kobbekaduwa]] ([[Security Forces Headquarters – Jaffna|Overall Operations Commander - Northern Sector]]) and his aide-de-camp Major Nalin S. De Alwis, were killed along with several senior army and navy officers when their [[Land Rover]] hit a land mine off Araly Point in [[Kayts]].<ref name="SL2007"/>
* On 16 November 1992, the [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]], [[Vice Admiral]] [[Clancy Fernando]] and his [[flag lieutenant]], [[Lieutenant]] Sandun Gunasekera, were assassinated by a [[LTTE]] [[suicide bomber]] who drove an explosives laden motorbike into the admiral's [[staff car]] in front of the [[Galle Face Green]].<ref name=Janes/>
* In 2006, the [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]], [[Lieutenant General]] [[Sarath Fonseka]], and his aide-de-camp Major Priyal Wickramasinghe were severely wounded in a LTTE suicide bomb attack by a pregnant LTTE operative on the general's staff car inside [[Army Headquarters, Colombo|Army Headquarters]].<ref name="Taught"/><ref name="TamilG"/><ref name="TimePeace"/>

===Tanzania===
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|Description = [[Jakaya Kikwete]], [[president of Tanzania]], with his aide-de-camp (right) at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center|Walter Reed Army Research Institute]] in May 2009
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The [[president of Tanzania]] has an aide-de-camp from the [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]], with the rank of [[Rank and insignia of the Tanzanian Armed Forces|''kanali'']], which is equivalent to that of a [[colonel]].

===United Kingdom===
====Historic usage====
[[File:Uniforms of an Aide de Camp and of a Brigade Major of Cavalry.jpg|thumb|upright|1812 engraving of a [[British Army]] aide-de-camp (left)]]
[[File:Baker Russell.jpg|thumb|General Sir [[Baker Russell]] wearing the full-dress uniform of an aide-de-camp to [[Queen Victoria]]]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], an aide-de-camp (ADC) was defined in 1875 as "a confidential officer attached to the 'personal' or private staff of a [[general]]".<ref name="EB1875">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1875 |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=Edinburgh |page=425 |edition=9th}}</ref> In the [[field of battle]], he functioned as "the bearer of his chief's written or verbal orders, and when employed as the general's mouthpiece must be implicitly obeyed".<ref name="EB1875" /> In garrison or quarters, however, his duties were more of a social character: "he superintends the general's household, writes and answers invitations, &c."<ref name="EB1875" /> Historically, the appointment pertained only to the Army (in the Navy a '''flag lieutenant''' performed equivalent duties: "communicating the admiral's orders to the various ships either personally or by signal").<ref>{{cite book |title=American Revisions and Additions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1893 |publisher=The Werner Company |location=Chicago}}</ref>

According to a British military dictionary dating from 1816, an ADC usually held rank equal to, or more senior than, an [[army captain]]. "Generals, being [[field marshal]]s have four [aides-de-camp], [[lieutenant general]]s two, [and] [[major general]]s one".<ref name="James1816"/>

The sovereign, as [[Head of the British Armed Forces|head of the army]], was entitled to appoint "an indefinite number of aides-de-camp".<ref name="EB1875" /> Under Queen Victoria, appointments were made (from both the regular Army and the [[Royal Marines]]) in recognition of distinguished war service; the appointment at that time carried with it promotion to the rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|full colonel]]. Additional honorary appointments were made from among the officers of the [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]]. [[Queen Victoria]] also appointed a number of "naval aides-de-camp" in "compliment to the sister service".<ref name="EB1875" />

Colonial [[governor]]s, [[governors-general]] and the [[lord lieutenant of Ireland]]<ref name=EB1911/> also appointed aides-de-camp, who had a functional role akin to that of [[Equerry|equerries]] in the [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom|Royal Household]] in which aides-de-camp have a primarily honorific role.<ref name="EB1875" />

A distinctive and elaborate [[full dress uniform]] used to be worn by army aides-de-camp; however, its use was largely discontinued after [[World War I]].

====Present day====
In the [[British Army]] and the [[RAF]], a junior officer may be appointed to serve as aide-de-camp to a senior officer; the equivalent appointment in the [[Royal Navy]] is flag lieutenant. Certain of the monarch's representatives, including [[lord-lieutenant]]s of counties, may appoint their own aides-de-camp.<ref name="ADR2017">[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/393927/response/959318/attach/9/ADR%20Part%2010.pdf Army Dress Regulations 2017, Part 10.]</ref>

=====The Royal Household=====
In addition, a fixed number of senior officers may be appointed as aides-de-camp to the monarch, an appointment which entitles the holder to the [[post-nominal letter]]s "ADC". Most of these are serving army, navy, and air force officers, usually of colonel or brigadier rank or equivalent. They are seldom called upon individually to perform specific duties; collectively, they walked in procession at every [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] and [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] of a monarch in the 20th century.<ref>[[London Gazette]], various editions.</ref> In 1991 the aides-de-camp to the queen numbered sixty:<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" />
* Eight from the Royal Navy (captains and commodores)
* Three from the [[Royal Naval Reserve]]
* One from the Royal Marines (a colonel)
* One from the [[Royal Marines Reserve]]
* Eighteen from the Army (brigadiers)
* Sixteen from the [[Territorial Army (UK)|Territorial Army]] (colonels)
* Twelve from the Royal Air Force (air commodore or group captain)
* One from the [[Royal Auxiliary Air Force]] or [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]]

There are also, in addition, specific aide-de-camp appointments held by certain very senior officers, including:
* The [[List of First and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp|first and principal naval aide-de-camp]]
* The [[List of First and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp#Flag aide-de-camp|flag aide-de-camp]]
* The [[aide-de-camp general]]
* The [[air aide-de-camp]]
These are collectively known as the principal aides-de-camp: the first two are individual naval appointments; then, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, there were usually up to three aides-de-camp general ("ADC(Gen)") appointed from the senior ranks of the British Army (one of whom was usually the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the General Staff]]); and up to two air aides-de-camp, from among the senior ranks of the RAF (one of whom was usually the [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the Air Staff]]).<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991">{{cite book |last1=Allison |first1=Ronald |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |date=1991 |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=London |isbn=0-333-53810-2 |page=7}}</ref>

Principal aides-de-camp, representing the three services, take part along with other members of the Royal Household in the [[State Procession at the State Opening of Parliament|State Processions]] at [[State Openings of Parliament]], at coronations and at state funerals; and they are occasionally called upon individually to represent the monarch at memorial services and on other occasions.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" />

=====Uniform accoutrements=====
Aides-de-camp, along with [[Equerry|equerries]], [[military assistant]]s, [[military attaché]]s and certain other officers, are distinguished by the addition of [[aiguillettes]] to their dress uniforms; these differ in size, colour and position of wear, depending on the appointment.<ref name="ADR2017" /> In addition, aides-de-camp to the sovereign wear the monarch's [[royal cypher]] on their shoulder straps or shoulder boards in various orders of dress.

In the cases of [[personal aide-de-camp]] to the monarch and the principal aides-de-camp, the officers concerned continue to wear the royal cypher after relinquishing the appointment; and if he or she has held the appointment under more than one sovereign then the cypher of each is worn.<ref>[https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/-/media/royal-navy-responsive/documents/reference-library/br-3-vol-1/chapter-39.pdf Naval Dress Regulations, 2018.]</ref><ref>[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/589964/response/1415570/attach/4/Annex%20A.pdf Uniform, dress and appearance regulations for the RAF, 2004.]</ref> Otherwise, an officer would cease to wear the accoutrements after their appointment as aide-de-camp is relinquished (with the exception that former aides-de-camp to the sovereign appointed before 1988 may also continue to wear the royal cypher).<ref name="ADR2017" />

==France==
In [[France]], the president, as [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[French Armed Forces]], is served by aides-de-camp. In general, there are three, traditionally including one who is a member of the [[French Army]], and all of whom are [[lieutenant colonel]]s. In essence, their mission is to transport the [[Nuclear briefcase#France|briefcase]] permitting the use of [[nuclear weapon]]s. They can also provide general assistance to the president: For instance, at times aides-de-camp are seen placing the president's speech on his lectern when he arrives, or holding up [[cue card]]s for the president during award ceremonies.

When the president travels, an aide-de-camp often rides in the front passenger seat of the presidential car. He is one of the people who are physically closest to the president.

==Greece==
The [[President of Greece|President of the Hellenic Republic]] as Head of State of the [[Hellenic Armed Forces]] is served by aide-de-camp. They have the [[Hellenic Air Force]], [[Hellenic Navy]], and the [[Hellenic Army]].

==Hong Kong==
The Hong Kong Police Force, the Fire Services Department, the Customs and Excise Department, the Immigration Department, the Government Flying Service, the Civil Aid Service, the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force, the Auxiliary Medical Service, the St. John Ambulance Brigade, and the Correctional Services Department each sends an aide-de-camp to the territory's chief executive, which replaced the governor in 1997.

On the last day of British rule in Hong Kong on 30 June 1997, the [[Royal Hong Kong Police|police]] aide-de-camp to Governor [[Chris Patten]], presented Patten with the flag at [[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]]. He then gave the [[Vice Regal Salute]] before proceeding, with the Pattens, to leave Government House for the last time.

==Imperial Russia==
In the 18th-century, under [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]], favourites of the Empress were frequently appointed as her aides-de-camp.

During [[World War I]], distinguished officers were appointed as [[Emperor of Russia|Emperor]]'s aide-de-camp on a rotating basis. In November 1916, future [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] [[White Army]] general [[Pyotr Wrangel]] (who was a [[regiment]] commander at the time) spent a few days as an aide-de-camp for [[Nicholas II of Russia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vrangelʹ |first=Petr Nikolaevich, Baron |author-link=Pyotr Wrangel |translator-last=Goulston |translator-first=Sophie |title=The memoirs of General Wrangel, the last commander-in-chief of the Russian national army |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4010436W/The_memoirs_of_General_Wrangel_the_last_commander-in-chief_of_the_Russian_national_army |date=1929 |location=London |publisher=[[Williams and Norgate|Williams & Norgate]] |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

==Indonesia==
[[File:President Joko Widodo's speech on the 2017 Annual Session of MPR.jpg|thumb|The presidential aide-de-camps behind [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Joko Widodo]] during his presidential speech to the Indonesian Parliament, known as the [[People's Consultative Assembly]], in August 2017]]
In [[Indonesia]], an aide-de-camp, known as an ''ajudan presiden'' or "president's adjutant" to the [[President of Indonesia|president]] and [[Vice President of Indonesia|vice president]] of Indonesia is provided by [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] from the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]], with the rank of [[colonel]], and/or the [[Indonesian National Police]], with the rank of [[Indonesian National Police #Rank structure|Police Chief Commissioner]]. They are tasked with providing staff support and daily administrative services to the president and vice president as well as to their spouses, either in their official capacities or for personal affairs.<ref>Regulation of the Minister of the State Secretariat of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 12 Year 2016 Concerning Instructions for the Implementation of the Administration of The President/Vice President and spouses</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Pemeriksaan Psikologi Calon ADC Presiden RI Beserta Ibu, dan Calon ADC Wakil Presiden RI Beserta Ibu | publisher = Indonesian National Armed Forces | year = 2014 | url = https://www.tni.mil.id/view-62421-pemeriksaan-psikologi-calon-adc-presiden-ri-beserta-ibu-dan-calon-adc-wakil-presiden-ri-beserta-ibu.html | language=Indonesian| accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref> They are recognized by their golden [[aiguillette]]s.

Other [[VIP]]s in Indonesia, such as ministers and other important government officials, are also provided ADCs who are usually junior-ranking officers, such as [[lieutenants]] in the military, or police inspectors from the police, who are generally newly graduated from the [[Indonesian Military Academy|military]] and/or [[Police academy #Indonesia|police]] academies. ADCs for regional officials, such as [[governors]] and [[Mayors]], known as [[Kabupaten|Regents]], are provided ADCs from new graduates of the Institute of Domestic Governance (IPDN).

==Ireland==
The [[president of Ireland]], as supreme commander of the [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Irish Defence Forces]], is served by aides-de-camp who assist with day-to-day presidential duties, accompany the president on official public engagements in Ireland and on [[state visit]]s abroad, and represent the president at funerals and on state occasions. There is an ADC on duty 24/7 at [[Áras an Uachtaráin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What/Who is an ADC? |url=https://president.ie/en/about/your-questions-answered/ |website=President of Ireland |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Michael Collins (Irish Leader)|Michael Collins]] was aide-de-camp and bodyguard to [[Joseph Plunkett]] during the Easter Rising in 1916.

==Japan==
{{main|Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan}}
From 1896 until the end of [[World War II]], the [[Emperor of Japan|emperors of Japan]] had army and naval aides-de-camp.

==Portugal==
The president, as [[commander-in-chief]] of the Portuguese armed forces, is served by three aides-de-camp, one from the [[Portuguese Army]], one from the [[Portuguese Navy]] and one from the [[Portuguese Air Force]]. These aides-de-camp integrate the Presidential Military Household.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Leal|first=Tenente-general José Manuel Santos Faria|title=A Casa Militar da Presidência da República|url=https://www.revistamilitar.pt/artigo/79|access-date=8 June 2021 |website=Revista Militar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Portuguesa|first=Presidência da República|title=Serviços de Apoio|url=https://www.presidencia.pt/presidente-da-republica/a-presidencia/servicos-de-apoio/|access-date=8 June 2021 |website=www.presidencia.pt|language=pt}}</ref> Portuguese aides-de-camp never stay for more than one presidential term, which is five years in duration, after which the return to their respective branches.<ref name=":0" />

== Serbia ==
In the [[Principality of Serbia]] and later in the [[Kingdom of Serbia]], the Monarch's Aide-de-Camp held a pivotal position that bridged the monarchy and military affairs. This role encompassed critical responsibilities in national defence, such as advising on military strategy, overseeing the arming and training of the armed forces, and supporting diplomatic engagements.<ref name="e456">{{cite web |title=Opening of Exhibition "Aide-de-camps of Serbian Rulers" in the Military Museum |url=https://www.mod.gov.rs/eng/18694/izlozba-adjutanti-srpskih-vladara-otvorena-u-vojnom-muzeju-18694 |website=Ministry of defence Republic of Serbia}}</ref> Aides-de-Camp provided invaluable assistance to the monarchy in managing complex and sensitive state and military matters, ensuring smooth coordination with the armed forces. Through their duties, Serbian monarch aides-de-camp embodied royal dignity, led ceremonial functions at court, and stood as enduring symbols of the monarchy’s authority and stability.<ref name="e456" />

== Spain ==
In Spain, the [[Royal Household of Spain|Royal Household]] has, within the King's Military Chamber or Military Staff, an undetermined number of aides-de-camp, according to Royal Decree 434/1988, of May 6, in its wording given by Royal Decree 772/2015, of August 28. Until 2015, there were 10 aides in the service of the King, as well as an undetermined number for the [[Prince of Asturias]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Real Decreto 434/1988, de 6 de mayo, sobre reestructuración de la Casa de S. M. el Rey. |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1988-11386 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.boe.es |language=es}}</ref> Since the reform of August 2015, the number of assistants is not specified, although they must have the military ranks of [[commander]] or [[corvette captain]] ([[OF-3]]), [[lieutenant colonel]] or [[frigate captain]] (OF-4) or [[colonel]] or [[ship-of-the-line captain]] (OF-5). Likewise, the requirement that the first assistant must have the rank of [[general]] (OF-6 or higher) is maintained, since he is also the head of the King's Military Chamber.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2025, the King of Spain has nine aides-de-camp at his service (not counting the first aide): four from the [[Spanish Army|Army]], two from the [[Spanish Navy|Navy]], two from the [[Spanish Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force]] and one from the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inicio - Información institucional, Organizativa y de Planificación - Organigrama y Funciones |url=https://www.casareal.es/EN/Transparencia/informacioninstitucional/Paginas/organizacion-y-presupuesto_organigrama-funciones.aspx#:~:text=Ayudantes%20de%20Campo%20de%20Su%20Majestad%20el%20Rey.&text=Cuatro%20son%20del%20Ej%C3%A9rcito%20de,desempe%C3%B1an%20por%20turno%20estas%20funciones. |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.casareal.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Villar |first=Cote |date=2021-02-11 |title=Un preceptor para Leonor como lo fue José Antonio Alcina para Felipe |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/casas-reales/2021-02-11/leonor-preceptor-alcina-felipe_2944764/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=vanitatis.elconfidencial.com |language=es}}</ref> These take turns 24 hours a day, every day of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-18 |title=El Rey incorpora a una mujer como ayudante |url=https://www.hola.com/realeza/casa_espanola/20200918175600/rey-felipe-mujer-ayudante-campo/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=¡HOLA! |language=es}}</ref>

==Thailand==
[[File:Royal aide-de-camp in the the ceremonial Progress for Royal Funeral of Ananda Mahidol.jpg|thumb|Royal aide-de-camp (centre) in the ceremonial progress for the royal funeral of King [[Ananda Mahidol]] of [[Thailand]] in March 1950]]
The Royal Thai Aide-De-Camp Department is a royal service agency under the [[Royal Security Command]]. It is responsible for organizing royal appearances and maintaining the safety of the [[Thai royal family]]. Royal Thai aides-de-camp are also appointed to senior officers of the Thai [[Royal Thai Army|Army]], [[Royal Thai Navy|Navy]], and [[Royal Thai Air Force|Air Force]]. [[King Chulalongkorn]] initiated the Royal Guard in 1870, during his visit to Singapore and Indonesia. He had a lieutenant general who served as his aide, who was considered the first Thai aide-de-camp.<ref>{{cite news |title=สำรวจโครงสร้าง "ราชการในพระองค์" ก่อนปรับโครงสร้างใหม่ |trans-title=Structure of His Majesty's Civil Service Before Prospective Changes |url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/39660366 |date=20 April 2017 |website=BBC |language=th |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

==United States==
[[File:The staff officers of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U. S. Navy, ascend steps to their quarters near the "Little White... - NARA - 199003.jpg|thumb|[[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] Captain A. S. McDill (left rear), aide-de-camp to Fleet Admiral [[Ernest J. King]], at the [[Potsdam Conference]] in April 1945]]
[[File:AideDeCamp.jpg|thumb|An aide-de-camp holds a [[brigadier general]]'s flag as a U.S. general<ref name=bgMichelleMTomalLetcher >Terrance Bell, U.S. Army Garrison Fort Lee Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/372447/bg-michelle-letcher-42nd-chief-ordnance (06.16.2020) BG Michelle Letcher is 42nd Chief of Ordnance] Brigadier General date 2 Mar 2020.</ref> unfurls it in March 2020.]]
Military officers are assigned as aides to the [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], and [[president of the United States]]. For government officials with more than one aide, the senior-ranking aide usually coordinates the activities of the other aides as well as personal attendants such as drivers or [[Batman (military)#United States|orderlies]].<ref name=USArmy-EAHandbook/>

{{cns|date=March 2025|text=The president has six military aides, one from each of the armed services. The president's aides from the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force and Space Force are [[Major (United States)|major]]s or [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]s, and the aides from the Navy and Coast Guard are [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]]s or [[Commander (United States)|commander]]s. One of their major roles is to hold the presidential [[nuclear football]]. In addition to the six permanent aides-de-camp, there are some 40–45 [[White House social aides|military social aides]] holding more junior ranks from [[Lieutenant (United States)|lieutenant]] to major. Their appointment is temporary and part-time, serving for perhaps two to four afternoons a month as required, for social purposes such as gatherings hosted at the [[White House]].}}<ref name="USArmy614"/>

In the [[United States Army]], aides-de-camp are specifically appointed to [[General officers in the United States|general]]-grade officers ([[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO Code]] [[One-star rank|OF-6]] through [[Five-star rank|OF-10]]). The usual tour of duty for aides is up to two years.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Although Congress has authorized general officers to be assigned up to three officer aides, their number and rank being contingent upon the general's grade, Army regulations have traditionally limited each general to a single officer aide.<ref name="USArmy614"/><ref name=USArmy-EAHandbook/> Some generals are also authorized to have enlisted aides on their staff.<ref name=USArmy-Handbook2010/> A general, based on their grade, may choose for an aide-de-camp any commissioned officer up to the following maximum rank:<ref name="USArmy614"/>

:[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]: [[First lieutenant#United States|first lieutenant]]
:[[Major general (United States)|Major general]]: [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]]
:[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]]: [[Major (United States)|major]]
:[[General (United States)|General]]: [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]
:[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of staff, U.S. Army]]: lieutenant colonel, and four authorized enlisted aides<ref name=USArmy614-200/>
:[[General of the Army (United States)|General of the army]]: lieutenant colonel, and three authorized enlisted aides<ref name=USArmy-EAHandbook/>

Lieutenant colonels and colonels in command of units (battalions and brigades, respectively) do not have aides. Occasionally, the unit's [[adjutant]] ([[S1 (military)|S1]]) will assist the commanding officer as an aide, but this is uncommon. A general of the army does not retire and remains an officer of the United States Army for life,<ref name= bradley >[https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/william-beaumont-army-medical-center Grant Harward (2018) William Beaumont Army Medical Center]
*Alden Whitman (9 April 1981) [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/09/us/gen-omar-n-bradley-dead-at-88-last-of-army-s-five-star-generals.html "Gen. Omar N. Bradley Dead at 88; Last of Army's Five-Star Generals"]. ''New York Times''.</ref> and is entitled to an aide.

[[United States Army|U.S. Army]] aides-de-camp wear a special device in place of the [[United States Army branch insignia#Branch of service insignia|branch-of-service]] insignia, representing their affiliation with infantry, artillery, or quartermaster, that they would otherwise wear on the lapels of their service uniform. The rank of the general officer being served is indicated on the device worn by the aide-de-camp, as illustrated below. Although the chief of staff of the Army and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are O-10 positions, their aides-de-camp wear devices specific to those offices, rather than the normal four-star aide device. Also, an aide-de-camp wears a special [[Aiguillette#United States|aiguillette]] on the shoulder of their dress uniform.
<gallery>
File:Lapel insignia of an aide-de-camp to a U.S. Army Brigadier General.jpg|Insignia for an aide to a brigadier general
File:MajGenAide.jpg|Insignia for an aide to a major general
File:LtGenAide.jpg|Insignia for an aide to a lieutenant general
File:GenAide.jpg|Insignia for an aide to a general
File:GA-Aide.GIF|Insignia for an aide to a [[General of the Army (United States)|general of the army]] (the most recent general of the army retired from active service in 1953)
File:Aide VCoS-Army BC.png|Insignia for an aide to the vice chief of staff of the army
File:AideCoSArmyBC.gif|Insignia for an aide to the chief of staff of the army
File:Aide UnderSec-Army BC.png|Insignia for an aide to the under secretary of the army
File:AideSecyArmyBC.gif|Insignia for an aide to the secretary of the army
File:Branch insignia, Aide to Vice Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg|Insignia for an aide to the vice chief of the National Guard Bureau
File:Branch insignia, Aide to Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg|Insignia for an aide to the chief of the National Guard Bureau
File:Aide VJCoS BC.png|Insignia for an aide to the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
File:AideJCoSBC.gif|Insignia for an aide to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
File:AideSecyDefenseBC.gif|Insignia for an aide to the secretary of Defense
File:Aide-de-camp insignia for VP aide.gif|Insignia for an aide to the vice president of the United States
File:AidePOTUSBC.gif|Insignia for an aide to the president of the United States
</gallery>

In the U.S. Navy, the aide-de-camp to an [[Admiral (United States)|admiral]] is also known as a "flag aide" (command ashore) or "flag lieutenant" (command afloat).<ref name="USNavy1"/><ref name="USNavy2"/>

The highest honor of the U.S. state of [[Tennessee]] is "Colonel Aide de Camp". These colonels serve as the personal aides-de-camp to the [[governor of Tennessee]], and their appointments are recorded by the [[Secretary of State of Tennessee]] with those who have been commissioned into the State Guard and [[Tennessee National Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportplaintalk.com/news/article_b5ec7004-2e80-5628-875c-d311bf0b4c24.html |title=Mathis appointed Colonel Aide de Camp |last=Staff |website=The Newport Plain Talk |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

==Variations==
* [[Aide-de-camp general]]
* [[Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan|Aide-de-camp to the emperor of Japan]]
* [[Air aide-de-camp]]
* [[First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp|First and principal naval aide-de-camp]]
* [[Flag aide-de-camp]]
* [[General's enlisted aide]]

==See also==
* [[Adjutant]], a military appointment who assists the commanding officer with unit administration
* [[Attaché]], a similar role in diplomacy
* [[Batman (military)|Batman]], a similar role for lesser officers
* [[Body man]], for modern politicians
* [[Equerry]], an attendant who historically held responsibilities for the horses of an officer
* [[Bernard Schriever]], a former aide-de-camp and pilot who was a founder of the [[United States Space Force]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name=CanGaz1974>''Canada Gazette'', 9 February 1974.</ref>
<ref name=CanHeritage>{{cite web |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address6-eng.cfm |website=Canadian Heritage |title=Styles of address – Others |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=19 June 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620024155/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address6-eng.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=CFAO3-4>Canadian Forces Administrative Order 3–4.</ref>
<ref name=CFP265>Canadian Forces Publication 265.</ref>
<ref name=James1816>{{cite book |last=James |first=Charles |year=1816 |title=An Universal Military Dictionary, in English and French |edition=4th |location=London |publisher=T. Egerton |page=8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/universalmilitar00jame#page/8/mode/1up/search/aide-de-camp}}</ref>
<ref name=Janes>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml |title=Suicide Terrorism: A Global Threat |date=20 October 2000 |website=Jane's Intelligence Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820121044/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2001}}</ref>
<ref name=PNGPost>{{cite news |url=https://postcourier.com.pg/staff-pay-tribute-to-late-sir-michael-ogio/ |title=Staff Pay Tribute to Late Sir Michael Ogio |newspaper=Post Courier |location=Papua New Guinea}}</ref>
<ref name=SingaporeNews>{{cite web |title=103 honorary aides-de-camp appointed |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/103-honorary-aides-de-camp-appointed/685858.html |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608065746/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/103-honorary-aides-de-camp-appointed/685858.html |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=SL2007>{{cite news |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/08/05/tra04.asp |title=Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa, who led from the front |newspaper=Sunday Observer |location=Sri Lanka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206094907/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/08/05/tra04.asp |date=5 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=SLregs>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/officers_service_regulations.pdf |title=Sri Lanka Army Officers Service Regulations}}</ref>
<ref name=TamilG>{{cite news |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=632 |title=Fonseka still critical after suicide bomb attack |newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]] |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Taught>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/22/AR2009052202033.html |first=Mia |last=Bloom |title=What the Tigers Taught Al-Qaeda |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=24 May 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=TimePeace>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501060508-1189385,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214084152/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501060508-1189385,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2007 |title=If This Is Called Peace |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=30 April 2006}}</ref>
<ref name=USArmy614>{{cite web |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r614_100.pdf |title=Army Regulation 614-100: Officer Assignment Policies, Details, and Transfers |work=Assignments, Details and Transfers |pages=8–9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225222944/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r614_100.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Army |date=10 January 2006 |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=USArmy614-200>{{cite web |title=Army Regulation 614-200: Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management |work=Assignments, Details and Transfers |page=76, para. 8–11''a'' |publisher=U.S. Department of the Army |date=29 November 2017 |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6692_AR614-200_Web_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126172215/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6692_AR614-200_Web_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=USArmy-EAHandbook>{{cite web |title=Enlisted Aide Training Course |publisher=Army Center of Excellence, Subsistence |author=U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School |location=Fort Lee, Virginia |date=July 2010 |page=34 |url=https://quartermaster.army.mil/jccoe/Special_Programs_Directorate/Enlisted_Aide_web_documents/Army_EA_Handbook_2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211001533/http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/jccoe/Special_Programs_Directorate/Enlisted_Aide_web_documents/Army_EA_Handbook_2010.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=USArmy-Handbook2010>{{cite web |title=Officer/Enlisted Aide Handbook |date=August 2010 |author=General Officer Management Office |publisher=U.S. Department of the Army |url=https://quartermaster.army.mil/jccoe/Special_Programs_Directorate/Enlisted_Aide_web_documents/Senior_Leader_Aide_Handbook_2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622194550/http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/jccoe/Special_Programs_Directorate/Enlisted_Aide_web_documents/Senior_Leader_Aide_Handbook_2010.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=USNavy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/surfacewarfare/careerinfo/Pages/FlagAide.aspx |title=Flag Aide |publisher=United States Navy — Navy Personnel Command |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224051115/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/surfacewarfare/careerinfo/Pages/FlagAide.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=USNavy2>{{cite web |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/surfacewarfare/careerinfo/Documents/Flag%20Aide%20Billet%20List.pdf |title=PERS-412 Flag Aide Nomination Availabilities List |publisher=United States Navy — Navy Personnel Command |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073419/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/surfacewarfare/careerinfo/Documents/Flag%20Aide%20Billet%20List.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Lawrence P. Crocker |title=Army Officer's Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxEhzE5_Mf8C |date=September 1996 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2665-8}}
* [http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-asstd/protocol-1999.htm ''Australian Army Protocol Manual 1999'']. Defence Publishing Service DPS: 31568/99.

[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Combat occupations of the late modern period]]
[[Category:Government occupations]]
[[Category:Military command staff occupations]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp| ]]

Navya Shekhawat

2026-09-18T15:32:02Z

Kannadaguy: First woman officer from the Indian Army to serve as an ADC to the President.

{{Short description|Indian Army officer and aide-de-camp to the President of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Navya Shekhawat
| honorific_prefix = Major
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1997}}
| birth_place = Kerpura, Sikar district, Rajasthan, India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2021–present
| rank = [[Major (India)|Major]]
| unit = [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]]
| laterwork = [[Aide-de-camp]] to the [[President of India]] (2026–present)
}}

'''Navya Shekhawat''' is an officer of the [[Indian Army]] serving in the [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]]. In 2026, she was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]]. She became the first woman officer from the Indian Army to serve as an ADC to the President.<ref name="TOI-edu">{{cite news |title=From CDS to Rashtrapati Bhavan: Major Navya Shekhawat becomes first woman Army officer to serve as President's ADC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/from-cds-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-major-navya-shekhawat-becomes-first-woman-army-officer-to-serve-as-presidents-adc/articleshow/134327867.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |title=Who is Major Navya Shekhawat? Meet the first woman Army officer to serve as President Droupadi Murmu's ADC |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-is-major-navya-shekhawat-meet-the-first-woman-army-officer-to-serve-as-president-droupadi-murmus-adc-1503638447.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> She is the second woman overall to hold the appointment, following [[Lieutenant Commander]] Yashasvi Solanki of the [[Indian Navy]], who became the first woman to serve as a presidential ADC in 2025.<ref name="TOI-people">{{cite news |title=Meet the woman Army officer now serving as President Murmu's ADC: Who is Major Navya Shekhawat? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/meet-the-woman-army-officer-now-serving-as-president-murmus-adc-who-is-major-navya-shekhawat/articleshow/133952523.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Who is Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer appointed President's Aide-De-Camp |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-major-navya-shekhawat-first-woman-army-officer-appointed-presidents-aide-de-camp-assisting-her-in-official-duties-/articleshow/133956158.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Shekhawat was born in 1997 and is from Kerpura village in the Khandela block of [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="NDTV-gf">{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रपति की ADC नव्या शेखावत के दादा रहे विंग कमांडर, बताई पोती के संघर्ष की पूरी कहानी |url=https://ndtv.in/india/navya-shekhawat-president-adc-success-story-grandfather-interview-12059092 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi |date=17 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="ETV">{{cite news |title=राजस्थान की बेटी ने बढ़ाया मान, राष्ट्रपति की ADC बनीं सीकर की मेजर नव्या शेखावत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/state/navya-shekhawat-as-first-female-army-adc-officer-deployed-president-security-rjs26091800914 |work=[[ETV Bharat]] |language=hi |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

Shekhawat's family has a background in the [[Indian Air Force]]. Her grandfather, Wing Commander Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat, served in the IAF, while her father, Group Captain Karan Singh Shekhawat, was serving in the IAF as of 2026.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/><ref name="ETV"/><ref name="Patrika">{{cite news |title=Major Navya Shekhawat : राजस्थान की बेटी मेजर नव्या शेखावत ने रचा इतिहास, बनीं राष्ट्रपति की पहली महिला आर्मी ADC |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/major-navya-shekhawat-president-first-woman-army-adc-rajasthan-20915805 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi |date=18 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> Shekhawat is the third generation of her family to serve in the armed forces, following her grandfather and father.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/><ref name="Patrika"/>

She received schooling in different cities because of her father's postings, including [[Delhi]]. She later completed a bachelor's degree in economics from the Modi Institute in [[Lachhmangarh|Lakshmangarh]], Sikar district.<ref name="NDTV-gf"/>

== Military career ==

=== Entry and commissioning ===

Shekhawat entered the Army through the [[Combined Defence Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. She appeared in the CDS (I) 2020 examination and was selected for the 27th Short Service Commission Women (Non-Technical) Course at the [[Officers Training Academy]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="ET"/>

Her name appears at number seven in the OTA women's merit list for the CDS (I) 2020 examination, with roll number 1110476.<ref name="DDE-merit">{{cite web |title=CDS 1 2020 Merit List Officers Training Academy |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2021/05/24/cds-1-2020-merit-list-officers-training-academy/ |website=Defence Direct Education |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="IASPortal">{{cite web |title=(Result) UPSC Combined Defence Services Examination (I) (OTA) 2020 |url=https://iasexamportal.com/cds/result/2020-ota |website=UPSC IAS EXAM PORTAL |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The published merit list records 51 candidates in the women's category, with Shekhawat listed seventh.<ref name="DDE-merit"/>

After completing her training at the Officers Training Academy, Shekhawat was commissioned into the [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]] in 2021.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Statesman"/><ref name="TimesNow">{{cite news |title=From Rajasthan to Rashtrapati Bhavan: Major Navya Shekhawat becomes Indian Army's first woman ADC to the President |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/success-story-from-rajasthan-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-major-navya-shekhawat-becomes-indian-armys-first-woman-adc-to-the-president-article-156132065 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=10 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> The Army Service Corps is responsible for logistical functions including supply and transport.<ref name="TBI">{{cite news |title=Major Navya Shekhawat is first woman Army officer on the President's ADC team |url=https://thebetterindia.com/upsc/major-navya-shekhawat-first-army-woman-presidents-adc-12181827 |work=[[The Better India]] |date=20 July 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> She subsequently attained the rank of [[Major (India)|Major]].<ref name="ET"/><ref name="Statesman"/>

=== Aide-de-camp to the President ===

In 2026, Shekhawat was appointed as an ADC to President Droupadi Murmu and began serving at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. Reports about her appointment place the beginning of her tenure around July 2026.<ref name="TimesNow"/><ref name="Logical">{{cite news |title=Meet Rajasthan's Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer to serve as President's ADC |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/navya-shekhawat-first-woman-adc-125638/ |work=The Logical Indian |date=3 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Who is Navya Shekhawat? Know about first woman officer to serve as President's Aide-de-camp |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-navya-shekhawat-know-about-first-woman-officer-to-serve-as-president-s-aide-de-camp-3220325 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=11 September 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref>

The appointment made Shekhawat the first woman officer from the Indian Army to serve as a presidential ADC.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Statesman"/> The appointment followed that of Lieutenant Commander Yashasvi Solanki of the Indian Navy, who became the first woman officer to serve as an ADC to the President in 2025.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="TBI"/>

The President's military staff includes ADCs drawn from the armed forces. Reports state that the President is customarily assisted by five military ADCs, including three from the Army and one each from the Navy and Air Force.<ref name="TOI-edu"/><ref name="Vajiram">{{cite web |title=Major Navya Shekhawat, first woman Army officer ADC to President |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/major-navya-shekhawat/ |website=Vajiram & Ravi |date=31 August 2026 |access-date=18 September 2026}}</ref> ADCs assist the President during official engagements and ceremonial functions and undertake duties involving coordination and military protocol.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="TBI"/>

The ADC appointment is held by a serving military officer and does not constitute a separate form of entry into the armed forces.<ref name="Logical"/> Shekhawat's appointment came approximately five years after her commissioning in 2021.<ref name="TOI-people"/><ref name="ET"/>

== See also ==

* [[Women in the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Aide-de-camp]]
* [[Army Service Corps (India)]]
* [[Officers Training Academy]]
* [[Droupadi Murmu]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhawat, Navya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Army]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the 21st century]]
[[Category:Officers Training Academy alumni]]

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{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1967)}}
{{Redirect|Khiladi Kumar|other use|Khiladi (disambiguation){{!}}Khiladi}}
{{Other people}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Kumar
| image = Akshay Kumar National Award for Padman (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2019
| image_size =
| birth_name = Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|09|09}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| other_names =
| citizenship = {{ubl|India (1967–2011; 2023–present)|Canada (2011–2023)<ref name="HT_15Aug2023" />}}
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| works = [[Akshay Kumar filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Twinkle Khanna]]|2001}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Khanna-Kapadia-Bhatia family|Khanna family]] (by marriage)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Akshay Kumar|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2009)
| website =
| signature = AkshayKumarSignature.png
}}

'''Akshay Hari Om Bhatia'''<ref name="HT_15Aug2023" /> (born '''Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia'''; 9 September 1967<ref name=birth>{{cite book |title=Britannica Book of the Year 2010|editor1-last=Sparks|editor1-first=Karen Jacobs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date=2010 |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Inc. |isbn=978-1-61535-366-8 |oclc=799040256 |pages=95 |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715110711/http://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |url-status=live}}</ref>), known professionally as '''Akshay Kumar''' ({{IPA|hi|əkˈʂəj kʊˈmaːɾ|pron}}), is an Indian actor and film producer working in [[Hindi cinema]]. Referred to in the media as "Khiladi Kumar",<ref name=filmfare_20220909>{{Cite web |last=Kala |first=Anusha |date=9 September 2022 |title=Decoding Akshay Kumar: We break down the evolution of Khiladi Kumar on his birthday {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/decoding-akshay-kumar-we-break-down-the-evolution-of-khiladi-kumar-on-his-birthday-55405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130730/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/decoding-akshay-kumar-we-break-down-the-evolution-of-khiladi-kumar-on-his-birthday-55405.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=telegraphindia_1863550>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khiladi-kumar-completes-30-years-on-screen-photogallery/cid/1863550 |title=Khiladi Kumar completes 30 years on screen |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029133117/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khiladi-kumar-completes-30-years-on-screen-photogallery/cid/1863550 |url-status=live}}</ref> he is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Akshay Kumar|several accolades]], including two [[National Film Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 2009, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour. One of the most prolific actors in [[Indian cinema]], Kumar has appeared in [[Akshay Kumar filmography|over 150]] films in a career spanning over three decades.<ref name=indianexpress_3005752>*{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/akshay-kumar-might-well-be-the-new-king-of-bollywood-here-is-why-3005752/ |title=Akshay Kumar might well be the new king of Bollywood. Here is why |work=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831093438/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/akshay-kumar-might-well-be-the-new-king-of-bollywood-here-is-why-3005752/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/every-6-out-of-10-akshay-kumar-films-are-hits-his-ridiculously-high-success-rate-in-graphs/story-4N0PaZpzZHwmm6fEjdKpyM.html |title=10 years, 37 films: Akshay Kumar's ridiculously high success rate in graphs |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 August 2017 |access-date= 12 August 2017 |archive-date= 12 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812190955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/every-6-out-of-10-akshay-kumar-films-are-hits-his-ridiculously-high-success-rate-in-graphs/story-4N0PaZpzZHwmm6fEjdKpyM.html |url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_1013368>*{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/akshay-kumar-might-well-be-the-new-king-of-bollywood-here-is-why-3005752/ |title=Akshay Kumar might well be the new king of Bollywood. Here is why |work=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831093438/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/akshay-kumar-might-well-be-the-new-king-of-bollywood-here-is-why-3005752/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-count-actor.php |title=Hit Count Actor All Time |date=15 July 2016 |access-date= 15 July 2016 |archive-date= 12 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160712185744/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-count-actor.php |url-status= dead}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Akshay-Kumar-now-worth-Rs-2-000-crore/Article1-1013368.aspx |title=Akshay Kumar now worth Rs 2,000 crore |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219220814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Akshay-Kumar-now-worth-Rs-2-000-crore/Article1-1013368.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5792 |title=Akshay Kumar Has A Historic Year |website=[[Box Office India]] |publisher=Box Office India Trade Network |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226204807/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5792 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' included Kumar in their lists of both highest-paid celebrities and highest-paid actors in the world from 2015 to 2020.<ref>List of highest-paid celebrities by ''Forbes'':
* {{cite news |last1=Greenburg |first1=Zack O'Malley |title=Celebrity 100: The World's Highest-Paid Superstars Of 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/06/29/celebrity-100-the-worlds-highest-paid-superstars-of-2015/?sh=5c8c17c73337 |work=Forbes |date=2015 |language=en |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011195455/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/06/29/celebrity-100-the-worlds-highest-paid-superstars-of-2015/?sh=5c8c17c73337 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Greenburg |first1=Zack O'Malley |title=Full List: The World's Highest-Paid Celebrities Of 2016 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/07/13/full-list-the-worlds-highest-paid-celebrities-of-2016/?sh=44ca7d35d9c2 |work=Forbes |date=2016 |language=en |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011195500/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/07/13/full-list-the-worlds-highest-paid-celebrities-of-2016/?sh=44ca7d35d9c2 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Greenburg |first1=Zack O'Malley |title=Full List: The World's Highest-Paid Celebrities 2017 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2017/06/12/full-list-the-worlds-highest-paid-celebrities-2017/?sh=4c97afa949ec |work=Forbes |language=en |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011195057/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2017/06/12/full-list-the-worlds-highest-paid-celebrities-2017/?sh=4c97afa949ec |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b7b16ada7ea43757f2cb680/the-worlds-highest-paid-a/|title=The World's Highest-Paid Actors 2018 |website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-date=16 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016023357/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b7b16ada7ea43757f2cb680/the-worlds-highest-paid-a/amp/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>List of highest-paid actors by ''Forbes'':
* {{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Madeline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2019/08/21/the-highest-paid-actors-2019-dwayne-johnson-bradley-cooper-and-chris-hemsworth/ |title=The Highest-Paid Actors 2019: Dwayne Johnson, Bradley Cooper and Chris Hemsworth |website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009091849/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2019/08/21/the-highest-paid-actors-2019-dwayne-johnson-bradley-cooper-and-chris-hemsworth/amp/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2019 and 2020, he was the only Indian on both lists.<ref name=ndtv_2241085>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |title=Akshay Kumar Is The Only Indian On Forbes 2020 List Of 100 Highest-Paid Celebs, Just Like Last Year |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-indian-on-forbes-2020-list-of-100-highest-paid-celebs-just-like-last-year-2241085 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011202457/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-indian-on-forbes-2020-list-of-100-highest-paid-celebs-just-like-last-year-2241085 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ndtv_2278190>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |title=Akshay Kumar Is The Only Bollywood Celeb On Forbes List Of 10 Highest Paid Actors |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-bollywood-celeb-on-forbes-list-of-10-highest-paid-actors-2278190 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011194315/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-bollywood-celeb-on-forbes-list-of-10-highest-paid-actors-2278190 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaushik">{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar Only Bollywood Star On Forbes List Of Highest-paid Actors |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/akshay-kumar-only-bollywood-star-on-forbes-list-of-highestpaid-actors/61627/1 |first=Mansvini |last=Kaushik |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=Forbes India |language=en |date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091858/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/akshay-kumar-only-bollywood-star-on-forbes-list-of-highestpaid-actors/61627/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar began his career in 1991 with ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' and had his first commercial success a year later with the action thriller ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''. The film established him as an [[action hero|action star]] in the 1990s and led to several films in the [[Khiladi (franchise)|''Khiladi'' film series]], in addition to other action films such as ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994), ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1994), ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]'' (1999), and ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' (1999). Although his early tryst with romance in ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' (1994) was positively received, it was in the next decade that Kumar expanded his range of roles. He gained recognition for the romantic films ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000), ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003), ''[[Aitraaz]]'' (2004), ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007), and for his [[slapstick]] comic performances in several films including ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' (2000), ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' (2004), ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' (2006), ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007), ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007), and ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' (2008). Kumar won Filmfare Awards for his negative role in ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2001) and his comic performance in ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005).

While his career had fluctuated commercially, his mainstream success soared in 2007 with four consecutive box-office hits; it was consistent until a short period of decline. After which he reinforced his status with several films, including ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' (2012) and ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]'' (2014). Moreover, around this time critical response to several of his films also improved; his work in ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' (2012), ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013), ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' (2015), ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' (2016), and ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017) was acclaimed, and he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for the crime thriller ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016). He earned further notice for his self-produced social films ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2017) and ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' (2018), and set box-office records in 2019 with ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'', ''[[Mission Mangal]]'', ''[[Housefull 4]]'', ''[[Good Newwz]]'', and the 2021 action film ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''. Kumar suffered a career decline with all of his films post-''Sooryavanshi'' failing at the box office, with major exceptions being ''[[OMG 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Bhooth Bangla]]'' (2026).<ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126125943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to acting, Kumar has worked as a [[Stunt performer|stunt actor]].{{efn| has often performed stunts in his films, which has earned him the sobriquet "Indian [[Jackie Chan]]".<ref name="Chan">{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar meets Jackie Chan in Hong Kong |date=20 May 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-business-talk/2004-starts-on-a-grim-note/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210042549/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2004/05/20/1112/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref>}} In 2008, he started hosting ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', which he did for four seasons. He also launched the TV reality show ''[[Dare 2 Dance]]'' in 2014 and his off-screen work includes ownership of the team Khalsa Warriors in the [[World Kabaddi League]]. The actor had also set up martial arts training schools for women's safety in the country.<ref name=indiatimes_52556438>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-expand-his-martial-arts-training-centre/articleshow/52556438.cms |title=Akshay Kumar to expand his martial arts training centre |website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=10 November 2022 | archive-date=10 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110025101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-expand-his-martial-arts-training-centre/articleshow/52556438.cms | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_20150412>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-set-up-more-branches-of-his-training-school/ |title=Akshay Kumar to set up more branches of his training school |date=12 April 2015 | access-date=10 November 2022 | archive-date=10 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110025101/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-set-up-more-branches-of-his-training-school/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar is one of India's most philanthropic actors and supports various charities. He is a brand endorser celebrity in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/akshay-kumar/?sh=2c77ec0f587b |title=Akshay Kumar |website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=7 March 2023 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307141038/https://www.forbes.com/profile/akshay-kumar/?sh=2c77ec0f587b | url-status=live}}</ref> From 2011 to 2023, he was a citizen of Canada.<ref name=National-Post-21-May-2019 /><ref name=scroll_1054359>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar renounces Canadian citizenship, becomes Indian national again |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1054359/akshay-kumar-renounces-canadian-citizenship-becomes-indian-national |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815095321/https://scroll.in/latest/1054359/akshay-kumar-renounces-canadian-citizenship-becomes-indian-national |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_102742603>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar gives up Canadian citizenship, confirms registration as citizen of India: Dil aur citizenship, dono Hindustani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-gives-up-canadian-citizenship-confirms-registration-as-citizen-of-india-dil-aur-citizenship-dono-hindustani/articleshow/102742603.cms |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815080017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-gives-up-canadian-citizenship-confirms-registration-as-citizen-of-india-dil-aur-citizenship-dono-hindustani/articleshow/102742603.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Kumar was awarded the highest tax payer "Sanman Patra" for consecutively paying the highest tax as an individual for the past five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Taxpayer in India: Top 10 Highest Tax Paying Companies and Celebrities in FY 2024 |url=https://cleartax.in/s/highest-tax-payer-in-india |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=cleartax |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Kumar was born on 9 September 1967 as Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia, in the [[Chandni Chowk]] area of [[Old Delhi]],<ref name="irfan">{{Cite AV media |title=Guftagoo with Akshay Kumar |date=3 June 2014 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha TV]] |author=S. Irfan |work=Guftagoo |minutes=3:35 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMm3vCNC4_A |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904165516/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=pMm3vCNC4_A |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT_15Aug2023" />{{efn|Though ''[[Britannica]]'' denotes his birthplace as [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=birth />}} into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family, to parents Hari Om Bhatia (later Brijmohan Bhatia) hailing from [[Amritsar]]<ref name="irfan"/><ref name="HT_15Aug2023" /> and Aruna Bhatia with roots in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="irfan"/><ref name="HTMKhalid">{{cite news |last1=Mohammad |first1=Khalid |title=Akshay Kumar is a Punjabi by nature |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-a-punjabi-by-nature/article1-211213.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=17 June 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225000554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Akshay-Kumar-is-a-Punjabi-by-nature/Article1-211213.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="25years">{{cite web |author=Verma, Sukanya |title=40 things you didn't know about Akki |date=5 September 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/05akshay.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219044744/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/05akshay.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> His father was an [[Indian Army]] officer.<ref name=india_1668704>{{cite news |author1=Ritika Handoo |title=Lesser known facts about Akshay Kumar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lesser-known-facts-about-akshay-kumar_1668704.html |access-date=5 May 2016 |work=Zee News |date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210645/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lesser-known-facts-about-akshay-kumar_1668704.html |url-status=live}}</ref> From a young age, Kumar was very interested in sports, and his father also enjoyed wrestling. He lived and grew up in Delhi's Chandni Chowk and later moved to Mumbai, when his father left the Army to become an accountant with [[UNICEF]].<ref name="irfan" /> Soon, his sister was born, and the family lived in [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar, Mumbai|Koliwada]], a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] dominated area of Central Bombay.<ref name="HTMKhalid" />

He received his school education from [[Don Bosco High School, Matunga|Don Bosco High School]] in [[Matunga]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Notable Alumni {{!}} Don Bosco High School |url=https://donboscomatunga.com/alumni/notable-alumni/ |website=donboscomatunga.com |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202648/https://donboscomatunga.com/alumni/notable-alumni/ |url-status=live }}</ref> simultaneously learning Karate. He enrolled in the [[Guru Nanak Khalsa College of Arts, Science & Commerce]] of the [[University of Mumbai]] for higher education, but dropped out as he was not interested in studies. He requested his father to send him to Thailand to further learn martial arts. Kumar lived in [[Bangkok]] for five years, learning [[Thai Boxing]].<ref name="HTMKhalid" /><ref name=indiatimes_21776783>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=I've got more than what I had ever dreamt of: Akshay Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ive-got-more-than-what-I-had-ever-dreamt-of-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/21776783.cms |access-date=19 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ive-got-more-than-what-I-had-ever-dreamt-of-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/21776783.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He also has a sister, Alka Bhatia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/akshay-twinkle-at-pre-karva-chauth-bash-8460 |title=Akshay, Twinkle at pre-Karva Chauth bash |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524134015/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/akshay-twinkle-at-pre-karva-chauth-bash-8460 |archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> When Kumar was a teenager, he told his father that he wanted to become an actor.<ref name=indiatimes_4328069>{{cite news |title=Unplugged: Akshay Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/4328069.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 October 2014 |date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702123941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/4328069.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> After obtaining a [[Black belt (martial arts)|Black Belt]] in [[Taekwondo]] in India,<ref name="AS 2012">{{cite web |last=AS |first=Sashidhar |title=Akshay obtained a black belt in Taekwondo |website=The Times of India |date=8 September 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Akshay-obtained-a-black-belt-in-Taekwondo/articleshow/16312135.cms |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Akshay-obtained-a-black-belt-in-Taekwondo/articleshow/16312135.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> he studied martial arts in Bangkok, learning [[Muay Thai]], and worked as a chef and waiter.<ref name="Zee News 2015">{{cite web |title=Lesser known facts about Akshay Kumar |website=Zee News |date=8 September 2015 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lesser-known-facts-about-akshay-kumar_1668704.html |language=la | access-date=29 November 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210645/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lesser-known-facts-about-akshay-kumar_1668704.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

After Thailand, Kumar worked in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata) in a travel agency, in [[Dhaka]] in a hotel as a chef,<ref name=tbsnews_20191009>{{cite web |last1=Siddique |first1=Habibulla |last2=Khan |first2=Rupak |title=He chopped vegetables in the kitchen – Akshay Kumar's brief stint in Dhaka's Purbani hotel |date=9 October 2019 |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/entertainment/purbani-bollywood-recollection-akshay-kumars-brief-spell |publisher=The Business Standard |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070814/https://www.tbsnews.net/entertainment/purbani-bollywood-recollection-akshay-kumars-brief-spell |url-status=live}}</ref> and in Delhi selling [[Kundan]] jewellery. Upon his return to Bombay, he started teaching martial arts.<ref name="irfan" /> During this time, the father of one of his students recommended Kumar to modelling, which led to an assignment for a furniture showroom. Kumar worked as an assistant for photographer [[Jayesh Sheth]] for 18 months to create his first portfolio.<ref name=rediff_20090107>{{cite news |title=Akshay before he became a star |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/07slide1-jayesh-on-akshay-kumar.htm |access-date=5 May 2016 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330040919/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/07slide1-jayesh-on-akshay-kumar.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked as a background dancer in various films.<ref name=dnaindia_2024216>{{cite news |title=So what if I play Akshay Kumar's dad?: Jackie Shroff |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-so-what-if-i-play-akshay-kumar-s-dad-jackie-shroff-2024216 |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=8 October 2014 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122713/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-so-what-if-i-play-akshay-kumar-s-dad-jackie-shroff-2024216 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar made his first screen appearance in the film [[Aaj (film)|''Aaj'']] (1987) as a Karate instructor. He later adopted the stage name Akshay Kumar, inspired by [[Kumar Gaurav (actor)|Kumar Gaurav]]'s character Akshay.<ref name=hindustantimes_20160629>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |date=29 June 2016 |title=This is how Rajiv Bhatia became Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-rajiv-bhatia-became-akshay-kumar/story-pfXNsMo0GANSIdcV4ntTgM.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027141725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-rajiv-bhatia-became-akshay-kumar/story-pfXNsMo0GANSIdcV4ntTgM.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

One morning, after missing a flight for an ad shoot in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Kumar visited a film studio with his portfolio. That evening, he was signed for a lead role in the movie ''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]'' (1992) by producer Pramod Chakravarthy.<ref name=rediff_20021102>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Star of the Week – Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/20list.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809104524/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/20list.htm |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

== Film career ==

{{Main|Akshay Kumar filmography}}

=== 1991–1999: Breakthrough with action films ===

Kumar made his first appearance as the lead actor opposite [[Raakhee]] and [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]] in ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' (1991). In the same year, he acted in Kishore Vyas-directed ''[[Dancer (1991 film)|Dancer]]'', which received poor reviews.<ref name=rediff_20111128>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=The Ten Worst Films of Akshay Kumar (Dancer) |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-worst-of-akshay-kumar/20111128.htm#1 |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=28 November 2011 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014194832/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-worst-of-akshay-kumar/20111128.htm#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year he starred in [[Abbas Mustan]]-directed suspense thriller, ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'', widely considered his breakthrough role.<ref name="FP786">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-khiladi-786-is-a-leave-your-brains-at-home-kinda-comedy-550305.html |title=Movie review: Khiladi 786 is a leave-your-brains-at-home kinda comedy |work=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network 18]] |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227131345/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-khiladi-786-is-a-leave-your-brains-at-home-kinda-comedy-550305.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar- The Khiladi superstar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/akshay-kumar-the-khiladi-star_203.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053610/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/akshay-kumar-the-khiladi-star_203.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A review in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film "an engrossing thriller" and described Kumar as impressive in the lead part, noting his physical appearance, strong screen presence, and commending him for being "perfectly at ease".<ref name=google_19920710>{{cite news |author1=PR |title=Engrossing Thriller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j39lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 July 1992 |language=en |quote=In the lead role Akshay Kumar is impressive as Raaj. Tall, with a good physique and a strong screen presence, he is perfectly at ease. |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126173126/https://books.google.com/books?id=j39lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was the [[Raj Sippy]]-directed detective film ''[[Mr. Bond]]'', based on [[James Bond]].<ref name=indiatoday_19910930>{{cite news |title=Bombay Bond – Akshay Kumar to play lead in Raj Sippy's film Mr Bond |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910930-akshay-kumar-to-play-lead-in-raj-sippy-film-mr-bond-814855-1991-09-29 |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 September 1991 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113040429/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-to-play-lead-in-raj-sippy-film-mr-bond/1/318818.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His last release of 1992 was ''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''. It failed to perform well at the box office.<ref name=rediff_19980811>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=V S |title=Akki up front |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/10akki.htm |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 August 1998 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123351/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/10akki.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1993, he acted in the [[Keshu Ramsay]]-directed bilingual film ''[[Ashaant]]'' alongside [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Dr. Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Ashwini Bhave]]. Almost all of his films released during 1993, including ''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]'', ''[[Kayda Kanoon]]'' and ''[[Sainik]]'' did not perform well commercially, with the exception of ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' which was considered a hit.<ref name="Slide6" /> In 1994, he appeared in 11 feature films.<ref name="maxmrelease">{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4327 |title=After 20 years, Akshay to set new record with Special Chabbis |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064510/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4327 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> He played a police inspector in two films: Sameer Malkan's ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' and [[Rajiv Rai]]'s ''[[Mohra]]'', both among the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref name="1994 BO">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA== |title=Box Office 1994 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040854/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Further success came later that year when he starred in [[Yash Chopra]]-produced romance ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'', opposite [[Kajol]]. One of the year's biggest mainstream successes, both the film and his performance were received well by critics, with ''The Indian Express'' describing him as "always dependable" and singling out his performance.<ref name=google_19940603>{{cite news |author1=PR |title=Gentle comedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nX1lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 June 1994 |pages=6 |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126173124/https://books.google.com/books?id=nX1lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> His work in the film earned him his first nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] at the [[Filmfare Awards]]<ref name=indiatimes_368622>{{cite news |title=The nominations-1994 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094834/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[Times Internet|The Times of India]] |access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> and the [[Screen Awards]].<ref name="Slide6">{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, the Entertainment Khiladi, Turns 47 (Slide 6) |work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/akshay-kumar-the-entertainment-khiladi-turns-47-15948/slide/6 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009144427/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/akshay-kumar-the-entertainment-khiladi-turns-47-15948/slide/6 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the same year, Kumar also had success with films like ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' and the low-budget action film ''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]''. All these achievements established Kumar as one of the most successful actors of the year, according to ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Top Actor |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |access-date=14 March 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080323030211/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors&PHPSESSID=7ad4adadd9d256d7d66d404f22e56d40| archive-date= 23 March 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kumar proved to have success with what later became known as the [[Khiladi (franchise)|''Khiladi'' series]]. He starred in the fourth and fifth action thriller films with ''Khiladi'' in the title: ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995) and ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996), both directed by [[Umesh Mehra]] and released to commercial success. He played a [[dual role]] in the former.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040900/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi'' co-starred [[Rekha]] and [[Raveena Tandon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |title=Box Office 1996 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040905/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the film's shooting Kumar was injured, and went on to receive treatment in United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar, the Entertainment Khiladi, Turns 47 (Slide 8) |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/akshay-kumar-the-entertainment-khiladi-turns-47-15948/slide/8 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009142407/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/akshay-kumar-the-entertainment-khiladi-turns-47-15948/slide/8 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''The Indian Express'' wrote in a year-end review, "It was Akshay Kumar in ''Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi'' who packed the aisles, no doubt about it... He shoved his hair back in a slick little ponytail, much like [[Steven Seagal]], wore ankle-length great coats, wrestled with the fearsome [[Undertaker]], and walked away with the film."<ref name=expressindia_28050762>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Formula Fatigue |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961006/28050762.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970424094007/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961006/28050762.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 1997 |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 April 1997}}</ref>

Kumar played a supporting role in Yash Chopra-directed musical romantic drama, ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), co-starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]], for which he received his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="FFD">{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1997 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709173248/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |work=[[Times Internet|The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> In the same year, he starred opposite [[Juhi Chawla]] in [[David Dhawan]]-directed comedy ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]'', fifth instalment of the ''Khiladi'' series. Unlike his previous films of the series, it failed commercially.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203&catName=MTk5Nw== |title=Box Office 1997 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203&catName=MTk5Nw%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Considerable success, however, came with another dual role in the romantic action film ''[[Aflatoon (1997 film)|Aflatoon]]''. [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Filmfare]]'', while critical of the film, approved of Kumar's effort: "Akshay Kumar comes to life. Given something even slightly different to do, he does rise to the occasion."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Hiss Story |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb2.htm |work=Filmfare |publisher=Times Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001170900/http://www.filmfare.com/site/btalkies/bomb2.htm |archive-date=1 October 1999}}</ref> His following releases failed in commercial terms and this caused a setback to his film career.<ref name=filmibeat_096240>{{cite news |title=I started my career with B-grade films: Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2012/akshay-kumar-b-grade-films-096240.html |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=17 June 2014 |date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715043640/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/akshay-kumar-b-grade-films-096240.html |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> In 1999, Kumar played opposite [[Twinkle Khanna]] in ''[[International Khiladi]]''. The film did not do well at the box office.<ref name="BO99">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |title=Box Office 1999 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040915/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He received critical acclaim for his roles in the films ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]'' opposite [[Preity Zinta]] and ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' opposite [[Karishma Kapoor]]. While the former did not make a profit at the box office, the latter turned out to be a commercial success and marked his comeback.<ref name=indianexpress_417845>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/#b_id_417845_akshaysangharshjanwar |title=Happy Birthday Akshay Kumar: Bollywood's Khiladi turns 46 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810223720/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/#b_id_417845_akshaysangharshjanwar |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BO99" />

=== 2000–2011: Commercial success in comedy ===

In 2000, Kumar starred in the [[Priyadarshan]]-directed comedy ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' alongside [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Suneil Shetty]]. The film which was a remake of Malayalam film ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'',<ref name=indiatimes_18046718>{{cite news |title=Siddique's not teaming up with Priyadarshan for Hera Pheri 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Siddiques-not-teaming-up-with-Priyadarshan-for-Hera-Pheri-3/articleshow/18046718.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914025139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Siddiques-not-teaming-up-with-Priyadarshan-for-Hera-Pheri-3/articleshow/18046718.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> became a commercial success<ref name="2000 BO">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |title=Box Office 2000 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323090246/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=23 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and proved to be a turning point in Kumar's career.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_2508177>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Akshay Kumar teams up with Priyadarshan again |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2508177/Akshay-Kumar-teams-up-with-Priyadarshan-again |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=23 May 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143717/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2508177/Akshay-Kumar-teams-up-with-Priyadarshan-again |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted the film's "intense portrayal of the surreality of the human condition".<ref>{{cite news |author=Kumar Choudhury, Arnab |date=2000 |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsbollywoodhp.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609181551/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsbollywoodhp.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2001 |access-date=19 April 2020 |title=Hera Pheri |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He also starred in the [[Dharmesh Darshan]]-directed romantic drama ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' later that same year. The film performed moderately at the box office<ref name="2000 BO" /> but Kumar was praised for his acting.<ref name=screenindia_20000818>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Padmaraj |title=The good ol' 60s revisited |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20000818/freview.htm#dha |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=Screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007002208/http://www.screenindia.com/20000818/freview.htm#dha |date=18 August 2000 |archive-date=7 October 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author-link1=Dinesh Raheja |title=Dhadkan — Misses a beat |url=http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewdhadkan.shtml |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222060827/http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewdhadkan.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2001}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s review stated that he had proved that he is "director's actor" and that "he has worked hard on his role is apparent."<ref name=rediff_20000811>{{cite web |title=The Dhadkan review |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/11dhad.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114811/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/11dhad.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, he performed some of his most dangerous stunts in Neeraj Vora-directed action thriller ''[[Khiladi 420]]'', where he climbed a running plane, stood on top of the plane flying a thousand feet in the air, and jumped from the plane onto a hot air balloon. In a later scene, he is also seen being chased by a car, dodging bullets, jumping off buildings, and climbing walls.<ref name=desihits_20100616>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's Top 5 Stunts |publisher=[[DesiHits]] |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/akshay-kumar-s-top-5-stunts-20100616 |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230148/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/akshay-kumar-s-top-5-stunts-20100616 |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> His character in the film had two names and his role received mixed reviews.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_201884>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie review: Khiladi 420 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201884 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=30 December 2000 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816095022/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201884 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sukanya Verma wrote "Negative roles and Akshay Kumar don't go hand-in-hand. [...] Akshay is ridiculously over the top and irritating to the core. However, he manages a decent performance as the sober and suave Anand."<ref name=rediff_20001229>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Action?Thriller |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29khil.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=29 December 2000 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315075447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29khil.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Padmaraj Nair of ''[[Screen India|Screen]]'', however, believed it was "the best performance of his career".<ref name=screenindia_20010112>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Padmaraj |title=Desi version of Surrogate Mother |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010112/review.htm |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=Screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206160451/http://www.screenindia.com/20010112/review.htm |date=12 January 2001 |archive-date=6 December 2002}}</ref>

His first release in 2001 was [[Suneel Darshan]]-directed drama ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''. Kumar was praised for his performance in the film.<ref name=rediff_20010518>{{cite web |last1=Someshwar |first1=Savera R |title=Movie review: Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/18rish.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=18 May 2001 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125229/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/18rish.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Next, he played a negative role in the Abbas Mustan-directed film ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''.<ref name=digitalspy_572942>{{cite news |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a572942/akshay-kumar-i-want-to-do-more-villain-roles.html |title=Akshay Kumar: 'I want to do more villain roles' |work=[[Digital Spy]] |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810103652/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a572942/akshay-kumar-i-want-to-do-more-villain-roles.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_417843>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Akshay Kumar: Bollywood's Khiladi turns 46 |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/#b_id_417843_akshayaankheinajnabee |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810223720/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-akshay-kumar-bollywoods-khiladi-turns-46/#b_id_417843_akshayaankheinajnabee |url-status=live}}</ref> While reviewing the film for Rediff.com, Sarita Tanwar termed Kumar the "surprise package" of the film. She added that he was "in total control as the bad guy."<ref name=rediff_20010902>{{cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Sarita |title=The Rediff Review: Ajnabee |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/20ajna.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417233043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/20ajna.htm |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> The film won him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for Best Villain]] and IIFA award 2002 for Performance in a Negative Role.<ref name="25years" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_malaysia.php |title=IIFA 2002 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528050050/http://www.iifa.com/city_malaysia.php |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_368739>{{cite news |title=The Winners – 2001 – The 51st Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368739.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709023301/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368739.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Akshay Kumar in Sydney for Heyy Babyy.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Kumar on the sets of ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' in Sydney, 2007]]

His first release in 2002 was Dharmesh Darshan-directed romantic drama ''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''. He played the role as a blind man in [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] and Shaarang Dev Pandit-directed [[heist film]] ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]'', co-starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Sushmita Sen]] and Paresh Rawal. His performance in the film was critically acclaimed.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20020405>{{cite web |title=Aankhen |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/735/Aankhen |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 August 2014 |date=5 April 2002 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810164130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/735/Aankhen |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bbc_20020412>{{cite web |title=Aankhen takes you on a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/aankhen-review.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 August 2014 |date=12 April 2002 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028234118/http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/aankhen-review.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rediff_20020405>{{cite web |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Movie review: Aankhen |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/05aank.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=5 April 2002 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130453/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/05aank.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Next, he starred in the [[Vikram Bhatt]]-directed comedy ''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''. Rediff.com's review of the film mentioned that his sincerity and intensity seen in ''Hera Pheri'', ''Ek Rishtaa – The Bond of Love'' and ''Aankhen'' "seems missing".<ref name=rediff_20020621>{{cite web |author=Anjum, N |title=Akshay, Sunil, Aftab's star power fails, Paresh Rawal steals the show |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/21apd.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=21 June 2002 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141728/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/21apd.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> His last film of the year was [[Rajkumar Kohli]]-directed [[supernatural horror film]] {{lang|hi-latn|[[Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani]]}} alongside [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Arshad Warsi]], Aditya Pancholi and [[Armaan Kohli]]. The film was a remake of Kohli's former film ''Naagin'' and received mostly negative reviews from critics.<ref name=rediff_20020817>{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ronjita |title=Jaani Dushman – Ek Anokhi torture |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/17jaani.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=17 August 2002 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512084737/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/17jaani.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sify_11829641>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: Jaani Dushman – Ek Anokhi Kahani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=11829641 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908073530/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=11829641 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Taran Adarsh wrote "only Munish[Armaan] Kohli and Akshay Kumar leave an impact."<ref name=bollywoodhungama_539470>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie review: Jaani Dushman |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/539470 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=16 August 2002 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719083537/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/539470 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, he starred in Suneel Darshan's action film ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]'' opposite [[Kareena Kapoor]]. While reviewing the film, Taran Adarsh wrote "Akshay Kumar is plain mediocre. The role hardly offers him scope to try out anything different."<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20030103>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie review: Talaash... The Hunt Begins |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/923/Talaash...%20The%20Hunt%20Begins |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=3 January 2003 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/923/Talaash...%20The%20Hunt%20Begins |url-status=dead}}</ref> Next, he starred in [[Raj Kanwar]]-directed romantic drama ''[[Andaaz]]'' alongside [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics,<ref name=rediff_20030524>{{cite web |last1=Magotra |first1=Ashish |title='Andaaz': Flight to boredom |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=24 May 2003 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227100804/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/23andaaz.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sify_13157317>{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Kunal |title=Andaaz: Old story, fresh faces |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/andaaz-old-story-fresh-faces-review-bollywood-13157317.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329142128/http://www.sify.com/movies/andaaz-old-story-fresh-faces-review-bollywood-13157317.html |archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> but turned out to be a commercial success at the box office and the first universal hit of 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000737/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bollywoodhungama_1192968>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title='Andaaz' Celebrations: Rocking |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192968 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=29 August 2003 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1192968 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2004 Kumar starred in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s action drama thriller ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' alongside Amitabh Bachchan, [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. Kumar played the role of Inspector Shekhar Verma, a corrupt, morally bankrupt cop who changes himself during a mission to transfer an accused [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistani spy]] Dr. Iqbal Ansari (played by [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]]) from a remote town in [[Maharashtra]] to Mumbai. The film and Kumar's acting were positively reviewed by critics.<ref name=thehindu_200402060123>{{cite news |title=Khakee |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=6 February 2004 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=rediff_20040124>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Khakee is money's worth. What more do you want? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23khakee.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=24 January 2004 |archive-date=25 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125031352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23khakee.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=variety_1200536726>{{cite web |last1=Elley |first1=Derek |title=Review: 'Khakee' |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/khakee-1200536726/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904174851/http://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/khakee-1200536726/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] award for his role in the film.<ref name=mensxp_20131015>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deb |title=10 Best Action Movies of Akshay Kumar (Slide 1) |date=15 October 2013 |url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/top-10s/20760-10-best-action-movies-of-akshay-kumar-p1.html |publisher=MensXP.com |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191002/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/top-10s/20760-10-best-action-movies-of-akshay-kumar-p1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His other releases included Dileep Shukla's crime film ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]''. He starred alongside Raveena Tandon, [[Amrish Puri]] and [[Raj Babbar]]. The film's production was delayed following the break-up of the lead actors Tandon and Kumar.<ref name=rediff_20040216>{{cite web |title=Akki, Raveena join forces! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13look.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=16 February 2004 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120622/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13look.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon release it received negative reviews from critics.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20040528>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie review : Police Force |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/956/Police%20Force |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=28 May 2004 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903144811/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/956/Police%20Force |url-status=dead}}</ref> Next, Kumar played Hari Om Patnaik, an [[Indian Police Services|IPS]] officer in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]-directed ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''.<ref name=rediff_20040527>{{cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Vivek |title=Akshay: It's payback time! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27akshay.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=27 May 2004 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120631/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27akshay.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> He starred in David Dhawan-directed romantic comedy ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' alongside [[Salman Khan]] and Priyanka Chopra. He played the role of Sunny, Sameer (played by Khan)'s roommate who pursuits Rani (played by Chopra)-Sameer's love interest. The film received positive reviews.<ref name=rediff_20040730>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title='Mujhse Shaadi Karogi' is another 'Main Hoon Na' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30mujhse.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=30 July 2004 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214911/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30mujhse.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Taran Adarsh praised Kumar and wrote "Akshay Kumar is a revelation [...] he surpasses his previous work. His timing is fantastic and the conviction with which he carries off the evil streak in his personality is bound to be talked-about in days to come."<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20040728>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54557 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=28 July 2004 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075221/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54557 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His performance in the film earned him his third nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[Filmfare Awards]] as well as a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comic Role]].<ref name=indiatimes_1021384>{{cite web |title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards- The 51st Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710013930/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> His other films included Abbas-Mustan directed ''[[Aitraaz]]'' and S M Iqbal's ''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin]]''. In the former, Kumar [[Playing against type|played against type]] as a worker wrongly accused of [[sexual harassment]] by his female boss played by Chopra. According to the directors, ''Aitraaz'' was inspired by [[National Basketball Association]] player [[Kobe Bryant]] (who was accused of rape by a fan);<ref name=sify_20040713>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar plays a rapist! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Akshay-Kumar-plays-a-rapist-news-bollywood-kkfvKIjbegi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=13 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054739/http://www.sify.com/movies/Akshay-Kumar-plays-a-rapist-news-bollywood-kkfvKIjbegi.html |archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> and the film's development began when they read about [[kobe Bryant sexual assault case|his sexual-assault case]] in the newspapers.<ref name=sify_13606747>{{cite web |title=Akshay has a lot of experience: Abbas-Mustan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13606747&cid=2398 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=8 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054739/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13606747&cid=2398 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Talking about the character Kumar said that it is realistic and could be described as a "new-age [[metrosexual]]" man. He added that ''Aitraaz'' was the boldest film he had done.<ref name=sify_13609029>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |title='Aitraaz' is my boldest film: Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13609029&cid=2398 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=12 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054739/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13609029&cid=2398 |archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> In the latter, he starred opposite [[Sridevi]]. The film was shot in 1994 but was released in 2004 after a delay of 10 years.

The next year Kumar starred in the Dharmesh Darshan-directed [[romantic drama]] [[musical film]] ''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]'' (2005) opposite Kareena Kapoor. He played the role of Raja, an aspiring musician who pursues his love interest Anjali (played by Kareena Kapoor) even after she marries Aditya Sahai (played by [[Anil Kapoor]]). The film received mixed reviews from film critic but Kumar was praised for his acting. Anupama Chopra of India Today wrote that "Kareena Kapoor and Kumar stand out." Taran Adarsh wrote "Akshay Kumar does well in a role that fits him like a glove."<ref name=indiatoday_20050314>{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Old refashioned |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050314-film-review-bewafaa-starring-anil-kapoor-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-788261-2005-03-13 |work=India Today |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=14 March 2005 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907155805/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-bewafaa-starring-anil-kapoor-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor/1/194289.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sify_13680719>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie Review : Bewafaa |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bewafaa-review-bollywood-13680719.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912130317/http://www.sify.com/movies/bewafaa-review-bollywood-13680719.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that year he acted in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's family drama ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]'' alongside Amitabh Bachchan, another Priyadarshan-directed comedy ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' alongside John Abraham. ''Waqt: The Race Against Time'' was a family drama film. The film and Kumar's acting received mixed reviews.<ref name=bbc_20050414>{{cite web |last1=Pandohar |first1=Jaspreet |title=Waqt: The Race Against Time (2005) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/20/waqt_2005_review.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=14 April 2005| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006152845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/20/waqt_2005_review.shtml | archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> Vishal D'Souza wrote "Akshay shoulders an author-backed role, carrying more of the film's emotional baggage though he is distinctly uncomfortable in the soppy-weepy scenes."<ref name=rediff_20050422>{{cite web |last1=D'Souza |first1=Vishal |title=Waqt loses the race |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/22waqt.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 August 2014 |date=22 April 2005 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020024131/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/22waqt.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The films succeeded at the box office<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |title=Box Office 2004 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040700/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |title=Box Office 2005 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404041634/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ%3D%3D |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and his performance in the latter earned him his second Filmfare Award, for [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]].<ref name="25years" /> His other films included Vikram Bhatt-directed action comedy romance film ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]'' and Suneel Darshan directed romantic drama ''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]''. In the former he starred alongside Shahid Kapoor, Sunil Shetty and [[Rimi Sen]] while in the latter he starred alongside Kareena Kapoor and Bobby Deol. Both of these films received positive reviews.<ref name=rediff_20051125>{{cite web |last1=N |first1=Patcy |title=Deewane Hue Paagal: Good fun |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/25dhp.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=25 November 2005 |archive-date=27 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127105831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/25dhp.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sify_14056806>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Movie Review : Dosti – Friends Forever |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review.php?id=14056806&ctid=5&cid=2425 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912213501/http://www.sify.com/movies/review.php?id=14056806&ctid=5&cid=2425 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kumar's first release of 2006 was Rajkumar Santoshi-directed drama ''[[Family – Ties of Blood]]'' followed by Suneel Darshan's ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' and Raj Kanwar's ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''. Next, he starred in a sequel to ''Hera Pheri'' titled ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''. As was the former, the sequel became a huge success at the box office.<ref name="2006 BO">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221095752/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=21 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that year he starred alongside Salman Khan and [[Preity Zinta]] in the [[Shirish Kunder]]-directed [[romantic musical film]] ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''. The film was a well anticipated release, and despite receiving positive reviews from critics, did not do as well as expected at the box office.<ref name="2006 BO" /> The film received mostly negatively reviews. Vidya Pradhan of Rediff.com called it a "bizarre movie."<ref name=rediff_20061023>{{cite web |last1=Pradhan |first1=Vidya |title=Jaan-E-Mann is a bizarre movie |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23jaan.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=23 October 2006 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013232214/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23jaan.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Though the film under-performed, his role as a shy, lovable nerd was praised.<ref name=indiafm_20061020>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] |title=Jaan-E-Mann Review |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12573/index.html |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=14 April 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070403101903/http://indiafm.com/movies/review/12573/index.html| archive-date= 3 April 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> He ended the year with Priyadarshan's comedy murder mystery film ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''. He starred alongside Lara Dutta, Govinda and Paresh Rawal and played the character of a theatre actor. The film received mixed reviews and Rediff.com called Kumar the real hero of the film.<ref name=rediff_20061222>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Gullu |title=Bhagam Bhag: Akshay top, Govinda flop |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/22bb.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=22 December 2006 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143637/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/22bb.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_903798>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Bhagam Bhaag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhagam-bhaag/movie-review/903798.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=22 December 2006 |archive-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108020548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Bhagam-Bhaag/movie-review/903798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was commercially successful.<ref name="2006 BO" /> The same year, he led the ''Heat 2006'' world tour along with fellow stars [[Saif Ali Khan]], Preity Zinta, Sushmita Sen and [[Celina Jaitley]].<ref name=businesswireindia_20060310>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar & Preity Zinta in Bollywood New York Shows for Aron Govil Productions |date=10 March 2006 |url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273 |publisher=Business Wire India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323185651/http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273 |archive-date=23 March 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Akshay & Katrina on the sets of Welcome.jpg|thumb|Kumar with [[Katrina Kaif]] on the sets of ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' in 2007]]

2007 proved to be Kumar's most successful year during his career in the industry, and as described by box office analysts, "probably the best ever recorded by an actor, with four outright hits and no flops."<ref name="BO 2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=42&nCat=news |title=The Toppers of 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082127/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=42&nCat=news |archive-date=15 January 2008}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_9779766>{{cite news |title=I am kind to everyone, but trust no one: Akshay Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-kind-to-everyone-but-trust-no-one-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/9779766.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917030748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-am-kind-to-everyone-but-trust-no-one-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/9779766.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=in_20080102>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Somen |title=Akshay Kumar crowned 2007 King of Bollywood |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-crowned-2007-king-of-bollywood/55446-8.html |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=2 January 2008 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113014759/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-crowned-2007-king-of-bollywood/55446-8.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=thehindu_3023231>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mauli |last2=Shah |first2=Jigar |title=Khiladi is King |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/khiladi-is-king/article3023231.ece |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=15 August 2008 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/khiladi-is-king/article3023231.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=india_20080822>{{cite news |title=Akshay- the undisputed king of Bollywood, bags Rs 72 crore deal |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-the-undisputed-king-of-bollywood-bags-rs72-crore-deal_8541.html |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=22 August 2008 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106184944/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-the-undisputed-king-of-bollywood-bags-rs72-crore-deal_8541.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His first release, Vipul Amrutlal Shah-directed ''[[Namastey London]]'', was critically and commercially successful, and his performance earned him a Best Actor nomination at the Filmfare. Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] wrote of his performance in the film, "he's sure to win the hearts of millions of moviegoers with a terrific portrayal in this film."<ref name=indiafm_20070323>{{cite news |author=Adarsh, Taran |url=http://indiafm.com/movies/review/12835/index.html |title=Review of Namastey London |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=5 April 2007 |publisher=IndiaFM| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405202710/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12835/index.html| archive-date= 5 April 2007}}</ref> Kumar's chemistry with lead actress Katrina Kaif also generated immense appreciation, with [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' describing their pairing as "refreshing."<ref name=indiatimes_1802925>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Namastey London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/namastey-london/movie-review/1802925.cms |access-date=21 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2007 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> His next two releases, [[Sajid Khan]]-directed ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' and Priyadarshan's ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'', were box office successes as well.<ref name=indiafm_20070915>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Top 5: 'Dhamaal' average, 'Darling' slumps! |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/top5/380.html |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=IndiaFM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015033244/http://indiafm.com/trade/top5/380.html |archive-date=15 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=indiafm_20071110>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Top 5: 'J.W.M.' steady, despite pre-Diwali dull phase |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/top5/396.html |date=10 November 2007 |publisher=IndiaFM |access-date=10 November 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071115221205/http://www.indiafm.com/trade/top5/396.html| archive-date= 15 November 2007}}</ref> In both of these films he starred opposite [[Vidya Balan]]. Kumar's last release of the year, the [[Anees Bazmee]]-directed ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'', did extremely well at the box office, receiving a blockbuster status and simultaneously becoming his fifth successive hit.<ref name=indiafm_20080101>{{cite web |publisher=IndiaFM |author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Midweek: 'Welcome', 'TZP' continue to rock! |url=http://www.indiafm.com/trade/top5/411.html |date=1 January 2008 |access-date=1 January 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080108131929/http://www.indiafm.com/trade/top5/411.html| archive-date= 8 January 2008}}</ref> All of Kumar's films which released that year did well in the overseas market as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080317191849/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners&PHPSESSID=b754628e151e869b2426dfd035eb7581| archive-date= 17 March 2008}}</ref> Kumar appeared in a cameo role in [[Farah Khan]] directed ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''. His role was listed as no. 3 on the Top 10 Cameos in Bollywood list of ''MensXP.com''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikia |first1=Priyankee |title=Top 10 Cameos in Bollywood |url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/9378-top-10-cameos-in-bollywood.html |publisher=MensXP.com |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903213729/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/9378-top-10-cameos-in-bollywood.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar's first film of 2008, [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]-directed action thriller ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'', marked his comeback to the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner after 11 years. Although a poll (conducted by ''Bollywood Hungama'') named it the most anticipated release of the year,<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20080208>{{cite news |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/08/3550/index.html |title=The Most Awaited movies of 2008 |access-date=19 May 2009 |date=8 February 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126145213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/08/3550/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> the film under-performed at the box office grossing {{INRConvert|279|m|year=2009|mode=historical}} in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |title=Box Office 2008 |access-date=20 January 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165321/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His second film, Bazmee-directed ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' in which he starred opposite Kaif was a huge success at the box office and broke the first-week worldwide record of ''[[Om Shanti Om (film)|Om Shanti Om]]'', the previous highest figure.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |title=Box Office 2008 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083431/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His next film was the animated film ''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]'', directed by Kompin Kemgumnird. The year also saw Kumar making his small screen debut as the host of the successful show ''[[Fear Factor – Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''. He later returned to host the show's [[Fear Factor – Khatron Ke Khiladi Level 2|second season]] in 2009.<ref name=businessofcinema_131637>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Niyati |title=Tracing The Journey of Fear Factor – Khatron Ke Khiladi; Season 5 Back with a Bang |url=http://businessofcinema.com/tele/tracing-journey-fear-factor-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-5-back-bang/131637 |work=Business of Cinema |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901011825/http://businessofcinema.com/tele/tracing-journey-fear-factor-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-5-back-bang/131637 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=newindianexpress_202006>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra to host 'Fear Factor, Season 3' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article202006.ece |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=Express Publications |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=8 August 2010 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article202006.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, Kumar featured opposite [[Deepika Padukone]] in the [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Rohan Sippy]] production ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''. Directed by [[Nikhil Advani]], the film was a critical and commercial failure at the box office.<ref name=indiatimes_3985572>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Chandni Chowk to China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chandni-chowk-to-china/movie-review/3985572.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=15 January 2009 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109045851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Chandni-Chowk-to-China/movie-review/3985572.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rediff_20090116>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Raja |title=Hindi Chini Why Why? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/16review-chandni-chowk-to-china.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=16 January 2009 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810192814/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/16review-chandni-chowk-to-china.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=791&nCat=news |title=Ten Releases Five Disasters |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213174227/http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=791&nCat=news |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref> Kumar's next release was ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'', an action-thriller directed by [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] that failed commercially. His next release was [[Sabbir Khan]]'s [[wikt:battle of the sexes|battle-of-the-sexes]] comedy ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''. Set in Los Angeles, it was the first Indian film to be shot at [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Universal Studios]] and featured cameo appearances by Hollywood actors.<ref name=hindustantimes_282116>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/nadiadwala-takes-akshay-kumar-to-hollywood/article1-282116.aspx |title=Nadiadwala takes Akshay Kumar to Hollywood |access-date=27 May 2012 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=14 March 2008 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023121936/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/nadiadwala-takes-akshay-kumar-to-hollywood/article1-282116.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The film was poorly received by critics but became an economic success, earning over {{INRConvert|840|m|year=2009|mode=historical}} worldwide. Kumar's film ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'' was released on 16 October 2009. ''Blue'' received negative reviews and collected about ₹ 420 million at the box office.<ref name=rediff_20091016>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Chandrima |title=Blue: Blistering Barnacles! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/movie-review-blue/20091016.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=16 October 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908155204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/movie-review-blue/20091016.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ndtv_20091016>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Blue |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/blue-442 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=16 October 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181441/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/blue-442 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sify_14915122>{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Sonia |title=Review: Blue is a damp squib |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-blue-is-a-damp-squib-review-bollywood-14915122.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912215043/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-blue-is-a-damp-squib-review-bollywood-14915122.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> His last release in 2009 was Priyadarshan's ''[[De Dana Dan]]''. He starred alongside Katrina Kaif, Suniel Shetty and Paresh Rawal. Kumar played a servant who plans to kidnap his owner's dog. The film received mixed reviews.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_502796>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=De Dana Dan |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/502796 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=27 November 2009 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185857/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/502796 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ndtv_20091127>{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=De Dana Dan |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/de-dana-dan-458 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=27 November 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181444/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/de-dana-dan-458 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_5272173>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=De Dana Dan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/de-dana-dan/movie-review/5272173.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=26 November 2009 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109053246/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/De-Dana-Dan/movie-review/5272173.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

He then appeared in the 2010 comedy, ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'', directed by Sajid Khan which garnered the second-highest opening weekend collection of all time.<ref name=rediff_20100503_housefull>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/03/housefull-gets-biggest-opening-since-3-idiots.htm |title=Housefull gets biggest opening since 3 Idiots |author=Vinod Marani |date=3 May 2010 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=17 May 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100516143917/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/03/housefull-gets-biggest-opening-since-3-idiots.htm| archive-date= 16 May 2010}}</ref> Kumar's next release was ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'', directed by Priyadarshan which was an average grosser. The film received negative reviews.<ref name=sify_14950664>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Khatta Meetha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/khatta-meetha-review-this-satire-is-far-from-meetha-review-bollywood-14950664.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912213533/http://www.sify.com/movies/khatta-meetha-review-this-satire-is-far-from-meetha-review-bollywood-14950664.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''CNN-IBN'' called it a schizophrenic film.<ref name=in_127366>{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |title=Masand: 'Khatta Meetha', a schizophrenic film |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-khatta-meetha-a-schizophrenic-film/127366-47.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=31 July 2010 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908171847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-khatta-meetha-a-schizophrenic-film/127366-47.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
He also appeared in [[Vipul Shah]]'s ''[[Action Replayy]]'', which was a box office failure.<ref name=boxofficeindia_20101108>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2201&nCat=box_office_news%E2%80%9D |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=8 November 2010 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120329011947/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2201&nCat=box_office_news%E2%80%9D |archive-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> The film received mostly negative reviews.<ref name=indiatimes_6871125>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Action Replayy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/action-replayy/movie-review/6871125.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=4 November 2010 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109061919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Action-Replayy/movie-review/6871125.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_622338>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Action Replayy |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-action-replayy/article1-622338.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116144133/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-action-replayy/article1-622338.aspx |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> His last film of 2010 was ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''. Directed by Farah Khan, the film received poor critical reviews but became moderately successful.<ref name=dnaindia_1485367>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Renuka |title=Review: Tees Maar Khan is not worth even a free ticket |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=23 December 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012223534/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_7149954>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |title=Tees Maar Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tees-maar-khan/movie-review/7149954.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 September 2014 |date=23 December 2010 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109060408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Tees-Maar-Khan/movie-review/7149954.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ndtv_317005>{{cite news |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-will-woo-katrina-kaif-on-screen-for-the-seventh-time-317005 |title=Akshay Kumar will woo Katrina Kaif on-screen for the seventh time |date=14 January 2013 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822124612/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-will-woo-katrina-kaif-on-screen-for-the-seventh-time-317005 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=76 |title=Tees Maar Khan |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016094420/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=76 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 he starred in ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]'' and ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]''. His last film of 2011 was Rohit Dhawan-directed ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' (2011), which co-starred [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Chitrangada Singh]] and Deepika Padukone. He also co-produced a film with [[Russell Peters]] titled ''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]'' (dubbed into Hindi as ''Speedy Singhs'') which is reminiscent of his own ''Patiala House''.<ref name="break">{{cite news |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/67040.aspx |title=Akshay Kumar, Russell Peters' Breakaway Gets Media Attention |publisher=Sawfnews.com |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608185615/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/67040.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> ''Breakaway'' became the highest-grossing cross-cultural movie of 2011 in Canada. Kumar dubbed for the role of Optimus Prime in the Hindi version of Hollywood, action blockbuster, ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''. He took the dubbing role for his son, Aarav, and did so for free.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2011/07/29/bollywood-superstar-akshay-kumar-superhero-for-his-son/ |title=Bollywood Superstar, Akshay Kumar Superhero for his Son |work=Dubai Chronicle |access-date=29 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001073104/http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2011/07/29/bollywood-superstar-akshay-kumar-superhero-for-his-son/ |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>

=== 2012–2021: Transition to social dramas and patriotic themes ===
[[File:Launch of the song 'Taang Uthake' from the film Housefull 3.jpg|thumb|Kumar with his [[Housefull (film series)|Housefull]] film series co-star [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] at the launch of the song ''"Taang Uthake"'' of ''[[Housefull 3]]'' in 2016]]
His first release of 2012 was ''[[Housefull 2]]'', a sequel of his earlier comedy film ''[[Housefull (film series)|Housefull]]'', which became a huge hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3|title=Housefull 2 (2012)|access-date=18 April 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418150914/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar's next film was the [[Prabhudeva]]-directed action drama ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' in which he played a double role opposite [[Sonakshi Sinha]].<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rowdy-Rathore-gets-thumbs-up-from-critics/Article1-864444.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Rowdy Rathore gets thumbs up from critics |date=1 June 2012| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602064158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rowdy-Rathore-gets-thumbs-up-from-critics/Article1-864444.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> The film earned more than {{INRConvert|1.3|b|year=2012|mode=historical}} in India. Both of these films grossed over {{INRconvert|1|b|year=2012|mode=historical}} at the box office.<ref name=tribune_446981>{{cite news |title=Barfi! joins INR1 billion club |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/446981/barfi-joins-inr1-billion-club/ |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |publisher=[[Lakson Group]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |date=4 October 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809235140/http://tribune.com.pk/story/446981/barfi-joins-inr1-billion-club/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, he founded another production company called Grazing Goat Pictures Pvt Ltd.<ref name=indiatimes_10901424>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar gets a Grazing Goat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Kumar-gets-a-Grazing-Goat/articleshow/10901424.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2014 |date=28 November 2011 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411125235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Kumar-gets-a-Grazing-Goat/articleshow/10901424.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]'' was reportedly promoted as Kumar's 100th film,<ref name=in_20120711>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/6933.html |title=First Look: Akshay Kumar's 100th film 'Joker' |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=11 July 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208202123/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/6933.html |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=sify_20120709>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/joker-trailer-to-release-with-cocktail-news-bollywood-mhirugfffdf.html?ref=false/ |title=Joker trailer to release with Cocktail |website=[[Sify]] |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124223124/http://www.sify.com/movies/joker-trailer-to-release-with-cocktail-news-bollywood-mhirugfffdf.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/090712-Joker-trailer-to-release-with-Cocktail.htm/ |title='Joker' trailer to release with 'Cocktail' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710075757/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/090712-Joker-trailer-to-release-with-Cocktail.htm |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> but later Akshay Kumar clarified that the 100th film landmark had been crossed long before he even signed up for Joker. "It was a miscalculation on Shirish's part. ''[[Oh My God (2012 film)|OMG]]'' is my 116th film," he said.<ref name=deccanchronicle_20120919>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/akki%E2%80%99s-back-game-842 |title=Akki's back in the game |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920002835/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/akki%E2%80%99s-back-game-842 |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Kumar kept himself away from the film's promotion due to differences with Kunder. Reacting to Kumar's backing out from the film's promotion Kunder tweeted "A true leader takes responsibility for his team and leads them through thick and thin. Never abandons them and runs away." He later deleted the tweet.<ref name=hindustantimes_922431>{{cite news |title=Top 5 Reasons: Why Akshay Kumar fell out with Shirish Kunder |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/top-5-reasons-why-akshay-kumar-fell-out-with-shirish-kunder/article1-922431.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603073319/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TOP-5-REASONS-Why-Akshay-Kumar-fell-out-with-Shirish-Kunder/Article1-922431.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |date=31 August 2012}}</ref> His later release ''[[OMG: Oh My God!|Oh My God]]'' which he produced and starred along with [[Paresh Rawal]].<ref name="hindustantimes1" /> It had a slow opening, but because of positive word of mouth it picked up and emerged a superhit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |title=Box Office Earnings 28/09/12 – 04/10/12 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170539/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> His last release in 2012 was ''[[Khiladi 786]]'', the eighth instalment in his famous ''Khiladi'' series as well as the comeback of the series after 12 years. Although film was panned by critics, it grossed 970 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1199|title=Khiladi 786|access-date=18 April 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418150732/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1199|url-status=live}}</ref>

His first release in 2013 was ''[[Special 26]]'' which earned a positive critical reception and was semi-hit at the box office. Although the movie earned him positive reviews and commercial success, trade analysts noted that the movie could have done much better business due to its good content and Kumar's high-profile.<ref name=indiatimes_31142603>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-10/news-interviews/31142603_1_akshay-kumar-shooting-special-chabbis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530163132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-10/news-interviews/31142603_1_akshay-kumar-shooting-special-chabbis|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2013|title=Akshay Kumar shoots for Special Chabbis in Delhi|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=in_371706>{{cite web|last=Review|first=Special 26|title=Rejeev Masand Review|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/special-chabbis-review-its-a-delicious-thriller-you-dont-want-to-miss/371706-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211095447/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/special-chabbis-review-its-a-delicious-thriller-you-dont-want-to-miss/371706-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2013|work=Rajeev Masand|publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1237|title=Special 26|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120093241/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1237|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Milan Luthria]] chose Kumar to play the character of Shoaib Khan (based on [[Dawood Ibrahim]]) in the [[gangster film]] ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'', sequel to ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''. It proved to be a below average at the box office. The film was declared a "flop" by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Satyagraha Average Opening Chennai Express Hits 200 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6017&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903073357/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6017&nCat= |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> It received mixed reviews however Kumar's acting was praised by a majority of critics. In a review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that Kumar "makes a stellar killer".<ref name=hindustantimes_1108821>{{cite news |first=Anupama |last=Chopra |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara/article1-1108821.aspx |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Dobaara! |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817121535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobaara/Article1-1108821.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''The Times of India'' praised Kumar's performance and said that "''Bhai'' act with flamboyance and mojo ... He gets a chance to do what he does best – ''herogiri'' (albeit less menacing, more entertaining), with charisma and clap-trap dialoguebaazi."<ref name=indiatimes_21820641>{{cite news |first=Madhureeta |last=Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/times-of-india-movie-review-of-once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara/movie-review/21820641.cms |title=Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! : Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815094643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Once-Upon-Ay-Time-In-Mumbai-Dobaara/movie-review/21820641.cms |archive-date=15 August 2013}}</ref> [[Al Pacino]] saw the film's trailer and promos and admired Kumar's portrayal of Shoaib Khan, a gangster. He said that the promos and posters reminded him of his own ''[[The Godfather]]''. Kumar said of Pacino's response: "A touch of appreciation is always held dearly in an actor's arms, even if it's from the simplest of people like our beloved spot boys. But to have your work spoken of so kindly by the world's most admired gangster Al Pacino himself – I had goose-bumps thinking about him watching the promo! I was so humbled, not only as an actor but as a fan of his legendary work."<ref name=hindustantimes_1099759>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anirban |title=Al Pacino praises Akshay Kumar's work |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/movies/al-pacino-praises-akshay-kumar-s-work/article1-1099759.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518004546/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/movies/al-pacino-praises-akshay-kumar-s-work/article1-1099759.aspx |archive-date=18 May 2014 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=bollywoodhungama_20130729>{{cite news |title=Al Pacino's thumbs up to Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbaai Dobaara |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/al-pacino/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1946833/al-pacino |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live |date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' criticised Kumar for his "in-your-face flamboyance".<ref name=in_414577>{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |title='Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara' review: It is like getting a root canal |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review-it-is-like-getting-a-root-canal/414577-47-84.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714010054/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-review-it-is-like-getting-a-root-canal/414577-47-84.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> After the film's mainly negative reviews, Kumar lashed out at critics, accusing them of lacking an understanding of the audience and the basic ideas of filmmaking.<ref name=indiatoday_174623>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar breathes fury at Once Upon A Time in Mumbai Dobaara critics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-wakes-up-decides-to-breathe-fury-at-ouatimd-critics-174623-2013-08-21 |work=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002345/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-wakes-up-decides-to-breathe-fury-at-ouatimd-critics/1/300772.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live |date=22 August 2013}}</ref> Built on an approximate budget of {{INRConvert|1|b|year=2012|mode=historical}},<ref name=in_414267>{{cite news |author1=Indo-Asian News Service|author-link1=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara: Another film to hit the jackpot? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-another-film-to-hit-the-jackpot/414267-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029025141/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-another-film-to-hit-the-jackpot/414267-8-66.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |date=14 August 2013}}</ref> it was the first major [[Hindi]] language film to be shot in Oman.<ref name=indiatimes_16722103>{{cite news |author1=Times News Network |title=Once Upon sequel – first film shot in exotic Oman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Once-Upon-sequel-first-film-shot-in-exotic-Oman/articleshow/16722103.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 October 2014 |date=8 October 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Once-Upon-sequel-first-film-shot-in-exotic-Oman/articleshow/16722103.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar received a nomination for Best Actor in a Negative Role at [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref name=india_150384>{{cite news |last1=Mudi |first1=Aparna |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065411/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

