Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

K. G. Arunraj

2026-05-07T03:48:35Z

Kamdhenupaints: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tamil Nadu}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=K. G. Arunraj|timestamp=20260506151906|year=2026|month=May|day=6|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=merging|target=K.G. Arunraj}}


{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. G. Arunraj
| image = Kg_arunraj.png
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[E. R. Eswaran]] ([[Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam|KMDK]])
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK)
| occupation = Politician, Former [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] Officer, Physician
| alma_mater = [[Madras Medical College]] (MBBS, 2002)
}}

'''K. G. Arunraj''' is an Indian politician, former civil servant, and physician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the elected [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|member of legislative assembly]] (MLA) representing the [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengode constituency]] in [[Namakkal district]], having won the seat in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. Prior to contesting the election, he served as general secretary (policy and propaganda) of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK). Before entering politics, he was an officer in the [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS), holding the ranks of Joint Commissioner and Additional Commissioner of Income Tax.<ref name="News9">{{cite web |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/irs-officer-arun-raj-voluntarily-retires-likely-to-join-actor-vijay-led-tvk-2859045 |title=IRS officer Arun Raj voluntarily retires, likely to join actor Vijay-led TVK |website=News9 Live |date=27 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Arunraj is from [[Salem district|Salem]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="TheFederal">{{cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/tamil-nadu/irs-officer-turned-politician-kg-arunraj-joins-tvk-191148 |title=IRS officer-turned-politician KG Arunraj joins TVK, eyes Kongu belt in TN polls |website=The Federal |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] from [[Madras Medical College]], affiliated with [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]], in 2002.<ref name="ADR">{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=975 |title=Arunraj K G – Affidavit Information of Candidate, Tiruchengode (Namakkal) |website=MyNeta / Association for Democratic Reforms |year=2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> After graduating, he worked as a physician in rural areas including [[Krishnagiri district]].<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/doctor-turned-civil-servant-whose-heart-was-always-in-politics-kg-arunraj-set-to-join-tvk/2647734/ |title=Doctor-turned-civil servant whose 'heart was always in politics', KG Arunraj set to join TVK |website=The Print |date=5 June 2025 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Civil service career ==
Arunraj cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) Civil Services Examination in 2009 and joined the [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS).<ref name="TheFederal"/> During his service, he held positions including Joint Commissioner and Additional Commissioner of Income Tax, with postings in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Bihar]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="News9"/>

In 2016, he led an Income Tax raid that resulted in the seizure of ₹90 crore in cash from the premises of businessman Shekar Reddy and his associates.<ref name="ThePrint"/> He was also involved in investigations related to the [[Kodanad estate robbery and murder|Kodanadu estate]] case and matters connected to associates of [[V. K. Sasikala]].<ref name="TheFederal"/>

In 2021, the [[Election Commission of India]] directed that Arunraj, then serving as Joint Commissioner, be transferred and attached to the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT) headquarters with immediate effect, during the assembly election preparedness review in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

He maintained a blog from 2009 in which he wrote on topics including electoral reform, prohibition, and corruption.<ref name="ThePrint"/> In May 2025, he took voluntary retirement from the IRS, with his resignation accepted on 22 May 2025.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

== Political career ==

=== Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam ===
In June 2025, Arunraj joined the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK), the political party founded by actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] on 2 February 2024.<ref name="TheFederal"/> He was appointed general secretary (policy and propaganda) of the party.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tvk-vijay-former-irs-officer-arunraj-dmk-vijay-raid-aadhav-arjuna-tamil-nadu-2738477-2025-06-10 |title=Former IRS officer Arunraj joins TVK as propaganda and policy chief |website=India Today |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> In this role, he headed the party's manifesto committee and conducted public consultations across Tamil Nadu ahead of the 2026 elections.<ref name="TheFederal"/>

TVK contested all 234 assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu in the 2026 elections, winning 108 seats and becoming the single largest party in the state.<ref name="ECI">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 |website=Election Commission of India |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

=== 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election ===
In the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Arunraj contested from the [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengode assembly constituency]] in [[Namakkal district]], which falls under the [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ETVBharat">{{cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-tiruchengode-constituency-results-enn26050204244 |title=Assembly Elections 2026: Counting To Begin For Tiruchengode Constituency Shortly |website=ETV Bharat |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> The constituency has a history of close elections; the 2021 result was decided by a margin of 2,862 votes and the 2016 result by 3,390 votes.<ref name="ETVBharat"/> The constituency recorded a voter turnout of 89.97% in the 2026 polls.<ref name="ETVBharat"/>