His next release was Anthony D Souza's ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' alongside [[Shiv Panditt]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]. The movie received mixed reviews;<ref name=bollywoodhungama_566663>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |title=Boss: Critic Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050454/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566663 |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=rediff_20131016>{{cite web |title=Review: Akshay Kumar's Boss: All title, no thunder! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-akshay-kumars-boss-all-title-no-thunder/20131016.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=17 June 2014 |date=16 October 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009000428/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-akshay-kumars-boss-all-title-no-thunder/20131016.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_1135845>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie-review-boss-is-all-about-masala-and-akshay-kumar/article1-1135845.aspx |title=Movie review: Boss is all about masala and Akshay Kumar |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060318/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie-review-boss-is-all-about-masala-and-akshay-kumar/article1-1135845.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> it performed poorly at the box office netting {{INRConvert|540|m|year=2014}} domestically.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1621 |title=Boss – Movie – Box Office India}}</ref> Kumar came back strongly with ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]'', the Hindi remake of the 2012 Tamil film ''[[Thuppakki]]''. This [[Action Film|action thriller]] earned both critical and commercial success entering the {{INRconvert|1|b|year=2014|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} elite club and emerging one of the highest grossers of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2256|title=Holiday (2014)|access-date=18 April 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418151531/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2256|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_1226341>{{cite news |last1=Bawa |first1=Jyoti Sharma |title=Akshay impresses in Holiday's action sequences |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-akshay-kumar-s-holiday-will-keep-you-hooked/article1-1226341.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 June 2014 |date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617060035/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-akshay-kumar-s-holiday-will-keep-you-hooked/article1-1226341.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_36099137>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/holiday-a-soldier-is-never-off-duty/movie-review/36099137.cms |title=Holiday – A Soldier Is Never Off Duty |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/holiday-a-soldier-is-never-off-duty/movie-review/36099137.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_37018014>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Holiday-enters-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/37018014.cms |title=Holiday enters the 100 crore club! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610063136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Holiday-enters-the-100-crore-club/articleshow/37018014.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_1228347>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-holiday-to-enter-rs-100-crore-club/article1-1228347.aspx |title=Akshay Kumar's Holiday one of the biggest hits of 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 June 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729071146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-holiday-to-enter-rs-100-crore-club/article1-1228347.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> He then starred in ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' and has sung a song for the film. Making of the song has been uploaded on YouTube.<ref name=indianexpress_20140727>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar sings for 'Entertainment' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-akshay-kumar-sings-for-entertainment/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823032632/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-akshay-kumar-sings-for-entertainment/ |archive-date=23 August 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=27 July 2014}}</ref> His last film of 2014 was ''[[The Shaukeens]]''. He appeared as himself in it and produced it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tarannum |first1=Asira |title=Akshay Kumar doesn't want to over-promote himself for 'The Shaukeens' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-doesnt-want-to-over-promote-himself-for-the-shaukeens/15639156 |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031153721/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-doesnt-want-to-over-promote-himself-for-the-shaukeens/15639156 |url-status=live}}</ref> He then played the lead role in the thrillers ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' and ''[[Gabbar is Back]]''.<ref name=indianexpress_20141204>{{cite news |author1=Press Trust of India |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Baby' trailer released |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-baby-trailer-released/ |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=4 December 2014 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217165454/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-baby-trailer-released/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dnaindia_2068549>{{cite news |title=Watch: Sholay style teaser of Akshay Kumar's 'Gabbar Is Back' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-sholay-style-teaser-of-akshay-kumar-s-gabbar-is-back-2068549 |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=13 March 2015 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315230653/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-sholay-style-teaser-of-akshay-kumar-s-gabbar-is-back-2068549 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar's first collaboration with [[Karan Johar]], ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]'' was released on 14 August 2015.<ref name=indiatimes_46969888>{{cite news |author1=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Akshay Kumar wraps up 'Brothers' shooting |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-brothers-shooting/articleshow/46969888.cms |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 April 2015 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-brothers-shooting/articleshow/46969888.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Singh is Bling]]'', a quasi sequel to 2008's ''[[Singh is Kinng]]'' was released on 2 October 2015 and is produced by Grazing Goats Pictures.<ref name=archive_201510060404>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-singh-is-bliing-mints-rs-54-44-crore-in-three-days/ Akshay Kumar's 'Singh is Bliing' mints Rs. 54.44 crore in three days] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006040406/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-singh-is-bliing-mints-rs-54-44-crore-in-three-days/ |date=6 October 2015 }}. [[The Indian Express]]. 5 October 2015</ref>

His first release was ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' released on 22 January 2016 was critically and commercially successful,<ref name=khaleejtimes_20150402>{{cite news |last1=Dani |first1=Arti |title=Akshay Kumar shooting in Ras Al Khaimah |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2015/April/citytimes_April6.xml&section=citytimes |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |publisher=[[Galadari Printing and Publishing]] |date=2 April 2015 |location=Dubai |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402010715/http://khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2015%2FApril%2Fcitytimes_April6.xml&section=citytimes |url-status=live}}</ref> and second was ''[[Housefull 3]]'' which released on 3 June 2016.<ref name=indiatimes_48511330>{{cite news |title=Akshay, Riteish, Abhishek begin shooting Housefull 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Riteish-Abhishek-begin-shooting-Housefull-3/articleshow/48511330.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=6 October 2015 |date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820073040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Riteish-Abhishek-begin-shooting-Housefull-3/articleshow/48511330.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' which was produced by Neeraj Pandey and marked his third release of 2016. Akshay was praised for his performance in ''Rustom'' which garnered him numerous award nominations. ''Rustom'' grossed more than 2 billion at the box office.<ref name=archive_48884569>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-s-romantic-thriller-Rustom-to-release-on-I-Day-weekend/articleshow/48884569.cms Akshay Kumar 's romantic thriller 'Rustom' to release on I-Day weekend – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511205205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-s-romantic-thriller-rustom-to-release-on-i-day-weekend/articleshow/48884569.cms |date=11 May 2023 }} . ''The Times of India''. (9 September 2015). Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> Both ''Airlift'' and ''Rustom'' earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="NFA">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Akshay Won National Award For 'Rustom' & 'Airlift': Priyadarshan |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-won-national-award-for-both-rustom-and-airlift-says-priyadarshan |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180130/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-won-national-award-for-both-rustom-and-airlift-says-priyadarshan |url-status=live}}</ref>

His second film release in 2017 was ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''. This film depicted the serious social issue of toilets in certain regions of the country. Akshay's performance was praised. Akshay Kumar dug a toilet in [[Madhya Pradesh]] to promote the film.<ref name=santabantawallpaper_20170511>{{cite web |url=http://santabantawallpaper.co.in/toilet-ek-prem-katha |title=Akshay Kumar Toilet ek Prem katha first look, HD Wallpapers story, star cast, released date |website=santabantawallpaper.co.in |access-date=30 July 2017 |date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719151145/http://santabantawallpaper.co.in/toilet-ek-prem-katha |archive-date=19 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie trailer was released on 11 June 2017.<ref name=missmahi_20170612>{{Cite news |url=http://www.missmahi.com/movie/wiki/toilet-ek-prem-katha-wiki-star-cast-release-date/8908/ |title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha Wiki, Star Cast & Release Date |date=12 June 2017 |work=MissMahi |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922124429/http://www.missmahi.com/movie/wiki/toilet-ek-prem-katha-wiki-star-cast-release-date/8908/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called it a good effort to further the message of cleanliness, as per [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref name=news18_1430809>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi Lauds Akshay Kumar Toilet Ek Prem Katha's Trailer; Calls It a Good Effort to Further the Message of Cleanliness |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html |publisher=News18 |date=13 June 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028160655/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_59123054>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi impressed with Akshay Kumar's 'Toilet Ek Prem Katha' trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215013455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, Akshay starred in another social drama film ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' alongside [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Radhika Apte]].<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20171215>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumars-next-r-balki-titled-pad-man/ |title=Pad man Official Theatrical Trailer |date=15 December 2017 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date = 23 December 2017 |archive-date = 23 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171223215749/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumars-next-r-balki-titled-pad-man/ |url-status = live}}</ref> He later made his [[Tamil cinema]] debut in the science fiction thriller ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'', a [[Standalone film#Standalone sequel|standalone sequel]] to the 2010 film ''[[Enthiran]]'', co-starring [[Rajinikanth]], in which he played an evil ornithologist named Pakshirajan.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-plays-the-villain-in-Robot-2/articleshow/50203162.cms |title=Akshay Kumar plays the villain in 'Robot 2' |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-plays-the-villain-in-Robot-2/articleshow/50203162.cms |url-status=live |last1=Iyer |first1=Meena}}</ref><ref name="TH2.0">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajinikanths-20-first-look-to-be-out-on-november-20/article9206701.ece |title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 first look to be out on November 20 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rajinikanth%E2%80%99s-2.0-first-look-to-be-out-on-November-20/article15479000.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=thehindu_16738922>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/2.0-is-set-to-go-where-no-Indian-film-has-gone-before/article16738922.ece |title=2.0 is set to go where no Indian film has gone before |last=Bureau |first=City |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/2.0-is-set-to-go-where-no-Indian-film-has-gone-before/article16738922.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bookmyshow_20180225>{{cite web |title=Rajnikanth's 2.0 vs Aamir Khan's Thugs of Hindostan – There Could Be A Clash This Diwali! |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment-news/movies/bollywood/rajnikanths-2-0-vs-aamir-khans-thugs-hindostan-clash-diwali |website=BookMyShow |date=25 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202539/https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment-news/movies/bollywood/rajnikanths-2-0-vs-aamir-khans-thugs-hindostan-clash-diwali |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Kumar appeared in Karan Johar's film ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' opposite [[Parineeti Chopra]], based on the story of the Battle of Saragarhi. The film grossed over {{INRConvert|2|b|year=2019|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 April 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bollywoodhungama_20180110>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-parineeti-chopra-signed-opposite-akshay-kumar-karan-johars-kesari/ |title=BREAKING: Parineeti Chopra signed opposite Akshay Kumar for Karan Johar's Kesari |date=10 January 2018 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date = 11 January 2018 |archive-date = 11 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180111170712/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-parineeti-chopra-signed-opposite-akshay-kumar-karan-johars-kesari/ |url-status = live}}</ref> He next featured in ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' with an ensemble cast of [[Vidya Balan]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Sharman Joshi]] and Sonakshi Sinha. The film is about the story of scientists at [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] who contributed to the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]], which marked India's first interplanetary expedition.<ref name=hindustantimes_20181105>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's Mission Mangal will star Vidya Balan, Taapsee Pannu, Nithya Menen, Sonakshi Sinha, Manish Borundia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-signs-three-new-projects-to-start-shooting-for-mission-mangal-this-month/story-SJRWDHneqcNvDEBRBgHXMO.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 November 2018 |date=5 November 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105061942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-signs-three-new-projects-to-start-shooting-for-mission-mangal-this-month/story-SJRWDHneqcNvDEBRBgHXMO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Housefull 4]]'', directed by [[Sajid-Farhad|Farhad Samji]], was released in October 2019.<ref name=ndtv_1880629>{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |title=Housefull 4 Begins. Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol, Riteish Deshmukh Have A Warning For You |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-begins-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-have-a-warning-for-you-1880629 |website=NDTV |access-date=29 August 2018 |date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811152521/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-begins-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-have-a-warning-for-you-1880629 |url-status=live}}</ref> His next release in December 2019 was Karan Johar's and his own production ''[[Good Newwz]]'', a [[romantic comedy]] about [[surrogacy]], opposite [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]].<ref name=dnaindia_2643923>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-good-news-that-s-the-title-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-next-with-akshay-kumar-here-s-what-the-film-is-all-about-2643923/amp |title='Good News'! That's the title of Kareena Kapoor Khan's next with Akshay Kumar |date=31 July 2018 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201115308/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-good-news-that-s-the-title-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-next-with-akshay-kumar-here-s-what-the-film-is-all-about-2643923/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_73024282>{{cite news |title='Good Newwz' box office collection Day 3: Akshay Kumar and Kareena Kapoor Khan starrer witnesses a good Sunday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/good-newwz-box-office-collection-day-3-akshay-kumar-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-witnesses-a-good-sunday/articleshow/73024282.cms |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231000749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/good-newwz-box-office-collection-day-3-akshay-kumar-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-witnesses-a-good-sunday/articleshow/73024282.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> All of his four films were commercially successful this year with three consecutive domestic [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|2 billion Club]] net films alongside ''[[Mission Mangal]]'', ''[[Housefull 4]]'' and ''[[Good Newwz]]''.<ref name="reldate">{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-good-news-to-release-on-december-27/story-sYRIF21QdnIgYTowUCbYfP.html |title=Akshay Kumar, Kareenaas Kapoorwell Khan'sas Good News to release on December 27 |date=27 April 2019 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 December 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |title=Good Newwz Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224075547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

His only release in 2020 was the horror comedy ''[[Laxmii]]'', directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]], an official remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' opposite [[Kiara Advani]].<ref name=timesnownews_406253>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/is-akshay-kumar-starrer-kanchana-remake-titled-laaxmi-bomb-heres-how-we-might-know/406253 |website=Times Now |first1=Gaurang |last1=Chauhan |title=Is Akshay Kumar starrer Kanchana remake titled Laaxmi Bomb? Here's how we might know |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424143055/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/is-akshay-kumar-starrer-kanchana-remake-titled-laaxmi-bomb-heres-how-we-might-know/406253 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatoday_1509243>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akshay-kumar-and-raghava-lawrence-begin-shooting-of-kanchana-hindi-remake-lakshmi-1509243-2019-04-24 |date=24 April 2019 |first1=P |last1=Kirubhakar |website=IndiaToday |title=Akshay Kumar and Raghava Lawrence begin shooting of Kanchana Hindi remake Lakshmi |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424142627/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akshay-kumar-and-raghava-lawrence-begin-shooting-of-kanchana-hindi-remake-lakshmi-1509243-2019-04-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on 9 November on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], and was not released theatrically in India due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=hindustantimes_20200916>{{cite news |title=Laxmmi Bomb teaser: Akshay Kumar film to release on Nov 9 on Disney+ Hotstar, actor promises a big blast on Diwali |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-teaser-akshay-kumar-film-to-release-on-nov-9-on-disney-hotstar-actor-promises-a-big-blast-on-diwali/story-ph32STR42WijAWD58DgS6M.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-teaser-akshay-kumar-film-to-release-on-nov-9-on-disney-hotstar-actor-promises-a-big-blast-on-diwali/story-ph32STR42WijAWD58DgS6M_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film revolves around a man who gets possessed by the ghost of a transgender. Despite receiving mixed to negative reviews from critics, it was popular on both OTT as well as television, eventually emerging the only genuine hit to be premiered on digital.<ref name=boxofficeindia_20210402>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6211|title=Laxmii Is Huge On Satellite – Premieres Second To Bahubali 2|date=2 April 2021|access-date=12 May 2024|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512115702/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6211|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=boxofficeindia_20240110>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8254|title=Star Positions 2023 – Female Leads|date=10 January 2024|access-date=12 May 2024|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512115152/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8254|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar's first release of 2021, ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' did not perform well commercially, but his second release, [[Rohit Shetty]]'s actioner ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' proved to be a box office hit and was credited with reviving the exhibition sector for [[Hindi cinema]] post [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/5C93992D00424385|title=Sooryavanshi (2021)|website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]|access-date=9 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107233534/http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/5C93992D00424385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6142|title=Sooryavanshi – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=2 May 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502205806/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6142|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_101638091311>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/as-sooryavanshi-inches-closer-to-rs-200-crore-rohit-shetty-says-people-were-betting-on-film-s-fate-hours-before-release-101638091311095.html | title=As Sooryavanshi inches closer to ₹200 crore, Rohit Shetty says people were betting on film's fate hours before release | work=Hindustan Times | date=28 November 2021 | access-date=1 December 2022 | archive-date=1 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201151600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/as-sooryavanshi-inches-closer-to-rs-200-crore-rohit-shetty-says-people-were-betting-on-film-s-fate-hours-before-release-101638091311095.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Towards the end of year, he co-starred alongside [[Dhanush]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]] in [[Aanand L. Rai]]'s [[Over-the-top media service|direct-to-digital]] romantic comedy film ''[[Atrangi Re]]''.<ref name=livemint_116378166698>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=25 November 2021|title=Akshay Kumar, Dhanush, Sara Ali's 'Atrangi Re' to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/akshay-kumar-dhanush-sara-ali-s-atrangi-re-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-11637816669858.html|access-date=24 December 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224093713/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/akshay-kumar-dhanush-sara-ali-s-atrangi-re-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-11637816669858.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At release, ''Atrangi Re'' garnered the highest opening day viewership in their streaming service, thereby breaking the viewership records of ''[[Laxmii]]'' (2020), ''[[Hungama 2]]'' (2021) and ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|first=Grace|last=Cyril|title=Atrangi Re beats Laxmii, Hungama 2 to become the most-watched film on release day|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/atrangi-re-beats-laxmii-hungama-2-to-become-the-most-watched-film-on-release-day-1893125-2021-12-28|access-date=30 December 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230052755/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/atrangi-re-beats-laxmii-hungama-2-to-become-the-most-watched-film-on-release-day-1893125-2021-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=news18_4604684>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2021|title=Dhanush Starrer Atrangi Re Becomes Most Watched Film on Disney+Hotstar|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dhanush-starrer-atrangi-re-becomes-most-watched-film-on-disneyhotstar-4604684.html|access-date=30 December 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230052757/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dhanush-starrer-atrangi-re-becomes-most-watched-film-on-disneyhotstar-4604684.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2022–2024: Career decline and fluctuations ===
In 2022, Kumar's first release was ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]'', a remake of ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', where he played the titular role of a gangster, a name derived from Kumar's character in the 2008 film ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]''.<ref name=dnaindia_2775917>{{cite news |title='Bachchan Pandey': Akshay Kumar brings his 'Tashan' character back and the poster will remind you of a South Indian don |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bachchan-pandey-akshay-kumar-brings-his-tashan-character-back-and-the-poster-will-remind-you-of-a-south-indian-don-2775917 |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=DNA |date=26 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412131244/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bachchan-pandey-akshay-kumar-brings-his-tashan-character-back-and-the-poster-will-remind-you-of-a-south-indian-don-2775917 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film paired him with [[Kriti Sanon]], and also features [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Arshad Warsi]].<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20220118>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Bachchan Pandey to release on March 18, 2022; new posters unveiled |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-bachchan-pandey-release-march-18-2022-new-posters-unveiled/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118095513/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-bachchan-pandey-release-march-18-2022-new-posters-unveiled/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite an ensemble cast and hype among fans, ''Bachchhan Paandey'' gathered negative critical reception and [[Box office bomb|bombed at the box office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6172|title=Bachchhan Pandey – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=2 May 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502210231/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6172|url-status=live}}</ref>

His next release was the historical film ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022), which was based on life of the Hindu warrior [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. It also starred [[Sonu Sood]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and debutant [[Manushi Chhillar]]. Released theatrically on 3 June 2022, the film opened to mixed reviews. Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote 'To tone down his body language and accent, Kumar has lost much of his trademark energy and could not develop the gravitas required to play the celebrated ruler. He growls like a lion who has lost his bite and despite all the air-brushing, doesn't look like the boy who became a Samrat in his 20s'.<ref name=thehindu_65490874>{{cite news |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samrat-prithviraj-movie-review-disappointing-akshay-kumar-stars-in-dreary-period-piece/article65490874.ece |title=Prithviraj review by Anuj Kumar |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605081936/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samrat-prithviraj-movie-review-disappointing-akshay-kumar-stars-in-dreary-period-piece/article65490874.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a budget of ₹200 crore, the film failed to recoup the massive investment and proved to be a disaster at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6182|title=Prithviraj – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=17 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417061018/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6182|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=businesstoday_336514>{{cite magazine |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/bollywoods-bad-luck-at-the-box-office-continues-as-akshay-kumars-samrat-prithviraj-drags-336514-2022-06-06 |title=Bollywood's bad luck at the box office continues as Akshay Kumar's 'Samrat Prithviraj' drags |magazine=Business Today |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612065651/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/bollywoods-bad-luck-at-the-box-office-continues-as-akshay-kumars-samrat-prithviraj-drags-336514-2022-06-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

His movie [[Raksha Bandhan (film)|''Rakshabandhan'']] which was released on the extended weekend of 5 days on 11 August received mixed reviews. ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The film's engaging powerful anti-dowry sentiments, along with Akshay's brilliant comic timing, ensures that there is enough to keep the audience tied for two hours."<ref name=thehindu_65758449>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=11 August 2022 |title='Raksha Bandhan' movie review: Akshay Kumar shines in this festival crowd pleaser |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raksha-bandhan-movie-review-akshay-kumar-shines-in-this-festival-crowd-pleaser/article65758449.ece |access-date=23 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823110725/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raksha-bandhan-movie-review-akshay-kumar-shines-in-this-festival-crowd-pleaser/article65758449.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Do the filmmakers truly believe that such low-rent family dramas, with their uneasy mix of humour and crassness".<ref name=indianexpress_8083718>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Raksha Bandhan movie review: A committed Akshay Kumar can't save this mothballed, melodramatic film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raksha-bandhan-review-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-8083718/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823125930/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raksha-bandhan-review-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-8083718/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film couldn't manage to impress the audience and scored poorly at the Indian ticket windows. The film managed to earn mere $4.2 million over the extended weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title=India Box Office: 'Laal Singh Chaddha', 'Raksha Bandhan' Score Low |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2022/08/16/india-box-office-laal-singh-chaddha-raksha-bandhan-score-low/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823110326/https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2022/08/16/india-box-office-laal-singh-chaddha-raksha-bandhan-score-low/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Akshay Kumar got a golden opportunity in the film ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]'' by [[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]] released on 25 October 2022, as his character is unlike anything he has done in the recent past. ''Ram Setu'' embraces the best of the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' and National Treasure schools of storytelling with desi action".<ref name=hindustantimes_101666686730>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Ram Setu movie review: Akshay Kumar film is enjoyable desi take on Indiana Jones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-setu-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-is-enjoyable-desi-take-on-indiana-jones-101666686730206.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127213358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-setu-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-is-enjoyable-desi-take-on-indiana-jones-101666686730206.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With the poor performance of ''Ram Setu'', 2022 proved to be one of the worst years for Kumar in recent times.<ref name=indiatimes_91999279>{{cite news |last1=Varsha |title='बच्चन पांडे' का भी रिकॉर्ड नहीं तोड़ पाई 'सम्राट पृथ्वीराज', मिली 'मेजर' और 'विक्रम' से टक्कर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/box-office/samrat-prithviraj-box-office-collection-day-1-report-in-hindi-akshay-kumar-struggle-for-business/articleshow/91999279.cms |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |date=4 June 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626193741/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/box-office/samrat-prithviraj-box-office-collection-day-1-report-in-hindi-akshay-kumar-struggle-for-business/articleshow/91999279.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

His first release of 2023 was ''[[Selfiee]]'', an official remake of ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'', which also starred [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Diana Penty]] and [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]].<ref name=indiatimes_98189997>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |date=24 February 2023 |title=Selfiee Movie Review : A rib-tickling comedy peppered with good performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/selfiee/movie-review/98189997.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224055723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/selfiee/movie-review/98189997.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> This film too bombed at the box office.<ref name=thedailyjagran_10067930>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/selfiee-box-office-collection-akshay-kumars-film-declared-a-huge-flop-collects-this-much-on-day11-10067930 |title=Selfiee Box Office Collection: Akshay Kumar's Film Declared a Huge Flop, Collects THIS Much on Day 11 |newspaper=English Jagran |date=7 March 2023 | access-date=12 March 2023 | archive-date=12 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064249/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/selfiee-box-office-collection-akshay-kumars-film-declared-a-huge-flop-collects-this-much-on-day11-10067930 | url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar next appeared in ''[[OMG 2 – Oh My God 2 (2022 Film)|OMG 2 – Oh my God 2]]'', a spiritual successor to ''OMG – Oh My God!'', where he played a messenger of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref name=indiatimes_87221027>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-starts-shooting-for-omg-2-shares-first-look-posters/articleshow/87221027.cms |title=Akshay Kumar starts shooting for 'OMG 2', shares first-look posters |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=12 March 2023 | archive-date=12 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312064244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-starts-shooting-for-omg-2-shares-first-look-posters/articleshow/87221027.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "Akshay's character as the messenger of Lord Shiva seems to be an extended cameo. However, the actor impresses with his expressions and dialogues and delivers one of his best performances in recent times."<ref name=firstpost_12983932>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Akshay Kumar, Pankaj Tripathi & Yami Gautam Dhar's OMG 2 movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/omg-2-movie-review-akshay-kumar-pankaj-tripathi-yami-gautam-dhar-deliver-a-path-breaking-film-on-sex-education-12983932.html/amp |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810201317/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/omg-2-movie-review-akshay-kumar-pankaj-tripathi-yami-gautam-dhar-deliver-a-path-breaking-film-on-sex-education-12983932.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a box office hit.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20230821>{{Cite web |title=OMG 2 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/omg-2/box-office/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812060949/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/omg-2/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar next appeared opposite Parineeti Chopra as [[Jaswant Singh Gill]], a brave and diligent mining engineer in the disaster thriller ''[[Mission Raniganj]]''.<ref name=indiatimes_92754577>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/first-look-of-akshay-kumars-coal-mine-rescue-movie-is-out/articleshow/92754577.cms |title=Akshay Kumar's first look from the sets of 'Capsule Gill' leaked; leaves fans mighty impressed |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=12 March 2023 | archive-date=11 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311073022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/first-look-of-akshay-kumars-coal-mine-rescue-movie-is-out/articleshow/92754577.cms | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bollywoodhungama_20230511>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=11 May 2023 |title=SCOOP: Akshay Kumar's next on the 1989 mining operation titled The Great Indian Rescue : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumars-next-1989-mining-operation-titled-great-indian-rescue/ |access-date=11 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511131134/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumars-next-1989-mining-operation-titled-great-indian-rescue/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It received mixed to positive response from critics, but flopped miserably at the box office.<ref name=indianexpress_8977452>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar admits Mission Raniganj 'hasn't done well' at the box office: 'I own up, but it is one of my best films' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-admits-mission-raniganj-hasnt-done-well-at-the-box-office-i-own-up-but-it-is-one-of-my-best-films-8977452/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011055718/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-admits-mission-raniganj-hasnt-done-well-at-the-box-office-i-own-up-but-it-is-one-of-my-best-films-8977452 |url-status=live}}</ref>

His first release of 2024 was [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]'s actioner ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' co-starring [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan|id=bade_miyan_chote_miyan_2024
|type=m|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> Made at a budget of ₹3.50 billion, the film opened to largely negative reviews from critics and did a lifetime business of ₹1021.6 million at the worldwide box-office, thus proving to be a disaster and continuing the string of flops for Kumar.<ref name=indiatoday_2526032>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-review-akshay-kumar-tiger-shroff-ali-abbas-zafar-2526032-2024-04-11|title='Bade Miyan Chote Miyan' Review: Akshay-Tiger film falls short of serving a good Eidi|website=[[India Today]]|date=11 April 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-review-akshay-kumar-tiger-shroff-ali-abbas-zafar-2526032-2024-04-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_9288104>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood stares at Rs 250 cr loss with Bade Miyan Chote Miyan and Maidaan bombing; 'worst week' in Hindi films' history spotlights stars charging over Rs 100 cr as fees |language=en |website=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-rs-250-cr-loss-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-maidaan-bombing-worst-week-stars-charging-over-100-cr-fees-9288104/#google_vignette |date=26 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507211651/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-rs-250-cr-loss-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-maidaan-bombing-worst-week-stars-charging-over-100-cr-fees-9288104/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> He was next seen in ''[[Sarfira]]'' alongside [[Radhika Madan]]. The movie was a remake of the Tamil hit ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'', which itself was an adaptation of [[Air Deccan]] founder [[G. R. Gopinath]]'s memoir ''Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey''. The remake performed poorly at the box-office, collecting just ₹200 million against a budget of ₹800 million. However his performance was praised as he went on to earn a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] at the [[70th Filmfare Awards]].<ref name=filmfare_20250926>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2025 – Nominations List|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2025/nominations |publisher=[[Filmfare Awards]]|accessdate=27 May 2026|date= 26 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=indiatoday_1962812>{{cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=Suriya shoots cameo with Akshay Kumar for Soorarai Pottru Hindi remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/suriya-shoots-cameo-with-akshay-kumar-for-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-1962812-2022-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615133838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/suriya-shoots-cameo-with-akshay-kumar-for-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-1962812-2022-06-15 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2024 |title=Sarfira advance booking: Kumar-starrer mints Rs 24 lakh, sells 12k tickets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/sarfira-advance-booking-kumar-starrer-mints-rs-24-lakh-sells-12k-tickets-124071100755_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name=bollywoodhungama_20240713>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Sarfira Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sarfira/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Following this, Kumar played a cosmetic surgeon in ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' alongside Vaani Kapoor.<ref name=hindustantimes_101721720536>{{cite news |date=23 July 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/khel-khel-mein-poster-fans-call-akshay-kumar-king-of-comedy-as-he-returns-to-the-genre-this-time-with-fardeen-khan-101721720536161.html |title=Khel Khel Mein: Fans call Akshay Kumar 'king of comedy' as he returns to the genre, this time with Fardeen Khan |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=thehindu_68008793>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar and co. wraps up shooting of 'Khel Khel Mein' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-shooting-of-khel-khel-mein/article68008793.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] noted, "The chemistry between the motley bunch of actors works in fits and starts but Akshay Kumar's gift of the gab come out tops."<ref name=rediff_20240815>{{Cite web |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |title=Khel Khel Mein Review: Game Of Phones |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/khel-khel-mein-review/20240815.htm |date=15 August 2024 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Despite positive reviews, it emerged another commercial failure for him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khel Khel Mein Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/khel-khel-mein-2/box-office/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Kumar then reprised his character from ''Sooryavanshi'' in ''[[Singham Again]]''.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20200328>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar will appear in Rohit Shetty's next Ajay Devgn starrer Singham 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-will-appear-rohit-shettys-next-ajay-devgn-starrer-singham-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230174828/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-will-appear-rohit-shettys-next-ajay-devgn-starrer-singham-3/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_9647928>{{cite news |title=Singham Again Movie Release, Review Live Updates: Akshay Kumar's cameo wins hearts, fans happy to see Salman in new look |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/singham-again-movie-review-live-updates-rohit-shetty-ajay-devgn-salman-khan-live-updates-9647928/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> His cameo was well received but the film was a commercial disappointment. Yet, it was one of the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2024/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2024|access-date=26 January 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

=== 2025–present: Resurgence ===

Kumar's career saw a resurgence post mid-2025, when his last 2 films of the year performed decently at the box office, though his first 2 films of the year were unprofitable at the box office despite positive critical and audience reception.<ref name=firstpost_13895995>{{cite web |title=Sky Force, Kesari Chapter 2, Housefull 5: How Akshay Kumar has delivered three hits in a row this year |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sky-force-kesari-chapter-2-housefull-5-how-akshay-kumar-has-delivered-three-hits-in-a-row-this-year-13895995.html/amp |website=Firstpost |date=10 June 2025 |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_121749398>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar's box office revival: From a string of flops to a resurgent 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumars-box-office-revival-from-a-string-of-flops-to-a-resurgent-2025/articleshow/121749398.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 June 2025 |accessdate=11 June 2025}}</ref> His first release came with ''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]'', based on India's first airstrike during the [[Sargodha Airbase]] attack in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani war]].<ref name=cnbctv18_19545661>{{Cite news |last=Pant |first=Asmita |date=24 January 2025 |title=Sky Force: The real story behind the 1965 Sargodha airstrike |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/sky-force-movie-real-story-behind-1965-sargodha-airstrike-akshay-kumar-veer-pahariya-19545661.htm |work=CNBCTV18 |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> This marked his second collaboration with [[Maddock Films]] following ''[[Stree 2]]''.<ref name=deccanherald_334217505>{{Cite news |title=After 'Stree 2', will Akshay be part of Maddock Films' horror comedy universe? Dinesh Vijan has an answer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/after-stree-2-will-akshay-be-part-of-maddock-films-horror-comedy-universe-dinesh-vijan-has-an-answer-334217505 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=PTI |date=5 January 2025 |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Pragati Awasthi of ''[[WION]]'' wrote "the aura and energy he brings to his character always manages to capture viewer attention. While his performance isn't extraordinary, he still manages to make the audience feel emotional with his poignant scenes."<ref name=wionews_8649231>{{Cite news |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=24 January 2025 |title=Sky Force Review: Akshay Kumar and Veer Pahariya soar high in this perfect Republic Day watch |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/sky-force-movie-review-akshay-kumar-and-veer-pahariyas-film-is-a-perfect-republic-day-watch-8649231 |work=Wion |access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref> Despite positive reviews, the film wasn't profitable at the box office due to its high budget.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title=India Box Office: 'Sky Force' Crosses $10 Million In First Weekend |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2025/01/28/india-box-office-sky-force-crosses-10-million-in-first-weekend/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Following this, Kumar played advocate [[C. Sankaran Nair]] in ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'', which is set against the backdrop of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in 1919.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20231130>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar begins filming for Karan Johar's next titled The Untold Story of C Sankaran Nair: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-begins-filming-karan-johars-next-titled-untold-story-c-sankaran-nair-report/ |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=30 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_101743673585>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ritika |title=Akshay Kumar fans say 'Content Kumar is back' with Kesari Chapter 2 trailer, praise powerhouse clash with R Madhavan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-fans-say-content-kumar-is-back-with-kesari-chapter-2-trailer-praise-powerhouse-clash-with-r-madhavan-101743673585832.html |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times|date=3 April 2025 }}</ref> Titas Chowdhury stated, "Akshay Kumar sheds off his aura as a superstar and chooses to lean on his acting prowess, taking it a notch higher than ''Sarfira''."<ref name=news18_9304175>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Titas |date=18 April 2025 |title=Kesari Chapter 2 Review: Akshay Kumar, R Madhavan Are Fiery In This Courtroom Drama; Ananya Panday Holds Her Own |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kesari-chapter-2-review-akshay-kumar-r-madhavan-are-fiery-in-this-courtroom-drama-ananya-panday-holds-her-own-9304175.html |work=News18 |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> The film, like ''Sky Force'', wasn't profitable commercially due to its high budget despite positive reviews.<ref name=news18_9333987>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Karan Johar Celebrates Kesari Chapter 2's IMDB Milestone and Box Office Success |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-celebrates-kesari-chapter-2s-imdb-milestone-and-box-office-success-aa-9333987.html |work=News18 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_121116956>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=With 'Jaat', 'Kesari 2', 'Raid 2' – the box office is on a roll with a sum of Rs 300 crore within a month; Sunny Deol, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgn give renewed hope to theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/with-jaat-kesari-2-raid-2-the-box-office-is-on-a-roll-with-a-sum-of-rs-300-crore-within-a-month-sunny-deol-akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-give-renewed-hope-to-theatres-exclusive-analysis/articleshow/121116956.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref> Kumar next played one of the primary character in ''[[Housefull 5]]'' opposite [[Nargis Fakhri]] and Jacqueline Fernandez. The film was released in two versions, titled ''Housefull 5A'' and ''Housefull 5B'', each featuring a different climax and murderer.<ref name=variety_1236413688>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Inside Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Housefull 5' Multiple Endings Gambit: 'Bringing Back That Element of Surprise' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sajid-nadiadwala-housefull-5-multiple-endings-1236413688/ |website=Variety |date=30 May 2025 |accessdate=30 May 2025}}</ref> Rishabh Suri opined: "Akshay knows exactly what's expected of him. This is classic Akshay comedy territory, and he makes even the flat writing work."<ref name=hindustantimes_101749203508>{{cite web |title=Housefull 5 review: Akshay Kumar and Ritesh Deshmukh anchor this cruise drama; climax makes up for the flaws |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-5-review-akshay-kumar-and-ritesh-deshmukh-anchor-this-cruise-drama-climax-makes-up-for-the-flaws-101749203508563-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2025 |accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref> A moderate commercial success and his first profitable film since ''OMG 2'', it emerged as [[List of Hindi films of 2025|one of the highest-grossing films]] of the year.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20250607>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Housefull 5 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-5/box-office/ |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Top Grossers Worldwide 2025">{{cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2025/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Kumar then portrayed Lord [[Shiva]] opposite [[Kajal Aggarwal]] in a cameo appearance in the Telugu film ''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]'', which bombed at the box office.<ref name=indianexpress_10031294>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Jyoti |date=27 May 2025 |title='Akshay Kumar rejected me twice, had to request Sudha Kongara to convince him,' recalls Kannappa star Vishnu Manchu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-rejected-me-twice-had-to-request-sudha-kongara-to-convince-him-recalls-kannappa-star-vishnu-manchu-couldnt-afford-his-fees-10031294/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528023111/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-rejected-me-twice-had-to-request-sudha-kongara-to-convince-him-recalls-kannappa-star-vishnu-manchu-couldnt-afford-his-fees-10031294/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his last release of the year ''[[Jolly LLB 3]]'', Kumar reprised his role of an advocate from ''Jolly LLB 2'' alongside [[Arshad Warsi]], who reprised his role from ''[[Jolly LLB]]''.<ref name=indiatimes_123252771>{{cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title='Jolly LLB 3' teaser: Akshay Kumar and Arshad Warsi's hilarious face-off in the courtroom leaves judge saurabh shukla in trouble|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jolly-llb-3-teaser-akshay-kumar-and-arshad-warsis-hilarious-face-off-in-the-courtroom-leaves-judge-saurabh-shukla-in-trouble/articleshow/123252771.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=news18_9564915>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Gutka Nahi Khana Chahiye' Remark At Jolly LLB 3 Launch In Kanpur Goes Viral {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/akshay-kumars-gutka-nahi-khana-chahiye-remark-at-jolly-llb-3-launch-in-kanpur-goes-viral-watch-ws-kl-9564915.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Akshay is a delight to watch. His sharp one-liners land effortlessly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=19 September 2025 |title=Jolly LLB 3 review: Akshay-Arshad bring charm but Saurabh Shukla owns the courtroom |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jolly-llb-3-movie-review-akshay-kumar-arshad-warsi-bring-charm-but-saurabh-shukla-owns-the-courtroom-2789835-2025-09-19 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film emerged as yet another moderate commercial success and one of the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="Top Grossers Worldwide 2025" /><ref name=bollywoodhungama_20250920>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Jolly LLB 3 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jolly-llb-3/box-office/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2026, Kumar started in the horror-comedy film ''[[Bhooth Bangla]]'', which was directed by ''[[Priyadarshan]]''. The film received mixed reviews but became Kumar's first clean hit since ''[[OMG 2]]'', grossing over ₹2.30 billion at the worldwide box office against a budget of ₹1.20 billion.

== Other work ==

=== Television ===

In 2004, Kumar presented seven-part miniseries ''[[Seven Deadly Arts with Akshay Kumar]]'' for free,<ref name=rediff_20040426>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Vivek |title=Akshay Kumar: Winning hearts with martial arts! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/26akshay.htm |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=Rediff.com |date=26 April 2004 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142634/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/26akshay.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> played master and learner as he introduces viewers to each of the seven part of martial arts-[[kalaripayattu]], [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], karate, [[taekwondo]], [[aikido]], [[Muay Thai]], [[capoeira]],<ref name=desiblitz_20111103>{{cite news |last1=Sahota |first1=Baldev |title=Akshay Kumar's Karate-do a Hit |url=http://www.desiblitz.com/content/akshay-kumars-karate-do-a-hit |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=Desi Blitz |date=3 November 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108141132/http://www.desiblitz.com/content/akshay-kumars-karate-do-a-hit |url-status=live}}</ref> the show aired on every following Sunday.<ref name=sify_20040426>{{cite news |title=Seven deadly arts with Akshay Kumar! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/seven-deadly-arts-with-akshay-kumar-news-bollywood-kkfvMdeccaisi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031122510/http://www.sify.com/movies/seven-deadly-arts-with-akshay-kumar-news-bollywood-kkfvMdeccaisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=21 October 2014 |date=26 April 2004}}</ref> The following year Kumar was awarded the highest Japanese honour of "Katana" and a sixth degree [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in Kuyukai [[Gōjū-ryū]] karate.

Since 2008, Kumar started India's stunt/action [[reality game show]], ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''. He hosted the [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|first season]], [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|second season]] and [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4|fourth season]].<ref name=in_148294>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-back-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-4/148294-8-66.html |title=Akshay Kumar back to Khatron Ke Khiladi season 4 |date=5 April 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810191721/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-back-to-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-4/148294-8-66.html |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The show was widely accepted and appreciated, became hugely successful in popular culture.<ref name=ndtv_620005>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-torchaar-gets-maximum-ratings-ever-620005 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi – Torchaar Gets Maximum Ratings Ever | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070256/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-torchaar-gets-maximum-ratings-ever-620005 | url-status=live}}</ref> It is still being run by [[Rohit Shetty]].

In 2011, Kumar hosted India's first [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef'']] television show on [[Star Plus]], was viewed by 18.2 million viewers and went to prove that Indian audiences are open to experimenting and look forward to innovations in television entertainment.<ref name=indiainfoline_113101801665>{{Cite web |title=Master Chef India Finale garners 4.2 TVRs |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/master-chef-india-finale-garners-4-2-tvrs-113101801665_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606054925/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/master-chef-india-finale-garners-4-2-tvrs-113101801665_1.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[India Infoline]]}}</ref>

In 2014, He hosted another reality show ''[[Dare 2 Dance]]'' as a mentor, which aired on [[Life OK]] from 6 September. It broke the norms of a regular dance format with a commitment of a 'first of its kind. A dance show where trained and famed dancers wasn't judged only on the basis of their dance performances, but they had to perform stunts.survive on the dance floor.<ref name=dnaindia_2010604>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dare-2-dance-to-air-on-life-ok-on-september-6-2010604 |title='Dare 2 Dance' to air on Life OK on September 6 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070256/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dare-2-dance-to-air-on-life-ok-on-september-6-2010604 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_20141028>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanam-johar-wins-dare-2-dance-thanks-akshay-kumar/story-EfO9hxfHC4eEJabxBO3UrK.html |title=Sanam Johar wins Dare 2 Dance, thanks Akshay Kumar |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 October 2014 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070256/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanam-johar-wins-dare-2-dance-thanks-akshay-kumar/story-EfO9hxfHC4eEJabxBO3UrK.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Kumar also produced a successful television serial [[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|''Jamai Raja'']] (2014), starring [[Ravi Dubey]] and [[Nia Sharma]], which established them leading actors in Indian television industry''.<ref name=indiatimes_38208736>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Kumar-turns-TV-producer/articleshow/38208736.cms? |title=Akshay Kumar turns TV producer |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=15 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315114907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Kumar-turns-TV-producer/articleshow/38208736.cms | url-status=live}}</ref>''

In 2017, he judged ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''<ref name=indiatimes_59410250>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshay-kumar-to-judge-the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-releases-the-teaser/articleshow/59410250.cms |title=Akshay Kumar to judge the Great Indian Laughter Challenge; releases the teaser |website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=3 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903104305/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshay-kumar-to-judge-the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-releases-the-teaser/articleshow/59410250.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Mallika Dua]], [[Hussain Dalal]] and [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]], who were later replaced by [[Sajid Khan]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-trps-get-a-boost-after-sajid-khan-and-shreyas-talpade-join-show-18761182 |title=The Great Indian Laughter Challenge TRPS get a boost with Sajid and Shreyas |date=22 November 2017 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=12 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012222425/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-trps-get-a-boost-after-sajid-khan-and-shreyas-talpade-join-show-18761182 | url-status=live}}</ref> The show made many popular names including [[Vishwash Chauhan]] and [[Shyam Rangeela]].

Kumar joined [[Bear Grylls]] for an episode, "[[Man vs. Wild|Into The Wild]]", which aired on Discovery channel on 14 September 2020.<ref name=indianexpress_6592299>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/key-takeaways-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-akshay-kumar-special-episode-6592299/ |title=Into the Wild with Bear Grylls and Akshay Kumar episode: Key takeaways |date=14 September 2020 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070256/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/key-takeaways-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-akshay-kumar-special-episode-6592299/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The episode was second highest-rated show in the infotainment genre ([[Discovery Channel]]) in terms of TRP. 11 million people watched the premiere on Discovery Network channels.<ref name=dnaindia_2845106>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-and-akshay-kumar-creates-history-on-tv-here-s-how-2845106 |title='Into the Wild with Bear Grylls and Akshay Kumar' creates history on TV; here's how | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070257/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-and-akshay-kumar-creates-history-on-tv-here-s-how-2845106 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mansworldindia_20200925>{{cite web |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/lifestyle/entertainment/akshay-kumars-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-episode-breaks-viewership-records/ |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Into the Wild with Bear Grylls' Episode Breaks Viewership Records |date=25 September 2020 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070307/https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/akshay-kumars-into-the-wild-with-bear-grylls-episode-breaks-viewership-records/amp/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2025, Kumar will appear as an investor and mentor on ''[[Pitch to Get Rich]]'', a fashion-focused reality series produced by [[Jio Studios]], Dharmatic Entertainment, and the {{ill|Fashion Entrepreneur Fund|en}}.<ref name=livemint_117594868010>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Arshdeep |date=29 September 2025 |title=Pitch To Get Rich OTT release date: when and where to watch Karan Johar's fashion reality show online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/pitch-to-get-rich-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-karan-johars-fashion-reality-show-online-11759486801052.html |work=Livemint |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, he appeared as the host of the Indian version of American's gameshow ''[[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'' produced by [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref name=ottplay_4393500339>{{Cite web |title=Wheel of Fortune promo: Akshay Kumar breaks new rule of luck, success and money {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/wheel-of-fortune-promo-akshay-kumar-breaks-new-rule-of-luck-success-and-money-watch/08f4393500339 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fitness work and stage performances ===
Kumar promotes health fitness and exercising, stays in shape with a combination of kickboxing, basketball, swimming and [[Parkour]] as well as working out. While in standard eighth he had started practising Karate. He intended to open a martial arts school and the state government of [[Maharashtra]] allotted land for the school in Bhayandar.<ref name="Bhayandar">{{cite news |last=Ruhani |first=Faheem |title=Akshay Kumar lends glamour to kabaddi, buys a team |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-kabaddi-buys-team-maharashtra-government-world-kabaddi-league-197267-2014-06-17 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822211006/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-kabaddi-buys-team-maharashtra-government-world-kabaddi-league/1/367298.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Akshay Kumar with his wife Twinkle Khanna in 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Kumar with his wife [[Twinkle Khanna]] at the launch of Khanna's book ''[[Mrs Funnybones]]'' in 2015]] He helped Khanna with editing the drafts of her debut book ''[[Mrs Funnybones]]''.<ref name=TH>{{cite news |author1=Press Trust of India |title=Twinkle Khanna's Mrs Funnybones is now a book |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/twinkle-khannas-mrs-funnybones-is-now-a-book/article7558757.ece |access-date=8 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=20 August 2015 |location=Mumbai|author1-link=Press Trust of India |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://www.thehindu.com/books/twinkle-khannas-mrs-funnybones-is-now-a-book/article7558757.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> He is a [[Teetotalism|teetotaller]]<ref name=indiatimes_7989182>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|title=I don't smoke or drink: Akshay|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-smoke-or-drink-Akshay/articleshow/7989182.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807091731/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-smoke-or-drink-Akshay/articleshow/7989182.cms|archive-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> but has endorsed for a liquor brand in the past. Half of the sum was given for ''[[dāna|daan]]'' (charity work), of which he has been doing more of in recent times.<ref name="m.mid-day.com" /><ref name=indiatimes_17304750>{{cite news |last1=Thakkar |first1=Mehul S |title=Teetotaller Akshay endorses alcohol but for 'charity' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Teetotaller-Akshay-endorses-alcohol-but-for-charity/articleshow/17304750.cms |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2012 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Teetotaller-Akshay-endorses-alcohol-but-for-charity/articleshow/17304750.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, one of his fan travelled from [[Haryana]] to Mumbai, to meet him. The journey took him 42 days. When he reached Kumar's building, he was informed that Kumar was in Casablanca. The fan stayed outside the building for one week before Kumar met him.<ref name=dnaindia_1939434>{{cite news |title=An Akshay Kumar fan walked for 42 days from Haryana to Mumbai to meet the actor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-an-akshay-kumar-fan-walked-for-42-days-from-haryana-to-mumbai-to-meet-the-actor-1939434 |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=23 December 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106142824/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-an-akshay-kumar-fan-walked-for-42-days-from-haryana-to-mumbai-to-meet-the-actor-1939434 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar has come out in support and lauded the Sports Minister [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] for his stand against corruption. The minister said that the government entrusted CBI in the investigation against the corrupt officials in sports department.<ref name=indiatimes_67182613>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/rajyavardhan-rathore-akshay-kumar-discuss-fitness-during-live-instagram-session/articleshow/67182613.cms |title=Rajyavardhan Rathore, Akshay Kumar discuss fitness during live Instagram session |website=The Times of India |date=21 December 2018 | access-date=11 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011111301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/rajyavardhan-rathore-akshay-kumar-discuss-fitness-during-live-instagram-session/articleshow/67182613.cms | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/akshay-kumar-lauds-sports-minister-rajyavardhan-singh-rathore-for-his-fight-against-corruption-in-sports |title=Akshay Kumar lauds Sports Minister Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore for his fight against corruption in sports | access-date=12 October 2022 | archive-date=14 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014182320/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/akshay-kumar-lauds-sports-minister-rajyavardhan-singh-rathore-for-his-fight-against-corruption-in-sports | url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 August 2014, Kumar performed at his 500th live show. The show was held in [[The O2 Arena|O2 Arena]] in London as part of the inaugural function of the World Kabaddi League. His first live show was held in 1991 in Delhi. Kumar owns [[Bengal Warriors]] a team in the Indian Kabbadi League.<ref name="Bhayandar" /><ref name="Liveshow">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |title=Akshay Kumar's 500th live show in London |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-500th-live-show-in-london/article1-1248791.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 August 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807033148/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-500th-live-show-in-london/article1-1248791.aspx |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> In 2019, Akshay Kumar set himself on fire at the launch of his then-upcoming series ''The End'' with [[Prime Video]], where he said that "he's a stuntman first and actor later". However, the series was indefinitely delayed.<ref name=hindustantimes_20190305>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sets-himself-on-fire-at-the-end-launch-says-he-s-a-stuntman-first-and-actor-later/story-eCfx6Phw8sEposd1fo6a3O.html |title=Akshay Kumar sets himself on fire at the End launch, says he's a stuntman first and actor later |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 March 2019 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009180922/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sets-himself-on-fire-at-the-end-launch-says-he-s-a-stuntman-first-and-actor-later/story-eCfx6Phw8sEposd1fo6a3O_amp.html | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=news18_4862741>{{Cite news |last=Dedhia |first=Sonia |date=11 March 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar on His Web Debut 'The End': 'Wasn't Satisfied With Screenplay But If All Goes Well...' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumar-on-his-web-debut-the-end-wasnt-satisfied-with-screenplay-but-if-all-goes-well-4862741.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174529/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumar-on-his-web-debut-the-end-wasnt-satisfied-with-screenplay-but-if-all-goes-well-4862741.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 |work=News18 |access-date=20 July 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Production ===
{{Main|Cape Of Good Films|Grazing Goat Pictures}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Akshay Kumar with family.jpg|thumb|right|Kumar with his wife Twinkle Khanna and mother-in-law [[Dimple Kapadia]] in 2014]]

=== Relationships ===
During late 1990s, Kumar was in a relationship with actress [[Raveena Tandon]]. Despite being engaged, they parted ways. In a 1998 interview with Rediff, Kumar had admitted to having been engaged to Tandon while also claiming that they had never married. In another interview with actor [[Simi Garewal]] on her chat show, Tandon accused Kumar of cheating and of improper behaviour. Now Kumar and Tandon are said to be sharing normal relations.<ref name=indiatoday_2381274>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Tandon says she is friends with Akshay Kumar: I think of him very highly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-she-is-friends-with-akshay-kumar-i-think-of-him-very-highly-2381274-2023-05-19 |magazine=India Today |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522045219/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-she-is-friends-with-akshay-kumar-i-think-of-him-very-highly-2381274-2023-05-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=news18_7807873>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=13 May 2023 |title=Raveena Tandon talks about her broken engagement with Akshay Kumar in viral video, says 'He wanted...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/raveena-tandon-talks-about-her-broken-engagement-with-akshay-kumar-in-viral-video-says-he-wanted-7807873.html |work=News18 India |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513195200/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/raveena-tandon-talks-about-her-broken-engagement-with-akshay-kumar-in-viral-video-says-he-wanted-7807873.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_94904979>{{Cite magazine |title=Simi Garewal Birthday: 5 iconic interviews with Bollywood stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/simi-grewal-birthday-5-iconic-interviews-with-bollywood-stars/photostory/94904979.cms|magazine=Times of India|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=When Akshay Kumar reportedly cheated on Raveena Tandon for Shilpa Shetty and ended up getting married to Twinkle Khanna; later got bashed by his two famous exes|url=https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/when-akshay-kumar-reportedly-cheated-on-raveena-tandon-for-shilpa-shetty-and-ended-up-getting-married-to-twinkle-khanna-later-got-bashed-by-his-two-famous-exes |magazine=masala.com|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_125146034>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Tandon on her broken engagement with Akshay Kumar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/125146034.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |magazine=Times of India|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_8429005>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Tandon opens up about ‘broken engagement’ with Akshay Kumar, addresses rumours that he dated women who looked like her out of spite|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-opens-up-about-broken-engagement-with-akshay-kumar-8429005/ |magazine=Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=ndtv_11010971>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Tandon Reveals Her Relationship With Ex Akshay Kumar And Shilpa Shetty: "Who Hasn't Had A Break-Up?"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-opens-up-about-her-relationship-with-akshay-kumar-and-shilpa-shetty-who-hasnt-gone-through-breakups-11010971|magazine=NDTV|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref>

Later from 1997 to 2000, Kumar was in another much talked after relationship with actress [[Shilpa Shetty]], with whom also he had worked together in many films. Later it had led to an ugly break-up. This is said to have severely strained the relationship between Shetty and Raveena Tandon. Later, Shetty publicly accused Kumar of cheating on her. In an interview in 2000, Shetty is alleged to have said, "I never imagined that he could two-time me. There is no point blaming any other woman, it was entirely his fault." She is also said to have alleged that he dumped her for [[Twinkle Khanna]], whom he later married. Kumar is said to have denied these allegations saying that Shetty should not have made such accusations. Now, Kumar and Shetty are said to have patched up the matter.<ref name=hindustantimes_20131112>{{Cite magazine |title=Shilpa Shetty on ex-flame Akshay Kumar: all that was long back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-on-ex-flame-akshay-kumar-all-that-was-long-back/story-CEJz44iBnBhrJv3sBqxbAK.html |magazine=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2013 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528045219/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-on-ex-flame-akshay-kumar-all-that-was-long-back/story-CEJz44iBnBhrJv3sBqxbAK.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_112489793>{{Cite magazine |title=When Shilpa Shetty and Raveena Tandon joked about their relationship with Akshay Kumar as 'common mistake'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-shilpa-shetty-and-raveena-tandon-joked-about-their-relationship-with-akshay-kumar-as-common-mistake/articleshow/112489793.cms|magazine=Times of India|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_10535950>{{Cite magazine |title=Raveena Tandon says she’s ‘always been friends with’ ex-fiance Akshay Kumar, his ex-girlfriend Shilpa Shetty: ‘He has bashed up people for me’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-ex-fiance-akshay-kumar-friends-shilpa-shetty-bashed-up-people-10535950/|magazine= Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=‘I Never Imagined He Could Two-Time Me’: When Shilpa Lashed Out At Akshay For Using Her|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/97820-akshay-kumar-shilpa-shetty-love-affair-cheating-controversy.html|magazine=News XP|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_118712764>{{Cite magazine |title=When Shilpa Shetty accused Akshay Kumar of two-timing her with Twinkle |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/118712764.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|magazine= Times of India|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=moneycontrol_13943602>{{Cite magazine |title='Akshay Kumar used me and dropped me after he found someone else’, When Shilpa Shetty spoke about her alleged relationship and breakup| url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-used-me-and-dropped-me-after-he-found-someone-else-when-shilpa-shetty-spoke-about-her-alleged-relationship-and-breakup-article-13943602.html|magazine=Money Control|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_9915959>{{Cite magazine |title=‘What’s her fault if my man…’: When Shilpa Shetty opened up about being cheated on; why blaming the ‘other woman’ is not the solution|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/shilpa-shetty-kundra-opened-up-cheated-on-akshay-kumar-twinkle-khanna-9915959/|magazine= Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2026 }}</ref>

=== Marriage and family ===

Kumar met actress [[Twinkle Khanna]], the daughter of actors [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]], during a photo session for ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine.<ref name=filmfare_20130528>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Raghuvendra |title="I never had to do anything to impress Twinkle" – Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-never-had-to-do-anything-to-impress-twinkle-akshay-kumar-3269.html |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912201912/http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-never-had-to-do-anything-to-impress-twinkle-akshay-kumar-3269.html |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Kumar married Khanna on 17 January 2001. Together have a son (Aarav, born 2002) and a daughter (Nitara, born 2012).<ref name=hindustantimes_935239>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/CONGRATS-Akshay-Kumar-Twinkle-Khanna-blessed-with-a-baby-girl/Article1-935239.aspx |title=CONGRATS! Akshay Kumar-Twinkle Khanna blessed with a baby girl |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925195430/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/CONGRATS-Akshay-Kumar-Twinkle-Khanna-blessed-with-a-baby-girl/Article1-935239.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_14228790>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Twinkle-set-to-welcome-their-second-child/articleshow/14228790.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715063233/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/news-interviews/32298040_1_twinkle-akshay-kumar-aarav | url-status=live | archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Akshay, Twinkle set to welcome their second child |date=18 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He is known as a protective father and keeps his children away from the media. He stated that he wants to "give them a normal childhood."<ref name=indiatoday_197017>{{cite news |title=Better to keep children away from limelight, says Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-children-limelight-holiday-father-197017-2014-06-15 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |location=Mumbai |date=15 June 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822212514/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-children-limelight-holiday-father/1/367011.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar often credits Khanna for his success.<ref name=dailypioneer_20130512>{{cite news |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=On Mother's Day Akshay thanks Twinkle for his success |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/potpourri/on-mothers-day-akshay-thanks-twinkle-for-his-success.html |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|Daily Pioneer]] |date=12 May 2013 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003220230/http://www.dailypioneer.com/potpourri/on-mothers-day-akshay-thanks-twinkle-for-his-success.html |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=deccanherald_20100428>{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Twinkle is my lucky charm: Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66422/twinkle-my-lucky-charm-akshay.html |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=28 April 2010 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151634/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66422/twinkle-my-lucky-charm-akshay.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, while performing at a show for [[Levi's]] at [[Lakmé Fashion Week|Lakme Fashion Week]], Kumar asked Twinkle to unbutton his jeans. This incident sparked a controversy which led to a police case being filed against them.<ref name="HTOTY">{{cite news |last=Marwah |first=Navdeep Kaur |title=Over The Years: The rise of Mr Khiladi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/over-the-years-the-rise-of-mr-khiladi/article1-934443.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 August 2014 |location=New Delhi |date=23 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027093350/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-The-rise-of-Mr-Khiladi/Article1-934443.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
Kumar was initially religious, till 2017 being a practising [[Shaiva]] [[Hindu]] who regularly visited shrines and temples across the country, including the famed [[Vaishno Devi Mandir]],<ref name=indiawest_20150501>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/interviews/akshay-kumar-on-gabbar-is-back-i-have-a-great/article_8b2b61f8-f054-11e4-a4e5-7f162b79a4f6.html |title=Akshay Kumar Proclaims He's A 'Shiv Bhakt' As Well As His Grandfather |date=1 May 2015 |work=India-West |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124412/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/interviews/akshay-kumar-on-gabbar-is-back-i-have-a-great/article_8b2b61f8-f054-11e4-a4e5-7f162b79a4f6.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_57988782>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pic-akshay-kumar-signs-mogul-at-the-lord-shiva-temple-in-maheshwar/articleshow/57988782.cms |title=Pic: Akshay Kumar signs 'Mogul' at the Lord Shiva temple in Maheshwar |date=3 April 2017 |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418073454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pic-akshay-kumar-signs-mogul-at-the-lord-shiva-temple-in-maheshwar/articleshow/57988782.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_4541225>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maha-shivratri-akshay-kumar-tweeted-the-best-shiva-message-we-are-already-sending-it-to-friends-4541225/lite/ |title=Maha Shivaratri: Akshay Kumar tweeted the best Shiva message. We are already sending it to friends |date=24 February 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124435/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maha-shivratri-akshay-kumar-tweeted-the-best-shiva-message-we-are-already-sending-it-to-friends-4541225/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="m.mid-day.com">{{Cite news |url=https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/bollywood-news-akshay-kumar-mandir-temple-true-meaning-social-messages-films/18216155 |title=Akshay Kumar reveals what he feels is the true meaning of 'mandir' |date=2 May 2017 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |agency=IANS |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124313/https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/bollywood-news-akshay-kumar-mandir-temple-true-meaning-social-messages-films/18216155 |url-status=live}}</ref> while in 2018 he said "there is only one God" and was [[Secularism in India|against bringing religion into politics]],<ref name=hindustantimes_20180323>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2018 |title=Bringing religion into politics not done, says Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bringing-religion-into-politics-not-done-says-akshay-kumar/story-3QopL64wzxQ54cMn1tUHYM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325090015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bringing-religion-into-politics-not-done-says-akshay-kumar/story-3QopL64wzxQ54cMn1tUHYM.html |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> but in March 2020 he stated, "I don't believe in any religion. I only believe in being Indian".<ref name=hindustantimes_20200308>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar: 'I don't believe in any religion, I only believe in being Indian' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-i-don-t-believe-in-any-religion-i-only-believe-in-being-indian/story-U9w2JZxQVa84iTidAhLGDJ.html |access-date=10 March 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=8 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310103025/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-i-don-t-believe-in-any-religion-i-only-believe-in-being-indian/story-U9w2JZxQVa84iTidAhLGDJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Citizenship ===
Sometime during or after the [[2011 Canadian federal election]], the [[Conservative Party (Canada)|Conservative]] government there granted Canadian citizenship to Kumar by invoking a little-known law which allowed circumventing the usual residency requirement for Canadian immigrants.<ref name=National-Post-21-May-2019 /> According to a former Conservative Party minister, [[Tony Clement]], the citizenship was awarded in return for Kumar's offer of putting his "star power to use to advance Canada-Indian relations," and Canada's "trade relations, commercial relations, in the movie sector, in the tourism sector."<ref name=National-Post-21-May-2019 /> Although Kumar had earlier appeared in a campaign event for Conservative Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] in [[Brampton]], Ontario, a city with a large Indo-Canadian population,<ref name=toronto-star-2009>{{citation |last=Cheadle |first=Bruce |date=16 November 2009 |title=Harper goes Bollywood to sell Canada in India |work=The Star |location=Toronto |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/11/16/harper_goes_bollywood_to_sell_canada_in_india.html |quote="The sobering reminder of the entire region's often inflamed ethnic and religious violence stood in jarring contrast to Harper's next stop: a feel-good photo-opportunity in the penthouse of a pricey modern hotel with Akshay Kumar, an A-list Bollywood star and an Indo-Canadian, who brought out a huge throng of Indian media to an event promoting Canadian tourism. Harper also announced that Kumar, a black belt in karate, will be a torchbearer for the 2010 Winter Olympics." |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713065537/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/11/16/harper_goes_bollywood_to_sell_canada_in_india.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and praised Harper, Clement denied that the citizenship was a reward for partisan support.<ref name=National-Post-21-May-2019>{{citation |last=Blackwell |first=Tom |date=21 May 2019 |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/bollywood-actor-who-campaigned-for-stephen-harper-was-granted-canadian-citizenship-by-conservative-government |title=Bollywood actor who campaigned for Stephen Harper was granted Canadian citizenship by Conservative government |newspaper=Nationalpost |publisher=National Post |access-date=29 May 2020 |quote="In the thick of the 2011 federal election, Stephen Harper appeared in the Indo-Canadian heartland of Ontario with a ringer. At a campaign stop in Brampton, Bollywood mega-star Akshay Kumar praised the then prime minister, danced on stage with his wife, Laureen Harper, and thrilled the audience. And at some point, the Harper government invoked a little-known law to grant the actor Canadian citizenship, circumventing the usual, stringent residency requirements for would-be Canadians, says a former Conservative cabinet minister. MP Tony Clement, who as industry minister met with Kumar in Mumbai, says the citizenship grant was just a thank you for the actor's help in promoting Canadian tourism and trade to a huge emerging economy – not a reward for partisan support. 'Basically, he had offered to put that star power to use to advance Canada-India relations, our trade relations, our commercial relations, in the movie sector, in the tourism sector,' said Clement." |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200529234445/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/bollywood-actor-who-campaigned-for-stephen-harper-was-granted-canadian-citizenship-by-conservative-government |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar had received an honorary doctorate degree from the [[University of Windsor]], and in a 2010 interview with the ''Economist'' claimed he had "dual citizenship."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Q&A: Akshay Kumar, Bollywood ambassador |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2010/10/indian_cinema |access-date=23 June 2017 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812055813/https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2010/10/indian_cinema |url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of the 15 international celebrities invited for the Olympics torch-bearer rally to Canada.<ref name=indiatimes_9440429>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Akshay-Kumars-fitness-mantra/articleshow/9440429.cms |title=Akshay Kumar's fitness mantra |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224195125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Akshay-Kumars-fitness-mantra/articleshow/9440429.cms |archive-date=24 December 2011}}</ref>

In December 2019, Kumar stated that he had applied for an [[Indian passport]] and planned to give up his [[Canadian citizenship]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-i-have-applied-for-an-indian-passport-but-i-am-hurt-that-i-have-to-prove-my-nationality-i-am-indian-to-resume-indian-citizenship-netizens-react-1626096-2019-12-07 |title=Akshay Kumar: I've applied for an Indian passport but I'm hurt that I have to prove my nationality |date=7 December 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207081951/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-i-have-applied-for-an-indian-passport-but-i-am-hurt-that-i-have-to-prove-my-nationality-i-am-indian-to-resume-indian-citizenship-netizens-react-1626096-2019-12-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 August 2023, on the occasion of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], Kumar confirmed he had regained his Indian citizenship and renounced his Canadian citizenship as required by Indian law.<ref name="HT_15Aug2023">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2023 |title=Akshay Kumar gets Indian citizenship, shares proof on Twitter: 'Dil aur citizenship, dono Hindustani' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-gets-indian-citizenship-shares-proof-on-twitter-101692081610166.html |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815065154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-gets-indian-citizenship-shares-proof-on-twitter-101692081610166.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:AkshayKumar02.jpg|thumb|right|Kumar in 2013]]

In [[Indian Media]], Kumar is referred as ''Khiladi'' or ''Khiladi Kumar'' for doing so many dangerous stunts by himself and also because of his [[Khiladi (franchise)|''Khiladi'' film series]]. In 2009, [[Madame Tussauds]] wanted to make his wax figure next because he has an international fan following. But he declined and a source close to him said,"Akshay does not want to be waxed because he does not think it is of that great importance".<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Mandvi |date= 2 May 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-declines-to-be-waxed/articleshow/4472851.cms |title=Akshay declines to be waxed! |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415210233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-declines-to-be-waxed/articleshow/4472851.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2015, he was continuously featured in ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}}s highest paid actors top 10 list.<ref name="Dahiya">{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha Shri |author-link=Medha Shri Dahiya |date=9 August 2015 |title=Akshay Kumar: Chandni Chowk to Forbes highest-paid actors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-chandni-chowk-to-forbes-highest-paid-actors/story-07mULTHhB8jpXeEJGLqeUO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722044558/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-chandni-chowk-to-forbes-highest-paid-actors/story-07mULTHhB8jpXeEJGLqeUO.html |archive-date=22 July 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In 2019, he was fourth highest paid actor in the world behind [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Chris Hemsworth]] and [[Robert Downey Jr.]] On the ''Forbes US'' list of World's 33rd Highest Earner with $65M.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Madeline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2019/08/21/the-highest-paid-actors-2019-dwayne-johnson-bradley-cooper-and-chris-hemsworth/ |title=The Highest-Paid Actors 2019: Dwayne Johnson, Bradley Cooper and Chris Hemsworth |website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009091849/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2019/08/21/the-highest-paid-actors-2019-dwayne-johnson-bradley-cooper-and-chris-hemsworth/amp/ | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, He ranked sixth and only Indian actor in top 10 of highest paid actors list with $48.5M.<ref name="Kaushik" /> Kumar is the first Indian film actor, whose films' [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|domestic net lifetime collections]] crossed [[1000 Crore Club|{{INRConvert|20|b|year=2013|mode=historical}}]] by 2013, and {{INRConvert|30|b|year=2016|mode=historical}} by 2016.<ref name=boxofficeindia_20190108>{{cite news |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5792 |title=Akshay Kumar Has A Historic Year |website=[[Box Office India]] |publisher=Box Office India Trade Network |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226204807/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5792 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=boxofficeindia_20160715>{{cite news |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-count-actor.php |title=Hit Count Actor All Time |date=15 July 2016 |access-date= 15 July 2016 |archive-date= 12 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160712185744/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-count-actor.php |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=in_373596>*{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/forget-rs-100-crore-club-akshay-kumar-is-now-a-rs-2-000-crore-hero_128129.htm |title=Forget Rs 100 crore club, Akshay Kumar is now a Rs 2,000 crore hero! |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217140601/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/forget-rs-100-crore-club-akshay-kumar-is-now-a-rs-2-000-crore-hero_128129.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-akshay-kumar-beats-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-earns-rs-2000-crore-4182209-NOR.html |title=Akshay Kumar beats Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, earns R 2000 crore |work=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220102629/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-akshay-kumar-beats-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-earns-rs-2000-crore-4182209-NOR.html |archive-date=20 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Baker |first=Steven |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a459297/akshay-kumar-beats-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-to-2000-crore.html |title=Akshay Kumar beats Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan to 2,000 crore – Bollywood News |work=[[Digital Spy]] |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218070312/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a459297/akshay-kumar-beats-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-to-2000-crore.html |archive-date=18 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |author=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Akshay-Kumar-creates-history-with-2000-crore-league/articleshow/18555281.cms |title=Akshay Kumar creates history with 2000 crore league! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219133952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-18/news-interviews/37159441_1_actor-akshay-kumar-crore-club-humble-actor |archive-date=19 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-earns-rs-2000-crore-154279-2013-02-17 |title=Forget mighty Khans, Akshay Kumar is the first actor to earn Rs 2000 crore in his lifetime |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218102619/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-earns-rs-2000-crore/1/250670.html |archive-date=18 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Akshay-Kumar-now-worth-Rs-2-000-crore/Article1-1013368.aspx |title=Akshay Kumar now worth Rs 2,000 crore |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219220814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Akshay-Kumar-now-worth-Rs-2-000-crore/Article1-1013368.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/has-akshay-kumar-really-earned-rs-2000-crore-from-his-films/373596-8-66.html |title=Has Akshay Kumar really earned Rs 2000 crore from his films? |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220231812/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/has-akshay-kumar-really-earned-rs-2000-crore-from-his-films/373596-8-66.html |archive-date=20 February 2013}}</ref>

Kumar was named "Sexiest Man Alive" by People Magazine in 2008.<ref name=msn_1762998>{{cite web |url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1762998 |title=Akshay Kumar: The sexiest man alive opens up |access-date=26 January 2009 |date=17 December 2008 |publisher=MSN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212104039/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1762998 |archive-date=12 February 2009}}</ref> Kumar was awarded with [[NDTV]] Imagine Best Entertainer of the Year 2007 by the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards (FTPGI). In 2009, he was awarded the highest Japanese honour of "Katana" and a sixth degree Black Belt in Kuyukai Gojuryu Karate.<ref name=thaindian_100260574>{{cite web |title=Akshay thrilled to be honoured with Katana |work=Thaindian News |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/akshay-thrilled-to-be-honoured-with-katana_100260574.html |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016212719/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/akshay-thrilled-to-be-honoured-with-katana_100260574.html |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> He was one of the 15 international celebrities invited for the Olympics torch-bearer rally to Canada in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar will be torch bearer from India for 2010 Olympics |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927094801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2009/11/12/13463/index.html |archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> Kumar bagged the Ultimate "Man of the Year" at the prestigious ''GQ'' Awards in 2015.<ref name=india_581174>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar bags The Ultimate Man of The Year title at GQ Awards! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-bags-the-ultimate-man-of-the-year-title-at-gq-awards-581174/ |website=india.com |access-date=12 November 2022 |date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173301/https://www.india.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-bags-the-ultimate-man-of-the-year-title-at-gq-awards-581174/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He won the HT Hottest Trendsetter (Male) award at the HT India's Most Stylish in 2019.<ref name=hindustantimes_20190330>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ht-india-s-most-stylish-akshay-kumar-says-he-was-offered-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-regrets-turning-it-down/story-Hc4iACSE1YPifBVPiUqKqO.html |title=HT India's Most Stylish: Akshay Kumar says he was offered Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, regrets turning it down |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 March 2019 | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010083434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ht-india-s-most-stylish-akshay-kumar-says-he-was-offered-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-regrets-turning-it-down/story-Hc4iACSE1YPifBVPiUqKqO_amp.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar has great brand value and holds strong credibility in the advertising world. In 2020, Kumar has topped the list with brand value of $118M he has seen a jump of 13% by previous years.<ref name=mansworldindia_20210208>{{cite web |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/lifestyle/entertainment/akshay-kumar-actors-brand-value-soars-to-rs-866-crores/ |title=Akshay Kumar: Actor's Brand Value Soars to Rs 866 Crores |date=8 February 2021 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101113920/https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-actors-brand-value-soars-to-rs-866-crores/amp/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=exchange4media_122292>{{cite web |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/birthday-boy-akshay-kumar-keeps-winning-brands-hearts-122292.html |title=Birthday boy Akshay Kumar keeps winning brands & hearts – Exchange4media |date=9 September 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173301/https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/birthday-boy-akshay-kumar-keeps-winning-brands-hearts-122292.html | url-status=live}}</ref> According to Duff and Phelps, Kumar was third most valued celebrity with $139M in 2021.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytrendsfeed.in/entertainment/endorsement-fees-of-top-bollywood-celebrities-check-out-how-much-your-favorite-celebs-charge-for-brands/ |title=Endorsement Fees of Top Bollywood Celebrities |date=11 August 2021 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173311/https://dailytrendsfeed.in/entertainment/endorsement-fees-of-top-bollywood-celebrities-check-out-how-much-your-favorite-celebs-charge-for-brands/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar has endorsed brands including [[Thums Up]], [[Honda]], [[Tata Motors]], Dollar, [[Harpic]], [[Relaxo|Sparx]], Livguard Battery, and Kajarai Tiles. He was also brand ambassador of Canada Tourism.<ref name=bollywoodhungama_20110219>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-canada-tourism/ |title=Akshay Kumar to be brand ambassador for Canada Tourism : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 February 2011 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173300/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-canada-tourism/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar ranked number 1 on TAM's list of most visible stars in TV ads with an average visibility of 37 hours per day across all channels since 2019 to 2022.<ref name=thehindubusinessline_33781715>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/tv-ads-2020-akshay-kumar-virat-kohli-top-two-most-visible-celebs/article33781715.ece |title=TV ads 2020: Akshay Kumar, Virat Kohli top two 'most visible celebs' |date=8 February 2021 | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023023959/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/tv-ads-2020-akshay-kumar-virat-kohli-top-two-most-visible-celebs/article33781715.ece | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_8215202>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-top-spot-advertising-alia-bhatt-8215202/ |title=Akshay Kumar bags top spot on TAM's list of most visible stars in TV ads, beats Alia Bhatt |date=18 October 2022 | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023023958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-top-spot-advertising-alia-bhatt-8215202/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes_101666080791>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-ranks-number-1-on-tam-s-list-of-most-visible-stars-in-tv-ads-101666080791160.html |title=Akshay Kumar ranks number 1 on TAM's list of most visible stars in TV ads |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023024000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-ranks-number-1-on-tam-s-list-of-most-visible-stars-in-tv-ads-101666080791160.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar has significant fan following in [[Indian diaspora]] as well as in European and African countries. As of September 2022, He is most followed Indian actor on social media including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.<ref name=indiatimes_92769440>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/web-stories/indias-top-10-most-followed-celebrities-on-instagram/slideshow/92769440.cms |title=India's top 10 most-followed celebrities on Instagram | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019012406/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/web-stories/indias-top-10-most-followed-celebrities-on-instagram/slideshow/92769440.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> Memes from his comedy movies, especially his face expressions are hugely popular on social media.<ref name=indianexpress_5613493>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/akshay-kumars-fiery-stunt-for-his-digital-debut-set-meme-makers-in-motion-5613493/ |title=Akshay Kumar's fiery stunt for a new show inspires many memes |date=6 March 2019 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009185909/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/akshay-kumars-fiery-stunt-for-his-digital-debut-set-meme-makers-in-motion-5613493/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/akshay-kumar-recreates-iconic-phir-hera-pheri-meme-to-create-sooryavanshi-hype/ |title=Akshay Kumar Recreates Iconic 'Phir Hera Pheri' Meme to Create 'Sooryavanshi' Hype |date=November 2021 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009185909/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/akshay-kumar-recreates-iconic-phir-hera-pheri-meme-to-create-sooryavanshi-hype/ | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Kumar interviewed [[Narendra Modi]] on TV,<ref name=indiatimes_69018129>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-gets-candid-with-modi-discusses-mangoes-sleep-and-the-dream-to-become-pm/articleshow/69018129.cms |title=PM Modi Interview | Akshay Kumar- PM Modi interview: PM talks about memes; offers clarification on 'strict' leader reputation |newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173304/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-gets-candid-with-modi-discusses-mangoes-sleep-and-the-dream-to-become-pm/articleshow/69018129.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> which concluded as controversies in social media, later he clarified that it was a personal interview as a common man, not political.<ref name=indianexpress_7947011>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-interview-pm-narendra-modi-common-man-looked-fake-7947011/ |title=Akshay Kumar said that he interviewed PM Modi as a 'common man': 'Policy related questions would have looked fake' |date=June 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173301/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-interview-pm-narendra-modi-common-man-looked-fake-7947011/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2013, Kumar has been the Hindi film industry's highest advance [[taxpayer]] for six consecutive years. He paid {{INRConvert|190|m|year=2013|mode=historical}} as advance tax payment in that year.<ref name=indiatimes_19083337>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Bharti |last2=Pandey |first2=Piyush |title=Akshay Kumar Bollywood's top advance taxpayer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-Bollywoods-top-advance-taxpayer/articleshow/19083337.cms |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107054738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-Bollywoods-top-advance-taxpayer/articleshow/19083337.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, he received a certificate from the Income Tax department for being highest tax payer.<ref name=indianexpress_8068638>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-being-the-highest-tax-payer-8068638/ |title=Akshay Kumar on being the highest tax payer: 'Good to give back to the country…' |date=3 August 2022 | access-date=9 October 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009101225/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-being-the-highest-tax-payer-8068638/ | url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar has criticised award functions and doesn't believe in it saying, "It happens sometimes that the people from the award night call you and tell you that if you perform then they can give half the money and give an award as well. I tell them that they can give me complete payment and keep their awards with them".<ref name=hindustantimes_20170203>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/have-been-offered-awards-in-exchange-of-half-performance-fees-akshay-kumar/story-NRXikVZvFUDiStfilcba8L.html|title=Akshay Kumar admits he was offered awards for money on Aap Ki Adalat|work=Hindustan Times |date=3 February 2017}}</ref> He called [[National Film Award]], most prestigious award of the country.<ref name=hindustantimes_20170407>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-national-award-win-for-rustom-i-ve-never-cheated-to-win-an-award/story-BDTl5Lz6c9dYGIgCyDxXkO.html |title=Akshay Kumar on National Award win for Rustom: I've never cheated to win an award |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 April 2017 | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010083434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-national-award-win-for-rustom-i-ve-never-cheated-to-win-an-award/story-BDTl5Lz6c9dYGIgCyDxXkO.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar holds the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' for the most 184 [[Selfie]]s taken in three minutes at a promotional event of his film ''[[Selfiee]]'' in Mumbai. He talked to the media and termed it as a 'way of paying tribute' to his fans.<ref name=rediff_20230223>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/akshay-sets-world-selfie-record/20230223.htm |title=Akshay Sets World Selfie Record! | access-date=23 February 2023 | archive-date=23 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223071116/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/akshay-sets-world-selfie-record/20230223.htm | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_98152870>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-breaks-guinness-world-record-for-maximum-selfies-clicks-184-pics-in-3-mins/articleshow/98152870.cms |title=Akshay Kumar breaks Guinness World Record for maximum selfies, clicks 184 pics in 3 mins |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=22 February 2023 | access-date=23 February 2023 | archive-date=23 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223062647/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-breaks-guinness-world-record-for-maximum-selfies-clicks-184-pics-in-3-mins/articleshow/98152870.cms | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_98155626>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/omg-akshay-kumar-breaks-guinness-world-record-for-most-selfies-taken-in-3-minutes/videoshow/98155626.cms |title=OMG! Akshay Kumar breaks Guinness World Record for most selfies taken in 3 minutes |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=23 February 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101113919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/omg-akshay-kumar-breaks-guinness-world-record-for-most-selfies-taken-in-3-minutes/videoshow/98155626.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, Kumar performed in various cities in the United States for "The Entertainers" tour, alongside [[Disha Patani]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Stebin Ben]] and Zahrah S Khan.<ref name=firstpost_12227772>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar reaches Atlanta ahead of The Entertainers tour in US, receives grand welcome |work=Firstpost |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-reaches-atlanta-ahead-of-the-entertainers-tour-in-us-receives-grand-welcome-12227772.html/amp |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315223313/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-reaches-atlanta-ahead-of-the-entertainers-tour-in-us-receives-grand-welcome-12227772.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress_8480502>{{Cite web |title=Inside Akshay Kumar-led The Entertainers tour with Mouni Roy, Disha Patani and Sonam Bajwa |work=Indian Express |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-akshay-kumar-led-the-entertainers-tour-with-mouni-roy-disha-patani-and-sonam-bajwa-8480502/ |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309201223/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-akshay-kumar-led-the-entertainers-tour-with-mouni-roy-disha-patani-and-sonam-bajwa-8480502/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Philanthropy and social service ==
[[File:The_Brand_ambassador_of_Road_Safety_Campaign,_Shri_Akshay_Kumar_addressing_the_gathering_at_the_launch_of_the_Road_Safety_Awareness_Programme,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14,_2018.JPG|thumb|Kumar at Road Safety Awareness Program on 14 August 2018 in New Delhi]]

Kumar is one of India's most philanthropic celebrities, does a lot of [[Donation|helps and donations]], continues the good work offscreen with his philanthropy and services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/akshay-kumar/?sh=47a51ed3587b |title=Akshay Kumar |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> He and his co-star Tamannaah Bhatia donated all the clothes from their film 2014 Entertainment to an animal welfare charity. Youth Organisation in Defence of Animals (YODA) is an organisation which works for the welfare of street animals.<ref name=india_110281>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-and-tamannaah-bhatia-donates-entertainment-clothes-for-strays-110281/ |title=Akshay Kumar and Tamannaah Bhatia donates 'Entertainment' clothes for strays |date=4 August 2014}}</ref> He has also donated {{INRConvert|5|m|year=2012|mode=historical}} to [[Salman Khan]]'s [[Being Human Foundation]]. Kumar also had donated a sum of ₹9 million to drought hit farmers in Maharashtra in 2015, Khan himself tweeted on Twitter.<ref name=archive_2130248>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-akshay-kumar-did-for-farmers-will-make-you-salute-him-2130248 What Akshay Kumar did for farmers will make you salute him!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010153135/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-akshay-kumar-did-for-farmers-will-make-you-salute-him-2130248 |date=10 October 2015 }}. [[Daily News and Analysis]]. Upala KBR. 30 September 2015</ref><ref name=archive_1797799>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/akshay-kumar-lends-a-helping-hand-to-farmers-donates-rs-90-lakhs_1797799.html Akshay Kumar lends a helping hand to farmers, donates ₹90 lakhs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019201722/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/akshay-kumar-lends-a-helping-hand-to-farmers-donates-rs-90-lakhs_1797799.html |date=19 October 2015 }}. [[Zee News]]. Gayatri Shankar. 16 September 2015</ref> Kumar also helped a contestant of TV reality show Khatron Ke Khiladi by giving him Rs. 2.5 million after knowing that the contestant needed the prize money of the show for his father's cancer treatment. He has also donated ₹5 million to aid drought affected people through the Maharashtra government's [[Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Drought: Bollywood Actor Akshay Kumar Donates Rs 50 Lakh For The Cause |url=http://www.abplive.in/photos/maharashtra-drought-bollywood-actor-akshay-kumar-donates-rs-50-lakh-for-the-cause-325133 |publisher=ABP Live |date=19 April 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420053303/http://www.abplive.in/photos/maharashtra-drought-bollywood-actor-akshay-kumar-donates-rs-50-lakh-for-the-cause-325133 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2013, he started a 30-bed cancer shelter for policemen in [[Naigaon]].<ref name=hindustantimes_1026259>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |title=Akshay Kumar's tribute to his dad |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/akshay-kumar-s-tribute-to-his-dad/article1-1026259.aspx |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 March 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031190927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/akshay-kumar-s-tribute-to-his-dad/article1-1026259.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2013, Vishwas Nangre Patil, Additional Commissioner of Police, West Mumbai visited his gym along with several trainee officers.<ref name=indiatimes_26743004>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=Akshay Kumar trains and impresses real cops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-trains-and-impresses-real-cops/articleshow/26743004.cms |access-date=6 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Acid attack survivor [[Laxmi Agarwal]], on whose life Deepika Padukone's Chapaak was based is also an activist. Some years ago, she was struggling to make ends meet. Kumar came to her rescue and transferred Rs. 500,000 into her account so that she could fend for herself until she found a job, because medals, awards and certificates don't pay the bills.<ref name=indiatimes_65886518>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/akshay-kumar-what-sets-him-apart-from-the-khans/akshay-kumar-lends-a-helping-hand-to-acid-attack-survivor-laxmi-agarwal/photostory/65886518.cms |title=Akshay Kumar lends a helping hand to acid attack survivor Laxmi Agarwal – Akshay Kumar: What sets him apart from the Khans |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He launched an insurance scheme for the registered [[stunt coordinator|stunt directors]] in 2017. The family of deceased stunt director Abdul Sattar Munna has received a compensation of Rs. 2 million under the same scheme. Now, the actor has been asked to help those stunt choreographers who are above 55 years of age and therefore, aren't eligible to have insurance in their name.<ref name=hindustantimes_20170423>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-new-brainchild-an-insurance-scheme-for-stuntmen-stuntwomen/story-4WayVDAQhYtF1uAj4GuetN.html |title=Akshay Kumar's new brainchild: An insurance scheme for stuntmen, stuntwomen |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=dnaindia_2415328>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-if-there-was-no-stuntman-there-would-be-no-hero-akshay-kumar-2415328 |title=If there was no stuntman, there would be no hero: Akshay Kumar |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>

During the promotions of ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'', Kumar expressed his wish of serving the nation but destiny held something else in store for him. He has played a soldier in ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]'' and ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'', a special agent in ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' and a naval officer in Rustom. The actor was applauded by many for showing his concern towards the families of 12 slain jawans of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) who were killed in Chhattisgarh's Sukma district on Saturday, 11 March 2017. He donated Rs. 10.8 million to the families of the martyred jawans.<ref name=indianexpress_4573062>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-donates-rs-1-08-cr-to-martyred-jawans-9-times-he-helped-people-in-need-4573062/lite/ |title=Akshay Kumar donates Rs 1.08 cr to martyred jawans: 9 times he helped people in need |date=17 March 2017}}</ref> In August 2016, Kumar had donated Rs. 8 million to the families of army men. He gave Rs 500,000 to each family and said our soldiers need money along with "samman". In October 2016, Akshay donated Rs. 900,000 to the family of a martyred [[Border Security Force|BSF]] jawan.<ref name=indiatimes_58096165>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/web-portal-to-donate-money-to-capf-martyrs-launched-by-govt/articleshow/58096165.cms |title=Akshay Kumar's idea gets life: Web portal to donate money to martyred jawans launched by govt |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

He also donated Rs. 15 million to build the shelter for transgender persons in [[Chennai]]. He is supporting the construction of the home. ''[[Laxmii]]''{{'}}s director [[Raghava Lawrence]] shared the "good news" of the actor's new initiative with friends and fans along with some pictures on Facebook.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar donates Rs 1.5 crores for 'first transgender home in India' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-donates-rs-1-5-crores-for-first-transgender-home-in-india/story-Tvg7t95jUmVC1UKLJrpdLJ.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Kumar endorses [[Swachh Bharat Mission]], Builds Toilets in Madhya Pradesh, he had previously posted a video on social media, talking about the importance of having individual toilets at home, His movie ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha|Toilet]]'' was also based on Toilet's importance.<ref name=ndtv_20170403>{{cite web |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/akshay-kumar-endorses-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-builds-toilets-madhya-pradesh-5914/ |title=Akshay Kumar Endorses Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Builds Toilets in Madhya Pradesh |date=3 April 2017}}</ref> He was named Uttarakhand's brand ambassador for '[[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachhta Abhiyaan]]'.<ref name=hindustantimes_20170918>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/akshay-kumar-named-uttarakhand-s-brand-ambassador-for-swachhata-abhiyan/story-HU0g39rk2CtUAvS0BUgu4O.html |title=Akshay Kumar named Uttarakhand's brand ambassador for 'Swachhata Abhiyan' |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Kumar launched the [[Bharat Ke Veer]] app, with the help of the home ministry. The platform lets people send money directly to the bank accounts of family members of soldiers martyred in the line of duty. On The Kapil Sharma Show, Akshay said that he was only carrying out his responsibility as a citizen with the app. "Hum yeh kahenge, ki hum apna kartvaya nibhate hai… Jo shaheed hote hai, unka nuksaan hum kabhi bhar nahi paayenge. That is for sure. Sarkar unko jo deti hai, woh deti hai. Lekin, as a civilian, humara bhi toh kuch kartavya banta hai. Yeh aisa app hai… Na iske beech mein koi NGO hai, na koi sarkar hai," he said.<ref name=indianexpress_4607000>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Akshay Kumar in tears as he launches his dream app for Indian jawans, see photo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-in-tears-as-he-launches-his-dream-app-for-indian-jawans-see-pics-4607000/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=bollyspice_20170415>{{cite web |url=https://bollyspice.com/akshay-kumar-launches-bharat-ke-veer-app/ |title=Akshay Kumar launches 'Bharat Ke Veer' App |date=15 April 2017}}</ref> In the aftermath of [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama terror attack]] on the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] jawans, Kumar came forward to help the families of those sacrificed their lives in the attack. He donated Rs. 1.5 million to a martyred jawan's family and even urged his fans to do the same. He further pledged to donate Rs. 50 million through '[[Bharat Ke Veer]]' app. He additionally donated Rs. 900,000 each to the families of 12 CRPF jawans who were killed in Chhattisgarh.<ref name=hindustantimes_20190218>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pulwama-terror-attack-akshay-kumar-to-donate-rs-5-cr-to-soldiers/story-DKczg1WePyH2XnyAtrxelJ.html |title=Pulwama terror attack: Akshay Kumar to donate Rs 5 cr to soldiers |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 February 2019}}</ref> In Mid-2020 when Kerala, Assam and Chennai were left devastated as they were hit by floods that severely affected several families as they lost their houses, land, crops, many people died. Kumar donated a sum of Rs. 10 million each to not just Kerala but also Assam and Chennai. CM Sonowal thanks Kumar.<ref name=indiatimes_77613050>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-donates-rs-1cr-towards-assam-flood-relief-cm-sonowal-thanks-actor/articleshow/77613050.cms |title=Akshay Kumar donates Rs 1cr towards Assam flood relief, CM Sonowal thanks actor |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Kumar was one of the first personalities from [[Bollywood]] to contribute to the [[PM CARES Fund]] right at the start of the first wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020, He donated Rs. 250 million to the Prime Minister's Fund<ref name=livemint_115853986098>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/akshay-kumar-pledges-rs-25-crore-to-pm-cares-fund-11585398609812.html |title=Akshay Kumar pledges ₹25 crore to PM-CARES FUND |work=mint |date=28 March 2020 |last1=Jha |first1=Lata }}</ref><ref name=thehindu_31193779>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bollywood-actor-akshay-kumar-donates-25-crore-to-fund-to-fight-virus/article31193779.ece |title=Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar donates ₹25 crore to fund to fight virus |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> and another crore to ex-cricketer [[Gautam Gambhir]]'s charity for the same cause. The former cricketer revealed on Twitter that Akshay Kumar had donated Rs. 10 million to his foundation during the deadly second wave to help people affected by the novel coronavirus. Gambhir wrote, "Every help in this gloom comes as a ray of hope. Thanks a lot Akshay Kumar for committing Rs 10 million to #GGF for food, meds and oxygen for the needy! God bless."<ref name=indianexpress_7287561>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-donates-rs-1-crore-to-gautam-gambhir-foundation-wish-we-get-out-of-this-crisis-soon-7287561/ |title=Akshay Kumar donates Rs 1 crore to Gautam Gambhir Foundation: 'Wish we get out of this crisis soon' |date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Kumar donated {{INR}}1 crore for construction of a school building in Neeru Village of Bandipora district in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=indiatvnews_712543>{{Cite news |last=Entertainment Desk |first=India TV |date=17 June 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar donates Rs 1 crore for school building in J&K's LoC village |work=India Tv |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/akshay-kumar-donates-rs-1-crore-for-school-building-in-j-k-s-loc-village-712543 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

In August 2024, Kumar donated {{INR}}1.21 crore to [[Haji Ali Dargah]] for its maintenance.<ref name=hindustantimes_101723099148>{{cite news |title=Religion no bound: Akshay Kumar donates ₹1.21 cr to Haji Ali Dargah after pitching ₹3 cr for Ram Mandir construction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/religion-no-bound-akshay-kumar-donates-1-21-cr-to-haji-ali-dargah-after-pitching-3-cr-for-ram-mandir-construction-101723099148184.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Akshay Kumar}}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to the Actor, Shri Akshay Kumar for Best Actor Rustom, at the 64th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Akshay receiving National Film Awards for Best Actor (2017) from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in May 2017]]
Kumar has been recipient of two [[Filmfare Awards]] from 17 nominations: Best Villain for ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2002) and Best Comedian for ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2006), and a [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for the films ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' and ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' (both 2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233530/http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2017 |title=64 th National Film Awards, 2016 |date=7 April 2017 |work=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="NFA" /><ref name=indiatoday_970040>{{Cite magazine |title=64th National Film Awards: Akshay Kumar wins Best Actor for Rustom, Shivaay wins Best VFX award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-rustom-national-award-best-actor-shivaay-visual-effects-970040-2017-04-07 |magazine=India Today |date=7 April 2017 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> In 2008, the [[University of Windsor]] conferred an honorary Doctorate of Law on Kumar in recognition of his contribution to [[Indian cinema]].<ref name=hindustantimes_20080514>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=6c57a4c5-b6b2-4292-9ba3-98b24b3ae199&&Headline=Canada+varsity+honours+Akshay+Kumar |title=Canada varsity honours Akshay Kumar |date=14 May 2008 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025251/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=6c57a4c5-b6b2-4292-9ba3-98b24b3ae199&&Headline=Canada+varsity+honours+Akshay+Kumar |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_3038978>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Akshay-Kumar-gets-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/3038978.cms |title=Akshay Kumar gets honorary doctorate |date=14 May 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716100543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-14/india/27768262_1_doctorate-akshay-kumar-azmi-and-shilpa-shetty |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padmashri">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Akshay_dedicates_Padmashri_to_fans/articleshow/4032826.cms |title=Overwhelmed Akshay Kumar dedicates Padmashri to fans |date=26 January 2009 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=26 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130230845/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Akshay_dedicates_Padmashri_to_fans/articleshow/4032826.cms |archive-date=30 January 2009 |location=India}}</ref> In 2011, [[The Asian Awards]] honoured Kumar for his outstanding achievement in Cinema.<ref name=in_194882>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html |title=Akshay Kumar honoured at Annual Asian awards |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228113223/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes_30284558>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/superstars-who-have-never-won-the-filmfare-award-for-best-actor/photostory/30284558.cms |title=Superstars who have never won awards |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417023500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Superstars-who-have-never-won-awards/photostory/30284558.cms |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{DNA India|akshay-kumar}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshay-Kumar Collected news and commentary] at ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Akshay Kumar}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Akshay Kumar
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestComedian}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestVillain}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Television Personality}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
{{StardustAwardBestActor}}
{{StardustAwardMaleStar}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Akshay}}
[[Category:Akshay Kumar| ]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male karateka]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian Muay Thai practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Indian male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:People who lost Canadian citizenship]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Traceurs]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian former Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actors who have performed their own stunts]]
[[Category:Hiranandani family]]

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},
["alalc97"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"ALA-LC Romanization, 1997 edition"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["aluku"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Aluku dialect", "Boni dialect"},
["prefixes"] = {"djk"},
},
["anpezo"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Anpezo standard of Ladin"},
["prefixes"] = {"lld"},
},
["ao1990"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990)"},
["prefixes"] = {"pt", "gl"},
},
["aranes"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Aranese"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["arkaika"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Arcaicam Esperantom", "Arkaika Esperanto"},
["prefixes"] = {"eo"},
},
["asante"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Asante Twi", "Ashanti Twi"},
["prefixes"] = {"tw"},
},
["auvern"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Auvergnat"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["baku1926"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet (Historical)"},
["prefixes"] = {"az", "ba", "crh", "kk", "krc", "ky", "sah", "tk", "tt", "uz"},
},
["balanka"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Balanka dialect of Anii"},
["prefixes"] = {"blo"},
},
["barla"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Barlavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"},
["prefixes"] = {"kea"},
},
["basiceng"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Basic English"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["bauddha"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"},
["prefixes"] = {"sa"},
},
["bciav"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics AV"},
["prefixes"] = {"zbl"},
},
["bcizbl"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics"},
["prefixes"] = {"zbl"},
},
["biscayan"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Biscayan dialect of Basque"},
["prefixes"] = {"eu"},
},
["biske"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The San Giorgio dialect of Resian", "The Bila dialect of Resian"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"},
},
["blasl"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Black American Sign Language dialect"},
["prefixes"] = {"ase", "sgn-ase"},
},
["bohairic"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Bohairic dialect of Coptic"},
["prefixes"] = {"cop"},
},
["bohoric"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Bohorič alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl"},
},
["boont"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Boontling"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["bornholm"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Bornholmsk"},
["prefixes"] = {"da"},
},
["cisaup"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Cisalpine"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["colb1945"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese-Brazilian Orthographic Convention of 1945 (Convenção Ortográfica Luso-Brasileira de 1945)"},
["prefixes"] = {"pt"},
},
["cornu"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Cornu-English", "Cornish English", "Anglo-Cornish"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["creiss"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Occitan variants of the Croissant area"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["dajnko"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Dajnko alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl"},
},
["ekavsk"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ekavian pronunciation"},
["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"},
},
["emodeng"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern English (1500-1700)"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["fascia"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Fascia standard of Ladin"},
["prefixes"] = {"lld"},
},
["fayyumic"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Fayyumic dialect of Coptic"},
["prefixes"] = {"cop"},
},
["fodom"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Fodom standard of Ladin"},
["prefixes"] = {"lld"},
},
["fonipa"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"International Phonetic Alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["fonkirsh"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Kirshenbaum Phonetic Alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["fonnapa"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"North American Phonetic Alphabet", "Americanist Phonetic Notation"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["fonupa"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["fonxsamp"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"X-SAMPA transcription"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["gallo"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Gallo"},
["prefixes"] = {"fr"},
},
["gascon"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Gascon"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["gherd"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Gherdëina standard of Ladin"},
["prefixes"] = {"lld"},
},
["grclass"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Classical Occitan orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"},
},
["grital"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Italian-inspired Occitan orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-cisaup", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc"},
},
["grmistr"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Mistralian or Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"},
},
["hanoi"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Hà Nội variant of Vietnamese"},
["prefixes"] = {"vi"},
},
["hepburn"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Hepburn romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"ja-latn"},
},
["hognorsk"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Norwegian in Høgnorsk (High Norwegian) orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"nn"},
},
["hsistemo"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Standard H-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"},
["prefixes"] = {"eo"},
},
["huett"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Huế (province Thừa Thiên) variant of Vietnamese"},
["prefixes"] = {"vi"},
},
["ijekavsk"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ijekavian pronunciation"},
["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"},
},
["itihasa"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Epic Sanskrit"},
["prefixes"] = {"sa"},
},
["ivanchov"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Bulgarian in 1899 orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"bg"},
},
["jauer"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Jauer dialect of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["jyutping"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Jyutping Cantonese Romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"yue"},
},
["kkcor"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Common Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"},
["prefixes"] = {"kw"},
},
["kleinsch"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Kleinschmidt orthography", "Allattaasitaamut"},
["prefixes"] = {"kl", "kl-tunumiit"},
},
["kociewie"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Kociewie dialect of Polish"},
["prefixes"] = {"pl"},
},
["kscor"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Standard Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish", "Kernowek Standard"},
["prefixes"] = {"kw"},
},
["leidentr"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian in Leiden Unified Transliteration"},
["prefixes"] = {"egy"},
},
["lemosin"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Limousin"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["lengadoc"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Languedocien"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["lipaw"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Lipovaz dialect of Resian", "The Lipovec dialect of Resian"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"},
},
["ltg1929"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in 1929"},
["prefixes"] = {"ltg"},
},
["ltg2007"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in the language law in 2007"},
["prefixes"] = {"ltg"},
},
["luna1918"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Post-1917 Russian orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"ru"},
},
["lycopol"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Lycopolitan alias Subakhmimic dialect of Coptic"},
["prefixes"] = {"cop"},
},
["mdcegyp"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs encoded in Manuel de Codage"},
["prefixes"] = {"egy"},
},
["mdctrans"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian transliteration encoded in Manuel de Codage"},
["prefixes"] = {"egy"},
},
["mesokem"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Mesokemic alias Oxyrhynchite dialect of Coptic"},
["prefixes"] = {"cop"},
},
["metelko"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Metelko alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl"},
},
["moderat"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The moderate (conservative, i.e. Danish-like) spelling variant of Bokmål"},
["prefixes"] = {"nb"},
},
["monoton"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Monotonic Greek"},
["prefixes"] = {"el"},
},
["ndyuka"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Ndyuka dialect", "Aukan dialect"},
["prefixes"] = {"djk"},
},
["nedis"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Natisone dialect", "Nadiza dialect"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl"},
},
["newfound"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Newfoundland English"},
["prefixes"] = {"en-ca"},
},
["nicard"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Niçard"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["njiva"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Gniva dialect of Resian", "The Njiva dialect of Resian"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"},
},
["nulik"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Volapük nulik", "Volapük perevidöl", "Volapük nulädik", "de Jong's Volapük", "New Volapük", "Revised Volapük", "Modern Volapük"},
["prefixes"] = {"vo"},
},
["osojs"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Oseacco dialect of Resian", "The Osojane dialect of Resian"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"},
},
["oxendict"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Oxford English Dictionary spelling"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["pahawh2"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Second Stage Reduced orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"},
},
["pahawh3"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Third Stage Reduced orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"},
},
["pahawh4"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Final Version orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"},
},
["pamaka"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Pamaka dialect"},
["prefixes"] = {"djk"},
},
["peano"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Latino Sine Flexione", "Interlingua de API", "Interlingua de Peano"},
["prefixes"] = {"la"},
},
["pehoeji"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Hokkien Vernacular Romanization System", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography/romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"},
},
["petr1708"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Petrine orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"ru"},
},
["pinyin"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Pinyin romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn", "bo-latn"},
},
["polyton"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Polytonic Greek"},
["prefixes"] = {"el"},
},
["provenc"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Provençal"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["puter"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Puter idiom of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["radikalt"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Radical (i.e. Nynorsk-like) spelling variant of Bokmål"},
["prefixes"] = {"nb"},
},
["rigik"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Volapük rigik", "Schleyer's Volapük", "Original Volapük", "Classic Volapük"},
["prefixes"] = {"vo"},
},
["rozaj"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Resian", "Resianic", "Rezijan"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl"},
},
["rumgr"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Rumantsch Grischun"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["sahidic"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Sahidic dialect of Coptic"},
["prefixes"] = {"cop"},
},
["saigon"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Sài Gòn variant of Vietnamese"},
["prefixes"] = {"vi"},
},
["scotland"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Scottish Standard English"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["scouse"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Scouse"},
["prefixes"] = {"en"},
},
["simple"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Simplified form"},
["prefixes"] = {},
},
["slepe"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Sorbian dialect of Schleife"},
["prefixes"] = {"dsb"},
},
["solba"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Stolvizza dialect of Resian", "The Solbica dialect of Resian"},
["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"},
},
["sotav"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Sotavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"},
["prefixes"] = {"kea"},
},
["spanglis"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Spanglish"},
["prefixes"] = {"en", "es"},
},
["stadi"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The \"Stadin slangi\" dialect of Finnish"},
["prefixes"] = {"fi"},
},
["surmiran"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Surmiran idiom of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["sursilv"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["sutsilv"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Sutsilvan idiom of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["synnejyl"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Synnejysk", "South Jutish"},
["prefixes"] = {"da"},
},
["taglish"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Tagalog-English code-switching"},
["prefixes"] = {"en", "tl", "fil"},
},
["tailo"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization System for Hokkien languages", "Tâi-lô orthography/romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"},
},
["tarask"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography"},
["prefixes"] = {"be"},
},
["tongyong"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Tongyong Pinyin romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"},
},
["tunumiit"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Tunumiisiut", "East Greenlandic", "Østgrønlandsk"},
["prefixes"] = {"kl"},
},
["uccor"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"},
["prefixes"] = {"kw"},
},
["ucrcor"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish Revised orthography of Revived Cornish"},
["prefixes"] = {"kw"},
},
["ulster"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Ulster dialect of Scots"},
["prefixes"] = {"sco"},
},
["unifon"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Unifon phonetic alphabet"},
["prefixes"] = {"en", "hup", "kyh", "tol", "yur"},
},
["valbadia"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Val Badia standard of Ladin"},
["prefixes"] = {"lld"},
},
["valencia"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Valencian"},
["prefixes"] = {"ca"},
},
["vallader"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Vallader idiom of Romansh"},
["prefixes"] = {"rm"},
},
["vecdruka"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Latvian orthography used before 1920s (\"vecā druka\")"},
["prefixes"] = {"lv"},
},
["viennese"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"The Viennese dialect of German"},
["prefixes"] = {"de"},
},
["vivaraup"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Vivaro-Alpine"},
["prefixes"] = {"oc"},
},
["wadegile"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Wade-Giles romanization"},
["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"},
},
["xsistemo"] = {
["descriptions"] = {"Standard X-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"},
["prefixes"] = {"eo"},
}
}

Module:Lang/data/iana regions

2026-09-04T04:51:41Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "-- File-Date: 2026-06-14 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"American Samoa"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azer..."

-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
return {
["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"},
["AD"] = {"Andorra"},
["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"},
["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"},
["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"},
["AI"] = {"Anguilla"},
["AL"] = {"Albania"},
["AM"] = {"Armenia"},
["AO"] = {"Angola"},
["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"},
["AR"] = {"Argentina"},
["AS"] = {"American Samoa"},
["AT"] = {"Austria"},
["AU"] = {"Australia"},
["AW"] = {"Aruba"},
["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"},
["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"},
["BA"] = {"Bosnia and Herzegovina"},
["BB"] = {"Barbados"},
["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"},
["BE"] = {"Belgium"},
["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"},
["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"},
["BH"] = {"Bahrain"},
["BI"] = {"Burundi"},
["BJ"] = {"Benin"},
["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"},
["BM"] = {"Bermuda"},
["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"},
["BO"] = {"Bolivia"},
["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"},
["BR"] = {"Brazil"},
["BS"] = {"Bahamas"},
["BT"] = {"Bhutan"},
["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"},
["BW"] = {"Botswana"},
["BY"] = {"Belarus"},
["BZ"] = {"Belize"},
["CA"] = {"Canada"},
["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"},
["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"},
["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"},
["CG"] = {"Congo"},
["CH"] = {"Switzerland"},
["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"},
["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"},
["CL"] = {"Chile"},
["CM"] = {"Cameroon"},
["CN"] = {"China"},
["CO"] = {"Colombia"},
["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"},
["CQ"] = {"Sark"},
["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"},
["CU"] = {"Cuba"},
["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"},
["CW"] = {"Curaçao"},
["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"},
["CY"] = {"Cyprus"},
["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"},
["DE"] = {"Germany"},
["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"},
["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"},
["DK"] = {"Denmark"},
["DM"] = {"Dominica"},
["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"},
["DZ"] = {"Algeria"},
["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"},
["EC"] = {"Ecuador"},
["EE"] = {"Estonia"},
["EG"] = {"Egypt"},
["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"},
["ER"] = {"Eritrea"},
["ES"] = {"Spain"},
["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"},
["EU"] = {"European Union"},
["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"},
["FI"] = {"Finland"},
["FJ"] = {"Fiji"},
["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"},
["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"},
["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"},
["FR"] = {"France"},
["GA"] = {"Gabon"},
["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"},
["GD"] = {"Grenada"},
["GE"] = {"Georgia"},
["GF"] = {"French Guiana"},
["GG"] = {"Guernsey"},
["GH"] = {"Ghana"},
["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"},
["GL"] = {"Greenland"},
["GM"] = {"Gambia"},
["GN"] = {"Guinea"},
["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"},
["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"},
["GR"] = {"Greece"},
["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"},
["GT"] = {"Guatemala"},
["GU"] = {"Guam"},
["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"},
["GY"] = {"Guyana"},
["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"},
["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"},
["HN"] = {"Honduras"},
["HR"] = {"Croatia"},
["HT"] = {"Haiti"},
["HU"] = {"Hungary"},
["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"},
["ID"] = {"Indonesia"},
["IE"] = {"Ireland"},
["IL"] = {"Israel"},
["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"},
["IN"] = {"India"},
["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"},
["IQ"] = {"Iraq"},
["IR"] = {"Islamic Republic of Iran"},
["IS"] = {"Iceland"},
["IT"] = {"Italy"},
["JE"] = {"Jersey"},
["JM"] = {"Jamaica"},
["JO"] = {"Jordan"},
["JP"] = {"Japan"},
["KE"] = {"Kenya"},
["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"},
["KH"] = {"Cambodia"},
["KI"] = {"Kiribati"},
["KM"] = {"Comoros"},
["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"},
["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"},
["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"},
["KW"] = {"Kuwait"},
["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"},
["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"},
["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"},
["LB"] = {"Lebanon"},
["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"},
["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"},
["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"},
["LR"] = {"Liberia"},
["LS"] = {"Lesotho"},
["LT"] = {"Lithuania"},
["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"},
["LV"] = {"Latvia"},
["LY"] = {"Libya"},
["MA"] = {"Morocco"},
["MC"] = {"Monaco"},
["MD"] = {"Moldova"},
["ME"] = {"Montenegro"},
["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"},
["MG"] = {"Madagascar"},
["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"},
["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"},
["ML"] = {"Mali"},
["MM"] = {"Myanmar"},
["MN"] = {"Mongolia"},
["MO"] = {"Macao"},
["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"},
["MQ"] = {"Martinique"},
["MR"] = {"Mauritania"},
["MS"] = {"Montserrat"},
["MT"] = {"Malta"},
["MU"] = {"Mauritius"},
["MV"] = {"Maldives"},
["MW"] = {"Malawi"},
["MX"] = {"Mexico"},
["MY"] = {"Malaysia"},
["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"},
["NA"] = {"Namibia"},
["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"},
["NE"] = {"Niger"},
["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"},
["NG"] = {"Nigeria"},
["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"},
["NL"] = {"Netherlands"},
["NO"] = {"Norway"},
["NP"] = {"Nepal"},
["NR"] = {"Nauru"},
["NU"] = {"Niue"},
["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"},
["OM"] = {"Oman"},
["PA"] = {"Panama"},
["PE"] = {"Peru"},
["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"},
["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"},
["PH"] = {"Philippines"},
["PK"] = {"Pakistan"},
["PL"] = {"Poland"},
["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"},
["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"},
["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"},
["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"},
["PT"] = {"Portugal"},
["PW"] = {"Palau"},
["PY"] = {"Paraguay"},
["QA"] = {"Qatar"},
["RE"] = {"Réunion"},
["RO"] = {"Romania"},
["RS"] = {"Serbia"},
["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"},
["RW"] = {"Rwanda"},
["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"},
["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"},
["SC"] = {"Seychelles"},
["SD"] = {"Sudan"},
["SE"] = {"Sweden"},
["SG"] = {"Singapore"},
["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"},
["SI"] = {"Slovenia"},
["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"},
["SK"] = {"Slovakia"},
["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"},
["SM"] = {"San Marino"},
["SN"] = {"Senegal"},
["SO"] = {"Somalia"},
["SR"] = {"Suriname"},
["SS"] = {"South Sudan"},
["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"},
["SV"] = {"El Salvador"},
["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"},
["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"},
["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"},
["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"},
["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"},
["TD"] = {"Chad"},
["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"},
["TG"] = {"Togo"},
["TH"] = {"Thailand"},
["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"},
["TK"] = {"Tokelau"},
["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"},
["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"},
["TN"] = {"Tunisia"},
["TO"] = {"Tonga"},
["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turkey"},
["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"},
["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"},
["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"},
["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"},
["UA"] = {"Ukraine"},
["UG"] = {"Uganda"},
["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"},
["UN"] = {"United Nations"},
["US"] = {"United States"},
["UY"] = {"Uruguay"},
["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"},
["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"},
["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"},
["VE"] = {"Venezuela"},
["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"},
["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"},
["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"},
["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"},
["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"},
["WS"] = {"Samoa"},
["YE"] = {"Yemen"},
["YT"] = {"Mayotte"},
["ZA"] = {"South Africa"},
["ZM"] = {"Zambia"},
["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"},
["001"] = {"World"},
["002"] = {"Africa"},
["003"] = {"North America"},
["005"] = {"South America"},
["009"] = {"Oceania"},
["011"] = {"Western Africa"},
["013"] = {"Central America"},
["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"},
["015"] = {"Northern Africa"},
["017"] = {"Middle Africa"},
["018"] = {"Southern Africa"},
["019"] = {"Americas"},
["021"] = {"Northern America"},
["029"] = {"Caribbean"},
["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"},
["034"] = {"Southern Asia"},
["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"},
["039"] = {"Southern Europe"},
["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"},
["054"] = {"Melanesia"},
["057"] = {"Micronesia"},
["061"] = {"Polynesia"},
["142"] = {"Asia"},
["143"] = {"Central Asia"},
["145"] = {"Western Asia"},
["150"] = {"Europe"},
["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"},
["154"] = {"Northern Europe"},
["155"] = {"Western Europe"},
["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"},
["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"}
}

Module:Lang/data/iana scripts

2026-09-04T04:48:06Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "-- File-Date: 2026-06-14 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] =..."

-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
return {
["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"},
["Afak"] = {"Afaka"},
["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"},
["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"},
["Arab"] = {"Arabic"},
["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"},
["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"},
["Armn"] = {"Armenian"},
["Avst"] = {"Avestan"},
["Bali"] = {"Balinese"},
["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"},
["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"},
["Batk"] = {"Batak"},
["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"},
["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"},
["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"},
["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"},
["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"},
["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"},
["Brai"] = {"Braille"},
["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"},
["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"},
["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"},
["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"},
["Cari"] = {"Carian"},
["Cham"] = {"Cham"},
["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"},
["Chis"] = {"Chisoi"},
["Chrs"] = {"Chorasmian"},
["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"},
["Copt"] = {"Coptic"},
["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"},
["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"},
["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"},
["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"},
["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"},
["Diak"] = {"Dives Akuru"},
["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"},
["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"},
["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"},
["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"},
["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"},
["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"},
["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"},
["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"},
["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"},
["Gara"] = {"Garay"},
["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"},
["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"},
["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"},
["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"},
["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"},
["Goth"] = {"Gothic"},
["Gran"] = {"Grantha"},
["Grek"] = {"Greek"},
["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"},
["Gukh"] = {"Gurung Khema"},
["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"},
["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"},
["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"},
["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"},
["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"},
["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"},
["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"},
["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"},
["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"},
["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"},
["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"},
["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"},
["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"},
["Hntl"] = {"Han (Traditional variant) with Latin (alias for Hant + Latn)"},
["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"},
["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"},
["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"},
["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"},
["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"},
["Java"] = {"Javanese"},
["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"},
["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"},
["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"},
["Kana"] = {"Katakana"},
["Kawi"] = {"Kawi"},
["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"},
["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"},
["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"},
["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"},
["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"},
["Knda"] = {"Kannada"},
["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"},
["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"},
["Krai"] = {"Kirat Rai"},
["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"},
["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"},
["Laoo"] = {"Lao"},
["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"},
["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"},
["Latn"] = {"Latin"},
["Leke"] = {"Leke"},
["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"},
["Limb"] = {"Limbu"},
["Lina"] = {"Linear A"},
["Linb"] = {"Linear B"},
["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"},
["Loma"] = {"Loma"},
["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"},
["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"},
["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"},
["Maka"] = {"Makasar"},
["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"},
["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"},
["Marc"] = {"Marchen"},
["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"},
["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"},
["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"},
["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"},
["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"},
["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"},
["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"},
["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"},
["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"},
["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"},
["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"},
["Mult"] = {"Multani"},
["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"},
["Nagm"] = {"Nag Mundari"},
["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"},
["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"},
["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"},
["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"},
["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"},
["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"},
["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"},
["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"},
["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"},
["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"},
["Onao"] = {"Ol Onal"},
["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"},
["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"},
["Osge"] = {"Osage"},
["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"},
["Ougr"] = {"Old Uyghur"},
["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"},
["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"},
["Pcun"] = {"Proto-Cuneiform"},
["Pelm"] = {"Proto-Elamite"},
["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"},
["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"},
["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"},
["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"},
["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"},
["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"},
["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"},
["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"},
["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"},
["Psin"] = {"Proto-Sinaitic"},
["Ranj"] = {"Ranjana"},
["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"},
["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"},
["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"},
["Runr"] = {"Runic"},
["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"},
["Sara"] = {"Sarati"},
["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"},
["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"},
["Seal"] = {"Seal", "Small Seal"},
["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"},
["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"},
["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"},
["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"},
["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"},
["Sidt"] = {"Sidetic"},
["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"},
["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"},
["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"},
["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"},
["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"},
["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"},
["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"},
["Sunu"] = {"Sunuwar"},
["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"},
["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"},
["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"},
["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"},
["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"},
["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"},
["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"},
["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"},
["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"},
["Taml"] = {"Tamil"},
["Tang"] = {"Tangut"},
["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"},
["Tayo"] = {"Tai Yo"},
["Telu"] = {"Telugu"},
["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"},
["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"},
["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"},
["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"},
["Thai"] = {"Thai"},
["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"},
["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"},
["Tnsa"] = {"Tangsa"},
["Todr"] = {"Todhri"},
["Tols"] = {"Tolong Siki"},
["Toto"] = {"Toto"},
["Tutg"] = {"Tulu-Tigalari"},
["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"},
["Vaii"] = {"Vai"},
["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"},
["Vith"] = {"Vithkuqi"},
["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"},
["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"},
["Wole"] = {"Woleai"},
["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"},
["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"},
["Yezi"] = {"Yezidi"},
["Yiii"] = {"Yi"},
["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"},
["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"},
["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"},
["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"},
["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"},
["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"},
["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"},
["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"}
}

Module:Lang/data/iana languages

2026-09-04T04:47:11Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "-- File-Date: 2026-06-14 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, [..."