Arunraj won the seat, defeating R. Chandrasekar of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] and E. R. Eswaran of the [[Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam|KMDK]].<ref name="ECIResult">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS2296.htm |title=Tiruchengode – Constituency-wise Result, Tamil Nadu General Election May 2026 |website=Election Commission of India |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] result: [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengode]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|candidate='''K. G. Arunraj'''|votes=79,500|percentage=41.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=SRMT Sekar (A) Chandrasekar R|votes=51,328|percentage=26.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=E. R. Eswaran|votes=49,465|percentage=25.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=K. Revathi|votes=6,085|percentage=3.18|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=28,172|percentage=14.74|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

== Electoral history ==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 87%"
|-
! Year !! Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Result !! Votes !! Margin
|-
| 2026 || [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Assembly Election]] || [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchengode]] || [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] || {{Won}} || 79,500 || 28,172
|}

== See also ==
* [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
* [[Tiruchengode (state assembly constituency)]]
* [[Vijay (actor)]]
* [[Indian Revenue Service]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tvkvijay.com/en/election-candidates/tamilnadu TVK Official Candidate Page]
* [https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=975 Affidavit – MyNeta / ADR]
* [https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ Election Results – Election Commission of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arunraj, K. G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:58Z

Kamdhenupaints: created first stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ahmedabad
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ahmedabad''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Gujarat]] state in western India, till 2008. After the reorg of 2009, [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency]] became the two constituencies from the city, sending representatives to the parliament.

== Legislative Assembly segments ==
Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following 7 legislative assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable" width="450px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="100px"|Name
!width="100px" style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!width="200px"|District
|-
|71
|[[Kalupur Assembly constituency|Kalupur]]
| rowspan="2" |None
| rowspan="7" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|73
|[[Rakhial Assembly constituency|Rakhial]]
|-
|74
|[[Shaher Kotda Assembly constituency|Shaher Kotda]]
|SC
|-
|75
|[[Khadia Assembly constituency|Khadia]]
| rowspan="4" |None
|-
|76
|[[Jamalpur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
|-
|77
|[[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|-
|78
|[[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Muldas Bhudardas Vaishya
|-
| 1956^
| [[Sushila Ganesh Mavalankar]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Indulal Yagnik|Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mahagujarat Janata Parishad}}
|-
| Karsandas Ukabhai Parmar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan=3|[[Indulal Yagnik|Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nutan Mahagujarat Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1972^
| [[Purushottam Mavalankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Ehsan Jafri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Maganbhai Barot]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Haroobhai Mehta]]

|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan=6|[[Harin Pathak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''From 2008 : See [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]] & [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]''}}
|}