-- File-Date: 2026-06-14
local active = {
["aa"] = {"Afar"},
["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"},
["ae"] = {"Avestan"},
["af"] = {"Afrikaans"},
["ak"] = {"Akan"},
["am"] = {"Amharic"},
["an"] = {"Aragonese"},
["ar"] = {"Arabic"},
["as"] = {"Assamese"},
["av"] = {"Avaric"},
["ay"] = {"Aymara"},
["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"},
["ba"] = {"Bashkir"},
["be"] = {"Belarusian"},
["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"},
["bi"] = {"Bislama"},
["bm"] = {"Bambara"},
["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"},
["bo"] = {"Tibetan"},
["br"] = {"Breton"},
["bs"] = {"Bosnian"},
["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"},
["ce"] = {"Chechen"},
["ch"] = {"Chamorro"},
["co"] = {"Corsican"},
["cr"] = {"Cree"},
["cs"] = {"Czech"},
["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"},
["cv"] = {"Chuvash"},
["cy"] = {"Welsh"},
["da"] = {"Danish"},
["de"] = {"German"},
["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"},
["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"},
["ee"] = {"Ewe"},
["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"},
["en"] = {"English"},
["eo"] = {"Esperanto"},
["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"},
["et"] = {"Estonian"},
["eu"] = {"Basque"},
["fa"] = {"Persian"},
["ff"] = {"Fulah"},
["fi"] = {"Finnish"},
["fj"] = {"Fijian"},
["fo"] = {"Faroese"},
["fr"] = {"French"},
["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"},
["ga"] = {"Irish"},
["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"},
["gl"] = {"Galician"},
["gn"] = {"Guarani"},
["gu"] = {"Gujarati"},
["gv"] = {"Manx"},
["ha"] = {"Hausa"},
["he"] = {"Hebrew"},
["hi"] = {"Hindi"},
["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"},
["hr"] = {"Croatian"},
["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"},
["hu"] = {"Hungarian"},
["hy"] = {"Armenian"},
["hz"] = {"Herero"},
["ia"] = {"Interlingua (IALA)", "Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"},
["id"] = {"Indonesian"},
["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"},
["ig"] = {"Igbo"},
["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"},
["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"},
["io"] = {"Ido"},
["is"] = {"Icelandic"},
["it"] = {"Italian"},
["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"},
["ja"] = {"Japanese"},
["jv"] = {"Javanese"},
["ka"] = {"Georgian"},
["kg"] = {"Kongo"},
["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"},
["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"},
["kk"] = {"Kazakh"},
["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"},
["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"},
["kn"] = {"Kannada"},
["ko"] = {"Korean"},
["kr"] = {"Kanuri"},
["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"},
["ku"] = {"Kurdish"},
["kv"] = {"Komi"},
["kw"] = {"Cornish"},
["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"},
["la"] = {"Latin"},
["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"},
["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"},
["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"},
["ln"] = {"Lingala"},
["lo"] = {"Lao"},
["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"},
["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"},
["lv"] = {"Latvian"},
["mg"] = {"Malagasy"},
["mh"] = {"Marshallese"},
["mi"] = {"Maori"},
["mk"] = {"Macedonian"},
["ml"] = {"Malayalam"},
["mn"] = {"Mongolian"},
["mr"] = {"Marathi"},
["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"},
["mt"] = {"Maltese"},
["my"] = {"Burmese"},
["na"] = {"Nauru"},
["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"},
["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"},
["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"},
["ng"] = {"Ndonga"},
["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"},
["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"},
["no"] = {"Norwegian"},
["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"},
["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"},
["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"},
["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"},
["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"},
["om"] = {"Oromo"},
["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"},
["os"] = {"Iron Ossetic", "Iron", "Iron Ossetian", "Ossetian", "Ossetic"},
["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"},
["pi"] = {"Pali"},
["pl"] = {"Polish"},
["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"},
["pt"] = {"Portuguese"},
["qu"] = {"Quechua"},
["rm"] = {"Romansh"},
["rn"] = {"Rundi"},
["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"},
["ru"] = {"Russian"},
["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"},
["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"},
["sc"] = {"Sardinian"},
["sd"] = {"Sindhi"},
["se"] = {"Northern Sami"},
["sg"] = {"Sango"},
["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"},
["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"},
["sk"] = {"Slovak"},
["sl"] = {"Slovenian"},
["sm"] = {"Samoan"},
["sn"] = {"Shona"},
["so"] = {"Somali"},
["sq"] = {"Albanian"},
["sr"] = {"Serbian"},
["ss"] = {"Swati"},
["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"},
["su"] = {"Sundanese"},
["sv"] = {"Swedish"},
["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"},
["ta"] = {"Tamil"},
["te"] = {"Telugu"},
["tg"] = {"Tajik"},
["th"] = {"Thai"},
["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"},
["tk"] = {"Turkmen"},
["tl"] = {"Tagalog"},
["tn"] = {"Tswana"},
["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"},
["tr"] = {"Turkish"},
["ts"] = {"Tsonga"},
["tt"] = {"Tatar"},
["tw"] = {"Twi"},
["ty"] = {"Tahitian"},
["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"},
["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"},
["ur"] = {"Urdu"},
["uz"] = {"Uzbek"},
["ve"] = {"Venda"},
["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"},
["vo"] = {"Volapük"},
["wa"] = {"Walloon"},
["wo"] = {"Wolof"},
["xh"] = {"Xhosa"},
["yi"] = {"Yiddish"},
["yo"] = {"Yoruba"},
["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"},
["zh"] = {"Chinese"},
["zu"] = {"Zulu"},
["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"},
["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"},
["aac"] = {"Ari"},
["aad"] = {"Amal"},
["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"},
["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"},
["aag"] = {"Ambrak"},
["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"},
["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"},
["aak"] = {"Ankave"},
["aal"] = {"Afade"},
["aan"] = {"Anambé"},
["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"},
["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"},
["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"},
["aas"] = {"Aasáx"},
["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"},
["aau"] = {"Abau"},
["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"},
["aaw"] = {"Solong"},
["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"},
["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"},
["aba"] = {"Abé"},
["abb"] = {"Bankon"},
["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"},
["abd"] = {"Manide"},
["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"},
["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"},
["abg"] = {"Abaga"},
["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"},
["abi"] = {"Abidji"},
["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"},
["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"},
["abm"] = {"Abanyom"},
["abn"] = {"Abua"},
["abo"] = {"Abon"},
["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"},
["abq"] = {"Abaza"},
["abr"] = {"Abron"},
["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"},
["abt"] = {"Ambulas"},
["abu"] = {"Abure"},
["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"},
["abw"] = {"Pal"},
["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"},
["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"},
["abz"] = {"Abui"},
["aca"] = {"Achagua"},
["acb"] = {"Áncá"},
["acd"] = {"Gikyode"},
["ace"] = {"Achinese"},
["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"},
["ach"] = {"Acoli"},
["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"},
["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"},
["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"},
["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"},
["acn"] = {"Achang"},
["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"},
["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"},
["acr"] = {"Achi"},
["acs"] = {"Acroá"},
["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"},
["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"},
["acv"] = {"Achumawi"},
["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"},
["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"},
["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"},
["acz"] = {"Acheron"},
["ada"] = {"Adangme"},
["adb"] = {"Atauran"},
["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"},
["ade"] = {"Adele"},
["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"},
["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"},
["adh"] = {"Adhola"},
["adi"] = {"Adi"},
["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"},
["adl"] = {"Galo"},
["adn"] = {"Adang"},
["ado"] = {"Abu"},
["adq"] = {"Adangbe"},
["adr"] = {"Adonara"},
["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"},
["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"},
["adu"] = {"Aduge"},
["adw"] = {"Amundava"},
["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"},
["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"},
["adz"] = {"Adzera"},
["aea"] = {"Areba"},
["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"},
["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"},
["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"},
["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"},
["aek"] = {"Haeke"},
["ael"] = {"Ambele"},
["aem"] = {"Arem"},
["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"},
["aeq"] = {"Aer"},
["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"},
["aes"] = {"Alsea"},
["aeu"] = {"Akeu"},
["aew"] = {"Ambakich"},
["aey"] = {"Amele"},
["aez"] = {"Aeka"},
["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"},
["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"},
["afd"] = {"Andai"},
["afe"] = {"Putukwam"},
["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"},
["afh"] = {"Afrihili"},
["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"},
["afk"] = {"Nanubae"},
["afn"] = {"Defaka"},
["afo"] = {"Eloyi"},
["afp"] = {"Tapei"},
["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"},
["aft"] = {"Afitti"},
["afu"] = {"Awutu"},
["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"},
["aga"] = {"Aguano"},
["agb"] = {"Legbo"},
["agc"] = {"Agatu"},
["agd"] = {"Agarabi"},
["age"] = {"Angal"},
["agf"] = {"Arguni"},
["agg"] = {"Angor"},
["agh"] = {"Ngelima"},
["agi"] = {"Agariya"},
["agj"] = {"Argobba"},
["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"},
["agl"] = {"Fembe"},
["agm"] = {"Angaataha"},
["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"},
["ago"] = {"Tainae"},
["agq"] = {"Aghem"},
["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"},
["ags"] = {"Esimbi"},
["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"},
["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"},
["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"},
["agw"] = {"Kahua"},
["agx"] = {"Aghul"},
["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"},
["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"},
["aha"] = {"Ahanta"},
["ahb"] = {"Axamb"},
["ahg"] = {"Qimant"},
["ahh"] = {"Aghu"},
["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"},
["ahk"] = {"Akha"},
["ahl"] = {"Igo"},
["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"},
["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"},
["aho"] = {"Ahom"},
["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"},
["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"},
["ahs"] = {"Ashe"},
["aht"] = {"Ahtena"},
["aia"] = {"Arosi"},
["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"},
["aic"] = {"Ainbai"},
["aid"] = {"Alngith"},
["aie"] = {"Amara"},
["aif"] = {"Agi"},
["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"},
["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"},
["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"},
["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"},
["aik"] = {"Ake"},
["ail"] = {"Aimele"},
["aim"] = {"Aimol"},
["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"},
["aio"] = {"Aiton"},
["aip"] = {"Burumakok"},
["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"},
["air"] = {"Airoran"},
["ait"] = {"Arikem"},
["aiw"] = {"Aari"},
["aix"] = {"Aighon"},
["aiy"] = {"Ali"},
["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"},
["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"},
["aji"] = {"Ajië"},
["ajn"] = {"Andajin"},
["ajs"] = {"Algerian Jewish Sign Language"},
["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"},
["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"},
["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"},
["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"},
["akc"] = {"Mpur"},
["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"},
["ake"] = {"Akawaio"},
["akf"] = {"Akpa"},
["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"},
["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"},
["aki"] = {"Aiome"},
["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"},
["akk"] = {"Akkadian"},
["akl"] = {"Aklanon"},
["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"},
["ako"] = {"Akurio"},
["akp"] = {"Siwu"},
["akq"] = {"Ak"},
["akr"] = {"Araki"},
["aks"] = {"Akaselem"},
["akt"] = {"Akolet"},
["aku"] = {"Akum"},
["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"},
["akw"] = {"Akwa"},
["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"},
["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"},
["akz"] = {"Alabama"},
["ala"] = {"Alago"},
["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"},
["ald"] = {"Alladian"},
["ale"] = {"Aleut"},
["alf"] = {"Alege"},
["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"},
["alh"] = {"Alawa"},
["ali"] = {"Amaimon"},
["alj"] = {"Alangan"},
["alk"] = {"Alak"},
["all"] = {"Allar"},
["alm"] = {"Amblong"},
["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"},
["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"},
["alp"] = {"Alune"},
["alq"] = {"Algonquin"},
["alr"] = {"Alutor"},
["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"},
["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"},
["alu"] = {"'Are'are"},
["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"},
["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"},
["alx"] = {"Amol"},
["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"},
["alz"] = {"Alur"},
["ama"] = {"Amanayé"},
["amb"] = {"Ambo"},
["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"},
["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"},
["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"},
["amg"] = {"Amurdak"},
["ami"] = {"Amis"},
["amj"] = {"Amdang"},
["amk"] = {"Ambai"},
["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"},
["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"},
["amn"] = {"Amanab"},
["amo"] = {"Amo"},
["amp"] = {"Alamblak"},
["amq"] = {"Amahai"},
["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"},
["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"},
["amt"] = {"Amto"},
["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"},
["amv"] = {"Ambelau"},
["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"},
["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"},
["amy"] = {"Ami"},
["amz"] = {"Atampaya"},
["ana"] = {"Andaqui"},
["anb"] = {"Andoa"},
["anc"] = {"Ngas"},
["and"] = {"Ansus"},
["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"},
["anf"] = {"Animere"},
["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"},
["anh"] = {"Nend"},
["ani"] = {"Andi"},
["anj"] = {"Anor"},
["ank"] = {"Goemai"},
["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"},
["anm"] = {"Anal"},
["ann"] = {"Obolo"},
["ano"] = {"Andoque"},
["anp"] = {"Angika"},
["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"},
["anr"] = {"Andh"},
["ans"] = {"Anserma"},
["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"},
["anu"] = {"Anuak"},
["anv"] = {"Denya"},
["anw"] = {"Anaang"},
["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"},
["any"] = {"Anyin"},
["anz"] = {"Anem"},
["aoa"] = {"Angolar"},
["aob"] = {"Abom"},
["aoc"] = {"Pemon"},
["aod"] = {"Andarum"},
["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"},
["aof"] = {"Bragat"},
["aog"] = {"Angoram"},
["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"},
["aoj"] = {"Mufian"},
["aok"] = {"Arhö"},
["aol"] = {"Alor"},
["aom"] = {"Ömie"},
["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"},
["aor"] = {"Aore"},
["aos"] = {"Taikat"},
["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"},
["aou"] = {"A'ou"},
["aox"] = {"Atorada"},
["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"},
["apa"] = {"Apache languages"},
["apb"] = {"Sa'a"},
["apc"] = {"Levantine Arabic"},
["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"},
["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"},
["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"},
["apg"] = {"Ampanang"},
["aph"] = {"Athpariya"},
["api"] = {"Apiaká"},
["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"},
["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"},
["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"},
["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"},
["apn"] = {"Apinayé"},
["apo"] = {"Ambul"},
["app"] = {"Apma"},
["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"},
["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"},
["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"},
["apt"] = {"Apatani"},
["apu"] = {"Apurinã"},
["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"},
["apw"] = {"Western Apache"},
["apx"] = {"Aputai"},
["apy"] = {"Apalaí"},
["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"},
["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"},
["aqc"] = {"Archi"},
["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"},
["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"},
["aqk"] = {"Aninka"},
["aql"] = {"Algic languages"},
["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"},
["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"},
["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"},
["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"},
["aqt"] = {"Angaité"},
["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"},
["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"},
["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"},
["ard"] = {"Arabana"},
["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"},
["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"},
["ari"] = {"Arikara"},
["arj"] = {"Arapaso"},
["ark"] = {"Arikapú"},
["arl"] = {"Arabela"},
["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"},
["aro"] = {"Araona"},
["arp"] = {"Arapaho"},
["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"},
["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"},
["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"},
["art"] = {"Artificial languages"},
["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"},
["arv"] = {"Arbore"},
["arw"] = {"Arawak"},
["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"},
["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"},
["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"},
["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"},
["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"},
["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"},
["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"},
["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"},
["asg"] = {"Cishingini"},
["ash"] = {"Abishira"},
["asi"] = {"Buruwai"},
["asj"] = {"Sari"},
["ask"] = {"Ashkun"},
["asl"] = {"Asilulu"},
["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"},
["aso"] = {"Dano"},
["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"},
["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"},
["asr"] = {"Asuri"},
["ass"] = {"Ipulo"},
["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"},
["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"},
["asv"] = {"Asoa"},
["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"},
["asx"] = {"Muratayak"},
["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"},
["asz"] = {"As"},
["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"},
["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"},
["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"},
["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"},
["ate"] = {"Atemble"},
["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"},
["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"},
["ati"] = {"Attié"},
["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"},
["atk"] = {"Ati"},
["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"},
["atm"] = {"Ata"},
["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"},
["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"},
["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"},
["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"},
["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"},
["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"},
["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"},
["atu"] = {"Reel"},
["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"},
["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"},
["atx"] = {"Arutani"},
["aty"] = {"Aneityum"},
["atz"] = {"Arta"},
["aua"] = {"Asumboa"},
["aub"] = {"Alugu"},
["auc"] = {"Waorani"},
["aud"] = {"Anuta"},
["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"},
["aug"] = {"Aguna"},
["auh"] = {"Aushi"},
["aui"] = {"Anuki"},
["auj"] = {"Awjilah"},
["auk"] = {"Heyo"},
["aul"] = {"Aulua"},
["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"},
["aun"] = {"Molmo One"},
["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"},
["aup"] = {"Makayam"},
["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"},
["aur"] = {"Aruek"},
["aus"] = {"Australian languages"},
["aut"] = {"Austral"},
["auu"] = {"Auye"},
["auw"] = {"Awyi"},
["aux"] = {"Aurá"},
["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"},
["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"},
["avb"] = {"Avau"},
["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"},
["avi"] = {"Avikam"},
["avk"] = {"Kotava"},
["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"},
["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"},
["avn"] = {"Avatime"},
["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"},
["avs"] = {"Aushiri"},
["avt"] = {"Au"},
["avu"] = {"Avokaya"},
["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"},
["awa"] = {"Awadhi"},
["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"},
["awc"] = {"Cicipu"},
["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"},
["awe"] = {"Awetí"},
["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"},
["awh"] = {"Awbono"},
["awi"] = {"Aekyom"},
["awk"] = {"Awabakal"},
["awm"] = {"Arawum"},
["awn"] = {"Awngi"},
["awo"] = {"Awak"},
["awr"] = {"Awera"},
["aws"] = {"South Awyu"},
["awt"] = {"Araweté"},
["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"},
["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"},
["aww"] = {"Awun"},
["awx"] = {"Awara"},
["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"},
["axb"] = {"Abipon"},
["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"},
["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"},
["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"},
["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"},
["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"},
["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"},
["aya"] = {"Awar"},
["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"},
["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"},
["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"},
["aye"] = {"Ayere"},
["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"},
["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"},
["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"},
["ayk"] = {"Akuku"},
["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"},
["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"},
["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"},
["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"},
["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"},
["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"},
["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"},
["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"},
["ayu"] = {"Ayu"},
["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"},
["aza"] = {"Azha"},
["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"},
["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"},
["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"},
["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"},
["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"},
["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"},
["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"},
["azo"] = {"Awing"},
["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"},
["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"},
["baa"] = {"Babatana"},
["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"},
["bac"] = {"Badui"},
["bad"] = {"Banda languages"},
["bae"] = {"Baré"},
["baf"] = {"Nubaca"},
["bag"] = {"Tuki"},
["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"},
["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"},
["baj"] = {"Barakai"},
["bal"] = {"Baluchi"},
["ban"] = {"Balinese"},
["bao"] = {"Waimaha"},
["bap"] = {"Bantawa"},
["bar"] = {"Bavarian"},
["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"},
["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"},
["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"},
["bav"] = {"Vengo"},
["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"},
["bax"] = {"Bamun"},
["bay"] = {"Batuley"},
["bba"] = {"Baatonum"},
["bbb"] = {"Barai"},
["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"},
["bbd"] = {"Bau"},
["bbe"] = {"Bangba"},
["bbf"] = {"Baibai"},
["bbg"] = {"Barama"},
["bbh"] = {"Bugan"},
["bbi"] = {"Barombi"},
["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"},
["bbk"] = {"Babanki"},
["bbl"] = {"Bats"},
["bbm"] = {"Babango"},
["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"},
["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"},
["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"},
["bbq"] = {"Bamali"},
["bbr"] = {"Girawa"},
["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"},
["bbt"] = {"Mburku"},
["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"},
["bbv"] = {"Karnai"},
["bbw"] = {"Baba"},
["bbx"] = {"Bubia"},
["bby"] = {"Befang"},
["bca"] = {"Central Bai"},
["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"},
["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"},
["bcd"] = {"North Babar"},
["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"},
["bcf"] = {"Bamu"},
["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"},
["bch"] = {"Bariai"},
["bci"] = {"Baoulé"},
["bcj"] = {"Bardi"},
["bck"] = {"Bunuba"},
["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"},
["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"},
["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"},
["bco"] = {"Kaluli"},
["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["bcq"] = {"Bench"},
["bcr"] = {"Babine"},
["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"},
["bct"] = {"Bendi"},
["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"},
["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"},
["bcw"] = {"Bana"},
["bcy"] = {"Bacama"},
["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"},
["bda"] = {"Bayot"},
["bdb"] = {"Basap"},
["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"},
["bdd"] = {"Bunama"},
["bde"] = {"Bade"},
["bdf"] = {"Biage"},
["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"},
["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"},
["bdi"] = {"Burun"},
["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"},
["bdk"] = {"Budukh"},
["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"},
["bdm"] = {"Buduma"},
["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"},
["bdo"] = {"Morom"},
["bdp"] = {"Bende"},
["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"},
["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"},
["bds"] = {"Burunge"},
["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"},
["bdu"] = {"Oroko"},
["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"},
["bdw"] = {"Baham"},
["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"},
["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"},
["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"},
["bea"] = {"Beaver"},
["beb"] = {"Bebele"},
["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"},
["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"},
["bee"] = {"Byangsi"},
["bef"] = {"Benabena"},
["beg"] = {"Belait"},
["beh"] = {"Biali"},
["bei"] = {"Bekati'"},
["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"},
["bek"] = {"Bebeli"},
["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"},
["beo"] = {"Beami"},
["bep"] = {"Besoa"},
["beq"] = {"Beembe"},
["ber"] = {"Berber languages"},
["bes"] = {"Besme"},
["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"},
["beu"] = {"Blagar"},
["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"},
["bew"] = {"Betawi"},
["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"},
["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"},
["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"},
["bfa"] = {"Bari"},
["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"},
["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"},
["bfd"] = {"Bafut"},
["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"},
["bff"] = {"Bofi"},
["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"},
["bfh"] = {"Blafe"},
["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"},
["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"},
["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"},
["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"},
["bfm"] = {"Mmen"},
["bfn"] = {"Bunak"},
["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"},
["bfp"] = {"Beba"},
["bfq"] = {"Badaga"},
["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"},
["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"},
["bft"] = {"Balti"},
["bfu"] = {"Gahri"},
["bfw"] = {"Bondo"},
["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"},
["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"},
["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"},
["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"},
["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"},
["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"},
["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"},
["bge"] = {"Bauria"},
["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"},
["bgg"] = {"Bugun"},
["bgi"] = {"Giangan"},
["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"},
["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"},
["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"},
["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"},
["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"},
["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"},
["bgq"] = {"Bagri"},
["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"},
["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"},
["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"},
["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"},
["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"},
["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"},
["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"},
["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"},
["bgz"] = {"Banggai"},
["bha"] = {"Bharia"},
["bhb"] = {"Bhili"},
["bhc"] = {"Biga"},
["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"},
["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"},
["bhf"] = {"Odiai"},
["bhg"] = {"Binandere"},
["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"},
["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"},
["bhj"] = {"Bahing"},
["bhl"] = {"Bimin"},
["bhm"] = {"Bathari"},
["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"},
["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"},
["bhp"] = {"Bima"},
["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"},
["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"},
["bhs"] = {"Buwal"},
["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"},
["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"},
["bhv"] = {"Bahau"},
["bhw"] = {"Biak"},
["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"},
["bhy"] = {"Bhele"},
["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"},
["bia"] = {"Badimaya"},
["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"},
["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"},
["bie"] = {"Bepour"},
["bif"] = {"Biafada"},
["big"] = {"Biangai"},
["bih"] = {"Bihari languages"},
["bik"] = {"Bikol"},
["bil"] = {"Bile"},
["bim"] = {"Bimoba"},
["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"},
["bio"] = {"Nai"},
["bip"] = {"Bila"},
["biq"] = {"Bipi"},
["bir"] = {"Bisorio"},
["bit"] = {"Berinomo"},
["biu"] = {"Biete"},
["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"},
["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"},
["bix"] = {"Bijori"},
["biy"] = {"Birhor"},
["biz"] = {"Baloi"},
["bja"] = {"Budza"},
["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"},
["bjc"] = {"Bariji"},
["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"},
["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"},
["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"},
["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"},
["bji"] = {"Burji"},
["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"},
["bjk"] = {"Barok"},
["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"},
["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"},
["bjn"] = {"Banjar"},
["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"},
["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"},
["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"},
["bjs"] = {"Bajan"},
["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"},
["bju"] = {"Busuu"},
["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"},
["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"},
["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"},
["bjy"] = {"Bayali"},
["bjz"] = {"Baruga"},
["bka"] = {"Kyak"},
["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"},
["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"},
["bkf"] = {"Beeke"},
["bkg"] = {"Buraka"},
["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"},
["bki"] = {"Baki"},
["bkj"] = {"Pande"},
["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"},
["bkl"] = {"Berik"},
["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"},
["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"},
["bko"] = {"Kwa'"},
["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"},
["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"},
["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"},
["bkt"] = {"Boloki"},
["bku"] = {"Buhid"},
["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"},
["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"},
["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"},
["bky"] = {"Bokyi"},
["bkz"] = {"Bungku"},
["bla"] = {"Siksika"},
["blb"] = {"Bilua"},
["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"},
["bld"] = {"Bolango"},
["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"},
["blf"] = {"Buol"},
["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"},
["bli"] = {"Bolia"},
["blj"] = {"Bolongan"},
["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"},
["bll"] = {"Biloxi"},
["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"},
["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"},
["blo"] = {"Anii"},
["blp"] = {"Blablanga"},
["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"},
["blr"] = {"Blang"},
["bls"] = {"Balaesang"},
["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"},
["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"},
["blw"] = {"Balangao"},
["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"},
["bly"] = {"Notre"},
["blz"] = {"Balantak"},
["bma"] = {"Lame"},
["bmb"] = {"Bembe"},
["bmc"] = {"Biem"},
["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"},
["bme"] = {"Limassa"},
["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"},
["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"},
["bmh"] = {"Kein"},
["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"},
["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"},
["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"},
["bml"] = {"Bomboli"},
["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},
["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"},
["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"},
["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"},
["bmq"] = {"Bomu"},
["bmr"] = {"Muinane"},
["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"},
["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"},
["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"},
["bmv"] = {"Bum"},
["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"},
["bmx"] = {"Baimak"},
["bmz"] = {"Baramu"},
["bna"] = {"Bonerate"},
["bnb"] = {"Bookan"},
["bnc"] = {"Bontok"},
["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"},
["bne"] = {"Bintauna"},
["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"},
["bng"] = {"Benga"},
["bni"] = {"Bangi"},
["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"},
["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"},
["bnl"] = {"Boon"},
["bnm"] = {"Batanga"},
["bnn"] = {"Bunun"},
["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"},
["bnp"] = {"Bola"},
["bnq"] = {"Bantik"},
["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"},
["bns"] = {"Bundeli"},
["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"},
["bnu"] = {"Bentong"},
["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"},
["bnw"] = {"Bisis"},
["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"},
["bny"] = {"Bintulu"},
["bnz"] = {"Beezen"},
["boa"] = {"Bora"},
["bob"] = {"Aweer"},
["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"},
["bof"] = {"Bolon"},
["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"},
["boh"] = {"Boma"},
["boi"] = {"Barbareño"},
["boj"] = {"Anjam"},
["bok"] = {"Bonjo"},
["bol"] = {"Bole"},
["bom"] = {"Berom"},
["bon"] = {"Bine"},
["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"},
["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"},
["boq"] = {"Bogaya"},
["bor"] = {"Borôro"},
["bot"] = {"Bongo"},
["bou"] = {"Bondei"},
["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"},
["bow"] = {"Rema"},
["box"] = {"Buamu"},
["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"},
["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"},
["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"},
["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"},
["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"},
["bpe"] = {"Bauni"},
["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"},
["bph"] = {"Botlikh"},
["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"},
["bpj"] = {"Binji"},
["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"},
["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"},
["bpm"] = {"Biyom"},
["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"},
["bpo"] = {"Anasi"},
["bpp"] = {"Kaure"},
["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"},
["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"},
["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"},
["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"},
["bpu"] = {"Bongu"},
["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"},
["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"},
["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"},
["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"},
["bpz"] = {"Bilba"},
["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"},
["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"},
["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"},
["bqd"] = {"Bung"},
["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"},
["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"},
["bqh"] = {"Baima"},
["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"},
["bqj"] = {"Bandial"},
["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"},
["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"},
["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"},
["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"},
["bqo"] = {"Balo"},
["bqp"] = {"Busa"},
["bqq"] = {"Biritai"},
["bqr"] = {"Burusu"},
["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"},
["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"},
["bqu"] = {"Boguru"},
["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"},
["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"},
["bqx"] = {"Baangi"},
["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"},
["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"},
["bra"] = {"Braj"},
["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"},
["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"},
["brd"] = {"Baraamu"},
["brf"] = {"Bira"},
["brg"] = {"Baure"},
["brh"] = {"Brahui"},
["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"},
["brj"] = {"Bieria"},
["brk"] = {"Birked"},
["brl"] = {"Birwa"},
["brm"] = {"Barambu"},
["brn"] = {"Boruca"},
["bro"] = {"Brokkat"},
["brp"] = {"Barapasi"},
["brq"] = {"Breri"},
["brr"] = {"Birao"},
["brs"] = {"Baras"},
["brt"] = {"Bitare"},
["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"},
["brv"] = {"Western Bru"},
["brw"] = {"Bellari"},
["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"},
["bry"] = {"Burui"},
["brz"] = {"Bilbil"},
["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"},
["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"},
["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"},
["bse"] = {"Wushi"},
["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"},
["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"},
["bsh"] = {"Kati"},
["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"},
["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"},
["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"},
["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"},
["bsm"] = {"Busami"},
["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"},
["bso"] = {"Buso"},
["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"},
["bsq"] = {"Bassa"},
["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"},
["bss"] = {"Akoose"},
["bst"] = {"Basketo"},
["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"},
["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"},
["bsw"] = {"Baiso"},
["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"},
["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"},
["bta"] = {"Bata"},
["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"},
["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"},
["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"},
["btf"] = {"Birgit"},
["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"},
["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"},
["bti"] = {"Burate"},
["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"},
["btk"] = {"Batak languages"},
["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"},
["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"},
["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"},
["btp"] = {"Budibud"},
["btq"] = {"Batek"},
["btr"] = {"Baetora"},
["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"},
["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"},
["btu"] = {"Batu"},
["btv"] = {"Bateri"},
["btw"] = {"Butuanon"},
["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"},
["bty"] = {"Bobot"},
["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"},
["bua"] = {"Buriat"},
["bub"] = {"Bua"},
["buc"] = {"Bushi"},
["bud"] = {"Ntcham"},
["bue"] = {"Beothuk"},
["buf"] = {"Bushoong"},
["bug"] = {"Buginese"},
["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"},
["bui"] = {"Bongili"},
["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"},
["buk"] = {"Bugawac"},
["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"},
["bun"] = {"Sherbro"},
["buo"] = {"Terei"},
["bup"] = {"Busoa"},
["buq"] = {"Brem"},
["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"},
["but"] = {"Bungain"},
["buu"] = {"Budu"},
["buv"] = {"Bun"},
["buw"] = {"Bubi"},
["bux"] = {"Boghom"},
["buy"] = {"Bullom So"},
["buz"] = {"Bukwen"},
["bva"] = {"Barein"},
["bvb"] = {"Bube"},
["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"},
["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"},
["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"},
["bvf"] = {"Boor"},
["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"},
["bvh"] = {"Bure"},
["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"},
["bvj"] = {"Baan"},
["bvk"] = {"Bukat"},
["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"},
["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"},
["bvn"] = {"Buna"},
["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"},
["bvp"] = {"Bumang"},
["bvq"] = {"Birri"},
["bvr"] = {"Burarra"},
["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"},
["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"},
["bvv"] = {"Baniva"},
["bvw"] = {"Boga"},
["bvx"] = {"Dibole"},
["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"},
["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"},
["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"},
["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"},
["bwc"] = {"Bwile"},
["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"},
["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"},
["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"},
["bwg"] = {"Barwe"},
["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"},
["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"},
["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"},
["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"},
["bwl"] = {"Bwela"},
["bwm"] = {"Biwat"},
["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"},
["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"},
["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"},
["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"},
["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"},
["bws"] = {"Bomboma"},
["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"},
["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"},
["bww"] = {"Bwa"},
["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"},
["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"},
["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"},
["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"},
["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"},
["bxc"] = {"Molengue"},
["bxd"] = {"Pela"},
["bxe"] = {"Birale"},
["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"},
["bxg"] = {"Bangala"},
["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"},
["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"},
["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"},
["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"},
["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"},
["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"},
["bxn"] = {"Burduna"},
["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"},
["bxp"] = {"Bebil"},
["bxq"] = {"Beele"},
["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"},
["bxs"] = {"Busam"},
["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"},
["bxv"] = {"Berakou"},
["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"},
["bxz"] = {"Binahari"},
["bya"] = {"Batak"},
["byb"] = {"Bikya"},
["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"},
["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"},
["bye"] = {"Pouye"},
["byf"] = {"Bete"},
["byg"] = {"Baygo"},
["byh"] = {"Bhujel"},
["byi"] = {"Buyu"},
["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"},
["byk"] = {"Biao"},
["byl"] = {"Bayono"},
["bym"] = {"Bidjara"},
["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"},
["byo"] = {"Biyo"},
["byp"] = {"Bumaji"},
["byq"] = {"Basay"},
["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"},
["bys"] = {"Burak"},
["byt"] = {"Berti"},
["byv"] = {"Medumba"},
["byw"] = {"Belhariya"},
["byx"] = {"Qaqet"},
["byz"] = {"Banaro"},
["bza"] = {"Bandi"},
["bzb"] = {"Andio"},
["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},
["bzd"] = {"Bribri"},
["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"},
["bzf"] = {"Boikin"},
["bzg"] = {"Babuza"},
["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"},
["bzi"] = {"Bisu"},
["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"},
["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"},
["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"},
["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"},
["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"},
["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"},
["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"},
["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"},
["bzr"] = {"Biri"},
["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"},
["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"},
["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"},
["bzv"] = {"Naami"},
["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"},
["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"},
["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"},
["bzz"] = {"Evant"},
["caa"] = {"Chortí"},
["cab"] = {"Garifuna"},
["cac"] = {"Chuj"},
["cad"] = {"Caddo"},
["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"},
["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"},
["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"},
["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"},
["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"},
["caj"] = {"Chané"},
["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"},
["cal"] = {"Carolinian"},
["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"},
["can"] = {"Chambri"},
["cao"] = {"Chácobo"},
["cap"] = {"Chipaya"},
["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"},
["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"},
["cas"] = {"Tsimané"},
["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"},
["cav"] = {"Cavineña"},
["caw"] = {"Callawalla"},
["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"},
["cay"] = {"Cayuga"},
["caz"] = {"Canichana"},
["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"},
["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"},
["cbc"] = {"Carapana"},
["cbd"] = {"Carijona"},
["cbg"] = {"Chimila"},
["cbi"] = {"Chachi"},
["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"},
["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"},
["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"},
["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"},
["cbo"] = {"Izora"},
["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"},
["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"},
["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"},
["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"},
["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"},
["cbv"] = {"Cacua"},
["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"},
["cby"] = {"Carabayo"},
["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"},
["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"},
["cce"] = {"Chopi"},
["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"},
["cch"] = {"Atsam"},
["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"},
["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"},
["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"},
["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"},
["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"},
["ccp"] = {"Chakma"},
["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"},
["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"},
["cda"] = {"Choni"},
["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"},
["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"},
["cde"] = {"Chenchu"},
["cdf"] = {"Chiru"},
["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"},
["cdi"] = {"Chodri"},
["cdj"] = {"Churahi"},
["cdm"] = {"Chepang"},
["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"},
["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"},
["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"},
["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"},
["cdy"] = {"Chadong"},
["cdz"] = {"Koda"},
["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"},
["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"},
["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"},
["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"},
["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"},
["cen"] = {"Cen"},
["cet"] = {"Centúúm"},
["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"},
["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"},
["cfd"] = {"Cara"},
["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"},
["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"},
["cga"] = {"Changriwa"},
["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"},
["cgg"] = {"Chiga"},
["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"},
["chb"] = {"Chibcha"},
["chc"] = {"Catawba"},
["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"},
["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"},
["chg"] = {"Chagatai"},
["chh"] = {"Chinook"},
["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"},
["chk"] = {"Chuukese"},
["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"},
["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"},
["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"},
["cho"] = {"Choctaw"},
["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"},
["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"},
["chr"] = {"Cherokee"},
["cht"] = {"Cholón"},
["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"},
["chx"] = {"Chantyal"},
["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"},
["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"},
["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"},
["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"},
["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"},
["cid"] = {"Chimariko"},
["cie"] = {"Cineni"},
["cih"] = {"Chinali"},
["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"},
["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"},
["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"},
["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"},
["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"},
["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"},
["ciy"] = {"Chaima"},
["cja"] = {"Western Cham"},
["cje"] = {"Chru"},
["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"},
["cji"] = {"Chamalal"},
["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"},
["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"},
["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"},
["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"},
["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"},
["cjs"] = {"Shor"},
["cjv"] = {"Chuave"},
["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"},
["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"},
["ckh"] = {"Chak"},
["ckl"] = {"Cibak"},
["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"},
["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"},
["cko"] = {"Anufo"},
["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"},
["ckr"] = {"Kairak"},
["cks"] = {"Tayo"},
["ckt"] = {"Chukot"},
["cku"] = {"Koasati"},
["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"},
["ckx"] = {"Caka"},
["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"},
["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"},
["cla"] = {"Ron"},
["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"},
["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"},
["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"},
["clh"] = {"Chilisso"},
["cli"] = {"Chakali"},
["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"},
["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"},
["cll"] = {"Chala"},
["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"},
["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"},
["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"},
["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"},
["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"},
["clw"] = {"Chulym"},
["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"},
["cma"] = {"Maa"},
["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"},
["cme"] = {"Cerma"},
["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"},
["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"},
["cml"] = {"Campalagian"},
["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"},
["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"},
["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"},
["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"},
["cms"] = {"Messapic"},
["cmt"] = {"Camtho"},
["cna"] = {"Changthang"},
["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"},
["cnc"] = {"Côông"},
["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"},
["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"},
["cni"] = {"Asháninka"},
["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"},
["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"},
["cno"] = {"Con"},
["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"},
["cnq"] = {"Chung"},
["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"},
["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"},
["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"},
["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"},
["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"},
["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"},
["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"},
["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"},
["coc"] = {"Cocopa"},
["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"},
["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"},
["cof"] = {"Colorado"},
["cog"] = {"Chong"},
["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"},
["coj"] = {"Cochimi"},
["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"},
["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"},
["com"] = {"Comanche"},
["con"] = {"Cofán"},
["coo"] = {"Comox"},
["cop"] = {"Coptic"},
["coq"] = {"Coquille"},
["cot"] = {"Caquinte"},
["cou"] = {"Wamey"},
["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"},
["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"},
["cox"] = {"Nanti"},
["coz"] = {"Chochotec"},
["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"},
["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"},
["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"},
["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"},
["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"},
["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"},
["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"},
["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"},
["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"},
["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"},
["cps"] = {"Capiznon"},
["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"},
["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"},
["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"},
["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"},
["cra"] = {"Chara"},
["crb"] = {"Island Carib"},
["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"},
["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"},
["crf"] = {"Caramanta"},
["crg"] = {"Michif"},
["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"},
["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"},
["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"},
["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"},
["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"},
["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"},
["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"},
["cro"] = {"Crow"},
["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"},
["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"},
["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"},
["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"},
["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"},
["crv"] = {"Chaura"},
["crw"] = {"Chrau"},
["crx"] = {"Carrier"},
["cry"] = {"Cori"},
["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"},
["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"},
["csb"] = {"Kashubian"},
["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"},
["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"},
["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"},
["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"},
["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"},
["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"},
["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"},
["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"},
["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"},
["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"},
["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"},
["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"},
["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"},
["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"},
["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"},
["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"},
["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"},
["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"},
["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"},
["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"},
["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"},
["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"},
["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"},
["csz"] = {"Coos"},
["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"},
["ctc"] = {"Chetco"},
["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"},
["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"},
["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"},
["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"},
["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"},
["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"},
["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"},
["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"},
["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"},
["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"},
["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"},
["ctu"] = {"Chol"},
["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"},
["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"},
["cua"] = {"Cua"},
["cub"] = {"Cubeo"},
["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"},
["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"},
["cui"] = {"Cuiba"},
["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"},
["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"},
["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"},
["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"},
["cup"] = {"Cupeño"},
["cuq"] = {"Cun"},
["cur"] = {"Chhulung"},
["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"},
["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"},
["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"},
["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"},
["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"},
["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"},
["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"},
["cvg"] = {"Chug"},
["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"},
["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"},
["cwb"] = {"Maindo"},
["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"},
["cwe"] = {"Kwere"},
["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"},
["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"},
["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"},
["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"},
["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"},
["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"},
["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"},
["czk"] = {"Knaanic"},
["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"},
["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"},
["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"},
["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"},
["dac"] = {"Dambi"},
["dad"] = {"Marik"},
["dae"] = {"Duupa"},
["dag"] = {"Dagbani"},
["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"},
["dai"] = {"Day"},
["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"},
["dak"] = {"Dakota"},
["dal"] = {"Dahalo"},
["dam"] = {"Damakawa"},
["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"},
["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"},
["dar"] = {"Dargwa"},
["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"},
["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"},
["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"},
["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"},
["dax"] = {"Dayi"},
["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"},
["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"},
["dba"] = {"Bangime"},
["dbb"] = {"Deno"},
["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"},
["dbe"] = {"Dabe"},
["dbf"] = {"Edopi"},
["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"},
["dbi"] = {"Doka"},
["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"},
["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"},
["dbm"] = {"Duguri"},
["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"},
["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"},
["dbp"] = {"Duwai"},
["dbq"] = {"Daba"},
["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"},
["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"},
["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"},
["dbv"] = {"Dungu"},
["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"},
["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"},
["dcc"] = {"Deccan"},
["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"},
["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"},
["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"},
["dde"] = {"Doondo"},
["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"},
["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"},
["ddj"] = {"Jaru"},
["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"},
["ddo"] = {"Dido"},
["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"},
["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"},
["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"},
["dec"] = {"Dagik"},
["ded"] = {"Dedua"},
["dee"] = {"Dewoin"},
["def"] = {"Dezfuli"},
["deg"] = {"Degema"},
["deh"] = {"Dehwari"},
["dei"] = {"Demisa"},
["del"] = {"Delaware"},
["dem"] = {"Dem"},
["den"] = {"Slavey"},
["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"},
["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"},
["der"] = {"Deori"},
["des"] = {"Desano"},
["dev"] = {"Domung"},
["dez"] = {"Dengese"},
["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"},
["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"},
["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"},
["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"},
["dge"] = {"Degenan"},
["dgg"] = {"Doga"},
["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"},
["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"},
["dgk"] = {"Dagba"},
["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"},
["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"},
["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"},
["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"},
["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"},
["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"},
["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"},
["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"},
["dgz"] = {"Daga"},
["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"},
["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"},
["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"},
["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"},
["dhm"] = {"Zemba"},
["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"},
["dho"] = {"Dhodia"},
["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"},
["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"},
["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"},
["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"},
["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"},
["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"},
["dia"] = {"Dia"},
["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"},
["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"},
["did"] = {"Didinga"},
["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"},
["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"},
["dih"] = {"Kumiai"},
["dii"] = {"Dimbong"},
["dij"] = {"Dai"},
["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"},
["dil"] = {"Dilling"},
["dim"] = {"Dime"},
["din"] = {"Dinka"},
["dio"] = {"Dibo"},
["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"},
["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"},
["dir"] = {"Dirim"},
["dis"] = {"Dimasa"},
["diu"] = {"Diriku"},
["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"},
["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"},
["diy"] = {"Diuwe"},
["diz"] = {"Ding"},
["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"},
["djb"] = {"Djinba"},
["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"},
["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"},
["dje"] = {"Zarma"},
["djf"] = {"Djangun"},
["dji"] = {"Djinang"},
["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"},
["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"},
["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"},
["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"},
["djo"] = {"Jangkang"},
["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"},
["dju"] = {"Kapriman"},
["djw"] = {"Djawi"},
["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"},
["dkg"] = {"Kadung"},
["dkk"] = {"Dakka"},
["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"},
["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"},
["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"},
["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"},
["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"},
["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"},
["dln"] = {"Darlong"},
["dma"] = {"Duma"},
["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"},
["dmc"] = {"Gavak"},
["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"},
["dme"] = {"Dugwor"},
["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"},
["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"},
["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"},
["dml"] = {"Dameli"},
["dmm"] = {"Dama"},
["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"},
["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"},
["dmr"] = {"East Damar"},
["dms"] = {"Dampelas"},
["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"},
["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"},
["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"},
["dmx"] = {"Dema"},
["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"},
["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"},
["dnd"] = {"Daonda"},
["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"},
["dng"] = {"Dungan"},
["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"},
["dnj"] = {"Dan"},
["dnk"] = {"Dengka"},
["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"},
["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"},
["dnr"] = {"Danaru"},
["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"},
["dnu"] = {"Danau"},
["dnv"] = {"Danu"},
["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"},
["dny"] = {"Dení"},
["doa"] = {"Dom"},
["dob"] = {"Dobu"},
["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"},
["doe"] = {"Doe"},
["dof"] = {"Domu"},
["doh"] = {"Dong"},
["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"},
["dok"] = {"Dondo"},
["dol"] = {"Doso"},
["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"},
["doo"] = {"Dongo"},
["dop"] = {"Lukpa"},
["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"},
["dor"] = {"Dori'o"},
["dos"] = {"Dogosé"},
["dot"] = {"Dass"},
["dov"] = {"Dombe"},
["dow"] = {"Doyayo"},
["dox"] = {"Bussa"},
["doy"] = {"Dompo"},
["doz"] = {"Dorze"},
["dpp"] = {"Papar"},
["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"},
["drb"] = {"Dair"},
["drc"] = {"Minderico"},
["drd"] = {"Darmiya"},
["dre"] = {"Dolpo"},
["drg"] = {"Rungus"},
["dri"] = {"C'Lela"},
["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"},
["drn"] = {"West Damar"},
["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"},
["drq"] = {"Dura"},
["drs"] = {"Gedeo"},
["drt"] = {"Drents"},
["dru"] = {"Rukai"},
["dry"] = {"Darai"},
["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"},
["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"},
["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"},
["dsi"] = {"Disa"},
["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"},
["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"},
["dsn"] = {"Dusner"},
["dso"] = {"Desiya"},
["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"},
["dsz"] = {"Mardin Sign Language"},
["dta"] = {"Daur"},
["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"},
["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"},
["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"},
["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"},
["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"},
["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"},
["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"},
["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"},
["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"},
["dtr"] = {"Lotud"},
["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"},
["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"},
["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"},
["dty"] = {"Dotyali"},
["dua"] = {"Duala"},
["dub"] = {"Dubli"},
["duc"] = {"Duna"},
["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"},
["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"},
["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"},
["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"},
["dui"] = {"Dumun"},
["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"},
["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"},
["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"},
["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"},
["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"},
["dup"] = {"Duano"},
["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"},
["dur"] = {"Dii"},
["dus"] = {"Dumi"},
["duu"] = {"Drung"},
["duv"] = {"Duvle"},
["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"},
["dux"] = {"Duungooma"},
["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"},
["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"},
["dva"] = {"Duau"},
["dwa"] = {"Diri"},
["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"},
["dwr"] = {"Dawro"},
["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"},
["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"},
["dww"] = {"Dawawa"},
["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"},
["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"},
["dya"] = {"Dyan"},
["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"},
["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"},
["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"},
["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"},
["dyl"] = {"Bhutanese Sign Language"},
["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"},
["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"},
["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"},
["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"},
["dyu"] = {"Dyula"},
["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"},
["dza"] = {"Tunzu"},
["dzd"] = {"Daza"},
["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"},
["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"},
["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"},
["dzn"] = {"Dzando"},
["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"},
["ebc"] = {"Beginci"},
["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"},
["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"},
["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"},
["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"},
["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"},
["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"},
["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"},
["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"},
["eee"] = {"E"},
["efa"] = {"Efai"},
["efe"] = {"Efe"},
["efi"] = {"Efik"},
["ega"] = {"Ega"},
["egl"] = {"Emilian"},
["egm"] = {"Benamanga"},
["ego"] = {"Eggon"},
["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"},
["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"},
["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"},
["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"},
["eip"] = {"Eipomek"},
["eit"] = {"Eitiep"},
["eiv"] = {"Askopan"},
["eja"] = {"Ejamat"},
["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"},
["eke"] = {"Ekit"},
["ekg"] = {"Ekari"},
["eki"] = {"Eki"},
["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"},
["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"},
["ekm"] = {"Elip"},
["eko"] = {"Koti"},
["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"},
["ekr"] = {"Yace"},
["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"},
["ele"] = {"Elepi"},
["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"},
["eli"] = {"Nding"},
["elk"] = {"Elkei"},
["elm"] = {"Eleme"},
["elo"] = {"El Molo"},
["elu"] = {"Elu"},
["elx"] = {"Elamite"},
["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"},
["emb"] = {"Embaloh"},
["eme"] = {"Emerillon"},
["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"},
["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"},
["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"},
["emm"] = {"Mamulique"},
["emn"] = {"Eman"},
["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"},
["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"},
["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"},
["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"},
["emw"] = {"Emplawas"},
["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"},
["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"},
["emz"] = {"Mbessa"},
["ena"] = {"Apali"},
["enb"] = {"Markweeta"},
["enc"] = {"En"},
["end"] = {"Ende"},
["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"},
["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"},
["enl"] = {"Enlhet"},
["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"},
["enn"] = {"Engenni"},
["eno"] = {"Enggano"},
["enq"] = {"Enga"},
["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"},
["enu"] = {"Enu"},
["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"},
["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"},
["enx"] = {"Enxet"},
["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"},
["epi"] = {"Epie"},
["era"] = {"Eravallan"},
["erg"] = {"Sie"},
["erh"] = {"Eruwa"},
["eri"] = {"Ogea"},
["erk"] = {"South Efate"},
["ero"] = {"Horpa"},
["err"] = {"Erre"},
["ers"] = {"Ersu"},
["ert"] = {"Eritai"},
["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"},
["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"},
["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"},
["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"},
["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"},
["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"},
["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"},
["esm"] = {"Esuma"},
["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"},
["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"},
["esq"] = {"Esselen"},
["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"},
["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"},
["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"},
["esy"] = {"Eskayan"},
["etb"] = {"Etebi"},
["etc"] = {"Etchemin"},
["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"},
["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"},
["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"},
["etr"] = {"Edolo"},
["ets"] = {"Yekhee"},
["ett"] = {"Etruscan"},
["etu"] = {"Ejagham"},
["etx"] = {"Eten"},
["etz"] = {"Semimi"},
["eud"] = {"Eudeve"},
["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"},
["eve"] = {"Even"},
["evh"] = {"Uvbie"},
["evn"] = {"Evenki"},
["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"},
["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"},
["eya"] = {"Eyak"},
["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"},
["eza"] = {"Ezaa"},
["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"},
["faa"] = {"Fasu"},
["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"},
["fad"] = {"Wagi"},
["faf"] = {"Fagani"},
["fag"] = {"Finongan"},
["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"},
["fai"] = {"Faiwol"},
["faj"] = {"Faita"},
["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"},
["fal"] = {"South Fali"},
["fam"] = {"Fam"},
["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"},
["fap"] = {"Paloor"},
["far"] = {"Fataleka"},
["fat"] = {"Fanti"},
["fau"] = {"Fayu"},
["fax"] = {"Fala"},
["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"},
["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"},
["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"},
["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"},
["fer"] = {"Feroge"},
["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"},
["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"},
["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"},
["fia"] = {"Nobiin"},
["fie"] = {"Fyer"},
["fif"] = {"Faifi"},
["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"},
["fip"] = {"Fipa"},
["fir"] = {"Firan"},
["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"},
["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"},
["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"},
["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"},
["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"},
["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"},
["flh"] = {"Foau"},
["fli"] = {"Fali"},
["fll"] = {"North Fali"},
["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"},
["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"},
["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"},
["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"},
["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"},
["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"},
["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"},
["fni"] = {"Fania"},
["fod"] = {"Foodo"},
["foi"] = {"Foi"},
["fom"] = {"Foma"},
["fon"] = {"Fon"},
["for"] = {"Fore"},
["fos"] = {"Siraya"},
["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"},
["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"},
["fqs"] = {"Fas"},
["frc"] = {"Cajun French"},
["frd"] = {"Fordata"},
["frk"] = {"Frankish"},
["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"},
["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"},
["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"},
["frq"] = {"Forak"},
["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"},
["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"},
["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"},
["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"},
["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"},
["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"},
["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"},
["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"},
["fud"] = {"East Futuna"},
["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"},
["fuf"] = {"Pular"},
["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"},
["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"},
["fuj"] = {"Ko"},
["fum"] = {"Fum"},
["fun"] = {"Fulniô"},
["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"},
["fur"] = {"Friulian"},
["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"},
["fuu"] = {"Furu"},
["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"},
["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"},
["fvr"] = {"Fur"},
["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"},
["fwe"] = {"Fwe"},
["gaa"] = {"Ga"},
["gab"] = {"Gabri"},
["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"},
["gad"] = {"Gaddang"},
["gae"] = {"Guarequena"},
["gaf"] = {"Gende"},
["gag"] = {"Gagauz"},
["gah"] = {"Alekano"},
["gai"] = {"Borei"},
["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"},
["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"},
["gal"] = {"Galolen"},
["gam"] = {"Kandawo"},
["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"},
["gao"] = {"Gants"},
["gap"] = {"Gal"},
["gaq"] = {"Gata'"},
["gar"] = {"Galeya"},
["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"},
["gat"] = {"Kenati"},
["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"},
["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"},
["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"},
["gay"] = {"Gayo"},
["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"},
["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"},
["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"},
["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"},
["gbe"] = {"Niksek"},
["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"},
["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"},
["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"},
["gbi"] = {"Galela"},
["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"},
["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"},
["gbl"] = {"Gamit"},
["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"},
["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"},
["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"},
["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"},
["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"},
["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"},
["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"},
["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"},
["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"},
["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"},
["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"},
["gby"] = {"Gbari"},
["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"},
["gcc"] = {"Mali"},
["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"},
["gce"] = {"Galice"},
["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"},
["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"},
["gcn"] = {"Gaina"},
["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"},
["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"},
["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"},
["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"},
["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"},
["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"},
["gde"] = {"Gude"},
["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"},
["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"},
["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"},
["gdi"] = {"Gundi"},
["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"},
["gdk"] = {"Gadang"},
["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"},
["gdm"] = {"Laal"},
["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"},
["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"},
["gdq"] = {"Mehri"},
["gdr"] = {"Wipi"},
["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"},
["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"},
["gdu"] = {"Gudu"},
["gdx"] = {"Godwari"},
["gea"] = {"Geruma"},
["geb"] = {"Kire"},
["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"},
["ged"] = {"Gade"},
["gef"] = {"Gerai"},
["geg"] = {"Gengle"},
["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"},
["gei"] = {"Gebe"},
["gej"] = {"Gen"},
["gek"] = {"Ywom"},
["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"},
["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"},
["geq"] = {"Geme"},
["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"},
["gev"] = {"Eviya"},
["gew"] = {"Gera"},
["gex"] = {"Garre"},
["gey"] = {"Enya"},
["gez"] = {"Geez"},
["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"},
["gft"] = {"Gafat"},
["gga"] = {"Gao"},
["ggb"] = {"Gbii"},
["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"},
["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"},
["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"},
["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"},
["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"},
["ggt"] = {"Gitua"},
["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"},
["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"},
["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"},
["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"},
["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"},
["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"},
["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"},
["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"},
["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"},
["gho"] = {"Ghomara"},
["ghr"] = {"Ghera"},
["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"},
["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"},
["gia"] = {"Kija"},
["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"},
["gic"] = {"Gail"},
["gid"] = {"Gidar"},
["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"},
["gig"] = {"Goaria"},
["gih"] = {"Githabul"},
["gii"] = {"Girirra"},
["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"},
["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"},
["gin"] = {"Hinukh"},
["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"},
["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"},
["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"},
["gis"] = {"North Giziga"},
["git"] = {"Gitxsan"},
["giu"] = {"Mulao"},
["giw"] = {"White Gelao"},
["gix"] = {"Gilima"},
["giy"] = {"Giyug"},
["giz"] = {"South Giziga"},
["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"},
["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"},
["gjn"] = {"Gonja"},
["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"},
["gju"] = {"Gujari"},
["gka"] = {"Guya"},
["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"},
["gke"] = {"Ndai"},
["gkn"] = {"Gokana"},
["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"},
["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"},
["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"},
["glb"] = {"Belning"},
["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"},
["gld"] = {"Nanai"},
["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"},
["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"},
["glk"] = {"Gilaki"},
["gll"] = {"Garlali"},
["glo"] = {"Galambu"},
["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"},
["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"},
["glw"] = {"Glavda"},
["gly"] = {"Gule"},
["gma"] = {"Gambera"},
["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"},
["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"},
["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"},
["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"},
["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"},
["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"},
["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"},
["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"},
["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"},
["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"},
["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"},
["gmv"] = {"Gamo"},
["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"},
["gmx"] = {"Magoma"},
["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"},
["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"},
["gna"] = {"Kaansa"},
["gnb"] = {"Gangte"},
["gnc"] = {"Guanche"},
["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"},
["gne"] = {"Ganang"},
["gng"] = {"Ngangam"},
["gnh"] = {"Lere"},
["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"},
["gnj"] = {"Ngen"},
["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"},
["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"},
["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"},
["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"},
["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"},
["gnq"] = {"Gana"},
["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"},
["gnt"] = {"Guntai"},
["gnu"] = {"Gnau"},
["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"},
["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"},
["goa"] = {"Guro"},
["gob"] = {"Playero"},
["goc"] = {"Gorakor"},
["god"] = {"Godié"},
["goe"] = {"Gongduk"},
["gof"] = {"Gofa"},
["gog"] = {"Gogo"},
["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"},
["goi"] = {"Gobasi"},
["goj"] = {"Gowlan"},
["gok"] = {"Gowli"},
["gol"] = {"Gola"},
["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"},
["gon"] = {"Gondi"},
["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"},
["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"},
["goq"] = {"Gorap"},
["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"},
["gos"] = {"Gronings"},
["got"] = {"Gothic"},
["gou"] = {"Gavar"},
["gov"] = {"Goo"},
["gow"] = {"Gorowa"},
["gox"] = {"Gobu"},
["goy"] = {"Goundo"},
["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"},
["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"},
["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"},
["gpn"] = {"Taiap"},
["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"},
["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"},
["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"},
["gqr"] = {"Gor"},
["gqu"] = {"Qau"},
["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"},
["grb"] = {"Grebo"},
["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"},
["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"},
["grg"] = {"Madi"},
["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"},
["gri"] = {"Ghari"},
["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"},
["grk"] = {"Greek languages"},
["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"},
["gro"] = {"Groma"},
["grq"] = {"Gorovu"},
["grr"] = {"Taznatit"},
["grs"] = {"Gresi"},
["grt"] = {"Garo"},
["gru"] = {"Kistane"},
["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"},
["grw"] = {"Gweda"},
["grx"] = {"Guriaso"},
["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"},
["grz"] = {"Guramalum"},
["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"},
["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"},
["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"},
["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"},
["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"},
["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"},
["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"},
["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"},
["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"},
["gta"] = {"Guató"},
["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"},
["gua"] = {"Shiki"},
["gub"] = {"Guajajára"},
["guc"] = {"Wayuu"},
["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"},
["gue"] = {"Gurindji"},
["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"},
["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"},
["guh"] = {"Guahibo"},
["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"},
["guk"] = {"Gumuz"},
["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"},
["gum"] = {"Guambiano"},
["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"},
["guo"] = {"Guayabero"},
["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"},
["guq"] = {"Aché"},
["gur"] = {"Farefare"},
["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"},
["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"},
["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"},
["guw"] = {"Gun"},
["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"},
["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"},
["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"},
["gvc"] = {"Guanano"},
["gve"] = {"Duwet"},
["gvf"] = {"Golin"},
["gvj"] = {"Guajá"},
["gvl"] = {"Gulay"},
["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"},
["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"},
["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"},
["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"},
["gvr"] = {"Gurung"},
["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"},
["gvy"] = {"Guyani"},
["gwa"] = {"Mbato"},
["gwb"] = {"Gwa"},
["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"},
["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"},
["gwe"] = {"Gweno"},
["gwf"] = {"Gowro"},
["gwg"] = {"Moo"},
["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"},
["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"},
["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"},
["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"},
["gwr"] = {"Gwere"},
["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"},
["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"},
["gww"] = {"Kwini"},
["gwx"] = {"Gua"},
["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"},
["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"},
["gyb"] = {"Garus"},
["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"},
["gye"] = {"Gyem"},
["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"},
["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"},
["gyi"] = {"Gyele"},
["gyl"] = {"Gayil"},
["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"},
["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"},
["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"},
["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"},
["gyy"] = {"Gunya"},
["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"},
["gza"] = {"Ganza"},
["gzi"] = {"Gazi"},
["gzn"] = {"Gane"},
["haa"] = {"Hän"},
["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"},
["hac"] = {"Gurani"},
["had"] = {"Hatam"},
["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"},
["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"},
["hag"] = {"Hanga"},
["hah"] = {"Hahon"},
["hai"] = {"Haida"},
["haj"] = {"Hajong"},
["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"},
["hal"] = {"Halang"},
["ham"] = {"Hewa"},
["han"] = {"Hangaza"},
["hao"] = {"Hakö"},
["hap"] = {"Hupla"},
["haq"] = {"Ha"},
["har"] = {"Harari"},
["has"] = {"Haisla"},
["hav"] = {"Havu"},
["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"},
["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"},
["hay"] = {"Haya"},
["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"},
["hba"] = {"Hamba"},
["hbb"] = {"Huba"},
["hbn"] = {"Heiban"},
["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"},
["hbu"] = {"Habu"},
["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"},
["hch"] = {"Huichol"},
["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"},
["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"},
["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"},
["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"},
["hed"] = {"Herdé"},
["heg"] = {"Helong"},
["heh"] = {"Hehe"},
["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"},
["hem"] = {"Hemba"},
["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"},
["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"},
["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"},
["hhr"] = {"Kerak"},
["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"},
["hia"] = {"Lamang"},
["hib"] = {"Hibito"},
["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"},
["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"},
["hig"] = {"Kamwe"},
["hih"] = {"Pamosu"},
["hii"] = {"Hinduri"},
["hij"] = {"Hijuk"},
["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"},
["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"},
["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"},
["hio"] = {"Tsoa"},
["hir"] = {"Himarimã"},
["hit"] = {"Hittite"},
["hiw"] = {"Hiw"},
["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"},
["hji"] = {"Haji"},
["hka"] = {"Kahe"},
["hke"] = {"Hunde"},
["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"},
["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"},
["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"},
["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"},
["hla"] = {"Halia"},
["hlb"] = {"Halbi"},
["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"},
["hle"] = {"Hlersu"},
["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"},
["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"},
["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"},
["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"},
["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"},
["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"},
["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"},
["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"},
["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"},
["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"},
["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"},
["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"},
["hmk"] = {"Maek"},
["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"},
["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"},
["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"},
["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"},
["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"},
["hmr"] = {"Hmar"},
["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"},
["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"},
["hmu"] = {"Hamap"},
["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"},
["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"},
["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"},
["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"},
["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"},
["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"},
["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"},
["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"},
["hng"] = {"Hungu"},
["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"},
["hni"] = {"Hani"},
["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"},
["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"},
["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"},
["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"},
["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"},
["hnu"] = {"Hung"},
["hoa"] = {"Hoava"},
["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"},
["hoc"] = {"Ho"},
["hod"] = {"Holma"},
["hoe"] = {"Horom"},
["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"},
["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"},
["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"},
["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"},
["hol"] = {"Holu"},
["hom"] = {"Homa"},
["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"},
["hop"] = {"Hopi"},
["hor"] = {"Horo"},
["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"},
["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"},
["hov"] = {"Hovongan"},
["how"] = {"Honi"},
["hoy"] = {"Holiya"},
["hoz"] = {"Hozo"},
["hpo"] = {"Hpon"},
["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"},
["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"},
["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"},
["hre"] = {"Hre"},
["hrk"] = {"Haruku"},
["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"},
["hro"] = {"Haroi"},
["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"},
["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"},
["hru"] = {"Hruso"},
["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"},
["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"},
["hrz"] = {"Harzani"},
["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"},
["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"},
["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"},
["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"},
["hss"] = {"Harsusi"},
["hti"] = {"Hoti"},
["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"},
["hts"] = {"Hadza"},
["htu"] = {"Hitu"},
["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"},
["hub"] = {"Huambisa"},
["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"},
["hud"] = {"Huaulu"},
["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"},
["huf"] = {"Humene"},
["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"},
["huh"] = {"Huilliche"},
["hui"] = {"Huli"},
["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"},
["huk"] = {"Hulung"},
["hul"] = {"Hula"},
["hum"] = {"Hungana"},
["huo"] = {"Hu"},
["hup"] = {"Hupa"},
["huq"] = {"Tsat"},
["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"},
["hus"] = {"Huastec"},
["hut"] = {"Humla"},
["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"},
["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"},
["huw"] = {"Hukumina"},
["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"},
["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"},
["huz"] = {"Hunzib"},
["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"},
["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"},
["hvk"] = {"Haveke"},
["hvn"] = {"Sabu"},
["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"},
["hwa"] = {"Wané"},
["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"},
["hwo"] = {"Hwana"},
["hya"] = {"Hya"},
["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"},
["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"},
["iai"] = {"Iaai"},
["ian"] = {"Iatmul"},
["iar"] = {"Purari"},
["iba"] = {"Iban"},
["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"},
["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"},
["ibe"] = {"Akpes"},
["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"},
["ibh"] = {"Bih"},
["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"},
["ibm"] = {"Agoi"},
["ibn"] = {"Ibino"},
["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"},
["ibu"] = {"Ibu"},
["iby"] = {"Ibani"},
["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"},
["ich"] = {"Etkywan"},
["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"},
["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"},
["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"},
["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"},
["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"},
["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"},
["ide"] = {"Idere"},
["idi"] = {"Idi"},
["idr"] = {"Indri"},
["ids"] = {"Idesa"},
["idt"] = {"Idaté"},
["idu"] = {"Idoma"},
["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"},
["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"},
["ife"] = {"Ifè"},
["iff"] = {"Ifo"},
["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"},
["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"},
["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"},
["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"},
["igb"] = {"Ebira"},
["ige"] = {"Igede"},
["igg"] = {"Igana"},
["igl"] = {"Igala"},
["igm"] = {"Kanggape"},
["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"},
["igo"] = {"Isebe"},
["igs"] = {"Interglossa"},
["igw"] = {"Igwe"},
["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"},
["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"},
["ihp"] = {"Iha"},
["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"},
["iin"] = {"Thiin"},
["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"},
["ijc"] = {"Izon"},
["ije"] = {"Biseni"},
["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"},
["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"},
["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"},
["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"},
["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"},
["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"},
["iki"] = {"Iko"},
["ikk"] = {"Ika"},
["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"},
["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"},
["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"},
["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"},
["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"},
["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"},
["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"},
["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"},
["ikx"] = {"Ik"},
["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"},
["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"},
["ilb"] = {"Ila"},
["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"},
["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"},
["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"},
["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"},
["ilo"] = {"Iloko"},
["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"},
["ils"] = {"International Sign"},
["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"},
["ilv"] = {"Ilue"},
["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"},
["imi"] = {"Anamgura"},
["iml"] = {"Miluk"},
["imn"] = {"Imonda"},
["imo"] = {"Imbongu"},
["imr"] = {"Imroing"},
["ims"] = {"Marsian"},
["imt"] = {"Imotong"},
["imy"] = {"Milyan"},
["inb"] = {"Inga"},
["inc"] = {"Indic languages"},
["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"},
["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"},
["inh"] = {"Ingush"},
["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"},
["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"},
["inm"] = {"Minaean"},
["inn"] = {"Isinai"},
["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"},
["inp"] = {"Iñapari"},
["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"},
["int"] = {"Intha"},
["inz"] = {"Ineseño"},
["ior"] = {"Inor"},
["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"},
["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"},
["ipi"] = {"Ipili"},
["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"},
["iqu"] = {"Iquito"},
["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"},
["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"},
["ire"] = {"Iresim"},
["irh"] = {"Irarutu"},
["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"},
["irk"] = {"Iraqw"},
["irn"] = {"Irántxe"},
["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"},
["irr"] = {"Ir"},
["iru"] = {"Irula"},
["irx"] = {"Kamberau"},
["iry"] = {"Iraya"},
["isa"] = {"Isabi"},
["isc"] = {"Isconahua"},
["isd"] = {"Isnag"},
["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"},
["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"},
["ish"] = {"Esan"},
["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"},
["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"},
["ism"] = {"Masimasi"},
["isn"] = {"Isanzu"},
["iso"] = {"Isoko"},
["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"},
["ist"] = {"Istriot"},
["isu"] = {"Isu", "Isu (Menchum Division)"},
["isv"] = {"Interslavic"},
["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"},
["itc"] = {"Italic languages"},
["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"},
["ite"] = {"Itene"},
["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"},
["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"},
["itl"] = {"Itelmen"},
["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"},
["ito"] = {"Itonama"},
["itr"] = {"Iteri"},
["its"] = {"Isekiri"},
["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"},
["itv"] = {"Itawit"},
["itw"] = {"Ito"},
["itx"] = {"Itik"},
["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"},
["itz"] = {"Itzá"},
["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"},
["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"},
["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"},
["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"},
["iwm"] = {"Iwam"},
["iwo"] = {"Iwur"},
["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"},
["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"},
["ixl"] = {"Ixil"},
["iya"] = {"Iyayu"},
["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"},
["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"},
["izh"] = {"Ingrian"},
["izm"] = {"Kizamani"},
["izr"] = {"Izere"},
["izz"] = {"Izii"},
["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"},
["jab"] = {"Hyam"},
["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"},
["jad"] = {"Jahanka"},
["jae"] = {"Yabem"},
["jaf"] = {"Jara"},
["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"},
["jaj"] = {"Zazao"},
["jak"] = {"Jakun"},
["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"},
["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"},
["jan"] = {"Jandai"},
["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"},
["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"},
["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"},
["jat"] = {"Jakati"},
["jau"] = {"Yaur"},
["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"},
["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"},
["jaz"] = {"Jawe"},
["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"},
["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"},
["jbj"] = {"Arandai"},
["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"},
["jbm"] = {"Bijim"},
["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"},
["jbo"] = {"Lojban"},
["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"},
["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"},
["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"},
["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"},
["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"},
["jct"] = {"Krymchak"},
["jda"] = {"Jad"},
["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"},
["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"},
["jeb"] = {"Jebero"},
["jee"] = {"Jerung"},
["jeh"] = {"Jeh"},
["jei"] = {"Yei"},
["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"},
["jel"] = {"Yelmek"},
["jen"] = {"Dza"},
["jer"] = {"Jere"},
["jet"] = {"Manem"},
["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"},
["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"},
["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"},
["jgk"] = {"Gwak"},
["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"},
["jhi"] = {"Jehai"},
["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"},
["jia"] = {"Jina"},
["jib"] = {"Jibu"},
["jic"] = {"Tol"},
["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"},
["jie"] = {"Jilbe"},
["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"},
["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"},
["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"},
["jil"] = {"Jilim"},
["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"},
["jio"] = {"Jiamao"},
["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"},
["jit"] = {"Jita"},
["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"},
["jiv"] = {"Shuar"},
["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"},
["jje"] = {"Jejueo"},
["jjr"] = {"Bankal"},
["jka"] = {"Kaera"},
["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"},
["jko"] = {"Kubo"},
["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"},
["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"},
["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"},
["jku"] = {"Labir"},
["jle"] = {"Ngile"},
["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"},
["jma"] = {"Dima"},
["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"},
["jmc"] = {"Machame"},
["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"},
["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"},
["jml"] = {"Jumli"},
["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"},
["jmr"] = {"Kamara"},
["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"},
["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"},
["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},
["jna"] = {"Jangshung"},
["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"},
["jng"] = {"Yangman"},
["jni"] = {"Janji"},
["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"},
["jnl"] = {"Rawat"},
["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"},
["job"] = {"Joba"},
["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"},
["jog"] = {"Jogi"},
["jor"] = {"Jorá"},
["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"},
["jow"] = {"Jowulu"},
["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"},
["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"},
["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"},
["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"},
["jra"] = {"Jarai"},
["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"},
["jrr"] = {"Jiru"},
["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"},
["jru"] = {"Japrería"},
["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"},
["jua"] = {"Júma"},
["jub"] = {"Wannu"},
["juc"] = {"Jurchen"},
["jud"] = {"Worodougou"},
["juh"] = {"Hõne"},
["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"},
["juk"] = {"Wapan"},
["jul"] = {"Jirel"},
["jum"] = {"Jumjum"},
["jun"] = {"Juang"},
["juo"] = {"Jiba"},
["jup"] = {"Hupdë"},
["jur"] = {"Jurúna"},
["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"},
["jut"] = {"Jutish"},
["juu"] = {"Ju"},
["juw"] = {"Wãpha"},
["juy"] = {"Juray"},
["jvd"] = {"Javindo"},
["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"},
["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"},
["jya"] = {"Jiarong"},
["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"},
["jyy"] = {"Jaya"},
["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"},
["kab"] = {"Kabyle"},
["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"},
["kad"] = {"Adara"},
["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"},
["kaf"] = {"Katso"},
["kag"] = {"Kajaman"},
["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"},
["kai"] = {"Karekare"},
["kaj"] = {"Jju"},
["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"},
["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"},
["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"},
["kap"] = {"Bezhta"},
["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"},
["kar"] = {"Karen languages"},
["kav"] = {"Katukína"},
["kaw"] = {"Kawi"},
["kax"] = {"Kao"},
["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"},
["kba"] = {"Kalarko"},
["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"},
["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"},
["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"},
["kbe"] = {"Kanju"},
["kbg"] = {"Khamba"},
["kbh"] = {"Camsá"},
["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"},
["kbj"] = {"Kari"},
["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"},
["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"},
["kbm"] = {"Iwal"},
["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"},
["kbo"] = {"Keliko"},
["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"},
["kbq"] = {"Kamano"},
["kbr"] = {"Kafa"},
["kbs"] = {"Kande"},
["kbt"] = {"Abadi"},
["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"},
["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"},
["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"},
["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"},
["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"},
["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"},
["kca"] = {"Khanty"},
["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"},
["kcc"] = {"Lubila"},
["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"},
["kce"] = {"Kaivi"},
["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"},
["kcg"] = {"Tyap"},
["kch"] = {"Vono"},
["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"},
["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"},
["kck"] = {"Kalanga"},
["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"},
["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"},
["kcn"] = {"Nubi"},
["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"},
["kcp"] = {"Kanga"},
["kcq"] = {"Kamo"},
["kcr"] = {"Katla"},
["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"},
["kct"] = {"Kaian"},
["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"},
["kcv"] = {"Kete"},
["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"},
["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"},
["kcy"] = {"Korandje"},
["kcz"] = {"Konongo"},
["kda"] = {"Worimi"},
["kdc"] = {"Kutu"},
["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"},
["kde"] = {"Makonde"},
["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"},
["kdg"] = {"Seba"},
["kdh"] = {"Tem"},
["kdi"] = {"Kumam"},
["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"},
["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"},
["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"},
["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"},
["kdn"] = {"Kunda"},
["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"},
["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"},
["kdq"] = {"Koch"},
["kdr"] = {"Karaim"},
["kdt"] = {"Kuy"},
["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"},
["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"},
["kdx"] = {"Kam"},
["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"},
["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"},
["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"},
["keb"] = {"Kélé"},
["kec"] = {"Keiga"},
["ked"] = {"Kerewe"},
["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"},
["kef"] = {"Kpessi"},
["keg"] = {"Tese"},
["keh"] = {"Keak"},
["kei"] = {"Kei"},
["kej"] = {"Kadar"},
["kek"] = {"Kekchí"},
["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["kem"] = {"Kemak"},
["ken"] = {"Kenyang"},
["keo"] = {"Kakwa"},
["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"},
["keq"] = {"Kamar"},
["ker"] = {"Kera"},
["kes"] = {"Kugbo"},
["ket"] = {"Ket"},
["keu"] = {"Akebu"},
["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"},
["kew"] = {"West Kewa"},
["kex"] = {"Kukna"},
["key"] = {"Kupia"},
["kez"] = {"Kukele"},
["kfa"] = {"Kodava"},
["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"},
["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"},
["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"},
["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"},
["kff"] = {"Koya"},
["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"},
["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"},
["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"},
["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"},
["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"},
["kfl"] = {"Kung"},
["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"},
["kfn"] = {"Kuk"},
["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"},
["kfp"] = {"Korwa"},
["kfq"] = {"Korku"},
["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"},
["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"},
["kft"] = {"Kanjari"},
["kfu"] = {"Katkari"},
["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"},
["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"},
["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"},
["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"},
["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"},
["kga"] = {"Koyaga"},
["kgb"] = {"Kawe"},
["kge"] = {"Komering"},
["kgf"] = {"Kube"},
["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"},
["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"},
["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"},
["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"},
["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"},
["kgn"] = {"Karingani"},
["kgo"] = {"Krongo"},
["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"},
["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"},
["kgr"] = {"Abun"},
["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"},
["kgt"] = {"Somyev"},
["kgu"] = {"Kobol"},
["kgv"] = {"Karas"},
["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"},
["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"},
["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"},
["kha"] = {"Khasi"},
["khb"] = {"Lü"},
["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"},
["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"},
["khe"] = {"Korowai"},
["khf"] = {"Khuen"},
["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"},
["khh"] = {"Kehu"},
["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"},
["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"},
["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"},
["khl"] = {"Lusi"},
["khn"] = {"Khandesi"},
["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"},
["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"},
["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"},
["khr"] = {"Kharia"},
["khs"] = {"Kasua"},
["kht"] = {"Khamti"},
["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"},
["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"},
["khw"] = {"Khowar"},
["khx"] = {"Kanu"},
["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["khz"] = {"Keapara"},
["kia"] = {"Kim"},
["kib"] = {"Koalib"},
["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"},
["kid"] = {"Koshin"},
["kie"] = {"Kibet"},
["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"},
["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"},
["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"},
["kii"] = {"Kitsai"},
["kij"] = {"Kilivila"},
["kil"] = {"Kariya"},
["kim"] = {"Karagas"},
["kio"] = {"Kiowa"},
["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"},
["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"},
["kis"] = {"Kis"},
["kit"] = {"Agob"},
["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"},
["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"},
["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"},
["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"},
["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"},
["kiz"] = {"Kisi"},
["kja"] = {"Mlap"},
["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"},
["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"},
["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"},
["kje"] = {"Kisar"},
["kjg"] = {"Khmu"},
["kjh"] = {"Khakas"},
["kji"] = {"Zabana"},
["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"},
["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"},
["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"},
["kjm"] = {"Kháng"},
["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"},
["kjo"] = {"Kinnauri Pahari"},
["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"},
["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"},
["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"},
["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"},
["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"},
["kju"] = {"Kashaya"},
["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"},
["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"},
["kjy"] = {"Erave"},
["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"},
["kka"] = {"Kakanda"},
["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"},
["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"},
["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"},
["kke"] = {"Kakabe"},
["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"},
["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"},
["kkh"] = {"Khün"},
["kki"] = {"Kagulu"},
["kkj"] = {"Kako"},
["kkk"] = {"Kokota"},
["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"},
["kkm"] = {"Kiong"},
["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"},
["kko"] = {"Karko"},
["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"},
["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"},
["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"},
["kks"] = {"Giiwo"},
["kkt"] = {"Koi"},
["kku"] = {"Tumi"},
["kkv"] = {"Kangean"},
["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"},
["kkx"] = {"Kohin"},
["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"},
["kkz"] = {"Kaska"},
["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"},
["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"},
["klc"] = {"Kolbila"},
["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"},
["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"},
["klf"] = {"Kendeje"},
["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"},
["klh"] = {"Weliki"},
["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"},
["klj"] = {"Khalaj"},
["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"},
["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"},
["klm"] = {"Migum"},
["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"},
["klo"] = {"Kapya"},
["klp"] = {"Kamasa"},
["klq"] = {"Rumu"},
["klr"] = {"Khaling"},
["kls"] = {"Kalasha"},
["klt"] = {"Nukna"},
["klu"] = {"Klao"},
["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"},
["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"},
["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"},
["kly"] = {"Kalao"},
["klz"] = {"Kabola"},
["kma"] = {"Konni"},
["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"},
["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"},
["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"},
["kme"] = {"Bakole"},
["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"},
["kmg"] = {"Kâte"},
["kmh"] = {"Kalam"},
["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"},
["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"},
["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"},
["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"},
["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"},
["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"},
["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"},
["kmp"] = {"Gimme"},
["kmq"] = {"Kwama"},
["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"},
["kms"] = {"Kamasau"},
["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"},
["kmu"] = {"Kanite"},
["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"},
["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["kmx"] = {"Waboda"},
["kmy"] = {"Koma"},
["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"},
["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"},
["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"},
["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"},
["knd"] = {"Konda"},
["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"},
["knf"] = {"Mankanya"},
["kng"] = {"Koongo"},
["kni"] = {"Kanufi"},
["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"},
["knk"] = {"Kuranko"},
["knl"] = {"Keninjal"},
["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"},
["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"},
["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"},
["knp"] = {"Kwanja"},
["knq"] = {"Kintaq"},
["knr"] = {"Kaningra"},
["kns"] = {"Kensiu"},
["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"},
["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"},
["knv"] = {"Tabo"},
["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"},
["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"},
["kny"] = {"Kanyok"},
["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"},
["koa"] = {"Konomala"},
["koc"] = {"Kpati"},
["kod"] = {"Kodi"},
["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"},
["kof"] = {"Kubi"},
["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"},
["koh"] = {"Koyo"},
["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"},
["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"},
["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"},
["koo"] = {"Konzo"},
["kop"] = {"Waube"},
["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"},
["kos"] = {"Kosraean"},
["kot"] = {"Lagwan"},
["kou"] = {"Koke"},
["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"},
["kow"] = {"Kugama"},
["koy"] = {"Koyukon"},
["koz"] = {"Korak"},
["kpa"] = {"Kutto"},
["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"},
["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"},
["kpd"] = {"Koba"},
["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"},
["kpf"] = {"Komba"},
["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"},
["kph"] = {"Kplang"},
["kpi"] = {"Kofei"},
["kpj"] = {"Karajá"},
["kpk"] = {"Kpan"},
["kpl"] = {"Kpala"},
["kpm"] = {"Koho"},
["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"},
["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"},
["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"},
["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"},
["kps"] = {"Tehit"},
["kpt"] = {"Karata"},
["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"},
["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"},
["kpw"] = {"Kobon"},
["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"},
["kpy"] = {"Koryak"},
["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"},
["kqa"] = {"Mum"},
["kqb"] = {"Kovai"},
["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"},
["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"},
["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"},
["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"},
["kqg"] = {"Khe"},
["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"},
["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"},
["kqj"] = {"Koromira"},
["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"},
["kql"] = {"Kyenele"},
["kqm"] = {"Khisa"},
["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"},
["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"},
["kqp"] = {"Kimré"},
["kqq"] = {"Krenak"},
["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"},
["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"},
["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"},
["kqu"] = {"Seroa"},
["kqv"] = {"Okolod"},
["kqw"] = {"Kandas"},
["kqx"] = {"Mser"},
["kqy"] = {"Koorete"},
["kqz"] = {"Korana"},
["kra"] = {"Kumhali"},
["krb"] = {"Karkin"},
["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"},
["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"},
["kre"] = {"Panará"},
["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"},
["krh"] = {"Kurama"},
["kri"] = {"Krio"},
["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"},
["krk"] = {"Kerek"},
["krl"] = {"Karelian"},
["krn"] = {"Sapo"},
["kro"] = {"Kru languages"},
["krp"] = {"Durop"},
["krr"] = {"Krung"},
["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"},
["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"},
["kru"] = {"Kurukh"},
["krv"] = {"Kavet"},
["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"},
["krx"] = {"Karon"},
["kry"] = {"Kryts"},
["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"},
["ksb"] = {"Shambala"},
["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"},
["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"},
["kse"] = {"Kuni"},
["ksf"] = {"Bafia"},
["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"},
["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"},
["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"},
["ksj"] = {"Uare"},
["ksk"] = {"Kansa"},
["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"},
["ksm"] = {"Kumba"},
["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"},
["kso"] = {"Kofa"},
["ksp"] = {"Kaba"},
["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"},
["ksr"] = {"Borong"},
["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"},
["kst"] = {"Winyé"},
["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"},
["ksv"] = {"Kusu"},
["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"},
["ksx"] = {"Kedang"},
["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"},
["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"},
["kta"] = {"Katua"},
["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"},
["ktc"] = {"Kholok"},
["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"},
["kte"] = {"Nubri"},
["ktf"] = {"Kwami"},
["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"},
["kth"] = {"Karanga"},
["kti"] = {"North Muyu"},
["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"},
["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"},
["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"},
["ktm"] = {"Kurti"},
["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"},
["kto"] = {"Kuot"},
["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"},
["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"},
["kts"] = {"South Muyu"},
["ktt"] = {"Ketum"},
["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"},
["ktw"] = {"Kato"},
["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"},
["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"},
["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"},
["kub"] = {"Kutep"},
["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"},
["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"},
["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"},
["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"},
["kug"] = {"Kupa"},
["kuh"] = {"Kushi"},
["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"},
["kuj"] = {"Kuria"},
["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"},
["kul"] = {"Kulere"},
["kum"] = {"Kumyk"},
["kun"] = {"Kunama"},
["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"},
["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"},
["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"},
["kus"] = {"Kusaal"},
["kut"] = {"Ktunaxa", "Ksanka", "Kutenai"},
["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"},
["kuv"] = {"Kur"},
["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"},
["kux"] = {"Kukatja"},
["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"},
["kuz"] = {"Kunza"},
["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"},
["kvb"] = {"Kubu"},
["kvc"] = {"Kove"},
["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"},
["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"},
["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"},
["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"},
["kvh"] = {"Komodo"},
["kvi"] = {"Kwang"},
["kvj"] = {"Psikye"},
["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"},
["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"},
["kvm"] = {"Kendem"},
["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"},
["kvo"] = {"Dobel"},
["kvp"] = {"Kompane"},
["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"},
["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"},
["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"},
["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"},
["kvv"] = {"Kola"},
["kvw"] = {"Wersing"},
["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"},
["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"},
["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"},
["kwa"] = {"Dâw"},
["kwb"] = {"Kwa"},
["kwc"] = {"Likwala"},
["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"},
["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"},
["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"},
["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"},
["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"},
["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"},
["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"},
["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"},
["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"},
["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"},
["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"},
["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"},
["kwp"] = {"Kodia"},
["kwr"] = {"Kwer"},
["kws"] = {"Kwese"},
["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"},
["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"},
["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"},
["kww"] = {"Kwinti"},
["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"},
["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"},
["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"},
["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"},
["kxb"] = {"Krobu"},
["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"},
["kxd"] = {"Brunei"},
["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"},
["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"},
["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"},
["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"},
["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"},
["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"},
["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"},
["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"},
["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"},
["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"},
["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"},
["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"},
["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"},
["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"},
["kxw"] = {"Konai"},
["kxx"] = {"Likuba"},
["kxy"] = {"Kayong"},
["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"},
["kya"] = {"Kwaya"},
["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"},
["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"},
["kyd"] = {"Karey"},
["kye"] = {"Krache"},
["kyf"] = {"Kouya"},
["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"},
["kyh"] = {"Karok"},
["kyi"] = {"Kiput"},
["kyj"] = {"Karao"},
["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"},
["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"},
["kym"] = {"Kpatili"},
["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"},
["kyo"] = {"Kelon"},
["kyp"] = {"Kang"},
["kyq"] = {"Kenga"},
["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"},
["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"},
["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"},
["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"},
["kyv"] = {"Kayort"},
["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"},
["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"},
["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"},
["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"},
["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"},
["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"},
["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"},
["kzd"] = {"Kadai"},
["kze"] = {"Kosena"},
["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"},
["kzg"] = {"Kikai"},
["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"},
["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"},
["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"},
["kzm"] = {"Kais"},
["kzn"] = {"Kokola"},
["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"},
["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"},
["kzq"] = {"Kaike"},
["kzr"] = {"Karang"},
["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"},
["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"},
["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"},
["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"},
["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"},
["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"},
["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"},
["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"},
["lab"] = {"Linear A"},
["lac"] = {"Lacandon"},
["lad"] = {"Ladino"},
["lae"] = {"Pattani"},
["laf"] = {"Lafofa"},
["lag"] = {"Rangi"},
["lah"] = {"Lahnda"},
["lai"] = {"Lambya"},
["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"},
["lal"] = {"Lalia"},
["lam"] = {"Lamba"},
["lan"] = {"Laru"},
["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"},
["laq"] = {"Qabiao"},
["lar"] = {"Larteh"},
["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"},
["lau"] = {"Laba"},
["law"] = {"Lauje"},
["lax"] = {"Tiwa"},
["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"},
["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"},
["lbb"] = {"Label"},
["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"},
["lbe"] = {"Lak"},
["lbf"] = {"Tinani"},
["lbg"] = {"Laopang"},
["lbi"] = {"La'bi"},
["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"},
["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"},
["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"},
["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"},
["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"},
["lbo"] = {"Laven"},
["lbq"] = {"Wampar"},
["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"},
["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"},
["lbt"] = {"Lachi"},
["lbu"] = {"Labu"},
["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"},
["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"},
["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"},
["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"},
["lbz"] = {"Lardil"},
["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"},
["lcd"] = {"Lola"},
["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"},
["lcf"] = {"Lubu"},
["lch"] = {"Luchazi"},
["lcl"] = {"Lisela"},
["lcm"] = {"Tungag"},
["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"},
["lcq"] = {"Luhu"},
["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"},
["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"},
["ldb"] = {"Dũya"},
["ldd"] = {"Luri"},
["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"},
["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"},
["ldi"] = {"Laari"},
["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"},
["ldk"] = {"Leelau"},
["ldl"] = {"Kaan"},
["ldm"] = {"Landoma"},
["ldn"] = {"Láadan"},
["ldo"] = {"Loo"},
["ldp"] = {"Tso"},
["ldq"] = {"Lufu"},
["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"},
["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"},
["lec"] = {"Leco"},
["led"] = {"Lendu"},
["lee"] = {"Lyélé"},
["lef"] = {"Lelemi"},
["leh"] = {"Lenje"},
["lei"] = {"Lemio"},
["lej"] = {"Lengola"},
["lek"] = {"Leipon"},
["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["lem"] = {"Nomaande"},
["len"] = {"Lenca"},
["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"},
["lep"] = {"Lepcha"},
["leq"] = {"Lembena"},
["ler"] = {"Lenkau"},
["les"] = {"Lese"},
["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"},
["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"},
["lev"] = {"Lamma"},
["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"},
["lex"] = {"Luang"},
["ley"] = {"Lemolang"},
["lez"] = {"Lezghian"},
["lfa"] = {"Lefa"},
["lfb"] = {"Buu (Cameroon)"},
["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"},
["lga"] = {"Lungga"},
["lgb"] = {"Laghu"},
["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"},
["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"},
["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"},
["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"},
["lgl"] = {"Wala"},
["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"},
["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"},
["lgo"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"},
["lgq"] = {"Logba"},
["lgr"] = {"Lengo"},
["lgs"] = {"Guinea-Bissau Sign Language", "Língua Gestual Guineense"},
["lgt"] = {"Pahi"},
["lgu"] = {"Longgu"},
["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"},
["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"},
["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"},
["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"},
["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"},
["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"},
["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"},
["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"},
["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"},
["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"},
["lhu"] = {"Lahu"},
["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"},
["lib"] = {"Likum"},
["lic"] = {"Hlai"},
["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"},
["lie"] = {"Likila"},
["lif"] = {"Limbu"},
["lig"] = {"Ligbi"},
["lih"] = {"Lihir"},
["lij"] = {"Ligurian"},
["lik"] = {"Lika"},
["lil"] = {"Lillooet"},
["lio"] = {"Liki"},
["lip"] = {"Sekpele"},
["liq"] = {"Libido"},
["lir"] = {"Liberian English"},
["lis"] = {"Lisu"},
["liu"] = {"Logorik"},
["liv"] = {"Liv"},
["liw"] = {"Col"},
["lix"] = {"Liabuku"},
["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"},
["liz"] = {"Libinza"},
["lja"] = {"Golpa"},
["lje"] = {"Rampi"},
["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"},
["ljl"] = {"Li'o"},
["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"},
["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"},
["ljx"] = {"Yuru"},
["lka"] = {"Lakalei"},
["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"},
["lkc"] = {"Kucong"},
["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"},
["lke"] = {"Kenyi"},
["lkh"] = {"Lakha"},
["lki"] = {"Laki"},
["lkj"] = {"Remun"},
["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"},
["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"},
["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"},
["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"},
["lkr"] = {"Päri"},
["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"},
["lkt"] = {"Lakota"},
["lku"] = {"Kungkari"},
["lky"] = {"Lokoya"},
["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"},
["llb"] = {"Lolo"},
["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"},
["lld"] = {"Ladin"},
["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"},
["llf"] = {"Hermit"},
["llg"] = {"Lole"},
["llh"] = {"Lamu"},
["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"},
["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"},
["llk"] = {"Lelak"},
["lll"] = {"Lilau"},
["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"},
["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"},
["llp"] = {"North Efate"},
["llq"] = {"Lolak"},
["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"},
["llu"] = {"Lau"},
["llx"] = {"Lauan"},
["lma"] = {"East Limba"},
["lmb"] = {"Merei"},
["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"},
["lmd"] = {"Lumun"},
["lme"] = {"Pévé"},
["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"},
["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"},
["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"},
["lmi"] = {"Lombi"},
["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"},
["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"},
["lml"] = {"Hano"},
["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"},
["lmo"] = {"Lombard"},
["lmp"] = {"Limbum"},
["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"},
["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"},
["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"},
["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"},
["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"},
["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"},
["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"},
["lna"] = {"Langbashe"},
["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"},
["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"},
["lng"] = {"Langobardic"},
["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"},
["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"},
["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"},
["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"},
["lnm"] = {"Langam"},
["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"},
["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"},
["lnu"] = {"Longuda"},
["lnw"] = {"Lanima"},
["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"},
["loa"] = {"Loloda"},
["lob"] = {"Lobi"},
["loc"] = {"Inonhan"},
["loe"] = {"Saluan"},
["lof"] = {"Logol"},
["log"] = {"Logo"},
["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"},
["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"},
["loj"] = {"Lou"},
["lok"] = {"Loko"},
["lol"] = {"Mongo"},
["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"},
["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"},
["loo"] = {"Lombo"},
["lop"] = {"Lopa"},
["loq"] = {"Lobala"},
["lor"] = {"Téén"},
["los"] = {"Loniu"},
["lot"] = {"Otuho"},
["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"},
["lov"] = {"Lopi"},
["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"},
["lox"] = {"Loun"},
["loy"] = {"Loke"},
["loz"] = {"Lozi"},
["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"},
["lpe"] = {"Lepki"},
["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"},
["lpo"] = {"Lipo"},
["lpx"] = {"Lopit"},
["lqr"] = {"Logir"},
["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"},
["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"},
["lre"] = {"Laurentian"},
["lrg"] = {"Laragia"},
["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"},
["lrk"] = {"Loarki"},
["lrl"] = {"Lari"},
["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"},
["lrn"] = {"Lorang"},
["lro"] = {"Laro"},
["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"},
["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"},
["lrv"] = {"Larevat"},
["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"},
["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"},
["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"},
["lsc"] = {"Albarradas Sign Language", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"},
["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"},
["lse"] = {"Lusengo"},
["lsh"] = {"Lish"},
["lsi"] = {"Lashi"},
["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"},
["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"},
["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"},
["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"},
["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"},
["lsr"] = {"Aruop"},
["lss"] = {"Lasi"},
["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"},
["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"},
["lsw"] = {"Seychelles Sign Language", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"},
["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"},
["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"},
["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"},
["lth"] = {"Thur"},
["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"},
["ltn"] = {"Latundê"},
["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"},
["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"},
["ltu"] = {"Latu"},
["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"},
["luc"] = {"Aringa"},
["lud"] = {"Ludian"},
["lue"] = {"Luvale"},
["luf"] = {"Laua"},
["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"},
["lui"] = {"Luiseño"},
["luj"] = {"Luna"},
["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"},
["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"},
["lum"] = {"Luimbi"},
["lun"] = {"Lunda"},
["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"},
["lup"] = {"Lumbu"},
["luq"] = {"Lucumi"},
["lur"] = {"Laura"},
["lus"] = {"Lushai"},
["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"},
["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"},
["luv"] = {"Luwati"},
["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"},
["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"},
["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"},
["lva"] = {"Maku'a"},
["lvi"] = {"Lavi"},
["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"},
["lvl"] = {"Lwel"},
["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"},
["lvu"] = {"Levuka"},
["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"},
["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"},
["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"},
["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"},
["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"},
["lwm"] = {"Laomian"},
["lwo"] = {"Luwo"},
["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"},
["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"},
["lwu"] = {"Lawu"},
["lww"] = {"Lewo"},
["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"},
["lya"] = {"Layakha"},
["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"},
["lyn"] = {"Luyana"},
["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"},
["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"},
["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"},
["lzz"] = {"Laz"},
["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"},
["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"},
["mad"] = {"Madurese"},
["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"},
["maf"] = {"Mafa"},
["mag"] = {"Magahi"},
["mai"] = {"Maithili"},
["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"},
["mak"] = {"Makasar"},
["mam"] = {"Mam"},
["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"},
["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"},
["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"},
["mas"] = {"Masai"},
["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"},
["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"},
["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"},
["maw"] = {"Mampruli"},
["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"},
["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"},
["mba"] = {"Higaonon"},
["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"},
["mbc"] = {"Macushi"},
["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"},
["mbe"] = {"Molale"},
["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"},
["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"},
["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"},
["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"},
["mbk"] = {"Malol"},
["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"},
["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"},
["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"},
["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"},
["mbp"] = {"Malayo"},
["mbq"] = {"Maisin"},
["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"},
["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"},
["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"},
["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"},
["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"},
["mbw"] = {"Maring"},
["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"},
["mby"] = {"Memoni"},
["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"},
["mca"] = {"Maca"},
["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"},
["mcc"] = {"Bitur"},
["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"},
["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"},
["mcf"] = {"Matsés"},
["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"},
["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"},
["mci"] = {"Mese"},
["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"},
["mck"] = {"Mbunda"},
["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"},
["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"},
["mcn"] = {"Masana"},
["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"},
["mcp"] = {"Makaa"},
["mcq"] = {"Ese"},
["mcr"] = {"Menya"},
["mcs"] = {"Mambai"},
["mct"] = {"Mengisa"},
["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"},
["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"},
["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"},
["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"},
["mcy"] = {"South Watut"},
["mcz"] = {"Mawan"},
["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"},
["mdb"] = {"Morigi"},
["mdc"] = {"Soq", "Male (Papua New Guinea)"},
["mdd"] = {"Mbum"},
["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"},
["mdf"] = {"Moksha"},
["mdg"] = {"Massalat"},
["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"},
["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"},
["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"},
["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"},
["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"},
["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"},
["mdn"] = {"Mbati"},
["mdp"] = {"Mbala"},
["mdq"] = {"Mbole"},
["mdr"] = {"Mandar"},
["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"},
["mdt"] = {"Mbere"},
["mdu"] = {"Mboko"},
["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"},
["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"},
["mdx"] = {"Dizin"},
["mdy"] = {"Male", "Male (Ethiopia)"},
["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"},
["mea"] = {"Menka"},
["meb"] = {"Ikobi"},
["mec"] = {"Marra"},
["med"] = {"Melpa"},
["mee"] = {"Mengen"},
["mef"] = {"Megam"},
["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},
["mei"] = {"Midob"},
["mej"] = {"Meyah"},
["mek"] = {"Mekeo"},
["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"},
["mem"] = {"Mangala"},
["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"},
["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"},
["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"},
["meq"] = {"Merey"},
["mer"] = {"Meru"},
["mes"] = {"Masmaje"},
["met"] = {"Mato"},
["meu"] = {"Motu"},
["mev"] = {"Mano"},
["mew"] = {"Maaka"},
["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"},
["mez"] = {"Menominee"},
["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"},
["mfb"] = {"Bangka"},
["mfc"] = {"Mba"},
["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"},
["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"},
["mff"] = {"Naki"},
["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"},
["mfh"] = {"Matal"},
["mfi"] = {"Wandala"},
["mfj"] = {"Mefele"},
["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"},
["mfl"] = {"Putai"},
["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"},
["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"},
["mfo"] = {"Mbe"},
["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"},
["mfq"] = {"Moba"},
["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"},
["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"},
["mft"] = {"Mokerang"},
["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"},
["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"},
["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"},
["mfx"] = {"Melo"},
["mfy"] = {"Mayo"},
["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"},
["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"},
["mgb"] = {"Mararit"},
["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"},
["mgd"] = {"Moru"},
["mge"] = {"Mango"},
["mgf"] = {"Maklew"},
["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"},
["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"},
["mgi"] = {"Lijili"},
["mgj"] = {"Abureni"},
["mgk"] = {"Mawes"},
["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"},
["mgm"] = {"Mambae"},
["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"},
["mgo"] = {"Meta'"},
["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"},
["mgq"] = {"Malila"},
["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"},
["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"},
["mgt"] = {"Mongol"},
["mgu"] = {"Mailu"},
["mgv"] = {"Matengo"},
["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"},
["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"},
["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"},
["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"},
["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"},
["mhc"] = {"Mocho"},
["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"},
["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"},
["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"},
["mhg"] = {"Margu"},
["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"},
["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"},
["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"},
["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"},
["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"},
["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"},
["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"},
["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"},
["mhq"] = {"Mandan"},
["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"},
["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"},
["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"},
["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"},
["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"},
["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"},
["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"},
["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"},
["mia"] = {"Miami"},
["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"},
["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"},
["mid"] = {"Mandaic"},
["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"},
["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"},
["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"},
["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"},
["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"},
["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"},
["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"},
["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"},
["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"},
["min"] = {"Minangkabau"},
["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"},
["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"},
["miq"] = {"Mískito"},
["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"},
["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"},
["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"},
["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"},
["miw"] = {"Akoye"},
["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"},
["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"},
["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"},
["mjb"] = {"Makalero"},
["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"},
["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"},
["mje"] = {"Muskum"},
["mjg"] = {"Tu"},
["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"},
["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"},
["mjj"] = {"Mawak"},
["mjk"] = {"Matukar"},
["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"},
["mjm"] = {"Medebur"},
["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"},
["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"},
["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"},
["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"},
["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"},
["mjs"] = {"Miship"},
["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"},
["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"},
["mjv"] = {"Mannan"},
["mjw"] = {"Karbi"},
["mjx"] = {"Mahali"},
["mjy"] = {"Mahican"},
["mjz"] = {"Majhi"},
["mka"] = {"Mbre"},
["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"},
["mkc"] = {"Siliput"},
["mke"] = {"Mawchi"},
["mkf"] = {"Miya"},
["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"},
["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"},
["mki"] = {"Dhatki"},
["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"},
["mkk"] = {"Byep"},
["mkl"] = {"Mokole"},
["mkm"] = {"Moklen"},
["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"},
["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"},
["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"},
["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"},
["mkr"] = {"Malas"},
["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"},
["mkt"] = {"Vamale"},
["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"},
["mkv"] = {"Mafea"},
["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"},
["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"},
["mky"] = {"East Makian"},
["mkz"] = {"Makasae"},
["mla"] = {"Malo"},
["mlb"] = {"Mbule"},
["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"},
["mle"] = {"Manambu"},
["mlf"] = {"Mal"},
["mlh"] = {"Mape"},
["mli"] = {"Malimpung"},
["mlj"] = {"Miltu"},
["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"},
["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"},
["mlm"] = {"Mulam"},
["mln"] = {"Malango"},
["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"},
["mlp"] = {"Bargam"},
["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"},
["mlr"] = {"Vame"},
["mls"] = {"Masalit"},
["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"},
["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"},
["mlw"] = {"Moloko"},
["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"},
["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"},
["mma"] = {"Mama"},
["mmb"] = {"Momina"},
["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"},
["mmd"] = {"Maonan"},
["mme"] = {"Mae"},
["mmf"] = {"Mundat"},
["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"},
["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"},
["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"},
["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"},
["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"},
["mml"] = {"Man Met"},
["mmm"] = {"Maii"},
["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"},
["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"},
["mmp"] = {"Siawi"},
["mmq"] = {"Musak"},
["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"},
["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"},
["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"},
["mmv"] = {"Miriti"},
["mmw"] = {"Emae"},
["mmx"] = {"Madak"},
["mmy"] = {"Migaama"},
["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"},
["mna"] = {"Mbula"},
["mnb"] = {"Muna"},
["mnc"] = {"Manchu"},
["mnd"] = {"Mondé"},
["mne"] = {"Naba"},
["mnf"] = {"Mundani"},
["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"},
["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["mni"] = {"Manipuri"},
["mnj"] = {"Munji"},
["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"},
["mnl"] = {"Tiale"},
["mnm"] = {"Mapena"},
["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"},
["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"},
["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"},
["mnq"] = {"Minriq"},
["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"},
["mns"] = {"Mansi"},
["mnu"] = {"Mer"},
["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"},
["mnw"] = {"Mon"},
["mnx"] = {"Manikion"},
["mny"] = {"Manyawa"},
["mnz"] = {"Moni"},
["moa"] = {"Mwan"},
["moc"] = {"Mocoví"},
["mod"] = {"Mobilian"},
["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"},
["mog"] = {"Mongondow"},
["moh"] = {"Mohawk", "Kanien'kéha"},
["moi"] = {"Mboi"},
["moj"] = {"Monzombo"},
["mok"] = {"Morori"},
["mom"] = {"Mangue"},
["moo"] = {"Monom"},
["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"},
["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"},
["mor"] = {"Moro"},
["mos"] = {"Mossi"},
["mot"] = {"Barí"},
["mou"] = {"Mogum"},
["mov"] = {"Mohave"},
["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"},
["mox"] = {"Molima"},
["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"},
["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"},
["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"},
["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"},
["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"},
["mpd"] = {"Machinere"},
["mpe"] = {"Majang"},
["mpg"] = {"Marba"},
["mph"] = {"Maung"},
["mpi"] = {"Mpade"},
["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"},
["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"},
["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"},
["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"},
["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"},
["mpo"] = {"Miu"},
["mpp"] = {"Migabac"},
["mpq"] = {"Matís"},
["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"},
["mps"] = {"Dadibi"},
["mpt"] = {"Mian"},
["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"},
["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"},
["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"},
["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"},
["mpy"] = {"Mapia"},
["mpz"] = {"Mpi"},
["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"},
["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"},
["mqc"] = {"Mangole"},
["mqe"] = {"Matepi"},
["mqf"] = {"Momuna"},
["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"},
["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"},
["mqi"] = {"Mariri"},
["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"},
["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"},
["mql"] = {"Mbelime"},
["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"},
["mqn"] = {"Moronene"},
["mqo"] = {"Modole"},
["mqp"] = {"Manipa"},
["mqq"] = {"Minokok"},
["mqr"] = {"Mander"},
["mqs"] = {"West Makian"},
["mqt"] = {"Mok"},
["mqu"] = {"Mandari"},
["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"},
["mqw"] = {"Murupi"},
["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"},
["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"},
["mqz"] = {"Pano"},
["mra"] = {"Mlabri"},
["mrb"] = {"Marino"},
["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"},
["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"},
["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"},
["mrf"] = {"Elseng"},
["mrg"] = {"Mising"},
["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"},
["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"},
["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"},
["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"},
["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"},
["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"},
["mro"] = {"Mru"},
["mrp"] = {"Morouas"},
["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"},
["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"},
["mrs"] = {"Maragus"},
["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"},
["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"},
["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"},
["mrw"] = {"Maranao"},
["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"},
["mry"] = {"Mandaya"},
["mrz"] = {"Marind"},
["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"},
["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"},
["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"},
["mse"] = {"Musey"},
["msf"] = {"Mekwei"},
["msg"] = {"Moraid"},
["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"},
["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"},
["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["msk"] = {"Mansaka"},
["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"},
["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"},
["msn"] = {"Vurës"},
["mso"] = {"Mombum"},
["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"},
["msq"] = {"Caac"},
["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"},
["mss"] = {"West Masela"},
["msu"] = {"Musom"},
["msv"] = {"Maslam"},
["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"},
["msx"] = {"Moresada"},
["msy"] = {"Aruamu"},
["msz"] = {"Momare"},
["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"},
["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"},
["mtc"] = {"Munit"},
["mtd"] = {"Mualang"},
["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"},
["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"},
["mtg"] = {"Una"},
["mth"] = {"Munggui"},
["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"},
["mtj"] = {"Moskona"},
["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"},
["mtl"] = {"Montol"},
["mtm"] = {"Mator"},
["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"},
["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"},
["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"},
["mtq"] = {"Muong"},
["mtr"] = {"Mewari"},
["mts"] = {"Yora"},
["mtt"] = {"Mota"},
["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"},
["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"},
["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"},
["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"},
["mty"] = {"Nabi"},
["mua"] = {"Mundang"},
["mub"] = {"Mubi"},
["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"},
["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"},
["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"},
["mug"] = {"Musgu"},
["muh"] = {"Mündü"},
["mui"] = {"Musi"},
["muj"] = {"Mabire"},
["muk"] = {"Mugom"},
["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"},
["mum"] = {"Maiwala"},
["mun"] = {"Munda languages"},
["muo"] = {"Nyong"},
["mup"] = {"Malvi"},
["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"},
["mur"] = {"Murle"},
["mus"] = {"Creek"},
["mut"] = {"Western Muria"},
["muu"] = {"Yaaku"},
["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"},
["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"},
["muy"] = {"Muyang"},
["muz"] = {"Mursi"},
["mva"] = {"Manam"},
["mvb"] = {"Mattole"},
["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"},
["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"},
["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"},
["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"},
["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"},
["mvi"] = {"Miyako"},
["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"},
["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"},
["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"},
["mvo"] = {"Marovo"},
["mvp"] = {"Duri"},
["mvq"] = {"Moere"},
["mvr"] = {"Marau"},
["mvs"] = {"Massep"},
["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"},
["mvu"] = {"Marfa"},
["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"},
["mvw"] = {"Machinga"},
["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"},
["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"},
["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"},
["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"},
["mwb"] = {"Juwal"},
["mwc"] = {"Are"},
["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"},
["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"},
["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"},
["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"},
["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"},
["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"},
["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"},
["mwm"] = {"Sar"},
["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"},
["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"},
["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"},
["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"},
["mwr"] = {"Marwari"},
["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"},
["mwt"] = {"Moken"},
["mwu"] = {"Mittu"},
["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"},
["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"},
["mwz"] = {"Moingi"},
["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"},
["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"},
["mxc"] = {"Manyika"},
["mxd"] = {"Modang"},
["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"},
["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"},
["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"},
["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"},
["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"},
["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"},
["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"},
["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"},
["mxm"] = {"Meramera"},
["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"},
["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"},
["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"},
["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"},
["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"},
["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"},
["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"},
["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"},
["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"},
["mxw"] = {"Namo"},
["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"},
["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"},
["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"},
["myb"] = {"Mbay"},
["myc"] = {"Mayeka"},
["mye"] = {"Myene"},
["myf"] = {"Bambassi"},
["myg"] = {"Manta"},
["myh"] = {"Makah"},
["myj"] = {"Mangayat"},
["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"},
["myl"] = {"Moma"},
["mym"] = {"Me'en"},
["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"},
["myo"] = {"Anfillo"},
["myp"] = {"Pirahã"},
["myr"] = {"Muniche"},
["mys"] = {"Mesmes"},
["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"},
["myv"] = {"Erzya"},
["myw"] = {"Muyuw"},
["myx"] = {"Masaaba"},
["myy"] = {"Macuna"},
["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"},
["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"},
["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"},
["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"},
["mzd"] = {"Malimba"},
["mze"] = {"Morawa"},
["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"},
["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"},
["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"},
["mzj"] = {"Manya"},
["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"},
["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"},
["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"},
["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"},
["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"},
["mzp"] = {"Movima"},
["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"},
["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"},
["mzs"] = {"Macanese"},
["mzt"] = {"Mintil"},
["mzu"] = {"Inapang"},
["mzv"] = {"Manza"},
["mzw"] = {"Deg"},
["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"},
["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"},
["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"},
["naa"] = {"Namla"},
["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"},
["nac"] = {"Narak"},
["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"},
["naf"] = {"Nabak"},
["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"},
["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"},
["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"},
["naj"] = {"Nalu"},
["nak"] = {"Nakanai"},
["nal"] = {"Nalik"},
["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"},
["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"},
["nao"] = {"Naaba"},
["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"},
["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"},
["nar"] = {"Iguta"},
["nas"] = {"Naasioi"},
["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"},
["naw"] = {"Nawuri"},
["nax"] = {"Nakwi"},
["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"},
["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"},
["nba"] = {"Nyemba"},
["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"},
["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"},
["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"},
["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"},
["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"},
["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"},
["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"},
["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"},
["nbk"] = {"Nake"},
["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"},
["nbn"] = {"Kuri"},
["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"},
["nbp"] = {"Nnam"},
["nbq"] = {"Nggem"},
["nbr"] = {"Numana"},
["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"},
["nbt"] = {"Na"},
["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"},
["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"},
["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"},
["nby"] = {"Ningera"},
["nca"] = {"Iyo"},
["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"},
["ncc"] = {"Ponam"},
["ncd"] = {"Nachering"},
["nce"] = {"Yale"},
["ncf"] = {"Notsi"},
["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"},
["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"},
["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"},
["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"},
["nck"] = {"Na-kara"},
["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"},
["ncm"] = {"Nambo"},
["ncn"] = {"Nauna"},
["nco"] = {"Sibe"},
["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"},
["ncr"] = {"Ncane"},
["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"},
["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"},
["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"},
["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"},
["ncz"] = {"Natchez"},
["nda"] = {"Ndasa"},
["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"},
["ndc"] = {"Ndau"},
["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"},
["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"},
["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"},
["ndh"] = {"Ndali"},
["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"},
["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"},
["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"},
["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"},
["ndm"] = {"Ndam"},
["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"},
["ndp"] = {"Ndo"},
["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"},
["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"},
["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"},
["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"},
["ndu"] = {"Dugun"},
["ndv"] = {"Ndut"},
["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"},
["ndx"] = {"Nduga"},
["ndy"] = {"Lutos"},
["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"},
["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"},
["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"},
["nec"] = {"Nedebang"},
["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"},
["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"},
["nef"] = {"Nefamese"},
["neg"] = {"Negidal"},
["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"},
["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"},
["nej"] = {"Neko"},
["nek"] = {"Neku"},
["nem"] = {"Nemi"},
["nen"] = {"Nengone"},
["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"},
["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"},
["ner"] = {"Yahadian"},
["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"},
["net"] = {"Nete"},
["neu"] = {"Neo"},
["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"},
["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"},
["nex"] = {"Neme"},
["ney"] = {"Neyo"},
["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"},
["nfa"] = {"Dhao"},
["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"},
["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"},
["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"},
["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"},
["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"},
["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"},
["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"},
["nge"] = {"Ngemba"},
["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"},
["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"},
["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"},
["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"},
["ngj"] = {"Ngie"},
["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"},
["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"},
["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"},
["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"},
["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"},
["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"},
["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"},
["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"},
["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"},
["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"},
["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"},
["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"},
["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"},
["ngy"] = {"Tibea"},
["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"},
["nha"] = {"Nhanda"},
["nhb"] = {"Beng"},
["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"},
["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"},
["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"},
["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"},
["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"},
["nhh"] = {"Nahari"},
["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"},
["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"},
["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"},
["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"},
["nho"] = {"Takuu"},
["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"},
["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"},
["nhr"] = {"Naro"},
["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"},
["nhu"] = {"Noone"},
["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"},
["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"},
["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"},
["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"},
["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"},
["nia"] = {"Nias"},
["nib"] = {"Nakame"},
["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"},
["nid"] = {"Ngandi"},
["nie"] = {"Niellim"},
["nif"] = {"Nek"},
["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"},
["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"},
["nii"] = {"Nii"},
["nij"] = {"Ngaju"},
["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"},
["nil"] = {"Nila"},
["nim"] = {"Nilamba"},
["nin"] = {"Ninzo"},
["nio"] = {"Nganasan"},
["niq"] = {"Nandi"},
["nir"] = {"Nimboran"},
["nis"] = {"Nimi"},
["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"},
["niu"] = {"Niuean"},
["niv"] = {"Gilyak"},
["niw"] = {"Nimo"},
["nix"] = {"Hema"},
["niy"] = {"Ngiti"},
["niz"] = {"Ningil"},
["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"},
["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"},
["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"},
["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"},
["nji"] = {"Gudanji"},
["njj"] = {"Njen"},
["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"},
["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"},
["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"},
["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"},
["njr"] = {"Njerep"},
["njs"] = {"Nisa"},
["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"},
["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"},
["njx"] = {"Kunyi"},
["njy"] = {"Njyem"},
["njz"] = {"Nyishi"},
["nka"] = {"Nkoya"},
["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"},
["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"},
["nkd"] = {"Koireng"},
["nke"] = {"Duke"},
["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"},
["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"},
["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"},
["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"},
["nkj"] = {"Nakai"},
["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"},
["nkm"] = {"Namat"},
["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"},
["nko"] = {"Nkonya"},
["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"},
["nkq"] = {"Nkami"},
["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"},
["nks"] = {"North Asmat"},
["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"},
["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"},
["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"},
["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"},
["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"},
["nkz"] = {"Nkari"},
["nla"] = {"Ngombale"},
["nlc"] = {"Nalca"},
["nle"] = {"East Nyala"},
["nlg"] = {"Gela"},
["nli"] = {"Grangali"},
["nlj"] = {"Nyali"},
["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"},
["nll"] = {"Nihali"},
["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"},
["nlo"] = {"Ngul"},
["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"},
["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"},
["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"},
["nlw"] = {"Walangama"},
["nlx"] = {"Nahali"},
["nly"] = {"Nyamal"},
["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"},
["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"},
["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"},
["nmc"] = {"Ngam"},
["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"},
["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"},
["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"},
["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"},
["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"},
["nmi"] = {"Nyam"},
["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"},
["nmk"] = {"Namakura"},
["nml"] = {"Ndemli"},
["nmm"] = {"Manangba"},
["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"},
["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"},
["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"},
["nmq"] = {"Nambya"},
["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"},
["nms"] = {"Letemboi"},
["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"},
["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"},
["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"},
["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"},
["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"},
["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"},
["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"},
["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"},
["nnb"] = {"Nande"},
["nnc"] = {"Nancere"},
["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"},
["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"},
["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"},
["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"},
["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"},
["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"},
["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"},
["nnk"] = {"Nankina"},
["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"},
["nnm"] = {"Namia"},
["nnn"] = {"Ngete"},
["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"},
["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"},
["nnr"] = {"Narungga"},
["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"},
["nnu"] = {"Dwang"},
["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"},
["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"},
["nny"] = {"Nyangga"},
["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"},
["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"},
["noc"] = {"Nuk"},
["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"},
["noe"] = {"Nimadi"},
["nof"] = {"Nomane"},
["nog"] = {"Nogai"},
["noh"] = {"Nomu"},
["noi"] = {"Noiri"},
["noj"] = {"Nonuya"},
["nok"] = {"Nooksack", "Lhéchelesem"},
["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"},
["non"] = {"Old Norse"},
["nop"] = {"Numanggang"},
["noq"] = {"Ngongo"},
["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"},
["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"},
["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"},
["nov"] = {"Novial"},
["now"] = {"Nyambo"},
["noy"] = {"Noy"},
["noz"] = {"Nayi"},
["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"},
["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"},
["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"},
["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"},
["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"},
["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"},
["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"},
["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"},
["nps"] = {"Nipsan"},
["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"},
["npx"] = {"Noipx"},
["npy"] = {"Napu"},
["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"},
["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"},
["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"},
["nqm"] = {"Ndom"},
["nqn"] = {"Nen"},
["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"},
["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"},
["nqt"] = {"Nteng"},
["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"},
["nra"] = {"Ngom"},
["nrb"] = {"Nara"},
["nrc"] = {"Noric"},
["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"},
["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"},
["nrg"] = {"Narango"},
["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"},
["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"},
["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"},
["nrm"] = {"Narom"},
["nrn"] = {"Norn"},
["nrp"] = {"North Picene"},
["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"},
["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"},
["nru"] = {"Narua"},
["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"},
["nrz"] = {"Lala"},
["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"},
["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"},
["nsc"] = {"Nshi"},
["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"},
["nse"] = {"Nsenga"},
["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"},
["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"},
["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"},
["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"},
["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"},
["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"},
["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"},
["nsn"] = {"Nehan"},
["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"},
["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"},
["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"},
["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"},
["nss"] = {"Nali"},
["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"},
["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"},
["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"},
["nsw"] = {"Navut"},
["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"},
["nsy"] = {"Nasal"},
["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"},
["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"},
["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"},
["nti"] = {"Natioro"},
["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"},
["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"},
["ntm"] = {"Nateni"},
["nto"] = {"Ntomba"},
["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"},
["ntr"] = {"Delo"},
["ntu"] = {"Natügu"},
["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"},
["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"},
["nty"] = {"Mantsi"},
["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"},
["nua"] = {"Yuanga"},
["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"},
["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"},
["nud"] = {"Ngala"},
["nue"] = {"Ngundu"},
["nuf"] = {"Nusu"},
["nug"] = {"Nungali"},
["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"},
["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"},
["nuj"] = {"Nyole"},
["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"},
["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"},
["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"},
["nun"] = {"Anong"},
["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"},
["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"},
["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"},
["nur"] = {"Nukuria"},
["nus"] = {"Nuer"},
["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"},
["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"},
["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"},
["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"},
["nux"] = {"Mehek"},
["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"},
["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"},
["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"},
["nvm"] = {"Namiae"},
["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"},
["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"},
["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"},
["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"},
["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"},
["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"},
["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"},
["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"},
["nwo"] = {"Nauo"},
["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"},
["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"},
["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"},
["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"},
["nxa"] = {"Nauete"},
["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["nxe"] = {"Nage"},
["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"},
["nxi"] = {"Nindi"},
["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"},
["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"},
["nxm"] = {"Numidian"},
["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"},
["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"},
["nxq"] = {"Naxi"},
["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"},
["nxx"] = {"Nafri"},
["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"},
["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"},
["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"},
["nye"] = {"Nyengo"},
["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"},
["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"},
["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"},
["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"},
["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"},
["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"},
["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"},
["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"},
["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"},
["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"},
["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"},
["nyq"] = {"Nayini"},
["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"},
["nys"] = {"Nyungar"},
["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"},
["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"},
["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"},
["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"},
["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"},
["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"},
["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"},
["nzb"] = {"Njebi"},
["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"},
["nzi"] = {"Nzima"},
["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"},
["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"},
["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"},
["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"},
["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"},
["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"},
["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"},
["oaa"] = {"Orok"},
["oac"] = {"Oroch"},
["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"},
["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"},
["oav"] = {"Old Avar"},
["obi"] = {"Obispeño"},
["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"},
["obl"] = {"Oblo"},
["obm"] = {"Moabite"},
["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"},
["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"},
["obt"] = {"Old Breton"},
["obu"] = {"Obulom"},
["oca"] = {"Ocaina"},
["och"] = {"Old Chinese"},
["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"},
["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"},
["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"},
["oda"] = {"Odut"},
["odk"] = {"Od"},
["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"},
["odu"] = {"Odual"},
["ofo"] = {"Ofo"},
["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"},
["ofu"] = {"Efutop"},
["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"},
["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"},
["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"},
["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"},
["ogo"] = {"Khana"},
["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"},
["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"},
["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"},
["oia"] = {"Oirata"},
["oie"] = {"Okolie"},
["oin"] = {"Inebu One"},
["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"},
["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"},
["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"},
["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"},
["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"},
["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"},
["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"},
["oka"] = {"Okanagan"},
["okb"] = {"Okobo"},
["okc"] = {"Kobo"},
["okd"] = {"Okodia"},
["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"},
["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"},
["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"},
["oki"] = {"Okiek"},
["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"},
["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"},
["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"},
["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"},
["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"},
["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"},
["okr"] = {"Kirike"},
["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"},
["oku"] = {"Oku"},
["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"},
["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"},
["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"},
["ola"] = {"Walungge"},
["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"},
["old"] = {"Mochi"},
["ole"] = {"Olekha"},
["olk"] = {"Olkol"},
["olm"] = {"Oloma"},
["olo"] = {"Livvi"},
["olr"] = {"Olrat"},
["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"},
["olu"] = {"Kuvale"},
["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"},
["omb"] = {"East Ambae"},
["omc"] = {"Mochica"},
["omg"] = {"Omagua"},
["omi"] = {"Omi"},
["omk"] = {"Omok"},
["oml"] = {"Ombo"},
["omn"] = {"Minoan"},
["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"},
["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"},
["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"},
["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"},
["omt"] = {"Omotik"},
["omu"] = {"Omurano"},
["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"},
["omw"] = {"South Tairora"},
["omx"] = {"Old Mon"},
["omy"] = {"Old Malay"},
["ona"] = {"Ona"},
["onb"] = {"Lingao"},
["one"] = {"Oneida"},
["ong"] = {"Olo"},
["oni"] = {"Onin"},
["onj"] = {"Onjob"},
["onk"] = {"Kabore One"},
["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"},
["ono"] = {"Onondaga"},
["onp"] = {"Sartang"},
["onr"] = {"Northern One"},
["ons"] = {"Ono"},
["ont"] = {"Ontenu"},
["onu"] = {"Unua"},
["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"},
["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"},
["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"},
["oog"] = {"Ong"},
["oon"] = {"Önge"},
["oor"] = {"Oorlams"},
["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"},
["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"},
["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"},
["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"},
["opo"] = {"Opao"},
["opt"] = {"Opata"},
["opy"] = {"Ofayé"},
["ora"] = {"Oroha"},
["orc"] = {"Orma"},
["ore"] = {"Orejón"},
["org"] = {"Oring"},
["orh"] = {"Oroqen"},
["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"},
["oro"] = {"Orokolo"},
["orr"] = {"Oruma"},
["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"},
["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"},
["oru"] = {"Ormuri"},
["orv"] = {"Old Russian"},
["orw"] = {"Oro Win"},
["orx"] = {"Oro"},
["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"},
["orz"] = {"Ormu"},
["osa"] = {"Osage"},
["osc"] = {"Oscan"},
["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"},
["osi"] = {"Osing"},
["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"},
["oso"] = {"Ososo"},
["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"},
["ost"] = {"Osatu"},
["osu"] = {"Southern One"},
["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"},
["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"},
["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"},
["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"},
["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"},
["oti"] = {"Oti"},
["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"},
["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"},
["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"},
["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"},
["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"},
["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"},
["otr"] = {"Otoro"},
["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"},
["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"},
["otu"] = {"Otuke"},
["otw"] = {"Ottawa"},
["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"},
["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"},
["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"},
["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"},
["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"},
["oue"] = {"Oune"},
["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"},
["oum"] = {"Ouma"},
["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"},
["owi"] = {"Owiniga"},
["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"},
["oyb"] = {"Oy"},
["oyd"] = {"Oyda"},
["oym"] = {"Wayampi"},
["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"},
["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"},
["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"},
["pab"] = {"Parecís"},
["pac"] = {"Pacoh"},
["pad"] = {"Paumarí"},
["pae"] = {"Pagibete"},
["paf"] = {"Paranawát"},
["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"},
["pah"] = {"Tenharim"},
["pai"] = {"Pe"},
["pak"] = {"Parakanã"},
["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"},
["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"},
["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"},
["pap"] = {"Papiamento"},
["paq"] = {"Parya"},
["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"},
["pas"] = {"Papasena"},
["pau"] = {"Palauan"},
["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"},
["paw"] = {"Pawnee"},
["pax"] = {"Pankararé"},
["pay"] = {"Pech"},
["paz"] = {"Pankararú"},
["pbb"] = {"Páez"},
["pbc"] = {"Patamona"},
["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"},
["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"},
["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"},
["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"},
["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"},
["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"},
["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"},
["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"},
["pbo"] = {"Papel"},
["pbp"] = {"Badyara"},
["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"},
["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"},
["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"},
["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"},
["pbv"] = {"Pnar"},
["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"},
["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"},
["pcb"] = {"Pear"},
["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"},
["pcd"] = {"Picard"},
["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"},
["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"},
["pcg"] = {"Paniya"},
["pch"] = {"Pardhan"},
["pci"] = {"Duruwa"},
["pcj"] = {"Parenga"},
["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"},
["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"},
["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"},
["pcn"] = {"Piti"},
["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"},
["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"},
["pda"] = {"Anam"},
["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"},
["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"},
["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"},
["pdo"] = {"Padoe"},
["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"},
["pdu"] = {"Kayan"},
["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"},
["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"},
["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"},
["pee"] = {"Taje"},
["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"},
["peg"] = {"Pengo"},
["peh"] = {"Bonan"},
["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"},
["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"},
["pek"] = {"Penchal"},
["pel"] = {"Pekal"},
["pem"] = {"Phende"},
["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"},
["pep"] = {"Kunja"},
["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"},
["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"},
["pev"] = {"Pémono"},
["pex"] = {"Petats"},
["pey"] = {"Petjo"},
["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"},
["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"},
["pfe"] = {"Pere"},
["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"},
["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"},
["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"},
["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"},
["pgi"] = {"Pagi"},
["pgk"] = {"Rerep"},
["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"},
["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"},
["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"},
["pgu"] = {"Pagu"},
["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"},
["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"},
["phd"] = {"Phudagi"},
["phg"] = {"Phuong"},
["phh"] = {"Phukha"},
["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"},
["phj"] = {"Pahari"},
["phk"] = {"Phake"},
["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"},
["phm"] = {"Phimbi"},
["phn"] = {"Phoenician"},
["pho"] = {"Phunoi"},
["phq"] = {"Phana'"},
["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"},
["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"},
["phu"] = {"Phuan"},
["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"},
["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"},
["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"},
["pib"] = {"Yine"},
["pic"] = {"Pinji"},
["pid"] = {"Piaroa"},
["pie"] = {"Piro"},
["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"},
["pig"] = {"Pisabo"},
["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"},
["pij"] = {"Pijao"},
["pil"] = {"Yom"},
["pim"] = {"Powhatan"},
["pin"] = {"Piame"},
["pio"] = {"Piapoco"},
["pip"] = {"Pero"},
["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"},
["pis"] = {"Pijin"},
["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"},
["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"},
["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"},
["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"},
["pix"] = {"Piu"},
["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"},
["piz"] = {"Pije"},
["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"},
["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"},
["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"},
["pkc"] = {"Paekche"},
["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"},
["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"},
["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"},
["pko"] = {"Pökoot"},
["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"},
["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"},
["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"},
["pkt"] = {"Maleng"},
["pku"] = {"Paku"},
["pla"] = {"Miani"},
["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"},
["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"},
["pld"] = {"Polari"},
["ple"] = {"Palu'e"},
["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"},
["plg"] = {"Pilagá"},
["plh"] = {"Paulohi"},
["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"},
["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"},
["pln"] = {"Palenquero"},
["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"},
["plq"] = {"Palaic"},
["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"},
["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"},
["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"},
["plu"] = {"Palikúr"},
["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"},
["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"},
["ply"] = {"Bolyu"},
["plz"] = {"Paluan"},
["pma"] = {"Paama"},
["pmb"] = {"Pambia"},
["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"},
["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"},
["pmf"] = {"Pamona"},
["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"},
["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"},
["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"},
["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"},
["pmm"] = {"Pomo"},
["pmn"] = {"Pam"},
["pmo"] = {"Pom"},
["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"},
["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"},
["pms"] = {"Piemontese"},
["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"},
["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"},
["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"},
["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"},
["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"},
["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"},
["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"},
["pnc"] = {"Pannei"},
["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"},
["pne"] = {"Western Penan"},
["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"},
["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"},
["pni"] = {"Aoheng"},
["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"},
["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"},
["pnl"] = {"Paleni"},
["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"},
["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"},
["pno"] = {"Panobo"},
["pnp"] = {"Pancana"},
["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"},
["pnr"] = {"Panim"},
["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"},
["pnt"] = {"Pontic"},
["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"},
["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"},
["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"},
["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"},
["pny"] = {"Pinyin"},
["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"},
["poc"] = {"Poqomam"},
["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"},
["pof"] = {"Poke"},
["pog"] = {"Potiguára"},
["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"},
["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"},
["pok"] = {"Pokangá"},
["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"},
["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"},
["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"},
["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"},
["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"},
["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"},
["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"},
["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"},
["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"},
["pox"] = {"Polabian"},
["poy"] = {"Pogolo"},
["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"},
["ppe"] = {"Papi"},
["ppi"] = {"Paipai"},
["ppk"] = {"Uma"},
["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"},
["ppm"] = {"Papuma"},
["ppn"] = {"Papapana"},
["ppo"] = {"Folopa"},
["ppp"] = {"Pelende"},
["ppq"] = {"Pei"},
["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"},
["ppt"] = {"Pare"},
["ppu"] = {"Papora"},
["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"},
["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"},
["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"},
["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"},
["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"},
["prc"] = {"Parachi"},
["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"},
["pre"] = {"Principense"},
["prf"] = {"Paranan"},
["prg"] = {"Prussian"},
["prh"] = {"Porohanon"},
["pri"] = {"Paicî"},
["prk"] = {"Parauk"},
["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"},
["prm"] = {"Kibiri"},
["prn"] = {"Prasuni"},
["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"},
["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"},
["prr"] = {"Puri"},
["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"},
["prt"] = {"Phai"},
["pru"] = {"Puragi"},
["prw"] = {"Parawen"},
["prx"] = {"Purik"},
["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"},
["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"},
["psc"] = {"Iranian Sign Language", "Persian Sign Language"},
["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"},
["pse"] = {"Central Malay"},
["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"},
["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"},
["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"},
["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"},
["psm"] = {"Pauserna"},
["psn"] = {"Panasuan"},
["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"},
["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"},
["psq"] = {"Pasi"},
["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"},
["pss"] = {"Kaulong"},
["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"},
["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"},
["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"},
["psy"] = {"Piscataway"},
["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"},
["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"},
["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"},
["ptn"] = {"Patani"},
["pto"] = {"Zo'é"},
["ptp"] = {"Patep"},
["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"},
["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"},
["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"},
["ptu"] = {"Bambam"},
["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"},
["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"},
["pty"] = {"Pathiya"},
["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"},
["pub"] = {"Purum"},
["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"},
["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"},
["pue"] = {"Puelche"},
["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"},
["pug"] = {"Phuie"},
["pui"] = {"Puinave"},
["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"},
["pum"] = {"Puma"},
["puo"] = {"Puoc"},
["pup"] = {"Pulabu"},
["puq"] = {"Puquina"},
["pur"] = {"Puruborá"},
["put"] = {"Putoh"},
["puu"] = {"Punu"},
["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"},
["pux"] = {"Puare"},
["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"},
["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"},
["pwb"] = {"Panawa"},
["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"},
["pwi"] = {"Patwin"},
["pwm"] = {"Molbog"},
["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"},
["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"},
["pwr"] = {"Powari"},
["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"},
["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"},
["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"},
["pym"] = {"Fyam"},
["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"},
["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"},
["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"},
["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"},
["pyy"] = {"Pyen"},
["pze"] = {"Pesse"},
["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"},
["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"},
["qua"] = {"Quapaw"},
["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"},
["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"},
["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"},
["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"},
["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"},
["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"},
["qui"] = {"Quileute"},
["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"},
["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"},
["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"},
["qun"] = {"Quinault"},
["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"},
["quq"] = {"Quinqui"},
["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"},
["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"},
["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"},
["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"},
["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"},
["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"},
["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"},
["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"},
["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"},
["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"},
["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"},
["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"},
["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"},
["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"},
["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"},
["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"},
["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"},
["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"},
["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"},
["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"},
["qvy"] = {"Queyu"},
["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"},
["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"},
["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"},
["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"},
["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"},
["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"},
["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"},
["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"},
["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"},
["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"},
["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"},
["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"},
["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},
["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"},
["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"},
["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"},
["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"},
["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"},
["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"},
["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"},
["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"},
["qya"] = {"Quenya"},
["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"},
["raa"] = {"Dungmali"},
["rab"] = {"Camling"},
["rac"] = {"Rasawa"},
["rad"] = {"Rade"},
["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"},
["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"},
["rah"] = {"Rabha"},
["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"},
["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"},
["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"},
["ral"] = {"Ralte"},
["ram"] = {"Canela"},
["ran"] = {"Riantana"},
["rao"] = {"Rao"},
["rap"] = {"Rapanui"},
["raq"] = {"Saam"},
["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"},
["ras"] = {"Tegali"},
["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"},
["rau"] = {"Raute"},
["rav"] = {"Sampang"},
["raw"] = {"Rawang"},
["rax"] = {"Rang"},
["ray"] = {"Rapa"},
["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"},
["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"},
["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"},
["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"},
["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"},
["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"},
["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"},
["rea"] = {"Rerau"},
["reb"] = {"Rembong"},
["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"},
["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"},
["rei"] = {"Reli"},
["rej"] = {"Rejang"},
["rel"] = {"Rendille"},
["rem"] = {"Remo"},
["ren"] = {"Rengao"},
["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"},
["res"] = {"Reshe"},
["ret"] = {"Retta"},
["rey"] = {"Reyesano"},
["rga"] = {"Roria"},
["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"},
["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"},
["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"},
["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"},
["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"},
["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"},
["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"},
["rhp"] = {"Yahang"},
["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"},
["rib"] = {"Bribri Sign Language"},
["rif"] = {"Tarifit"},
["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"},
["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"},
["rin"] = {"Nungu"},
["rir"] = {"Ribun"},
["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"},
["riu"] = {"Riung"},
["rjg"] = {"Rajong"},
["rji"] = {"Raji"},
["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"},
["rka"] = {"Kraol"},
["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"},
["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"},
["rki"] = {"Rakhine"},
["rkm"] = {"Marka"},
["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"},
["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"},
["rma"] = {"Rama"},
["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"},
["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"},
["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"},
["rme"] = {"Angloromani"},
["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"},
["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"},
["rmh"] = {"Murkim"},
["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"},
["rmk"] = {"Romkun"},
["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"},
["rmm"] = {"Roma"},
["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"},
["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"},
["rmp"] = {"Rempi"},
["rmq"] = {"Caló"},
["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"},
["rmt"] = {"Domari"},
["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"},
["rmv"] = {"Romanova"},
["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"},
["rmx"] = {"Romam"},
["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"},
["rmz"] = {"Marma"},
["rnb"] = {"Brunca Sign Language"},
["rnd"] = {"Ruund"},
["rng"] = {"Ronga"},
["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"},
["rnn"] = {"Roon"},
["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"},
["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"},
["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"},
["roa"] = {"Romance languages"},
["rob"] = {"Tae'"},
["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"},
["rod"] = {"Rogo"},
["roe"] = {"Ronji"},
["rof"] = {"Rombo"},
["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"},
["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"},
["rom"] = {"Romany"},
["roo"] = {"Rotokas"},
["rop"] = {"Kriol"},
["ror"] = {"Rongga"},
["rou"] = {"Runga"},
["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"},
["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"},
["rpt"] = {"Rapting"},
["rri"] = {"Ririo"},
["rrm"] = {"Moriori"},
["rro"] = {"Waima"},
["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"},
["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"},
["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"},
["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"},
["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"},
["rsn"] = {"Rwandan Sign Language"},
["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"},
["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"},
["rth"] = {"Ratahan"},
["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"},
["rts"] = {"Yurats"},
["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"},
["rub"] = {"Gungu"},
["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"},
["rue"] = {"Rusyn"},
["ruf"] = {"Luguru"},
["rug"] = {"Roviana"},
["ruh"] = {"Ruga"},
["rui"] = {"Rufiji"},
["ruk"] = {"Che"},
["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"},
["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"},
["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"},
["rut"] = {"Rutul"},
["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"},
["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"},
["ruz"] = {"Ruma"},
["rwa"] = {"Rawo"},
["rwk"] = {"Rwa"},
["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"},
["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"},
["rwo"] = {"Rawa"},
["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"},
["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"},
["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"},
["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"},
["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"},
["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"},
["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"},
["saa"] = {"Saba"},
["sab"] = {"Buglere"},
["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"},
["sad"] = {"Sandawe"},
["sae"] = {"Sabanê"},
["saf"] = {"Safaliba"},
["sah"] = {"Yakut"},
["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"},
["saj"] = {"Sahu"},
["sak"] = {"Sake"},
["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"},
["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"},
["sao"] = {"Sause"},
["saq"] = {"Samburu"},
["sar"] = {"Saraveca"},
["sas"] = {"Sasak"},
["sat"] = {"Santali"},
["sau"] = {"Saleman"},
["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"},
["saw"] = {"Sawi"},
["sax"] = {"Sa"},
["say"] = {"Saya"},
["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"},
["sba"] = {"Ngambay"},
["sbb"] = {"Simbo"},
["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"},
["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"},
["sbe"] = {"Saliba"},
["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"},
["sbg"] = {"Seget"},
["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"},
["sbi"] = {"Seti"},
["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"},
["sbk"] = {"Safwa"},
["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"},
["sbm"] = {"Sagala"},
["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"},
["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"},
["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"},
["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"},
["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"},
["sbs"] = {"Subiya"},
["sbt"] = {"Kimki"},
["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"},
["sbv"] = {"Sabine"},
["sbw"] = {"Simba"},
["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"},
["sby"] = {"Soli"},
["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"},
["scb"] = {"Chut"},
["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"},
["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"},
["scg"] = {"Sanggau"},
["sch"] = {"Sakachep"},
["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"},
["sck"] = {"Sadri"},
["scl"] = {"Shina"},
["scn"] = {"Sicilian"},
["sco"] = {"Scots"},
["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"},
["scq"] = {"Sa'och"},
["scs"] = {"North Slavey"},
["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"},
["scu"] = {"Shumcho"},
["scv"] = {"Sheni"},
["scw"] = {"Sha"},
["scx"] = {"Sicel"},
["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"},
["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"},
["sdb"] = {"Shabak"},
["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"},
["sde"] = {"Surubu"},
["sdf"] = {"Sarli"},
["sdg"] = {"Savi"},
["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"},
["sdj"] = {"Suundi"},
["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"},
["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"},
["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"},
["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"},
["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"},
["sdq"] = {"Semandang"},
["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"},
["sds"] = {"Sened"},
["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"},
["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"},
["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"},
["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"},
["sdz"] = {"Sallands"},
["sea"] = {"Semai"},
["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"},
["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"},
["sed"] = {"Sedang"},
["see"] = {"Seneca"},
["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"},
["seg"] = {"Segeju"},
["seh"] = {"Sena"},
["sei"] = {"Seri"},
["sej"] = {"Sene"},
["sek"] = {"Sekani"},
["sel"] = {"Selkup"},
["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"},
["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"},
["seo"] = {"Suarmin"},
["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"},
["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"},
["ser"] = {"Serrano"},
["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"},
["set"] = {"Sentani"},
["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"},
["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"},
["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"},
["sey"] = {"Secoya"},
["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"},
["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"},
["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"},
["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"},
["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"},
["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"},
["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"},
["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"},
["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"},
["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"},
["sge"] = {"Segai"},
["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"},
["sgh"] = {"Shughni"},
["sgi"] = {"Suga"},
["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"},
["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"},
["sgm"] = {"Singa"},
["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"},
["sgp"] = {"Singpho"},
["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"},
["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"},
["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"},
["sgu"] = {"Salas"},
["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"},
["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"},
["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"},
["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"},
["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"},
["shb"] = {"Ninam"},
["shc"] = {"Sonde"},
["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"},
["she"] = {"Sheko"},
["shg"] = {"Shua"},
["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"},
["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"},
["shj"] = {"Shatt"},
["shk"] = {"Shilluk"},
["shl"] = {"Shendu"},
["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"},
["shn"] = {"Shan"},
["sho"] = {"Shanga"},
["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"},
["shq"] = {"Sala"},
["shr"] = {"Shi"},
["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"},
["sht"] = {"Shasta"},
["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"},
["shv"] = {"Shehri"},
["shw"] = {"Shwai"},
["shx"] = {"She"},
["shy"] = {"Tachawit"},
["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"},
["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"},
["sib"] = {"Sebop"},
["sid"] = {"Sidamo"},
["sie"] = {"Simaa"},
["sif"] = {"Siamou"},
["sig"] = {"Paasaal"},
["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"},
["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"},
["sij"] = {"Numbami"},
["sik"] = {"Sikiana"},
["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"},
["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"},
["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"},
["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"},
["siq"] = {"Sonia"},
["sir"] = {"Siri"},
["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"},
["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"},
["siu"] = {"Sinagen"},
["siv"] = {"Sumariup"},
["siw"] = {"Siwai"},
["six"] = {"Sumau"},
["siy"] = {"Sivandi"},
["siz"] = {"Siwi"},
["sja"] = {"Epena"},
["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"},
["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"},
["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"},
["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"},
["sjg"] = {"Assangori"},
["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"},
["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"},
["sjm"] = {"Mapun"},
["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"},
["sjo"] = {"Xibe"},
["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"},
["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"},
["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"},
["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"},
["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"},
["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"},
["ska"] = {"Skagit"},
["skb"] = {"Saek"},
["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"},
["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"},
["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"},
["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"},
["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"},
["skh"] = {"Sikule"},
["ski"] = {"Sika"},
["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"},
["skm"] = {"Kutong"},
["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"},
["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"},
["skp"] = {"Sekapan"},
["skq"] = {"Sininkere"},
["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"},
["sks"] = {"Maia"},
["skt"] = {"Sakata"},
["sku"] = {"Sakao"},
["skv"] = {"Skou"},
["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"},
["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"},
["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"},
["skz"] = {"Sekar"},
["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"},
["slc"] = {"Sáliba"},
["sld"] = {"Sissala"},
["sle"] = {"Sholaga"},
["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"},
["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"},
["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"},
["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"},
["slj"] = {"Salumá"},
["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"},
["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"},
["sln"] = {"Salinan"},
["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"},
["slr"] = {"Salar"},
["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"},
["slt"] = {"Sila"},
["slu"] = {"Selaru"},
["slw"] = {"Sialum"},
["slx"] = {"Salampasu"},
["sly"] = {"Selayar"},
["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"},
["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"},
["smb"] = {"Simbari"},
["smc"] = {"Som"},
["smf"] = {"Auwe"},
["smg"] = {"Simbali"},
["smh"] = {"Samei"},
["smi"] = {"Sami languages"},
["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"},
["smk"] = {"Bolinao"},
["sml"] = {"Central Sama"},
["smm"] = {"Musasa"},
["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"},
["smp"] = {"Samaritan"},
["smq"] = {"Samo"},
["smr"] = {"Simeulue"},
["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"},
["smt"] = {"Simte"},
["smu"] = {"Somray"},
["smv"] = {"Samvedi"},
["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"},
["smx"] = {"Samba"},
["smy"] = {"Semnani"},
["smz"] = {"Simeku"},
["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"},
["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"},
["snf"] = {"Noon"},
["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["sni"] = {"Sensi"},
["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"},
["snk"] = {"Soninke"},
["snl"] = {"Sangil"},
["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"},
["snn"] = {"Siona"},
["sno"] = {"Snohomish"},
["snp"] = {"Siane"},
["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"},
["snr"] = {"Sihan"},
["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"},
["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"},
["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"},
["snw"] = {"Selee"},
["snx"] = {"Sam"},
["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"},
["snz"] = {"Kou"},
["soa"] = {"Thai Song"},
["sob"] = {"Sobei"},
["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["sod"] = {"Songoora"},
["soe"] = {"Songomeno"},
["sog"] = {"Sogdian"},
["soh"] = {"Aka"},
["soi"] = {"Sonha"},
["soj"] = {"Soi"},
["sok"] = {"Sokoro"},
["sol"] = {"Solos"},
["son"] = {"Songhai languages"},
["soo"] = {"Songo"},
["sop"] = {"Songe"},
["soq"] = {"Kanasi"},
["sor"] = {"Somrai"},
["sos"] = {"Seeku"},
["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"},
["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"},
["sow"] = {"Sowanda"},
["sox"] = {"Swo"},
["soy"] = {"Miyobe"},
["soz"] = {"Temi"},
["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"},
["spc"] = {"Sapé"},
["spd"] = {"Saep"},
["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"},
["spg"] = {"Sian"},
["spi"] = {"Saponi"},
["spk"] = {"Sengo"},
["spl"] = {"Selepet"},
["spm"] = {"Akukem"},
["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"},
["spo"] = {"Spokane"},
["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"},
["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"},
["spr"] = {"Saparua"},
["sps"] = {"Saposa"},
["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"},
["spu"] = {"Sapuan"},
["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"},
["spx"] = {"South Picene"},
["spy"] = {"Sabaot"},
["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"},
["sqh"] = {"Shau"},
["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"},
["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"},
["sqm"] = {"Suma"},
["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"},
["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"},
["sqq"] = {"Sou"},
["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"},
["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"},
["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"},
["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"},
["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"},
["sra"] = {"Saruga"},
["srb"] = {"Sora"},
["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"},
["sre"] = {"Sara"},
["srf"] = {"Nafi"},
["srg"] = {"Sulod"},
["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"},
["sri"] = {"Siriano"},
["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"},
["srl"] = {"Isirawa"},
["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"},
["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"},
["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"},
["srq"] = {"Sirionó"},
["srr"] = {"Serer"},
["srs"] = {"Tsuut'ina", "Sarsi"},
["srt"] = {"Sauri"},
["sru"] = {"Suruí"},
["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"},
["srw"] = {"Serua"},
["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"},
["sry"] = {"Sera"},
["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"},
["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"},
["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"},
["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"},
["ssd"] = {"Siroi"},
["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"},
["ssf"] = {"Thao"},
["ssg"] = {"Seimat"},
["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"},
["ssi"] = {"Sansi"},
["ssj"] = {"Sausi"},
["ssk"] = {"Sunam"},
["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"},
["ssm"] = {"Semnam"},
["ssn"] = {"Waata"},
["sso"] = {"Sissano"},
["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"},
["ssq"] = {"So'a"},
["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"},
["sss"] = {"Sô"},
["sst"] = {"Sinasina"},
["ssu"] = {"Susuami"},
["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"},
["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"},
["ssy"] = {"Saho"},
["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"},
["sta"] = {"Settla"},
["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"},
["std"] = {"Sentinel"},
["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"},
["stf"] = {"Seta"},
["stg"] = {"Trieng"},
["sth"] = {"Shelta"},
["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"},
["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"},
["stk"] = {"Arammba"},
["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"},
["stm"] = {"Setaman"},
["stn"] = {"Owa"},
["sto"] = {"Stoney"},
["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"},
["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"},
["str"] = {"Straits Salish"},
["sts"] = {"Shumashti"},
["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"},
["stu"] = {"Samtao"},
["stv"] = {"Silt'e"},
["stw"] = {"Satawalese"},
["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"},
["sua"] = {"Sulka"},
["sub"] = {"Suku"},
["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"},
["sue"] = {"Suena"},
["sug"] = {"Suganga"},
["sui"] = {"Suki"},
["suj"] = {"Shubi"},
["suk"] = {"Sukuma"},
["suo"] = {"Bouni"},
["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"},
["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"},
["sus"] = {"Susu"},
["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"},
["suv"] = {"Puroik"},
["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"},
["sux"] = {"Sumerian"},
["suy"] = {"Suyá"},
["suz"] = {"Sunwar"},
["sva"] = {"Svan"},
["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"},
["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"},
["sve"] = {"Serili"},
["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"},
["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"},
["svs"] = {"Savosavo"},
["svx"] = {"Skalvian"},
["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"},
["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"},
["swf"] = {"Sere"},
["swg"] = {"Swabian"},
["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"},
["swi"] = {"Sui"},
["swj"] = {"Sira"},
["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"},
["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"},
["swm"] = {"Samosa"},
["swn"] = {"Sawknah"},
["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"},
["swp"] = {"Suau"},
["swq"] = {"Sharwa"},
["swr"] = {"Saweru"},
["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"},
["swt"] = {"Sawila"},
["swu"] = {"Suwawa"},
["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"},
["sww"] = {"Sowa"},
["swx"] = {"Suruahá"},
["swy"] = {"Sarua"},
["sxb"] = {"Suba"},
["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"},
["sxe"] = {"Sighu"},
["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"},
["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"},
["sxl"] = {"Selian"},
["sxm"] = {"Samre"},
["sxn"] = {"Sangir"},
["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"},
["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"},
["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"},
["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"},
["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"},
["sya"] = {"Siang"},
["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"},
["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"},
["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"},
["syi"] = {"Seki"},
["syk"] = {"Sukur"},
["syl"] = {"Sylheti"},
["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"},
["syn"] = {"Senaya"},
["syo"] = {"Suoy"},
["syr"] = {"Syriac"},
["sys"] = {"Sinyar"},
["syw"] = {"Kagate"},
["syx"] = {"Samay"},
["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"},
["sza"] = {"Semelai"},
["szb"] = {"Ngalum"},
["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"},
["sze"] = {"Seze"},
["szg"] = {"Sengele"},
["szl"] = {"Silesian"},
["szn"] = {"Sula"},
["szp"] = {"Suabo"},
["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"},
["szv"] = {"Isubu", "Isu (Fako Division)"},
["szw"] = {"Sawai"},
["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"},
["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"},
["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"},
["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"},
["tad"] = {"Tause"},
["tae"] = {"Tariana"},
["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"},
["tag"] = {"Tagoi"},
["tai"] = {"Tai languages"},
["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"},
["tak"] = {"Tala"},
["tal"] = {"Tal"},
["tan"] = {"Tangale"},
["tao"] = {"Yami"},
["tap"] = {"Taabwa"},
["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"},
["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"},
["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"},
["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"},
["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"},
["taw"] = {"Tai"},
["tax"] = {"Tamki"},
["tay"] = {"Atayal"},
["taz"] = {"Tocho"},
["tba"] = {"Aikanã"},
["tbc"] = {"Takia"},
["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"},
["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"},
["tbf"] = {"Mandara"},
["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"},
["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"},
["tbi"] = {"Gaam"},
["tbj"] = {"Tiang"},
["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"},
["tbl"] = {"Tboli"},
["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"},
["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"},
["tbo"] = {"Tawala"},
["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"},
["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"},
["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"},
["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"},
["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"},
["tbu"] = {"Tubar"},
["tbv"] = {"Tobo"},
["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"},
["tbx"] = {"Kapin"},
["tby"] = {"Tabaru"},
["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"},
["tca"] = {"Ticuna"},
["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"},
["tcc"] = {"Datooga"},
["tcd"] = {"Tafi"},
["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"},
["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"},
["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"},
["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"},
["tci"] = {"Wára"},
["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"},
["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"},
["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"},
["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"},
["tco"] = {"Taungyo"},
["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"},
["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"},
["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"},
["tct"] = {"T'en"},
["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"},
["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"},
["tcx"] = {"Toda"},
["tcy"] = {"Tulu"},
["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"},
["tda"] = {"Tagdal"},
["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"},
["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"},
["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"},
["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"},
["tdf"] = {"Talieng"},
["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"},
["tdh"] = {"Thulung"},
["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"},
["tdj"] = {"Tajio"},
["tdk"] = {"Tambas"},
["tdl"] = {"Sur"},
["tdm"] = {"Taruma"},
["tdn"] = {"Tondano"},
["tdo"] = {"Teme"},
["tdq"] = {"Tita"},
["tdr"] = {"Todrah"},
["tds"] = {"Doutai"},
["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"},
["tdv"] = {"Toro"},
["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"},
["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"},
["tea"] = {"Temiar"},
["teb"] = {"Tetete"},
["tec"] = {"Terik"},
["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"},
["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"},
["tef"] = {"Teressa"},
["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"},
["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"},
["tei"] = {"Torricelli"},
["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"},
["tem"] = {"Timne"},
["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"},
["teo"] = {"Teso"},
["tep"] = {"Tepecano"},
["teq"] = {"Temein"},
["ter"] = {"Tereno"},
["tes"] = {"Tengger"},
["tet"] = {"Tetum"},
["teu"] = {"Soo"},
["tev"] = {"Teor"},
["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"},
["tex"] = {"Tennet"},
["tey"] = {"Tulishi"},
["tez"] = {"Tetserret"},
["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"},
["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"},
["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"},
["tfr"] = {"Teribe"},
["tft"] = {"Ternate"},
["tga"] = {"Sagalla"},
["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"},
["tgc"] = {"Tigak"},
["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"},
["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"},
["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"},
["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"},
["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"},
["tgj"] = {"Tagin"},
["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"},
["tgo"] = {"Sudest"},
["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"},
["tgq"] = {"Tring"},
["tgr"] = {"Tareng"},
["tgs"] = {"Nume"},
["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"},
["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"},
["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"},
["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"},
["tgx"] = {"Tagish"},
["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"},
["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"},
["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"},
["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"},
["thf"] = {"Thangmi"},
["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"},
["thi"] = {"Tai Long"},
["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"},
["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"},
["thm"] = {"Aheu"},
["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"},
["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"},
["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"},
["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"},
["ths"] = {"Thakali"},
["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"},
["thu"] = {"Thuri"},
["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"},
["thy"] = {"Tha"},
["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"},
["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"},
["tic"] = {"Tira"},
["tif"] = {"Tifal"},
["tig"] = {"Tigre"},
["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"},
["tii"] = {"Tiene"},
["tij"] = {"Tilung"},
["tik"] = {"Tikar"},
["til"] = {"Tillamook"},
["tim"] = {"Timbe"},
["tin"] = {"Tindi"},
["tio"] = {"Teop"},
["tip"] = {"Trimuris"},
["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"},
["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"},
["tit"] = {"Tinigua"},
["tiu"] = {"Adasen"},
["tiv"] = {"Tiv"},
["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"},
["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"},
["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"},
["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"},
["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"},
["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"},
["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"},
["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"},
["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"},
["tjm"] = {"Timucua"},
["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"},
["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"},
["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"},
["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"},
["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"},
["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"},
["tka"] = {"Truká"},
["tkb"] = {"Buksa"},
["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"},
["tke"] = {"Takwane"},
["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"},
["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"},
["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"},
["tkm"] = {"Takelma"},
["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"},
["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"},
["tkq"] = {"Tee"},
["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"},
["tks"] = {"Takestani"},
["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"},
["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"},
["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"},
["tkw"] = {"Teanu"},
["tkx"] = {"Tangko"},
["tkz"] = {"Takua"},
["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"},
["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"},
["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"},
["tld"] = {"Talaud"},
["tlf"] = {"Telefol"},
["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"},
["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"},
["tli"] = {"Tlingit"},
["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"},
["tlk"] = {"Taloki"},
["tll"] = {"Tetela"},
["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"},
["tln"] = {"Talondo'"},
["tlo"] = {"Talodi"},
["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"},
["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"},
["tlr"] = {"Talise"},
["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"},
["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"},
["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"},
["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"},
["tlx"] = {"Khehek"},
["tly"] = {"Talysh"},
["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"},
["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"},
["tmc"] = {"Tumak"},
["tmd"] = {"Haruai"},
["tme"] = {"Tremembé"},
["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"},
["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"},
["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"},
["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"},
["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"},
["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"},
["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"},
["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"},
["tmo"] = {"Temoq"},
["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"},
["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"},
["tms"] = {"Tima"},
["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"},
["tmu"] = {"Iau"},
["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"},
["tmw"] = {"Temuan"},
["tmy"] = {"Tami"},
["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"},
["tna"] = {"Tacana"},
["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"},
["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"},
["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"},
["tng"] = {"Tobanga"},
["tnh"] = {"Maiani"},
["tni"] = {"Tandia"},
["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"},
["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"},
["tnm"] = {"Tabla"},
["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"},
["tno"] = {"Toromono"},
["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"},
["tnq"] = {"Taino"},
["tnr"] = {"Ménik"},
["tns"] = {"Tenis"},
["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"},
["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"},
["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"},
["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"},
["tnx"] = {"Tanema"},
["tny"] = {"Tongwe"},
["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"},
["tob"] = {"Toba"},
["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"},
["tod"] = {"Toma"},
["tof"] = {"Gizrra"},
["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"},
["toh"] = {"Gitonga"},
["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"},
["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"},
["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"},
["tol"] = {"Tolowa"},
["tom"] = {"Tombulu"},
["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"},
["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"},
["toq"] = {"Toposa"},
["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"},
["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"},
["tou"] = {"Tho"},
["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"},
["tow"] = {"Jemez"},
["tox"] = {"Tobian"},
["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"},
["toz"] = {"To"},
["tpa"] = {"Taupota"},
["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"},
["tpe"] = {"Tippera"},
["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"},
["tpg"] = {"Kula"},
["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"},
["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"},
["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"},
["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"},
["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"},
["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"},
["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"},
["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"},
["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"},
["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"},
["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"},
["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"},
["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"},
["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"},
["tpy"] = {"Trumai"},
["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"},
["tqb"] = {"Tembé"},
["tql"] = {"Lehali"},
["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"},
["tqn"] = {"Tenino"},
["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"},
["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"},
["tqq"] = {"Tunni"},
["tqr"] = {"Torona"},
["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"},
["tqu"] = {"Touo"},
["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"},
["tra"] = {"Tirahi"},
["trb"] = {"Terebu"},
["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"},
["trd"] = {"Turi"},
["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"},
["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"},
["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"},
["trh"] = {"Turaka"},
["tri"] = {"Trió"},
["trj"] = {"Toram"},
["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"},
["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"},
["trm"] = {"Tregami"},
["trn"] = {"Trinitario"},
["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"},
["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"},
["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"},
["trr"] = {"Taushiro"},
["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"},
["trt"] = {"Tunggare"},
["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"},
["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"},
["trw"] = {"Torwali"},
["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"},
["try"] = {"Turung"},
["trz"] = {"Torá"},
["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"},
["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"},
["tsc"] = {"Tswa"},
["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"},
["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"},
["tsg"] = {"Tausug"},
["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"},
["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"},
["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"},
["tsk"] = {"Tseku"},
["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"},
["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"},
["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"},
["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"},
["tsr"] = {"Akei"},
["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"},
["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"},
["tsu"] = {"Tsou"},
["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"},
["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"},
["tsx"] = {"Mubami"},
["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"},
["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"},
["tta"] = {"Tutelo"},
["ttb"] = {"Gaa"},
["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"},
["ttd"] = {"Tauade"},
["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"},
["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"},
["ttg"] = {"Tutong"},
["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"},
["tti"] = {"Tobati"},
["ttj"] = {"Tooro"},
["ttk"] = {"Totoro"},
["ttl"] = {"Totela"},
["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"},
["ttn"] = {"Towei"},
["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"},
["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"},
["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"},
["ttr"] = {"Tera"},
["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"},
["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"},
["ttu"] = {"Torau"},
["ttv"] = {"Titan"},
["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"},
["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"},
["ttz"] = {"Tsum"},
["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"},
["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"},
["tuc"] = {"Mutu"},
["tud"] = {"Tuxá"},
["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"},
["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"},
["tug"] = {"Tunia"},
["tuh"] = {"Taulil"},
["tui"] = {"Tupuri"},
["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"},
["tul"] = {"Tula"},
["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"},
["tun"] = {"Tunica"},
["tuo"] = {"Tucano"},
["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"},
["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"},
["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"},
["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"},
["tuu"] = {"Tututni"},
["tuv"] = {"Turkana"},
["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"},
["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"},
["tuy"] = {"Tugen"},
["tuz"] = {"Turka"},
["tva"] = {"Vaghua"},
["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"},
["tve"] = {"Te'un"},
["tvg"] = {"Tugunese", "Batavian Portuguese Creole", "Mardijker Creole"},
["tvi"] = {"Tulai"},
["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"},
["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"},
["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"},
["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"},
["tvo"] = {"Tidore"},
["tvs"] = {"Taveta"},
["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"},
["tvu"] = {"Tunen"},
["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"},
["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"},
["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"},
["twa"] = {"Twana"},
["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"},
["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"},
["twd"] = {"Twents"},
["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"},
["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"},
["twg"] = {"Tereweng"},
["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"},
["twl"] = {"Tawara"},
["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"},
["twn"] = {"Twendi"},
["two"] = {"Tswapong"},
["twp"] = {"Ere"},
["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"},
["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"},
["twt"] = {"Turiwára"},
["twu"] = {"Termanu"},
["tww"] = {"Tuwari"},
["twx"] = {"Tewe"},
["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"},
["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"},
["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"},
["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"},
["txe"] = {"Totoli"},
["txg"] = {"Tangut"},
["txh"] = {"Thracian"},
["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"},
["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"},
["txm"] = {"Tomini"},
["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"},
["txo"] = {"Toto"},
["txq"] = {"Tii"},
["txr"] = {"Tartessian"},
["txs"] = {"Tonsea"},
["txt"] = {"Citak"},
["txu"] = {"Kayapó"},
["txx"] = {"Tatana"},
["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"},
["tya"] = {"Tauya"},
["tye"] = {"Kyanga"},
["tyh"] = {"O'du"},
["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"},
["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"},
["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"},
["tyn"] = {"Kombai"},
["typ"] = {"Thaypan"},
["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"},
["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"},
["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"},
["tyu"] = {"Kua"},
["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"},
["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"},
["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"},
["tyz"] = {"Tày"},
["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"},
["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"},
["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"},
["tzl"] = {"Talossan"},
["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"},
["tzn"] = {"Tugun"},
["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"},
["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"},
["uam"] = {"Uamué"},
["uan"] = {"Kuan"},
["uar"] = {"Tairuma"},
["uba"] = {"Ubang"},
["ubi"] = {"Ubi"},
["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"},
["ubr"] = {"Ubir"},
["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"},
["uby"] = {"Ubykh"},
["uda"] = {"Uda"},
["ude"] = {"Udihe"},
["udg"] = {"Muduga"},
["udi"] = {"Udi"},
["udj"] = {"Ujir"},
["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"},
["udm"] = {"Udmurt"},
["udu"] = {"Uduk"},
["ues"] = {"Kioko"},
["ufi"] = {"Ufim"},
["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"},
["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"},
["uge"] = {"Ughele"},
["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"},
["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"},
["ugo"] = {"Ugong"},
["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"},
["uha"] = {"Uhami"},
["uhn"] = {"Damal"},
["uis"] = {"Uisai"},
["uiv"] = {"Iyive"},
["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"},
["uka"] = {"Kaburi"},
["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"},
["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"},
["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"},
["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"},
["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"},
["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"},
["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"},
["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"},
["uku"] = {"Ukue"},
["ukv"] = {"Kuku"},
["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"},
["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"},
["ula"] = {"Fungwa"},
["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"},
["ulc"] = {"Ulch"},
["ule"] = {"Lule"},
["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"},
["uli"] = {"Ulithian"},
["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"},
["ull"] = {"Ullatan"},
["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"},
["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"},
["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"},
["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"},
["uly"] = {"Buli"},
["uma"] = {"Umatilla"},
["umb"] = {"Umbundu"},
["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"},
["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"},
["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"},
["umi"] = {"Ukit"},
["umm"] = {"Umon"},
["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"},
["umo"] = {"Umotína"},
["ump"] = {"Umpila"},
["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"},
["ums"] = {"Pendau"},
["umu"] = {"Munsee"},
["una"] = {"North Watut"},
["und"] = {"Undetermined"},
["une"] = {"Uneme"},
["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"},
["uni"] = {"Uni"},
["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"},
["unm"] = {"Unami"},
["unn"] = {"Kurnai"},
["unr"] = {"Mundari"},
["unu"] = {"Unubahe"},
["unx"] = {"Munda"},
["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"},
["uon"] = {"Kulon"},
["upi"] = {"Umeda"},
["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"},
["ura"] = {"Urarina"},
["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"},
["urc"] = {"Urningangg"},
["ure"] = {"Uru"},
["urf"] = {"Uradhi"},
["urg"] = {"Urigina"},
["urh"] = {"Urhobo"},
["uri"] = {"Urim"},
["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"},
["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"},
["url"] = {"Urali"},
["urm"] = {"Urapmin"},
["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"},
["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"},
["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"},
["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"},
["urt"] = {"Urat"},
["uru"] = {"Urumi"},
["urv"] = {"Uruava"},
["urw"] = {"Sop"},
["urx"] = {"Urimo"},
["ury"] = {"Orya"},
["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"},
["usa"] = {"Usarufa"},
["ush"] = {"Ushojo"},
["usi"] = {"Usui"},
["usk"] = {"Usaghade"},
["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"},
["uss"] = {"us-Saare"},
["usu"] = {"Uya"},
["uta"] = {"Otank"},
["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"},
["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"},
["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"},
["utr"] = {"Etulo"},
["utu"] = {"Utu"},
["uum"] = {"Urum"},
["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"},
["uuu"] = {"U"},
["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"},
["uvh"] = {"Uri"},
["uvl"] = {"Lote"},
["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"},
["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"},
["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"},
["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"},
["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"},
["vae"] = {"Vale"},
["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"},
["vag"] = {"Vagla"},
["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"},
["vai"] = {"Vai"},
["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"},
["val"] = {"Vehes"},
["vam"] = {"Vanimo"},
["van"] = {"Valman"},
["vao"] = {"Vao"},
["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"},
["var"] = {"Huarijio"},
["vas"] = {"Vasavi"},
["vau"] = {"Vanuma"},
["vav"] = {"Varli"},
["vay"] = {"Wayu"},
["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"},
["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"},
["vec"] = {"Venetian"},
["ved"] = {"Veddah"},
["vel"] = {"Veluws"},
["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"},
["veo"] = {"Ventureño"},
["vep"] = {"Veps"},
["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"},
["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"},
["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"},
["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"},
["vid"] = {"Vidunda"},
["vif"] = {"Vili"},
["vig"] = {"Viemo"},
["vil"] = {"Vilela"},
["vin"] = {"Vinza"},
["vis"] = {"Vishavan"},
["vit"] = {"Viti"},
["viv"] = {"Iduna"},
["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"},
["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"},
["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"},
["vkk"] = {"Kaur"},
["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"},
["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"},
["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"},
["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"},
["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"},
["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"},
["vku"] = {"Kurrama"},
["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"},
["vlp"] = {"Valpei"},
["vls"] = {"Vlaams"},
["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"},
["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"},
["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"},
["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"},
["vme"] = {"East Masela"},
["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"},
["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"},
["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"},
["vmi"] = {"Miwa"},
["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"},
["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"},
["vml"] = {"Malgana"},
["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"},
["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"},
["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"},
["vmr"] = {"Marenje"},
["vms"] = {"Moksela"},
["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"},
["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"},
["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"},
["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"},
["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"},
["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"},
["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"},
["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"},
["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"},
["vor"] = {"Voro"},
["vot"] = {"Votic"},
["vra"] = {"Vera'a"},
["vro"] = {"Võro"},
["vrs"] = {"Varisi"},
["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"},
["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"},
["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"},
["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"},
["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"},
["vto"] = {"Vitou"},
["vum"] = {"Vumbu"},
["vun"] = {"Vunjo"},
["vut"] = {"Vute"},
["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"},
["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"},
["wab"] = {"Yote", "Wab"},
["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"},
["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"},
["wae"] = {"Walser"},
["waf"] = {"Wakoná"},
["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"},
["wah"] = {"Watubela"},
["wai"] = {"Wares"},
["waj"] = {"Waffa"},
["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"},
["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"},
["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"},
["wan"] = {"Wan"},
["wao"] = {"Wappo"},
["wap"] = {"Wapishana"},
["waq"] = {"Wagiman"},
["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"},
["was"] = {"Washo"},
["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"},
["wau"] = {"Waurá"},
["wav"] = {"Waka"},
["waw"] = {"Waiwai"},
["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"},
["way"] = {"Wayana"},
["waz"] = {"Wampur"},
["wba"] = {"Warao"},
["wbb"] = {"Wabo"},
["wbe"] = {"Waritai"},
["wbf"] = {"Wara"},
["wbh"] = {"Wanda"},
["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"},
["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"},
["wbk"] = {"Waigali"},
["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"},
["wbm"] = {"Wa"},
["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"},
["wbq"] = {"Waddar"},
["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"},
["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"},
["wbt"] = {"Warnman"},
["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"},
["wbw"] = {"Woi"},
["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"},
["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"},
["wdd"] = {"Wandji"},
["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"},
["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"},
["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"},
["wdt"] = {"Wendat"},
["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"},
["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"},
["wea"] = {"Wewaw"},
["wec"] = {"Wè Western"},
["wed"] = {"Wedau"},
["weg"] = {"Wergaia"},
["weh"] = {"Weh"},
["wei"] = {"Kiunum"},
["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"},
["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"},
["weo"] = {"Wemale"},
["wep"] = {"Westphalien"},
["wer"] = {"Weri"},
["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"},
["wet"] = {"Perai"},
["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"},
["wew"] = {"Wejewa"},
["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"},
["wga"] = {"Wagaya"},
["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"},
["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"},
["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"},
["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"},
["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"},
["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"},
["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"},
["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"},
["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"},
["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"},
["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"},
["wic"] = {"Wichita"},
["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"},
["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"},
["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"},
["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"},
["wii"] = {"Minidien"},
["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"},
["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"},
["wil"] = {"Wilawila"},
["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"},
["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"},
["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"},
["wiu"] = {"Wiru"},
["wiv"] = {"Vitu"},
["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"},
["wja"] = {"Waja"},
["wji"] = {"Warji"},
["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"},
["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"},
["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"},
["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"},
["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"},
["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"},
["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"},
["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"},
["wla"] = {"Walio"},
["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"},
["wle"] = {"Wolane"},
["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"},
["wlh"] = {"Welaun"},
["wli"] = {"Waioli"},
["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"},
["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"},
["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"},
["wlo"] = {"Wolio"},
["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"},
["wls"] = {"Wallisian"},
["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"},
["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"},
["wlw"] = {"Walak"},
["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"},
["wly"] = {"Waling"},
["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"},
["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"},
["wmc"] = {"Wamas"},
["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"},
["wme"] = {"Wambule"},
["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"},
["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"},
["wmi"] = {"Wamin"},
["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"},
["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"},
["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"},
["wms"] = {"Wambon"},
["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"},
["wmw"] = {"Mwani"},
["wmx"] = {"Womo"},
["wnb"] = {"Mokati"},
["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"},
["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"},
["wne"] = {"Waneci"},
["wng"] = {"Wanggom"},
["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"},
["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"},
["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"},
["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"},
["wno"] = {"Wano"},
["wnp"] = {"Wanap"},
["wnu"] = {"Usan"},
["wnw"] = {"Wintu"},
["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"},
["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"},
["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"},
["woc"] = {"Wogeo"},
["wod"] = {"Wolani"},
["woe"] = {"Woleaian"},
["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"},
["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"},
["woi"] = {"Kamang"},
["wok"] = {"Longto"},
["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"},
["won"] = {"Wongo"},
["woo"] = {"Manombai"},
["wor"] = {"Woria"},
["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"},
["wow"] = {"Wawonii"},
["woy"] = {"Weyto"},
["wpc"] = {"Maco"},
["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"},
["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"},
["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"},
["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"},
["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"},
["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"},
["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"},
["wrn"] = {"Warnang"},
["wro"] = {"Worrorra"},
["wrp"] = {"Waropen"},
["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"},
["wrs"] = {"Waris"},
["wru"] = {"Waru"},
["wrv"] = {"Waruna"},
["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"},
["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"},
["wry"] = {"Merwari"},
["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"},
["wsa"] = {"Warembori"},
["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"},
["wsi"] = {"Wusi"},
["wsk"] = {"Waskia"},
["wsr"] = {"Owenia"},
["wss"] = {"Wasa"},
["wsu"] = {"Wasu"},
["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"},
["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"},
["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"},
["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"},
["wti"] = {"Berta"},
["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"},
["wtm"] = {"Mewati"},
["wtw"] = {"Wotu"},
["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"},
["wub"] = {"Wunambal"},
["wud"] = {"Wudu"},
["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"},
["wul"] = {"Silimo"},
["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"},
["wun"] = {"Bungu"},
["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"},
["wut"] = {"Wutung"},
["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"},
["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"},
["wux"] = {"Wulna"},
["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"},
["wwa"] = {"Waama"},
["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"},
["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"},
["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"},
["www"] = {"Wawa"},
["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"},
["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"},
["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"},
["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"},
["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"},
["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"},
["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"},
["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"},
["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"},
["xab"] = {"Sambe"},
["xac"] = {"Kachari"},
["xad"] = {"Adai"},
["xae"] = {"Aequian"},
["xag"] = {"Aghwan"},
["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"},
["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"},
["xak"] = {"Máku"},
["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"},
["xam"] = {"ǀXam"},
["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"},
["xao"] = {"Khao"},
["xap"] = {"Apalachee"},
["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"},
["xar"] = {"Karami"},
["xas"] = {"Kamas"},
["xat"] = {"Katawixi"},
["xau"] = {"Kauwera"},
["xav"] = {"Xavánte"},
["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"},
["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"},
["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"},
["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"},
["xbd"] = {"Bindal"},
["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"},
["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"},
["xbi"] = {"Kombio"},
["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"},
["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"},
["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"},
["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"},
["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"},
["xbr"] = {"Kambera"},
["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"},
["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"},
["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"},
["xcc"] = {"Camunic"},
["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"},
["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"},
["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"},
["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"},
["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"},
["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"},
["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"},
["xcr"] = {"Carian"},
["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"},
["xcu"] = {"Curonian"},
["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"},
["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"},
["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"},
["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"},
["xdc"] = {"Dacian"},
["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"},
["xdm"] = {"Edomite"},
["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"},
["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"},
["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"},
["xeb"] = {"Eblan"},
["xed"] = {"Hdi"},
["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"},
["xel"] = {"Kelo"},
["xem"] = {"Kembayan"},
["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"},
["xer"] = {"Xerénte"},
["xes"] = {"Kesawai"},
["xet"] = {"Xetá"},
["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"},
["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"},
["xga"] = {"Galatian"},
["xgb"] = {"Gbin"},
["xgd"] = {"Gudang"},
["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"},
["xgg"] = {"Goreng"},
["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"},
["xgl"] = {"Galindan"},
["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"},
["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"},
["xgr"] = {"Garza"},
["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"},
["xgw"] = {"Guwa"},
["xha"] = {"Harami"},
["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"},
["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"},
["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"},
["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"},
["xhr"] = {"Hernican"},
["xht"] = {"Hattic"},
["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"},
["xhv"] = {"Khua"},
["xib"] = {"Iberian"},
["xii"] = {"Xiri"},
["xil"] = {"Illyrian"},
["xin"] = {"Xinca"},
["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"},
["xis"] = {"Kisan"},
["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"},
["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"},
["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"},
["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"},
["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"},
["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"},
["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"},
["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"},
["xke"] = {"Kereho"},
["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"},
["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"},
["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"},
["xkj"] = {"Kajali"},
["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"},
["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"},
["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"},
["xko"] = {"Kiorr"},
["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"},
["xkq"] = {"Koroni"},
["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"},
["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"},
["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"},
["xku"] = {"Kaamba"},
["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"},
["xkw"] = {"Kembra"},
["xkx"] = {"Karore"},
["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"},
["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"},
["xla"] = {"Kamula"},
["xlb"] = {"Loup B"},
["xlc"] = {"Lycian"},
["xld"] = {"Lydian"},
["xle"] = {"Lemnian"},
["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"},
["xli"] = {"Liburnian"},
["xln"] = {"Alanic"},
["xlo"] = {"Loup A"},
["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"},
["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"},
["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"},
["xly"] = {"Elymian"},
["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"},
["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"},
["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"},
["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"},
["xme"] = {"Median"},
["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"},
["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"},
["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"},
["xmj"] = {"Majera"},
["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"},
["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"},
["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"},
["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"},
["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"},
["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"},
["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"},
["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"},
["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"},
["xmt"] = {"Matbat"},
["xmu"] = {"Kamu"},
["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"},
["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"},
["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"},
["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"},
["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"},
["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"},
["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"},
["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"},
["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"},
["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"},
["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"},
["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"},
["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"},
["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"},
["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"},
["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"},
["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"},
["xnr"] = {"Kangri"},
["xns"] = {"Kanashi"},
["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"},
["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"},
["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"},
["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"},
["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"},
["xod"] = {"Kokoda"},
["xog"] = {"Soga"},
["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"},
["xok"] = {"Xokleng"},
["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"},
["xon"] = {"Konkomba"},
["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"},
["xop"] = {"Kopar"},
["xor"] = {"Korubo"},
["xow"] = {"Kowaki"},
["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"},
["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"},
["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"},
["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"},
["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"},
["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"},
["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"},
["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"},
["xpi"] = {"Pictish"},
["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"},
["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"},
["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"},
["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"},
["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"},
["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"},
["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"},
["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"},
["xpr"] = {"Parthian"},
["xps"] = {"Pisidian"},
["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"},
["xpu"] = {"Punic"},
["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"},
["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"},
["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"},
["xpy"] = {"Puyo"},
["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"},
["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"},
["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"},
["xra"] = {"Krahô"},
["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"},
["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"},
["xre"] = {"Kreye"},
["xrg"] = {"Minang"},
["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"},
["xrm"] = {"Armazic"},
["xrn"] = {"Arin"},
["xrr"] = {"Raetic"},
["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"},
["xru"] = {"Marriammu"},
["xrw"] = {"Karawa"},
["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"},
["xsb"] = {"Sambal"},
["xsc"] = {"Scythian"},
["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"},
["xse"] = {"Sempan"},
["xsh"] = {"Shamang"},
["xsi"] = {"Sio"},
["xsj"] = {"Subi"},
["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"},
["xsm"] = {"Kasem"},
["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"},
["xso"] = {"Solano"},
["xsp"] = {"Silopi"},
["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"},
["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"},
["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"},
["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"},
["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"},
["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"},
["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"},
["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"},
["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"},
["xte"] = {"Ketengban"},
["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"},
["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"},
["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"},
["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"},
["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"},
["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"},
["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"},
["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"},
["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"},
["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"},
["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"},
["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"},
["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"},
["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"},
["xtv"] = {"Thawa"},
["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"},
["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"},
["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"},
["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"},
["xud"] = {"Umiida"},
["xug"] = {"Kunigami"},
["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"},
["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"},
["xum"] = {"Umbrian"},
["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"},
["xuo"] = {"Kuo"},
["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"},
["xur"] = {"Urartian"},
["xut"] = {"Kuthant"},
["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"},
["xve"] = {"Venetic"},
["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"},
["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"},
["xvo"] = {"Volscian"},
["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"},
["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"},
["xwc"] = {"Woccon"},
["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"},
["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"},
["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"},
["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"},
["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"},
["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"},
["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"},
["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"},
["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"},
["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"},
["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"},
["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"},
["xxm"] = {"Minkin"},
["xxr"] = {"Koropó"},
["xxt"] = {"Tambora"},
["xya"] = {"Yaygir"},
["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"},
["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"},
["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"},
["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"},
["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"},
["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"},
["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"},
["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"},
["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"},
["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"},
["yab"] = {"Yuhup"},
["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"},
["yad"] = {"Yagua"},
["yae"] = {"Pumé"},
["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["yag"] = {"Yámana"},
["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"},
["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"},
["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"},
["yak"] = {"Yakama"},
["yal"] = {"Yalunka"},
["yam"] = {"Yamba"},
["yan"] = {"Mayangna"},
["yao"] = {"Yao"},
["yap"] = {"Yapese"},
["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"},
["yar"] = {"Yabarana"},
["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"},
["yat"] = {"Yambeta"},
["yau"] = {"Yuwana"},
["yav"] = {"Yangben"},
["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"},
["yax"] = {"Yauma"},
["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"},
["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"},
["yba"] = {"Yala"},
["ybb"] = {"Yemba"},
["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"},
["ybh"] = {"Yakha"},
["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"},
["ybj"] = {"Hasha"},
["ybk"] = {"Bokha"},
["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"},
["ybm"] = {"Yaben"},
["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"},
["ybo"] = {"Yabong"},
["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"},
["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"},
["ych"] = {"Chesu"},
["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"},
["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"},
["ycp"] = {"Chepya"},
["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"},
["yda"] = {"Yanda"},
["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"},
["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"},
["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"},
["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"},
["yea"] = {"Ravula"},
["yec"] = {"Yeniche"},
["yee"] = {"Yimas"},
["yei"] = {"Yeni"},
["yej"] = {"Yevanic"},
["yel"] = {"Yela"},
["yer"] = {"Tarok"},
["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"},
["yet"] = {"Yetfa"},
["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"},
["yev"] = {"Yapunda"},
["yey"] = {"Yeyi"},
["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"},
["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"},
["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"},
["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"},
["ygp"] = {"Gepo"},
["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"},
["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"},
["ygu"] = {"Yugul"},
["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"},
["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"},
["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"},
["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"},
["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"},
["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"},
["yif"] = {"Ache"},
["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"},
["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"},
["yii"] = {"Yidiny"},
["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"},
["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"},
["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"},
["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"},
["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"},
["yip"] = {"Pholo"},
["yiq"] = {"Miqie"},
["yir"] = {"North Awyu"},
["yis"] = {"Yis"},
["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"},
["yiu"] = {"Awu"},
["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"},
["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"},
["yiz"] = {"Azhe"},
["yka"] = {"Yakan"},
["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"},
["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"},
["yki"] = {"Yoke"},
["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"},
["ykl"] = {"Khlula"},
["ykm"] = {"Kap"},
["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"},
["yko"] = {"Iyasa", "Yasa"},
["ykr"] = {"Yekora"},
["ykt"] = {"Kathu"},
["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"},
["yky"] = {"Yakoma"},
["yla"] = {"Yaul"},
["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"},
["yle"] = {"Yele"},
["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"},
["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"},
["yll"] = {"Yil"},
["ylm"] = {"Limi"},
["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"},
["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"},
["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"},
["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"},
["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"},
["ymb"] = {"Yambes"},
["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"},
["ymd"] = {"Muda"},
["yme"] = {"Yameo"},
["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"},
["ymh"] = {"Mili"},
["ymi"] = {"Moji"},
["ymk"] = {"Makwe"},
["yml"] = {"Iamalele"},
["ymm"] = {"Maay"},
["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"},
["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"},
["ymp"] = {"Yamap"},
["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"},
["ymr"] = {"Malasar"},
["yms"] = {"Mysian"},
["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"},
["ymz"] = {"Muzi"},
["yna"] = {"Aluo"},
["ynb"] = {"Yamben"},
["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"},
["yne"] = {"Lang'e"},
["yng"] = {"Yango"},
["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"},
["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"},
["ynn"] = {"Yana"},
["yno"] = {"Yong"},
["ynq"] = {"Yendang"},
["yns"] = {"Yansi"},
["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"},
["yob"] = {"Yoba"},
["yog"] = {"Yogad"},
["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"},
["yok"] = {"Yokuts"},
["yom"] = {"Yombe"},
["yon"] = {"Yongkom"},
["yot"] = {"Yotti"},
["yox"] = {"Yoron"},
["yoy"] = {"Yoy"},
["ypa"] = {"Phala"},
["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"},
["ypg"] = {"Phola"},
["yph"] = {"Phupha"},
["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"},
["ypm"] = {"Phuma"},
["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"},
["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"},
["ypp"] = {"Phupa"},
["ypz"] = {"Phuza"},
["yra"] = {"Yerakai"},
["yrb"] = {"Yareba"},
["yre"] = {"Yaouré"},
["yrk"] = {"Nenets"},
["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"},
["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"},
["yrn"] = {"Yerong"},
["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"},
["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"},
["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"},
["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"},
["ysc"] = {"Yassic"},
["ysd"] = {"Samatao"},
["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"},
["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"},
["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"},
["ysn"] = {"Sani"},
["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"},
["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"},
["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"},
["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"},
["ysy"] = {"Sanie"},
["yta"] = {"Talu"},
["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"},
["ytp"] = {"Thopho"},
["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"},
["yty"] = {"Yatay"},
["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"},
["yub"] = {"Yugambal"},
["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"},
["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"},
["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"},
["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"},
["yug"] = {"Yug"},
["yui"] = {"Yurutí"},
["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"},
["yuk"] = {"Yuki"},
["yul"] = {"Yulu"},
["yum"] = {"Quechan"},
["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"},
["yup"] = {"Yukpa"},
["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"},
["yur"] = {"Yurok"},
["yut"] = {"Yopno"},
["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"},
["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"},
["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"},
["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"},
["yva"] = {"Yawa"},
["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"},
["ywa"] = {"Kalou"},
["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"},
["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"},
["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"},
["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"},
["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"},
["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"},
["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"},
["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"},
["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"},
["yxg"] = {"Yagara"},
["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"},
["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"},
["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"},
["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"},
["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"},
["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"},
["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"},
["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"},
["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"},
["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"},
["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"},
["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"},
["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"},
["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"},
["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"},
["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"},
["zah"] = {"Zangwal"},
["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"},
["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"},
["zak"] = {"Zanaki"},
["zal"] = {"Zauzou"},
["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"},
["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"},
["zap"] = {"Zapotec"},
["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"},
["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"},
["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"},
["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"},
["zau"] = {"Zangskari"},
["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"},
["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"},
["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"},
["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"},
["zaz"] = {"Zari"},
["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"},
["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"},
["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"},
["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"},
["zbt"] = {"Batui"},
["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"},
["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"},
["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"},
["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"},
["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"},
["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"},
["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"},
["zeg"] = {"Zenag"},
["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"},
["zem"] = {"Zeem"},
["zen"] = {"Zenaga"},
["zga"] = {"Kinga"},
["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"},
["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"},
["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"},
["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"},
["zgr"] = {"Magori"},
["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"},
["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"},
["zhi"] = {"Zhire"},
["zhk"] = {"Kurdish Sign Language"},
["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"},
["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"},
["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"},
["zia"] = {"Zia"},
["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"},
["zik"] = {"Zimakani"},
["zil"] = {"Zialo"},
["zim"] = {"Mesme"},
["zin"] = {"Zinza"},
["ziw"] = {"Zigula"},
["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"},
["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"},
["zkd"] = {"Kadu"},
["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"},
["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"},
["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"},
["zkn"] = {"Kanan"},
["zko"] = {"Kott"},
["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"},
["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"},
["zkt"] = {"Kitan"},
["zku"] = {"Kaurna"},
["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"},
["zkz"] = {"Khazar"},
["zla"] = {"Zula"},
["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"},
["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"},
["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"},
["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"},
["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"},
["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"},
["zlu"] = {"Zul"},
["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"},
["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"},
["zmb"] = {"Zimba"},
["zmc"] = {"Margany"},
["zmd"] = {"Maridan"},
["zme"] = {"Mangerr"},
["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"},
["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"},
["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"},
["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"},
["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"},
["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"},
["zml"] = {"Matngala"},
["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"},
["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"},
["zmo"] = {"Molo"},
["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"},
["zmq"] = {"Mituku"},
["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"},
["zms"] = {"Mbesa"},
["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"},
["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"},
["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"},
["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"},
["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"},
["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"},
["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"},
["znd"] = {"Zande languages"},
["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"},
["zng"] = {"Mang"},
["znk"] = {"Manangkari"},
["zns"] = {"Mangas"},
["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"},
["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"},
["zom"] = {"Zou"},
["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"},
["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"},
["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"},
["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"},
["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"},
["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"},
["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"},
["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"},
["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"},
["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"},
["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"},
["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"},
["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"},
["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"},
["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"},
["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"},
["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"},
["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"},
["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"},
["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"},
["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"},
["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"},
["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"},
["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"},
["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"},
["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"},
["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"},
["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"},
["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"},
["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"},
["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"},
["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"},
["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"},
["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"},
["zro"] = {"Záparo"},
["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"},
["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"},
["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"},
["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"},
["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"},
["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"},
["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"},
["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"},
["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"},
["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"},
["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"},
["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"},
["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"},
["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"},
["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"},
["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"},
["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"},
["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"},
["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"},
["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"},
["zuh"] = {"Tokano"},
["zum"] = {"Kumzari"},
["zun"] = {"Zuni"},
["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"},
["zwa"] = {"Zay"},
["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"},
["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"},
["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"},
["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"},
["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"},
["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"},
["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"},
["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"}
}

local deprecated = {
["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"},
["in"] = {"Indonesian"},
["iw"] = {"Hebrew"},
["ji"] = {"Yiddish"},
["jw"] = {"Javanese"},
["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"},
["aam"] = {"Aramanik"},
["adp"] = {"Adap"},
["agp"] = {"Paranan"},
["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"},
["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"},
["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"},
["aoh"] = {"Arma"},
["asd"] = {"Asas"},
["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"},
["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"},
["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"},
["baz"] = {"Tunen"},
["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"},
["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"},
["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"},
["bic"] = {"Bikaru"},
["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"},
["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"},
["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"},
["bkb"] = {"Finallig"},
["blg"] = {"Balau"},
["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"},
["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"},
["btl"] = {"Bhatola"},
["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"},
["byy"] = {"Buya"},
["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"},
["cbh"] = {"Cagua"},
["cca"] = {"Cauca"},
["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"},
["cdg"] = {"Chamari"},
["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"},
["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"},
["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"},
["coy"] = {"Coyaima"},
["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"},
["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"},
["cum"] = {"Cumeral"},
["daf"] = {"Dan"},
["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"},
["dek"] = {"Dek"},
["dgu"] = {"Degaru"},
["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"},
["dit"] = {"Dirari"},
["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"},
["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"},
["drh"] = {"Darkhat"},
["drr"] = {"Dororo"},
["drw"] = {"Darwazi"},
["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"},
["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"},
["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"},
["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"},
["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"},
["emo"] = {"Emok"},
["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"},
["gbc"] = {"Garawa"},
["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"},
["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"},
["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"},
["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"},
["gio"] = {"Gelao"},
["gji"] = {"Geji"},
["gli"] = {"Guliguli"},
["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"},
["guv"] = {"Gey"},
["hrr"] = {"Horuru"},
["iap"] = {"Iapama"},
["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"},
["ill"] = {"Iranun"},
["ilw"] = {"Talur"},
["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"},
["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"},
["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"},
["jeg"] = {"Jeng"},
["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"},
["kdv"] = {"Kado"},
["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"},
["kgd"] = {"Kataang"},
["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"},
["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"},
["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"},
["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"},
["kox"] = {"Coxima"},
["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"},
["krm"] = {"Krim"},
["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"},
["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"},
["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"},
["kwq"] = {"Kwak"},
["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"},
["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"},
["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"},
["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"},
["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"},
["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"},
["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"},
["lba"] = {"Lui"},
["leg"] = {"Lengua"},
["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"},
["llo"] = {"Khlor"},
["lmm"] = {"Lamam"},
["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"},
["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"},
["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"},
["meg"] = {"Mea"},
["mgx"] = {"Omati"},
["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"},
["mja"] = {"Mahei"},
["mld"] = {"Malakhel"},
["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"},
["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"},
["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"},
["mvm"] = {"Muya"},
["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"},
["mwj"] = {"Maligo"},
["mwx"] = {"Mediak"},
["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"},
["myd"] = {"Maramba"},
["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"},
["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"},
["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"},
["nad"] = {"Nijadali"},
["nbf"] = {"Naxi"},
["nbx"] = {"Ngura"},
["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"},
["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"},
["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"},
["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"},
["nns"] = {"Ningye"},
["nnx"] = {"Ngong"},
["nom"] = {"Nocamán"},
["noo"] = {"Nootka"},
["nte"] = {"Nathembo"},
["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"},
["nxu"] = {"Narau"},
["ome"] = {"Omejes"},
["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"},
["pat"] = {"Papitalai"},
["pbz"] = {"Palu"},
["pcr"] = {"Panang"},
["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"},
["pii"] = {"Pini"},
["plj"] = {"Polci"},
["plp"] = {"Palpa"},
["pmc"] = {"Palumata"},
["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"},
["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"},
["pod"] = {"Ponares"},
["ppa"] = {"Pao"},
["ppr"] = {"Piru"},
["prb"] = {"Lua'"},
["prp"] = {"Parsi"},
["pry"] = {"Pray 3"},
["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"},
["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"},
["rie"] = {"Rien"},
["rmr"] = {"Caló"},
["rna"] = {"Runa"},
["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"},
["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"},
["sca"] = {"Sansu"},
["sdm"] = {"Semandang"},
["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"},
["sgo"] = {"Songa"},
["skk"] = {"Sok"},
["slq"] = {"Salchuq"},
["smd"] = {"Sama"},
["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"},
["snh"] = {"Shinabo"},
["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"},
["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"},
["svr"] = {"Savara"},
["szd"] = {"Seru"},
["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"},
["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"},
["tgg"] = {"Tangga"},
["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"},
["thw"] = {"Thudam"},
["thx"] = {"The"},
["tid"] = {"Tidong"},
["tie"] = {"Tingal"},
["tkk"] = {"Takpa"},
["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"},
["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"},
["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"},
["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"},
["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"},
["toe"] = {"Tomedes"},
["tpw"] = {"Tupí"},
["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"},
["unp"] = {"Worora"},
["uok"] = {"Uokha"},
["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"},
["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"},
["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"},
["wit"] = {"Wintu"},
["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"},
["wra"] = {"Warapu"},
["wrd"] = {"Warduji"},
["wya"] = {"Wyandot"},
["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"},
["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"},
["xia"] = {"Xiandao"},
["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"},
["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"},
["xrq"] = {"Karranga"},
["xss"] = {"Assan"},
["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"},
["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"},
["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"},
["yen"] = {"Yendang"},
["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"},
["yma"] = {"Yamphe"},
["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"},
["ynh"] = {"Yangho"},
["yol"] = {"Yola"},
["yos"] = {"Yos"},
["yri"] = {"Yarí"},
["yuu"] = {"Yugh"},
["zir"] = {"Ziriya"},
["zkb"] = {"Koibal"},
["zua"] = {"Zeem"}
}

return {
active = active,
deprecated = deprecated,
}

Module:Lang/data

2026-09-04T04:46:30Z

Kannadaguy:

local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage();
local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag

--[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------

primary table of tables that decode:
lang -> language tags and names
script -> ISO 15924 script tags
region -> ISO 3166 region tags
variant -> IANA registered variant tags
suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags

all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file

key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes
have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches
the first name.

]]

local function key_to_lower (module, src_type)
local out = {};
local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data

if 'var_sup' == src_type then
for k, v in pairs (source_t) do
out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed
end

elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active)
for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do
out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only
end

elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated)
for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do
out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only
end

else -- here for all other sources
for k, v in pairs (source_t) do
out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only
end
end
return out;
end

local lang_name_table_t = {
lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'),
lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'),
script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower
region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower
variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'),
suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower
}

--[[----------------------------------------------------------

For internationalization; not used at en.wiki

The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal.
Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names
in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki
language list for the local language.

Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all.
When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens
add an appropriate entry to the override table below.

Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the
MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply
spelling differences:
bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho
bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym
dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi
el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek
ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole
ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz
li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish
or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia
os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic
"pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi
"ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto
"to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan
"ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur
use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project

To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console:
=mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all'))
(replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language)

Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true.

]]

local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki
-- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all
if true == media_wiki_override_enable then
local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki
for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list
if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list
lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >--------------------------------------------------------------

Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table.

indexes in this table shall always be lower case

]]

local override = {
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name
["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian",
["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- 2nd IANA name;
["de-at"] = "Austrian German", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names
["de-ch"] = "Swiss Standard German",
["en-au"] = "Australian English",
["en-ca"] = "Canadian English",
["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English",
["en-gb"] = "British English",
["en-ie"] = "Irish English",
["en-in"] = "Indian English",
["en-nz"] = "New Zealand English",
["en-us"] = "American English",
["en-za"] = "South African English",
["fr-ca"] = "Canadian French",
["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo",
["fy"] = "West Frisian", -- Western Frisian
["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title
["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki
["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon",
["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal",
["ps"] = "Pashto", -- Pushto
["pt-br"] = "Brazilian Portuguese", -- match MediaWiki
["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form
["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form
["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi",
["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name

-- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted)
--<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>--
["av"] = "Avar", -- Avaric
["bo"] = "Standard Tibetan", -- Tibetan
["el"] = "Greek", -- Modern Greek
-- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa
["ff"] = "Fula", -- Fulah
["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", -- Haitian
["hz"] = "Otjiherero", -- Herero
["ii"] = "Yi", -- Sichuan Yi
["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- Kikuyu
["kl"] = "Greenlandic", -- Kalaallisut
["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", -- Kirghiz
["lg"] = "Luganda", -- Ganda
["li"] = "Limburgish", -- Limburgan
["mi"] = "Māori", -- Maori
["na"] = "Nauruan", -- Nauru
["nb"] = "Bokmål", -- Norwegian Bokmål
["nd"] = "Northern Ndebele", -- North Ndebele
["nn"] = "Nynorsk", -- Norwegian Nynorsk
["nr"] = "Southern Ndebele", -- South Ndebele
["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- Nyanja
["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa
["or"] = "Odia", -- Oriya
["pa"] = "Punjabi", -- Panjabi
["rn"] = "Kirundi", -- Rundi
["sl"] = "Slovene", -- Slovenian
["ss"] = "Swazi", -- Swati
["st"] = "Sotho", -- Southern Sotho
["to"] = "Tongan", -- Tonga
--<end do-not-edit except to comment out>--

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name
["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name
["arx"] = "Aruá (Rondonia State)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State); to match en.wiki article
["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect
["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title
["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title
["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title
["bla"] = "Blackfoot", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title
["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title
["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration;
["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat
["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat;
["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat;
["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma
["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title
["crb"] = "Kalinago", -- Island Carib; to match en.wiki article
["egy"] = "Ancient Egyptian", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic
["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title
["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["frr"] = "North Frisian", -- Northern Frisian
["frs"] = "East Frisian Low Saxon", -- Eastern Frisian
["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki
["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title
["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title
["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["ilo"] = "Ilocano", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title
["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English
["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table
["luo"] = "Dholuo", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo
["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari
["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic
['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope;
["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo
['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands)
['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope;
["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title
["new"] = "Newar", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title
["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title
["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text
["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki
["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki
["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title
["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash)
["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian
["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article
["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article
["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title
["pnb"] = "Punjabi (Western)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name()
['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name
["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article
["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name
["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots",
["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title
["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title
["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch
["tfn"] = "Denaʼina", -- to match en.wiki article title
["und"] = "undetermined", -- capitalization to match existing category
["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu
["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title
["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño
["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title
["zkh"] = "Khorezmian Turkic", -- Khorezmian; to match en.wiki article title, avoiding the dab
["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title
["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization

-- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted)
--<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>--
["ace"] = "Acehnese", -- Achinese
["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic
["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon
["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai
["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi
-- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol
["bin"] = "Edo", -- Bini
["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya
["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai
["ckb"] = "Sorani Kurdish", -- Central Kurdish
["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua
["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa
["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli
["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish
["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish
["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish
["gez"] = "Ge'ez", -- Geez
["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari
["gsw"] = "Alemannic German", -- Swiss German
["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English
["hak"] = "Hakka", -- Hakka Chinese
["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew
["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko
-- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun
["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak
["khb"] = "Tai Lü", -- Lü
["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish
["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo
["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A
-- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan
["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian
["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv
["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic
["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami
["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito
["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec
["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri
["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari
["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw
["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German
-- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari
["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi
-- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari
["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham
["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish
["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi
["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga
["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari
["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit
-- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi
["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit
["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui
["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan
["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani
["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany
["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian
["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan
["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian
["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian
["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo
["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian
["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian
["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau
["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu
["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian
["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams
["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien
["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk
["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian
["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco
--<end do-not-edit except to comment out>--

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian",
["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian",
["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian",
["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian",
["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian",
["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian",
["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian",
["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian",
["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages
["ar-x-classic"] = "Classical Arabic",
["ar-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Arabic",
["ar-x-safaitic"] = "Safaitic",
["art-x-uropi"] = "Uropi", -- art in IANA is Artificial languages
["ast-x-west"] = "Western Asturian",
["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan",
["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages
["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic",
["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages
["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian",
["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian",
["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian",
["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian",
["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}}
["fa-x-classic"] = "Classical Persian",
["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages
["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}}
["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French",
["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages
["gmq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Norse",
["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German",
["gmw-x-proto"] = "Proto-West Germanic",
["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre
["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek",
["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek",
["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek",
["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek",
["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek",
["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek",
["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek",
["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek",
["grc-x-koine"] = "Koine Greek",
["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek",
["grc-x-pamph"] = "Pamphylian Greek",
["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek",
["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages
["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages
["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages
["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages",
["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European",
["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages
["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages
["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there
["la-x-church"] = "Ecclesiastical Latin",
["la-x-classic"] = "Classical Latin",
["la-x-late"] = "Late Latin",
["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin",
["la-x-new"] = "New Latin",
["la-x-old"] = "Old Latin",
["la-x-ren"] = "Renaissance Latin",
["la-x-vulgar"] = "Vulgar Latin",
["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect
["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect
["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect
["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages
["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian",
["roa-x-proto"] = "Proto-Romance",
["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite",
["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic",
["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages",
["sem-x-dadanit"] = "Dadanitic",
["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic",
["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage",
["sem-x-hasaitic"] = "Hasaitic",
["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic",
["sem-x-hismaic"] = "Hismaic",
["sem-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Aramaic",
["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian",
["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic",
["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic",
["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic",
["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages
["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages
["sq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Albanian",
["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}}
["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages
["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai",
["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai",
["xsa-x-himyarit"] = "Himyaritic",
["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian
["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka",
["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian",
["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn
}

--[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------

for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table
maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as
that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern

]]

local article_name = {
['aru'] = "Arawá language", -- Aruá (Amazonas State); to avoid Aruá dab page
['arx'] = "Aruá language (Rondônia)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State) overridden to Aruá (Rondonia State); to avoid Aruá dab page
['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page
["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco
['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon)
['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages
['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA)
['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon)
["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon)
["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page
["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page
["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab
["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)
}

--[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >--------------------------------------------------------

ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]]

last update to this list: 2017-12-24

]=]

local rtl_scripts = {
'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr',
'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb',
'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg',
'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole',
};

--[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------

This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to
those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed
by some of the {{lang-??}} templates.

These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for
the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided.

]]

local translit_title_table = {
['abkai'] = { -- Manchu romanization
['default'] = 'Abkai system of romanization',
},

['ahl'] = {
['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration',
},

['ala'] = {
['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration',
},

['ala-lc'] = {
['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration',
},

['batr'] = {
['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules',
},

['bgn/pcgn'] = {
['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration',
},

['din'] = {
['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',
['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic',

['default'] = 'DIN transliteration',
},

['eae'] = {
['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration',
},

['hepburn'] = {
['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration',
},

['hu'] = { -- Manchu romanization
['default'] = 'Hu system of romanization',
},

['hunterian'] = {
['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration',
},

['iast'] = {
['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration',
},

['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied
['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',
['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic',

['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',
['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',
['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',
['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',
['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',
['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic',

['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',
['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',
['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew',

['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek',
['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek',

['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',
['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',
['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',
['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',
['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese',

['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',
['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',
['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',
['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',
-- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani?
['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',
['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese',

['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian',
['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian',

['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian',
['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian',

['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai',
['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai',

['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean',
['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean',

['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',
['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic',

['default'] = 'ISO transliteration',
},

['jyutping'] = {
['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration',
},

['mdorff'] = { -- Manchu romanization
['default'] = 'Möllendorff system of romanization',
},

['mlcts'] = {
['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System',
},

['mr'] = {
['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration',
},

['nihon-shiki'] = {
['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration',
},

['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied
['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration',
['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration',
['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration',
['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration',
},

['pinyin'] = {
['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration',
},

['rr'] = {
['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration',
},

['rtgs'] = {
['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription',
},

['satts'] = {
['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration',
},

['scientific'] = {
['default'] = 'scientific transliteration',
},

['thdl'] = {
['default'] = 'THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription',
},

['ukrainian'] = {
['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization',
},

['ungegn'] = {
['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration',
},

['wadegile'] = {
['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration',
},

['wehr'] = {
['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration',
},

['wylie'] = {
['default'] = 'Wylie transliteration',
},

['yaleko'] = {
['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean',
},

['zwpy'] = {
['default'] = 'Tibetan pinyin'
},
};

--[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >----------------------------------------------------------------

Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar
specified by a {{Use xxx English}}.

This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no
need for the clutter.

]]

local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English
['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case)
['ca'] = 'us_t',
['gb'] = 'gb_t',
['ie'] = 'gb_t',
['in'] = 'gb_t',
['nz'] = 'gb_t',
['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar
['za'] = 'gb_t'
};

local engvar_t = {
['gb_t'] = {
['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case
['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case
['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense
},
['us_t'] = { -- default engvar
['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case
['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case
['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense
}
}

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return
{
this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag,
this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction

article_name = article_name,
engvar_t = engvar_t,
engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t,
lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t,
override = override,
rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts,
special_tags_table = special_tags_table,
translit_title_table = translit_title_table,
};

Module:Lang/langx

2026-09-04T04:39:15Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "--rtl=yes keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase. TODO: in the long run, do we need this table? Can't {{langx}} apply dir="rtl" attribute automatically? local rtl_t = { -------------------- ['ae'] = true, ['ar']..."

--[[--------------------------< R T L _ T >--------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that render text right-to-left

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |rtl=yes

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

TODO: in the long run, do we need this table? Can't {{langx}} apply dir="rtl" attribute automatically?

]]

local rtl_t = {
--------------------
['ae'] = true,
['ar'] = true,
['fa'] = true,
['he'] = true,
['ku'] = true,
['ps'] = true,
['sd'] = true,
['ur'] = true,
['yi'] = true,

--------------------
['acm'] = true,
['aeb'] = true,
['aec'] = true,
['afb'] = true,
['aii'] = true,
['aij'] = true,
['aiq'] = true,
['ajp'] = true,
['amw'] = true,
['apc'] = true,
['arb'] = true,
['arc'] = true,
['arq'] = true,
['ary'] = true,
['arz'] = true,
['ayn'] = true,
['bal'] = true,
['bdz'] = true,
['bej'] = true,
['bgn'] = true,
['bqi'] = true,
['brh'] = true,
['bsk'] = true,
['ckb'] = true,
['cld'] = true,
['deh'] = true,
['gay'] = true,
['gbz'] = true,
['glk'] = true,
['hac'] = true,
['haz'] = true,
['hbo'] = true,
['hnd'] = true,
['hno'] = true,
['jog'] = true,
['jrb'] = true,
['jye'] = true,
['khw'] = true,
['kls'] = true,
['kvx'] = true,
['lrc'] = true,
['lss'] = true,
['luz'] = true,
['mey'] = true,
['mid'] = true,
['mki'] = true,
['mnj'] = true,
['mwr'] = true,
['myz'] = true,
['mzb'] = true,
['mzn'] = true,
['nlm'] = true,
['nqo'] = true,
['oru'] = true,
['ota'] = true,
['otk'] = true,
['pal'] = true,
['pes'] = true,
['prs'] = true,
['prx'] = true,
['rif'] = true,
['rys'] = true,
['sbn'] = true,
['scl'] = true,
['sgh'] = true,
['siz'] = true,
['skr'] = true,
['sqo'] = true,
['sqr'] = true,
['srh'] = true,
['syc'] = true,
['syr'] = true,
['tru'] = true,
['ttt'] = true,
['wbl'] = true,
['wne'] = true,
['xaa'] = true,
['xdm'] = true,
['xhe'] = true,
['xqa'] = true,
['ydg'] = true,
}

--[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ T >--------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use script subtags

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |script=<script tag>

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local script_t = {
--------------------
['ce'] = 'Cyrl',
['ff'] = 'Latn',
['sh'] = 'Latn',

--------------------
['bft'] = 'Aran',
['brx'] = 'Deva',
['bsk'] = 'Aran',
['chr'] = 'Cher',
['dgo'] = 'Deva',
['dng'] = 'Cyrl',
['dyu'] = 'Latn',
['ess'] = 'Latn',
['evn'] = 'Cyrl',
['sat'] = 'Olck',
['shn'] = 'Mymr',
}

--[[--------------------------< S I Z E _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |size=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |size=<size>

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local size_t = {
['bft'] = '125%',
}

--[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------

table of language tags that use |link=

Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |link=

keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase.

]]

local link_t = {
['en'] = 'no',
}

--[[------------------------------------------------------------------------------

these are language tags from {{lang-??}} templates that should not be converted to {{langx}} during the transition
from {{lang-??}} to {{langx|??}}.

this table used to add a category when {{langx}} templates are encountered with these language tags.

initial contents of this table copied from Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27/lang-%3F%3F_templates#excluded_templates

2024-11-15: now that the conversion of the {{lang-??}} templates is complete, and User:Monkbot/task 20 has
completed its work, and now that Module:Lang detects unsupported parameters, those valid IETF tags listed here
can be stricken so that valid use of those tags with {{langx|<tag>|...}} can be allowed.

]]

local unsupported_t = {
['bcs'] = true, -- bcs is IANA Kohumono language not Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian grouped under tag sh
['crh3'] = true, -- being deleted; convert to something like {{lang-sr-latn-cyrl}}?
['est-sea'] = true, -- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: et-x-seto?
['fra-frc'] = true, -- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: fr-x-frainc?
['grc-gre'] = true, -- currently (2024-11-15) being discussed for deletion
['my-name-mlcts'] = true, -- wrapper around {{lang-my-Mymr}} to render a {{lang-??}}-like result
['sq-definite'] = true, -- definiteness is a linguistic construct
['su-fonts'] = true, -- styling
['uniturk'] = true, -- a writing system
['1ca'] = true, -- uses {{lang}} and trk-Arab-TR; add that tag to ~/data for Old Anatolian Turkish?

-- ['ast-leo'] = true, -- deleted; use ast-es
-- ['lmo-cr'] = true, -- deleted; use lmo-x-cremish
-- ['lmo-it'] = true, -- deleted; use lmo-x-berg
-- ['pun'] = true, -- deleted; was a template dab
-- ['sa2'] = true, -- deleted; use {{lang}}

-- ['bcs-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- {{lang-x2}} template wrappers; these tags not valid
-- ['cnr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
-- ['cnr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
-- ['sh-cyrl-latn'] = true,
-- ['sh-latn-cyrl'] = true,
-- ['sr-cyrl-latn'] = true,
-- ['sr-latn-cyrl'] = true,
-- ['uz-cyrl-latn'] = true,
-- ['uz-latn-cyrl'] = true,

-- ['cnr-cyrl'] = true, -- valid IETF tags; no reason to prevent their use with {{langx}}
-- ['cnr-latn'] = true,
-- ['hmd'] = true,
-- ['ka'] = true,
-- ['ku-arab'] = true,
-- ['mnc'] = true,
-- ['my-mymr'] = true,
-- ['rus'] = true, -- sort of valid IETF tag; should be promoted to 'ru'
-- ['sh-cyrl'] = true,
-- ['sh-latn'] = true,
-- ['sr'] = true, -- per Template_talk:Lang#tracking_sr_usage_with_issues; discussion died nothing being done
-- ['sr-cyrl'] = true,
-- ['sr-latn'] = true,
-- ['uz-latn'] = true,
-- ['zh'] = true,

-- Moldovan Cyrillic -- now a redirect to Lang-ro-Cyrl
-- ['vi-chunom'] = true, -- now a redirect to {{Chunom}}
-- ['vi-hantu'] = true, -- now a redirect to {{Chuhan}}
}

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
link_t = link_t,
rtl_t = rtl_t,
script_t = script_t,
size_t = size_t,
unsupported_t = unsupported_t,
}

Module:Lang/data/is latn data

2026-09-04T04:38:18Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "----------------------------< S I N G L E S _ T >----------------------------------------------------------- list of Latn and Zyyy (common) codepoints that are not included in <ranges_t> taken from Module:Unicode data/scripts and a local copy of https://www.unicode.org/Public/17.0.0/ucd/ScriptExtensions.txt using Module:Lang/data/make is latn data local singles_t = { [170] = true, -- 00AA [186] = true, -- 00BA [215] = true,..."

--[[--------------------------< S I N G L E S _ T >-----------------------------------------------------------

list of Latn and Zyyy (common) codepoints that are not included in <ranges_t> taken from Module:Unicode data/scripts
and a local copy of https://www.unicode.org/Public/17.0.0/ucd/ScriptExtensions.txt using Module:Lang/data/make is latn data

]]

local singles_t = {
[170] = true, -- 00AA
[186] = true, -- 00BA
[215] = true, -- 00D7
[247] = true, -- 00F7
[787] = true, -- 0313
[856] = true, -- 0358
[862] = true, -- 035E
[884] = true, -- 0374
[894] = true, -- 037E
[901] = true, -- 0385
[903] = true, -- 0387
[1541] = true, -- 0605
[1548] = true, -- 060C
[1563] = true, -- 061B
[1567] = true, -- 061F
[1600] = true, -- 0640
[1757] = true, -- 06DD
[2274] = true, -- 08E2
[3647] = true, -- 0E3F
[4347] = true, -- 10FB
[6149] = true, -- 1805
[7379] = true, -- 1CD3
[7393] = true, -- 1CE1
[7418] = true, -- 1CFA
[7672] = true, -- 1DF8
[8305] = true, -- 2071
[8319] = true, -- 207F
[8432] = true, -- 20F0
[8498] = true, -- 2132
[8526] = true, -- 214E
[12294] = true, -- 3006
[12448] = true, -- 30A0
[12783] = true, -- 31EF
[13055] = true, -- 32FF
[43310] = true, -- A92E
[43471] = true, -- A9CF
[43867] = true, -- AB5B
[65279] = true, -- FEFF
[65392] = true, -- FF70
[119970] = true, -- 1D4A2
[119995] = true, -- 1D4BB
[120134] = true, -- 1D546
[129008] = true, -- 1F7F0
[129736] = true, -- 1FAC8
[917505] = true, -- E0001
}

--[[--------------------------< R A N G E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------------------

list of Latn and Zyyy (common) codepoints taken from Module:Unicode data/scripts and a local copy of
https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/ScriptExtensions.txt

]]

local ranges_t = {
{0, 169}, -- 0000..00A9
{171, 185}, -- 00AB..00B9
{187, 214}, -- 00BB..00D6
{216, 246}, -- 00D8..00F6
{248, 745}, -- 00F8..02E9
{748, 782}, -- 02EC..030E
{784, 785}, -- 0310..0311
{803, 805}, -- 0323..0325
{813, 814}, -- 032D..032E
{816, 817}, -- 0330..0331
{867, 879}, -- 0363..036F
{1157, 1158}, -- 0485..0486
{2385, 2386}, -- 0951..0952
{2404, 2405}, -- 0964..0965
{4053, 4056}, -- 0FD5..0FD8
{5867, 5869}, -- 16EB..16ED
{5941, 5942}, -- 1735..1736
{6146, 6147}, -- 1802..1803
{7401, 7404}, -- 1CE9..1CEC
{7406, 7411}, -- 1CEE..1CF3
{7413, 7415}, -- 1CF5..1CF7
{7424, 7461}, -- 1D00..1D25
{7468, 7516}, -- 1D2C..1D5C
{7522, 7525}, -- 1D62..1D65
{7531, 7543}, -- 1D6B..1D77
{7545, 7614}, -- 1D79..1DBE
{7680, 7935}, -- 1E00..1EFF
{8192, 8203}, -- 2000..200B
{8206, 8292}, -- 200E..2064
{8294, 8304}, -- 2066..2070
{8308, 8318}, -- 2074..207E
{8320, 8334}, -- 2080..208E
{8336, 8348}, -- 2090..209C
{8352, 8385}, -- 20A0..20C1
{8448, 8485}, -- 2100..2125
{8487, 8497}, -- 2127..2131
{8499, 8525}, -- 2133..214D
{8527, 8587}, -- 214F..218B
{8592, 9257}, -- 2190..2429
{9280, 9290}, -- 2440..244A
{9312, 10239}, -- 2460..27FF
{10496, 11123}, -- 2900..2B73
{11126, 11263}, -- 2B76..2BFF
{11360, 11391}, -- 2C60..2C7F
{11776, 11869}, -- 2E00..2E5D
{12272, 12292}, -- 2FF0..3004
{12296, 12320}, -- 3008..3020
{12336, 12343}, -- 3030..3037
{12348, 12351}, -- 303C..303F
{12443, 12444}, -- 309B..309C
{12539, 12540}, -- 30FB..30FC
{12688, 12703}, -- 3190..319F
{12736, 12773}, -- 31C0..31E5
{12832, 12895}, -- 3220..325F
{12927, 13007}, -- 327F..32CF
{13144, 13311}, -- 3358..33FF
{19904, 19967}, -- 4DC0..4DFF
{42752, 42972}, -- A700..A7DC
{42993, 43007}, -- A7F1..A7FF
{43056, 43065}, -- A830..A839
{43824, 43866}, -- AB30..AB5A
{43868, 43876}, -- AB5C..AB64
{43878, 43883}, -- AB66..AB6B
{64256, 64262}, -- FB00..FB06
{64830, 64831}, -- FD3E..FD3F
{65040, 65049}, -- FE10..FE19
{65072, 65106}, -- FE30..FE52
{65108, 65126}, -- FE54..FE66
{65128, 65131}, -- FE68..FE6B
{65281, 65381}, -- FF01..FF65
{65438, 65439}, -- FF9E..FF9F
{65504, 65510}, -- FFE0..FFE6
{65512, 65518}, -- FFE8..FFEE
{65529, 65533}, -- FFF9..FFFD
{65792, 65794}, -- 10100..10102
{65799, 65843}, -- 10107..10133
{65847, 65855}, -- 10137..1013F
{65936, 65948}, -- 10190..1019C
{66000, 66044}, -- 101D0..101FC
{66273, 66299}, -- 102E1..102FB
{67456, 67461}, -- 10780..10785
{67463, 67504}, -- 10787..107B0
{67506, 67514}, -- 107B2..107BA
{113824, 113827}, -- 1BCA0..1BCA3
{117760, 118012}, -- 1CC00..1CCFC
{118016, 118451}, -- 1CD00..1CEB3
{118458, 118480}, -- 1CEBA..1CED0
{118496, 118512}, -- 1CEE0..1CEF0
{118608, 118723}, -- 1CF50..1CFC3
{118784, 119029}, -- 1D000..1D0F5
{119040, 119078}, -- 1D100..1D126
{119081, 119142}, -- 1D129..1D166
{119146, 119162}, -- 1D16A..1D17A
{119171, 119172}, -- 1D183..1D184
{119180, 119209}, -- 1D18C..1D1A9
{119214, 119274}, -- 1D1AE..1D1EA
{119488, 119507}, -- 1D2C0..1D2D3
{119520, 119539}, -- 1D2E0..1D2F3
{119552, 119638}, -- 1D300..1D356
{119648, 119672}, -- 1D360..1D378
{119808, 119892}, -- 1D400..1D454
{119894, 119964}, -- 1D456..1D49C
{119966, 119967}, -- 1D49E..1D49F
{119973, 119974}, -- 1D4A5..1D4A6
{119977, 119980}, -- 1D4A9..1D4AC
{119982, 119993}, -- 1D4AE..1D4B9
{119997, 120003}, -- 1D4BD..1D4C3
{120005, 120069}, -- 1D4C5..1D505
{120071, 120074}, -- 1D507..1D50A
{120077, 120084}, -- 1D50D..1D514
{120086, 120092}, -- 1D516..1D51C
{120094, 120121}, -- 1D51E..1D539
{120123, 120126}, -- 1D53B..1D53E
{120128, 120132}, -- 1D540..1D544
{120138, 120144}, -- 1D54A..1D550
{120146, 120485}, -- 1D552..1D6A5
{120488, 120779}, -- 1D6A8..1D7CB
{120782, 120831}, -- 1D7CE..1D7FF
{122624, 122654}, -- 1DF00..1DF1E
{122661, 122666}, -- 1DF25..1DF2A
{126065, 126132}, -- 1EC71..1ECB4
{126209, 126269}, -- 1ED01..1ED3D
{126976, 127019}, -- 1F000..1F02B
{127024, 127123}, -- 1F030..1F093
{127136, 127150}, -- 1F0A0..1F0AE
{127153, 127167}, -- 1F0B1..1F0BF
{127169, 127183}, -- 1F0C1..1F0CF
{127185, 127221}, -- 1F0D1..1F0F5
{127232, 127405}, -- 1F100..1F1AD
{127462, 127487}, -- 1F1E6..1F1FF
{127489, 127490}, -- 1F201..1F202
{127504, 127547}, -- 1F210..1F23B
{127552, 127560}, -- 1F240..1F248
{127568, 127569}, -- 1F250..1F251
{127584, 127589}, -- 1F260..1F265
{127744, 128728}, -- 1F300..1F6D8
{128732, 128748}, -- 1F6DC..1F6EC
{128752, 128764}, -- 1F6F0..1F6FC
{128768, 128985}, -- 1F700..1F7D9
{128992, 129003}, -- 1F7E0..1F7EB
{129024, 129035}, -- 1F800..1F80B
{129040, 129095}, -- 1F810..1F847
{129104, 129113}, -- 1F850..1F859
{129120, 129159}, -- 1F860..1F887
{129168, 129197}, -- 1F890..1F8AD
{129200, 129211}, -- 1F8B0..1F8BB
{129216, 129217}, -- 1F8C0..1F8C1
{129232, 129240}, -- 1F8D0..1F8D8
{129280, 129623}, -- 1F900..1FA57
{129632, 129645}, -- 1FA60..1FA6D
{129648, 129660}, -- 1FA70..1FA7C
{129664, 129674}, -- 1FA80..1FA8A
{129678, 129734}, -- 1FA8E..1FAC6
{129741, 129756}, -- 1FACD..1FADC
{129759, 129770}, -- 1FADF..1FAEA
{129775, 129784}, -- 1FAEF..1FAF8
{129792, 129938}, -- 1FB00..1FB92
{129940, 130042}, -- 1FB94..1FBFA
{917536, 917631}, -- E0020..E007F
}

--[[--------------------------< S P E C I A L S _ T >---------------------------------------------------------

list of individual language-specific non-Latn and non-Zyyy codepoints; these codepoints commonly used in
transliterations. This list is manually currated so is most likely incomplete.

keys to <specials_t> are decimal codepoints; other keys are language tags (always lowercase) of language
transliterations that use these non-Latn codepoints.

]]

local specials_t = {
[788] = { -- U+0314: COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE
["hy"] = true, -- Armenian
},
[794] = { -- U+031A: COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE
["ltc"] = true, -- Middle Chinese; is this really IPA?
},
[795] = { -- U+031B: COMBINING HORN
["th"] = true, -- Thai
},
[806] = { -- U+0326: COMBINING COMMA BELOW
["ab"] = true, -- Abkhaz
["kca"] = true, -- Khanty
["xal"] = true, -- Kalmyk or Oirat
},
[807] = { -- U+0327: COMBINING CEDILLA
["fa"] = true, -- Persian
},
[809] = { -- U+0329: COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
["ab"] = true, -- Abkhaz
["sa"] = true, -- Sanskrit
},
[815] = { -- U+032F: COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW
["mong"] = true, -- Mongolian
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
},
[818] = { -- U+0332: COMBINING LOW LINE
["ar"] = true, -- Arabic
["hbo"] = true, -- Ancient Hebrew
["he"] = true, -- Hebrew
["jpa"] = true, -- Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
["mdh"] = true, -- Maguindanaon
["otk"] = true, -- Old Turkish
},
[831] = { -- U+033F: COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE
["mnp"] = true, -- Northern Min Chinese, Jian'ou dialect
},
[855] = { -- U+0357: COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE
["egy"] = true, -- Ancient Egyptian
},
[863] = { -- U+035F: COMBINING DOUBLE MACRON BELOW
["am"] = true, -- Amharic
["ar"] = true, -- Arabic
["dv"] = true, -- Dhivehi, Divehi, or Maldivian
["fa"] = true, -- Persian
["hi"] = true, -- Hindi
["inc"] = true, -- Indic languages
["ur"] = true, -- Urdu
},
[864] = { -- U+0360: COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE
["hi"] = true, -- Hindi
},
[865] = { -- U+0361: COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE
["be"] = true, -- Belarusian
["ltc"] = true, -- Middle Chinese; is this really IPA?
["ru"] = true, -- Russian
["rue"] = true, -- Rusyn
["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages
["sit"] = true, -- Sino-Tibetan languages
["tt"] = true, -- Tatar
},
[916] = { -- U+0394: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian
},
[920] = { -- U+0398: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
},
[934] = { -- U+03A6: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
["xle"] = true, -- Lemnian
},
[945] = { -- U+03B1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA
["apc"] = true, -- Levantine Arabic
},
[946] = { -- U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
["gha"] = true, -- Ghadamès
["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur
["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages
["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac
["wuu"] = true, -- Shanghainese variety of Wu Chinese
},
[947] = { -- U+03B3: GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
["ltc"] = true, -- Late Middle Chinese
["mn"] = true, -- Mongolian
["och"] = true, -- Old Chinese
["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur
["pal"] = true, -- Middle Persian
["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac
["syr"] = true, -- Syriac
["xal"] = true, -- Kalmyk or Oirat
["xng"] = true, -- Middle Mongolian
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
["ydg"] = true, -- Yidgha
["mong"] = true, -- Mongolian
},
[948] = { -- U+03B4: GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur
["sog"] = true, -- Sogdian
["sogd"] = true, -- Sogdian
["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac
["xpr"] = true, -- Parthian
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian
},
[952] = { -- U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
["ba"] = true, -- Bashkir
["cms"] = true, -- Messapic
["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan
["hur"] = true, -- Halkomelem
["ira"] = true, -- Iranian languages
["my"] = true, -- Burmese
["pal"] = true, -- Middle Persian (Pahlavi)
["peo"] = true, -- Old Persian
["sa"] = true, -- Sanskrit
["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages
["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac
["syr"] = true, -- Syriac
["xme"] = true, -- Median
["xpg"] = true, -- Phrygian
["xpr"] = true, -- Parthian
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
},
[955] = { -- U+03BB: GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA
["xcr"] = true, -- Carian
["xld"] = true, -- Lydian
},
[963] = { -- U+03C3: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan
},
[964] = { -- U+03C4: GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU
["xld"] = true, -- Lydian
},
[966] = { -- U+03C6: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI
["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan
},
[967] = { -- U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan
["gem"] = true, -- Germanic languages
["hur"] = true, -- Halkomelem
["kbd"] = true, -- Kabardian
["ltc"] = true, -- Late Middle Chinese
["och"] = true, -- Old Chinese
["xlc"] = true, -- Lycian
["xle"] = true, -- Lemnian
},
[968] = { -- U+03C8: GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI
["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan
},
[977] = { -- U+03D1: GREEK THETA SYMBOL (cursive form)
["ae"] = true, -- Avestan
["ira"] = true, -- Iranian languages
["peo"] = true, -- Old Persian
["xme"] = true, -- Median
["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian
["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian
},
[1098] = { -- U+044A: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN
["ady"] = true, -- Adyghe
["cu"] = true, -- Church Slavic
["zls"] = true, -- South Slavic languages
},
[1100] = { -- U+044C: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN
["az"] = true, -- Azerbaijani
["cu"] = true, -- Church Slavonic
["dng"] = true, -- Dungan
["ru"] = true, -- Russian
["tt"] = true, -- Tatar
["tyv"] = true, -- Tuvinian
},
[1278] = { -- U+04FE: CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA WITH STROKE
["av"] = true, -- Avar
},
[1279] = { -- U+04FF: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA WITH STROKE
["av"] = true, -- Avar
},
[8113] = { -- U+1FB1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON
["apc"] = true, -- Levantine Arabic
},
[8190] = { -- U+1FFE: GREEK DASIA
["ar"] = true, -- Arabic (Ayin)
["xcl"] = true, -- Classical Armenian
},
[19978] = { -- U+4E0A: [CJK Unified Ideographs]
["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker
},
[20837] = { -- U+5165: [CJK Unified Ideographs]
["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker
},
[21435] = { -- U+53BB: [CJK Unified Ideographs]
["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker
},
[24179] = { -- U+5E73: [CJK Unified Ideographs]
["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker
},
[38451] = { -- U+9633: [CJK Unified Ideographs] (Yang)
["wuu"] = true, -- Suzhou dialect of Wu Chinese tone marker --[[Suzhou dialect#Tones]]
},
[38452] = { -- U+9634: [CJK Unified Ideographs] (Yin)
["wuu"] = true, -- Suzhou dialect of Wu Chinese tone marker --[[Suzhou dialect#Tones]]
},
[65056] = { -- U+FE20: COMBINING LIGATURE LEFT HALF
["ru"] = true, -- Russian
},
[65057] = { -- U+FE21: COMBINING LIGATURE RIGHT HALF
["ru"] = true, -- Russian
},
}

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
ranges_t = ranges_t,
singles_t = singles_t,
specials_t = specials_t,

sizeof_ranges_t = #ranges_t,
}

Module:Lang/configuration

2026-09-04T04:37:22Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "----------------------------< T E M P L A T E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------------- local templates_t = { lang = 'Lang', langx = 'Langx', langxx = 'Lang-xx', transliteration = 'Transliteration', } --[[--------------------------< K N O W N _ P A R A M S >------------------------------------------------------ lists of all parameters known to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-xx}} templates. Exception: |fn= is known to {{lang}} but is not..."

--[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E S _ T >--------------------------------------------------------
]]

local templates_t = {
lang = 'Lang',
langx = 'Langx',
langxx = 'Lang-xx',
transliteration = 'Transliteration',
}

--[[--------------------------< K N O W N _ P A R A M S >------------------------------------------------------

lists of all parameters known to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-xx}} templates.

Exception: |fn= is known to {{lang}} but is not a 'lang' template; that parameter causes the module to call the
specified lang(), lang_xx_inherit(), or lang_xx_italic() function. These separate functions set |fn= to nill
and then do the known-param checking on the other template parameters

]]

local known_params_t = {
['common_params_all_t'] = { -- these parameters common to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{lang-xx}}
['code'] = true,
['text'] = true,
['rtl'] = true,
['italic'] = true,
['italics'] = true,
['i'] = true,
['size'] = true,
['proto'] = true,
['nocat'] = true,
['cat'] = true,

['template'] = true, -- supplied by external templates to provide template name for error messaging ({{nihongo}}, etc)
},

['params_lang_t'] = { -- unique to {{lang}}
[1] = true, -- alias of |code=
[2] = true, -- alias of |text=
},

['params_x_t'] = { -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}}
['translit'] = true,
['translit-std'] = true,
['translit-script'] = true,
['translation'] = true,
['lit='] = true,
['label'] = true,
['link'] = true,
['links'] = true,
['lit'] = true,
['engvar'] = true,
},

['params_langx_t'] = { -- unique to {{langx}}
[1] = true, -- alias of |code=
[2] = true, -- alias of |text=
[3] = true, -- alias of |translit=
[4] = true, -- alias of |translation=
},

['params_lang_xx_t'] = { -- unique to {{lang-xx}}
[1] = true, -- alias of |text=
[2] = true, -- alias of |translit=
[3] = true, -- alias of |translation=
['script'] = true, -- these needed to override default params in {{lang-??}} templates
['region'] = true,
['variant'] = true,
},
}

--[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >----------------------------------------------------------------

Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar
specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. Not likely useful outside of en.wiki

This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no
need for the clutter.

]]

local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English
['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case)
['ca'] = 'us_t',
['gb'] = 'gb_t',
['ie'] = 'gb_t',
['in'] = 'gb_t',
['nz'] = 'gb_t',
['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar
['za'] = 'gb_t'
};

local engvar_t = {
['gb_t'] = {
['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case
['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case; unused can be deleted
['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense
},
['us_t'] = { -- default engvar
['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case
['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case; unused can be deleted
['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense
}
}

local default_engvar = 'us_t';

--[[
=============================<< M E S S A G I N G T A B L E S >>=============================================

these tables are for internationalization. Messages or fragments thereof are mostly grouped by function name.
Some messages are shared by functions other than the function table that lists the message or fragment.

]]

--[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S _ T >----------------------------------------------------------
]]

local keywords_t = {
['affirmative'] = 'yes',
['negative'] = 'no',
['unset'] = 'unset',
['invert'] = 'invert',
['default'] = 'default',
}

--[[--------------------------< M I S C _ T E X T _ T >--------------------------------------------------------

]]

local misc_text_t = {
['error'] = 'Error', -- make_error_msg(), tag_from_name()
['language'] = 'language', -- make_translit(), lang_xx(), name_from_tag()
['help'] = 'help',
}

--[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G _ T >----------------------------------------------
]]

local make_error_msg_t = {
['xlit_err_cat'] = 'Transliteration template errors',
['lang_err_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx template errors',
['undefined'] = 'undefined',
}

--[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T >--------------------------------------------
]]

local parameter_validate_t = {
['invalid_param'] = 'invalid parameter: |$1=', -- $1 is parameter name
}

--[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T >--------------------------------------------
]]

local validate_italic_t = {
['multi_italic'] = 'only one of |italic=, |italics=, or |i= can be specified',
}

--[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ T E X T _ T >------------------------------------------------
]]

local validate_text_t = {
['no_text'] = 'no text',
['malformed_markup'] = 'text has malformed markup',
['italic_markup'] = 'text has italic markup',
}

--[[--------------------------< T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T _ T >------------------------------
]]

local text_script_match_test_t = {
['latn_txt_mismatch'] = 'Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch',
['latn_scr_mismatch'] = 'Non-latn text (pos $1: $2)/Latn script subtag mismatch', -- $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character
}

--[[--------------------------< L A N G _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local lang_t = {
['conflict_n_param'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and |$2=', -- $1 is positional param number, $2 is named param; shared with _lang_xx()
['conflict_n_param_types'] = {
['code'] = 'code',
['text'] = 'text',
['translit'] = 'translit',
},
['invalid_proto'] = 'invalid |proto=: $1', -- _lang_xx also emits this message
}

--[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ T >------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local lang_xx_t = {
['conflict_n_lit'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and |lit= or |translation=', -- $1 is positional parameter; can be either 3 ({{lang-??}}) or 4 ({{langx}})
['conflict_lit'] = 'conflicting: |lit= and |translation=',
['conflict_link'] = 'conflicting: |links= and |link=',
['invalid_xlit_std'] = 'invalid translit-std',
['romanization'] = 'Romanization of',
['translit_nonlatn'] = 'transliteration text not Latin script (pos $1: $2)', -- _xlit() also emits this message; $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character
['xlit_of_latn'] = 'transliteration of latn script',
}

--[[--------------------------< T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E _ T >------------------------------------------------
]]

local tag_from_name_t = {
['lang_not_found'] = 'language: $1 not found', -- $1 is language name parameter value
['missing_lang_name'] = 'missing language name',
}

--[[--------------------------< T R A N S L _ T >--------------------------------------------------------------
]]

local transl_t = {
['unrecog_xlit_std'] = 'unrecognized transliteration standard: $1', -- $1 is |translit_std- parameter value
['no_text'] = 'no text',
['missing_lang_scr'] = 'missing language / script code',
['unrecog_lang_scr'] = 'unrecognized language / script code: $1', -- $1 is the language/script code
}

--[[--------------------------< G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S _ T >----------------------------------------------
]]

local get_ietf_parts_t = {
['maint_promo_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1|$1', -- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag
['maint_promo_msg'] = 'code: $1 promoted to code: $2', -- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag, $2 is synonymous ISO 639-1 subtag

['missing_lang_tag'] = 'missing language tag', -- also used in _langx()
['redundant_scr'] = 'redundant script tag',
['redundant_reg'] = 'redundant region tag',
['redundant_var'] = 'redundant variant tag',
['unrecog_tag'] = 'unrecognized language tag: $1', -- $1 is the whole language tag
['unrecog_code'] = 'unrecognized language code: $1', -- $1 is code
['unrecog_reg_code'] = 'unrecognized region: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is region, $2 is code
['unrecog_scr_code'] = 'unrecognized script: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is script, $2 is code
['script_code'] = 'script: $1 not supported for code: $2', -- $1 is script, $2 is code
['unrecog_var'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1', -- $1 is variant
['unrecog_var_code'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code
['unrecog_var_code_scr'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-script pair: $2-$3', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is script
['unrecog_var_code_reg'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-region pair: $2-$3', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is region
['unrecog_pri'] = 'unrecognized private tag: $1', -- $1 is private tag
}

--[[--------------------------< L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T _ T >----------------------------------------
]]

local language_name_get_t = {
['deprecated_cat'] = 'Lang and langx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|$1', -- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag
['deprecated_msg'] = 'code: $1 is deprecated', -- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag
}

--[[--------------------------< H T M L _ T I T L E _ T E X T _ T >--------------------------------------------
]]

local make_text_html_t = {
['zxx'] = 'text', -- for zxx no linguistic content
['collective'] = 'collective text', -- for collective languages
['individual'] = 'language text', -- for individual languages
}

--[[--------------------------< T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E _ T >------------------------------------------
]]

local translation_make_t = {
['lit_xlation'] = 'Literal translation', -- article title fragment and HTML title attribute
['lit_abbr'] = 'lit.',
}

--[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y _ T >------------------------------------------------
]]

local make_category_t = {
['collective_cat'] = 'Category:Articles with text in', -- for collective languages
['cat_prefix'] = 'Category:Articles containing', -- prefix for explicitly cited and individual languages
['explicit_cat'] = 'explicitly cited', -- for explicitly citing this wiki's language
['cat_postfix'] = 'language text', -- postfix for individual languages
}

--[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T R A N S L I T _ T >------------------------------------------------
]]

local make_translit_t = {
['script'] = 'script',
['transliteration'] = 'transliteration',
}

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
known_params_t = known_params_t,
templates_t = templates_t,

default_engvar = default_engvar, -- engvar support not likely useful outside of en.wiki
engvar_t = engvar_t,
engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t,

get_ietf_parts_t = get_ietf_parts_t, -- messaging tables
keywords_t = keywords_t,
lang_t = lang_t,
lang_xx_t = lang_xx_t,
language_name_get_t = language_name_get_t,
make_category_t = make_category_t,
make_error_msg_t = make_error_msg_t,
make_text_html_t = make_text_html_t,
make_translit_t = make_translit_t,
misc_text_t = misc_text_t,
parameter_validate_t = parameter_validate_t,
tag_from_name_t = tag_from_name_t,
text_script_match_test_t = text_script_match_test_t,
transl_t = transl_t,
translation_make_t = translation_make_t,
validate_italic_t = validate_italic_t,
validate_text_t = validate_text_t,
}

Specials (Unicode block)

2026-09-04T04:36:03Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{short description|Unicode block containing some special codepoints and two non-characters}} {{Infobox Unicode block | blockname = Specials | rangestart = FFF0 | rangeend = FFFF | script1 = Common | 1_0_0 = 1 | 2_1 = 1 | 3_0 = 3 | nonchar = 2 | note = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/ucd/|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www...."

{{short description|Unicode block containing some special codepoints and two non-characters}}
{{Infobox Unicode block
| blockname = Specials
| rangestart = FFF0
| rangeend = FFFF
| script1 = [[Script (Unicode)#Special script property values|Common]]
| 1_0_0 = 1
| 2_1 = 1
| 3_0 = 3
| nonchar = 2
| note = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/ucd/|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/enumeratedversions.html|title=Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>
}}

'''Specials''' is a short [[Unicode]] block of characters allocated at the very end of the [[Basic Multilingual Plane]], at U+FFF0–FFFF, containing these [[code point]]s:
* {{unichar|FFF9|INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION ANCHOR}}, marks start of [[Interlinear gloss|annotated text]]
* {{unichar|FFFA|INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION SEPARATOR}}, marks start of annotating character(s)
* {{unichar|FFFB|INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION TERMINATOR}}, marks end of annotation block
* {{unichar|FFFC|OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER}}, placeholder in the text for another unspecified object, for example in a [[compound document]].
* {{unichar|FFFD|REPLACEMENT CHARACTER}} used to replace an unknown, unrecognised, or unrepresentable character
* {{unichar|FFFE|}} not a character.
* {{unichar|FFFF|}} not a character.

{{unichar|FFFE|}} and {{unichar|FFFF|}} are [[Universal Character Set characters#Non-characters|noncharacters]], meaning they are reserved but do not cause ill-formed Unicode text. Versions of the Unicode standard from 3.1.0 to 6.3.0 claimed that these characters should never be interchanged, leading some applications to use them to guess text encoding by interpreting the presence of either as a sign that the text is not Unicode. However, Corrigendum #9 later specified that noncharacters are not illegal and so this method of checking text encoding is incorrect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html|title=Corrigendum #9: Clarification About Noncharacters|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2023-06-07|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610160203/http://www.unicode.org/versions/corrigendum9.html |archive-date=Jun 10, 2023}}</ref> An example of an internal usage of U+FFFE is the [[CLDR algorithm]]; this extended Unicode algorithm maps the noncharacter to a minimal, unique primary weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-collation.html#Algorithm_FFFE|title=Unicode Technical Standard #35|work=Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)|access-date=2024-08-27}}</ref>

Unicode's {{unichar|FEFF|[[Byte order mark]]}} character can be inserted at the beginning of a Unicode text as a [[byte order mark]] to signal its [[endianness]]: a program reading a text encoded in for example [[UTF-16]] and encountering {{unichar|FFFE|}}would then know that it should switch the byte order for all the following characters.

Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was '''Special'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/CodeCharts2.pdf |work=The Unicode Standard |version=Version 1.0 |title=3.8: Block-by-Block Charts |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2020-09-30 |archive-date=2021-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211080017/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/CodeCharts2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Replacement character ==
[[File:Replacement character but in a different font.svg|180px|thumb|Replacement character|class=skin-invert-image]]
The '''replacement character''' � (often displayed as a [[rhombus]] with a question mark) is a symbol found in the [[Unicode]] standard at code point U+FFFD in the ''Specials'' table. It is used to indicate problems when a system is unable to render a stream of data to correct symbols.<ref name="Wichary fallback">{{cite web |last1=Wichary |first1=Marcin |title=When fonts fall |date=September 29, 2020 |url=https://www.figma.com/blog/when-fonts-fall/ |publisher=Figma |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613175106/https://www.figma.com/blog/when-fonts-fall/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At one time, the replacement character was often used when there was no glyph available in a font for that character, as in [[font substitution]]. However, most modern text rendering systems instead use a font's {{tt|[[.notdef]]}} character, which in most cases is an empty box, or a <code>?</code> or <code>X</code> in a box<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendations for OpenType Fonts (OpenType 1.7) - Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/otspec170/recom#shape-of-notdef-glyph |website=Microsoft Learn |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019135242/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/otspec170/recom#shape-of-notdef-glyph |url-status=live }}</ref> (the browser rendering this page displays 􏿾 for U+10FFEE), sometimes called a "[[Noto fonts#Etymology|tofu]]". There is no Unicode code point for this symbol.

Thus the replacement character is now only seen for encoding errors.

As an example, an [[E-mail]] message that is encoded in [[Windows-1252]] and contains non-breaking spaces in it will contain the byte <code>0xA0</code> for each non-breaking space. The message is then opened in a client that assumes the input is [[UTF-8]]. Since bytes between <code>0x80</code> and <code>0xFF</code> are not valid as standalone bytes in UTF-8, the client opening this message could replace these bytes with the replacement character to produce a valid string of Unicode code points for display.<ref name="Mozilla">{{cite web|author= |date=6 December 2017 |title=Why do my sent messages magically add "ï¿½" at the end of my sentences? |url=https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1193450 |access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref>

The replacement character (<code>{{nowrap|0xEF 0xBF 0xBD}}</code>) may get written out if the viewer saves or copies the text; these three bytes will then replace every encoding error. Even if the result is viewed as Windows-1252, these will now all display identically as <code>ï¿½</code>.<ref name="Mozilla" /> As all UTF-8 encoding errors are turned into the same sequence, it is impossible to recover the original text. Some software programs translate invalid UTF-8 bytes to matching characters in [[Windows-1252]] (since that is the most common source of these errors) or into {{mono|U+CDxx}}, so less information is lost,{{facts|date=February 2026}} and the result that the replacement character is never seen.

== Unicode chart ==
{{Unicode chart Specials}}

== History ==
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Specials block:

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sticky-header"
|-
! [[Unicode#Versions|Version]] !! {{nobr|Final code points<ref group=lower-alpha name=final/>}} !! Count !! [[Unicode Consortium|UTC]] ID !! [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|L2]] ID !! [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|WG2]] ID !! Document
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1.0.0 || U+FFFD || 1 || || || || (to be determined)
|-
| rowspan="4" | U+FFFE..FFFF || rowspan="4" | 2 || || || || (to be determined)
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-088-200108.html L2/01-295R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting #88|date=2001-11-06|first=Lisa|last=Moore|section=Motion 88-M2|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01355-FFFF_in_UTF-8.htm L2/01-355]}} || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2369.htm N2369 (html],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2369.doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Request to allow FFFF, FFFE in UTF-8 in the text of ISO/IEC 10646|date=2001-09-26|first=Mark|last=Davis|author-link=Mark Davis (Unicode)|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02154-n2403-minutes.pdf L2/02-154]}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2403.pdf N2403] || {{Citation|title=Draft minutes of WG 2 meeting 41, Hotel Phoenix, Singapore, 2001-10-15/19|date=2002-04-22|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|section=9.3 Allowing FFFF and FFFE in UTF-8|ref=none}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2.1 || rowspan="8" | U+FFFC || rowspan="8" | 1 || {{nobr|UTC/1995-056}} || || || {{Citation|title=Recommendation to encode a WCH_EMBEDDING character|date=1995-12-06|first=Murray|last=Sargent|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1996-UTC/UTC67-Minutes.TXT UTC/1996-002]}} || || || {{Citation|title=UTC #67 Minutes|date=1996-03-05|first1=Joan|last1=Aliprand|first2=Edwin|last2=Hart|first3=Steve|last3=Greenfield|section=Embedded Objects|ref=none}}
|-
| || || N1365 || {{Citation|title=Proposal Summary – Object Replacement Character|date=1996-03-18|first=Murray|last=Sargent|ref=none}}
|-
| || || [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215052615/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1353.doc N1353] || {{Citation|title=Draft minutes of WG2 Copenhagen Meeting # 30|date=1996-06-25|first1=V. S.|last1=Umamaheswaran|first2=Mike|last2=Ksar|section=8.14|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/97-288}} || [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215052615/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1603.doc N1603] || {{Citation|title=Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting # 33, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 20 June – 4 July 1997|date=1997-10-24|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|section=7.3|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98004R.pdf L2/98-004R]}} || N1681 || {{Citation|title=Text of ISO 10646 – AMD 18 for PDAM registration and FPDAM ballot|date=1997-12-22|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98070.pdf L2/98-070]}} || || {{Citation|title=Minutes of the joint UTC and L2 meeting from the meeting in Cupertino, February 25-27, 1998|first1=Joan|last1=Aliprand|first2=Arnold|last2=Winkler|section=Additional comments regarding 2.1|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/02n3188.pdf L2/98-318]}} || [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215052615/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1894_02n3188_fpdam%2018.pdf N1894] || {{Citation|title=Revised text of 10646-1/FPDAM 18, AMENDMENT 18: Symbols and Others|date=1998-10-22|ref=none}}
|-
| rowspan="18" | 3.0 || rowspan="18" | U+FFF9..FFFB || rowspan="18" | 3 || || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1997/97255r.pdf L2/97-255R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Approved Minutes – UTC #73 & L2 #170 joint meeting, Palo Alto, CA – August 4-5, 1997|date=1997-12-03|first=Joan|last=Aliprand|section=3.D Proposal for In-Line Notation (ruby)|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98055.pdf L2/98-055]}} || || {{Citation|title=Support for Implementing Inline and Interlinear Annotations|date=1998-02-22|first=Asmus|last=Freytag|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98070.pdf L2/98-070]}} || || {{Citation|title=Minutes of the joint UTC and L2 meeting from the meeting in Cupertino, February 25-27, 1998|first1=Joan|last1=Aliprand|first2=Arnold|last2=Winkler|section=3.C.5. Support for implementing inline and interlinear annotations|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-099}} || N1727 || {{Citation|title=Support for Implementing Interlinear Annotations as used in East Asian Typography|date=1998-03-18|first=Asmus|last=Freytag|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98158.html L2/98-158]}} || || {{Citation|title=Draft Minutes – UTC #76 & NCITS Subgroup L2 #173 joint meeting, Tredyffrin, Pennsylvania, April 20-22, 1998|date=1998-05-26|first1=Joan|last1=Aliprand|first2=Arnold|last2=Winkler|section=Inline and Interlinear Annotations|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-286}} || [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215052615/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1703w97.doc N1703] || {{Citation|title=Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20|date=1998-07-02|first1=V. S.|last1=Umamaheswaran|first2=Mike|last2=Ksar|section=8.14|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-270}} || || {{Citation|title=Suggestion to the inline and interlinear annotation proposal|date=1998-07-29|first1=Hideki|last1=Hiura|first2=Tatsuo|last2=Kobayashi|author-link2=Tatsuo Kobayashi|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98281r.pdf L2/98-281R (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98281R.htm html]) || || {{Citation|title=Unconfirmed Minutes – UTC #77 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 174 JOINT MEETING, Redmond, WA -- July 29-31, 1998|date=1998-07-31|first=Joan|last=Aliprand|section=In-Line and Interlinear Annotation (III.C.1.c)|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-363}} || [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1861.pdf N1861] || {{Citation|title=Ruby markers|date=1998-09-01|first=T. K.|last=Sato|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-372}} || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1884.pdf N1884R2 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1884.doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Additional Characters for the UCS|date=1998-09-22|first1=Ken|last1=Whistler|display-authors=etal|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|L2/98-416}} || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1882.zip N1882.zip]}} || {{Citation|title=Support for Implementing Interlinear Annotations|date=1998-09-23|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/02n3210.pdf L2/98-329]}} || [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215052615/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1920_02n3210_text_pdam_30_addlatin.pdf N1920] || {{Citation|title=Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters|date=1998-10-28|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98421.htm L2/98-421R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Notes concerning the PDAM 30 interlinear annotation characters|date=1998-12-04|first1=Michel|last1=Suignard|first2=Hideki|last2=Hiura|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1999/n1903.rtf L2/99-010]}} || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1903.pdf N1903 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1903.htm html], [https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n1903w97.doc doc]) || {{Citation|title=Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25|date=1998-12-30|first=V. S.|last=Umamaheswaran|section=8.2.15|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98419.pdf L2/98-419 (pdf],}} [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1998/98419.doc doc]) || || {{Citation|title=Approved Minutes -- UTC #78 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 175 Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA -- December 1-4, 1998|date=1999-02-05|first=Joan|last=Aliprand|section=Interlinear Annotation Characters|ref=none}}
|-
| {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1999-UTC/u1999-021.txt UTC/1999-021]}} || || || {{Citation|title=W3C XML CG statement on annotation characters|date=1999-06-08|first1=Martin|last1=Duerst|first2=Jon|last2=Bosak|author-link2=Jon Bosak|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1999/99176.htm L2/99-176R]}} || || {{Citation|title=Minutes from the joint UTC/L2 meeting in Seattle, June 8-10, 1999|date=1999-11-04|first=Lisa|last=Moore|section=W3C Liaison Statement on Annotation Characters|ref=none}}
|-
| || {{nobr|[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01301-deprecation.txt L2/01-301]}} || || {{Citation|title=Analysis of Character Deprecation in the Unicode Standard|date=2001-08-01|first=Ken|last=Whistler|section=E. Indicated as "strongly discouraged" for plain text interchange|ref=none}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs=<ref name=final>Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names</ref>}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Unicode control characters]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unicode navigation}}

[[Category:Unicode blocks|Specials]]

Template:Contains special characters

2026-09-04T04:35:30Z

Kannadaguy:

{{Contains special characters/core
| compact = {{{compact|}}}
| section = {{if empty|{{{section|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}
| image = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| AA = Example.of.SJIS.art.rendering.svg
| APL = APLgradeup.svg
| Armenian = {{{image|Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg}}}
| Asamiya | Assamese = {{{image|Wiki letter wo.svg}}}
| Balinese = Bali Ba.png
| Balochi | Baluchi = Balochi.svg
| Baybayin = Baybayin Ba.svg
| Bengali = {{{image|Bengali Conjunct Kshya.svg}}}
| Braille = {{{image|Braille N.svg}}}
| Burmese = Burmese character k.svg
| Canadian = {{{image|Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Example.svg}}}
| Cherokee = {{{image|Tsalagi word.svg}}}
| Coptic = {{{image|CopticLetters.svg}}}
| Anatolian cuneiform
| Neo-Assyrian cuneiform
| Neo-Babylonian cuneiform
| Old Babylonian cuneiform
| cuneiform = {{{image|Cuneform UZ.svg}}}
| Deseret = {{{image|Deseret capital Dee.svg}}}
| Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Egyptian-A.PNG
| emoticon | emoji = {{{image|Emoji u263a.svg}}}
| Ethiopic = {{{image|Ge'ez.svg}}}
| Georgian = {{{image|ღ.png}}}
| Glagolitic = {{{image|GlagoliticSlovoⰔ.svg}}}
| Gothic = {{{image|Gothic Letter Ahsa.svg}}}
| Hebrew = {{{image|Shalom2.svg}}}
| Hindko = Hindko.svg
| Hokkien = O-dot.png
| Karen = Karen text.svg
| Khoekhoe = {{{image|Clicks.svg}}}
| Indic = {{{image|Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg}}}
| IPA = {{{image|Parentesi Quadre.svg}}}
| Javanese = {{{image|Javanese ha.svg}}}
| Khmer = {{{image|Aksar Khmer.svg}}}
| Lanna | Northern Thai = {{{image|Lanna Tua Mueang.svg}}}
| Lao = {{{image|Laos in Lao.svg}}}
| Lontara = Lontara.svg
| Manchu = {{{image|Manju gisun.svg}}}
| Meitei = {{{image|Meetei Mayek letter I.svg}}}
| Mongolian = {{{image|Monggol bicig.svg}}}
| Nom = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}}
| Ogham = {{{image|Ogham letter ngeadal.svg}}}
| Old Hungarian = L (rovásbetű).svg
| Old Persian = {{{image|Old Persian mi.png}}}
| Ottoman Turkish = {{{image|Ottoman Turkish in Nastaliq (vertical).png}}}
| Pashto = Pashto.svg
| Perso-Arabic = {{{image|Farsi.svg}}}
| PIE | PIE words = PIE ǵh.svg
| Phoenician = Phoenician_aleph.svg
| Runic = {{{image|Tyr-runes.svg}}}
| Saraiki = Saraiki.svg
| Shavian = Shavian Ha-ha.svg
| SignWriting = SignWriting-render.svg
| Sindhi = Sindhi.svg
| Sundanese = Sunda_Sa.png
| Syriac = {{{image|Shlama.svg}}}
| Tamil = {{{image|Tamil A.svg}}}
| Tangut = {{{image|LFW2008_2403.png}}}
| Thai = {{{image|Thai Alphabet Sample.svg}}}
| Tibetan = Tibetan wa + (i).svg
| Tifinagh = {{{image|Yakh.svg}}}
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{file|Replacement character.svg}}}
| Urdu = {{{image|Urdu example.svg}}}
| Ugaritic = {{{image|Ugaritic8-ghain-i-u-ssu.PNG}}}
| Uyghur = {{{image|Uyghurche.png}}}
| Vietnamese = {{{image|Chu nom.svg}}}
| {{{image|}}}
}}
| imageclass = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| emoticon | emoji =
| #default = skin-invert
}}
| link = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| emoticon | emoji = File:Emoji u263a.svg
| Hebrew = Shalom
| IPA = Help:IPA
| Lanna | Northern Thai
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{link|Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character}}}
| {{{link|}}}
}}
| alt = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| Asamiya | Assamese = Oxomia
| Bengali = Bengali
| Braille = ⠝
| Hebrew = שָׁלוֹם
| IPA = []
| Lanna | Northern Thai
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{alt|<?>}}}
| Meitei = Meetei Mayek
| {{{alt|}}}
}}
| width = {{{width|}}}
| fix = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| Asamiya | Assamese = Wikipedia:Asamiya script display help
| AA
| Hokkien
| Nom
| Vietnamese = Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)
| Anatolian cuneiform
| Neo-Assyrian cuneiform
| Neo-Babylonian cuneiform
| Old Babylonian cuneiform
| cuneiform = Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform
| Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = Help:Multilingual_support#Egyptian_hieroglyphs
| APL
| emoticon | emoji
| Old Hungarian
| Shavian = Help:Special characters
| Armenian
| Balinese
| Baybayin
| Canadian
| Cherokee
| Coptic
| Deseret
| Georgian
| Javanese
| Khoekhoe
| Lanna | Northern Thai
| Lontara
| Manchu
| Mongolian
| Old Persian
| SignWriting
| Sogdian
| Sundanese
| Syriac
| Tangut
| Warang Citi = Help:Multilingual support#{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{fix|Help:Multilingual support}}}
| Balochi | Baluchi
| Hindko
| Ottoman Turkish
| Pashto
| Perso-Arabic
| Saraiki
| Sindhi
| Urdu
| Uyghur = Help:Arabic
| Bengali = Wikipedia:Bangla script display help
| Burmese = Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)
| Ethiopic = Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)
| Gothic = Help:Gothic Unicode Fonts
| Hebrew = Help:Hebrew
| Indic
| Khmer
| Lao
| Tamil
| Thai
| Tibetan = Help:Multilingual support (Indic)
| IPA = Help:IPA#Rendering issues
| Karen = Help:Multilingual support (Myanmar)
| Levantine = Template:Lang#Applying_styles
| Meitei = Wikipedia:Meitei script display help
| Ugaritic = Help:Special characters#Ancient scripts
| Tifinagh = Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh)
| #default = {{{fix|}}}
}}
| special = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| AA = [[Shift JIS art]]
| APL = [[APL (programming language)|APL]] [[source code]]
| Armenian = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] text
| Asamiya | Assamese = [[Assamese alphabet|the Assamese alphabet]]
| Balinese = [[Balinese alphabet]]
| Baluchi | Balochi = [[Balochi language|Balochi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined
| Baybayin = [[Baybayin]] script
| Bengali = [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali text]]
| Braille = [[Braille Patterns|Unicode Braille characters]]
| Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]]
| Canadian = [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters]]
| Cherokee = [[Cherokee syllabary|Cherokee syllabic characters]]
| Coptic = [[Coptic language|Coptic]] text
| Anatolian cuneiform
| Neo-Assyrian cuneiform
| Neo-Babylonian cuneiform
| Old Babylonian cuneiform
| cuneiform = [[cuneiform script|{{{1}}} script]]
| Deseret = [[Deseret alphabet|Deseret alphabet characters]]
| Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic]] text
| emoticon | emoji = [[Emoji#In Unicode|Unicode emoticons or emoji]]
| Ethiopic = [[Ge'ez script|Ethiopic text]]
| Georgian = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] text
| Glagolitic = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] text
| Gothic = [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] characters
| Hebrew = [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew text]]
| Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko text]], written from right to left with some letters joined
| Hokkien = [[Hokkien]] text
| Indic = [[Brahmic scripts|Indic text]]
| IPA = [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols
| Javanese = letters from the [[Javanese script]]
| Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]]
| Khoekhoe = [[Click consonant|click symbols]] from the [[Khoekhoe language]]
| Khmer = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] text
| Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Northern Thai language|Lanna text]]
| Lao = [[Lao language|Lao text]]
| Levantine = [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine written in Arabic characters]]
| Lontara = [[Lontara alphabet|Lontara script]]
| Manchu = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] text
| Meitei = [[Meitei script|the Meitei alphabet]]
| Mongolian = [[Mongolian script]]
| Nom = [[chữ Nôm]] text
| Ogham = [[Ogham|Ogham text]]
| Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] text
| Old Persian = [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] text
| Ottoman Turkish = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish text]], written from right to left with some [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letters and additional symbols joined
| Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto text]]
| Perso-Arabic = [[Persian alphabet|Persian text]]
| Phoenician = [[Phoenician language|Phoenician text]]
| PIE | PIE words = characters used to write reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] words (for an explanation of the notation, see [[Proto-Indo-European phonology]])
| Runic = [[runes|runic]] characters
| Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki text]], written from right to left with some letters joined
| Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] text
| SignWriting = symbols from the [[SignWriting|SignWriting Script]]
| Sindhi = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi text]], written from right to left with some letters joined
| Sogdian = [[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian text]]
| Sundanese = [[Sundanese alphabet|Sundanese script]]
| Syriac = Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined
| Tamil = [[Tamil script]]
| Tangut = [[Tangut language|Tangut]] text
| Thai = [[Thai language|Thai text]]
| Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan script]]
| Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh text]]
| Tirhuta = [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta text]]
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{special|uncommon [[Unicode]] characters}}}
| Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu text]]
| Ugaritic = [[Ugaritic]] text
| Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur text]]
| Vietnamese = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] text
| Warang Citi = [[Warang Citi]] characters
| #default = {{{special|}}}
}}
| characters = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| AA = [[kanji]] and [[kana]]
| APL = [[APL syntax and symbols|APL symbols]]
| Armenian
| Coptic
| Deseret
| Hebrew
| Ogham = {{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}} letters
| Balinese = Balinese characters
| Balochi | Baluchi = [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi script]]
| Baybayin = Baybayin characters
| Braille = [[Braille|Braille characters]]
| Burmese = [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]]
| Canadian = syllabics
| Cherokee = Cherokee syllabics
| Anatolian cuneiform
| Neo-Assyrian cuneiform
| Neo-Babylonian cuneiform
| Old Babylonian cuneiform
| cuneiform = cuneiform script
| Egyptian | Egyptian hieroglyphs | hieroglyphs = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| emoticon | emoji = the intended characters
| Ethiopic = Ethiopic characters
| Georgian = [[Georgian scripts|Georgian letters]]
| Glagolitic = letters
| Gothic = letters
| Hindko = [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Hindko script]]
| Hokkien = [[Hàn-jī]], [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] and [[Tâi-lô]]
| Indic = Indic text
| IPA = [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]
| Javanese = Javanese characters
| Karen = [[Karen alphabet|Karen script]]
| Khmer = [[Khmer script]]
| Manchu = [[Manchu alphabet]]
| Mongolian = text in [[Mongolian script]]
| Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Tai Tham script]]
| Nom = [[chữ Nôm]]
| Lao = [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]]
| Lontara = Lontara characters
| Old Hungarian = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] characters
| Old Persian = [[Old Persian cuneiform]]
| Pashto = [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto script]]
| PIE | PIE words = [[Unicode]] combining characters and [[Latin script|Latin]] characters
| Runic = runes
| Saraiki = [[Shahmukhi|Saraiki script]]
| Shavian = [[Shavian alphabet|Shavian]] characters
| SignWriting = SignWriting symbols
| Sindhi = [[Sindhi language#Writing|Sindhi script]]
| Sogdian = Sogdian characters
| Sundanese = Sundanese characters
| Syriac = [[Syriac script|Syriac text]]
| Tamil = Tamil script
| Tangut = [[Tangut script|Tangut characters]]
| Thai = [[Thai script]]
| Tibetan = [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan characters]]
| Tifinagh = [[Tifinagh|Tifinagh letters]]
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{characters|the intended characters}}}
| Urdu = [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]]
| Ugaritic = [[Ugaritic alphabet]]
| Uyghur = [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur script]]
| Vietnamese = [[Vietnamese writing systems|Vietnamese scripts]]
| Warang Citi = Warang Citi
| #default = {{{characters|}}}
}}
| error = {{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}
| Asamiya | Assamese
| Meitei = errors in display
| Balochi | Baluchi = unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols
| Baybayin = [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]
| emoticon | emoji
| Lanna | Northern Thai = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]
| Hindko
| Ottoman Turkish
| Pashto
| Saraiki
| Sindhi
| Uyghur = unjoined letters or other symbols
| Indic
| Tamil = [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts
| Levantine = {{lang|ar|احنا‎}} and {{lang|apc|احنا‎}} appearing as two different characters. If so, [[Template:Lang#Applying_styles|apply this custom style in your user settings]]:
<syntaxhighlight lang="css">[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; }</syntaxhighlight>
| Syriac = unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols
| Tibetan = very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts
| Uncommon | Uncommon Unicode | Unicode = {{{error|[[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]}}}
| Urdu = unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols
| #default = {{{error|}}}
}}
}}{{#switch:{{{1|{{{lang|}}}}}}| Arabic | Balochi | Baluchi | Hindko | Ottoman Turkish | Pashto | Perso-Arabic | Saraiki | Sindhi | Urdu | Uyghur | Armenian | Bengali | Bengali | Bopomofo | Cyrillic | Devanagari | Georgian | Greek | Coptic | Gujarati | Gurmukhi | Hangul | Hebrew | Hiragana | Kannada | Katakana | Lao | Latin | Malayalam | Odia | Tamil | Telugu | Thai | Tibetan =[[Category:Pages using contains special characters for widely supported languages]]}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Om Jai Jagdish Hare

2026-09-04T04:34:05Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{short description|Hindi Hindu hymn dedicated to Vishnu (1870)}} {{Infobox musical composition | name = Om Jai Jagdish Hare | type = | image =  | alt = | caption = | translation =  | native_name =  | native_name_lang = hi | composer = Sha..."