^By poll

==Election results==
===2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,01,853
|percentage = 55.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajkumar Gigraj Gupta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,24,248
|percentage = 40.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Dr. Mangalam Virambhai Rathod
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,889
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shaikh Samsuddin Nashiruddin
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,411
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ambalal Mafatlal Chauhan
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,725
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 77,605
|percentage = 14.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,48,559
|percentage = 39.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,80,696
|percentage = 53.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Girish Popatlal Dani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,27,728
|percentage = 43.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Laxman G. Patanvadia
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,375
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendrabhai Shyamlal Kosti
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 3,343
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rashid Khan Pathan
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,805
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,968
|percentage = 10.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,27,737
|percentage = 39.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,50,699
|percentage = 55.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harubhai Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,13,886
|percentage = 34.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagroopsinh G. Rajput
|party = All India Rashtriya Janata Party
|votes = 51,656
|percentage = 8.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ilyasbhai Dhagawale
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 5,699
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Iqbal Shaikh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 2,529
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,36,813
|percentage = 21.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,27,409
|percentage = 48.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,10,967
|percentage = 61.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Irshad Mirza
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,12,450
|percentage = 32.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Chimanbhai Mehta
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 6,605
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Utsav Rana
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 3,580
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjitsinh Zala
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,560
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 98,517
|percentage = 28.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,44,113
|percentage = 26.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,33,568
|percentage = 59.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Maganbhai Barot]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,41,683
|percentage = 35.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sheikh Ayesha Begum Mohmadali
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 10,331
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mrugesh Vaishnav
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 1,949
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate= Manojkumar Navinchandra Dave
|party = [[Yuva Vikas Party|YVP]]
|votes = 1,023
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,885
|percentage = 23.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,94,169
|percentage = 37.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,34,098
|percentage = 58.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendrakumar Netrapalsinh Rajput
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,86,741
|percentage = 32.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mohammad Hanif Husenbhai Shaikh
|party = [[All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|DMM]]
|votes = 39,174
|percentage = 6.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Subhashchandra Khodidas Nayak
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 2,928
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Pankaj Vijaybhai Parmar
|party = [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]
|votes = 1,425
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,47,357
|percentage = 25.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,70,267
|percentage = 57.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Haroobhai Mehta]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,31,751
|percentage = 51.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Bhatt]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,98,614
|percentage = 43.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = [[Balraj Madhok]]
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 5,628
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = [[Maganbhai Barot]]
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,709
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mohmadsharif Kucherawala
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,356
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,137
|percentage = 7.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,54,232
|percentage = 59.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Maganbhai Barot]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,48,206
|percentage = 60.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Krushnavadan Joshi
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 1,40,053
|percentage = 34.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ahsan Jafri]]
|party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
|votes = 7,054
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Bhagubhai Dahyabhai Patel
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,401
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Utsav Rana
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 2,526
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,08,153
|percentage = 26.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,07,045
|percentage = 58.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Ahmedabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ahsan Jafri]]
|party = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
|votes = 1,87,715
|percentage = 50.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Brahmkumar Bhatt
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 1,77,702
|percentage = 47.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mahendrakumar Maganlal Dave
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 1,971
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Chandulal Keshavlal Khamar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 1,752
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Jagatsinh Chandansinh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 1,208
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,013
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,71,018
|percentage = 64.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971 ===
* Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik (INC R) : 193,834 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html|title = 1971 India General (5th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Jaykrishna Harivallabhdas (NCO) : 137,374

===1972===
* [[Purushottam Mavalankar|P.G.Mavalankar]] (IND) : 112,026 votes
* Manubhai Palkhiwala (INC) : 86,579

===1952 ===
** First Seat
* Vaishya Muldas Bhudardas (INC) : 203,928 votes
* Goswami Krishnajiwanji Gokulnathji (RRP) : 112,239
** Second seat
* Mavlankar Ganesh Vasudeo (INC) : 230,778 votes
* Parmar Balwantrai Govindrai (SCF) : 69,443

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Sarkhej Assembly constituency]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|23.0|72.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15

2026-04-28T01:00:09Z

Kamdhenupaints: created basic data initial version.

{{short description|Indian reality show (2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Overly detailed|date=January 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Overcoloured|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 15
| image = Bigg Boss (Hindi Season 15)logo.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #006600
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 120
| num_housemates = 24
| winner = [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
| runner_up = Pratik Sehajpal
}}
| num_episodes = 121
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|02}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|01|30}}
| episode_list = See on VOOT App for detailed list
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 15''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss: "Sankat in Jungle"''''' was the fifteenth season of the Indian reality TV series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. It premiered on 2 October 2021 on [[Colors TV]]. [[Salman Khan]] hosted the season for the twelve time. The grand finale aired on 30 January 2022 where [[Tejasswi Prakash]] emerged as the winner while Pratik Sehajpal as the runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 September 2021|title=Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 15 to premiere on October 2. Watch new promo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-to-premiere-on-october-2-watch-new-promo-1854454-2021-09-19|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Production==
===Teaser===
The first teaser was released on 22 August 2021, in which [[Salman Khan]] is a forest officer talking to a wishful talking tree named ''Vishwasuntree'' in which veteran actress [[Rekha]] gave her voice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2021|title=Rekha's voice is heard in the first promo for the fifteenth season of the reality show Bigg Boss, hosted by Salman Khan.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-rekha-joins-salman-khan-in-new-promo-for-the-show-watch-101629568640016.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On the grand finale of ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]'', another promo was released revealing the date of the premiere .<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2021|title=Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 15 to premiere on October 2. Watch new promo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-to-premiere-on-october-2-watch-new-promo-1854454-2021-09-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

===Eye logo===
This theme of the season was "Sankat in Jungle". The eye this time was covered with green grass and shows a tree in the pupil of the eye with flames coming from the centre of the eye.

===House===
The house this time had a "''Jungle Theme''" and was located in [[Goregaon]] for the third time. The house was divided into 2 parts, Jungle House and Main House.<ref>{{Cite web|date= 3 October 2021|title=Bigg Boss 15: Salman Khan to Welcome Contestants Into This Jungle Themed House, Take a Tour|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/exclusive-a-sneak-peek-inside-the-jungle-themed-bigg-boss-15-house-4274933.html|website=News 18}}</ref> On Day 21, Jungle House was closed.