{{short description|Hindi Hindu hymn dedicated to Vishnu (1870)}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Om Jai Jagdish Hare
| type =
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| translation = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = hi
| composer = [[Shardha Ram Phillauri]]
| genre = [[Hymn]], [[Aarti]], [[Religious music]]
| occasion =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| written = {{Circa}} 1870
| based_on =
| meter = 
| melody = 
| composed = 
| published = 
| misc =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Om Jai Jagdish Hare''' ({{langx|hi|ॐ जय जगदीश हरे}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Religious music|religious song]] written by [[Shardha Ram Phillauri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaura |first=Ashok |title=Hometown recalls creator of timeless bhajan 'Om Jai Jagdish Hare' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/hometown-recalls-creator-of-timeless-bhajan-om-jai-jagdish-hare-304230/ |website=The Tribune}}</ref> It is a [[Hindi]]-language composition dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]], popularly sung during the ritual of ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]]''.

It has been described as a "film ''arti''" due to its inclusion in the film ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970), after which it became immensely popular such that it entered temple ''puja''s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manuel |first=Peter |title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1993 |pages=108-109}}</ref> Due to its popularisation by [[Bollywood Cinema|Bollywood cinema]], it has been described as a "national ''arti''" that is sung on any given religious occasion. In the late 1980s, it was associated with younger educated people whose notions of religious ritual had had greater influence from Hindi cinema than local religious tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Mala |author-link=Mala Sen|title=Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death, and Female Infanticide in Modern India |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |pages=35-36}}</ref>

==Significance==

During [[aarti]], or the circling of a [[murti]] with an oil lamp or camphor flame, this bhajan is sung as universal regardless of god; [[Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger|Joyce Flueckinger]] and Paul Brians note it as a "universal aarti",<ref>{{cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |title=Everyday Hinduism |series=Lived Religions |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex |year=2015 |isbn=9781405160216 |pages=256 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brians |first=Paul |title=Modern South Asian Literature in English |series=Literature as Windows to World Cultures |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2003 |isbn=9780313320118 |pages=247 }}</ref>, while Om Lata Bahadur states its use for gods as diverse as [[Krishna]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Murugan]].<ref name="OmLataBahadur"/> Additionally, Jacqueline Hirst and John Zavos have noted its use in locations as disparate as [[New Delhi]], [[Toledo (Ohio)|Toledo]], and [[Leicester]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suthren Hirst |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Zavos |first2=John |title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=9780415447874 }}</ref>

==Lyrics==

{| class="wikitable"
! Original (Hindi transliteration)
! English translation

|-
|
Om Jai Jagdish Hare, 
Swami Jai Jagdish Hare 
Bhakt jannu ke sankat 
Bhakt jannu ke sankat 
Shan mein door kare 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Oh Lord of the whole Universe, 
Mighty Lord of the whole Universe, 
All Thy devotees’ agonies, 
All Thy devotees’ sorrows 
Instantly Thou banisheth, 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Joe dhyave phal paave 
Thukh bin se munka 
Swami thukh bin se munka 
Sukh sampati ghar ave 
Kast mite tan ka 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
He who’s immersed in devotion, 
He reaps the fruits of Thy love. 
Lord, he reaps the fruits of Thy love. 
Floating in a cloud of comforts, 
Free from all the worldly problems, 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Maat pita tum mere 
Sharan gahun mein kiski 
Tum bin aur na thuja 
Tum bin aur na thuja 
Aas karun mein jiski 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Thou art Mother and Father, 
At Thy feet I seek eternal truth. 
Lord, at Thy feet I seek eternal truth. 
There’s none other than Thee, Lord. 
Guardian of all our hopes, 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Tum puran parmatma 
Tum antaryaami, Swami tum antaryaami 
Paar Brahma Parmeshwar 
Paar Brahma Parmeshwar 
Tum sab ke Swami 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Thou art Godly perfection, 
Omnipotent Master of all. 
Lord, omnipotent Master of all. 
My destiny’s in Thy Hand, 
My destiny’s in Thy Hand. 
Supreme Soul of all Creation, 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Tum karuna ke sagar 
Tum palan karta, Swami tum palan karta 
Mein murakh khalkami 
Mein murakh khalkami 
Kripa karo bharta 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Thou art an ocean of mercy, 
Gracious protector of all. 
Lord, gracious protector of all, 
I’m Thy humble devotee. 
Grant me Thy divine grace. 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Tum ho ek agoochar 
Sub ke pranpati, Swami sab ke pranpati 
Kis vid miloon theya mein 
Kis vid miloon theya mein 
Tum ko mein kumti 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Thou art beyond all perception, 
Formless and yet multiform. 
Lord, Grant me a glimpse of Thyself, 
Guide me along the path to Thee. 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Dheen Bandhu thuk harta 
Thakur tum mere, Swami thakur tum mere 
Apne haath oothao 
Apne haath oothao 
Dwar pari (para) tere 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Friend of the helpless and feeble, 
Benevolent saviour of all. 
Lord, Offer me 
Thy hand of compassion. 
I seek refuge at Thy feet. 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Vishya vikar Mitavo 
Paap haro deva, Swami pap haro deva 
Shradha bhakti baravo 
Shradha bhakti baravo 
Santan ki seva 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare
|
Surmounting the earthly desires, 
Free from the sins of this life. 
Lord, Undivided faith and devotion, 
In eternal service unto Thee. 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.

|-
| colspan="2" |

|-
|
Om Jai Jagdish Hare, 
Swami Jai Jagdish Hare 
Bhakt jannu ke sankat 
Bhakt jannu ke sankat 
Shan mein door kare 
Om Jai Jagdish Hare<ref name="OmLataBahadur">{{cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Om Lata |title=The Book of Hindu Festivals and Ceremonies |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |year=1997 |isbn=9788174761637 |pages=262 |language=en }}</ref>
|
Oh Mighty Lord of the whole Universe, 
All Thy devotees’ agonies, 
All Thy devotees’ sorrow 
Instantly Thou banisheth. 
Oh Lord of the whole Universe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Narine |first=Chunelall |title=Bhakti Sangeet: A Collection of Bhajans, Prayers, & Chants |publisher=Trimurti Publications |year=2013 |isbn=9780972798693 }}</ref>

|}

==Popular culture==
* In the 1952 movie, [[Anand Math]], the Govinda damodar Stotram of Sri BilvaMangala Thakura is adapted with the Jai Jagdish Hare refrain.([https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jai+Jagdish+Hare-Anand+Math+1952&search_type=&aq=-1&oq= video search])
* In [[Purab Aur Paschim]] (1970), the prayer symbolizes the continuity of the Indian tradition before and after India's independence.([https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Om+Jai+Jagdish+Hare-Purab+Aur+Paschim&search_type=&aq=-1&oq= video search])
* In the 2001 movie, [[Freddy Got Fingered]], the prayer is chanted while Gord (played by [[Tom Green]]) delivers a baby and swings it through its umbilical cord to wake it up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freddy Got Fingered (2001) - Soundtracks |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240515/soundtrack/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref>
* The prayer inspired the movie "[[Om Jai Jagadish]]" in 2002.
* In the Movie "[[Baghban (2003 film)]]", as a prayer (Aarti) "Om Jai Jagdish" in the voice of [[Udit Narayan]] & Sneha Pant.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite AV media |title=ॐ जय जगदीश हरे आरती Om Jai Jagdish Hare Aarti |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ucCEjXS9n8 | people=[[Anuradha Paudwal]] (singer)| publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] | access-date=2023-03-17 }}

[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Aarti]]
[[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]

Jai Jagdish Hare

2026-09-04T04:33:17Z

Kannadaguy: Redirected page to Om Jai Jagdish Hare

#REDIRECT [[Om Jai Jagdish Hare]]

Hanuman Ansh

2026-09-04T04:32:14Z

Kannadaguy:

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Vishal Chaturvedi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Official poster for the Hanuman Ansh (2026) film.jpg
| caption = Official theatrical poster
| director = Dr. Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |access-date=27 February 2026 |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release20260227184627/ |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = Dr. Vishal Chaturvedi
| based_on = ''Divine Detour: That Changed My Life'' by Dr. Vishal Chaturvedi <ref>{{cite book |title=Divine Detour: That Changed My Life – A Spiritual Memoir of Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Bhakti, Faith, Transformation, and Divine Grace |date=10 June 2026 |isbn=9349262231 |pages=103 |url=https://www.amazon.in/Divine-Detour-Changed-Spiritual-Transformation/dp/9349262231}}</ref>
| producer = Ragini S Namrata G Singh Anupriya A Nagar Dr. Vishal Chaturvedi
| starring = Shobhinaw Satyaa [[Chandan Anand]] Purnima Tiwari Vihaan Shedge
| cinematography = Vishal Bawa
| editing = Shankh Rajadhyaksha
| music = Sadhu Sushil Tiwari
| studio = SWAMbhu Media Network Holy Cow Home Productions
| distributor = [[Cinépolis]] [[Panorama Studios]] {{small|(Delhi-UP only)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinépolis India and Panorama Studios announce strategic distribution partnership for Delhi & UP Circuit |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/cinepolis-india-and-panorama-studios-announce-strategic-distribution-partnership-for-delhi-amp-up-circuit20260717174451/ |website=ANI |date=17 July 2026 |access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|8|07}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 July 2026 |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTMwMDQyMDI2MDAyMzE= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|2}} crore<ref name=ET/>
| gross = {{INR| 74.82}} crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hanuman-ansh/box-office/|title= Hanuman Ansh Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hanuman Ansh''''' ({{Translation|Fragment Of Hanuman}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[devotional film|devotional drama film]] written, directed and produced by Dr. Vishal Chaturvedi under his banner Swambhu Media Network and is based on his book ''Divine Detour: That Changed My Life'', which chronicles the life of [[Neem Karoli Baba]]. It stars Shobhinav Satyaa and [[Chandan K Anand|Chandan Anand]] in the lead roles.<ref name="BollywoodShaadis">{{cite news |title='Hanuman Ansh' True Story Explored, Film Starring Shobhinaw Satyaa Is Meant For Today's Youth |url=https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/hanuman-ansh-true-story-explored-film-starring-shobhinaw-satyaa-is-meant-for-today-youth-82189 |work=BollywoodShaadis |date=18 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 7 August 2026 and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-31 |title=Hanuman Ansh Success Decoded: How A Rs 10 Lakh Opening For Neem Karoli Baba Movie Turned Into A Box Office Extravaganza |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-success-decoded-how-a-rs-10-lakh-opening-turned-into-a-box-office-extravaganza-article-156017094 |access-date=2026-09-02 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie takes place in the spiritual center of early 20th century [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=नीब करौरी बाबा की जिंदगी पर आ रही फिल्म 'हनुमान अंश'; सामने आया ट्रेलर; जानिए कब होगी रिलीज? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-movie-trailer-shobhinaw-satyaa-vihaan-shedge-purnima-tiwari-film-directed-by-vishal-chaturvedi-2026-07-18 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Lakshman Das, aged thirteen, leaves his home town, [[Braj]], following the death of his mother, the only woman he loved in his life, thinking that only divine love could bring them back together. It was not an ascetic pursuit for him, but rather a union with [[Rama]] through [[Hanuman]]. When Lakshman arrives at a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishna]] temple in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], he is seen by the old [[Mahant]] (the priest) as a like-minded individual and decides to test him. But the boy remains quiet and unassuming; he declines comfort and compliments, and finally leaves silently, proving that religious organizations can also be a kind of bondage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Movie Review: बिना किसी बड़े ड्रामे के सीधे दिल को छूती है 'हनुमान अंश' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-hanuman-ansh-movie-review-shobhinaw-satyaa-bollywood-hindi-cinema-critic-rating-opinion-ws-n-10738082.html |access-date=11 August 2026 |work=Hindi News18}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> For many years Lakshman wanders around quietly practicing meditation sitting under trees, sleeping beside rivers and living on alms. He learns about spirituality from the songs of the birds and other elements of nature. Once he spends so much time underwater that the villagers assume that he drowns until he resurfaces. Now twenty-five years old, Lakshman boards a passenger train bound for Britain in first class even without a ticket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Review: दुख से अध्यात्म की राह... 'नीब करौरी बाबा' का अनकहा पहलू दिखाती है फिल्म, पढ़ें रिव्यू - hanuman ansh review vishal chaturvedi film based on neem karoli baba aka neeb karori baba |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-hanuman-ansh-review-vishal-chaturvedi-film-based-on-neem-karoli-baba-aka-neeb-karori-baba-40332576.html |work=Jagran |language=hi}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> The colonial official tells him to get out of the train; but after Lakshman gets down from the train, the train mysteriously doesn't move again. The puzzled officials check the engine and the brakes and discover that everything is fine, but still the train doesn't move. The railway manager realises about Lakshman's forced exit, and feels that could've led the train to stop working. Everyone, including the [[Britons in India|Britisher]] who forced him down, apologises to Lakshman and he agrees to come back to the train. He then forgives all those people and takes out four first-class tickets for himself from nowhere. He makes two demands, that is, one, no saint in India should ever be asked to leave a train for not having a ticket. And two, that a railway station be constructed at that place for the benefit of locals. That station is called Neem Karori Station in the present [[Farrukhabad district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and Lakshman is now called [[Neem Karoli Baba]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बाबा नीम करौली के जीवन से प्रेरित फिल्म हनुमान अंश |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-film-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-by-dr-vishal-chaturvedi-to-inspire-spiritual-awakening-201751634919850.html |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> By virtue of such wondrous occurrences and acts of selflessness, such as feeding the poor and the ill, Lakshman Das embodies everything taught by Neem Karoli Baba, namely "Love all, serve all, say Ram." As a result of his devotion to Hanuman, he is appropriately referred to as Hanuman Ansh, meaning the "essence of Hanuman."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Movie: नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म बनाने वाले मेकर्स को प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी सलाह, ये गलती न करें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-movie-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-premanand-maharaj-advice?page=3&src=android |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Trailer: पर्दे पर दिखेगी नीम करोली बाबा की कहानी, विराट कोहली से स्टीव जॉब्स तक ने झुकाया सिर, कब होगी रिलीज? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/hanuman-ansh-trailer-neem-karoli-baba-movie-virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-steve-jobs-tmova-dskc-2604749-2026-07-19 |work=AajTak |date=19 July 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Simran |title=Hanuman Ansh movie review: Neem Karoli Baba finally gets engaging biopic, made with limited budget, unknown faces, but honest intent |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-hanuman-ansh-movie-review-neeb-karoli-baba-finally-gets-engaging-biopic-made-in-limited-budget-unknown-faces-but-with-honest-intent-3218220 |access-date=10 August 2026 |work=DNA India |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Shobhinav Satya<ref name="BollywoodShaadis"/> as [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* [[Chandan K Anand]] as Ram Nandan Bhosale
* [[Anil Rastogi]] as Mahant Ji
* Nikhil Dubey as Sudhi
* Bhagvandas Patel as Gopal
* Neha Paranjpe as Parvati
* Udaysinh Rajput as Banshidhar
* Purnima Tiwari as Ram Dulari
* Gautam Tripathi as Radheshyam
* Gulshan Pandey as [[Inspector]] Dharam Singh
* Rajiv Mishra as Daroga Nasir Khan
* Rishikesh Dubey as Poornanand Tiwari
* Vihaan Shedge as Maharaj Ji Teen
* Sadvik Sharma as Shubhankar
* Aleksei Danilov as Mr. Francis
* Santosh Dixit as Hariram
* Brijpal Singh as Shankar
* Yash Pandey as Hiren
* Aman Mehta as Champaklal
* Rajnish Srivastava as Jagdish
* Abhishek Mishra as Chand Chor (thief)

}}

==Production==
[[File:Hanuman Ansh Team at Recording Studio.jpg|thumb|Hanuman Ansh Crowd dubbing team at Recording Studio, Mumbai, June 2026]]
The film is the first installment of a planned trilogy series inspired by director Vishal Chaturvedi's own spiritual memoir ''Divine Detour: That Changed My Life''<ref name=amarujala/> In an interview, Chaturvedi said that his research began informally around 2009 and became more systematic in 2016–17, before expanding further during 2022–23 and took to various places associated with Baba, including [[Vrindavan]], Akbarpur, Neeb Karori and [[Lucknow]]. The final screenplay primarily drew upon stories he collected and accounts documented in books and other sources.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Keshri
|first=Shweta
|title=Hanuman Ansh director shares how he brought Neem Karoli Baba's story to screen
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/neem-karoli-baba-film-hanuman-ansh-vishal-chaturvedi-research-shobinaw-satyaa-2968599-2026-08-11
|work=India Today
|date=11 August 2026
|access-date=3 September 2026
}}</ref> It was officially launched with the theatrical poster being unveiled at [[Kainchi Dham]],<ref name=amarujala>{{cite news |title=नीम करोली बाबा पर आधारित 'हनुमान अंश' का पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज, 'डिवाइन डेटूर' से प्रेरित है फिल्म; जानें रिलीज डेट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-announced-a-spiritual-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-coming-june-2026-02-20 |access-date=20 Feb 2026 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> which happens to be the main ashram of Neem Karoli Baba, sometime in the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Priya |first1=Radha |title=कृष्ण दास ने 'Hanuman Ansh' फिल्म की टीम को दिया आशीर्वाद |url=https://bharatexpress.com/entertainment/krishna-das-kirtan-singer-blesses-hanuman-ansh-movie-poster-producer-meet-florida-neem-karoli-baba-623056?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=Bharat Express Hindi |date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was made on a small budget of {{INR|2}} crore.<ref name=ET/> Principal photography took place in November 2025, mainly in [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]],<ref>{{cite news
|title='हनुमान अंश' में बाबा नीम करौली के भक्त बने प्रयाग के गौतम
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-gautam-tripathi-stars-as-radheshyam-in-hanuman-ansh-film-on-baba-neem-karoli-s-life-201788253836753.html
|work=Hindustan
|date=1 September 2026
|language=hi
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|last=Saxena
|first=Deep
|title=Hanuman Ansh director Dr Vishal Chaturvedi on success: Neem Karoli Baba's story, honest presentation, and word-of-mouth
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/hanuman-ansh-director-dr-vishal-chaturvedi-on-success-neem-karoli-babas-story-honest-presentation-and-wordofmouth-101788255529322.html
|work=Hindustan Times
|date=1 September 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref> including the opening scene, which was shot in Punjabi Baba Ashram in Chitrakoot, as well as key sequences like the installation of a Hanuman idol and the construction of Baba's cave.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Keshri
|first=Shweta
|title=Neem Karoli Baba film Hanuman Ansh: Vishal Chaturvedi on research, miracles and casting
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/neem-karoli-baba-film-hanuman-ansh-vishal-chaturvedi-research-shobinaw-satyaa-2968599-2026-08-11
|work=India Today
|date=11 August 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref> Some of the shooting also took place in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज की नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म को लेकर चेतावनी- एक्टर साधना करे, चरित्र संग खिलवाड़ नहीं |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/premanand-maharaj-warns-makers-over-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-know-what-he-said/articleshow/130102837.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Review:A Cinematic Journey of Introspection, Faith & Peace |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-review-a-cinematic-experience-that-encourages-introspection-faith-inner-peace-1975200 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=30 July 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> In the first schedule itself, the original unnamed actor for the leading role fell ill. Shobhinaw Satyaa, who was the film's second assistant director at the time, auditioned for the role, and was subsequently cast in the leading role of Neem Karoli Baba, replacing the original unnamed actor.<ref>{{cite news
|title=43 दिनों के हनुमान चालीसा संकल्प से शुरू हुई थी 'हनुमान अंश', निर्देशक ने बताई दिलचस्प कहानी
|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-began-with-a-43-day-hanuman-chalisa-sankalp-the-director-shares-the-fascinating-story-11988443
|work=NDTV India
|date=1 September 2026
|language=hi
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack of Hanuman Ansh consists of multiple devotional tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman Ansh (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hanuman-ansh-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/6790094079 |website=Apple Music |access-date=11 July 2026 |date=11 July 2026}}</ref> Key songs released include: 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Hanuman Ansh soundtrack (2026)
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Music by
! Lyrics by
|-
| ''Aavagaman''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional (arranged by Sadhu S. Tiwari)
|-
| ''Saasa Haale''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Zid Pe Aa Gayi Parvati''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Maine Tere Hi Bharose'' (tentative)
| Sunil Lodhi
| Traditional (folk)
| Traditional
|-
| ''Jai Hanuman''
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari
| Rishi Pathak
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari, Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Ram Bhajan Ki Or''
| Nivedita Padmanabhan
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Bajrang Baanka''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Vaishnav Jan To''
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
| Traditional
|-
| ''Hey Kharari''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Om Namah Shivaya''
| [[Krishna Das (singer)]]
| [[Krishna Das (singer)]]
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Shri Ram Jai Ram''
| [[Krishna Das (singer)]]
| [[Krishna Das (singer)]]
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Hriday Mein Jinke SitaRam''
| Vishal Chaturvedi
| Dhirendra Mulkalwar
| Vishal Chaturvedi
|}

==Release and reception==
''Hanuman Ansh'' was scheduled to be released in theatres in India on 31 July 2026,<ref>{{cite news |title=Film on Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh, set for June release: Here's what we know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/film-on-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/128853249.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=27 February 2026}}</ref> but it was postponed and released on 7 August 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hanuman Ansh' release postponed: Vishal Chaturvedi's film to hit theatres on August 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hanuman-ansh-release-postponed-vishal-chaturvedis-film-to-hit-theatres-on-august-7/articleshow/132779431.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=हनुमान अंश में दिखेगा श्री नीब करौरी बाबा का दिव्य जीवन, प्रेम और सेवा के संदेश के साथ 31 जुलाई को रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/neem-karoli-baba-life-inspires-upcoming-film-hanuman-ansh-2356080 |work=punjabkesari |date=11 July 2026}}</ref> The film released in Hindi, with subtitles in the Braj and Bundeli languages.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hanuman Ansh' trailer released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hanuman-ansh-teaser-released-ahead-of-release/articleshow/132474781.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2026 |access-date=29 July 2026
}}</ref> [[Cinépolis India]] is the film's distributor in India.<ref>{{cite news |title='हनुमान अंश' के टीजर में नीम करोली बाबा की कहानी, स्टीव जॉब्स और मार्क जुकरबर्ग भी कैंची धाम से जुड़े, क्यों! |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/hanuman-ansh-official-teaser-story-of-neem-karoli-baba-in-new-movie/articleshow/132340767.cms |access-date=12 July 2026 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> The first-look posters and teaser were released through the film's official social media accounts. The official trailer was released on 18 July 2026 on the [[Times Music]] YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Information |first1=Film |title='HANUMAN ANSH' REVIEW {{!}} 7 August, 2026 |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/hanuman-ansh-review-7-august-2026/ |work=Film Information |date=7 August 2026}}</ref>

The film had a weak initial theatrical opening alongside ''[[Awarapan 2]]'' and ''[[Batwara 1947|Batwara]]''<ref>{{cite news
|author=India Today Entertainment Desk
|title=Director Vishal Chaturvedi announces Hanuman Ansh 2 amid massive box office success
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/director-vishal-chaturvedi-announces-hanuman-ansh-2-amid-massive-box-office-success-2985586-2026-09-02
|work=India Today
|date=2 September 2026
|access-date=3 September 2026
}}</ref>, as it opened in approximately 250 theatres and made Rs 90 lakh in first week. <ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Kavita |title='Hanuman Ansh': This Hindi film on Neem Karoli Baba has crossed Rs 50 crore at box office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanuman-ansh-this-hindi-film-on-neem-karoli-baba-has-crossed-rs-50-crore-at-box-office/article71423015.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2026 |access-date=3 September 2026 }}</ref> However, subsequently, it gained audiences primarily through word of mouth and the face competition from ''[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]'' , and after 3 weeks, the film was declared a "surprise box office success". <ref name=ET>{{cite news
|title=Made on a Rs 2 crore budget, this film earns Rs 12 crore in theatres, delivers over 500% profit: How Hanuman Ansh became a surprise box office success amid Toxic craze
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/made-on-a-rs-2-crore-budget-this-film-earns-rs-12-crore-in-theatres-delivers-over-500-profit-how-hanuman-ansh-became-a-surprise-box-office-success-amid-toxic-craze/articleshow/133606210.cms
|work=The Economic Times
|date=29 August 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Hanuman Ansh box office collection: Made for Rs 2 cr, film earns 40.13 cr; surpasses first 3 weeks' total haul
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-box-office-collection-4th-sunday-earning-surpass-first-3-weeks-10856577/
|work=The Indian Express
|date=31 August 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref> By 1 September, the film's domestic total had risen to ₹48.78 crore net and ₹57.54 crore gross.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Biswas
|first=Sneha
|title=Hanuman Ansh box office collection day 26: Neem Karoli Baba movie unstoppable, earns 28X its budget, grosses ₹57.5 cr
|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-box-office-collection-day-26-neem-karoli-baba-movie-unstoppable-earns-28x-its-budget-grosses-57-5-crore-11788263989144.html
|work=Mint
|date=1 September 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref> On September 3, [[Hombale Films]] acquired the international distribution rights for the film, with its overseas release scheduled for 11 September 2026.<ref>{{cite news
|author=indiantelevision.com Team
|title=Hombale Films to distribute Hanuman Ansh overseas from September 11
|url=https://indiantelevision.com/movies/hombale-films-to-distribute-hanuman-ansh-overseas-from-september-11/
|work=Indian Television Dot Com
|date=3 September 2026
|access-date=3 September 2026
}}</ref> Hanuman Ansh has become the highest theatrical return on investment of all time along with another devotional film called [[Jai Santoshi Maa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9949|title=Hanuman Ansh Looking To Become Highest Ever Theatrical Return On Investment - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

== Sequel ==

The film was planned as a trilogy, and the first film ends with an indication that the story of Neem Karoli Baba will continue. In August 2026, Chaturvedi confirmed that work on the second installment had already begun, which will cover the periods associated with [[Agra]] and [[Mathura]], while the first installment covered Neem Karoli Baba's early life, starting in [[Firozabad]] until his youth.<ref>{{cite news
|title=BREAKING: Hanuman Ansh ends with the promise of a sequel; writer-director Vishal Chaturvedi begins work on the second part
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-hanuman-ansh-ends-with-the-promise-of-a-sequel-writer-director-vishal-chaturvedi-begins-work-on-the-second-part/
|work=Bollywood Hungama
|date=31 August 2026
|access-date=1 September 2026
}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Kainchi Dham]]

==References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Hanuman Ansh}}
*{{IMDb title|39390582}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/hanuman_ansh}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hanuman-ansh/ ''Hanuman Ansh''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanuman Ansh}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2026 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2026 biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Trilogies]]

Template:Ram Dass

2026-09-04T04:30:53Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Ram Dass |title = Ram Dass |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |basestyle = |group1 = Writings |list1 = * ''The Psychedelic Experience'' (1964) * ''Be Here Now'' (1971) |group2 = Other work |list2 = * Harvard Psilocybin Project * Zihuatanejo Project * Seva Foundation * Prison-Ashram Project |group3 = Associations |list3 = * Timothy Leary * Bhagavan Das * Ne..."

{{Navbox
|name = Ram Dass
|title = [[Ram Dass]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|listclass = hlist
|basestyle =

|group1 = Writings
|list1 =
* ''[[The Psychedelic Experience]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Be Here Now (book)|Be Here Now]]'' (1971)

|group2 = Other work
|list2 =
* [[Harvard Psilocybin Project]]
* [[Zihuatanejo Project]]
* [[Seva Foundation]]
* [[Prison-Ashram Project]]

|group3 = Associations
|list3 =
* [[Timothy Leary]]
* [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]]
* [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* [[Baba Hari Dass]]

|group4 = Related
|list4 =
* [[Marsh Chapel Experiment]]
* [[Hitchcock Estate|Millbrook]]
* [[Lama Foundation]]
* ''[[Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary]]'' (2014 documentary)
* ''[[Ram Dass, Going Home]]'' (2017 documentary)
* "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" (song)
* [[Be Here Now (George Harrison song)|"Be Here Now" (song)]]

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dass, Ram}}
[[Category:American writer navigational boxes]]
</noinclude>

One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das

2026-09-04T04:29:53Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{short description|2012 documentary film}} {{Infobox film | name = One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das | image = One Track Heart The Story of Krishna Das Poster.jpg | alt = | caption = | director = Jeremy Frindel | producer = Andrew Jones, Mike Harrop | editing = | distributor = Zeitgeist Films {{small|(USA)}} | released = {{Film date|2012|06|17|The Maui Film Festival}} | runtime = 72 min..."

{{short description|2012 documentary film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das
| image = One Track Heart The Story of Krishna Das Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Jeremy Frindel
| producer = Andrew Jones, Mike Harrop
| editing =
| distributor = [[Zeitgeist Films]] {{small|(USA)}}
| released = {{Film date|2012|06|17|The Maui Film Festival}}
| runtime = 72 minutes
| country = United States, India
| language = English
| gross = $100,401<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=onetrackheart.htm|title = One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna das}}</ref>
}}
'''''One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das''''' is a 2012 documentary film directed by Jeremy {{not a typo|Frindel}} about [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], the U.S. vocalist best known for his performances on Hindu devotional music called [[kirtan]]. ''One Track Heart'' premiered at the [[Maui Film Festival]] on June 17, 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Koch on Maui Film Festival Website|url=http://www.mauifilmfestival.com/tixSYS/2012/xslguide/eventnote?EventNumber=1551&|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215024/http://www.mauifilmfestival.com/tixSYS/2012/xslguide/eventnote?EventNumber=1551&|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Premiere Info on One Track Heart Official Website|url=http://www.onetrackheartmovie.com/news.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101102944/http://www.onetrackheartmovie.com/news.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is distributed by [[Zeitgeist Films]].<ref name="zeitgeistfilms">{{cite web|title=One Track Heart on Zeitgeist Films website|url=http://www.zeitgeistfilms.com/film.php?directoryname=onetrackheart|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> It opened theatrically in the United States in the spring of 2013.<ref name="zeitgeistfilms" /><ref>{{cite web|title=One Track Heart Acquisition by Zeitgeist on IndieWire|date=11 December 2012|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/zeitgeist-grabs-krishna-das-documentary-one-track-heart-for-april-release|accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jeremy {{not a typo|Frindel}}'s 2012 film ''One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das'' documents the life and musical career of American [[kirtan]] singer [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]]. In 1970, while struggling with drug abuse and depression, Das left his native [[Long Island, New York]] for [[India]], selling all his possessions and turning down the opportunity to record as lead vocalist with the band that would later become [[Blue Öyster Cult]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NYTimes article on Krishna Das, One Track Heart Doc|date=12 September 2012|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/ex-rocker-finds-a-different-path-to-fame-chanting-all-the-way/|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> While in India he formed a close relationship with the guru [[Neem Karoli Baba]] (Maharaj-ji),<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishna Das Bio|url=http://www.krishnadas.com/about.cfm|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313202026/http://www.krishnadas.com/about.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> setting him on a new spiritual course and eventually leading to his emergence as [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] – the world-renowned spiritual teacher, chant master, and [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-nominated<ref>{{cite web|title=Grammy Nominations 2013|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> musician. The film features interviews with [[Be Here Now (book)|''Be Here Now'']] author and spiritual guru [[Ram Dass|Ram Das]], [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning producer [[Rick Rubin]] ([[The Beastie Boys]], [[Metallica]], [[Jay-Z]]), [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] bestselling author Sharon Salzberg, and two-time [[Pulitzer Prize]] nominee [[Daniel Goleman]], as well as a score by [[Dinosaur Jr.|Dinosaur Jr]]'s [[J Mascis]] and Devadas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Synopsis|url=http://www.onetrackheartmovie.com/about.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=25 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225182551/http://www.onetrackheartmovie.com/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], [[Rick Rubin]], [[Daniel Goleman]], [[Sharon Salzberg]], [[Larry Brilliant|Dr. Larry Brilliant]], [[Jason Becker]], [[Jai Uttal]], [[Wah!]], [[Lama Surya Das]], [[David Nichtern]], [[Sharon Gannon]] and David Life

==Awards==
* 2012: [[Maui Film Festival]] Best Documentary Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Maui Film Festival Awards Page|url=http://www.mauifilmfestival.com/mffw_awards.php|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714050727/http://www.mauifilmfestival.com/mffw_awards.php|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2012: [[Gold Coast International Film Festival]] Best Documentary Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Gold Coast Int'l Film Fest Awards Page|url=http://www.goldcoastfilmfestival.org/festival-2012/awards|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>
* 2012: [[Woodstock Film Festival]] Official Selection<ref>{{cite web|title=Woodstock Film Festival Website|url=http://www.woodstockfilmfestival.com/festival2012/details.php?id=24689|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] Official Selection<ref>{{cite web|title=SBIFF Website|url=http://sbiff.festivalgenius.com/2013/films/onetrackheartthestoryofkrishnadas_jeremyfrindel_sbiff2013|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.onetrackheartmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|2010939|One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|one_track_heart_the_story_of_krishna_das_2012| One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das (2012)}}

[[Category:2012 English-language films]]
[[Category:American musical documentary films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about spirituality]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Zeitgeist Films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]

Neem Karoli Baba

2026-09-04T04:29:18Z

Kannadaguy:

{{Short description|Hindu religious leader (c. 1900–1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Neemkaroli 14.jpg
| caption = Neem Karoli Baba at Kainchi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1900}}<ref name="Jones2006"/>
| birth_place = [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar| Akbarpur village]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (present-day [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| birth_name = Lakshman Narayan Sharma
| teacher =
| literary_works =
| disciples = [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]], [[Dada Mukerjee]], [[Jai Uttal]], [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], [[Larry Brilliant]], [[Ram Dass]], [[Surya Das]]
| Influenced =
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]]
| footnotes =
| influenced =
| children = Arvind Sharma<ref name="Children"/> Girija Devi
| spouse = Ram Beti Sharma
| death_date = 11 September 1973
| death_place = Vrindavan, India
}}

'''Neem Karoli Baba''' ({{Langx|hi|नीम करौली बाबा|translit=nīm karaulī bābā}}) also known as ''Neeb Karori Baba'' ({{Langx|hi|नीब करौरी बाबा|translit=nīb karaurī bābā}}) and by his followers as Maharaj-ji, was a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[guru]] and devotee of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]]. He was born "Laksman Narayan Sharma" around {{Circa|1900}} and died on 11 September 1973.<ref name="Jones2006">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jones|first=Constance |author-link=Constance Jones |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=310}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Swami Chidananda|author-link=Swami Chidananda | title = Baba Neem Karoli: A Wonder Mystic of Northern India | url = http://www.dlshq.org/saints/neemkaroli.htm|work=[[Divine Life Society]] | access-date = 2015-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = सुर्खियों में आया बाबा नीब करौरी का आश्रम |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]| url = https://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-neeb-karori-baba-who-has-been-magnet-for-mark-zuckerberg-steve-jobs-5129042-PHO.html |language=hi|date=1 October 2015| access-date = 2015-10-04 }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Early morning Glimpse of Kainchi Dham Nainital 2023.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kainchi Dham]] ashram established by Neem Karoli Baba in 1964.]]
Lakshman Narayan Sharma<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions |year=2004 |location=United States |publisher=Prometheus |page=142}}</ref> was born around 1900 in the village Akbarpur in the Ambedkar Nagar district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, in a wealthy [[Brahmin]] family.<ref name="Jones2006" /> After being married by his parents at the age of 11, he left home to become a wandering [[sadhu]] (religious hermit).

Neem Karoli Baba, known at the time as Baba Lakshman Das (also spelled "Laxman Das"), left his home in c. 1911 and wandered through Northern India.<ref name=miracle>Ram Dass (1995). ''Miracle of Love: Stories about Neem Karoli Baba''. Hanuman Foundation. {{ISBN|1-887474-00-5}}.</ref> He later returned home, at his father's request, to live a settled married life. He fathered two sons Anek Singh and Dhrma Narayan Sharma and a daughter Girija.<ref name="Children">{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/neem-karoli-baba-wife-ram-beti-devi-life-story-hindi-ws-l-10803586.html|title=कौन थीं नीम करोली बाबा की पत्नी? संत बनने के बाद पत्नी का क्या हुआ? बाबा के जीवन का ये पहलू कर देगा हैरान|date= 3 September 2026}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-fund-of-dharma-narayan-sharma-son-of-neem-karori-baba-21594759.html नीम करौरी बाबा के पुत्र धर्म नारायण शर्मा ब्रह्मलीन, Jagran, 27 Apr 2021]</ref> During his life two main [[ashram]]s were built, at Kainchi and at Vrindavan.<ref name="Jones2006"/> The [[Kainchi Dham]], where he stayed in the last decade of his life, was built in 1964 with a Hanuman ji temple.<ref>{{cite web | title = Devotees throng Kainchi Dham fair | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Devotees-throng-Kainchi-Dham-fair/articleshow/47680464.cms |date=15 June 2015| access-date = 2015-10-01 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | title = 10 facts to know about Neem Karoli Baba | url = http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/neem-karoli-baba-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-apple-steve-jobs-54973.html |work=India TV News|date=1 October 2015| access-date = 2015-10-01 }}</ref><ref name=telegraph2015>{{cite web | title = One 'Mark' who stayed two nights | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150930/jsp/frontpage/story_45349.jsp#.Vg09Kuyqqko| archive-url = https://archive.today/20151004101156/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150930/jsp/frontpage/story_45349.jsp%23.Vg09Kuyqqko| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 October 2015|work=The Telegraph |date=30 September 2015| access-date = 2015-10-01 }}</ref> In time, over 100 temples were constructed in his name.<ref name="Jones2006"/>

Neem Karoli Baba died at about 1:15 a.m. on 11 September 1973 in a hospital at [[Vrindavan]], India,<ref>{{Cite web|title=My mystical experience at Neem Karoli Baba's Kainchai Dham ashram!|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/kainchi-dham-ashram-neem-karoli-baba-nainital|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.speakingtree.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aymard|first=Orianne|authorlink=Orianne Aymard|title=When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199368617|page=257}}</ref> after slipping into a diabetic coma. He had been returning by night train to [[Kainchi]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|isbn=0816075646|page=310|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|year=2006}}</ref> near [[Nainital]], from [[Agra]] where he had visited a heart specialist due to experiencing pains in his chest. He and his traveling companions had disembarked at [[Mathura]] railway station where he began convulsing and was taken to a hospital where he died.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Divine Reality – Sri Baba Neeb Karori Ji Maharaj (Neem Karoli Baba) 9788190310505|url=https://dokumen.pub/the-divine-reality-sri-baba-neeb-karori-ji-maharaj-neem-karoli-baba-9788190310505.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=dokumen.pub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Geraghty|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x_tBAAAQBAJ&q=diabetic&pg=PT30|title=Death, the Last God: A Modern Book of the Dead|year=2014|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=978-1-78279-708-1|language=en}}</ref> His last words, repeated several times, were "[[Jai Jagdish Hare|Jaya Jagadish Hare]]" ("Hail to the Lord of the Universe").<ref name="miracleoflove">Ram Dass (1995). ''Miracle of Love: Stories about Neem Karoli Baba''. Hanuman Foundation. {{ISBN|1-887474-00-5}} [http://www.ramdass.org/great-escape/]</ref> His [[samadhi (shrine)]] was built in the complex of the Vrindavan ashram.

==Legacy==
After returning to the United States, [[Ram Dass]] and [[Larry Brilliant]] founded the [[Seva Foundation]], an international health organization based in Berkeley, California.<ref name="Imbimbo2009">{{cite book|author=Anthony Imbimbo|title=Steve Jobs: The Brilliant Mind Behind Apple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Mv5tVPB4hEC&pg=PA42|date= 2009|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-1-4339-0060-0|pages=43}}</ref> In the late 2000s the 'Love Serve Remember Foundation' was established to promote the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba.<ref>{{cite web | title = Love Serve Remember Foundation - Ram Dass
| url = https://www.ramdass.org/love-serve-remember-foundation/ | access-date = 2015-10-06 }}</ref> In 2024 his follower [[Rahul Verma]] founded the NKB Divine Meditation Foundation, offering free guided meditation sessions based on the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news | title = An ode to Neem Karoli Baba: Delhi gets a new meditation centre in Greater Kailash | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/an-ode-to-neem-karoli-baba-delhi-gets-a-new-meditation-centre-in-greater-kailash-101725431746688.html | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | access-date = 2024-09-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = NKB Divine Meditation Foundation | url = https://nkbmeditation.org/ | access-date = 2024-09-09 }}</ref>

Each year on June 15, to commemorate the foundation day of Kainchi Dham in 1964, a large [[mela]] (fair) known as ''Kainchi Dham Mela'', is organised, in which thousands of devotees and pilgrims take part.<ref name="n747">{{cite web | last=बेलवाल | first=ललित मोहन | title=कैंची धाम में किस दिन लगेगा भव्य मेला, नीम करोली बाबा के दर से कोई नहीं लौटता है खाली हाथ | website=Navbharat Times | date=2025-06-14 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/neem-karoli-baba-kainchi-dham-mela-15-june-2025-kainchi-dham-sthapna-diwas-kab-hai/articleshow/121842126.cms | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref><ref name="g840">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Govind | title=Kainchi Dham Mela 2025: तैयारियां शुरू, 15 जून को उमड़ेगी भीड़; जाम से बचने को बनाया फुलप्रूफ प्‍लान | website=Jagran | date=2025-06-05 | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-kainchi-dham-mela-2025-preparations-begin-shuttle-services-planned-23956661.html | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref>

{{gallery
|File:Neem Karoli Baba Sculpture in Ram Dass Library.jpg|Neem Karoli Baba sculpture in Ram Dass library
||File:NKB Divine Meditation Centre.png|Devotees of Neem Karoli Baba meditating at NKB Divine Meditation Centre, New Delhi
||File:Neem Karoli Baba, Samadhi Mandir, Vrindavan.JPG|Neem Karoli Baba Samadhi Mandir, Vrindavan
}}

== In popular culture ==

=== Films and documentaries ===

''Windfall of Grace'' is a documentary film directed by Japna Tulsi about Neem Karoli Baba and his devotees. The film explores Baba's life and legacy through accounts by devotees, kirtan and visits to places associated with him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Windfall of Grace |url=https://www.windfallofgrace.com/ |publisher=Windfall of Grace |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''Moved by Grace'' is a documentary about devotees of Neem Karoli Baba and their experiences following their association with him. The film was released on 1 December 2022, the anniversary of Baba's birth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moved by Grace |url=https://www.windfallofgrace.com/moved-by-grace |publisher=Windfall of Grace |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''[[One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das]]'' is a 2012 documentary film about [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]]. It follows his journey to India in search of Neem Karoli Baba and his subsequent spiritual relationship with Baba.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/films/one-track-heart-the-story-of-krishna-das/ |publisher=Film at Lincoln Center |date=2012 |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''American Yogi'' is a documentary film directed by Steven Newmark and based on the life of Neem Karoli Baba. The film follows Newmark's journey and his efforts to present Indian spirituality to Western audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adventure of an American Yogi: An Effort to take Indian Spiritualism to the West |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?lang=2&reg=48&relid=112203 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''Brilliant Disguise: The Samadhi of K.C. Tewari'' is a 2022 documentary directed by David Silver about K.C. Tewari, a devotee of Neem Karoli Baba. The film follows Tewari's life and his association with Baba and Western spiritual seekers who travelled to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brilliant Disguise Film Page |url=https://www.ramdass.org/brilliantdisguise/ |publisher=Ram Dass |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''Shree Baba Neeb Karori Maharaj'' is a 2026 Hindi-language biographical drama directed by Sharad Singh Thakur, with Subodh Bhave portraying Neem Karoli Baba. The film was released on 29 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Baba Neeb Karori Maharaj |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/annigeri/shree-baba-neeb-karori-maharaj/ET00494239 |publisher=BookMyShow |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Subodh Bhave |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/subodh-bhave/filmography/ |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

''[[Hanuman Ansh]]'' is a 2026 Hindi-language devotional drama written and directed by Vishal Chaturvedi. The film is based on real-life incidents associated with Neem Karoli Baba and stars Shobhinaw Satyaa as Baba. It was released in theatres on 7 August 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hanuman Ansh' review |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/hanuman-ansh-review-7-august-2026/ |work=Film Information |date=7 August 2026 |access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Duplicated citations|reason=DuplicateReferences script detected:
* http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/neem-karoli-baba-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-apple-steve-jobs-54973.html (refs: 6, 8)
|date=September 2026}}

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Bhagavan Das (yogi) |author=Bhagavan Das |year=1997 |title=It's Here Now (Are You?) |publisher= Broadway |isbn=0-7679-0009-X}}
* {{cite book |author=Hanuman Foundation |title=Neem Karoli Baba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igsSoAEACAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Hanuman Foundation}}
* {{cite book |editor=Keshav Das |year=2011 |title=Barefoot in the Heart: Remembering Neem Karoli Baba |publisher=Sensitive Skin Books. |isbn=978-0-9839271-2-9}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Krishna Das (singer) |author=Krishna Das |year=2010 |title=Chants of a Lifetime: Searching for a Heart of Gold |publisher=Hay House, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4019-2022-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Parvati |last=Markus|title=Love Everyone: The Transcendent Wisdom of Neem Karoli Baba and His Devotees | date=October 1996 |publisher=Hanuman Foundation |isbn=1-887474-02-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Pande |first=Ravi Prakash |title=Divine Reality: Shri Baba Neem Karoli Baba|publisher=HarperOne|year=2015|isbn=978-0062342997}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Dada |year=2001 |title=By His Grace: A Devotee's Story |publisher=Hanuman Foundation |isbn=0-9628878-7-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Dada |year=2001 |title=The Near and the Dear: Stories Neeb Karori Ji Maharaj |publisher=Shri Kainchi Hanuman Mandir Ashram}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |author-link=Ram Dass |year=1971 |title=[[Be Here Now (book)|Be Here Now]] |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-517-54305-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |title=Miracle of Love: Stories about Neem Karoli Baba |publisher=Hanuman Foundation |year=1995 |isbn=1887474005}}
* {{cite book |first=Jai Ram |last=Ransom |title=It All Abides in Love: Maharaji Neem Karoli Baba |publisher=Taos Music and Art, Inc. |year=2014 |isbn=9780990718222}}
* {{cite book |first=Jaya |last=Prasada |title=Sri Siddhi Ma The Story of Neem Karoli Baba's Spiritual Legacy |publisher=India Penguin|year=2022 |isbn=9780143457831}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neem Karoli Baba}}

*{{URL|http://nkbashram.org/|Neem Karoli Baba Ashram, Taos, New Mexico}}
*{{URL|https://nkbmeditation.org/|Neem Karoli Baba Meditation Centre, New Delhi}}
*{{URL|https://maharajji.love/|Maharaj Ji's Ashram}}
*''{{URL|https://www.windfallofgrace.com/|Windfall of Grace}}''

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Hinduism|Philosophy|Modern history}}{{Ram Dass|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neem Karoli Baba}}
[[Category:1900s births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:People from Mathura]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Ram Dass]]
[[Category:Vaishnavite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]

Operation Sindoor

2026-08-19T16:01:03Z

Kannadaguy: Redirected page to 2025 India–Pakistan conflict

#redirect [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]

Pahalgam attack

2026-08-19T16:00:33Z

Kannadaguy: Redirected page to 2025 Pahalgam attack

#redirect [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]

Declassified: Operation Sindoor

2026-08-19T15:59:51Z

Kannadaguy:

{{Short description|2026 Indian documentary series on Operation Sindoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Declassified Operation Sindoor.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Documentary
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|Prabhu Asgaonkar|Manika Berry}}
| presenter =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
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| country = India
| language = English, Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 2
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = Approx. 90–120 minutes (two parts)
| company = {{ubl|Warner Bros. Discovery|Sparkle Works Films}}
| distributor = Discovery Channel India
| network = Discovery Channel India discovery+
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|08|15}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|08|15}}
| related =
}}

'''''Declassified: Operation Sindoor''''' is a 2026 Indian two-part documentary television series produced for Discovery Channel India. It chronicles the planning, execution and aftermath of [[Operation Sindoor]], India's 88-hour military response to the [[Pahalgam attack]] of 22 April 2025. The series premiered on 15 August 2026 (India's Independence Day) on Discovery Channel India and discovery+, airing from 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm IST.<ref name="HinduAnn">{{cite news |title=Discovery announces documentary on Operation Sindoor, to premiere on Aug 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/discovery-announces-documentary-on-operation-sindoor-to-premiere-on-aug-15/article71293655.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="TribuneAnn">{{cite news |title=Discovery announces documentary on Operation Sindoor, to premiere on Aug 15 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/discovery-announces-documentary-on-operation-sindoor-to-premiere-on-aug-15/ |work=The Tribune |date=31 July 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

The documentary marks the launch of Warner Bros. Discovery's "Declassified" franchise in South Asia. It features first-hand accounts from senior Indian national security and military leaders, including National Security Advisor [[Ajit Doval]] (in his first detailed public interview on the operation), former Chief of Defence Staff General [[Anil Chauhan]], and other senior officers from the Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as defence analysts and journalists.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="MediaNews4U">{{cite news |title=Discovery to premiere ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’ featuring first-hand accounts from India’s military leadership |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/discovery-to-premiere-declassified-operation-sindoor-featuring-first-hand-accounts-from-indias-military-leadership/ |work=MediaNews4U |date=15 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
Operation Sindoor was launched by the Indian Armed Forces in the early hours of 7 May 2025 as a coordinated tri-services response to the Pahalgam terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir, in which 26 civilians were killed on 22 April 2025. The operation involved precision strikes on terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir and lasted approximately 88 hours before hostilities ceased on the evening of 10 May 2025 following communications between the Directors General of Military Operations of both countries.<ref name="WeekPremiere">{{cite news |title=Independence Day Special: Streaming date, time of docuseries ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’ |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/08/15/operation-sindoor-docuseries.html |work=The Week |date=15 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="FirstpostPak">{{cite news |title=Pakistan runs for narrative cover as new Op Sindoor documentary busts Asim Munir's victory claim |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pakistan-runs-for-narrative-cover-as-new-op-sindoor-documentary-busts-asim-munirs-victory-claim-14038965.html |work=Firstpost |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The two-part series traces the sequence of events from the immediate aftermath of the Pahalgam attack through intelligence gathering, surveillance, target selection, operational planning and the execution of strikes. Part one focuses on preparations, including mock drills and scenario planning. Part two covers the coordinated action involving the Indian Army, Air Force and Navy.<ref name="MediaNews4U" /><ref name="WeekPremiere" />

Key elements highlighted include the narrowing of an initial list of 34 potential targets to nine, the use of space-based and cyber assets prior to kinetic action, the interception of a high-speed Pakistani missile aimed at Delhi by India's Barak-8 system near Sirsa, Haryana, and subsequent BrahMos cruise missile strikes on multiple Pakistani airbases (including Rafiqui, Sukkur, Rahim Yar Khan, Nur Khan, Sargodha, Bholari and Jacobabad).<ref name="IndianMasterminds">{{cite news |title=Operation Sindoor: Pakistan Missile Aimed at Delhi Intercepted at Sirsa; India Hit Back With BrahMos, Documentary Reveals |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/operation-sindoor-pakistan-missile-delhi-barak-8-sirsa-brahmos-225162/ |work=Indian Masterminds |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="OneIndiaReview">{{cite news |title=Declassified: Operation Sindoor Review: How India Took The Fight Deep Inside Pakistan |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/declassified-operation-sindoor-review-how-india-took-the-fight-deep-inside-pakistan-8178603.html |work=Oneindia |date=17 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

National Security Advisor Ajit Doval stated in the documentary that the objective was "destruction of the enemy camps particularly those who had been responsible for the Pahalgam attack" and that India's restraint should not be mistaken for weakness.<ref name="MediaNews4U" /><ref name="FirstpostPak" />

== Production ==
The series was co-directed by Prabhu Asgaonkar and Manika Berry. It was produced for Warner Bros. Discovery as the inaugural entry in its "Declassified" franchise. Sai Abishek, Head of Factual Entertainment, Lifestyle & Kids, South Asia at Warner Bros. Discovery, described the project as bringing audiences closer to defining historical moments through unprecedented access to the three branches of the Indian armed forces and key experts.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="MediaNews4U" />

Filmmakers faced challenges in securing access to sensitive military and national security material and in obtaining interviews with senior decision-makers, including Ajit Doval. National security analyst Nitin A. Gokhale appears as a principal civilian voice in the series.<ref name="BharatShakti">{{cite web |title=The Story Behind ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’: How the Film Was Made |url=https://bharatshakti.in/the-story-behind-declassified-operation-sindoor-how-the-film-was-made/ |website=BharatShakti |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Declassified: Operation Sindoor'' premiered exclusively on Discovery Channel India and discovery+ on 15 August 2026 from 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm IST. It has also been made available on platforms including Amazon Prime Video and JioTV.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="IndulgExpress">{{cite news |title=Declassified Operation Sindoor releases: Where can you watch the documentary |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2026/Aug/16/declassified-operation-sindoor-releases-where-can-you-watch-the-documentary |work=Indulge Express |date=16 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Indian media outlets described the series as providing rare first-hand accounts and a detailed chronology of the operation. Reviews noted the value of access to senior leadership and the documentary's focus on strategic decision-making and inter-service coordination.<ref name="TOIReview">{{cite news |title=Declassified: Operation Sindoor Season 1 Review: A Gripping Account of India’s Military Response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/declassified-operation-sindoor/season-1/seasonreview/133216291.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="OneIndiaReview" />

== See also ==
* [[Operation Sindoor]]
* [[Pahalgam attack]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0J8EIMZ4O2IV2OO2NYXBHKV8OO ''Declassified: Operation Sindoor'' on Amazon Prime Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKcPOxdByX0 Official trailer on Discovery Channel India YouTube]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Declassified Operation Sindoor}}
[[Category:2026 documentary films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Discovery Channel original programming]]
[[Category:Films about the Indian Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Operation Sindoor]]
[[Category:2020s Indian documentary films]]

File:Declassified Operation Sindoor.jpg

2026-08-19T15:59:29Z

Kannadaguy:

Declassified: Operation Sindoor

2026-08-19T15:53:47Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Short description|2026 Indian documentary series on Operation Sindoor}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = Documentary | creator = | director = {{ubl|Prabhu Asgaonkar|Manika Berry}} | presenter = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country..."

{{Short description|2026 Indian documentary series on Operation Sindoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Documentary
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|Prabhu Asgaonkar|Manika Berry}}
| presenter =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = English, Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 2
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = Approx. 90–120 minutes (two parts)
| company = {{ubl|Warner Bros. Discovery|Sparkle Works Films}}
| distributor = Discovery Channel India
| network = Discovery Channel India discovery+
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|08|15}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|08|15}}
| related =
}}

'''''Declassified: Operation Sindoor''''' is a 2026 Indian two-part documentary television series produced for Discovery Channel India. It chronicles the planning, execution and aftermath of [[Operation Sindoor]], India's 88-hour military response to the [[Pahalgam attack]] of 22 April 2025. The series premiered on 15 August 2026 (India's Independence Day) on Discovery Channel India and discovery+, airing from 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm IST.<ref name="HinduAnn">{{cite news |title=Discovery announces documentary on Operation Sindoor, to premiere on Aug 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/discovery-announces-documentary-on-operation-sindoor-to-premiere-on-aug-15/article71293655.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="TribuneAnn">{{cite news |title=Discovery announces documentary on Operation Sindoor, to premiere on Aug 15 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/discovery-announces-documentary-on-operation-sindoor-to-premiere-on-aug-15/ |work=The Tribune |date=31 July 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

The documentary marks the launch of Warner Bros. Discovery's "Declassified" franchise in South Asia. It features first-hand accounts from senior Indian national security and military leaders, including National Security Advisor [[Ajit Doval]] (in his first detailed public interview on the operation), former Chief of Defence Staff General [[Anil Chauhan]], and other senior officers from the Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as defence analysts and journalists.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="MediaNews4U">{{cite news |title=Discovery to premiere ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’ featuring first-hand accounts from India’s military leadership |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/discovery-to-premiere-declassified-operation-sindoor-featuring-first-hand-accounts-from-indias-military-leadership/ |work=MediaNews4U |date=15 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
Operation Sindoor was launched by the Indian Armed Forces in the early hours of 7 May 2025 as a coordinated tri-services response to the Pahalgam terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir, in which 26 civilians were killed on 22 April 2025. The operation involved precision strikes on terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir and lasted approximately 88 hours before hostilities ceased on the evening of 10 May 2025 following communications between the Directors General of Military Operations of both countries.<ref name="WeekPremiere">{{cite news |title=Independence Day Special: Streaming date, time of docuseries ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’ |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/08/15/operation-sindoor-docuseries.html |work=The Week |date=15 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="FirstpostPak">{{cite news |title=Pakistan runs for narrative cover as new Op Sindoor documentary busts Asim Munir's victory claim |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pakistan-runs-for-narrative-cover-as-new-op-sindoor-documentary-busts-asim-munirs-victory-claim-14038965.html |work=Firstpost |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The two-part series traces the sequence of events from the immediate aftermath of the Pahalgam attack through intelligence gathering, surveillance, target selection, operational planning and the execution of strikes. Part one focuses on preparations, including mock drills and scenario planning. Part two covers the coordinated action involving the Indian Army, Air Force and Navy.<ref name="MediaNews4U" /><ref name="WeekPremiere" />

Key elements highlighted include the narrowing of an initial list of 34 potential targets to nine, the use of space-based and cyber assets prior to kinetic action, the interception of a high-speed Pakistani missile aimed at Delhi by India's Barak-8 system near Sirsa, Haryana, and subsequent BrahMos cruise missile strikes on multiple Pakistani airbases (including Rafiqui, Sukkur, Rahim Yar Khan, Nur Khan, Sargodha, Bholari and Jacobabad).<ref name="IndianMasterminds">{{cite news |title=Operation Sindoor: Pakistan Missile Aimed at Delhi Intercepted at Sirsa; India Hit Back With BrahMos, Documentary Reveals |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/operation-sindoor-pakistan-missile-delhi-barak-8-sirsa-brahmos-225162/ |work=Indian Masterminds |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="OneIndiaReview">{{cite news |title=Declassified: Operation Sindoor Review: How India Took The Fight Deep Inside Pakistan |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/declassified-operation-sindoor-review-how-india-took-the-fight-deep-inside-pakistan-8178603.html |work=Oneindia |date=17 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

National Security Advisor Ajit Doval stated in the documentary that the objective was "destruction of the enemy camps particularly those who had been responsible for the Pahalgam attack" and that India's restraint should not be mistaken for weakness.<ref name="MediaNews4U" /><ref name="FirstpostPak" />

== Production ==
The series was co-directed by Prabhu Asgaonkar and Manika Berry. It was produced for Warner Bros. Discovery as the inaugural entry in its "Declassified" franchise. Sai Abishek, Head of Factual Entertainment, Lifestyle & Kids, South Asia at Warner Bros. Discovery, described the project as bringing audiences closer to defining historical moments through unprecedented access to the three branches of the Indian armed forces and key experts.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="MediaNews4U" />

Filmmakers faced challenges in securing access to sensitive military and national security material and in obtaining interviews with senior decision-makers, including Ajit Doval. National security analyst Nitin A. Gokhale appears as a principal civilian voice in the series.<ref name="BharatShakti">{{cite web |title=The Story Behind ‘Declassified: Operation Sindoor’: How the Film Was Made |url=https://bharatshakti.in/the-story-behind-declassified-operation-sindoor-how-the-film-was-made/ |website=BharatShakti |date=18 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Declassified: Operation Sindoor'' premiered exclusively on Discovery Channel India and discovery+ on 15 August 2026 from 9:00 pm to 11:00 pm IST. It has also been made available on platforms including Amazon Prime Video and JioTV.<ref name="HinduAnn" /><ref name="IndulgExpress">{{cite news |title=Declassified Operation Sindoor releases: Where can you watch the documentary |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2026/Aug/16/declassified-operation-sindoor-releases-where-can-you-watch-the-documentary |work=Indulge Express |date=16 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Indian media outlets described the series as providing rare first-hand accounts and a detailed chronology of the operation. Reviews noted the value of access to senior leadership and the documentary's focus on strategic decision-making and inter-service coordination.<ref name="TOIReview">{{cite news |title=Declassified: Operation Sindoor Season 1 Review: A Gripping Account of India’s Military Response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/declassified-operation-sindoor/season-1/seasonreview/133216291.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="OneIndiaReview" />

== See also ==
* [[Operation Sindoor]]
* [[Pahalgam attack]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0J8EIMZ4O2IV2OO2NYXBHKV8OO ''Declassified: Operation Sindoor'' on Amazon Prime Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKcPOxdByX0 Official trailer on Discovery Channel India YouTube]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Declassified Operation Sindoor}}
[[Category:2026 documentary films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Discovery Channel original programming]]
[[Category:Films about the Indian Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Operation Sindoor]]
[[Category:2020s Indian documentary films]]

Babu Subramaniyan

2026-08-19T15:39:45Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Infobox military person | name = S. Babu | image = S.Babu.jpg | caption = S. Babu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|10|2|df=y}} | birth_place = Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = {{army|India}} | serviceyears = 2 March 2001 – 31 May 2018 | rank = Naik (Gunner) | unit = 70 Medium Regiment }} '''S. Babu''' (born 2 Oc..."

{{Infobox military person
| name = S. Babu
| image = S.Babu.jpg
| caption = S. Babu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2 March 2001 – 31 May 2018
| rank = [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] (Gunner)
| unit = 70 Medium Regiment
}}

'''S. Babu''' (born 2 October 1982) is an Indian Army veteran, entrepreneur and social worker from [[Cuddalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He served in the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army and later founded Sakkubai Security Service and the Shine Indian Soldiers Social Welfare Foundation. The foundation has undertaken welfare activities for ex-servicemen and civilians, and is noted for commissioning a ''panchaloha'' bust of General [[Bipin Rawat]], which was unveiled at the [[United Service Institution of India]] in New Delhi in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchaloha bust of first Chief of Defence Staff to be installed in Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/panchaloha-bust-of-first-chief-of-defence-staff-to-be-installed-in-delhi/article66183622.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Late CDS, General Bipin Rawat to get ‘panchaloha’ statue in his memory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cds-general-bipin-rawat-panchaloha-statue-2291304-2022-10-31 |work=India Today |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Babu joined the Indian Army on 2 March 2001 and served until 31 May 2018 with the 70 Medium Regiment of the Regiment of Artillery, retiring at the rank of Naik (Gunner).

== Business career ==
After retirement, Babu founded Sakkubai Security Service in 2019 in Cuddalore. The firm provides security and manpower services to educational institutions, hospitals, government examinations and public events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakku Bai Security Service |url=https://www.justdial.com/Cuddalore/Sakku-Bai-Security-Service-Near-By-Police-Quatros-Thirupapuliyur/9999P4142-4142-190208115950-L9J6_BZDET |website=Justdial |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Shine Indian Soldiers Social Welfare Foundation ==
In 2019, Babu founded the Shine Indian Soldiers Social Welfare Foundation in Cuddalore as a non-profit organisation focused on the welfare of ex-servicemen, serving personnel of the Indian Armed Forces, paramilitary forces and civilians. Its activities have included awareness programmes on self-employment, education, disaster relief, environmental conservation and women's empowerment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shine Indian Soldiers Social Welfare Foundation |url=https://www.shineindiansoldiers.com/ |website=shineindiansoldiers.com |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

=== Bust of General Bipin Rawat ===
In 2022, the foundation commissioned a ''panchaloha'' (five-metal alloy) bust of General Bipin Rawat, India's first [[Chief of Defence Staff]], who died in a helicopter crash on 8 December 2021. The bust, approximately 4–5 feet tall and weighing about 145–150 kg, was crafted by traditional sculptors (''sthapathis'') in the Kumbakonam area of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Panchaloha’ bust of Gen. Rawat to honour memory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/panchaloha-bust-of-gen-rawat-to-honour-memory/article38308006.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 January 2022 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Late CDS, General Bipin Rawat to get ‘panchaloha’ statue in his memory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cds-general-bipin-rawat-panchaloha-statue-2291304-2022-10-31 |work=India Today |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

The bust was unveiled on 10 December 2022 at the United Service Institution of India (USI) in New Delhi by the Minister of State for Defence, Ajay Bhatt, in the presence of the Chief of Defence Staff General [[Anil Chauhan]], the Chief of the Army Staff General [[Manoj Pande]], the Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral [[R. Hari Kumar]], the Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal [[V. R. Chaudhari]], and Tarini Rawat, daughter of General Bipin Rawat.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Ajay Bhatt unveils a bust of India’s first CDS late Gen Bipin Rawat in New Delhi to commemorate his first death anniversary |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1882344 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=10 December 2022 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=SpokespersonMoD |number=1601592492754800640 |date=10 December 2022 |title=To commemorate the first death anniversary of India's first Chief of Defence Staff Gen Bipin Rawat, his bust was unveiled by Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Ajay Bhatt at United Service Institution of India in New Delhi today.}}</ref>

=== Operation Sindoor memorial ===
In 2026, the foundation announced a project to create a ''panchaloha'' commemorative pillar dedicated to the soldiers who participated in [[Operation Sindoor]]. The planned structure is approximately 8 feet in height, hollow, and expected to weigh about 500 kg, with an estimated cost of ₹10–15 lakh. It is intended for installation at the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff building under construction in New Delhi. The design includes a lotus-shaped base and a stylised ''kungumam chimizh'' (vermillion holder) to symbolise the operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-servicemen’s association dedicates pillar to pay tribute to valour of Indian soldiers in Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/ex-servicemens-association-dedicates-pillar-to-pay-tribute-to-valour-of-indian-soldiers-in-operation-sindoor/article70959107.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 May 2026 |access-date=19 August 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Babu is married to Sakkubai. The couple has two sons.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Rajiv Kumar Sahni

2026-08-19T15:35:50Z

Kannadaguy: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox military person | name = Rajiv Kumar Sahni | image = Lieutenant General Rajiv Kumar Sahni.jpg | caption = Sahni in 2025 | allegiance = {{flag|India}} | branch = {{army|India}} | serviceyears = 1988–present | rank = Lieutenant General | unit = Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers | commands..."

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Rajiv Kumar Sahni
| image = Lieutenant General Rajiv Kumar Sahni.jpg
| caption = Sahni in 2025
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1988–present
| rank = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]]
| commands = Director General Electronics and Mechanical Engineers
| awards = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}

'''Rajiv Kumar Sahni''', [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], is a [[lieutenant general]] of the [[Indian Army]] serving as Director General Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (DG EME) and Colonel Commandant of the [[Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]]. He assumed the appointment on 1 October 2025.<ref name="ADGPI">{{cite web
|title=Lt Gen Rajiv Kumar Sahni assumes appointment of Director General Electronics and Mechanical Engineers and Colonel Commandant, Corps of EME
|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1973306564615278648
|website=X
|publisher=Additional Directorate General of Public Information, Indian Army
|date=1 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref><ref name="SSBAppointment">{{cite news
|title=Lieutenant General Rajiv Kumar Sahni Takes Command as Director General of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers
|url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/lieutenant-general-rajiv-kumar-sahni-takes-command-as-director-general-of-electronics-and-mechanical-engineers/
|work=SSBCrackExams
|date=1 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

Before becoming DG EME, Sahni served as Director General Information Systems (DGIS) of the Indian Army. He held that appointment during [[Operation Sindoor]] in 2025 and subsequently spoke publicly about the Army's use of artificial intelligence, data-fusion applications and predictive systems during the operation.<ref name="HinduSindoor">{{cite news
|last=Trivedi
|first=Saurabh
|title=Operation Sindoor demonstrated Indian Army's AI-driven capabilities, says Lt. General Rajiv Sahni
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindoor-demonstrated-indian-armys-ai-driven-capabilities-says-lt-general-rajiv-sahni/article70132060.ece
|work=The Hindu
|date=6 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref><ref name="StatesmanAI">{{cite news
|author=Statesman News Service
|title=Indian Army maps six key lines of effort to drive AI integration and operational readiness
|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-army-maps-six-key-lines-of-effort-to-drive-ai-integration-and-operational-readiness-1503495789.html
|work=The Statesman
|date=6 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref><ref name="MoneycontrolAI">{{cite news
|author=PTI
|title=Indian Army rolling out AI applications to boost combat capabilities: Official
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/indian-army-rolling-out-ai-applications-to-boost-combat-capabilities-official-13600080.html
|work=Moneycontrol
|date=6 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sahni is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and was commissioned into the Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers in December 1988.<ref name="GeoIntel">{{cite web
|title=Lt Gen Rajiv Sahni AVSM, VSM
|url=https://geospatialworld.net/geointelligence/2025/plenary.php
|website=Indo-Pacific GeoIntelligence Forum 2025
|publisher=Geospatial World
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

His professional biography states that he completed the Higher Defence Management Course and the Advanced Professional Programme in Public Administration. It also states that he holds M.Phil qualifications in management from [[Osmania University]] and [[Panjab University]], and a PhD in defence acquisitions.<ref name="GeoIntel"/>

==Military career==

Sahni was commissioned into the Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers in December 1988.<ref name="GeoIntel"/> During his career he has held command, instructional and staff appointments. His published professional biography lists service commanding an EME workshop in Jammu and Kashmir, an EME battalion and an EME training centre, as well as an appointment as Brigadier EME of a corps in the eastern theatre.<ref name="GeoIntel"/>

He has also served as directing staff and head of faculty at the [[College of Defence Management]], as a director in the Master General of Ordnance Branch, and in the Directorate General of Operational Logistics and Strategic Movement.<ref name="GeoIntel"/>

Sahni assumed the appointment of Director General Information Systems on 1 September 2023.<ref name="GeoIntel"/> In that position he headed an Army directorate responsible for information systems during a period of increasing use of digitised command-and-control, surveillance and data-processing applications.

===Operation Sindoor===

Sahni served as Director General Information Systems during [[Operation Sindoor]] in May 2025.<ref name="HinduSindoor"/><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite news
|last=Philip
|first=Snehesh Alex
|title=Op Sindoor is India's first AI-enabled operation. How 'heavy use' of modern tech by Army played out
|url=https://theprint.in/defence/op-sindoor-is-indias-first-ai-enabled-operation-how-heavy-use-of-modern-tech-by-army-played-out/2758797/
|work=ThePrint
|date=7 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

In October 2025, after assuming the appointment of DG EME, Sahni described the Army's use of artificial-intelligence-enabled applications during the operation. ''The Hindu'' reported his account of AI-supported capabilities used by the Army during Operation Sindoor.<ref name="HinduSindoor"/> ''The Times of India'' reported that, according to Sahni, 23 applications with specialised tasks were employed to process data and operational inputs.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news
|last=Pandit
|first=Rajat
|title=Army used AI in a 'big way' during Operation Sindoor
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-used-ai-in-a-big-way-during-operation-sindoor/articleshow/124345398.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=7 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

According to reports in ''The Statesman'' and Moneycontrol, applications discussed by Sahni included the Electronic Intelligence Collation and Analysis System (ECAS), Trinetra, predictive threat-modelling systems and weather-forecasting tools.<ref name="StatesmanAI"/><ref name="MoneycontrolAI"/> ECAS was used to identify and prioritise electronic threats, while Trinetra was used to generate a common operational and intelligence picture at tactical and operational levels.<ref name="StatesmanAI"/><ref name="MoneycontrolAI"/>

Sahni said predictive threat modelling was used to assist commanders in assessing the relationship between time, space and available resources, while data-fusion applications were used to combine information from multiple sensors and sources.<ref name="MoneycontrolAI"/><ref name="TOI"/>

''Business Standard'' reported that Sahni said artificial intelligence was used for multi-sensor and multi-source data fusion and that the Army was developing a military-specific [[large language model]].<ref name="BusinessStandard">{{cite news
|last=Kumar
|first=Bhaswar
|title=AI widely used in Op Sindoor, military LLM to be ready in 6 months: Army
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/ai-widely-used-in-op-sindoor-military-llm-to-be-ready-in-6-months-army-125100601341_1.html
|work=Business Standard
|date=6 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

WION similarly reported Sahni's statement that AI applications had been used during Operation Sindoor and that the Army was pursuing greater integration of AI into military functions.<ref name="WION">{{cite news
|title=Indian Army used AI during Operation Sindoor: Top official
|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-army-used-ai-during-operation-sindoor-top-official-1759769993583
|work=WION
|date=6 October 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

===Artificial intelligence initiatives===

In October 2025, Sahni outlined six areas identified by the Army for structured adoption of artificial intelligence. According to ''The Statesman'', these included alignment with national technology programmes, development of AI-related structures and infrastructure, application and data preparedness, AI-enabled weapons and legacy systems, human-resource development, and AI governance.<ref name="StatesmanAI"/>

The same report said the Army was developing an indigenous Unified AI Platform intended to integrate operational, intelligence, logistics and training applications within a secure framework.<ref name="StatesmanAI"/> Moneycontrol, reporting a Press Trust of India story, also reported Sahni's statements concerning the platform and the Army's emphasis on testing, reliability and governance of military AI systems.<ref name="MoneycontrolAI"/>

Sahni also discussed military AI at an event reported by ''The Hindu BusinessLine'' in February 2026, against the background of discussions on greater jointness in the Indian armed forces and proposals for coordination of military AI capabilities.<ref name="BusinessLineAI">{{cite news
|title=Demand for Joint Military AI Command ahead of MoD unveiling jointness of services
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/demand-for-joint-military-ai-command-ahead-of-mod-unveiling-jointness-of-services/article70648183.ece
|work=The Hindu BusinessLine
|date=18 February 2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

At an AI Impact Summit-related seminar in February 2026, Sahni discussed applications of artificial intelligence in engineering support, predictive maintenance, unmanned platforms and the modernisation of legacy military equipment.<ref name="CSRJournal">{{cite news
|title=Indian Army Explores AI To 'Smartise Kill Chain' At AI Impact Summit 2026
|url=https://thecsrjournal.in/indian-army-explores-ai-to-smartise-kill-chain-at-ai-impact-summit-2026/
|work=The CSR Journal
|date=2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

===India International Science Festival===

At the India International Science Festival in December 2025, Sahni delivered a presentation on the technological aspects of Operation Sindoor. ''Deccan Herald'', in a Press Trust of India report, said Sahni described the operation as demonstrating India's technological self-reliance and discussed the role of indigenous systems in defence preparedness.<ref name="DeccanHerald">{{cite news
|author=PTI
|title=Operation Sindoor reflects India's growing technological self-reliance: Lt Gen Rajiv Kumar Sahni
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hr-op-sindoor-iisf-3823256
|work=Deccan Herald
|date=7 December 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

The [[Press Information Bureau]] also reported Sahni's presentation at the festival, including discussion of scientific planning and the use of indigenous technologies and AI-enabled analytical systems.<ref name="PIBIISF">{{cite web
|title=IISF 2025: S&T Media and Communicators Conclave focuses on science journalism, AI-enabled communication and public engagement
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2200145
|publisher=Press Information Bureau
|date=7 December 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

===Director General Electronics and Mechanical Engineers===

Sahni assumed the appointment of Director General Electronics and Mechanical Engineers and Colonel Commandant of the Corps of EME on 1 October 2025.<ref name="ADGPI"/><ref name="SSBAppointment"/>

In November 2025, he visited the 506 Army Base Workshop at Jabalpur, where he reviewed equipment-modernisation and technology programmes.<ref name="506Workshop">{{cite news
|title=Lt Gen Rajiv Kumar Sahni Reviews Innovation-Driven Upgrades at 506 Army Base Workshop, Jabalpur
|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/11/lt-gen-rajiv-kumar-sahni-reviews-innovation-driven-upgrades-at-506-army-base-workshop-jabalpur.html
|work=SSBCrack
|date=2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref> The visit included examination of work on legacy artillery platforms, electric-vehicle-based repowering and indigenous manufacturing initiatives.<ref name="506Workshop"/>

In December 2025, Sahni visited facilities associated with the Vajra Corps and reviewed mass-drone and fixed-wing fabrication facilities.<ref name="Vajra">{{cite news
|last=Jasrotia
|first=Adhidev
|title=DG EME Lt Gen Rajiv Kumar Sahni Reviews Drone Fabrication Facilities, Lauds Innovation at Vajra Corps
|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/12/dg-eme-lt-gen-rajiv-kumar-sahni-reviews-drone-fabrication-facilities-lauds-innovation-at-vajra-corps.html
|work=SSBCrack
|date=12 December 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

In January 2026, he visited the EME School at Vadodara and reviewed training and indigenous-technology initiatives.<ref name="EMESchool">{{cite news
|title=Lt Gen Rajiv Kumar Sahni Visits EME School Vadodara, Reviews Advanced Training and Indigenous Technology Initiatives
|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2026/01/lt-gen-rajiv-kumar-sahni-visits-eme-school-vadodara-reviews-advanced-training-and-indigenous-technology-initiatives.html
|work=SSBCrack
|date=2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

In March 2026, ''The Times of India'' reported on Sahni's review of technological innovation and operational preparedness during a visit to Army formations in Rajasthan.<ref name="TOIRajasthan">{{cite news
|title=Indian Army DG EME reviews tech innovations, operational readiness in Rajasthan's desert
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/indian-army-dg-eme-reviews-tech-innovations-operational-readiness-in-rajasthans-desert/articleshow/129327625.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=9 March 2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

===Additive manufacturing===

In March 2026, Sahni participated in the National Additive Manufacturing Symposium, where the Indian Army highlighted potential military applications of [[additive manufacturing]].<ref name="ANIAM">{{cite news
|title=Indian Army participates in National Additive Manufacturing Symposium 2026
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-army-participates-in-national-additive-manufacturing-symposium-202620260314050855/
|work=Asian News International
|date=14 March 2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref><ref name="MetalAM">{{cite news
|title=Indian Army highlights AM role at National Symposium
|url=https://www.metal-am.com/indian-army-highlights-am-role-at-national-symposium/
|work=Metal Additive Manufacturing
|date=2026
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

The symposium considered the use of additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping, maintenance, military logistics and the sustainment or modernisation of equipment.<ref name="MetalAM"/>

==Awards and decorations==

Sahni was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2025.<ref name="PIBAVSM">{{cite web
|title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2096200&reg=48&lang=2
|publisher=Press Information Bureau
|date=25 January 2025
|access-date=7 August 2026
}}</ref>

He has also received the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]. His professional biography records six commendations from senior military authorities during his career.<ref name="GeoIntel"/>

==See also==
* [[Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]]
* [[Indian Army]]
* [[Operation Sindoor]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahni, Rajiv Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]

Garry Sahota

2026-08-07T18:42:20Z

Kannadaguy: Start

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur, actor and founder of Bharatpedia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Garry Sahota
| image = Garry Sahota.jpg
| alt = Garry Sahota
| caption =
| birth_name = Gurwinder Singh
| birth_place = Apra, Punjab, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur, actor, theatre artist
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for = Founder of [[Bharatpedia]] and Bharatmedia Foundation
| organization = [[Bharatpedia]] Bharatmedia Foundation
| notable_works = [[Bharatpedia]]
| television = ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'' (2012) ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' (2012)
}}

'''Garry Sahota''' is an Indian entrepreneur, former theatre artist and actor. He is the founder of [[Bharatpedia]], an online encyclopedia launched in August 2020, and the Bharatmedia Foundation, a non-profit organization established in 2021.<ref name="MM">{{cite web |title=Our focus is on getting a lot of female editors, says Garry Sahota |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/our-focus-is-on-getting-a-lot-of-female-editors-says-garry-sahota/articleshow/88282559.html |website=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|title=Bharatpedia Plus: A gateway to credibility and visibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/bharatpedia-plus-a-gateway-to-credibility-and-visibility/articleshow/100464579.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Acting career ===

Before entering entrepreneurship, Sahota pursued a career in acting and theatre. From 2006-2007, he participated in various fashion shows organised by the National Institute of Fashion Designing (N.I.F.D.) across India. He subsequently featured in music videos, including Davinder Deol's ''Sharaban'', Babu Chandigarhia's ''Sunday Nu Bazaar Khul Gaya'', and ''Roop''. In 2012, Sahota made his television debut with an episodic role in the Sony Entertainment Television series ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'', followed by an appearance in ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=ਦਿਲ 'ਚੋਂ ਸੌਂ ਸੱਧਰਾਂ ਲੈ ਪਿੰਡ ਤੋਂ ਮੁੰਬਈ ਪਹੁੰਚੇ ਅਦਾਕਾਰ ਗੈਰੀ ਸਾਹੋਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੰਬਈ 'ਚ ਸਫਲਤਾ ਦੀ ਮਹਿਕ ਆਉਣ ਲੱਗੀ |newspaper=Haq Di Awaaz |author=Ajmer Singh Channa |language=pa |date=16 September 2012 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ਗੈਰੀ ਸਾਹੋਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਬਾਲੀਵੁੱਡ 'ਚ ਸਨਮਾਨ ਦੀ ਮਹਿਕ ਆਉਣ ਲੱਗੀ |newspaper=Jag Bani |language=pa |date=25 October 2012|page=2}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship ===

In August 2020, Sahota founded [[Bharatpedia]], an online encyclopedia focused on topics related to India. In an interview with ''Mumbai Mirror'', he said that one of the project's objectives was to encourage greater participation by women editors and contributors from diverse backgrounds.<ref name="MM" />

In 2021, Sahota established the '''Bharatmedia Foundation''', a non-profit organization affiliated with Bharatpedia. The foundation was established to support Bharatpedia and its associated educational projects. Bharatpedia later introduced multilingual editions and the subscription service ''Bharatpedia Plus''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatpedia Plus: A gateway to credibility and visibility |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/preview/bharatpedia-plus-a-gateway-to-credibility-and-visibility-article-100464573|website=Times Now |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm14178581}}
* {{Twitter|TheGarrySahota}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre actors]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Founders of websites]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Ranbir Kapoor

2026-08-04T05:06:16Z

Kannadaguy: Update to page

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1982)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ranbir Kapoor snapped at Kalina airport.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kapoor in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|09|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
| works = [[Ranbir Kapoor filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Alia Bhatt]]|2022}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Rishi Kapoor]]
| mother = [[Neetu Singh]]
| family = {{hlist|[[Kapoor family]]}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor|Full list]]
| signature = Ranbir-kapoor-signature (transparent).png
}}

'''Ranbir Raj Kapoor''' ({{IPA|hns|ɾəɳˈbiːɾ kəˈpuːɾ|pron}}; born 28 September 1982) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]]-language films. He has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor|several accolades]], including seven [[Filmfare Awards]], and is known for [[Ranbir Kapoor filmography|his work]] across a range of film genres. Kapoor has featured in [[Forbes India]]’s [[Celebrity 100]] list and was included in the annual [[Time 100|''Time'' 100 list of the most influential people in the world]] in 2026<ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Greg |title=Nikki Glaser, Zoe Saldaña Among Time's 100 Most Influential List |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/time-100-list-2026-1236861371/ |access-date=15 April 2026 |work=Deadline |date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

The son of actors [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]], and the grandson of actor-director [[Raj Kapoor]], Kapoor pursued filmmaking and method acting at the [[School of Visual Arts]] and the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]], respectively. He subsequently assisted [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on the film ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005) and made his acting debut with Bhansali's tragic romance ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), a critical and commercial failure. He rose to prominence with the coming-of-age film ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'', the romantic comedy ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (both 2009), and the political drama ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010).

Kapoor's performances as a troubled musician in ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011) and a cheerful deaf-and-mute man in ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012) earned him two consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Awards for Best Actor]]. The romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) further established him as a star. This was followed by a series of commercial failures, with ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016) and ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018) being the exceptions. His portrayal of [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the latter won him another Filmfare Award. Following a hiatus, he had further commercial success in the fantasy film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022) and the action drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), with the latter emerging as his highest-grossing release and winning him a fourth Best Actor award at Filmfare.

In addition to his acting career, Kapoor supports charities and causes. He is also a co-owner of the [[Indian Super League]] football team [[Mumbai City FC]]. He is married to the actress [[Alia Bhatt]], with whom he has a daughter, Raha.

== Early life and background ==
Ranbir Kapoor was born on 28 September 1982 in [[Bombay]] to [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]], both actors in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5062162.cms |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Happy B'day Ranbir |date=8 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025517/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5062162.cms |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> He is the great-grandson of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and the grandson of actor-director [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jain |first=Madhu |title=Bollywood's First Family |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02slide1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2 February 2006 |access-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220021608/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02slide1.htm |archive-date=20 February 2011 }}</ref> His elder sister, [[Riddhima Kapoor Sahni]] (born 1980), is an interior and fashion designer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parande |first=Shweta |title=Kapoor kids who stayed away from Bollywood |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kapoor-kids-who-stayed-away-from-bollywood/113942-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204235300/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kapoor-kids-who-stayed-away-from-bollywood/113942-8-66.html |archive-date= 4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mirani |first=Indu |title=Chintu already has tears in his eyes |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1006129/report-chintu-already-has-tears-in-his-eyes |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 January 2006 |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430233726/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1006129/report-chintu-already-has-tears-in-his-eyes |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] descent on both sides, born to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] father and a [[Sikh]] mother. He grew up in a [[Secularism in India|secular]] environment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=2 September 2018 |title=The Kapoor family has always been secular: Rishi Kapoor |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-kapoor-family-has-always-been-secular/articleshow/65640301.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim]]. The actor [[Randhir Kapoor]] is his paternal uncle, and his daughters, actresses [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], are his paternal first cousins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir, Karisma: Kapoor dance-off |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/ranbir-karisma-kapoor-dance-off-13988 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=14 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215231957/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/ranbir-karisma-kapoor-dance-off-13988 |archive-date=15 February 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Ranbir with family on Jhalak.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|alt=Ranbir Kapoor is posing with his father and mother at a reality show.|Kapoor with his parents [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh|Neetu Singh Kapoor]] at the reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' in 2012]]
Kapoor has been vocal about how his parents' troubled marriage affected him as a child: "Sometimes the fights would get really bad. I would be sitting on the steps, my head between my knees, till five or six in the morning, waiting for them to stop".<ref name="fight">{{cite news|last=Pradhan |first=Kunal |title=Sadda haq |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Sadda-haq/articleshow/16174740.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222054756/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Sadda-haq/articleshow/16174740.cms |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> These experiences led to a "reservoir of emotions building up inside [him]", which he said compelled him to develop an interest in film.<ref name="fight" /> In his early years, Kapoor was close to his mother but had a dysfunctional relationship with his father.<ref name="toi interview">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|title=I have quit smoking as it also lowers your mojo: Ranbir Kapoor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-have-quit-smoking-as-it-also-lowers-your-mojo-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/16612605.cms|date=1 October 2012|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809101816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-01/news-interviews/34178156_1_ranbir-kapoor-mother-raj-kapoor|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="ibn interview">{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=As a kid, I used to be petrified of dad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009233647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |archive-date= 9 October 2013 }}</ref> After completing his tenth standard examinations, he worked as an assistant director to his father on the film ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' (1999), during which he developed a closer bond with him.<ref name="ibn interview" />

After completing his pre-university education at the [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]],<ref name="toi interview" /> Kapoor relocated to [[New York City]] to learn filmmaking at the [[School of Visual Arts]] and subsequently pursued [[method acting]] at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]].<ref name="natural">{{cite news|last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |title=Ranbir Kapoor: The Natural |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100621-ranbir-kapoor-the-natural-743183-2010-06-10 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901135438/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-the-natural/1/101164.html |archive-date= 1 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |title=Who is Ranbir Kapoor? |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-ranbir-kapoor-267274 |publisher=NDTV |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209181038/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-ranbir-kapoor-267274 |archive-date= 9 February 2013 }}</ref> In film school, Kapoor directed and starred in two short films, entitled ''Passion to Love'' and ''India 1964''.<ref name="natural" /><ref>{{cite news|title=The irresistible Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/ranbir-kapoor-370075-2013-06-20 |work=India Today |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715161957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/ranbir-kapoor/7/9610.html |archive-date=15 July 2013 }}</ref> The loneliness of living alone in New York City coupled with his experience in film school, which he described as "useless", inspired him to pursue a career in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="fight" /><ref name="fav">{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|title=Ranbir was Raj Kapoor's favourite|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-was-Raj-Kapoors-favorite/articleshow/5123620.cms|date=18 October 2009|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227071504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-18/news-interviews/28060719_1_ranbir-kapoor-raj-kapoor-hindi-films|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Upon returning to Mumbai, Kapoor was hired as an assistant director to [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on the 2005 film ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''. He described the experience: "I was getting beaten up, abused, doing everything from cleaning the floor to fixing the lights from 7 a.m. to 4 a.m., but I was learning every day."<ref name="natural" /> He later remarked that his motive for working on ''Black'' was to get Bhansali to offer him an acting job.<ref name="ibn interview" />

== Career ==
{{further|Ranbir Kapoor filmography}}

=== Early work and success (2007–2010) ===
[[File:Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Ranbir Kapoor and Rani Mukherjee at the audio release of Saawariya.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor, Ranbir Kapoor and Rani Mukerji stand on stage|Kapoor (2nd from right) at an event for his debut film ''[[Saawariya]]'' in 2007]]
Following the release of ''Black'', Bhansali cast Kapoor as the protagonist of his 2007 tragic romance ''[[Saawariya]]'', alongside [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Rani Mukerji]]. The film tells the story of a [[tramp]], played by him, who falls obsessively in love with a woman awaiting the return of her lover. In an interview with the news and entertainment portal [[Rediff.com]], Kapoor stated that his character was written as a tribute to his grandfather's iconic roles as a tramp.<ref>{{cite web|title='I'm a bit scared' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/09slid2.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=9 October 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000222/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/09slid2.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref> ''Saawariya'' was the first Indian film to be produced by a Hollywood studio ([[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]), and was a highly anticipated release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |title=Hollywood Starts Making Bollywood Films in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/movies/08boll.html?_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005003/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/movies/08boll.html?_r=0 |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref> However, film critics were disappointed with the picture with [[BBC]]'s Jaspreet Pandohar calling it a "misfire on a massive scale".<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |title=BBC Movies review — Saawariya (beloved) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/sawaariya_2007_review.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925051654/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/sawaariya_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> ''[[CNN-IBN]]''{{'s}} [[Rajeev Masand]] considered it "contrived and fake", but was impressed by Kapoor's "affable charm" and wrote that "he's got that star quality to him which is so rare to find."<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Saawariya fails to strike a chord |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-saawariya-fails-to-strike-a-chord/52035-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010061409/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-saawariya-fails-to-strike-a-chord/52035-8.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 }}</ref> At the box office, ''Saawariya'' failed to earn profits.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, Kapoor was awarded a [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] trophy.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor: Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/5897 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234120/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/5897 |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref>

Despite the commercial failure of ''[[Saawariya]]'', Kapoor was contracted by [[Yash Raj Films]] for a primary role in the [[Siddharth Anand]]-directed romantic comedy ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly |first=Prithwish |title=Though Saawariya flopped, I got offers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1182521/report-though-saawariya-flopped-i-got-offers |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235016/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1182521/report-though-saawariya-flopped-i-got-offers |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> The film was his first commercial success, in which his role was that of a womaniser who is romantically involved with three women, played by [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Minissha Lamba]], and [[Deepika Padukone]], at different stages of his life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2008 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' expressed mixed views on his performance, but predicted that his "puppy-dog sweetness" would "serve him well as a Bollywood leading man".<ref>{{cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|title=Love in Transition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 August 2008|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731090724/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor had three film releases. In [[Dharma Productions]]'s ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'', a [[coming of age]] film from director [[Ayan Mukerji]], Kapoor portrayed Siddharth "Sid" Mehra, a rich, lazy teenager whose life undergoes a series of changes after interacting with an ambitious journalist (played by [[Konkana Sen Sharma]]). When Mukerji narrated the then-untitled script of the film to him, Kapoor came up with the title himself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-206496476.html |title=Ranbir's 'title' role |work=[[Mail Today]] |date=23 August 2009 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-access=|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052905/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-206496476.html |archive-date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> The media expressed doubt on the film's financial prospect as it depicted a romantic relationship between a younger man and an older woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/top-10-movies-of-2009/story-YjJq6UM1HqjScNmYy2fiwK.html|title=Top 10 movies of 2009|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 December 2009|access-date=24 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031093917/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/top-10-movies-of-2009/story-YjJq6UM1HqjScNmYy2fiwK.html|archive-date=31 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It eventually emerged as a [[sleeper hit]] and garnered acclaim from the critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/wake-up-sid-wows-critics-and-masses-alike/story-0neJpZjAApBFWtkMmgDVaL.html|title=Wake Up Sid wows critics and masses alike!|work=Hindustan Times|date=5 October 2009|access-date=24 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413143842/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/wake-up-sid-wows-critics-and-masses-alike/story-0neJpZjAApBFWtkMmgDVaL.html|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reviewed that Kapoor's performance in the film proved that he was "amongst the best in the business today".<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508661 |title=Wake Up Sid (2009) – Hindi movie critic review by Taran Adarsh |date=2 October 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194246/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508661 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

Kapoor next starred opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] in ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'', a slapstick comedy from director [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], that emerged as the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box Office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Film critic Gaurav Malani praised Kapoor's flair for comedy, but criticised his "over-excited husky baritone".<ref>{{cite news|last=Malani|first=Gaurav|title=Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani: Movie Review|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/news/27637022_1_prem-rajkumar-santoshi-katrina-kaif|work=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2009|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724222958/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/news/27637022_1_prem-rajkumar-santoshi-katrina-kaif|archive-date=24 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His final release that year was the [[Shimit Amin]]-directed ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'', a drama about a [[sardar]] who aspires to be a salesman.<ref name="mature">{{cite news|title=Rajneeti is my first mature role: Ranbir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rajneeti-is-my-first-mature-role-ranbir-60596-2009-11-10 |work=India Today |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127063219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Rajneeti%20is%20my%20first%20mature%20role%3A%20Ranbir/1/70314.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> Film critic [[Mayank Shekhar]] praised the film and found Kapoor's performance to be "astonishingly sincere", but the film earned little at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Rocket Singh|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-rocket-singh/story-EBvb2S3qHf8jcrrRy8Hp8O.html|work=Hindustan Times|date= 12 December 2009|first=Mayank|last=Shekhar|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rocket-singh-falls-flat-at-the-box-office/story-isbETa2HV2uyTnSHDMN3RL.html|title=Rocket Singh falls flat at the box-office|date=15 December 2009|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rocket-singh-falls-flat-at-the-box-office/story-isbETa2HV2uyTnSHDMN3RL.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor later professed to being highly disappointed by the film's commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|title="I don't mind working with Shimit or Siddharth again" – Ranbir Kapoor: Part 2 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1429/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 September 2010 |first=Devansh |last=Patel |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1429/ |archive-date= 6 January 2014 }}</ref> At the [[55th Filmfare Awards]], he was awarded the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for his performances in all three of his 2009 releases, and he also received two [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] nominations at the ceremony for ''Wake Up Sid'' and ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani''.<ref name="critics09">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/15380/index.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor: Awards & nominations |access-date=23 July 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409130237/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/15380/index.html |archive-date= 9 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra at GQ Men Awards 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kapoor with his ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' co-star [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2010]]
[[Prakash Jha]]'s big-budget ensemble political drama ''[[Raajneeti]]'' was Kapoor's first release of 2010. The film, which starred [[Nana Patekar]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], Katrina Kaif and [[Sarah Thompson (actress)|Sarah Thompson]] in prominent roles, was inspired by the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Mario Puzo]]'s 1969 novel ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |title='Rajneeti': 'Mahabharat', 'Godfather', in Bhopal |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075752/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor's role was of Samar Pratap (based on the characters of [[Arjuna]] and [[Michael Corleone]]), the younger heir of an Indian political dynasty, who is reluctantly drawn to politics after the assassination of his father. Kapoor described it as his first complex role and considered it a departure from the "lover boy roles" that he had previously played.<ref name="mature" /> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed: "The film finally belongs to Ranbir Kapoor who perfects the art of minimalism{{mdash}}and literally grows before your eyes{{mdash}}as the simmering volcano that cannot be held back, once it erupts."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |title=Raajneeti movie review |work=The Times of India |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820214326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> Robert Abele of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', however, was more critical of his performance which he considered "stony rather than calculating{{mdash}}especially jarring compared to the histrionic turns around him".<ref>{{cite news|last=Abele |first=Robert |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-03-la-et-movie-review-raajneeti-0604-story.html |title=Movie review: 'Raajneeti' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731143406/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/03/entertainment/la-et-movie-review-raajneeti-0604 |archive-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of the film recovering its {{INRConvert|600|m}} investment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |title=Can ''Raajneeti'' recover its Rs 60 crore investment? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 June 2010 |date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/can-raajneeti-recover-its-rs-60-crore-investment/story-QLbUAyjGC6vwWoVTzSIfLK.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> The film, however, proved to be a major commercial success with worldwide earnings of over {{INRConvert|1.43|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015223626/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kapoor received a third Best Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film.<ref name="awards" />

Later that same year, Kapoor collaborated with [[Priyanka Chopra]] on Anand's ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'', a comedy-drama involving two strangers who decide to commit suicide on [[New Year's Eve]]. The film was a moderate financial success but garnered little praise from the critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |title=Box Office 2010 |publisher=Box office India |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014062657/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Agarwal |first=Vibhuti |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/movie-review-roundup-anjaana-anjaani/ |title=Review Roundup: 'Anjaana Anjaani' |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312000239/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/01/movie-review-roundup-anjaana-anjaani/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 }}</ref> Rajeev Masand noted that Kapoor "struggles with a badly-defined role" and ''[[NDTV]]''{{'s}} [[Anupama Chopra]] concluded: "Ranbir tries hard to salvage the film, dropping his shirt several times but even his lovingly shot chest can't save the film."<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title='Anjaana Anjaani' is deathly boring |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004115817/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |archive-date= 4 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |author=Chopra, Anupama |publisher=NDTV |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213456/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (2011–2013) ===

Following an [[item number]] in the [[children's film]] ''[[Chillar Party]]'' (2011), Kapoor took on the role of Janardhan "Jordan" Jakhar in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011), a drama that follows the journey of an aspiring musician from a humble background to international stardom. In preparation for the role, Kapoor lived with a [[Jat people|Jat]] family in [[Pitam Pura]] and studied their mannerisms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/20111019.htm |title=Ranbir: I want to be India's biggest star |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=8 June 2013 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502082553/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/20111019.htm |archive-date= 2 May 2013 }}</ref> He additionally learned to play the guitar and practised extensively at composer [[A.R. Rahman]]'s music studio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2558678.ece |title=Rock and role |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 |author=Udasi, Harshikka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429070740/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2558678.ece |archive-date=29 April 2012 }}</ref> As part of the film's promotional activity, Kapoor performed at a live concert in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350143_1_katiyan-karun-kun-faaya-kun-nadaan-parinde|title=Rockstar Ranbir rocks at a live concert in Mumbai|work=The Economic Times|date=2 November 2011|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234608/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350143_1_katiyan-karun-kun-faaya-kun-nadaan-parinde|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Film critics were polarised on their view of the film, but were unanimous in their praise for Kapoor;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-rockstar-gets-mixed-reviews/story-o1QhBqk2FeLrnNtoZikmfK.html|title=Critics' report: Rockstar gets mixed reviews|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 November 2011|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405050619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-rockstar-gets-mixed-reviews/story-o1QhBqk2FeLrnNtoZikmfK.html|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' was particularly impressed with the film and thought that Kapoor's portrayal was one of "Hindi cinema's most accomplished performances by a lead actor".<ref>{{cite news|last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |title=Review: Rockstar brings music back to our films |work=Daily News and Aanlysis |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230957/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> For the role, he won both the Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics) trophies at the [[57th Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, along with Best Actor awards at [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Screen]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|IIFA]].<ref name="awards" /> With a gross revenue of {{INRConvert|1.07|b}}, ''Rockstar'' was one of the top-grossing Hindi films of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat=|title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=13 October 2013|date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor at the launch of 'Barfi!' promo 10.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Ranbir Kapoor looks directly at the camera|Kapoor at a promotional event for ''[[Barfi!]]'' in 2012]]
The 2012 romantic comedy ''[[Barfi!]]'' was Kapoor's first release to earn over {{INRConvert|1|b}} at the domestic box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor enters the Rs 100 crore club with Barfi! |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-enters-the-rs-100-crore-club-with-barfi/297357-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105185609/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ranbir-kapoor-enters-the-rs-100-crore-club-with-barfi/297357-8-66.html |archive-date= 5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012|access-date=21 January 2013|date=17 January 2013|publisher=Box Office India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044123/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Directed by [[Anurag Basu]], the film, set in the 1970s, tells the story of its titular protagonist–a deaf and mute man, played by Kapoor–who falls in love with a woman who is already engaged, played by [[Ileana D'Cruz]], and later, an autistic girl, played by Priyanka Chopra. In preparation, he observed the work of actors [[Roberto Benigni]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], and his grandfather.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 10:30</ref> ''Barfi!'' received praise from the critics, and the performances of the three lead actors were acclaimed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-ranbir-kapoor-s-barfi-is-a-must-watch/story-6M7FQ741q11U4TKdq2YP0N.html|title=Critics Verdict: Ranbir Kapoor's Barfi! is a must watch|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 September 2012|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081515/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-ranbir-kapoor-s-barfi-is-a-must-watch/story-6M7FQ741q11U4TKdq2YP0N.html|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised him for successfully channeling Chaplin in "tone and affect", and [[Raja Sen]] of Rediff.com wrote that "he does very strongly indeed with this Chaplin-tribute role, bestowing his character with heart every step of the way".<ref>{{cite news|last=Scheib |first=Ronnie |title=Review: "Barfi!" |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326084332/http://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |title=Review: Barfi! is magical but deeply flawed |author=Sen, Raja |work=Rediff.com |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915051831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> The film was submitted as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[85th Academy Awards]], and was screened at the [[Marrakech International Film Festival|Marrakech]] and [[Busan International Film Festival]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title='Barfi!' to represent India at Oscars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Barfi-to-represent-India-at-Oscars/articleshow/16508913.cms|author=Dubey, Bharti|date=22 September 2012|access-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007075519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-23/news-interviews/34040221_1_rajmouli-s-eega-official-entry-anhey-ghorhey-da-daan|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Barfi!' gets standing ovation at Busan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/barfi-gets-standing-ovation-at-busan/article3996667.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 October 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218000917/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/barfi-gets-standing-ovation-at-busan/article3996667.ece |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mangaokar|first=Shalvi|title=Priyanka Chopra on a roll at Marrakech Film Festival|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-on-a-roll-at-marrakech-film-festival/story-oFUfxmwywvoBmcWRYiEKML.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122115/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-on-a-roll-at-marrakech-film-festival/story-oFUfxmwywvoBmcWRYiEKML.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor won second consecutive Best Actor awards at the Filmfare, [[Screen Awards|Screen]], and [[IIFA Awards|IIFA]] Award ceremonies.<ref name="awards" />

He achieved further success in 2013 when he reunited with director Ayan Mukerji for the romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' co-starring Deepika Padukone, [[Kalki Koechlin]], and [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]]. He was cast as Kabir "Bunny" Thapar, a commitment-phobic photographer, a character Kapoor found to be an extension of himself.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babar |first=Ayesha |title=Behind the scenes: A heartfelt interview with Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/17502/behind-the-scenes-a-heartfelt-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/ |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809005048/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/17502/behind-the-scenes-a-heartfelt-interview-with-ranbir-kapoor/ |archive-date= 9 August 2013 }}</ref> His pairing with Padukone, after their highly publicised break-up, led to hype surrounding the film's release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi |first=Sonali |title=Estranged lovers Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone unite on screen again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-unite-on-screen-141713-2011-09-21 |work=India Today |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145836/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-unite-on-screen/1/152214.html |archive-date= 5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Younger generation should learn from Ranbir & Deepika: Ayan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Younger-generation-should-learn-from-Ranbir-Deepika-Ayan/articleshow/20363799.cms|author=Risbood, Vaibhavi|date=1 June 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618173542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-interviews/39674323_1_ayan-mukerji-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-deepika-padukone|archive-date=18 June 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film emerged as [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|one of the highest-grossing Indian films]] to that point, with earnings of {{INRConvert|2.95|b}}, proving to be his third consecutive commercial success in three years and earned him another Best Actor nomination at Filmfare.<ref name="box office">{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is Ranbir Kapoor, Deepika Padukone's biggest hit |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672/ |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716115517/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672 |archive-date=16 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |access-date=14 January 2014 |work=Filmfare |date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115044052/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 }}</ref> Film critics found the film to be "riddled with clichés", but praised both Kapoor and Padukone, with ''Daily News and Analysis''{{'}} Tushar Joshi labelling their on-screen chemistry as "unsurpassable".<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics' review: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is riddled with clichés |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-riddled-with-cliches/story-oJ42cqGvHsPaDwUcMS746O.html |access-date=15 June 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-riddled-with-cliches/story-oJ42cqGvHsPaDwUcMS746O.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi |first=Tushar |title=Review: Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani will resonate with everyone |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841971/review-review-yeh-jawani-hai-deewani-will-resonate-with-everyone/ |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=31 May 2013 |date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114316/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1841971/review-review-yeh-jawani-hai-deewani-will-resonate-with-everyone |archive-date= 7 June 2013 }}</ref> His second release of 2013 was the action-comedy film ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' in which he played a petty thief, alongside [[Pallavi Sharda]] and his parents.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thakkar|first=Mehul|title=Ranbir Kapoor juggling between the Kashyap brothers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-Kapoor-juggling-between-the-Kashyap-brothers/articleshow/21853917.cms|access-date=19 August 2013|date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819042936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-16/news-interviews/41417354_1_besharam-bombay-velvet-abhinav|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film met with an overwhelming negative reception and emerged as a failure; Sudhish Kamath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as "Kapoor's hall of shame".<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics' review: Besharam an experiment for Ranbir in action-comedy genre |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-besharam-an-experiment-for-ranbir-in-action-comedy-genre/story-eo4r7uNrVX2B8C6aWY7okJ.html |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820122658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-review-besharam-an-experiment-for-ranbir-in-action-comedy-genre/story-eo4r7uNrVX2B8C6aWY7okJ.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Besharam: Kapoor's hall of shame |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/besharam-kapoors-hall-of-shame/article5204126.ece |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008014656/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/besharam-kapoors-hall-of-shame/article5204126.ece |archive-date= 8 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Besharam' flops at box office, collects only Rs 47.31 cr in 5 days |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoors-besharam-flops-at-box-office-collects-only-rs-47.31-cr-in-5-days/1179418 |access-date=8 October 2013 |work=The Financial Express |date=8 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009212336/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ranbir-kapoors-besharam-flops-at-box-office-collects-only-rs-47.31-cr-in-5-days/1179418 |archive-date= 9 October 2013 }}</ref>

=== Commercial struggles and ''Sanju'' (2014–2018) ===
After a year-long absence from the screen, Kapoor featured as a mysterious thief in ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015), a romantic thriller which critic Sarita Tanwar described as a "boring, exhausting and pretentious" film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tanwar |first=Sarita A. |title='Roy' review: Not even a hot Ranbir Kapoor or a sexy Jacqueline Fernandez can save this pretentious snoozefest! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |access-date=13 February 2015 |date=13 February 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222942/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> The series of financial failures continued with his next release, the [[Anurag Kashyap]]-directed crime drama ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'', based on the historian [[Gyan Prakash]]'s book ''Mumbai Fables'', which also starred [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Bombay Velvet postponed to May 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2603277 |access-date=22 August 2014 |date=22 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824235208/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/2603277 |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Kapoor portrayed an ambitious boxer in the 1960s who is drawn towards a life of crime; he based his ''[[tapori (word)|tapori]]'' diction on [[Johnny Walker (Indian actor)|Johnny Walker]]'s character in ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955).<ref>{{cite news|title=I know I have to deliver now: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-know-i-have-to-deliver-now-ranbir-kapoor/article7188174.ece|last=Subramanian|first=Archana|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2015|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081515/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-know-i-have-to-deliver-now-ranbir-kapoor/article7188174.ece|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|1.2|b}}, the film opened to meagre box-office collections and mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Malvania |first=Urvi |title=Rough start to Bombay Velvet at the box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020825/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> Ritika Bhatia of ''[[Business Standard]]'' found Kapoor's part to be a departure from his previous roles, writing that he "does test the waters with methodical sincerity but his portrayal lacks depth on occasion".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia |first=Ritika |title=Film Review: The Great Gatsby meets the Goodfellas in Anurag Kashyap's Bombay Velvet |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518050843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/film-review-the-great-gatsby-meets-the-goodfellas-in-anurag-kashyap-s-bombay-velvet-115051501031_1.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ''Bombay Velvet'' was eventually screened at the [[Locarno International Film Festival|Locarno]] and [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival|Bucheon]] film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Velvet Loved by 8600 People in Locarno, Says Anurag Kashyap |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |publisher=NDTV |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126011314/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bombay-velvet-loved-by-8600-people-in-locarno-says-anurag-kashyap-1206458 |archive-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bucheon Festival Shrugs Off MERS Threat, Unveils 200 Genre Film Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |last=Kil |first=Sonia |date=16 June 2015 |work=Variety |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202114611/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/bucheon-festival-lineup-1201520548/ |archive-date= 2 February 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Ranbir Kapoor promoting Jagga Jasoos.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|alt=Ranbir Kapoor smiles for the camera|Kapoor at an event for ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' in 2017]]

Kapoor next reunited with Deepika Padukone in ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015), a romantic drama from Imtiaz Ali. He played the role of Ved Sahni, a man who desires a career in the arts but settles for a life of monotony as an engineer. Once again, the film failed commercially and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamasha-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-starrer-656814 |title='Tamasha' review roundup: What critics have to say about Ranbir Kapoor-Deepika Padukone starrer |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |work=International Business Times |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110448/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamasha-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-starrer-656814 |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office: Tamasha flops |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-tamasha-flops/20151130.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112153/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-tamasha-flops/20151130.htm |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> Kapoor's performance was praised;<ref name="flops">{{cite web|last=Bakshi |first=Dibyojyoti |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-passed-but-tamasha-failed-a-trade-analysis-2533514.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor passed, but 'Tamasha' failed: A trade analysis |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224174028/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-passed-but-tamasha-failed-a-trade-analysis-2533514.html |archive-date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "Kapoor is beautifully cast, his trademark mix of assertive theatricality and subtle emotion well suited to the role of a man who seemingly has it all under control, until he doesn't."<ref>{{cite news|last=Tsering |first=Lisa |title='Tamasha': Film Review |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/review/tamasha-film-review-844131 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326204040/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tamasha-film-review-844131 |archive-date=26 March 2016 }}</ref> Kapoor's career prospect briefly improved in 2016 when he took on the lead role of an aspiring musician in Karan Johar's ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016). The romantic drama, co-starring Anushka Sharma and [[Aishwarya Rai]], tells the story of unrequited love, and proved to be one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil: Ranbir Kapoor plays a singer; all songs are sung by Arijit Singh! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-ranbir-kapoor-plays-a-singer-all-songs-are-sung-by-arijit-singh-2251933 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907183928/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-ranbir-kapoor-plays-a-singer-all-songs-are-sung-by-arijit-singh-2251933 |archive-date= 7 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top India Total Nett Grossers 2016 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2016&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170429/http://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2016&pageId=4 |archive-date=13 January 2017 }}</ref> Critical reception was mixed; Joe Leydon of ''Variety'' thought that "Kapoor [is] often erring on the side of annoying while trying to balance vulnerability and self-centeredness".<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon |first=Joe |title=Film Review: 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |work=Variety |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110812/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |archive-date=29 October 2016 }}</ref> Both ''Tamasha'' and ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' earned Kapoor Best Actor nominations at Filmfare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214719/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |work=Filmfare |date=9 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archive-date=13 January 2017 }}</ref>

In a collaboration with director Anurag Basu, Kapoor formed a production company named Picture Shuru Productions, whose first release was the musical comedy-mystery film ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017), which tells the story of a gifted teenager's search for his missing stepfather.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-a-teenager-in-jagga-jasoos/story-U3IEk1QY65dauv8FuOrvEN.html |title=Ranbir Kapoor to play a teenager in Jagga Jasoos |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |author=Patel, Devansh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023144347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-a-teenager-in-jagga-jasoos/story-U3IEk1QY65dauv8FuOrvEN.html |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> Production on the project was plagued with difficulties{{mdash}}principal photography began in 2014, but the release date was pushed back several times owing to changes in the script, multiple reshoots, and rumours of animosity between Kapoor and co-star Katrina Kaif (the couple had broken-up before they finished filming).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagga Jasoos: Twists, turns and another release date |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |access-date=3 August 2017 |date=24 May 2017 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |archive-date=3 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="jj">{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title='Jagga Jasoos' Jilted By Audience With Devastating 85% Friday-To-Friday Plunge|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/07/22/jagga-jasoos-jilted-by-audience-with-devastating-85-friday-to-friday-plunge/#72ee69ef42b8|access-date=3 August 2017|date=22 July 2017|work=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221730/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/07/22/jagga-jasoos-jilted-by-audience-with-devastating-85-friday-to-friday-plunge/#72ee69ef42b8|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' considered the film to be "a laudable experiment that zigzags off course", and while praising Kapoor's dedication to his part, criticised the decision to cast him as a teenage schoolboy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M|title=Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir-Katrina's bow to Broadway is a laudable experiment that zigzags off course|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|access-date=3 August 2017|date=14 July 2017|website=[[Firstpost]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221714/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> It did not perform well commercially which led Kapoor to regret his venture into production.<ref name="jj" /><ref name="jjflop">{{cite news|title='My father wanted to protect me' says Ranbir Kapoor on Rishi Kapoor blaming Anurag Basu & Pritam for failure of Jagga Jasoos|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-my-father-wanted-to-protect-me-says-ranbir-kapoor-on-rishi-kapoor-blaming-anurag-basu-pritam-for-failure-of-jagga-jasoos-2525595|access-date=10 August 2017|date=10 August 2017|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060819/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-my-father-wanted-to-protect-me-says-ranbir-kapoor-on-rishi-kapoor-blaming-anurag-basu-pritam-for-failure-of-jagga-jasoos-2525595|archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Kapoor portrayed the actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s biopic ''[[Sanju]]''. It deals with Dutt's troubled relationship with his [[Sunil Dutt|father]], his drug addiction, and his arrest for illegal possession of firearms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/biopic-sanju-spotlights-troubled-life-of-bollywoods-sanjay-dutt|title=Biopic 'Sanju' spotlights troubled life of Bollywood's Sanjay Dutt|access-date=29 June 2018|date=28 June 2018|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211511/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/biopic-sanju-spotlights-troubled-life-of-bollywoods-sanjay-dutt|archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> Kapoor was keen to avoid a [[hagiography|hagiographic]] narrative and did not want to mimic Dutt's mannerisms. He interacted extensively with Dutt and took a month's time to transform himself physically before filming each phase of the actor's life.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Nilanjana|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-on-transforming-into-sanju-would-call-sanjay-dutt-in-the-middle-of-the-night-1875440|title=Ranbir Kapoor On Transforming Into Sanju: 'Would Call Sanjay Dutt In The Middle Of The Night'|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|publisher=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629150412/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-on-transforming-into-sanju-would-call-sanjay-dutt-in-the-middle-of-the-night-1875440|archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Kajol|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-sanju-teaser-crosses-30-million-on-youtube-in-48-hours-27902-1.html|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Sanju teaser crosses 30 million on YouTube in 48 hours|access-date=29 June 2018|date=27 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708081514/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-sanju-teaser-crosses-30-million-on-youtube-in-48-hours-27902-1.html|archive-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''NDTV'' thought that despite dramatic liberties, the film had successfully portrayed Dutt's complexity, and wrote that Kapoor "pulls out the stops in astonishingly effective ways, subsuming his personality into that of the protagonist".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-dazzles-as-sanjay-dutt-4-stars-out-of-5-1875187|title=Sanju Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Dazzles As Sanjay Dutt, Other Actors Scramble To Keep Up|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629082603/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-dazzles-as-sanjay-dutt-4-stars-out-of-5-1875187|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' was more critical for making Dutt too sympathetic despite his misdeeds, and wrote that Kapoor's "imitation (astonishing at times) takes over the performance".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/jA1MafVd2TiiZ0yhG1TsvO/Movie-Review-Sanju.html|title=Movie Review: 'Sanju'|access-date=29 June 2018|date=29 June 2018|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629115832/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/jA1MafVd2TiiZ0yhG1TsvO/Movie-Review-Sanju.html|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sanju''{{'}}s strong financial performance re-established Kapoor's stardom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4079|title=Sanju Heading Towards Highest Nett Grosser For Hindi Industry|access-date=3 July 2018|date=2 July 2018|publisher=Box Office India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133500/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4079|archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-claims-box-office-top-spot-with-sanju-film-mints-over-rs-120-crores-in-the-opening-weekend-2121654.html|title=Ranbir Kapoor claims Box Office top spot with Sanju; film mints over Rs 120 crores in the opening weekend|access-date=3 July 2018|date=2 July 2018|publisher=Zee News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133925/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-claims-box-office-top-spot-with-sanju-film-mints-over-rs-120-crores-in-the-opening-weekend-2121654.html|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> With earnings of over {{INRConvert|5.79|b}}, it emerged as Kapoor's biggest commercial success to that point.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|title=Box Office: Sanju is now the 6th highest Bollywood grosser worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He won another Best Actor award at Filmfare.<ref name="ff19">{{cite news|title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|date=23 March 2019|access-date=23 March 2019|work=[[Filmfare]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165124/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Hiatus and established actor (2019–present) ===
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor at the special screening of his film Animal (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Kapoor at an event for ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), which ranks as his highest-grossing film]]

Following ''Sanju'', Kapoor's next screen appearance was after four years in 2022, when he starred in ''[[Shamshera]]'' and ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''. He attributed this absence to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the death of his father, and the lengthy production time of these two big-budgeted films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 July 2022 |title='Shamshera': Ranbir Kapoor Explains His Four-Year Hiatus After 'Sanju' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-explains-his-four-year-hiatus-at-shamshera-promo-in-delhi-news-210242 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012112852/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-explains-his-four-year-hiatus-at-shamshera-promo-in-delhi-news-210242 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Shamshera'', a period action film set in the 1800s, he played a dual role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2019 |title=Ranbir Kapoor to play father and son in Shamshera, his first double role: report |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-father-and-son-in-shamshera-his-first-double-role-report/story-GyFl8KCGSKkzUQYokXw3EN_amp.html |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614195821/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-to-play-father-and-son-in-shamshera-his-first-double-role-report/story-GyFl8KCGSKkzUQYokXw3EN_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received poor reviews, with Saibal Chatterjee writing that "the actor should henceforth read his scripts with a more critical eye before buying into them. He owes it to his talent".<ref>{{cite web |title=Shamshera Review: Ranbir Kapoor's Period Film Is Thugs Of Hindostan Level Bad |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shamshera-review-ranbir-kapoors-period-film-is-thugs-of-hindostan-level-bad-1-star-3183390 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104645/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shamshera-review-ranbir-kapoors-period-film-is-thugs-of-hindostan-level-bad-1-star-3183390 |url-status=live }}</ref> It emerged as another box office bomb for Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |first=Tanushree |last=Roy |title=Shamshera box office collection Day 8: Ranbir Kapoor's film is a disaster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shamshera-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-is-a-disaster-1981680-2022-07-30 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104645/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shamshera-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-is-a-disaster-1981680-2022-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred opposite [[Alia Bhatt]] in Ayan Mukerji's fantasy film ''Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva'', the first part in a planned trilogy, which took five years to film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|title=Finally! Alia Bhatt-Ranbir Kapoor Wrap Brahmastra After 5 Years, Ayan Mukerji Locks Release Date|work=News18|access-date=29 March 2022|date=29 March 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713022230/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a production and marketing budget of around {{INR Convert|4|b}}, the film is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahmastra Comes Through All The Negativity |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7182 |date=18 September 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Box Office India |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025101103/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brahmastra made at a cost of Rs 410 crore, most expensive Hindi film ever: report|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|access-date=2 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=As per Bollywood Hungama, Brahmastra's Rs 410 crore budget excludes publicity expenses.|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902050835/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance and chemistry with Bhatt was not well-received by Simon Abrams of ''[[TheWrap]]'', but ''[[Deccan Herald]]''{{'s}} Vivek M. V. deemed him "excellent as [a] vulnerable orphan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Brahmastra Part One Shiva Review: Underwhelming Superhero Extravaganza |url=https://www.thewrap.com/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-amitabh-bachchan/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924221006/https://www.thewrap.com/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-amitabh-bachchan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=9 September 2022 |title='Brahmastra' movie review: 'Love Storiyan' ruin stunning VFX |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/brahmastra-movie-review-love-storiyan-ruin-stunning-vfx-1143642.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171002/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/brahmastra-movie-review-love-storiyan-ruin-stunning-vfx-1143642.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It earned {{INR Convert|4.31|b}} to rank as the highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Brahmastra collects Rs 425 in 25 days, becomes no.1 Hindi movie worldwide |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104344/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmastra Final Box Office Collections: India - Overseas - Worldwide |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7329 |website=Box Office India |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212081012/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7329 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapoor starred alongside [[Shraddha Kapoor]] in [[Luv Ranjan]]'s ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' (2023),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-romantic-comedy-titled-tu-jhoothi-main-makkar-watch-first-look-23260603 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor's romantic comedy titled 'Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar' |work=Mid-Day |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214083509/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-romantic-comedy-titled-tu-jhoothi-main-makkar-watch-first-look-23260603 |url-status=live }}</ref> which Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' remarked was a welcome return for Kapoor into the romantic comedy genre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar review: Ranbir Kapoor's return to rom-com is the perfect relief we waited for|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-review-ranbir-kapoors-return-to-rom-com-is-the-perfect-relief-we-waited-for-2343916-2023-03-08|magazine=India Today|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308032109/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-review-ranbir-kapoors-return-to-rom-com-is-the-perfect-relief-we-waited-for-2343916-2023-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> It emerged as a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tu Jhothi Main Makkaar Gets Benefit Of Holiday On Weekdays |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7654 |website=Box Office India |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182139/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7654 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aaglave|first=Ganesh|title=Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar emerges Ranbir Kapoor & Shraddha Kapoor's 4th-highest grosser, beats ABCD 2, ADHM, Barfi & more|date=22 March 2023|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-emerges-ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-4th-highest-grosser-beats-abcd-2-adhm-barfi-more-box-office-12331982.html|work=Firstpost|accessdate=23 March 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060128/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-emerges-ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-4th-highest-grosser-beats-abcd-2-adhm-barfi-more-box-office-12331982.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Keen to break away from his on-screen image, Kapoor accepted the role of a violent man with a troubled relationship with his father in [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]'s action drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.<ref name="variety23">{{cite news |last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=21 November 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor on 'Tough and Uncompromising' Role in 'Animal': 'A Narrative That Keeps You on the Edge of Your Seat' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ranbir-kapoor-animal-1235803068/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Variety }}</ref> He described the part as "way out of my comfort zone", and was challenged by the prospect of playing a "blend of strength, vulnerability and unpredictability".<ref name="variety23"/><ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2023 |title=When Ranbir Kapoor said Animal is 'way out of my comfort zone': 'It's quite a shocking character…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-said-animal-is-way-out-of-my-comfort-zone-8355473/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130095900/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-said-animal-is-way-out-of-my-comfort-zone-8355473/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's content led certain commentators to accuse the film and his character of glorifying [[toxic masculinity]] and [[misogyny]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pillai|first=Pooja|date=8 December 2023 |title=Man in a man's world: 'Animal' is not just banal. Its provocations are tepid and boring |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/animal-movie-boring-misogyny-violence-ranbir-kapoor-sandeep-reddy-vanga-9057946/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bidani |first=Gunjan D. |date=2 December 2023 |title=Animal: Is Sandeep Reddy Vanga Glorifying Misogyny And Toxic Masculinity? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/animal-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-glorifying-misogyny-and-toxic-masculinity-2694250.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Zee News |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073206/https://zeenews.india.com/people/animal-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-glorifying-misogyny-and-toxic-masculinity-2694250.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Shwet |date=5 December 2023 |title=Auteur or provocateur? Animal and the event of hypermasculine cinema |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/05/auteur-or-provocateur-animal-and-the-event-of-hypermasculine-cinema |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073206/https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/05/auteur-or-provocateur-animal-and-the-event-of-hypermasculine-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described Kapoor's role as "one of the vilest in cinema history",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Le |first=Phuong |date=2 December 2023 |title=Animal review – Ranbir Kapoor plays one of the vilest protagonists in cinema history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/02/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-plays-one-of-the-vilest-protagonists-in-cinema-history |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> but a reviewer for [[News18]] added that he "breathes life into this undesirable character with a lot of charisma and swag".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chowdhury|first=Titas|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html|title=Animal Review: Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol Hit It Out Of The Park With This Violent Revenge Saga|website=[[News18]]|date=1 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202225414/https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|9|b}}, ''Animal'' emerged as Kapoor's highest-grossing release and one of Hindi cinema's biggest earners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He won his fourth Best Actor award at Filmfare.<ref name="ff24">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2024|title=Filmfare Awards 2024: Ranbir Kapoor Wins Best Actor For Animal|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-ranbir-kapoor-wins-best-actor-trophy-for-animal-article-107206596|access-date=29 January 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

Kapoor will next play [[Rama]] in [[Nitesh Tiwari]]'s two-part adaptation of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and will reteam with Bhansali in the romantic drama ''Love & War'', co-starring Alia Bhatt and [[Vicky Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=3 July 2025 |title='Ramayana' introduction: Ranbir Kapoor, Yash, Hans Zimmer assemble for epic retelling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayana-introduction-ranbir-kapoor-yash-hans-zimmer-assemble-for-epic-retelling/article69767547.ece|website=thehindu.com|location=India|publisher=The Hindu |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=16 September 2025|title=Ranbir Kapoor, Vicky Kaushal, Alia Bhatt's Love & War aims for Rs 1000 Cr blockbuster |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-alia-bhatt-s-love-war-aims-for-rs-1000-cr-blockbuster-article-13551574.html |website=moneycontrol.com|location=India|publisher=Money Control|access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Kapoor and his wife [[Alia Bhatt]], pictured in 2021]]
Kapoor has been vocal about his personal life and has stated that his parents' marriage taught him how complex a relationship can be.<ref name="fight" /> He had his first serious relationship while in the seventh grade, and suffered from [[Depression (mood)|depression]] when it ended.<ref name="fav" /> While filming ''Bachna Ae Haseeno'' in 2008, Kapoor began dating his co-star [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I've been dating Deepika for a few weeks: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-ve-been-dating-deepika-for-a-few-weeks-ranbir-kapoor-news-bollywood-kkftL3hfdja.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 March 2008 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231090325/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-ve-been-dating-deepika-for-a-few-weeks-ranbir-kapoor-news-bollywood-kkftL3hfdja.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 }}</ref> The relationship attracted substantial media coverage in India and they speculated on an impending engagement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Drum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OosAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Drum Publications (East Africa) |page=98 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114120425/http://books.google.com/books?id=_OosAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref> However, the couple broke up a year later.<ref>{{cite news|title=My mother was not the reason for break-up with Deepika: Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/my-mother-was-not-the-reason-for-break-up-with-deepika-says-ranbir-kapoor-165114-2013-05-30 |work=India Today |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601095016/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/my-mother-was-not-the-reason-for-break-up-with-deepika-says-ranbir-kapoor/1/277769.html |archive-date= 1 June 2013 }}</ref> Kapoor maintained that the split was amicable, though the media widely reported that the split was due to infidelity on Kapoor's part.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=I will not keep my personal life open to everyone: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-will-not-keep-my-personal-life-open-to-everyone-ranbir-kapoor/393598-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609071812/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-will-not-keep-my-personal-life-open-to-everyone-ranbir-kapoor/393598-8-66.html |archive-date= 9 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=He cheated on me: Deepika |date=28 September 2010 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/he-cheated-on-me-deepika/story-Yb1QlWYJgHy9rIyGhoaWJP.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117171344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/he-cheated-on-me-deepika/story-Yb1QlWYJgHy9rIyGhoaWJP.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref> Kapoor later confessed: "Yes, I have, out of immaturity, out of inexperience, out of taking advantage of certain temptations, out of callousness."<ref>{{cite news|title=Yes, I cheated: Ranbir|date=30 September 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Yes-I-cheated-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/10181376.cms|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203192202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news-interviews/30229828_1_ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-relationship|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later in 2015, Kapoor stated that they both had resolved the conflict and had moved on with their lives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor: What I don't like about Deepika is that she is a flirt |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-What-I-dont-like-about-Deepika-is-that-she-is-a-flirt/articleshow/49801768.cms? |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119051913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-What-I-dont-like-about-Deepika-is-that-she-is-a-flirt/articleshow/49801768.cms |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> Since the split, he has been reticent to publicly discuss his personal life.<ref name="fight" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Tanwar|first=Sarita|title=I want to be in a relationship: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-04/news-interviews/30238874_1_ranbir-kapoor-link-ups-rockstar-and-barfee|date=4 October 2011|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227155803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-04/news-interviews/30238874_1_ranbir-kapoor-link-ups-rockstar-and-barfee|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Rumours of an affair with [[Katrina Kaif]] first emerged during the production of ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mirani |first=Indu |title=I want to be loved: Katrina |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/i-want-to-be-loved-katrina/articleshow/5997720.cms |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/i-want-to-be-loved-katrina/articleshow/5997720.cms |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pradhan |first=Bharathi S. |title=Single Sallu's a friendly ex |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/7days/story_13174492.jsp |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174001/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/7days/story_13174492.jsp |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In August 2013, a set of [[paparazzi]] photographs of Kapoor and Kaif at a beach in [[Spain]] were published by ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=Ranbir, Katrina's holiday photos: The anatomy of leaked pictures |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804222635/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |archive-date= 4 August 2013 }}</ref> Although Kapoor initially declined to speak of the relationship,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|title=I can give my life for my family, Ayan and Katrina: Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-can-give-my-life-for-my-family-Ayan-and-Katrina-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/22334002.cms|work=The Times of India|date=6 September 2013|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-can-give-my-life-for-my-family-Ayan-and-Katrina-Ranbir-Kapoor/articleshow/22334002.cms|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> he admitted to it in 2015: "Both of us are sure about our relationship and if we don't open about it now, it would be showing disrespect to the relationship."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir admits relationship with Katrina, to tie knot next year |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-admits-relationship-with-Katrina-to-tie-knot-next-year/articleshow/47223267.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513235108/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-admits-relationship-with-Katrina-to-tie-knot-next-year/articleshow/47223267.cms |archive-date=13 May 2015 }}</ref> In February 2016, the media reported that they had broken up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Katrina Kaif admits she's single! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-admits-shes-single/photostory/50880269.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209200106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-admits-shes-single/photostory/50880269.cms |archive-date= 9 February 2016 }}</ref> He has also spoken about being addicted to smoking and drinking.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Vijendra |title=#GQExclusive: Ranbir Kapoor opens up about reviving the RK banner, his sneaker obsession and Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |website=gqindia.com |access-date=13 July 2018 |date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023330/https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor accepts his tendency to drink a lot: I can't stop once I start, it is in my genes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-on-his-drinking-habit-i-can-t-stop-once-i-start-it-is-in-my-genes/story-yyO36bSpl8HGBu3OoolynN.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 July 2018 |date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713062546/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-on-his-drinking-habit-i-can-t-stop-once-i-start-it-is-in-my-genes/story-yyO36bSpl8HGBu3OoolynN.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, he began dating [[Alia Bhatt]], his co-star in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva|Brahmastra]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Shikha |title=Ranbir Kapoor opens up about reviving the RK banner, his sneaker obsession and Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |work=GQ India |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615023330/https://www.gqindia.com/content/ranbir-kapoor-gq-interview/ |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He married her on 14 April 2022 in a private ceremony in their [[Mumbai]] house.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt Wedding Live Updates: Akash And Shloka Ambani, Kareena And Saif, Navya Naveli And Nandas At Wedding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-wedding-this-afternoon-neetu-riddhima-soni-shaheen-at-vastu-2887054 |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=NDTV |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503203504/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-wedding-this-afternoon-neetu-riddhima-soni-shaheen-at-vastu-2887054 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt Wedding LIVE Updates: Alia and Ranbir are officially married; take pheras in the presence of family, friends |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-neetu-kapoor-ayan-mukerji-brahmastra-karan-johar-pre-wedding-festivities/liveblog/90815206.cms |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429064317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-wedding-live-updates-neetu-kapoor-ayan-mukerji-brahmastra-karan-johar-pre-wedding-festivities/liveblog/90815206.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 November 2022, Bhatt gave birth to their daughter, Raha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt and Ranbir Kapoor welcome their 1st child, a baby girl |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-and-ranbir-kapoor-welcome-their-1st-child-a-baby-girl-2293898-2022-11-06 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=India Today |date=6 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124215048/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-and-ranbir-kapoor-welcome-their-1st-child-a-baby-girl-2293898-2022-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alia Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor's daughter named Raha. See what it means |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoors-daughter-named-raha-see-what-it-means-2301344-2022-11-24 |access-date=24 November 2022 |date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124171647/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoors-daughter-named-raha-see-what-it-means-2301344-2022-11-24 |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
In addition to acting, Kapoor is a [[association football|football]] enthusiast and supports charities and organisations. He is the vice-captain of the All Stars Football Club, a celebrity football club that raises money for charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor wants world class football stadium in Mumbai |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-wants-world-class-football-stadium-in-mumbai-347796 |publisher=NDTV |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928222621/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-wants-world-class-football-stadium-in-mumbai-347796 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> In March 2013, he played the game to raise funds for the Magic Funds Organisation, an [[NGO]] for underprivileged children.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=Cricketers win but Ranbir Kapoor steals the show |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketers-win-but-ranbir-kapoor-steals-the-show/1095581/ |work=The Indian Express |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604054034/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cricketers-win-but-ranbir-kapoor-steals-the-show/1095581/ |archive-date= 4 June 2013 }}</ref> Along with the chartered accountant Bimal Parekh, Kapoor acquired ownership rights in 2014 for the Mumbai-based football team of the [[Indian Super League]], named [[Mumbai City FC]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Saumyajit |title=Stars embrace soccer through Indian Super League |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609215152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms |archive-date= 9 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Mumbai City Football Club to play all home games at D Y Patil Stadium |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoor-s-mumbai-city-football-club-to-play-all-home-games-at-d-y-patil-stadium-2014872 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141552/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoor-s-mumbai-city-football-club-to-play-all-home-games-at-d-y-patil-stadium-2014872 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> Also that year, Kapoor announced his participation with the digital music company [[Saavn]] as a content and programming adviser.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor teams up with online digital music company Saavn |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-teams-up-with-online-digital-music-company-Saavn/articleshow/40481251.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822195315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-teams-up-with-online-digital-music-company-Saavn/articleshow/40481251.cms |archive-date=22 August 2014 }}</ref> In 2016, he featured in the documentary series ''Girls with Goals'', to create awareness about and raise funds for [[Yuwa-India|YUWA]], an all-girls football team in the state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="yuwa">{{cite news|title=Inspirational Yuwa girls leave their mark through football |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/yuwa-foundation-ngo-football-girls-team-jharkhand-ranbir-kapoor-sunil-chhetri-328090-2016-07-08 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711094613/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yuwa-foundation-ngo-football-girls-team-jharkhand-ranbir-kapoor-sunil-chhetri/1/710377.html |archive-date=11 July 2016 }}</ref> In 2024, he launched a lifestyle brand named ARKS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor Announces Lifestyle Brand ARKS On His 42nd Birthday: "Son, Brother, Husband, Father And Now Founder" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-announces-lifestyle-brand-arks-on-his-42nd-birthday-son-brother-husband-father-and-now-founder-6668761 |website=NDTV |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 }}</ref>

Kapoor supports the empowerment of the girl child and is the goodwill ambassador of [[Shabana Azmi]]'s Mijwan Welfare Society, an NGO which helps empower women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2555046851.html |title=Ranbir supports girl child empowerment |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134446/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2555046851.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |via=HighBeam}}</ref> He supports environmental charities, and in 2011 donated money to the Community Water Initiative, a charitable organisation owned by [[PepsiCo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2452563231.html |title=Save water, urges Ranbir |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222000/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2452563231.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |via=HighBeam}}</ref> In 2012, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a short film by [[Zoya Akhtar]] to generate awareness on [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Zoya Akhtar films for breast cancer campaign|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-films-for-breast-cancer-campaign/story-o1WgpTyyjakB2yBv5c3usJ.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 July 2012|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103073608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zoya-akhtar-films-for-breast-cancer-campaign/story-o1WgpTyyjakB2yBv5c3usJ.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the campaign ambassador for ''NDTV''{{'s}} Marks for Sports, a nationwide initiative to promote fitness and health in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, other celebs pledge their support for Marks for Sports |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/sports/ranbir-kapoor-other-celebs-pledge-their-support-for-marks-for-sports-10782 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192836/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/sports/ranbir-kapoor-other-celebs-pledge-their-support-for-marks-for-sports-10782 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, he participated in an auction on [[eBay]], where the highest bidder gets an opportunity to interact with him; the proceeds were donated to Save the Children, a non-profit organisation that raised funds for [[2013 North India floods|flood affected households in Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor supports charity for Uttarakhand relief |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1867582/report-ranbir-kapoor-supports-charity-for-uttarakhand-relief |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803080545/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1867582/report-ranbir-kapoor-supports-charity-for-uttarakhand-relief |archive-date= 3 August 2013 }}</ref> That same year, he appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial, produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], to create awareness about children's education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir, Katrina, Imran, Anushka's educational anthem |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426165423/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> In December 2014, he again took part in another eBay auction; the ''[[phiran]]'' he wore in ''Rockstar'' (2011) was sold, with proceeds going to the redevelopment of the flood-ravaged states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma auction costumes to raise funds for charity |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627215615/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-auction-costumes-to-raise-funds-for-charity/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> He had also fronted a campaign to collect donations for the victims of the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma campaign for donations for Nepal |work=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609040308/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anushka-sharma-campaign-for-donations-for-nepal/ |archive-date= 9 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, he presented 2,000 raincoats to the [[Mumbai Traffic Police]] as an appreciation for their service during the year's heavy monsoon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai City FC present raincoats to traffic police |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-present-raincoats-to-traffic-police_1636174.html |publisher=Zee News |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180524/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-present-raincoats-to-traffic-police_1636174.html |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, he collaborated with [[Aamir Khan]]'s Paani Foundation to help local farmers and villagers suffering from drought in parts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Smrity|title=After Ali Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor Joins Aamir Khan's Paani Foundation As Jal Mitra (PICS, Video)|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/ranbir-kapoor-follows-alia-bhatt-does-shramdaan-for-aamir-khans-paani-foundation-pics-video-3053007/|website=india.com|date=14 May 2018 |publisher=India|access-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215715/http://www.india.com/showbiz/ranbir-kapoor-follows-alia-bhatt-does-shramdaan-for-aamir-khans-paani-foundation-pics-video-3053007/|archive-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor.jpg|thumb|upright|Kapoor in 2012]]
Born into a family of popular actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a young age; ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' published that "he was always a star kid from whom everyone had great expectations".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|title=Ranbir Kapoor shakes up Khan hegemony|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shakes-up-khan-hegemony/story-YvJpFxWqCY2fI0mNPr5y4M.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030122137/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shakes-up-khan-hegemony/story-YvJpFxWqCY2fI0mNPr5y4M.html|archive-date=30 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the failure of his first film (''Saawariya''), [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] reported that he "rose like [a] meteor on film firmament by giving compelling performances in films like ''Raajneeti'', ''Rockstar'' and [..] ''Barfi!''"<ref>{{cite web|title=Money has never been a driving factor: Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/money-has-never-been-a-driving-factor-ranbir-kapoor-318947 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504064523/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/money-has-never-been-a-driving-factor-ranbir-kapoor-318947 |archive-date= 4 May 2013 }}</ref> Discussing the commercial viability of Kapoor, Apoorva Mehta, the COO of Dharma Productions, noted in 2013, "In a short career span of 10 films, Ranbir Kapoor has achieved a tremendous jump in the business done by his films."<ref name="brand">{{cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=Nandini|title=Brand Ranbir Kapoor on a roll: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani grosses Rs 95 crore|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news/39788748_1_rishi-kapoor-raj-kapoor-barfi|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 July 2013|access-date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821132005/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news/39788748_1_rishi-kapoor-raj-kapoor-barfi|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also that year, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' credited him as "the most bankable actor of his generation".<ref name="brand" /> However, following the success of ''Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani'', each of Kapoor's releases under-performed at the box-office.<ref name="flops" /> This led trade journalists to criticise his choice of films, noting that his inclination towards experimental projects negatively impacted his commercial appeal.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakker |first=Namrata |title=Is Ranbir's experimentation hurting his career? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/is-ranbirs-experimentation-hurting-his-career/20151203.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318233036/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/is-ranbirs-experimentation-hurting-his-career/20151203.htm |archive-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>

Nationally, he is one of the most popular and high-profile celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrivastava |first=Priyanka |title=Can heartthrob Ranbir Kapoor take on the Khans? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-will-take-on-khans-166068-2013-06-07 |work=India Today |date=8 July 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814113154/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-will-take-on-khans/1/279160.html |archive-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, ''[[Forbes]]'' featured him among the top twenty in India's [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]], a list based on the income and popularity of the country's celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2013 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |work=Forbes |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219072752/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> For the next two years, he was ranked 11th with an estimated annual earning of {{INRConvert|93.25|c}} and {{INRConvert|85|c}} respectively, making him one of the highest-paid actors in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=2014 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all |work=Forbes |access-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062618/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2015 Celebrity 100 List — Forbes India |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |work=Forbes |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213102627/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |archive-date=13 December 2015 }}</ref> He was frequently featured in Rediff.com's annual listing of "Bollywood's Best Actors"; he was ranked second in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2009 |date=31 December 2009 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/30/slide-show-1-best-actors-of-2009.htm#9 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703080855/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/30/slide-show-1-best-actors-of-2009.htm |archive-date= 3 July 2013 }}</ref> first in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2011 |date=31 December 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-actors-of-the-year-yearend-2011/20111229.htm#10 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023110535/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-best-actors-of-the-year-yearend-2011/20111229.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> third in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actors, 2012 |date=31 December 2012 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-10-best-actors-of-2012/20121226.htm#8 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820012808/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-10-best-actors-of-2012/20121226.htm |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref> and held the sixth position in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sukanya Verma's Best Actors of 2015 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actors-of-2015/20151228.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=28 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230104255/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sukanya-vermas-best-actors-of-2015/20151228.htm |archive-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Madame Tussauds]] museum installed four wax sculptures of him at four locations, including [[Madame Tussauds Dubai|Dubai]], [[Madame Tussauds Singapore|Singapore]], Bangkok, and [[Madame Tussauds Delhi|Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-01 |title=Madame Tussauds debuts in Delhi with Indian celebrities |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42193531 |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref>

He has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/24 |title=50 Most Beautiful Indian Faces |access-date=30 December 2015 |date=9 March 2012 |publisher=iDiva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927105434/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/50-most-beautiful-indian-faces/11401/21 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has featured on ''The Times of India''{{'s}} listing of the 'Most Desirable Man' from 2010 to 2015, ranking among the top ten each year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010: The Winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510213330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms |archive-date=10 May 2016 }} {{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live }} {{cite news |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912072811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Mahesh Babu is 2013's most desirable man |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 }} {{cite news |title=Ranveer Singh: The Most Desirable Man of 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2016 |access-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127055530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> In 2009 ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine listed him as the "Sexiest Man Alive" in India,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor voted 'Sexiest Man Alive' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39479/ranbir-kapoor-voted-sexiest-man.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530105747/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39479/ranbir-kapoor-voted-sexiest-man.html |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> and in 2013 he topped ''[[Filmfare]]''{{'s}} poll of the "Most Stylish Young Actor".<ref>{{cite news|last=Gangwani |first=Rahul |title=Poll: Most stylish young actor — Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-young-actor-ranbir-kapoor-2235.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204012621/http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-young-actor-ranbir-kapoor-2235.html |archive-date= 4 February 2013 }}</ref> Also in 2013, he was one of the recipients of the "People of the Year" award by the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shabana Azmi, Prabhu Deva, Ranbir Kapoor receive 'People of the Year' award|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shabana-azmi-prabhu-deva-ranbir-kapoor-receive-people-of-the-year-award/1100408/0|work=The Indian Express|date=10 April 2013|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> In 2010, he was voted the "Sexiest Asian Man" in a poll conducted by the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-voted-Sexiest-Asian-Man/articleshow/7127472.cms |title=Ranbir Kapoor voted Sexiest Asian Man |date=19 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413143842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Kapoor-voted-Sexiest-Asian-Man/articleshow/7127472.cms |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapoor continued to feature among the top ten of the list from 2011 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 December 2011|title=Hrithik Roshan tops Sexiest Asian Men list|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm#6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231035051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm|archive-date=31 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2015|work=Rediff.com}} </ref> He is also the celebrity endorser for various brands, including [[Pepsi]], [[Panasonic]], [[Renault India|Renault]], [[Lenovo]] and the Spanish football club [[FC Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Bollywood actors & their brand endorsements in 2011 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-22/news/30547000_1_endorsements-kwan-entertainment-small-screen-actors-and-actresses |work=The Economic Times |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630094053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-22/news/30547000_1_endorsements-kwan-entertainment-small-screen-actors-and-actresses |archive-date=30 June 2013 |url-status=dead }} {{cite news |title=Renault India ropes in Ranbir Kapoor as brand ambassador |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/renault-india-ropes-in-ranbir-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/48239703.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816105615/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/renault-india-ropes-in-ranbir-kapoor-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/48239703.cms |archive-date=16 August 2016 }} {{cite news |title=Lenovo S660 seems a good mid-segment choice at Rs 13,999 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/lenovo-s660-launch/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210826/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/lenovo-s660-launch/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor}}

Kapoor has been the recipient of seven [[Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''Saawariya'' (2007),<ref name="awards" /> [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Critics Award for Best Actor]] for ''Wake Up Sid'' (2009), ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani'' (2009), and ''Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year'' (2009) (jointly for the three films),<ref name="critics09" /> and ''Rockstar'' (2011),<ref name="awards" /> and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] awards for ''Rockstar'',<ref name="awards" /> ''Barfi!'' (2012),<ref name="awards" /> ''Sanju'' (2018),<ref name="ff19" /> and ''Animal'' (2023).<ref name="ff24" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|id=ranbir-kapoor}}

{{Kapoor family}}
{{Navboxes
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[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Ranbir]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Bhatt family]]

Ranbir Kapoor filmography

2026-08-04T05:05:50Z

Kannadaguy: Update to page

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
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[[File:Ranbir Kapoor at the trailer launch of Shamshera.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A face shot of Ranbir Kapoor|Kapoor in 2022]]
[[Ranbir Kapoor]] is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Hindi]]-language films. He worked as an assistant director on the films ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' (1999) and ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005), before making his acting debut in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s romantic drama ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007).<ref name="ibn interview">{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=As a kid, I used to be petrified of dad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |publisher=[[News18]]
|date=1 October 2007 |access-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009233647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |archive-date= 9 October 2013 }}</ref> It earned Kapoor the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="allff">{{cite news |title=All Filmfare Award Winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/ |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180227163020/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/ |archive-date=27 February 2018 }}</ref> He established himself in 2009 with leading roles in three films{{mdash}}the coming-of-age drama ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'', the comedy ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' and the drama ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]''. He won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for his combined work in these three films.<ref name="allff"/> In 2010, Kapoor played a character based on [[Arjuna]] and [[Michael Corleone]] in the commercially successful political thriller ''[[Raajneeti]]''.<ref name="rk box office">{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=11 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912203525/http://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=11 |archive-date=12 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Pratim D. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100605/jsp/entertainment/story_12530049.jsp |title=She in a he world |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608130100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100605/jsp/entertainment/story_12530049.jsp |archive-date=8 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nikhat|last=Kazmi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms|title=Raajneeti Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820214326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms|archive-date=20 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2013, Kapoor's releases were among the highest-grossing Hindi films of their respective years.<ref name="box office">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2011 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2011&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008201029/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2011&pageId=4 |archive-date=8 October 2017 }}</ref> In [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s musical ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011) he played an aspiring singer, and in [[Anurag Basu]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012), he starred as a joyful deaf and mute man.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijaykumar |first=Neeti |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/ranbir-kapoor-career-defining-performances.html |title=7 career-defining performances of Ranbir Kapoor |work=The Week |date=28 September 2016 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414111959/https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/ranbir-kapoor-career-defining-performances.html |archive-date=14 April 2018 }}</ref> His performance in both films was critically acclaimed and he earned two consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] awards at Filmfare and the former also earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-last-five-years-have-been-amazing-612049 |title=Ranbir Kapoor: Last five years have been amazing |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718140927/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-last-five-years-have-been-amazing-612049 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ff12">{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2012: List of awardees |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/filmfare-awards-2012-list-of-awardees-91395-2012-01-30 |work=India Today |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414111959/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/filmfare-awards-2012-list-of-awardees-91395-2012-01-30 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ff13">{{cite news |title=Barfi!, Kahaani dominate at Filmfare Awards; Ranbir and Vidya best actors |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/barfi-kahaani-dominate-at-filmfare-awards-ranbir-and-vidya-best-actors-595639.html |work=Firstpost |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/barfi-kahaani-dominate-at-filmfare-awards-ranbir-and-vidya-best-actors-595639.html |archive-date=14 April 2018 }}</ref> The romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) further established him as a star.<ref name="box office"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is Ranbir Kapoor, Deepika Padukone's biggest hit |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672/ |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716115517/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-s-biggest-hit/1127672 |archive-date=16 July 2013 }}</ref>

This success was followed by some commercial failures, including the period drama ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015), the romance ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015), and the comic mystery ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017); the latter also marked Kapoor's first production venture.<ref name="rk box office"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Anurag Basu launch production house |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anurag-basu-launch-production-house/ |access-date=11 June 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421033146/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-anurag-basu-launch-production-house/ |archive-date=21 April 2014 }}</ref> His sole commercial success in this period came with ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016), in which he starred as a musician.<ref name="box office"/><ref name="adhm">{{cite news|last=Leydon |first=Joe |title=Film Review: 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |work=Variety |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110812/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-1201903527/ |archive-date=29 October 2016 }}</ref> In 2018, Kapoor portrayed the actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the biopic ''[[Sanju]]'', which grossed over {{INRConvert|5.87|b}} becoming highest-grossing Hindi film of the year,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-ranbir-kapoors-sanju-will-become-the-third-biggest-bollywood-film-ever-predicts-co-producer/255787|title=Exclusive: Ranbir Kapoor's Sanju will become the third biggest Bollywood film ever, predicts co-producer|access-date=13 August 2018|date=18 July 2018|publisher=[[Times Now]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001619/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-ranbir-kapoors-sanju-will-become-the-third-biggest-bollywood-film-ever-predicts-co-producer/255787|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|title=Box Office: Sanju is now the 6th highest Bollywood grosser worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-sanju-now-6th-highest-bollywood-grosser-worldwide/|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and earned him another Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref name="ff19">{{cite news|title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|date=23 March 2019|access-date=23 March 2019|work=Filmfare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165124/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, he starred in the period film ''[[Shamshera]]'' and the fantasy film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|title=Finally! Alia Bhatt-Ranbir Kapoor Wrap Brahmastra After 5 Years, Ayan Mukerji Locks Release Date|work=News18|access-date=29 March 2022|date=29 March 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713022230/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/finally-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-wrap-brahmastra-after-5-years-ayan-mukerji-locks-release-date-4919135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter ranks among the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi films]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Brahmastra made at a cost of Rs 410 crore, most expensive Hindi film ever: report|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|access-date=2 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=As per Bollywood Hungama, Brahmastra's Rs 410 crore budget excludes publicity expenses.|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902050835/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/brahmastra-made-at-a-cost-of-rs-410-crore-most-expensive-hindi-film-8125379/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brahmastra collects Rs 425 in 25 days, becomes no.1 Hindi movie worldwide |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104344/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/brahmastra-collects-rs-425-crore-in-25-days-becomes-no-1-hindi-movie-worldwide/articleshow/94643996.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, he starred in the romantic comedy ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' and played a violent criminal in the action thriller ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'', which earned over {{INRConvert|9|b}} to emerge as his highest-grossing release and one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of all time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aaglave|first=Ganesh|title= Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar emerges Ranbir Kapoor & Shraddha Kapoor's 4th-highest grosser, beats ABCD 2, ADHM, Barfi & more|date=22 March 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-emerges-ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-4th-highest-grosser-beats-abcd-2-adhm-barfi-more-box-office-12331982.html|work=Firstpost|accessdate=23 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 January 2024 }}</ref> For the latter, he won his fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2024|title=Filmfare Awards 2024: Ranbir Kapoor Wins Best Actor For Animal|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-ranbir-kapoor-wins-best-actor-trophy-for-animal-article-107206596|access-date=29 January 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Films==

{{pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Hindi]] unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of film credits
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Prem Granth]]''
| {{N/A}}
| rowspan="3" | Assistant director
|
|-
| 1999
!scope="row"| ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''
| {{N/A}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ad">{{cite news|last=Rosario|first=Kennith|title=The extraordinary world of Ranbir Kapoor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-extraordinary-world-of-ranbir-kapoor/article19232527.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-extraordinary-world-of-ranbir-kapoor/article19232527.ece|archivedate=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
| {{N/A}}
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2016 |title=Amitabh-Ranbir share Black trivia: Ranbir trained young Michelle, Big B reveals acting mistake |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-ranbir-kapoor-black-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-pink-353150-2016-11-21 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005839/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-ranbir-kapoor-black-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-pink-353150-2016-11-21 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
!scope="row"| ''[[Saawariya]]''
| {{sort|Raj|Ranbir Raj}}
| Debut film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Oh, how Sanjay Bhansali hams!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/08saawariya.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=9 November 2007|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060010/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/08saawariya.htm|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{sort|Sharma|Raj Sharma}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramani|first=Nithya|title='Yash Raj has taken a risk with Bachna Ae Haseeno'!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/07anand.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=7 July 2008|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912065607/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/07anand.htm|archive-date=12 September 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
| {{sort|Mehra|Siddharth "Sid" Mehra}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |title=When boy meets man |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1lw7m5xx49hZMnGmfVSQfM/When-boy-meets-man.html |work=Mint |date=3 October 2009 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414111959/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1lw7m5xx49hZMnGmfVSQfM/When-boy-meets-man.html |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
| Prem Shankar Sharma
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Malani|first=Gaurav|title=Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani: Movie Review|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/ajab-prem-ki-ghazab-kahani-movie-review/articleshow/5204327.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2009|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/ajab-prem-ki-ghazab-kahani-movie-review/articleshow/5204327.cms|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]''
| {{sort|Bedi|Harpreet Singh Bedi}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|title=High Road in Business? He Takes It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/movies/15rocket.html|work=The New York Times|date=14 December 2009|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923124134/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/movies/15rocket.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Raajneeti]]''
| {{sort|Pratap|Samar Pratap}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Review: Raajneeti|work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-raajneeti-518|publisher=NDTV|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308044336/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-raajneeti-518|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''
| Akash Khanna
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title='Anjaana Anjaani' is deathly boring |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |website=News18 |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004115817/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |archive-date= 4 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
!scope="row"|''[[Chillar Party]]''
|Himself
|Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |date=19 April 2011 |title=Ranbir Kapoor turns item boy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-turns-item-boy/story-Qdo6AlZhwagRGGB9OdtBON.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|Janardhan "Jordan" Jakhar (JJ)
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |title=Review: Rockstar brings music back to our films |work=Daily News and Aanlysis |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230957/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1610801/review-review-rockstar-is-as-fulfilling-as-an-effective-crescendo |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{sort|Johnson|Murphy "Barfi" Johnson}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|title=5 reasons why we still love Barfi!|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-barfi-15568.html|work=Filmfare|date=14 September 2016|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919184141/http://www.filmfare.com/features/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-barfi-15568.html|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| {{sort|Thapar|Kabir "Bunny" Thapar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=Movie review Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani: It is Ranbir Kapoor that will stay with you |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-it-is-ranbir-kapoor-that-will-stay-with-you/1123242/ |work=The Indian Express |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112015436/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-it-is-ranbir-kapoor-that-will-stay-with-you/1123242/ |archive-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
| Babli Chautala
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamath|first=Nandini|title=Film Review: Besharam|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP3juFrDlMLf1ZZNjcFsnN/Film-Review--Besharam.html|work=Mint|date=2 October 2013|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316011728/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP3juFrDlMLf1ZZNjcFsnN/Film-Review--Besharam.html|archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor sings 'Love ki Ghanti' in Besharam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-apt-for-singing-a-song-in-Besharam-says-Abhinav/articleshow/21845809.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 August 2013|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309201059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-apt-for-singing-a-song-in-Besharam-says-Abhinav/articleshow/21845809.cms|archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2014
! scope="row" | ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| Alien
| Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaked clip: Ranbir Kapoor's entry with Aamir as an alien in 'pk' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141220/entertainment-bollywood/article/pk-spoiler-alert-you-wont-believe-role-ranbir-kapoor-plays |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008091209/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141220/entertainment-bollywood/article/pk-spoiler-alert-you-wont-believe-role-ranbir-kapoor-plays |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
!scope="row"| ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
| Roy
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="ad"/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
| {{sort|Balraj|Johnny Balraj}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Tsui|first=Clarence|title='Bombay Velvet': Bucheon Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/bombay-velvet-bucheon-review-811164|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=27 July 2015|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130135959/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/bombay-velvet-bucheon-review-811164|archive-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
| {{sort|Sahni|Ved Vardhan Sahni}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Guha|first=Kunal|title=Film Review: Tamasha|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-tamasha/articleshow/49954184.cms|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=28 November 2015|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-tamasha/articleshow/49954184.cms|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
!scope="row"|''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| {{sort|Sanger|Ayan Sanger}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Suprateek|title='Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' Review: A Generic Tearjerker That Spontaneously Combusts|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-a-generic-tearjerker-that-spontaneo_a_21593942/|work=HuffPost|date=28 October 2016|access-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913120812/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/28/ae-dil-hai-mushkil-review-a-generic-tearjerker-that-spontaneo_a_21593942/|archive-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
| Jagga Rana Bagchi
| Also producer
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M|title=Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir-Katrina's bow to Broadway is a laudable experiment that zigzags off course|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|access-date=3 August 2017|date=14 July 2017|website=[[Firstpost]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803221714/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-katrinas-bow-to-broadway-is-a-laudable-experiment-that-zigzags-off-course-3812855.html|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanju]]''
| {{sort|Dutt|[[Sanjay Dutt]]}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayan |first=Shreya |title=Sanjay Dutt biopic: Ranbir Kapoor confirms release date of the teaser |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sanjay-dutt-biopic-ranbir-kapoor-confirms-release-date-teaser-766042 |work=International Business Times |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407103943/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sanjay-dutt-biopic-ranbir-kapoor-confirms-release-date-teaser-766042 |archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Shamshera]]''
| Shamshera / Balli{{efn|name=dual|Kapoor played dual roles in the film.}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shamshera-ranbir-kapoor-vaani-kapoors-film-goes-on-floors-1956175.html|title=Shamshera: Ranbir Kapoor, Vaani Kapoor's Film Goes on Floors|website=News18|date=4 December 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103609/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shamshera-ranbir-kapoor-vaani-kapoors-film-goes-on-floors-1956175.html|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| Shiva
|Also producer
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/brahmastra-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-begin-shooting-today/articleshow/63055136.cms|title='Brahmastra': Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt begin shooting today|date=24 February 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225031920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/brahmastra-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-begin-shooting-today/articleshow/63055136.cms|archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
|Rohan "Mickey" Arora
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoors-romantic-comedy-titled-tu-jhoothi-main-makkar-watch-first-look-23260603 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor's romantic comedy titled 'Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar' |work=Mid-Day |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|Ranvijay Singh / Aziz Haque{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vangas-directorial-starring-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-anil-kapoor-bobby-deol-goes-floors/|title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga's directorial starring Ranbir Kapoor, Rashmika Mandanna, Anil Kapoor, and Bobby Deol goes on floors|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 April 2022|access-date=22 April 2022|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422072311/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vangas-directorial-starring-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-anil-kapoor-bobby-deol-goes-floors/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Ramayana (2026 film)|Ramayana Part 1]]}}
|[[Rama]] / [[Parshurama]]{{efn|name=dual}}
|Post production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |date=2 July 2025 |title=Ramayana: Fresh update on Ranbir Kapoor's mythological movie as actor wraps up shooting for part 1 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/ramayana-fresh-update-on-ranbir-kapoor-s-mythological-movie-as-actor-wraps-up-shooting-for-part-1-2025-07-02-997043 |work=India TV News |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2027
| {{pending film|Love & War}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad|first=Himesh|title=Exclusive: Alia Bhatt joins Ranbir Kapoor, Vicky Kaushal and Sanjay Leela Bhansali on Love And War sets in Mumbai|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-alia-bhatt-joins-ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-and-sanjay-leela-bhansali-on-love-and-war-sets-in-mumbai-1359142?amp|date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|[[Ramayana: Part 2 (2027)|Ramayana: Part 2]]}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Rama]] / [[Parshurama]]{{efn|name=dual}}
|Filming
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |date=2 July 2025 |title=Ramayana: Fresh update on Ranbir Kapoor's mythological movie as actor wraps up shooting for part 1 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/ramayana-fresh-update-on-ranbir-kapoor-s-mythological-movie-as-actor-wraps-up-shooting-for-part-1-2025-07-02-997043 |work=India TV News |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2004
!scope="row"| ''Karma''
|Aryan Malhotra
|Hindi
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-oscar-nominated-short-film-karma-screened-abhay-chopra-watch-7302887/|title=Ranbir Kapoor's debut was Oscar-nominated Karma, short film screened at Bandra Film Festival|date=6 May 2021|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711073556/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-oscar-nominated-short-film-karma-screened-abhay-chopra-watch-7302887/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 3em;" | Role
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2009
! scope="row"|''[[54th Filmfare Awards]]''
| rowspan="4" | Host
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Imran-to-host-Filmfare/articleshow/4190730.cms|title=Ranbir & Imran to host Filmfare|work=The Times of India|date=26 February 2009|access-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranbir-Imran-to-host-Filmfare/articleshow/4190730.cms|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2011
! scope="row"|''[[56th Filmfare Awards]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dubey|first1=Bharti|last2=Iyer|first2=Meena|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-When-stars-strut/iplarticleshow/7388578.cms|title=Filmfare Awards: When stars strut|work=The Times of India|date=30 January 2011|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414111959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-When-stars-strut/iplarticleshow/7388578.cms|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2012
! scope="row"|''[[57th Filmfare Awards]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Vyavahare|first=Renuka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Ranbir-to-host-57th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/11488498.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir to host 57th Idea Filmfare Awards|date=15 January 2012|access-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/news-interviews/30627832_1_filmfare-awards-ranbir-and-imran-host|archive-date=12 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
! scope="row"|''[[59th Filmfare Awards]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-ranbir-kapoor-59th-filmfare-awards-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-175902-2014-01-07|title=Priyanka Chopra, Ranbir Kapoor to co-host 59th Filmfare awards|work=India Today|date=7 January 2014|access-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102315/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-ranbir-kapoor-59th-filmfare-awards-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-175902-2014-01-07|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row"|''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''
| rowspan="3"| Himself
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ahead-of-the-romantics-premiere-ranbir-kapoor-says-ddlj-influenced-the-way-i-spoke-to-a-girl-2333707-2023-02-12|title=Ahead of The Romantics premiere, Ranbir Kapoor says 'DDLJ influenced the way I spoke to a girl'|work=India Today|date=12 February 2023|accessdate=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row" |''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Ba***ds Of Bollywood: Aryan Khans Show Features Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol And..... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/bads-of-bollywood-aryan-khans-show-features-shah-rukh-khan-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-and-2947595 |work=Zee News |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Dining with the Kapoors''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dining-with-the-kapoors-a-star-studded-feast-with-kareena-ranbir-riddhima-and-more-7629472 |title=Dining With The Kapoors: Kareena, Ranbir, Karisma, Neetu Singh Bond Over Food And Family |work=NDTV |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of music video credits
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Performer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1993
! scope="row"| "Pyar Ki Ganga Bahe"
|Mohammed Aziz, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Manhar Udhas]] & [[Jolly Mukherjee]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title= When Ranbir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Anil Kapoor shared the frame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-ranbir-kapoor-rishi-kapoor-sonam-anil-kapoor-tiger-jackie-shroff-shared-the-frame-for-pyaar-ki-ganga-bahe-music-video/articleshow/75737130.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| "[[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara|Phir Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]"
| Various
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh launches new version of Mile sur mera tumhara |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amitabh-launches-new-version-of-mile-sur-mera-tumhara/article1-501675.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708033525/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amitabh-launches-new-version-of-mile-sur-mera-tumhara/article1-501675.aspx |archive-date= 8 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"| "Smile Deke Dekho"
| [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] & [[Nakash Aziz]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kanyal |first=Jyoti |date=20 December 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/watch-ranbir-kapoor-and-alia-bhatt-say-smile-deke-dekho-in-new-music-video-1629980-2019-12-20 |title=Watch: Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt say smile deke dekho in new music video |magazine=India Today |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+{{sronly|Discography}}
|-
! Year
! Track
! Album
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| "Love Ki Ghanti"
|''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mangaoka |first1=Shalvi |date=26 June 2013 |title=Ranbir Kapoor is back with an item number in Besharam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-is-back-with-an-item-number-in-besharam/story-kNLKMBnvoEIxDzhKNxfBWM.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| "Love Ki Ghanti" (remix)
|''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
|
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| "Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya"
|''[[Sanju]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiksha |first1=Shruti |date=1 July 2018 |title=Sanju Song Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya: A Treat To Ranbir Kapoor And Sanjay Dutt Fans |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-song-baba-bolta-hain-bas-ho-gaya-a-treat-to-ranbir-kapoor-and-sanjay-dutt-fans-1876053 |work=NDTV |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"| "Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar (TitleTrack)"
|''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar]]''
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1633541|name=Ranbir Kapoor}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/ranbir-kapoor/ Ranbir Kapoor] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Ranbir}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:Bhatt family]]

Ramayana (2026 film)

2026-08-04T05:04:19Z

Kannadaguy: Part 2 head note

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Nitesh Tiwari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Ramayana
| image =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| screenplay = [[Shridhar Raghavan]] Nitesh Tiwari
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl |Nitesh Tiwari|Shreyas Jain}}
}}
| story = [[Valmiki]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|Valmiki}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Namit Malhotra]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]]
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sunny Deol]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
* [[Mahesh Limaye]]
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = [[DNEG]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[Hans Zimmer]]
}}
| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Prime Focus Studios
* Monster Mind Creations
* DNEG
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Dharma Productions]]
* [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]
}}
| released = {{film date|2026|11|8|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|}}
| budget = {{INR}}4000 crore (combined with Part 2)<ref>* {{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Yash's 'Ramayana' budget to exceed ₹4,000 crore across two parts |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=17 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305073725/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=VFX Spectacle ‘Ramayana’ Adaptation with $500 Million Budget to Be Released by Sony |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/ramayana-adaptation-500-million-budget-sony-release-1235206903/ |website=[[IndieWire]] }}
* {{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer Ramayana to be India’s costliest film ever at Rs 4000 crore, says producer Namit Malhotra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=30 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330092127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |access-date=31 July 2026 |title=Forget 'The Lord of the Rings', a $400M Fantasy Epic Just Debuted a Lavish Trailer |url=https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |website=[[Collider.com|Collider]] |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801223352/https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ramayana'''''{{Efn|Titled on-screen as ''Namit Malhotra's Ramayana: Our Truth, Our History.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 July 2025 |title=RAMAYANA UNVEILED |url=https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled |publisher=[[DNEG]] |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703213031/https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Fantasy film|mythological film]] based on the ancient [[Sanskrit]] epic of [[Ramayana|the same name]] by [[Valmiki]]. Produced by [[Namit Malhotra]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] through [[Prime Focus|Prime Focus Studios]] and Monster Mind Creations alongside [[DNEG]], the film is co-written and directed by [[Nitesh Tiwari]] in association with [[Shridhar Raghavan]]. Conceived as the first installment of a planned two-part film series,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Yash and Sai Pallavi’s ‘Ramayana Part 1 and 2’ officially announced; first poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavis-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-first-poster-out/article68835920.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215233624/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavis-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-first-poster-out/article68835920.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-31 |title='Ramayana' first glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor on playing Lord Ram: 'He is called Maryada Purushottam, which stands for an ideal man' - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-on-playing-lord-ram-he-is-called-maryada-purushottam-which-stands-for-an-ideal-man-watch/articleshow/129911188.cms |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331034748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-on-playing-lord-ram-he-is-called-maryada-purushottam-which-stands-for-an-ideal-man-watch/articleshow/129911188.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=Could this movie based on a Hindu epic become India's 'Avatar'? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2025-08-19/could-this-movie-based-on-a-hindu-epic-become-indias-avatar |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924230401/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2025-08-19/could-this-movie-based-on-a-hindu-epic-become-indias-avatar |url-status=live }}</ref> it features an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Ranbir Kapoor]], Yash (in his Hindi film debut), [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Kunal Kapoor]], [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Arun Govil]], [[Indira Krishnan]] and [[Lara Dutta]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana full cast revealed: Full list of actors in Ranbir Kapoor's epic |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ramayana-full-cast-revealed-full-list-of-actors-in-ranbir-kapoor-s-epic-nc-126073000830_1.html |access-date=30 July 2026 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

The project was announced in May 2017 as a live-action adaptation of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'', initially conceived as a trilogy by producers. Following several years of development and script refinement, the project was restructured as a two-part film series under Tiwari's sole direction. For the film's score, [[Hans Zimmer]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] jointly came on board, marking Zimmer's debut in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana to mark Hans Zimmer's debut in Bollywood with AR Rahman: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-hans-zimmer-india-debut-ar-rahman-report-sai-pallavi-yash-101712296514599.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528011011/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-hans-zimmer-india-debut-ar-rahman-report-sai-pallavi-yash-101712296514599.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman on Collaborating with Hans Zimmer for ‘Ramayana’: 'It Is Terrifying' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ar-rahman-on-collaborating-with-hans-zimmer-for-ramayana-it-is-terrifying |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316151614/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ar-rahman-on-collaborating-with-hans-zimmer-for-ramayana-it-is-terrifying |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming began in April 2024 at [[Film City, Mumbai]], and continued until July 2025. With an estimated budget of {{INR|4,000 crore}} for two parts (approximately $500 million), the film is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] ever made.
''Ramayana: Part 1'' is scheduled to release on 8 November 2026, coinciding with the Indian festival [[Diwali]].<ref name="Hindu_Crew">{{cite news |title=All the international talent working on Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer 'Ramayana' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-the-international-talent-working-on-ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana/article69776300.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 July 2025 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |access-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724163243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-the-international-talent-working-on-ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana/article69776300.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Premise ==
The narrative chronicles the early life and trials of Prince [[Rama]], the righteous heir apparent to the kingdom of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. Mentored by the venerable sage [[Vishvamitra]], Rama establishes his martial and spiritual virtue by vanquishing the malevolent Rakshasi, [[Tataka]]. His journey progresses to the kingdom of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], where he successfully strings the ''[[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]]'' (the divine bow of Lord [[Shiva]]) during a royal ''[[Svayamvara|swayamvara]]'', thereby securing the hand of Princess [[Sita]] in marriage.
However, the rightful succession is disrupted by dynastic intrigue when his stepmother, Queen [[Kaikeyi]], invokes ancient boons to demand Rama's disenfranchisement and his subsequent fourteen-year exile. Bound by unwavering filial piety and [[dharma]], Rama renounces the throne and departs for the perilous [[Dandakaranya|Dandaka]] Forest, accompanied by his devoted wife, Sita, and his loyal brother, [[Lakshmana]]. The exiles' ascetic existence is violently upended when [[Ravana]], the formidable [[Rakshasa]] monarch of [[Lanka]], orchestrates Sita's abduction through the illusory manifestation of a golden deer ([[Maricha]]). The installment culminates in this profound severance, initiating Rama and Lakshmana's arduous quest to locate the abducted princess and setting the stage for an impending cosmic conflict.
== Cast ==

{{colbegin}}
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in a [[dual role]] as
** [[Rama]]
** [[Parashurama]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as [[Sita]]
** Kiara Sadh as young Sita
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Sunny Deol]] as [[Hanuman]]
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as [[Shurpanakha]]
** Dishita Sehgal as young Shurpanakha
* [[Anupam Kher]] as [[Jatayu]]
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Vidyutjihva
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as [[Indra]]
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Nitish Sharma as [[Shatrughna]]
* [[Lara Dutta]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* [[Arun Govil]] as [[Dasharatha]]
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as [[Sugriva]]
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as [[Kaushalya]]
* [[Sonal Jha]] as [[Sumitra]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as [[Manthara]]
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Vashishtha]]
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as [[Vishwamitra]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as [[Agastya]]
* [[Sonia Balani]] as [[Urmila]]
* Surabhi Das as [[Shrutakirti]]
* [[Shobana]] as [[Kaikashi]]
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as [[Vibhishana]]
* [[Faisal Malik]] as [[Kumbhakarna]]
* Parminder Chhada as [[Subahu]]
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as [[Maricha]]
* Kanchan Chetal as [[Tadaka]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as [[List of characters in Ramayana|Sumali]]
* Riya Kapoor as [[Shanta]]
{{colend}}
== Production ==
=== Origins ===
In May 2017, producers [[Allu Aravind]], Namit Malhotra, and [[Madhu Mantena]] announced their plans to collaborate and adapt the Hindu Sanskrit epic ''Ramayana'' into a [[Live action|live-action]] [[feature film]] [[trilogy]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=11 May 2017 |title=Allu Aravind Announces Rs 500 Crore Ramayana After 1,000-Crore Mahabharata |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/allu-aravind-announces-rs-500-crore-ramayana-after-1-000-crore-mahabharata-1692105 |website=NDTV |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195948/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/allu-aravind-announces-rs-500-crore-ramayana-after-1-000-crore-mahabharata-1692105 |url-status=live }}</ref> They revealed that the development of the script had already been underway for nearly a year. It was envisioned as a [[Multilingual film|multilingual production]] in [[Hindi]] along with several Indian regional languages and English. It was planned to be shot in [[3D film|3D]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-10 |title='Ramayana' to be made into a movie of Rs 500 crore budget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramayana-to-be-made-into-a-movie-of-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/58611990.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramayana-to-be-made-into-a-movie-of-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/58611990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Allu Aravind stated that his ambition was to bring ''Ramayana'' to the big screen in the "most magnificent way possible", while acknowledging that adapting the epic into a trilogy was an immense responsibility.<ref name="MM">{{cite web |first=Roshmila |last=Bhattacharya |access-date=10 May 2017 |title=Ramayana will now be a Rs 500-crore movie shot in three languages |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-will-now-be-a-rs-500-crore-movie-shot-in-three-languages/articleshow/58602655.html |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113730/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-will-now-be-a-rs-500-crore-movie-shot-in-three-languages/articleshow/58602655.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Namit Malhotra, whose company Prime Focus had contributed visual effects to major [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films like ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Transformers]]'', ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' and [[The Martian (film)|''The Martian'']] until then, saw in the trilogy the potential to set new global benchmarks for Indian cinema.<ref name="MM" /> In February 2018, Mantena revealed that his inspiration to make the film series came from the life and work of Indian comic book writer [[Anant Pai]], who had created the ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'' comics. He added that the film series was their collective effort in retelling Indian culture to newer generations in all possible "audio visual glory", with the help of the latest technology and visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-23 |title=Makers of Rs 500 crore Ramayana film sign MoU with UP government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-500-crore-film-mou-up-govt-5075106/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134114/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-500-crore-film-mou-up-govt-5075106/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-21 |title=MoUs worth Rs 4.28 lakh-crore signed on first day of UP Investors Summit 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-investors-summit-in-inaugural-session-industry-leaders-pledge-over-rs-88-000-cr-investment/story-LQE3NDTWVnFRyI2PRlmIgK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330010105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-investors-summit-in-inaugural-session-industry-leaders-pledge-over-rs-88-000-cr-investment/story-LQE3NDTWVnFRyI2PRlmIgK.html |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> As the last widely recognized adaptations of the epic had been the television series, [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']] (1987–88) by [[Ramanand Sagar]], the producers stated that they wanted to adapt ''Ramayana'' for theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=Baahubali 2's success makes way for Rs 500-crore Ramayana film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-ramayana-film-500-crore-976236-2017-05-10 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-ramayana-film-500-crore-976236-2017-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hingorani |first=Karishma |date=2017-05-10 |title=Now Gear up for a Rs 500-Crore 3D 'Ramayana' on the Big Screen |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/500-crore-ramayana-film-in-3-languages#read-more |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123605/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/500-crore-ramayana-film-in-3-languages#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Development ===

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Nitesh Tiwari at the ‘Khidkiyaan’ movie festival launch (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Namit Malhotra.jpg
| total_width = 300
| footer = ''Ramayana'' is the first collaboration of [[Nitesh Tiwari]] with [[Namit Malhotra]].
}}

In July 2019, Tiwari and Ravi Udyawar came on board to co-direct the trilogy, while Shridhar Raghavan was hired to write the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=Ramayana's trilingual live-action trilogy to be helmed by Dangal director Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ramayanas-trilingual-live-action-trilogy-to-be-helmed-by-dangal-director-nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-6953121.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Tiwari and Udyawar said they were motivated to undertake the project out of a sense of responsibility toward introducing the epic to their children, who, according to Tiwari, were familiar with the broad outline of the Ramayana but had not engaged with it in depth. Tiwari further cited the significant advancements in visual effects since the 1987-88 ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' television series as another factor behind the project.<ref name=":19" /> The producers' planned to commence filming by 2020 and maintain a relatively short gap between the release of each part. The first instalment was scheduled to be released in 2021.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2019-07-08 |title=Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar to bring 'Ramayana' to life at a Rs 500 crore budget |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-to-bring-ramayana-to-life-at-a-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/70126241.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The production team commissioned paintings by artists from across India to serve as references for the films' settings, costumes, character designs and action sequences. The project also aimed to cast actors from different regional film industries to appeal to pan-Indian and international audiences.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2019 |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar reviving Ramayana with a live-action, multilingual trilogy |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-reviving-ramayana-with-a-live-action-multilingual-trilogy/articleshow/70119460.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-reviving-ramayana-with-a-live-action-multilingual-trilogy/articleshow/70119460.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
In November 2019, Tiwari said that Raghavan had been writing the screenplay for the past three years under the guidance of scholars and [[Pandit|''pandits'']] with expertize in the scriptures and epic, to ensure that the adaptation remained culturally accurate while making it accessible to contemporary audiences.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-20 |title=I'm happy not following the formula of making a hit film: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-m-happy-not-following-the-formula-of-making-a-hit-film-nitesh-tiwari/story-X7ojYtj4L7MBKe5PMoMleP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725202209/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-m-happy-not-following-the-formula-of-making-a-hit-film-nitesh-tiwari/story-X7ojYtj4L7MBKe5PMoMleP.html |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, Tiwari stated that they were carefully identifying aspects of the story that should remain unchanged while determining where limited cinematic liberties could be taken without affecting the epic's cultural and religious significance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-12 |title=Massive responsibility to do a project like Ramayana: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/massive-responsibility-to-do-a-project-like-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-6066033/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/massive-responsibility-to-do-a-project-like-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-6066033/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiwari further added that the team sought to make the film appealing to younger audiences while remaining faithful to the expectations of audiences familiar with traditional retellings. He also described the project as technologically demanding because of its extensive visual effects requirements, citing the epic's fantastical settings and creatures as presenting opportunities for large-scale world-building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Challenging to make Ramayana appealing for all generations: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/challenging-to-make-ramayana-appealing-for-all-generations-nitesh-tiwari-6300240/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/challenging-to-make-ramayana-appealing-for-all-generations-nitesh-tiwari-6300240/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Nitesh Tiwari on Ramayana: Making it exciting for both children and old people is challenging |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-on-ramayana-making-it-exciting-for-both-children-and-old-people-is-challenging-1652718-2020-03-05 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the development of screenplay continued through virtual meetings involving members of the creative team across the country.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2020-03-31 |title=Amid the lockdown, Nitesh Tiwari works on Ramayana's script over group calls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amid-the-lockdown-nitesh-tiwari-works-on-ramayanas-script-over-group-calls/articleshow/74919720.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amid-the-lockdown-nitesh-tiwari-works-on-ramayanas-script-over-group-calls/articleshow/74919720.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2021, Mantena said that the trilogy was being developed as a long-term project, revealing that more than 200 artists from around the world, including several [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] winners, had been working on it for two years using a production process inspired by [[Avatar (2009 film)|''Avatar'']].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2021-06-30 |title=Madhu Mantena Opens Up On Ramayana And Says, 'Expect The Biggest Cast In History Of Indian Cinema' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/madhu-mantena-opens-up-on-ramayana-and-says-expect-the-biggest-cast-in-history-of-indian-cinema-693416 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134114/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/madhu-mantena-opens-up-on-ramayana-and-says-expect-the-biggest-cast-in-history-of-indian-cinema-693416 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, he described the trilogy as a linear adaptation of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' that would incorporate many of the epic's subsidiary narratives while extensive digital assets were being created during pre-production. In September 2021, Mantena said that the filmmakers were primarily drawing from Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' while also studying artistic interpretations by painters such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]], emphasizing that the project was intended to be a traditional adaptation rather than a reinterpretation of the epic.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |date=2021-07-02 |title='Ramayana' trilogy for a global audience but rooted in India, says producer Madhu Mantena |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ramayana-trilogy-for-a-global-audience-but-rooted-in-india-says-producer-madhu-mantena-716208 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123450/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ramayana-trilogy-for-a-global-audience-but-rooted-in-india-says-producer-madhu-mantena-716208 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2022, Mantena said that the screenplay was expected to be completed within a few months, with principal photography planned to begin in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-04 |title=Madhu Mantena reveals 'Ramayana' shooting will start from September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhu-mantena-reveals-ramayana-shooting-will-start-from-september-2023/articleshow/95975114.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218140919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhu-mantena-reveals-ramayana-shooting-will-start-from-september-2023/articleshow/95975114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2023, he dismissed reports that the project had been indefinitely postponed, stating that filming was expected to begin later that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Producer Madhu Mantena rubbishes reports of Ramayan's indefinite postponement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-madhu-mantena-rubbishes-reports-of-ramayans-indefinite-postponement/articleshow/100823158.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2024, it was reported that [[DNEG]] virtual production had come on board as the producer along side Mantena.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Madhu Mantena backs out as producer from Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana due to monetary concerns; details inside |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/madhu-mantena-backs-out-as-producer-from-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-due-to-monetary-concerns-details-inside-101711520764418.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222651/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/madhu-mantena-backs-out-as-producer-from-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-due-to-monetary-concerns-details-inside-101711520764418.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, it was reported that Mantena had stepped back from his role as a producer citing financial concerns.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 March 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana faces trouble as producer Madhu Mantena backs out: Report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-faces-trouble-as-producer-madhu-mantena-backs-out-report-13749490.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> He later got involved in a legal tussle with Malhotra's Prime Focus Technologies regarding the IP rights of the film, which was ultimately settled when he was provided compensation of ₹80 cr (US$9 million).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-03 |title=Has Madhu Mantena exited the Ramayana franchise for good? Here's the full story: Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/has-madhu-mantena-exited-the-ramayana-franchise-for-good-heres-the-full-story-exclusive/articleshow/109001133.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/has-madhu-mantena-exited-the-ramayana-franchise-for-good-heres-the-full-story-exclusive/articleshow/109001133.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in April 2024, it was confirmed that [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] through his company ''Mind Monster Creations'' was confirmed as co-producer alongside Malhotra.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2024 |title=KGF Star Yash To Produce Ramayana With Namit Malhotra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-star-yash-to-produce-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-with-namit-malhotra-5425677 |website=NDTV |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412093457/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-star-yash-to-produce-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-with-namit-malhotra-5425677 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2024 |title=Yash to co-produce and act in Nitesh Tiwari-Ranbir Kapoor's 'Ramayana' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-to-co-produce-and-act-in-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-2526352-2024-04-12 |website=India Today |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416111621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-to-co-produce-and-act-in-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-2526352-2024-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Ranbir Kapoor in April 2024.jpg
| image2 = Yash at the ‘KGF’ Press Meet In Chennai (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Sai pallavi interview.png
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| total_width = 450
| footer = (Left to right) [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Sai Pallavi]] portray Rama, Ravana and Sita respectively
}}

In July 2021, Mantena said that the ensemble cast would be announced by Diwali later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Deepika Padukone's Draupadi will take off after Ramayana, Madhu Mantena reveals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-s-draupadi-will-take-off-after-ramayana-madhu-mantena-reveals-1821663-2021-07-01 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701120046/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-s-draupadi-will-take-off-after-ramayana-madhu-mantena-reveals-1821663-2021-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that the film would feature what he described as "the biggest cast ever in the history of Indian cinema" and that actors would be drawn from across the country, saying the casting reflected the filmmakers' intention to present the epic as a pan-Indian project.<ref name=":11" /> [[Mukesh Chhabra]] was announced as the casting director for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Mukesh Chhabra revealed why he cast Ranbir Kapoor as Ram in Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-mukesh-chhabra-revealed-why-he-cast-ranbir-kapoor-as-ram-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-101752057188323.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801021031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-mukesh-chhabra-revealed-why-he-cast-ranbir-kapoor-as-ram-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-101752057188323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2023, [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] joined the film for the roles of Rama and Ravana respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 August 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yash undergoes look test for Ramayana, Ranbir Kapoor’s speculation for the role of Rama is true |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-yash-undergoes-look-test-ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-speculation-role-rama-true |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823163530/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-yash-undergoes-look-test-ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-speculation-role-rama-true/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Kapoor was confirmed to play dual role of Rama as well as Parashurama.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 April 2026 |title=Ranbir Kapoor opens up on playing both Lord Rama and Parashurama in Ramayana: “It was fantastic” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-opens-playing-lord-rama-parashurama-ramayana-fantastic/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=4 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404092316/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-opens-playing-lord-rama-parashurama-ramayana-fantastic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month [[Sai Pallavi]] joined the cast for the role of Sita.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 August 2023 |title=Sai Pallavi to likely play female lead in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sai-pallavi-likely-play-female-lead-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824134407/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sai-pallavi-likely-play-female-lead-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, [[Sunny Deol]] also joined the cast for the role of Hanuman. He reportedly charged ₹45 crore for his role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 October 2023 |title=Sunny Deol's Fees For Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana Will Be A WHOPPING Rs 45 Crores? Know Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deols-fees-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-will-be-a-whopping-rs-45-crores-know-here-8635345.html |website=News18 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026231426/https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deols-fees-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-will-be-a-whopping-rs-45-crores-know-here-8635345.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2024, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was rumoured to play the role of Vibhishana in the film,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 January 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi could be seen as Vibhishan in Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayan: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-vibhishan-ranbir-kapoor-ramayan-report-101706259395107.html |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126101237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-vibhishan-ranbir-kapoor-ramayan-report-101706259395107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however later he declined these rumours.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 February 2026 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Clarifies He Is Not Part Of Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-he-is-not-part-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-81585.html |website=Filmfare |archive-date=9 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209150840/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-he-is-not-part-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-81585.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, [[Bobby Deol]] was also reportedly rumoured to play the role of Kumbhakarna which also turned false.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 January 2024 |title=Bobby Deol NOT cast in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana, confirms actor’s team |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-not-cast-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-confirms-actors-team/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116123915/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-not-cast-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-confirms-actors-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2024, [[Rakul Preet Singh]] reportedly joined the cast for the role of Shurpanakha.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 February 2024 |title=Rakul Preet Singh in talks to play Shurpanakha in Ranbir Kapoor – Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana? Here’s what we know |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-talks-play-shurpanakha-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-heres-know/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Ravi Dubey]] also reportedly joined the film for the role of Lakshmana.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 March 2024 |title=Ravi Dubey To Play Lakshman In Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayan: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-s-ramayan-gets-a-lakshman-in-ravi-dubey-reports-5290343 |website=NDTV |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322124943/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-s-ramayan-gets-a-lakshman-in-ravi-dubey-reports-5290343 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, [[Arun Govil]], [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Sheeba Chaddha]] were also confirmed to be part of the film after images leaked from the sets confirmed their presence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 April 2024 |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Lara Dutta And Arun Govil From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |website=NDTV |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2024, [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] was confirmed to play an important role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2024 |title=Kunal Kapoor joins cast of Ranbir Kapoor, Nitesh Tiwari’s epic Ramayana; begins prep for role: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-joins-cast-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-epic-ramayana-begins-prep-role-report |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730122430/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-joins-cast-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-epic-ramayana-begins-prep-role-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, [[Indira Krishnan]] also the joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2024 |title=Indira Krishnan calls Ramayana co-star Ranbir Kapoor ‘one of the finest actors’, shares warm moments from film’s set |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/indira-krishnan-calls-ramayana-co-star-ranbir-kapoor-one-finest-actors-shares-warm-moments-films-set |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918153622/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/indira-krishnan-calls-ramayana-co-star-ranbir-kapoor-one-finest-actors-shares-warm-moments-films-set/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2025, [[Kajal Aggarwal]] joined the cast for the role of Mandodari.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 May 2025 |title=Kajal Aggarwal joins Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana as Mandodari opposite Yash's Ravana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajal-aggarwal-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-as-mandodari-opposite-yashs-ravana-101747392220286.html |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516163344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajal-aggarwal-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-as-mandodari-opposite-yashs-ravana-101747392220286.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vivek Oberoi]] joined the cast in June 2025<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 June 2025 |title=Vivek Oberoi Joins Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-take-a-look-at-full-cast-ws-l-9373870.html |website=News18 |archive-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607131143/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-take-a-look-at-full-cast-ws-l-9373870.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Adinath Kothare]] and [[Shobana]] joined the cast in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 July 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Addinath Kothare CONFIRMS playing Bharat in Ramayana; says, “It is one of the FINEST scripts I have read” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-addinath-kothare-confirms-playing-bharat-ramayana-says-one-finest-scripts-read/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723073417/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-addinath-kothare-confirms-playing-bharat-ramayana-says-one-finest-scripts-read/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 July 2025 |title=Shobana To Play Ravana’s Mother Kaikasi In Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shobana-to-play-ravanas-mother-kaikasi-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-9421313.html |website=News18 |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704132430/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shobana-to-play-ravanas-mother-kaikasi-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-9421313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was rumoured to voice the character of [[Jatayu]], however later [[Anupam Kher]] was confirmed for the same.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 July 2026 |title=Ramayana: Anupam Kher roped in as Jatayu’s voice, Amitabh Bachchan rumours put to rest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-anupam-kher-roped-in-as-jatayus-voice-amitabh-bachchan-rumours-put-to-rest-10796540 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=21 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721105130/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-anupam-kher-roped-in-as-jatayus-voice-amitabh-bachchan-rumours-put-to-rest-10796540/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2026, [[Faisal Malik]] was confirmed to play the role of Kumbhakarna.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 March 2026 |title=‘Ramayana’: 'Panchayat' star Faisal Malik bags the role of Kumbhakarna in Ranbir Kapoor starrer magnum opus - Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-panchayat-star-faisal-malik-bags-the-role-of-kumbhakarna-in-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-magnum-opus-reports/articleshow/129602656.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=16 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316072301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-panchayat-star-faisal-malik-bags-the-role-of-kumbhakarna-in-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-magnum-opus-reports/articleshow/129602656.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harish Uthaman]] reportedly joined the cast for the role of Vibhishana.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 July 2026 |title=Ramayana: Hanuman To Vibhishan, Characters Missing From Trailer And Actors Playing Them |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-hanuman-to-vibhishan-characters-missing-from-trailer-and-actors-playing-them-article-155222744 |website=Times Now |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801015702/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-hanuman-to-vibhishan-characters-missing-from-trailer-and-actors-playing-them-article-155222744 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
==== Part 1 ====
In January 2024, reports indicated that Kapoor and Pallavi were expected to begin filming in March, with dialogue-heavy scenes scheduled first, followed by large-scale crowd and battle sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Ranbir Kapoor to start shooting for Nitesh Tiwari's 'Ramayan' in March |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sai-pallavi-yash-ranbir-kapoor-to-start-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayan-in-march-23329464 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230155/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sai-pallavi-yash-ranbir-kapoor-to-start-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayan-in-march-23329464 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March, filming was reportedly postponed to April to allow additional time for the completion of costumes and production design.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana, which was to roll this month, pushed to mid-April as epic drama's outfits are being reworked |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-ramayana-which-was-to-roll-this-month-pushed-to-mid-april-as-epic-drama-outfits-are-being-reworked-23339922 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230155/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-ramayana-which-was-to-roll-this-month-pushed-to-mid-april-as-epic-drama-outfits-are-being-reworked-23339922 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the first part began on 2 April, in [[Film City, Mumbai]], under the [[working title]] ''God Power''. The opening schedule featured ''[[gurukula]]'' sequences involving the child actors portraying the four princes of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Vasishtha]], with a specially constructed [[Ayodhya]] set serving as the primary filming location.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana Shoot Begins, FIRST Video of Grand Ayodhya Set Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-shoot-begins-first-video-of-grand-ayodhya-set-goes-viral-8840316.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-shoot-begins-first-video-of-grand-ayodhya-set-goes-viral-8840316.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-17 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana's working title revealed; makers tightens surveillance on set to avoid leaked pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-title-revealed-leaked-pics-avoid-makers-tightens-surveillance-on-set-101715910807771.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526194229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-title-revealed-leaked-pics-avoid-makers-tightens-surveillance-on-set-101715910807771.html |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 April, pictures from the sets, featuring pictures of actors Arun Govil, Lara Dutta and Sheeba Chaddha and director Tiwari, were leaked onto social media and went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor Fans ANGRY As Lara Dutta, Arun Govil's Photos From Ramayana Sets LEAKED |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-fans-angry-lara-dutta-arun-govil-photos-from-ramayana-sets-leaked-8840620.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-fans-angry-lara-dutta-arun-govil-photos-from-ramayana-sets-leaked-8840620.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Lara Dutta And Arun Govil From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to this, the makers imposed a strict no-phone policy on the movie sets.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Exclusive: 'Ramayana' director Nitesh Tiwari imposes no-phone policy on set |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-no-phone-policy-ramayana-set-ranbir-kapoor-look-ram-2523698-2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-no-phone-policy-ramayana-set-ranbir-kapoor-look-ram-2523698-2024-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 April, pictures of Kapoor and Pallavi were again leaked from the sets.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Ranbir Kapoor And Sai Pallavi From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5535127 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5535127 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-27 |title='Ramayana': Ranbir Kapoor- Sai Pallavi's looks get leaked, fans gush about regal appearance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavis-looks-get-leaked-fans-gush-about-regal-appearance/articleshow/109644786.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106054420/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavis-looks-get-leaked-fans-gush-about-regal-appearance/articleshow/109644786.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 April, the second schedule commenced in [[Mumbai]]. Yash was a part of the schedule, with Pallavi, Kapoor and Deol reportedly joining later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=Yash kicks off month-long shoot for Nitesh Tiwari's 'Ramayana' in Mumbai; Sai Pallavi, Ranbir Kapoor and Sunny Deol to join soon- Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-kicks-off-month-long-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-in-mumbai-sai-pallavi-ranbir-kapoor-and-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-report/articleshow/120768503.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-kicks-off-month-long-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-in-mumbai-sai-pallavi-ranbir-kapoor-and-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-report/articleshow/120768503.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August, [[Terry Notary]] confirmed that he was working as the action director.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Avatar, Avengers Endgame veteran Terry Notary working on Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana as action director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avatar-avengers-endgame-veteran-terry-notary-working-on-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-as-action-director-9528803/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avatar-avengers-endgame-veteran-terry-notary-working-on-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-as-action-director-9528803/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title='Ramayana': Avengers Endgame stunt coordinator Terry Notary CONFIRMS working on the Ranbir Kapoor starrer - WATCH video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-avengers-endgame-stunt-coordinator-terry-notary-confirms-working-on-the-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-watch-video/articleshow/112740067.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In May 2025, Guy Norris, known for his work on ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'' and ''[[The Suicide Squad (film)|The Suicide Squad]]'', was announced as the film's stunt director for its large-scale action sequences and was closely working with Yash to accomplish the same.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-05-29 |title=Yash Teams With 'Mad Max' Stunt Maestro Guy Norris for Epic 'Ramayana' Action Sequences (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/yash-mad-max-guy-norris-ramayana-1236411803/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=19 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619122222/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/yash-mad-max-guy-norris-ramayana-1236411803/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The principal photography for the first part [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 1 July.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Ramayana: Part I - Ranbir Kapoor And Ravi Dubey Hug It Out As They Wrap Up Shoot For Nitesh Tiwari's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703123612/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Part 2 ====
{{main|Ramayana: Part 2 (upcoming film)}}
Principal photography for second part began in March 2026 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |title=Ramayana 2: Ranbir Kapoor begins shoot in Mumbai, Sunny Deol to join soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |website=India Today |archive-date=19 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419024212/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The film will reportedly be in post-production for 600 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana To Take Over 600 Days In Post-production? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-to-take-over-600-days-in-post-production-what-we-know-8892977.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516172032/https://www.news18.com/movies/nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-to-take-over-600-days-in-post-production-what-we-know-8892977.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Visual effects]] were handled by [[DNEG]] who also co-produced the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' VFX, stunts, and motion capture: Meet the three Hollywood experts behind the magic |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/07/30/hollywood-experts-in-ramayana.html |website=The Week |archive-date=30 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730192902/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/07/30/hollywood-experts-in-ramayana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ramayana
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Hans Zimmer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2025–present
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Namit Malhotra]]
| misc =
}}