===Telecast===
Apart from the usual hour-long episode, viewers also had access to the direct ''24x7'' ''camera footage''. The
viewers also had access to ''Before TV'' on [[Voot|Voot Select]] where the episode was telecast 30 minutes before it was telecasted on [[Colors TV]]. Also for the first time, Live Voting was conducted for the Eviction Process. On weekdays, the show was at 10.30 PM IST & weekend show was at 9.30 PM IST which was changed to 8 PM IST from Week 16.

===Concept===
All housemates will be given a survival kit with a few essentials throughout the season and will get fewer facilities this time. The housemates will enter a small jungle house which has a small kitchen, no beds and sofa and bathroom for the first 3 weeks. The housemates who will survive the jungle will enter the main luxurious house. There is a wishful tree in the garden area named ''Vishwasuntree'' who is the queen of the magical jungle in the house and will give advantages and privileges to the contestants who perform well in the jungle. On Day 36, Salman announced that there will be a new zone named VIP Zone. The members who are in VIP Zone are eligible to be in the finale.

===Casting===
On the grand finale of ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]'', finalist Pratik Sehajpal was officially revealed as the first confirmed contestant, which followed by Nishant Bhat and [[Shamita Shetty]] was announced as the other two contestants at the press conference held by [[Arti Singh]] and [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-15-tejasswi-prakash-shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-to-join-pratik-in-salman-khans-show-4230803.html|title=Bigg Boss 15: Tejasswi Prakash, Shamita Shetty, Nishant Bhat to Join Pratik in Salman Khan's Show|date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Tejasswi
| Day 1
| Day 120
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Pratik
| Day 2
| Day 120
| {{Runner-up |1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Karan
| Day 1
| Day 120
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Shamita
| Day 2
| Day 44
| {{quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 50
| Day 120
| style="background: #DDA0DD;" | 3rd runner-up
|-
| 5
| Nishant
| Day 2
| Day 120
| {{Quit|Walked, 4th runner-up}}
|-
| 6
| Rashmi
| Day 56
| Day 120
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" |5th runner-up
|-
| 7
| Rakhi
| Day 56
| Day 117
| {{No|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Devoleena
| Day 56
| Day 114
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Abhijit
| Day 58
| Day 107
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Umar
| Day 1
| Day 99
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | Rajiv
| Day 22
| Day 78
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 108
| Day 114
| {{CGuest|Guest}}
|-
| 12
| Ritesh
| Day 52
| Day 72
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Neha
| Day 33
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Jay
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Vishal
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Simba
| Day 1
| Day 53
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 17
| Afsana
| Day 1
| Day 40
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| 18
| Raqesh
| Day 33
| Day 40
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 19
| Ieshaan
| Day 1
| Day 37
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 20
| Miesha
| Day 1
| Day 36
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 21
| Akasa
| Day 1
| Day 29
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 22
| Donal
| Day 1
| Day 18
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 23
| Vidhi
| Day 1
| Day 18
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 24
| Sahil
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in the house are:

===Original entrants===
* [[Jay Bhanushali]] – Actor and television presenter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Jay Bhanushali|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-contestant-jay-bhanushali-7546032/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jay-bhanushali-vishal-kotian-and-neha-bhasin-evicted-from-bigg-boss-15-7641503/|title=Jay Bhanushali, Vishal Kotian and Neha Bhasin evicted from Bigg Boss 15|date=25 November 2021}}</ref> He is known for playing Neev Shergill in ''[[Kayamath]]'' and participating in ''[[Nach Baliye 5]]''.
* [[Vishal Kotian]] – Television actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss Season 15 contestant Vishal Kotian|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-season-15-contestant-vishal-kotian-photos-videos-7544888/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vishal-kotian-bigg-boss-15-eviction-shamita-shetty-never-supported-me-left-me-7644636/ |title=Vishal Kotian on eviction from Bigg Boss 15: Shamita Shetty never supported me, I was hurt and often cried alone |date=25 November 2021}}</ref> He is known for playing Birbal in ''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]'' and ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]''.
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]] – Television actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tejasswi-prakash-to-participate-in-salman-khan-s-bigg-boss-15-watch-promo-1484476 |title=CONFIRMED! Sheetal Maaaam To Participate In Salman Khan's 'Bigg Boss 15'. Watch Promo|date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2021 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Sheetal Maaaam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-season-15-contestant-vishal-kotian-photos-videos-7544888/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> She is known for playing Ragini Maheshwari in ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'', Diya Singh in ''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]'', Mishti in ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' and participating in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''.
* [[Vidhi Pandya]] – Television actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Vidhi Pandya|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-15-contestant-vidhi-pandya-7545253/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> She is known for playing Imli Rajvanshi in ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'' and Suman Tiwari in ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]''.
* [[Simba Nagpal]] – Television actor and model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Simba Nagpal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-15-contestant-simba-nagpal-7541981/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=Simba Nagpal gets evicted from Bigg Boss 15, says 'I chose to be real on the show' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/simba-nagpal-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-15-7639856/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is Known for playing Virat Singh in ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' and participating in ''[[MTV Roadies]]''.
* Umar Riaz – Surgeon, model and actor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Prerna|date=2021-09-24|title=Bigg Boss 15: Asim Riaz's brother Umar Riaz confirms being part of show, fans shower love|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-contestant-asim-riaz-brother-umar-riaz-confirms-being-part-of-show-fans-shower-love-736166|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> He appeared in music videos such as "Befikar Raho" and "Sky High".
* Ieshaan Sehgal – Television personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Ieshaan Sehgal|url=https://ndtv.in/television/scuffle-broke-out-on-bigg-boss-show-umar-riaz-and-ishaan-sehgal-had-an-equal-fight-2561901|access-date=3 October 2021|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref> He is known for playing Avdhoot Pratap Singh in ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''.
* [[Donal Bisht]] – Television actress and model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2021|title=Shamita Shetty, Nishant Bhat and Donal Bisht are among the confirmed contestants of Bigg Boss 15. The TV reality show is all set to premiere on October 2|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-donal-bisht-to-be-part-of-bigg-boss-15-confirmed-1856531-2021-09-24|url-status=live|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924053357/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-donal-bisht-to-be-part-of-bigg-boss-15-confirmed-1856531-2021-09-24 |archive-date=24 September 2021 }}</ref> She is known for playing Sakshi in ''[[Kalash - Ek Vishwaas]]'', Sharanya in ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' and Ishika in ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''.
*[[Akasa Singh]] – Singer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Akasa Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-contestant-akasa-singh-songs-music-videos-photos-7541866/lite/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> She is well known for singing "Aithey Aa" from the 2019 film ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' and "Naagin", a duet with [[Aastha Gill]].
*[[Karan Kundrra]] – Television actor and model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=Bigg Boss 15 Promo: Karan Kundrra, Tejasswi Prakash, Simba Nagpal and Afsana Khan are now CONFIRMED |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-confirmed-contestants-karan-kundrra-tejasswi-prakash-simba-nagpal-afsana-khan-promo-latest-tv-news-736861|website=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-31 |title=Bigg Boss 15: Karan Kundrra becomes the second runner-up; Tejasswi Prakash and Pratik Sehajpal become the Top 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-karan-kundrra-becomes-the-second-runner-up-tejasswi-prakash-and-pratik-sehajpal-become-the-top-2/articleshow/89227733.cms |access-date=2024-09-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is known for playing Arjun Punj in ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai]]'', Ritwik Noon in ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]'' and Ranveer Chauhan in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.
* [[Afsana Khan]] – Punjabi playback singer, actress and songwriter.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Afsana Khan reveals she postponed her wedding for Bigg Boss 15; tells Salman, "Mujhe shaadi ka bahut shauk hai" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/afsana-khan-reveals-she-postponed-her-wedding-for-bigg-boss-15-tells-salman-mujhe-shaadi-ka-bahut-shauk-hai/articleshow/86716112.cms|access-date=2021-10-03|website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She is known for singing the hit track "[[Titliaan]]" and the song "Teri Akheeyan" from ''[[Qismat 2]]''.
* Miesha Iyer – Reality television personality.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2021|title=Don 2 actor Sahil Shroff and Splitsvilla girl Miesha Iyer to participate in Bigg Boss 15|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/don-2-actor-sahil-shroff-and-splitsvilla-girl-miesha-iyer-to-participate-in-bigg-boss-15/articleshow/86577173.cms|url-status=live|website=Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928225231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/don-2-actor-sahil-shroff-and-splitsvilla-girl-miesha-iyer-to-participate-in-bigg-boss-15/articleshow/86577173.cms |archive-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref> She is known for participating in ''[[MTV Ace of Space|MTV Ace of Space 1]]'' and ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Splitsvilla 12]]''.
*[[Sahil Shroff]] – Actor and model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Sahil Shroff|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-15-contestant-sahil-shroff-7546827/|access-date=2021-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-15-sahil-shroff-reveals-his-game-plan-to-survive-in-the-show-319610|title='Bigg Boss 15': Sahil Shroff reveals his game plan to survive in the show|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=October 3, 2021|access-date=October 3, 2021}}</ref> He is known for acting in films ''[[Don 2|Don 2: The King Is Back]]'' and ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''.

===OTTians===
* Pratik Sehajpal – Reality television star.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-pratik-sehajpal-becomes-first-confirmed-contestant-of-salman-khan-show-734835|title=Bigg Boss 15: Pratik Sehajpal becomes FIRST CONFIRMED contestant of Salman Khan's show|date=21 September 2021}}</ref> He participated in reality shows like ''MTV Love School'' and ''[[Ace of Space 1]]''. He was the 4th runner up of ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''.
* Nishant Bhat – Choreographer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-15-tejasswi-prakash-shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-to-join-pratik-in-salman-khans-show-4230803.html|title=Bigg Boss 15: Tejasswi Prakash, Shamita Shetty, Nishant Bhat to Join Pratik in Salman Khan's Show|date=23 September 2023}}</ref> He was a part of dance reality shows like ''[[Super Dancer]]'', ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' and ''[[Dance Deewane]]''. He was the 1st runner up of Bigg Boss OTT.
* [[Shamita Shetty]] – Film actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Bigg Boss 15 contestant Shamita Shetty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-15-contestant-shamita-shetty-shilpa-shetty-sister-7541942/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 15 finale: Shamita Shetty gets eliminated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-finale-shamita-shetty-evicted-7748693/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She is known for debut film ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' and second runner-up of ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''.

===Wildcard entrants===
* Rajiv Adatia — Former model and entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Shamita Shetty's Rakhi brother Rajiv Adatia to enter Bigg Boss 15 as wild card contestant
|url=
https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shamita-shetty-s-rakhi-brother-rajiv-adatia-to-enter-bigg-boss-15-as-wild-card-contestant-1867458-2021-10-21
|website=The India Today}}</ref>
* Ritesh Kumar — Businessman, software professional; Rakhi Sawant's husband.
* Abhijit Bichukale — Politician. He participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 2)|Bigg Boss Marathi 2]]''.

===Challengers===
* [[Raqesh Bapat]] — Television and film actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title=Bigg Boss 15 wild card contestant Raqesh Bapat: National award for painting, divorce with Ridhi Dogra, here's what you might not know about the actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-confirmed-contestant-raqesh-bapat-national-award-for-painting-divorce-with-ridhi-dogra-heres-what-you-might-not-know-about-raqesh/articleshow/85091822.cms|url-status=live|website=Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806064027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-confirmed-contestant-raqesh-bapat-national-award-for-painting-divorce-with-ridhi-dogra-heres-what-you-might-not-know-about-raqesh/articleshow/85091822.cms |archive-date=6 August 2021 }}</ref> Contestant of [[Bigg Boss OTT|OTT Season 1]].
*[[Neha Bhasin]] — Singer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=Neha Bhasin to participate in Bigg Boss 15, watch promo|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/raqesh-bapat-and-neha-bhasin-enter-bigg-boss-15-as-wild-card-contestants-watch-promo-1873401-2021-11-05#:~:text=NEHA%20BHASIN%20AND%20RAQESH%20BAPAT%20ENTER%20BIGG%20BOSS%2015&text=In%20the%20latest%20promo%2C%20Bigg,and%20hugs%20her%20from%20behind.}}</ref> Contestant of [[Bigg Boss OTT|OTT Season 1]].
*[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] — Actress and dancer. Contestant of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Season 13]] and [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Season 14]].
*[[Rashami Desai]] — Television and film actress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=21 November 2021 |title=Bigg Boss 15 Weekend Ka Vaar Written Update: Rashami, Devoleena, Abhijeet enter as wild card contestants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-15-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-rashami-devoleena-abhijeet-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-1879133-2021-11-21 |access-date=6 December 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Contestant of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]].
*[[Rakhi Sawant]] — Actress and dancer. Contestant of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]] and [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Season 14]].