The film's musical score and soundtrack are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Hans Zimmer]], marking Zimmer's debut in Indian cinema. Rahman has described the creative process as "terrifying" and "complicated" due to the epic's cultural significance, noting that the duo is working to blend Zimmer's soundscapes with traditional Indian elements.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=AR Rahman says Hans Zimmer asked all the ‘right questions’ about Ramayana: ‘Who is this character?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-says-hans-zimmer-asked-all-the-right-questions-about-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-101760434046713.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207080200/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-says-hans-zimmer-asked-all-the-right-questions-about-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-101760434046713.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The score features the integration of [[Sanskrit]] verses, which Rahman added to the initial thematic soundscapes developed by Zimmer. Additionally, poet and lyricist [[Kumar Vishwas]] contributed lyrics inspired by the film's narrative.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 July 2025 |title=Kumar Vishwas Pens Lyrics for A.R. Rahman and Hans Zimmer’s Soundtrack in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/kumar-vishwas-pens-lyrics-for-a-r-rahman-and-hans-zimmers-soundtrack-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana |website=The Wire |archive-date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715192453/https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/kumar-vishwas-pens-lyrics-for-a-r-rahman-and-hans-zimmers-soundtrack-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first single titled "Ramayana (The Introduction Theme)" was released in its short version on 03 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Ramayana The Introduction: First Glimpse Of Ranbir Kapoor, Yash, Sai Pallavi Film To Be Unveiled On... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-the-introduction-first-glimpse-of-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-film-to-be-unveiled-on-article-152186361 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331081730/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-the-introduction-first-glimpse-of-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-film-to-be-unveiled-on-article-152186361 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Zimmer’s & A.R. Rahman’s ‘Ramayana’ Introduction Theme Released {{!}} Film Music Reporter |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/07/03/hans-zimmers-a-r-rahmans-ramayana-introduction-theme-released/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409123605/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/07/03/hans-zimmers-a-r-rahmans-ramayana-introduction-theme-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In July 2026, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] acquired music rights to both parts of the film in a deal worth around ₹75 crore.<ref>{{cite web|title=MEGA EXCLUSIVE: T-Series bags music rights to BOTH parts of Ramayana for Rs. 75 crores in an advance deal|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-t-series-bags-music-rights-to-both-parts-of-ramayana-for-rs-75-crores-in-an-advance-deal/|archive-date=29 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260729174550/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-t-series-bags-music-rights-to-both-parts-of-ramayana-for-rs-75-crores-in-an-advance-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana bags Rs 75 cr T-Series music deal ahead of trailer drop: Report|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-t-series-music-rights-rs-75-crore-advance-trailer-release-date-10808273|archive-date=30 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730075700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-t-series-music-rights-rs-75-crore-advance-trailer-release-date-10808273/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Kumar Vishwas]]
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ramayana (The Introduction Theme)
| extra1 = Hiral Viradia [[Arjun Chandy]] Karthik Sekaran Aparna Narayanan Sireesha Bhagavatula Sarath Santosh T S Sreekanth Hariharan
| length1 = 2:36
| title2 = Rama Theme
| extra2 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| length2 = 2:27
}}

== Marketing ==
On 6 November 2024, Malhotra officially announced Ramayana: Part 1 and Part 2 through a poster, along with the release dates for both the films.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana Part 1 and 2 officially announced: See first poster, check release date details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-see-first-poster-check-release-date-details-101730869129007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312170029/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-see-first-poster-check-release-date-details-101730869129007.html |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Malhotra had repeatedly marketed the project as a global film, presenting an Indian subject but for the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana's Producer Namit Malhotra Says Its 'Massive Responsibility' To Present The Film At Global Stage |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayanas-producer-namit-malhotra-says-its-massive-responsibility-to-present-the-film-at-global-stage-aa-9245773.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409123439/https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayanas-producer-namit-malhotra-says-its-massive-responsibility-to-present-the-film-at-global-stage-aa-9245773.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-01 |title=Ramayana producer Namit Malhotra wants Ranbir Kapoor film to be celebrated globally like Oppenheimer, Forrest Gump |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-producer-namit-malhotra-wants-ranbir-kapoor-film-to-be-celebrated-like-oppenheimer-forrest-gump-sai-pallavi-101740730843828.html#:~:text=Namit%20says%20that%20the%20effort,don't%20like%20Hollywood%20films. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302085950/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-producer-namit-malhotra-wants-ranbir-kapoor-film-to-be-celebrated-like-oppenheimer-forrest-gump-sai-pallavi-101740730843828.html#:~:text=Namit%20says%20that%20the%20effort,don't%20like%20Hollywood%20films. |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The first glimpse titled "Ramayana: The Introduction" was released online on 3 July 2025 and screened in 9 Indian cities for fans. In Mumbai, Malhotra and Tiwari paid a special surprise visit to the audience and interacted with them as well.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 July 2025 |title=Ramayana first glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor, Yash explode on screen as Lord Ram, Ravana; 'Hollywood-level' VFX wows fans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-yash-explode-on-screen-as-lord-ram-ravana-hollywood-level-vfx-wows-fans-101751526412324.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2025 |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726060525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-yash-explode-on-screen-as-lord-ram-ravana-hollywood-level-vfx-wows-fans-101751526412324.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Nitesh Tiwari gets emotional at Ramayana first glimpse launch; Namit Malhotra promises to 'do justice to the epic' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-gets-emotional-at-ramayana-first-glimpse-launch-namit-malhotra-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-sunny-deol-101751536289344.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060444/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-gets-emotional-at-ramayana-first-glimpse-launch-namit-malhotra-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-sunny-deol-101751536289344.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 March 2026, coinciding with [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], the makers announced the next phase of the film's promotional campaign, with the first glimpse of Kapoor as Rama was released on 2 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-27 |title='Ramayana': Ranbir Kapoor's FIRST LOOK as Lord Ram to be unveiled on Hanuman Jayanti, Producer confirms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-first-look-of-lord-ram-to-be-unveiled-on-hanuman-jayanti-producer-confirms/articleshow/129838699.cms? |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260802092607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-first-look-of-lord-ram-to-be-unveiled-on-hanuman-jayanti-producer-confirms/articleshow/129838699.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>, coinciding with [[Hanuman Jayanti]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=2 April 2026 |title=‘Ramayana’ Rama glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor holds sway as the Lord in Nitesh Tiwari’s magnum opus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayana-rama-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-holds-sway-as-the-lord-in-nitesh-tiwaris-magnum-opus/article70814123.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ahead of its public release, the makers held private preview screenings of the glimpse in the [[United States]] to promote the film internationally. The first screening took place at an IMAX theater in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]], on 30 March 2026, attended by Kapoor, Tiwari and Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=31 March 2026 |title=Ramayana: Ranbir Kapoor’s ‘Rama’ Teaser Unveiled In LA, Videos From Event Go Viral {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-rama-teaser-unveiled-in-la-videos-from-event-go-viral-watch-ws-l-10006467.html |work=News18 |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331050316/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-rama-teaser-unveiled-in-la-videos-from-event-go-viral-watch-ws-l-10006467.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second screening, followed by a question-and-answer session with the filmmakers, was held in [[New York City]] on 31 March 2026. During this event, Tiwari discussed the casting of Kapoor, citing the character's restrained nature, compassion, and physicality as key considerations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-01 |title='Ramayana': Nitesh Tiwari opens up about casting Ranbir Kapoor as Lord Ram at New York City event: 'There was nobody better' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-opens-up-about-casting-ranbir-kapoor-as-lord-ram-at-new-york-city-event-there-was-nobody-better/articleshow/129936280.cms |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-opens-up-about-casting-ranbir-kapoor-as-lord-ram-at-new-york-city-event-there-was-nobody-better/articleshow/129936280.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tanisha |date=2026-04-01 |title=Amid Criticism, Ramayana Director Nitesh Tiwari Explains Why Ranbir Kapoor Is The Perfect Rama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amid-criticism-ramayana-director-nitesh-tiwari-explains-why-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-perfect-rama-11295231 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=8 April 2026 |access-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408104116/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amid-criticism-ramayana-director-nitesh-tiwari-explains-why-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-perfect-rama-11295231 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the CinemaCon 2026 event in Los Angeles, Malhotra said that the film would combine elements of fantasy and human drama from films like ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 April 2026 |title=Film of Indian epic 'Ramayana' aims for global audience |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/film-indian-epic-ramayana-aims-global-audience-2026-04-17/ |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

On 18 July 2026, an event, titled "Pratham Sankalp" was held in [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[New Delhi]] where the film's official trailer was exclusively showcased.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 July 2026 |title=Ramayana Delhi trailer launch: Yash delivers a RARE speech in Hindi; calls Ranbir Kapoor “phenomenal”: “WHOLE of India will understand what MAGIC you have created!” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ramayana-delhi-trailer-launch-yash-delivers-a-rare-speech-in-hindi-calls-ranbir-kapoor-phenomenal-whole-of-india-will-understand-what-magic-you-have-created/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=19 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719131357/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ramayana-delhi-trailer-launch-yash-delivers-a-rare-speech-in-hindi-calls-ranbir-kapoor-phenomenal-whole-of-india-will-understand-what-magic-you-have-created/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, a short clip from the trailer was leaked on various social media platforms.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' Part 1 trailer leaked after Pratham Sankalp event in Delhi, makers launch anti-piracy crackdown ahead of July 24 release - Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-ramayana-part-1-trailer-leaked-after-pratham-sankalp-event-in-delhi-makers-launch-anti-piracy-crackdown-ahead-of-july-24-release-report/articleshow/132507072.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720060143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-ramayana-part-1-trailer-leaked-after-pratham-sankalp-event-in-delhi-makers-launch-anti-piracy-crackdown-ahead-of-july-24-release-report/articleshow/132507072.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was also showcased in the [[San Diego Comic Con]] on 23 July.<ref>{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=16 July 2026 |title=Ramayana creates HISTORY at San Diego Comic-Con: 'International superstars' Ranbir Kapoor and Yash to unveil trailer with live performances and exclusive surprises in MASSIVE 4,800-seater Ballroom 20 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-creates-history-at-san-diego-comic-con-international-superstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-yash-to-unveil-trailer-with-live-performances-and-exclusive-surprises-in-massive-4800-seater-ballroom-2/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716083058/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-creates-history-at-san-diego-comic-con-international-superstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-yash-to-unveil-trailer-with-live-performances-and-exclusive-surprises-in-massive-4800-seater-ballroom-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day on 24 July, the trailer was set to be released worldwide on all digital platforms however it was delayed.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' trailer to premiere worldwide on July 24; makers unveil global launch date for Ranbir Kapoor, Yash and Sai Pallavi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-trailer-to-premiere-worldwide-on-july-24-makers-unveil-global-launch-date-for-ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-at-comic-con-2026/articleshow/132325404.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=11 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711060459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-trailer-to-premiere-worldwide-on-july-24-makers-unveil-global-launch-date-for-ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-at-comic-con-2026/articleshow/132325404.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ramayana trailer postponed as Sony Pictures comes on board for global release outside India; Namit Malhotra calls it historic moment|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-trailer-postponed-as-sony-pictures-comes-on-board-for-global-release-outside-india-namit-malhotra-calls-it-historic-moment/|archive-date=24 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724050521/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-trailer-postponed-as-sony-pictures-comes-on-board-for-global-release-outside-india-namit-malhotra-calls-it-historic-moment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the official trailer was released digitally on 30 July 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 July 2026 |title=Namit Malhotra announces Ramayana trailer launch date and time; unveiling set for July 30 at 4:15 am IST |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/namit-malhotra-announces-ramayana-trailer-launch-date-and-time-unveiling-set-for-july-30-at-415-am-ist |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=28 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728201524/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/namit-malhotra-announces-ramayana-trailer-launch-date-and-time-unveiling-set-for-july-30-at-415-am-ist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2026 |title=Ramayana trailer: Ranbir's Ram, Yash's Raavan stand at heart of a cinematic odyssey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-ram-yash-raavan-stand-at-heart-of-a-cinematic-odyssey-2959376-2026-07-30 |website=India Today |archive-date=30 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730004946/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-ram-yash-raavan-stand-at-heart-of-a-cinematic-odyssey-2959376-2026-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film is scheduled for a worldwide theatrical release during the [[Diwali]] 2026 weekend as the first installment of a planned two-part epic. It will be released in multiple languages with [[IMAX]] presentations as part of a large-scale global rollout.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana Part I to release on Diwali 2026 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-i-to-release-on-diwali-2026/cid/2061008 |website=Telegraph India |archive-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208152525/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-i-to-release-on-diwali-2026/cid/2061008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ramayana, Godzilla Minus Zero and the IMAX factor – Why October 30 is being seen as a strategic date : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramayana-godzilla-minus-zero-and-the-imax-factor-why-october-30-is-being-seen-as-a-strategic-date/ |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723064002/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramayana-godzilla-minus-zero-and-the-imax-factor-why-october-30-is-being-seen-as-a-strategic-date/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Distribution===
In July 2026, [[Dharma Productions]] acquired distribution rights to the film for around ₹250 crore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karan Johar's Dharma Productions locks Rs 250 cr deal to distribute Ramayana in India|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=July 7, 2026|access-date=July 7, 2026|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|archive-date=7 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707134006/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] acquired the overseas distribution rights.<ref>{{cite web |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=Indian Epic ‘Ramayana’ Lands at Sony Pictures for International Distribution |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652 |website=Variety |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723211050/https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27988879}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ramayana|Ramayana – Part: I}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ramayana}}

{{Nitesh Tiwari}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nitesh Tiwari]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Upcoming IMAX films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Dharma Productions films]]
[[Category:2026 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hans Zimmer]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]

Ramayana: Part 2 (upcoming film)

2026-08-04T05:03:09Z

Kannadaguy: Ramayana: Part 2 film page

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Nitesh Tiwari}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Ramayana : Part II
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| screenplay = [[Shridhar Raghavan]] Nitesh Tiwari
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl |Nitesh Tiwari|Shreyas Jain}}
}}
| story = [[Valmiki]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|Valmiki}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Namit Malhotra]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Yash on why he is co-producing Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana: 'It's a subject that deeply resonates with me' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yash-on-why-he-is-co-producing-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-its-a-subject-that-deeply-resonates-with-me-101712909660301.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-date=July 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702123928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yash-on-why-he-is-co-producing-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-its-a-subject-that-deeply-resonates-with-me-101712909660301.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
* Yash
* [[Sai Pallavi]]
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Lara Dutta]]
* [[Vivek Oberoi]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
* [[Mahesh Limaye]]
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = [[DNEG]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[Hans Zimmer]]
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
}}
| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Prime Focus Studios
* Monster Mind Creations
* DNEG
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Dharma Productions]]
* [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]
}}
| released = {{film date|2027|10|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}4000 crore (combined with Part 1)<ref>* {{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Yash's 'Ramayana' budget to exceed ₹4,000 crore across two parts |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=17 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305073725/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=VFX Spectacle ‘Ramayana’ Adaptation with $500 Million Budget to Be Released by Sony |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/ramayana-adaptation-500-million-budget-sony-release-1235206903/ |website=[[IndieWire]] }}
* {{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer Ramayana to be India’s costliest film ever at Rs 4000 crore, says producer Namit Malhotra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=30 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330092127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |access-date=31 July 2026 |title=Forget 'The Lord of the Rings', a $400M Fantasy Epic Just Debuted a Lavish Trailer |url=https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |website=[[Collider.com|Collider]] |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801223352/https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

''Ramayana: Part 2'' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Epic film|epic]] [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Nitesh Tiwari]]. Serving as the sequel to [[Ramayana (2026 film)|Ramayana: Part 1]] (2026), it is the second installment in a two-part cinematic adaptation of the ancient Indian Sanskrit epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]''. The film stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Arun Govil]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Sheeba Chaddha]] and [[Indira Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana full cast revealed: Full list of actors in Ranbir Kapoor's epic |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ramayana-full-cast-revealed-full-list-of-actors-in-ranbir-kapoor-s-epic-nc-126073000830_1.html |access-date=30 July 2026 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

Principal photography commenced in March 2026, with a planned theatrical release in October 2027.

==Plot==
Ramayana: Part 2 is expected to cover the latter half of the epic, including the search for Sita in [[Lanka]], the construction of the [[Adam's Bridge|Rama Setu]], the war between Rama's vanara army and Ravana's forces, the climactic battle between Rama and Ravana, Sita's [[Agni Pariksha]], and the protagonists' return to [[Ayodhya]].

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in a [[dual role]] as
** [[Rama]]
** [[Parashurama]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as [[Sita]]
** Kiara Sadh as young Sita
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Sunny Deol]] as [[Hanuman]]
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as [[Shurpanakha]]
** Dishita Sehgal as young Shurpanakha
* [[Anupam Kher]] as [[Jatayu]]
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Vidyutjihva
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as [[Indra]]
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Nitish Sharma as [[Shatrughna]]
* [[Lara Dutta]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* [[Arun Govil]] as [[Dasharatha]]
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as [[Sugriva]]
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as [[Kaushalya]]
* [[Sonal Jha]] as [[Sumitra]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as [[Manthara]]
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Vashishtha]]
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as [[Vishwamitra]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as [[Agastya]]
* [[Sonia Balani]] as [[Urmila]]
* Surabhi Das as [[Shrutakirti]]
* [[Shobana]] as [[Kaikashi]]
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as [[Vibhishana]]
* [[Faisal Malik]] as [[Kumbhakarna]]
* Parminder Chhada as [[Subahu]]
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as [[Maricha]]
* Kanchan Chetal as [[Tadaka]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as [[List of characters in Ramayana|Sumali]]
* Riya Kapoor as [[Shanta]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film was officially confirmed as a two-part project in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Ranbir, Yash and Sai Pallavi's Ramayana officially announced, to release in 2 parts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavi-ramayana-officially-announced-release-in-2-parts-2628896-2024-11-06 |website=India Today |archive-date=2024-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106055712/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavi-ramayana-officially-announced-release-in-2-parts-2628896-2024-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
While shooting for first part was wrapped by July 2025,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Ramayana: Part I - Ranbir Kapoor And Ravi Dubey Hug It Out As They Wrap Up Shoot For Nitesh Tiwari's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703123612/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |url-status=live }}</ref> principal photography for second part began in March 2026 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |title=Ramayana 2: Ranbir Kapoor begins shoot in Mumbai, Sunny Deol to join soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |website=India Today |archive-date=2026-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419024212/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |title=Ranbir Kapoor Kicks Off Ramayana Part 2 Shoot in Mumbai; Sunny Deol, Yash To Join Soon: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-kicks-off-ramayana-part-2-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-yash-to-join-soon-report-9956328.html |website=News18 |archive-date=12 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312063220/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-kicks-off-ramayana-part-2-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-yash-to-join-soon-report-9956328.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting for the second part was mainly delayed due to Kapoor's prior commitments to ''Love and War'' and Yash's commitments to ''[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 November 2025 |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Yash’s Ramayan 2 likely to go on floors in January |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-yashs-ramayan-2-likely-to-go-on-floors-in-january/amp_articleshow/125433160.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119095514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-yashs-ramayan-2-likely-to-go-on-floors-in-january/amp_articleshow/125433160.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 November 2025 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana 2 Delayed As Actor Gives Dates To Bhansali For Love And War? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-2-delayed-as-actor-gives-dates-to-bhansali-for-love-and-war-ws-l-9724889.html |website=News18 |archive-date=22 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122105517/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-2-delayed-as-actor-gives-dates-to-bhansali-for-love-and-war-ws-l-9724889.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Visual Effects===
Oscar-winning studio [[DNEG]] was confirmed as the lead VFX partner in April 2024. The studio aims to create a "visually spectacular and immersive interpretation" of the epic, leveraging advanced technology for mythical creatures, divine realms, and large-scale battles.<ref name="DNEG">{{cite web |title=Ramayana Unveiled |url=https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled/ |website=DNEG |date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=July 6, 2025 |archive-date=July 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703213031/https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
Ramayana: Part 2 is scheduled for release on October 22, 2027 ([[Diwali]] week), following Part 1's Diwali 2026 release.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Sai Pallavi Starrer Ramayana's FIRST Poster Out; Two Parts To Release On Diwali 2026 And 2027 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-starrers-first-poster-out-locks-diwali-2026-and-2027-for-two-part-film-9110652.html |website=News18 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106045524/https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-starrers-first-poster-out-locks-diwali-2026-and-2027-for-two-part-film-9110652.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2026, [[Dharma Productions]] acquired distribution rights to both parts of the film for around ₹250 crore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karan Johar's Dharma Productions locks Rs 250 cr deal to distribute Ramayana in India|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=July 7, 2026|access-date=July 7, 2026|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|archive-date=July 7, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707134006/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] acquired the overseas distribution rights of both parts.<ref>{{cite web |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=Indian Epic ‘Ramayana’ Lands at Sony Pictures for International Distribution |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652 |website=Variety |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723211050/https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ramayana (2026 film)]]
* [[Ramayana (disambiguation)|Ramayana in Popular Culture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=34464688}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ramayana-part-II}}

{{Nitesh Tiwari}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2027 films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nitesh Tiwari]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Upcoming IMAX films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Dharma Productions films]]
[[Category:2027 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hans Zimmer]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]

Ramayana (2026 film)

2026-08-04T05:00:10Z

Kannadaguy: Film page

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Nitesh Tiwari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Ramayana
| image =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| screenplay = [[Shridhar Raghavan]] Nitesh Tiwari
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl |Nitesh Tiwari|Shreyas Jain}}
}}
| story = [[Valmiki]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|Valmiki}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Namit Malhotra]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]]
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Sunny Deol]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
* [[Mahesh Limaye]]
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = [[DNEG]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[Hans Zimmer]]
}}
| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Prime Focus Studios
* Monster Mind Creations
* DNEG
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Dharma Productions]]
* [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]]
}}
| released = {{film date|2026|11|8|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|}}
| budget = {{INR}}4000 crore (combined with Part 2)<ref>* {{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Yash's 'Ramayana' budget to exceed ₹4,000 crore across two parts |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=17 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305073725/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ranbir-kapoor-yashs-ramayana-budget-to-exceed-4000-crore-across-two-parts |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=VFX Spectacle ‘Ramayana’ Adaptation with $500 Million Budget to Be Released by Sony |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/ramayana-adaptation-500-million-budget-sony-release-1235206903/ |website=[[IndieWire]] }}
* {{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer Ramayana to be India’s costliest film ever at Rs 4000 crore, says producer Namit Malhotra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=30 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330092127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana-to-be-indias-costliest-film-ever-at-rs-4000-crore-says-producer-namit-malhotra-were-funding-it-ourselves/articleshow/122463144.cms |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |access-date=31 July 2026 |title=Forget 'The Lord of the Rings', a $400M Fantasy Epic Just Debuted a Lavish Trailer |url=https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |website=[[Collider.com|Collider]] |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801223352/https://collider.com/ramayana-trailer-lord-of-the-rings-replacement-ranbir-kapoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ramayana'''''{{Efn|Titled on-screen as ''Namit Malhotra's Ramayana: Our Truth, Our History.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 July 2025 |title=RAMAYANA UNVEILED |url=https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled |publisher=[[DNEG]] |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703213031/https://www.dneg.com/news/ramayana-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Fantasy film|mythological film]] based on the ancient [[Sanskrit]] epic of [[Ramayana|the same name]] by [[Valmiki]]. Produced by [[Namit Malhotra]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] through [[Prime Focus|Prime Focus Studios]] and Monster Mind Creations alongside [[DNEG]], the film is co-written and directed by [[Nitesh Tiwari]] in association with [[Shridhar Raghavan]]. Conceived as the first installment of a planned two-part film series,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Yash and Sai Pallavi’s ‘Ramayana Part 1 and 2’ officially announced; first poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavis-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-first-poster-out/article68835920.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215233624/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavis-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-first-poster-out/article68835920.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-31 |title='Ramayana' first glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor on playing Lord Ram: 'He is called Maryada Purushottam, which stands for an ideal man' - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-on-playing-lord-ram-he-is-called-maryada-purushottam-which-stands-for-an-ideal-man-watch/articleshow/129911188.cms |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331034748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-on-playing-lord-ram-he-is-called-maryada-purushottam-which-stands-for-an-ideal-man-watch/articleshow/129911188.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=Could this movie based on a Hindu epic become India's 'Avatar'? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2025-08-19/could-this-movie-based-on-a-hindu-epic-become-indias-avatar |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924230401/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/newsletter/2025-08-19/could-this-movie-based-on-a-hindu-epic-become-indias-avatar |url-status=live }}</ref> it features an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Ranbir Kapoor]], Yash (in his Hindi film debut), [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Kunal Kapoor]], [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Arun Govil]], [[Indira Krishnan]] and [[Lara Dutta]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana full cast revealed: Full list of actors in Ranbir Kapoor's epic |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ramayana-full-cast-revealed-full-list-of-actors-in-ranbir-kapoor-s-epic-nc-126073000830_1.html |access-date=30 July 2026 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

The project was announced in May 2017 as a live-action adaptation of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'', initially conceived as a trilogy by producers. Following several years of development and script refinement, the project was restructured as a two-part film series under Tiwari's sole direction. For the film's score, [[Hans Zimmer]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] jointly came on board, marking Zimmer's debut in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana to mark Hans Zimmer's debut in Bollywood with AR Rahman: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-hans-zimmer-india-debut-ar-rahman-report-sai-pallavi-yash-101712296514599.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528011011/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-hans-zimmer-india-debut-ar-rahman-report-sai-pallavi-yash-101712296514599.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman on Collaborating with Hans Zimmer for ‘Ramayana’: 'It Is Terrifying' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ar-rahman-on-collaborating-with-hans-zimmer-for-ramayana-it-is-terrifying |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316151614/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ar-rahman-on-collaborating-with-hans-zimmer-for-ramayana-it-is-terrifying |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming began in April 2024 at [[Film City, Mumbai]], and continued until July 2025. With an estimated budget of {{INR|4,000 crore}} for two parts (approximately $500 million), the film is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] ever made.
''Ramayana: Part 1'' is scheduled to release on 8 November 2026, coinciding with the Indian festival [[Diwali]].<ref name="Hindu_Crew">{{cite news |title=All the international talent working on Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer 'Ramayana' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-the-international-talent-working-on-ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana/article69776300.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 July 2025 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |access-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724163243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-the-international-talent-working-on-ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer-ramayana/article69776300.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Premise ==
The narrative chronicles the early life and trials of Prince [[Rama]], the righteous heir apparent to the kingdom of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. Mentored by the venerable sage [[Vishvamitra]], Rama establishes his martial and spiritual virtue by vanquishing the malevolent Rakshasi, [[Tataka]]. His journey progresses to the kingdom of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], where he successfully strings the ''[[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]]'' (the divine bow of Lord [[Shiva]]) during a royal ''[[Svayamvara|swayamvara]]'', thereby securing the hand of Princess [[Sita]] in marriage.
However, the rightful succession is disrupted by dynastic intrigue when his stepmother, Queen [[Kaikeyi]], invokes ancient boons to demand Rama's disenfranchisement and his subsequent fourteen-year exile. Bound by unwavering filial piety and [[dharma]], Rama renounces the throne and departs for the perilous [[Dandakaranya|Dandaka]] Forest, accompanied by his devoted wife, Sita, and his loyal brother, [[Lakshmana]]. The exiles' ascetic existence is violently upended when [[Ravana]], the formidable [[Rakshasa]] monarch of [[Lanka]], orchestrates Sita's abduction through the illusory manifestation of a golden deer ([[Maricha]]). The installment culminates in this profound severance, initiating Rama and Lakshmana's arduous quest to locate the abducted princess and setting the stage for an impending cosmic conflict.
== Cast ==

{{colbegin}}
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in a [[dual role]] as
** [[Rama]]
** [[Parashurama]]
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as [[Sita]]
** Kiara Sadh as young Sita
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Sunny Deol]] as [[Hanuman]]
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as [[Shurpanakha]]
** Dishita Sehgal as young Shurpanakha
* [[Anupam Kher]] as [[Jatayu]]
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Vidyutjihva
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as [[Indra]]
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Nitish Sharma as [[Shatrughna]]
* [[Lara Dutta]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* [[Arun Govil]] as [[Dasharatha]]
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as [[Sugriva]]
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as [[Kaushalya]]
* [[Sonal Jha]] as [[Sumitra]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as [[Manthara]]
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Vashishtha]]
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as [[Vishwamitra]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as [[Agastya]]
* [[Sonia Balani]] as [[Urmila]]
* Surabhi Das as [[Shrutakirti]]
* [[Shobana]] as [[Kaikashi]]
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as [[Vibhishana]]
* [[Faisal Malik]] as [[Kumbhakarna]]
* Parminder Chhada as [[Subahu]]
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as [[Maricha]]
* Kanchan Chetal as [[Tadaka]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as [[List of characters in Ramayana|Sumali]]
* Riya Kapoor as [[Shanta]]
{{colend}}
== Production ==
=== Origins ===
In May 2017, producers [[Allu Aravind]], Namit Malhotra, and [[Madhu Mantena]] announced their plans to collaborate and adapt the Hindu Sanskrit epic ''Ramayana'' into a [[Live action|live-action]] [[feature film]] [[trilogy]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=11 May 2017 |title=Allu Aravind Announces Rs 500 Crore Ramayana After 1,000-Crore Mahabharata |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/allu-aravind-announces-rs-500-crore-ramayana-after-1-000-crore-mahabharata-1692105 |website=NDTV |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195948/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/allu-aravind-announces-rs-500-crore-ramayana-after-1-000-crore-mahabharata-1692105 |url-status=live }}</ref> They revealed that the development of the script had already been underway for nearly a year. It was envisioned as a [[Multilingual film|multilingual production]] in [[Hindi]] along with several Indian regional languages and English. It was planned to be shot in [[3D film|3D]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-10 |title='Ramayana' to be made into a movie of Rs 500 crore budget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramayana-to-be-made-into-a-movie-of-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/58611990.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramayana-to-be-made-into-a-movie-of-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/58611990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Allu Aravind stated that his ambition was to bring ''Ramayana'' to the big screen in the "most magnificent way possible", while acknowledging that adapting the epic into a trilogy was an immense responsibility.<ref name="MM">{{cite web |first=Roshmila |last=Bhattacharya |access-date=10 May 2017 |title=Ramayana will now be a Rs 500-crore movie shot in three languages |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-will-now-be-a-rs-500-crore-movie-shot-in-three-languages/articleshow/58602655.html |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113730/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-will-now-be-a-rs-500-crore-movie-shot-in-three-languages/articleshow/58602655.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Namit Malhotra, whose company Prime Focus had contributed visual effects to major [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films like ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Transformers]]'', ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' and [[The Martian (film)|''The Martian'']] until then, saw in the trilogy the potential to set new global benchmarks for Indian cinema.<ref name="MM" /> In February 2018, Mantena revealed that his inspiration to make the film series came from the life and work of Indian comic book writer [[Anant Pai]], who had created the ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'' comics. He added that the film series was their collective effort in retelling Indian culture to newer generations in all possible "audio visual glory", with the help of the latest technology and visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-23 |title=Makers of Rs 500 crore Ramayana film sign MoU with UP government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-500-crore-film-mou-up-govt-5075106/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134114/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-500-crore-film-mou-up-govt-5075106/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-21 |title=MoUs worth Rs 4.28 lakh-crore signed on first day of UP Investors Summit 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-investors-summit-in-inaugural-session-industry-leaders-pledge-over-rs-88-000-cr-investment/story-LQE3NDTWVnFRyI2PRlmIgK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330010105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-investors-summit-in-inaugural-session-industry-leaders-pledge-over-rs-88-000-cr-investment/story-LQE3NDTWVnFRyI2PRlmIgK.html |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> As the last widely recognized adaptations of the epic had been the television series, [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']] (1987–88) by [[Ramanand Sagar]], the producers stated that they wanted to adapt ''Ramayana'' for theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=Baahubali 2's success makes way for Rs 500-crore Ramayana film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-ramayana-film-500-crore-976236-2017-05-10 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-ramayana-film-500-crore-976236-2017-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hingorani |first=Karishma |date=2017-05-10 |title=Now Gear up for a Rs 500-Crore 3D 'Ramayana' on the Big Screen |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/500-crore-ramayana-film-in-3-languages#read-more |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123605/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/500-crore-ramayana-film-in-3-languages#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Development ===

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Nitesh Tiwari at the ‘Khidkiyaan’ movie festival launch (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Namit Malhotra.jpg
| total_width = 300
| footer = ''Ramayana'' is the first collaboration of [[Nitesh Tiwari]] with [[Namit Malhotra]].
}}

In July 2019, Tiwari and Ravi Udyawar came on board to co-direct the trilogy, while Shridhar Raghavan was hired to write the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=Ramayana's trilingual live-action trilogy to be helmed by Dangal director Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ramayanas-trilingual-live-action-trilogy-to-be-helmed-by-dangal-director-nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-6953121.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Tiwari and Udyawar said they were motivated to undertake the project out of a sense of responsibility toward introducing the epic to their children, who, according to Tiwari, were familiar with the broad outline of the Ramayana but had not engaged with it in depth. Tiwari further cited the significant advancements in visual effects since the 1987-88 ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' television series as another factor behind the project.<ref name=":19" /> The producers' planned to commence filming by 2020 and maintain a relatively short gap between the release of each part. The first instalment was scheduled to be released in 2021.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2019-07-08 |title=Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar to bring 'Ramayana' to life at a Rs 500 crore budget |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-to-bring-ramayana-to-life-at-a-rs-500-crore-budget/articleshow/70126241.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The production team commissioned paintings by artists from across India to serve as references for the films' settings, costumes, character designs and action sequences. The project also aimed to cast actors from different regional film industries to appeal to pan-Indian and international audiences.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2019 |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=Nitesh Tiwari, Ravi Udyawar reviving Ramayana with a live-action, multilingual trilogy |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-reviving-ramayana-with-a-live-action-multilingual-trilogy/articleshow/70119460.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217094330/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-ravi-udyawar-reviving-ramayana-with-a-live-action-multilingual-trilogy/articleshow/70119460.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
In November 2019, Tiwari said that Raghavan had been writing the screenplay for the past three years under the guidance of scholars and [[Pandit|''pandits'']] with expertize in the scriptures and epic, to ensure that the adaptation remained culturally accurate while making it accessible to contemporary audiences.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-20 |title=I'm happy not following the formula of making a hit film: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-m-happy-not-following-the-formula-of-making-a-hit-film-nitesh-tiwari/story-X7ojYtj4L7MBKe5PMoMleP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725202209/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-m-happy-not-following-the-formula-of-making-a-hit-film-nitesh-tiwari/story-X7ojYtj4L7MBKe5PMoMleP.html |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, Tiwari stated that they were carefully identifying aspects of the story that should remain unchanged while determining where limited cinematic liberties could be taken without affecting the epic's cultural and religious significance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-12 |title=Massive responsibility to do a project like Ramayana: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/massive-responsibility-to-do-a-project-like-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-6066033/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/massive-responsibility-to-do-a-project-like-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-6066033/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiwari further added that the team sought to make the film appealing to younger audiences while remaining faithful to the expectations of audiences familiar with traditional retellings. He also described the project as technologically demanding because of its extensive visual effects requirements, citing the epic's fantastical settings and creatures as presenting opportunities for large-scale world-building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Challenging to make Ramayana appealing for all generations: Nitesh Tiwari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/challenging-to-make-ramayana-appealing-for-all-generations-nitesh-tiwari-6300240/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/challenging-to-make-ramayana-appealing-for-all-generations-nitesh-tiwari-6300240/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-05 |title=Nitesh Tiwari on Ramayana: Making it exciting for both children and old people is challenging |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-on-ramayana-making-it-exciting-for-both-children-and-old-people-is-challenging-1652718-2020-03-05 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the development of screenplay continued through virtual meetings involving members of the creative team across the country.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2020-03-31 |title=Amid the lockdown, Nitesh Tiwari works on Ramayana's script over group calls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amid-the-lockdown-nitesh-tiwari-works-on-ramayanas-script-over-group-calls/articleshow/74919720.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amid-the-lockdown-nitesh-tiwari-works-on-ramayanas-script-over-group-calls/articleshow/74919720.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2021, Mantena said that the trilogy was being developed as a long-term project, revealing that more than 200 artists from around the world, including several [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] winners, had been working on it for two years using a production process inspired by [[Avatar (2009 film)|''Avatar'']].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2021-06-30 |title=Madhu Mantena Opens Up On Ramayana And Says, 'Expect The Biggest Cast In History Of Indian Cinema' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/madhu-mantena-opens-up-on-ramayana-and-says-expect-the-biggest-cast-in-history-of-indian-cinema-693416 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217134114/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/madhu-mantena-opens-up-on-ramayana-and-says-expect-the-biggest-cast-in-history-of-indian-cinema-693416 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, he described the trilogy as a linear adaptation of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' that would incorporate many of the epic's subsidiary narratives while extensive digital assets were being created during pre-production. In September 2021, Mantena said that the filmmakers were primarily drawing from Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' while also studying artistic interpretations by painters such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]], emphasizing that the project was intended to be a traditional adaptation rather than a reinterpretation of the epic.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |date=2021-07-02 |title='Ramayana' trilogy for a global audience but rooted in India, says producer Madhu Mantena |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ramayana-trilogy-for-a-global-audience-but-rooted-in-india-says-producer-madhu-mantena-716208 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426123450/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/ramayana-trilogy-for-a-global-audience-but-rooted-in-india-says-producer-madhu-mantena-716208 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2022, Mantena said that the screenplay was expected to be completed within a few months, with principal photography planned to begin in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-04 |title=Madhu Mantena reveals 'Ramayana' shooting will start from September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhu-mantena-reveals-ramayana-shooting-will-start-from-september-2023/articleshow/95975114.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218140919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhu-mantena-reveals-ramayana-shooting-will-start-from-september-2023/articleshow/95975114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2023, he dismissed reports that the project had been indefinitely postponed, stating that filming was expected to begin later that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Producer Madhu Mantena rubbishes reports of Ramayan's indefinite postponement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-madhu-mantena-rubbishes-reports-of-ramayans-indefinite-postponement/articleshow/100823158.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2024, it was reported that [[DNEG]] virtual production had come on board as the producer along side Mantena.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Madhu Mantena backs out as producer from Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana due to monetary concerns; details inside |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/madhu-mantena-backs-out-as-producer-from-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-due-to-monetary-concerns-details-inside-101711520764418.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222651/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/madhu-mantena-backs-out-as-producer-from-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-due-to-monetary-concerns-details-inside-101711520764418.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, it was reported that Mantena had stepped back from his role as a producer citing financial concerns.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 March 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana faces trouble as producer Madhu Mantena backs out: Report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-faces-trouble-as-producer-madhu-mantena-backs-out-report-13749490.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> He later got involved in a legal tussle with Malhotra's Prime Focus Technologies regarding the IP rights of the film, which was ultimately settled when he was provided compensation of ₹80 cr (US$9 million).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-03 |title=Has Madhu Mantena exited the Ramayana franchise for good? Here's the full story: Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/has-madhu-mantena-exited-the-ramayana-franchise-for-good-heres-the-full-story-exclusive/articleshow/109001133.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/has-madhu-mantena-exited-the-ramayana-franchise-for-good-heres-the-full-story-exclusive/articleshow/109001133.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in April 2024, it was confirmed that [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] through his company ''Mind Monster Creations'' was confirmed as co-producer alongside Malhotra.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2024 |title=KGF Star Yash To Produce Ramayana With Namit Malhotra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-star-yash-to-produce-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-with-namit-malhotra-5425677 |website=NDTV |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412093457/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kgf-star-yash-to-produce-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-with-namit-malhotra-5425677 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2024 |title=Yash to co-produce and act in Nitesh Tiwari-Ranbir Kapoor's 'Ramayana' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-to-co-produce-and-act-in-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-2526352-2024-04-12 |website=India Today |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416111621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-to-co-produce-and-act-in-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-2526352-2024-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Ranbir Kapoor in April 2024.jpg
| image2 = Yash at the ‘KGF’ Press Meet In Chennai (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Sai pallavi interview.png
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| total_width = 450
| footer = (Left to right) [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Sai Pallavi]] portray Rama, Ravana and Sita respectively
}}

In July 2021, Mantena said that the ensemble cast would be announced by Diwali later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Deepika Padukone's Draupadi will take off after Ramayana, Madhu Mantena reveals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-s-draupadi-will-take-off-after-ramayana-madhu-mantena-reveals-1821663-2021-07-01 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701120046/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-s-draupadi-will-take-off-after-ramayana-madhu-mantena-reveals-1821663-2021-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that the film would feature what he described as "the biggest cast ever in the history of Indian cinema" and that actors would be drawn from across the country, saying the casting reflected the filmmakers' intention to present the epic as a pan-Indian project.<ref name=":11" /> [[Mukesh Chhabra]] was announced as the casting director for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Mukesh Chhabra revealed why he cast Ranbir Kapoor as Ram in Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-mukesh-chhabra-revealed-why-he-cast-ranbir-kapoor-as-ram-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-101752057188323.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801021031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-mukesh-chhabra-revealed-why-he-cast-ranbir-kapoor-as-ram-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-101752057188323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2023, [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] joined the film for the roles of Rama and Ravana respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 August 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yash undergoes look test for Ramayana, Ranbir Kapoor’s speculation for the role of Rama is true |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-yash-undergoes-look-test-ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-speculation-role-rama-true |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823163530/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-yash-undergoes-look-test-ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-speculation-role-rama-true/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Kapoor was confirmed to play dual role of Rama as well as Parashurama.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 April 2026 |title=Ranbir Kapoor opens up on playing both Lord Rama and Parashurama in Ramayana: “It was fantastic” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-opens-playing-lord-rama-parashurama-ramayana-fantastic/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=4 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404092316/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-opens-playing-lord-rama-parashurama-ramayana-fantastic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month [[Sai Pallavi]] joined the cast for the role of Sita.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 August 2023 |title=Sai Pallavi to likely play female lead in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sai-pallavi-likely-play-female-lead-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824134407/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sai-pallavi-likely-play-female-lead-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, [[Sunny Deol]] also joined the cast for the role of Hanuman. He reportedly charged ₹45 crore for his role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 October 2023 |title=Sunny Deol's Fees For Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana Will Be A WHOPPING Rs 45 Crores? Know Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deols-fees-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-will-be-a-whopping-rs-45-crores-know-here-8635345.html |website=News18 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026231426/https://www.news18.com/movies/sunny-deols-fees-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-will-be-a-whopping-rs-45-crores-know-here-8635345.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2024, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was rumoured to play the role of Vibhishana in the film,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 January 2024 |title=Vijay Sethupathi could be seen as Vibhishan in Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayan: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-vibhishan-ranbir-kapoor-ramayan-report-101706259395107.html |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126101237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-vibhishan-ranbir-kapoor-ramayan-report-101706259395107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however later he declined these rumours.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 February 2026 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Clarifies He Is Not Part Of Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-he-is-not-part-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-81585.html |website=Filmfare |archive-date=9 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209150840/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-he-is-not-part-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-81585.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, [[Bobby Deol]] was also reportedly rumoured to play the role of Kumbhakarna which also turned false.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 January 2024 |title=Bobby Deol NOT cast in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana, confirms actor’s team |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-not-cast-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-confirms-actors-team/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116123915/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-not-cast-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-confirms-actors-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2024, [[Rakul Preet Singh]] reportedly joined the cast for the role of Shurpanakha.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 February 2024 |title=Rakul Preet Singh in talks to play Shurpanakha in Ranbir Kapoor – Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana? Here’s what we know |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rakul-preet-singh-talks-play-shurpanakha-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-heres-know/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Ravi Dubey]] also reportedly joined the film for the role of Lakshmana.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 March 2024 |title=Ravi Dubey To Play Lakshman In Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayan: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-s-ramayan-gets-a-lakshman-in-ravi-dubey-reports-5290343 |website=NDTV |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322124943/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-s-ramayan-gets-a-lakshman-in-ravi-dubey-reports-5290343 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, [[Arun Govil]], [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Sheeba Chaddha]] were also confirmed to be part of the film after images leaked from the sets confirmed their presence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 April 2024 |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Lara Dutta And Arun Govil From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |website=NDTV |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2024, [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] was confirmed to play an important role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2024 |title=Kunal Kapoor joins cast of Ranbir Kapoor, Nitesh Tiwari’s epic Ramayana; begins prep for role: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-joins-cast-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-epic-ramayana-begins-prep-role-report |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730122430/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kapoor-joins-cast-ranbir-kapoor-nitesh-tiwaris-epic-ramayana-begins-prep-role-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, [[Indira Krishnan]] also the joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2024 |title=Indira Krishnan calls Ramayana co-star Ranbir Kapoor ‘one of the finest actors’, shares warm moments from film’s set |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/indira-krishnan-calls-ramayana-co-star-ranbir-kapoor-one-finest-actors-shares-warm-moments-films-set |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918153622/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/indira-krishnan-calls-ramayana-co-star-ranbir-kapoor-one-finest-actors-shares-warm-moments-films-set/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2025, [[Kajal Aggarwal]] joined the cast for the role of Mandodari.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 May 2025 |title=Kajal Aggarwal joins Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana as Mandodari opposite Yash's Ravana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajal-aggarwal-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-as-mandodari-opposite-yashs-ravana-101747392220286.html |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516163344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kajal-aggarwal-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-as-mandodari-opposite-yashs-ravana-101747392220286.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vivek Oberoi]] joined the cast in June 2025<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 June 2025 |title=Vivek Oberoi Joins Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-take-a-look-at-full-cast-ws-l-9373870.html |website=News18 |archive-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607131143/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-joins-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-take-a-look-at-full-cast-ws-l-9373870.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Adinath Kothare]] and [[Shobana]] joined the cast in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 July 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Addinath Kothare CONFIRMS playing Bharat in Ramayana; says, “It is one of the FINEST scripts I have read” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-addinath-kothare-confirms-playing-bharat-ramayana-says-one-finest-scripts-read/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723073417/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-addinath-kothare-confirms-playing-bharat-ramayana-says-one-finest-scripts-read/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 July 2025 |title=Shobana To Play Ravana’s Mother Kaikasi In Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shobana-to-play-ravanas-mother-kaikasi-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-9421313.html |website=News18 |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704132430/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shobana-to-play-ravanas-mother-kaikasi-in-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-9421313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was rumoured to voice the character of [[Jatayu]], however later [[Anupam Kher]] was confirmed for the same.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 July 2026 |title=Ramayana: Anupam Kher roped in as Jatayu’s voice, Amitabh Bachchan rumours put to rest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-anupam-kher-roped-in-as-jatayus-voice-amitabh-bachchan-rumours-put-to-rest-10796540 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=21 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721105130/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-anupam-kher-roped-in-as-jatayus-voice-amitabh-bachchan-rumours-put-to-rest-10796540/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2026, [[Faisal Malik]] was confirmed to play the role of Kumbhakarna.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 March 2026 |title=‘Ramayana’: 'Panchayat' star Faisal Malik bags the role of Kumbhakarna in Ranbir Kapoor starrer magnum opus - Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-panchayat-star-faisal-malik-bags-the-role-of-kumbhakarna-in-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-magnum-opus-reports/articleshow/129602656.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=16 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316072301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-panchayat-star-faisal-malik-bags-the-role-of-kumbhakarna-in-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-magnum-opus-reports/articleshow/129602656.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harish Uthaman]] reportedly joined the cast for the role of Vibhishana.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 July 2026 |title=Ramayana: Hanuman To Vibhishan, Characters Missing From Trailer And Actors Playing Them |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-hanuman-to-vibhishan-characters-missing-from-trailer-and-actors-playing-them-article-155222744 |website=Times Now |archive-date=1 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260801015702/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-hanuman-to-vibhishan-characters-missing-from-trailer-and-actors-playing-them-article-155222744 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
==== Part 1 ====
In January 2024, reports indicated that Kapoor and Pallavi were expected to begin filming in March, with dialogue-heavy scenes scheduled first, followed by large-scale crowd and battle sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Ranbir Kapoor to start shooting for Nitesh Tiwari's 'Ramayan' in March |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sai-pallavi-yash-ranbir-kapoor-to-start-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayan-in-march-23329464 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230155/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sai-pallavi-yash-ranbir-kapoor-to-start-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayan-in-march-23329464 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March, filming was reportedly postponed to April to allow additional time for the completion of costumes and production design.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana, which was to roll this month, pushed to mid-April as epic drama's outfits are being reworked |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-ramayana-which-was-to-roll-this-month-pushed-to-mid-april-as-epic-drama-outfits-are-being-reworked-23339922 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724230155/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-ramayana-which-was-to-roll-this-month-pushed-to-mid-april-as-epic-drama-outfits-are-being-reworked-23339922 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the first part began on 2 April, in [[Film City, Mumbai]], under the [[working title]] ''God Power''. The opening schedule featured ''[[gurukula]]'' sequences involving the child actors portraying the four princes of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Vasishtha]], with a specially constructed [[Ayodhya]] set serving as the primary filming location.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana Shoot Begins, FIRST Video of Grand Ayodhya Set Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-shoot-begins-first-video-of-grand-ayodhya-set-goes-viral-8840316.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-shoot-begins-first-video-of-grand-ayodhya-set-goes-viral-8840316.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-17 |title=Ranbir Kapoor-starrer Ramayana's working title revealed; makers tightens surveillance on set to avoid leaked pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-title-revealed-leaked-pics-avoid-makers-tightens-surveillance-on-set-101715910807771.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526194229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-ramayana-title-revealed-leaked-pics-avoid-makers-tightens-surveillance-on-set-101715910807771.html |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 April, pictures from the sets, featuring pictures of actors Arun Govil, Lara Dutta and Sheeba Chaddha and director Tiwari, were leaked onto social media and went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor Fans ANGRY As Lara Dutta, Arun Govil's Photos From Ramayana Sets LEAKED |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-fans-angry-lara-dutta-arun-govil-photos-from-ramayana-sets-leaked-8840620.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-fans-angry-lara-dutta-arun-govil-photos-from-ramayana-sets-leaked-8840620.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Lara Dutta And Arun Govil From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-lara-dutta-and-arjun-govil-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5379317 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to this, the makers imposed a strict no-phone policy on the movie sets.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Exclusive: 'Ramayana' director Nitesh Tiwari imposes no-phone policy on set |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-no-phone-policy-ramayana-set-ranbir-kapoor-look-ram-2523698-2024-04-05 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nitesh-tiwari-no-phone-policy-ramayana-set-ranbir-kapoor-look-ram-2523698-2024-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 April, pictures of Kapoor and Pallavi were again leaked from the sets.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Crazy Viral Pics Of Ranbir Kapoor And Sai Pallavi From The Sets Of Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5535127 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crazy-viral-pics-of-ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-from-the-sets-of-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-5535127 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-27 |title='Ramayana': Ranbir Kapoor- Sai Pallavi's looks get leaked, fans gush about regal appearance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavis-looks-get-leaked-fans-gush-about-regal-appearance/articleshow/109644786.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106054420/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ramayana-ranbir-kapoor-sai-pallavis-looks-get-leaked-fans-gush-about-regal-appearance/articleshow/109644786.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 April, the second schedule commenced in [[Mumbai]]. Yash was a part of the schedule, with Pallavi, Kapoor and Deol reportedly joining later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=Yash kicks off month-long shoot for Nitesh Tiwari's 'Ramayana' in Mumbai; Sai Pallavi, Ranbir Kapoor and Sunny Deol to join soon- Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-kicks-off-month-long-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-in-mumbai-sai-pallavi-ranbir-kapoor-and-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-report/articleshow/120768503.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yash-kicks-off-month-long-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-in-mumbai-sai-pallavi-ranbir-kapoor-and-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-report/articleshow/120768503.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August, [[Terry Notary]] confirmed that he was working as the action director.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Avatar, Avengers Endgame veteran Terry Notary working on Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana as action director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avatar-avengers-endgame-veteran-terry-notary-working-on-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-as-action-director-9528803/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703113725/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avatar-avengers-endgame-veteran-terry-notary-working-on-ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-as-action-director-9528803/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title='Ramayana': Avengers Endgame stunt coordinator Terry Notary CONFIRMS working on the Ranbir Kapoor starrer - WATCH video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-avengers-endgame-stunt-coordinator-terry-notary-confirms-working-on-the-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-watch-video/articleshow/112740067.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In May 2025, Guy Norris, known for his work on ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'' and ''[[The Suicide Squad (film)|The Suicide Squad]]'', was announced as the film's stunt director for its large-scale action sequences and was closely working with Yash to accomplish the same.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-05-29 |title=Yash Teams With 'Mad Max' Stunt Maestro Guy Norris for Epic 'Ramayana' Action Sequences (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/yash-mad-max-guy-norris-ramayana-1236411803/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=19 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619122222/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/yash-mad-max-guy-norris-ramayana-1236411803/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The principal photography for the first part [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 1 July.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Ramayana: Part I - Ranbir Kapoor And Ravi Dubey Hug It Out As They Wrap Up Shoot For Nitesh Tiwari's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703123612/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Part 2 ====
Principal photography for second part began in March 2026 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |title=Ramayana 2: Ranbir Kapoor begins shoot in Mumbai, Sunny Deol to join soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |website=India Today |archive-date=19 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419024212/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-2-ranbir-kapoor-begins-shoot-in-mumbai-sunny-deol-to-join-soon-2880646-2026-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The film will reportedly be in post-production for 600 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana To Take Over 600 Days In Post-production? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-to-take-over-600-days-in-post-production-what-we-know-8892977.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516172032/https://www.news18.com/movies/nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-to-take-over-600-days-in-post-production-what-we-know-8892977.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Visual effects]] were handled by [[DNEG]] who also co-produced the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' VFX, stunts, and motion capture: Meet the three Hollywood experts behind the magic |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/07/30/hollywood-experts-in-ramayana.html |website=The Week |archive-date=30 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730192902/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/07/30/hollywood-experts-in-ramayana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ramayana
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Hans Zimmer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2025–present
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Namit Malhotra]]
| misc =
}}

The film's musical score and soundtrack are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Hans Zimmer]], marking Zimmer's debut in Indian cinema. Rahman has described the creative process as "terrifying" and "complicated" due to the epic's cultural significance, noting that the duo is working to blend Zimmer's soundscapes with traditional Indian elements.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=AR Rahman says Hans Zimmer asked all the ‘right questions’ about Ramayana: ‘Who is this character?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-says-hans-zimmer-asked-all-the-right-questions-about-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-101760434046713.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207080200/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ar-rahman-says-hans-zimmer-asked-all-the-right-questions-about-ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-101760434046713.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The score features the integration of [[Sanskrit]] verses, which Rahman added to the initial thematic soundscapes developed by Zimmer. Additionally, poet and lyricist [[Kumar Vishwas]] contributed lyrics inspired by the film's narrative.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 July 2025 |title=Kumar Vishwas Pens Lyrics for A.R. Rahman and Hans Zimmer’s Soundtrack in Nitesh Tiwari’s Ramayana |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/kumar-vishwas-pens-lyrics-for-a-r-rahman-and-hans-zimmers-soundtrack-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana |website=The Wire |archive-date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715192453/https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/kumar-vishwas-pens-lyrics-for-a-r-rahman-and-hans-zimmers-soundtrack-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first single titled "Ramayana (The Introduction Theme)" was released in its short version on 03 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Ramayana The Introduction: First Glimpse Of Ranbir Kapoor, Yash, Sai Pallavi Film To Be Unveiled On... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-the-introduction-first-glimpse-of-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-film-to-be-unveiled-on-article-152186361 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331081730/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ramayana-the-introduction-first-glimpse-of-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-film-to-be-unveiled-on-article-152186361 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Zimmer’s & A.R. Rahman’s ‘Ramayana’ Introduction Theme Released {{!}} Film Music Reporter |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/07/03/hans-zimmers-a-r-rahmans-ramayana-introduction-theme-released/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409123605/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/07/03/hans-zimmers-a-r-rahmans-ramayana-introduction-theme-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In July 2026, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] acquired music rights to both parts of the film in a deal worth around ₹75 crore.<ref>{{cite web|title=MEGA EXCLUSIVE: T-Series bags music rights to BOTH parts of Ramayana for Rs. 75 crores in an advance deal|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-t-series-bags-music-rights-to-both-parts-of-ramayana-for-rs-75-crores-in-an-advance-deal/|archive-date=29 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260729174550/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-t-series-bags-music-rights-to-both-parts-of-ramayana-for-rs-75-crores-in-an-advance-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana bags Rs 75 cr T-Series music deal ahead of trailer drop: Report|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-t-series-music-rights-rs-75-crore-advance-trailer-release-date-10808273|archive-date=30 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730075700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-t-series-music-rights-rs-75-crore-advance-trailer-release-date-10808273/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Kumar Vishwas]]
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ramayana (The Introduction Theme)
| extra1 = Hiral Viradia [[Arjun Chandy]] Karthik Sekaran Aparna Narayanan Sireesha Bhagavatula Sarath Santosh T S Sreekanth Hariharan
| length1 = 2:36
| title2 = Rama Theme
| extra2 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| length2 = 2:27
}}

== Marketing ==
On 6 November 2024, Malhotra officially announced Ramayana: Part 1 and Part 2 through a poster, along with the release dates for both the films.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Ramayana Part 1 and 2 officially announced: See first poster, check release date details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-see-first-poster-check-release-date-details-101730869129007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312170029/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-1-and-2-officially-announced-see-first-poster-check-release-date-details-101730869129007.html |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Malhotra had repeatedly marketed the project as a global film, presenting an Indian subject but for the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana's Producer Namit Malhotra Says Its 'Massive Responsibility' To Present The Film At Global Stage |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayanas-producer-namit-malhotra-says-its-massive-responsibility-to-present-the-film-at-global-stage-aa-9245773.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409123439/https://www.news18.com/movies/ramayanas-producer-namit-malhotra-says-its-massive-responsibility-to-present-the-film-at-global-stage-aa-9245773.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-01 |title=Ramayana producer Namit Malhotra wants Ranbir Kapoor film to be celebrated globally like Oppenheimer, Forrest Gump |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-producer-namit-malhotra-wants-ranbir-kapoor-film-to-be-celebrated-like-oppenheimer-forrest-gump-sai-pallavi-101740730843828.html#:~:text=Namit%20says%20that%20the%20effort,don't%20like%20Hollywood%20films. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302085950/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-producer-namit-malhotra-wants-ranbir-kapoor-film-to-be-celebrated-like-oppenheimer-forrest-gump-sai-pallavi-101740730843828.html#:~:text=Namit%20says%20that%20the%20effort,don't%20like%20Hollywood%20films. |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The first glimpse titled "Ramayana: The Introduction" was released online on 3 July 2025 and screened in 9 Indian cities for fans. In Mumbai, Malhotra and Tiwari paid a special surprise visit to the audience and interacted with them as well.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 July 2025 |title=Ramayana first glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor, Yash explode on screen as Lord Ram, Ravana; 'Hollywood-level' VFX wows fans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-yash-explode-on-screen-as-lord-ram-ravana-hollywood-level-vfx-wows-fans-101751526412324.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2025 |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726060525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayana-first-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-yash-explode-on-screen-as-lord-ram-ravana-hollywood-level-vfx-wows-fans-101751526412324.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Nitesh Tiwari gets emotional at Ramayana first glimpse launch; Namit Malhotra promises to 'do justice to the epic' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-gets-emotional-at-ramayana-first-glimpse-launch-namit-malhotra-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-sunny-deol-101751536289344.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060444/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nitesh-tiwari-gets-emotional-at-ramayana-first-glimpse-launch-namit-malhotra-ranbir-kapoor-yash-sai-pallavi-sunny-deol-101751536289344.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 March 2026, coinciding with [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], the makers announced the next phase of the film's promotional campaign, with the first glimpse of Kapoor as Rama was released on 2 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-27 |title='Ramayana': Ranbir Kapoor's FIRST LOOK as Lord Ram to be unveiled on Hanuman Jayanti, Producer confirms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-first-look-of-lord-ram-to-be-unveiled-on-hanuman-jayanti-producer-confirms/articleshow/129838699.cms? |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260802092607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-first-look-of-lord-ram-to-be-unveiled-on-hanuman-jayanti-producer-confirms/articleshow/129838699.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>, coinciding with [[Hanuman Jayanti]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=2 April 2026 |title=‘Ramayana’ Rama glimpse: Ranbir Kapoor holds sway as the Lord in Nitesh Tiwari’s magnum opus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayana-rama-glimpse-ranbir-kapoor-holds-sway-as-the-lord-in-nitesh-tiwaris-magnum-opus/article70814123.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ahead of its public release, the makers held private preview screenings of the glimpse in the [[United States]] to promote the film internationally. The first screening took place at an IMAX theater in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]], on 30 March 2026, attended by Kapoor, Tiwari and Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=31 March 2026 |title=Ramayana: Ranbir Kapoor’s ‘Rama’ Teaser Unveiled In LA, Videos From Event Go Viral {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-rama-teaser-unveiled-in-la-videos-from-event-go-viral-watch-ws-l-10006467.html |work=News18 |archive-date=31 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331050316/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ramayana-ranbir-kapoors-rama-teaser-unveiled-in-la-videos-from-event-go-viral-watch-ws-l-10006467.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second screening, followed by a question-and-answer session with the filmmakers, was held in [[New York City]] on 31 March 2026. During this event, Tiwari discussed the casting of Kapoor, citing the character's restrained nature, compassion, and physicality as key considerations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-01 |title='Ramayana': Nitesh Tiwari opens up about casting Ranbir Kapoor as Lord Ram at New York City event: 'There was nobody better' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-opens-up-about-casting-ranbir-kapoor-as-lord-ram-at-new-york-city-event-there-was-nobody-better/articleshow/129936280.cms |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803060245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-nitesh-tiwari-opens-up-about-casting-ranbir-kapoor-as-lord-ram-at-new-york-city-event-there-was-nobody-better/articleshow/129936280.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tanisha |date=2026-04-01 |title=Amid Criticism, Ramayana Director Nitesh Tiwari Explains Why Ranbir Kapoor Is The Perfect Rama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amid-criticism-ramayana-director-nitesh-tiwari-explains-why-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-perfect-rama-11295231 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=8 April 2026 |access-date=3 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408104116/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amid-criticism-ramayana-director-nitesh-tiwari-explains-why-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-perfect-rama-11295231 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the CinemaCon 2026 event in Los Angeles, Malhotra said that the film would combine elements of fantasy and human drama from films like ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 April 2026 |title=Film of Indian epic 'Ramayana' aims for global audience |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/film-indian-epic-ramayana-aims-global-audience-2026-04-17/ |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

On 18 July 2026, an event, titled "Pratham Sankalp" was held in [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[New Delhi]] where the film's official trailer was exclusively showcased.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 July 2026 |title=Ramayana Delhi trailer launch: Yash delivers a RARE speech in Hindi; calls Ranbir Kapoor “phenomenal”: “WHOLE of India will understand what MAGIC you have created!” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ramayana-delhi-trailer-launch-yash-delivers-a-rare-speech-in-hindi-calls-ranbir-kapoor-phenomenal-whole-of-india-will-understand-what-magic-you-have-created/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=19 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260719131357/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ramayana-delhi-trailer-launch-yash-delivers-a-rare-speech-in-hindi-calls-ranbir-kapoor-phenomenal-whole-of-india-will-understand-what-magic-you-have-created/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, a short clip from the trailer was leaked on various social media platforms.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' Part 1 trailer leaked after Pratham Sankalp event in Delhi, makers launch anti-piracy crackdown ahead of July 24 release - Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-ramayana-part-1-trailer-leaked-after-pratham-sankalp-event-in-delhi-makers-launch-anti-piracy-crackdown-ahead-of-july-24-release-report/articleshow/132507072.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720060143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-ramayana-part-1-trailer-leaked-after-pratham-sankalp-event-in-delhi-makers-launch-anti-piracy-crackdown-ahead-of-july-24-release-report/articleshow/132507072.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was also showcased in the [[San Diego Comic Con]] on 23 July.<ref>{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=16 July 2026 |title=Ramayana creates HISTORY at San Diego Comic-Con: 'International superstars' Ranbir Kapoor and Yash to unveil trailer with live performances and exclusive surprises in MASSIVE 4,800-seater Ballroom 20 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-creates-history-at-san-diego-comic-con-international-superstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-yash-to-unveil-trailer-with-live-performances-and-exclusive-surprises-in-massive-4800-seater-ballroom-2/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716083058/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-creates-history-at-san-diego-comic-con-international-superstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-yash-to-unveil-trailer-with-live-performances-and-exclusive-surprises-in-massive-4800-seater-ballroom-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day on 24 July, the trailer was set to be released worldwide on all digital platforms however it was delayed.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 July 2026 |title='Ramayana' trailer to premiere worldwide on July 24; makers unveil global launch date for Ranbir Kapoor, Yash and Sai Pallavi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-trailer-to-premiere-worldwide-on-july-24-makers-unveil-global-launch-date-for-ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-at-comic-con-2026/articleshow/132325404.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=11 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711060459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-trailer-to-premiere-worldwide-on-july-24-makers-unveil-global-launch-date-for-ranbir-kapoor-yash-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-at-comic-con-2026/articleshow/132325404.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ramayana trailer postponed as Sony Pictures comes on board for global release outside India; Namit Malhotra calls it historic moment|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-trailer-postponed-as-sony-pictures-comes-on-board-for-global-release-outside-india-namit-malhotra-calls-it-historic-moment/|archive-date=24 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724050521/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramayana-trailer-postponed-as-sony-pictures-comes-on-board-for-global-release-outside-india-namit-malhotra-calls-it-historic-moment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the official trailer was released digitally on 30 July 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 July 2026 |title=Namit Malhotra announces Ramayana trailer launch date and time; unveiling set for July 30 at 4:15 am IST |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/namit-malhotra-announces-ramayana-trailer-launch-date-and-time-unveiling-set-for-july-30-at-415-am-ist |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=28 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728201524/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/namit-malhotra-announces-ramayana-trailer-launch-date-and-time-unveiling-set-for-july-30-at-415-am-ist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 July 2026 |title=Ramayana trailer: Ranbir's Ram, Yash's Raavan stand at heart of a cinematic odyssey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-ram-yash-raavan-stand-at-heart-of-a-cinematic-odyssey-2959376-2026-07-30 |website=India Today |archive-date=30 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730004946/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ramayana-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-ram-yash-raavan-stand-at-heart-of-a-cinematic-odyssey-2959376-2026-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film is scheduled for a worldwide theatrical release during the [[Diwali]] 2026 weekend as the first installment of a planned two-part epic. It will be released in multiple languages with [[IMAX]] presentations as part of a large-scale global rollout.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor’s Ramayana Part I to release on Diwali 2026 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-i-to-release-on-diwali-2026/cid/2061008 |website=Telegraph India |archive-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208152525/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoors-ramayana-part-i-to-release-on-diwali-2026/cid/2061008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ramayana, Godzilla Minus Zero and the IMAX factor – Why October 30 is being seen as a strategic date : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramayana-godzilla-minus-zero-and-the-imax-factor-why-october-30-is-being-seen-as-a-strategic-date/ |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723064002/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramayana-godzilla-minus-zero-and-the-imax-factor-why-october-30-is-being-seen-as-a-strategic-date/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Distribution===
In July 2026, [[Dharma Productions]] acquired distribution rights to the film for around ₹250 crore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karan Johar's Dharma Productions locks Rs 250 cr deal to distribute Ramayana in India|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=July 7, 2026|access-date=July 7, 2026|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|archive-date=7 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707134006/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-dharma-productions-rs-250-cr-deal-distribute-ramayana-ranbir-10775114/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] acquired the overseas distribution rights.<ref>{{cite web |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |access-date=23 July 2026 |title=Indian Epic ‘Ramayana’ Lands at Sony Pictures for International Distribution |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652 |website=Variety |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723211050/https://variety.com/2026/film/news/ramayana-sony-pictures-international-distribution-1236819652/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27988879}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ramayana|Ramayana – Part: I}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ramayana}}

{{Nitesh Tiwari}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nitesh Tiwari]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Upcoming IMAX films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Dharma Productions films]]
[[Category:2026 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hans Zimmer]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]

Shehzad Poonawalla

2026-07-31T14:15:32Z

Kannadaguy: Shehzad Poonawala During Press Conference During 2025

{{Infobox person
| name = Shehzad Poonawalla
| image = Shehzad Poonawala During Press Conference.png
| caption = Shehzad Poonawala During Press Conference During 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = Indian
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] [[MIT School of Government]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|Columnist|Politician|Activist}}
| years_active = 2008–2026
| party = {{ubl|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2026)|[[Indian National Congress]] (2008–2017)}}
| known_for = National spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party; public criticism of the 2017 Indian National Congress presidential election process
| relatives = [[Tehseen Poonawalla]] (brother)
}}

'''Shehzad Poonawalla''' (born 17 October 1987) is an Indian politician, political commentator, lawyer, columnist and activist from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and worked as a secretary of the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He opposed the election of [[Rahul Gandhi]] as the [[President of the Indian National Congress|party's president]] in 2017 and called the process "rigged". He later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and served as its National Spokesperson and as IT and Social Media department in-charge of the party's Delhi unit. In July 2026, he resigned from the BJP citing personal reasons.<ref name="NDTV2026">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawala, BJP's TV Face, Quits Party Citing 'Personal Reasons' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shehzad-poonawala-bjps-tv-face-quits-party-citing-personal-reasons-11846876 |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=NDTV |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla Quits BJP Citing Personal Reasons, Updates X Bio |url=https://www.news18.com/india/shehzad-poonawalla-resigns-from-bjp-cites-personal-reasons-sources-10244068.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla quits Bharatiya Janata Party, updates X bio |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shehzad-poonawalla-quits-bharatiya-janata-party-updates-x-bio-no-mention-of-bjp-national-spokesperson-101785472787334.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="FE">{{cite news |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla – the man who challenged Rahul Gandhi's candidature for Congress Presidential polls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-man-who-challenged-rahul-gandhis-candidature-for-congress-presidential-polls/953794/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Financial Express |date=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Sunil |title=A Spokesperson Exodus: They Were Congress's Voice, Now They Speak For BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gourav-vallabh-shehzad-poonawalla-congress-a-spokesperson-exodus-they-were-congresss-voice-now-they-speak-for-bjp-5373436 |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=NDTV |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Poonawalla is from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. He is a member of the affluent [[Aga Khan]] family. He is a [[Muslim]] but states his "culture" is [[Hindu]], and feels reverence for [[Ganesha]].<ref name="IndiaTV2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/what-ganesha-means-to-a-muslim-like-me-54644.html |title=What Ganesha means to a Muslim like me |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=17 August 2020 |last=Poonawalla |first=Shehzad}}</ref> He is a brother of [[Tehseen Poonawalla]], who is a Congress Party supporter and speaks for the party in many news channels debates. He joined an academic programme specializing in politics and government at the [[MIT World Peace University|MIT School of Government]], Pune, and subsequently studied law. He interned with Congress politician [[Suresh Kalmadi]].<ref name="Print2018">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-burden-of-self-styled-congressmen-poonawallas-on-the-party/79044/ |title=The burden of 'self-styled Congressmen' Poonawallas on the party |work=[[The Print]] |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Phadke |first=Manasi |location=Mumbai}}</ref> His father, Sarfaraz Poonawalla, was a businessman who died in 1992; his mother is Yasmin Poonawalla.<ref name="News18Bio">{{cite news |title=Pune-Born, BJP's Fiery Voice: Who Is Shehzad Poonawalla, Who Just Resigned? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/cities/pune/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-pune-born-bjp-spokesperson-just-resigned-ws-l-10244183.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

Poonawalla has publicly described his personal identity with the phrase "Religion is Islam, culture is Hindu, ideology is Indian" (later updated to "Bhartiya"). He is unmarried.<ref name="FE"/><ref name="MC">{{cite news |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla? The Congress man questioning Rahul Gandhi's elevation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-congress-man-questioning-rahul-gandhis-elevation-2453305.html |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
Shehzad holds a law degree (LLB) from the University of Pune (now Savitribai Phule Pune University). He also attended a masters programme from MIT School of Government, Pune, and completed his schooling at St. Vincent’s High School, Pune.<ref name="print">{{cite news |last1=ANSHUMAN |first1=KUMAR |title=Shehzad Poonawalla: The TV talking head challenging Rahul Gandhi's elevation in Congress |url=https://theprint.in/politics/shehzad-poonawalla-the-man-who-challenged-rahuls-elevation-as-cong-chief/19782/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=The Print |date=December 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MC"/><ref name="News18Edu">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla Educational qualification |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/education-shehzad-poonawalla-educational-qualification-llb-from-pune-university-biography-family-political-journey-10705402.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 Hindi |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Poonawalla is known for his strong [[right-wing]] outlook.<ref name="Print2019">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/delete-political-tweets-on-ayodhya-verdict-up-police-tells-shehzad-poonawalla-rana-ayyub/318134/ |title=Delete political tweets on Ayodhya verdict, UP police tells Shehzad Poonawalla, Rana Ayyub |work=[[The Print]] |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=16 August 2020 |last=Bhardwaj |first=Deeksha |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He entered in politics at the age of 16.<ref name="MoneyControl2017">{{Cite news |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-congress-man-questioning-rahul-gandhis-elevation-2453305.html |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla? The Congressman questioning Rahul Gandhi's elevation |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress ===
Shehzad Poonawalla began his political career in 2008 by joining the Indian National Congress and has served on Congress media cell's research team. He joined the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) as a volunteer in 2008 after his internship with Suresh Kalmadi.<ref name="MoneyControl2017" /><ref name="Print2018" /><ref name="MC"/> He was the vice-president of the [[National Students Union of India]]'s Pune wing and worked in the media cell of the AICC. Before the 2017 [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] election, he was given a responsibility by the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] to provide his "inputs" for Pune.<ref name="AsianAge2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/maharashtra-poonawalla-cong-s-counter-asaduddin-owaisi-757 |title=Maharashtra: Poonawalla is Congress's counter to Asaduddin Owaisi |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=16 August 2020 |location=Mumbai}}</ref> He was also tasked with a responsibility because of his "strong credentials as a young Muslim face across India" to formulate a strategy of Congress against the "growing clouts" of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] in Maharashtra.<ref name="AsianAge2016" />

He joined the media research team of the Congress Party in Delhi after finishing his course at MIT School of Government, Pune. His brother, Tehseen Poonawalla, also moved to Delhi with him to pursue his business there.<ref name="Print2018" /> Shehzad worked with senior Congress leaders including [[Digvijaya Singh]], [[Rajeev Shukla]] and [[Manish Tewari]] in their offices.<ref name="Print2018" /> In the preparation for the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Congress in-charge for the election, Digvijaya Singh, selected the Poonawalla brothers to operate the party's campaign office at [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Print2018" /> Both the brothers helped [[Tejashwi Yadav]] to run a [[Social media marketing|social media campaign]] for him after the resignation of [[Nitish Kumar]] from the position of the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] due to the corruption charges against Yadav who was the Deputy Chief Minister in Kumar's cabinet.<ref name="Print2018" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-tejashwi-yadav-lalu-yadav-grand-alliance-jdu-meeting-governor-4768045/ |title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar Chief Minister |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 July 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He also served as State Secretary of Maharashtra Congress.

{{Quote box
|class = letterhead
|title = PM Modi in Gujarat
|quote = Those who have no internal democracy can't work for people... I want to tell this youngster Shehzad – you have done a brave thing but this is sadly what has always happened in Congress.
|author = [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]]
|source = 2017<ref name="NDTV2017" />
| align=right
| salign=right
| width=40%
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| border=2px
|quoted = 1
}}

A day before when [[Rahul Gandhi]], who was the vice-president of the Congress Party then, filed his nomination for the election of the [[President of the Indian National Congress]] on 4 December 2017, Poonawalla tweeted that he approached the office of Rahul Gandhi to provide him proofs that election process of the party was not fair and expected that Gandhi would stop the election but, he claimed, the office "insulted" him. He made an allegation on 29 November 2017 that the internal poll of the party was "rigged" in favour of Rahul Gandhi and his elevation was "selection [and] not an election".<ref name="ZeeNews2017">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rahul-gandhis-office-insulted-me-claims-shehzad-poonawalla-2062688.html |title=Rahul Gandhi's office insulted me, claims Shehzad Poonawalla |work=[[Zee News]] |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |agency=Zee Media Bureau}}</ref><ref name="FE"/> He labeled the party’s internal democracy a "sham".<ref name="ndtv"/> The party announced unopposed election of Rahul Gandhi as the president on 11 December 2017 stating he "was the only one to file nomination".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-to-be-named-congress-president-today-live-updates-1786100 |title=Congress President Election: Rahul Gandhi Officially Named Congress Chief |work=[[NDTV]] |date=11 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Marwaha |first=Nonika |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Poonawalla had shared his interest in contesting the election but expressed his frustration that Rahul Gandhi enjoyed "unfair advantage" in the party for being the member of [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]. His action of going public with such an allegation was criticized by the President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] [[Ashok Chavan]] who dismissed it as an attempt of getting "cheap publicity".<ref name="ZeeNews2017" /> Poonawalla family including Shehzad's mother and his brother Tehseen, who is the brother-in-law of [[Robert Vadra]] (brother-in-law of Rahul Gandhi), cut off ties with Shehzad after this incident as the family supported the elevation of Rahul Gandhi for party's presidency and expected Shehzad to raise the matter at the inter-party forum instead of approaching media.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-don-t-know-anyone-by-name-of-shehzad-poonawalla-tehseen-disowns-his-own-brother-2564872 |title=Don't know anyone by name of Shehzad Poonawalla: Tehseen disowns his own brother |agency=[[Asian News International]] |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> However, he was lauded by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], who was campaigning for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|his party]] during the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], and called him "brave".<ref name="NDTV2017">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/praised-by-pm-congress-rebel-shehzad-poonawalla-talks-of-secret-tape-1783076 |title=Praised By PM, Congress Rebel Shehzad Poonawalla Talks Of Secret Tape |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Sanyal |first=Anindita |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Shehzad quit the INC in 2017 and joined the BJP, after differences with the INC.<ref name="print"/>

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
After quitting the Indian National Congress, Poonawalla joined the Bhartiya Janata Party and was appointed as IT and Social Media department in-charge of the party's Delhi unit by [[Adesh Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP appoints Shehzad Poonawala as IT, Social Media dept in-charge of Delhi unit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-appoints-shehzad-poonawala-as-it-social-media-dept-in-charge-of-delhi-unit-1891507-2021-12-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was later elevated to the position of National Spokesperson and became one of the party's prominent media panelists, often engaging in debates on national television.<ref name="Print2026">{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |title=Congressman-turned-‘fiery’ BJP spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla removes party name from X bio |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congressman-turned-fiery-bjp-spokesperson-shehzad-poonawalla-removes-party-name-from-x-bio/3001894/ |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=ThePrint |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2026"/>

A few hours before the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute]], Poonawalla asked on Twitter to [[retweet]] his post related to the dispute if they supported [[Rama]] and ignore it if they were "sons of [[Babur]]".<ref name="Print2019" /> He was immediately warned by the [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi Police]] of an action against him if he would not delete the tweet which he later did out of “respect for the police”.<ref name="Print2019" />

In July 2026, Poonawalla updated his X (formerly Twitter) biography to remove all references to the BJP and his role as national spokesperson. The updated bio described him as a "lifelong follower" of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], an author of the book ''GST Ki Yatra'', and stated: "Religion Islam, Culture Hindu, Ideology Bhartiya". Multiple media outlets reported, citing sources, that he had submitted his resignation to the BJP leadership citing personal reasons. He had earlier indicated in interviews that he had planned to step away from active politics after the 2024 general elections but had stayed on to assist the party in subsequent state elections including in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana and West Bengal.<ref name="NDTV2026"/><ref name="News18"/><ref name="HT"/><ref name="Print2026"/><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=BJP spokesman Shehzad Poonawalla resigns from party |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/bjp-spokesman-shehzad-poonawalla-resigns-from-party/ |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=The Tribune |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
Poonawalla is a political and social activist and civil rights activist. He was a strong proponent for an anti-lynching bill, ''Manav Suraksha Kanoon'' ({{lit|Human Protection Law}}), and came against [[cow vigilante violence in India]]. He is active on [[Twitter]] and uses the platform for sharing his political criticism including against the leaders of Congress.<ref name="Print2018" /> He has been vocal about the issues related to students' welfare and freedom in the universities including related to [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in media.<ref name="MoneyControl2017" /> In 2013, he was a petitioner before the National Commission for Minorities in a case concerning housing discrimination.<ref name="FE"/><ref name="News18Bio"/> He has written opinion articles on political and policy issues and is the author of the book ''GST Ki Yatra'' (2025), which discusses the Goods and Services Tax reforms in India.<ref name="News18Bio"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poonawalla, Shehzad}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:National Students' Union of India politicians]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Political spokespersons]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists]]

Shehzad Poonawalla

2026-07-31T13:56:22Z

Kannadaguy: Data

{{Infobox person
| name = Shehzad Poonawalla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = Indian
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] [[MIT School of Government]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|Columnist|Politician|Activist}}
| years_active = 2008–2026
| party = {{ubl|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2026)|[[Indian National Congress]] (2008–2017)}}
| known_for = National spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party; public criticism of the 2017 Indian National Congress presidential election process
| relatives = [[Tehseen Poonawalla]] (brother)
}}

'''Shehzad Poonawalla''' (born 17 October 1987) is an Indian politician, political commentator, lawyer, columnist and activist from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and worked as a secretary of the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He opposed the election of [[Rahul Gandhi]] as the [[President of the Indian National Congress|party's president]] in 2017 and called the process "rigged". He later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and served as its National Spokesperson and as IT and Social Media department in-charge of the party's Delhi unit. In July 2026, he resigned from the BJP citing personal reasons.<ref name="NDTV2026">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawala, BJP's TV Face, Quits Party Citing 'Personal Reasons' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shehzad-poonawala-bjps-tv-face-quits-party-citing-personal-reasons-11846876 |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=NDTV |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla Quits BJP Citing Personal Reasons, Updates X Bio |url=https://www.news18.com/india/shehzad-poonawalla-resigns-from-bjp-cites-personal-reasons-sources-10244068.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla quits Bharatiya Janata Party, updates X bio |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shehzad-poonawalla-quits-bharatiya-janata-party-updates-x-bio-no-mention-of-bjp-national-spokesperson-101785472787334.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="FE">{{cite news |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla – the man who challenged Rahul Gandhi's candidature for Congress Presidential polls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-man-who-challenged-rahul-gandhis-candidature-for-congress-presidential-polls/953794/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Financial Express |date=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Sunil |title=A Spokesperson Exodus: They Were Congress's Voice, Now They Speak For BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gourav-vallabh-shehzad-poonawalla-congress-a-spokesperson-exodus-they-were-congresss-voice-now-they-speak-for-bjp-5373436 |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=NDTV |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Poonawalla is from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. He is a member of the affluent [[Aga Khan]] family. He is a [[Muslim]] but states his "culture" is [[Hindu]], and feels reverence for [[Ganesha]].<ref name="IndiaTV2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/what-ganesha-means-to-a-muslim-like-me-54644.html |title=What Ganesha means to a Muslim like me |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=17 August 2020 |last=Poonawalla |first=Shehzad}}</ref> He is a brother of [[Tehseen Poonawalla]], who is a Congress Party supporter and speaks for the party in many news channels debates. He joined an academic programme specializing in politics and government at the [[MIT World Peace University|MIT School of Government]], Pune, and subsequently studied law. He interned with Congress politician [[Suresh Kalmadi]].<ref name="Print2018">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-burden-of-self-styled-congressmen-poonawallas-on-the-party/79044/ |title=The burden of 'self-styled Congressmen' Poonawallas on the party |work=[[The Print]] |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Phadke |first=Manasi |location=Mumbai}}</ref> His father, Sarfaraz Poonawalla, was a businessman who died in 1992; his mother is Yasmin Poonawalla.<ref name="News18Bio">{{cite news |title=Pune-Born, BJP's Fiery Voice: Who Is Shehzad Poonawalla, Who Just Resigned? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/cities/pune/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-pune-born-bjp-spokesperson-just-resigned-ws-l-10244183.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

Poonawalla has publicly described his personal identity with the phrase "Religion is Islam, culture is Hindu, ideology is Indian" (later updated to "Bhartiya"). He is unmarried.<ref name="FE"/><ref name="MC">{{cite news |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla? The Congress man questioning Rahul Gandhi's elevation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-congress-man-questioning-rahul-gandhis-elevation-2453305.html |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==
Shehzad holds a law degree (LLB) from the University of Pune (now Savitribai Phule Pune University). He also attended a masters programme from MIT School of Government, Pune, and completed his schooling at St. Vincent’s High School, Pune.<ref name="print">{{cite news |last1=ANSHUMAN |first1=KUMAR |title=Shehzad Poonawalla: The TV talking head challenging Rahul Gandhi's elevation in Congress |url=https://theprint.in/politics/shehzad-poonawalla-the-man-who-challenged-rahuls-elevation-as-cong-chief/19782/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=The Print |date=December 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MC"/><ref name="News18Edu">{{cite news |title=Shehzad Poonawalla Educational qualification |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/education-shehzad-poonawalla-educational-qualification-llb-from-pune-university-biography-family-political-journey-10705402.html |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=News18 Hindi |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Poonawalla is known for his strong [[right-wing]] outlook.<ref name="Print2019">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/delete-political-tweets-on-ayodhya-verdict-up-police-tells-shehzad-poonawalla-rana-ayyub/318134/ |title=Delete political tweets on Ayodhya verdict, UP police tells Shehzad Poonawalla, Rana Ayyub |work=[[The Print]] |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=16 August 2020 |last=Bhardwaj |first=Deeksha |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He entered in politics at the age of 16.<ref name="MoneyControl2017">{{Cite news |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/who-is-shehzad-poonawalla-the-congress-man-questioning-rahul-gandhis-elevation-2453305.html |title=Who is Shehzad Poonawalla? The Congressman questioning Rahul Gandhi's elevation |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress ===
Shehzad Poonawalla began his political career in 2008 by joining the Indian National Congress and has served on Congress media cell's research team. He joined the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) as a volunteer in 2008 after his internship with Suresh Kalmadi.<ref name="MoneyControl2017" /><ref name="Print2018" /><ref name="MC"/> He was the vice-president of the [[National Students Union of India]]'s Pune wing and worked in the media cell of the AICC. Before the 2017 [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] election, he was given a responsibility by the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] to provide his "inputs" for Pune.<ref name="AsianAge2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/maharashtra-poonawalla-cong-s-counter-asaduddin-owaisi-757 |title=Maharashtra: Poonawalla is Congress's counter to Asaduddin Owaisi |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=16 August 2020 |location=Mumbai}}</ref> He was also tasked with a responsibility because of his "strong credentials as a young Muslim face across India" to formulate a strategy of Congress against the "growing clouts" of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] in Maharashtra.<ref name="AsianAge2016" />

He joined the media research team of the Congress Party in Delhi after finishing his course at MIT School of Government, Pune. His brother, Tehseen Poonawalla, also moved to Delhi with him to pursue his business there.<ref name="Print2018" /> Shehzad worked with senior Congress leaders including [[Digvijaya Singh]], [[Rajeev Shukla]] and [[Manish Tewari]] in their offices.<ref name="Print2018" /> In the preparation for the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Congress in-charge for the election, Digvijaya Singh, selected the Poonawalla brothers to operate the party's campaign office at [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Print2018" /> Both the brothers helped [[Tejashwi Yadav]] to run a [[Social media marketing|social media campaign]] for him after the resignation of [[Nitish Kumar]] from the position of the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] due to the corruption charges against Yadav who was the Deputy Chief Minister in Kumar's cabinet.<ref name="Print2018" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-tejashwi-yadav-lalu-yadav-grand-alliance-jdu-meeting-governor-4768045/ |title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar Chief Minister |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 July 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He also served as State Secretary of Maharashtra Congress.

{{Quote box
|class = letterhead
|title = PM Modi in Gujarat
|quote = Those who have no internal democracy can't work for people... I want to tell this youngster Shehzad – you have done a brave thing but this is sadly what has always happened in Congress.
|author = [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]]
|source = 2017<ref name="NDTV2017" />
| align=right
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A day before when [[Rahul Gandhi]], who was the vice-president of the Congress Party then, filed his nomination for the election of the [[President of the Indian National Congress]] on 4 December 2017, Poonawalla tweeted that he approached the office of Rahul Gandhi to provide him proofs that election process of the party was not fair and expected that Gandhi would stop the election but, he claimed, the office "insulted" him. He made an allegation on 29 November 2017 that the internal poll of the party was "rigged" in favour of Rahul Gandhi and his elevation was "selection [and] not an election".<ref name="ZeeNews2017">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rahul-gandhis-office-insulted-me-claims-shehzad-poonawalla-2062688.html |title=Rahul Gandhi's office insulted me, claims Shehzad Poonawalla |work=[[Zee News]] |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |agency=Zee Media Bureau}}</ref><ref name="FE"/> He labeled the party’s internal democracy a "sham".<ref name="ndtv"/> The party announced unopposed election of Rahul Gandhi as the president on 11 December 2017 stating he "was the only one to file nomination".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-to-be-named-congress-president-today-live-updates-1786100 |title=Congress President Election: Rahul Gandhi Officially Named Congress Chief |work=[[NDTV]] |date=11 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Marwaha |first=Nonika |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Poonawalla had shared his interest in contesting the election but expressed his frustration that Rahul Gandhi enjoyed "unfair advantage" in the party for being the member of [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]. His action of going public with such an allegation was criticized by the President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] [[Ashok Chavan]] who dismissed it as an attempt of getting "cheap publicity".<ref name="ZeeNews2017" /> Poonawalla family including Shehzad's mother and his brother Tehseen, who is the brother-in-law of [[Robert Vadra]] (brother-in-law of Rahul Gandhi), cut off ties with Shehzad after this incident as the family supported the elevation of Rahul Gandhi for party's presidency and expected Shehzad to raise the matter at the inter-party forum instead of approaching media.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-don-t-know-anyone-by-name-of-shehzad-poonawalla-tehseen-disowns-his-own-brother-2564872 |title=Don't know anyone by name of Shehzad Poonawalla: Tehseen disowns his own brother |agency=[[Asian News International]] |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> However, he was lauded by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], who was campaigning for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|his party]] during the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], and called him "brave".<ref name="NDTV2017">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/praised-by-pm-congress-rebel-shehzad-poonawalla-talks-of-secret-tape-1783076 |title=Praised By PM, Congress Rebel Shehzad Poonawalla Talks Of Secret Tape |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2020 |last=Sanyal |first=Anindita |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Shehzad quit the INC in 2017 and joined the BJP, after differences with the INC.<ref name="print"/>

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
After quitting the Indian National Congress, Poonawalla joined the Bhartiya Janata Party and was appointed as IT and Social Media department in-charge of the party's Delhi unit by [[Adesh Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP appoints Shehzad Poonawala as IT, Social Media dept in-charge of Delhi unit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-appoints-shehzad-poonawala-as-it-social-media-dept-in-charge-of-delhi-unit-1891507-2021-12-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was later elevated to the position of National Spokesperson and became one of the party's prominent media panelists, often engaging in debates on national television.<ref name="Print2026">{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |title=Congressman-turned-‘fiery’ BJP spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla removes party name from X bio |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congressman-turned-fiery-bjp-spokesperson-shehzad-poonawalla-removes-party-name-from-x-bio/3001894/ |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=ThePrint |date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2026"/>

A few hours before the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute]], Poonawalla asked on Twitter to [[retweet]] his post related to the dispute if they supported [[Rama]] and ignore it if they were "sons of [[Babur]]".<ref name="Print2019" /> He was immediately warned by the [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi Police]] of an action against him if he would not delete the tweet which he later did out of “respect for the police”.<ref name="Print2019" />

In July 2026, Poonawalla updated his X (formerly Twitter) biography to remove all references to the BJP and his role as national spokesperson. The updated bio described him as a "lifelong follower" of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], an author of the book ''GST Ki Yatra'', and stated: "Religion Islam, Culture Hindu, Ideology Bhartiya". Multiple media outlets reported, citing sources, that he had submitted his resignation to the BJP leadership citing personal reasons. He had earlier indicated in interviews that he had planned to step away from active politics after the 2024 general elections but had stayed on to assist the party in subsequent state elections including in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana and West Bengal.<ref name="NDTV2026"/><ref name="News18"/><ref name="HT"/><ref name="Print2026"/><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=BJP spokesman Shehzad Poonawalla resigns from party |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/bjp-spokesman-shehzad-poonawalla-resigns-from-party/ |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=The Tribune |date=31 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
Poonawalla is a political and social activist and civil rights activist. He was a strong proponent for an anti-lynching bill, ''Manav Suraksha Kanoon'' ({{lit|Human Protection Law}}), and came against [[cow vigilante violence in India]]. He is active on [[Twitter]] and uses the platform for sharing his political criticism including against the leaders of Congress.<ref name="Print2018" /> He has been vocal about the issues related to students' welfare and freedom in the universities including related to [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in media.<ref name="MoneyControl2017" /> In 2013, he was a petitioner before the National Commission for Minorities in a case concerning housing discrimination.<ref name="FE"/><ref name="News18Bio"/> He has written opinion articles on political and policy issues and is the author of the book ''GST Ki Yatra'' (2025), which discusses the Goods and Services Tax reforms in India.<ref name="News18Bio"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poonawalla, Shehzad}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:National Students' Union of India politicians]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Political spokespersons]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists]]