==Twists==
===Housemates allotment===
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
! rowspan="3" style="width:5%;" | Housemate
! style="width:5%;" | Week 1
! style="width:5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="6" style="width:5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 13}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 14}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 15}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 16}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 17}}
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Days 1–7
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Days 8-12}}
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Days 13-17}}
! style="width:5%;" | Day 18
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 19}}
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 20}}
! style="width:5%;" | Day 21
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 22}}
|-
|{{ref|1|[1]}}
|N/A
|{{ref|2|[2]}}
|{{ref|3|[3]}}
| colspan="2" |{{ref|4|[4]}}
|{{ref|5|[5]}}
| colspan="3" |N/A
|{{ref|6|[6]}} {{ref|7|[7]}}
|{{ref|8|[8]}}
|{{ref|9|[9]}}
| colspan="2" |{{ref|10|[10]}}
|{{ref|11|[11]}}
| colspan="5" |N/A
| colspan="2" |{{ref|12|[12]}}
|-
! Karan
| colspan="4" style="background:#3DDC84;" |Jungle House↔
| colspan="3" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| rowspan="21" |''Jungle House Closed''
| colspan="2" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="1" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan="7" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="5" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Pratik
| colspan=3 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↔
|colspan=3 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan=1 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Main House↑
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan=1 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=8 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="3" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Nishant
| colspan=3 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↔
| colspan=2 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan=2 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=2 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=8 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="3" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Rashami
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not in House''
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not in House''
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↔
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="2" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Shamita
| colspan="3" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↔
| colspan="1" style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan="3" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="1" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| colspan="6" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="5" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Tejasswi
| colspan="2" style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan="1" style="background:#00BFFF;" | {{nowrap|Main House↑}}
| colspan="1" style="background:#3DDC84;" | {{nowrap|Jungle House↓}}
| colspan="3" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan="2" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="1" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan="7" style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="5" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
|-
! Rakhi
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="9" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↔
|style="background:darkgray;"|
|-
! Devoleena
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↔
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Abhijit
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:Gold;" |VIP↔
| colspan=6 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
|-
! Umar
| colspan=5 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=2 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=2 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=6 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan=1 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan="4" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Rajiv
| colspan="7" style="background: #ccc;" |
| colspan=8 style="background:Yellow;" |Housemate↔
|colspan=4 style="background:darkgray;" |
|{{CGuest|Guest}}↔
| colspan="2" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Ritesh
| colspan="7" style="background: #ccc;" |
| colspan="5" style="background: #ccc;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↔
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="7" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Neha
| colspan=7 style="background: #ccc;" |
| colspan=2 style="background: #ccc;" |
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Jay
| colspan=2 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=3 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | {{nowrap|Main House↑}}
| colspan=5 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Vishal
| colspan=2 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=1 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan=3 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=2 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan=2 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Simba
| colspan=6 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan=1 style="background:Gold;" |VIP↑
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↓
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Afsana
| colspan=5 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=2 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=3 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="12" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Raqesh
| style="background:#ccc;" colspan=7 |''Not in House''
| colspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |''Not in House''
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="12" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Miesha
| colspan=6 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=2 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="13" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Ieshaan
| colspan=6 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=2 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="13" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Akasa
| colspan=2 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=3 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↓
| colspan=1 style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House↑
| colspan=1 style="background:yellow;" |Housemate↔
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Donal
| colspan=3 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan="20" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Vidhi
| colspan=3 style="background:#3DDC84;" | Jungle House↔
| colspan="20" style="background:darkgray;" |
|-
! Sahil
| colspan=1 style="background:#3DDC84;" | {{nowrap|Jungle House↔}}
| colspan="22" style="background:darkgray;" |
|}
</blockquote>
{{refbegin}}
#{{note|1}} The finalist of [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]] get direct access to Main House.
#{{note|2}} By winning 'Zeher Ka Keher' Task, Team Tiger Jay, Vishal, Tejasswi and Akasa were upgraded to the Main house.
#{{note|3}} Due to violation of the rules, All Main House members were downgraded to the Jungle House.
#{{note|4}} By winning 'The Currency' Task, Karan & Tejasswi, Shamita & Vishal, Umar & Afsana and Sanchalak Nishant were upgraded to Main House.
#{{note|5}} The last five jungle housemates had to come to a mutual decision of leaving the show or giving up the remaining 25 lakh prize money to stay and get access to Main House, They choose the latter and BB Magical Jungle started disappearing with all housemates in the Main House.
#{{note|6}} House Captain Umar get to choose 3 more VIP contestants.
#{{note|7}} By winning the 'BB Mine' Task, Vishal is now VIP Contestant.
#{{note|8}} By winning the 'Scary Monster' Task, Nishant had got a special power that he could upgrade 2 Common Members to VIPs and downgrade 2 VIPs to Common Members, He upgraded Simba and Pratik and downgraded Tejasswi and Karan.
#{{note|9}} Due to violation of rules Bigg Boss announced that VIP Zone will be temporarily closed and all became Common Housemates.
#{{note|10}} The challengers entered as VIPs.
#{{note|11}} Rakhi wins the 'Ticket to Finale' Task and becomes the sole VIP housemate with others downgraded.
#{{note|12}} By surviving via public vote Rashmi won 'Ticket To Finale'.
{{refend}}

==Guest appearances==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style=";margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! width="2%" style="background:#006600;color:white" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#006600;color:white"| Day(s)
! width="10%" style="background:#006600;color:white"| Guest(s)
! width="10%" style="background:#006600;color:white"| Notes
|-
!rowspan="2" |Premiere Night
!rowspan="2"|Day 0
|Asim Riaz
|To support his brother Umar
|-
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|To promote ''[[The Big Picture (Indian TV series)|The Big Picture]]''
|-
!rowspan="5"|Week 1
! Day 1
|[[Mouni Roy]]
|For special task
|-
! rowspan="4" |Day 8
|[[Rakhi Sawant]]
|For interaction with housemates
|-
| [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Nia Sharma]], [[Aastha Gill]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Bhoomi Trivedi]], [[Khushboo Grewal]] and [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| Navratri celebration
|-
| [[Arjun Bijlani]], [[Karan Patel]], [[Nikki Tamboli]] and [[Neha Bhasin]]
| As special panelists
|-
| [[Yohani]]
| Special appearance
|-
!rowspan="3" |Week 2
!rowspan="3" |Day 15
|[[Farah Khan]]
|To interact with housemates
|-
|[[Bhuvan Bam]]
|To promote ''Dhindora''
|-
|[[Bappi Lahiri]] and Swastik Bansal
|Celebrating Bappi Lahiri's 50 years in the industry
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 3
! rowspan="2" |Day 22
|[[Manish Paul]]
|For fun task
|-
|[[Hina Khan]]
|For fun task
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 4
! rowspan="2" |Day 29
|[[Rohit Shetty]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]
| To promote ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
|-
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|For fun task
|-
! rowspan=4| Week 5
! Day 30
| [[Rashami Desai]], [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Gautam Gulati]], [[Kamya Punjabi]]
| For nominations
|-
! Day 34
| [[Ranveer Singh]] and Aayush Sharma
| For help from Housemates in ''The Big Picture''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Day 37
| [[Bhagyashree]], [[Abhimanyu Dassani]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]]
|To promote ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|-
| [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Surbhi Chandna]] and [[Anita Hassanandani]]
|Announcement of [[Naagin 6]] and for fun task
|-
! rowspan=2 | Week 6
! rowspan=2 | Day 43
| [[Rani Mukherji]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Sharvari Wagh]]
| To promote ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]''
|-
| [[Kartik Aaryan]]
| To promote [[Dhamaka (2021 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
|-
! rowspan=4 | Week 7
! rowspan=4 | Day 50
| [[John Abraham]] and [[Divya Khosla Kumar]]
| To promote ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|-
| [[Aayush Sharma]] and [[Mahima Makwana]]
| To promote ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]''
|-
| [[Bharti Singh]], [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] and [[Mubeen Saudagar]]
| To promote the game show
|-
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| To interact with housemates and new wild cards
|-
! rowspan="5" |Week 8
! Day 55
| [[Bharti Singh]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| For fun task and eviction process
|-
! rowspan="4"| Day 57
| [[Ravi Dubey]] and [[Ravi Kishan]]
| For the celebration of the success of ''Matsya Kaand''
|-
| [[Vivian Dsena]] and [[Eisha Singh]]
| To promote [[Sirf Tum (TV series)|''Sirf Tum'']]
|-
| [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Ahan Shetty]], [[Tara Sutaria]] and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| To promote [[Tadap (2021 film)|''Tadap'']]
|-
|[[Neha Dhupia]]
| To interact with housemates and judge
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 9
! rowspan="3" | Day 64
| [[Raftaar]] and [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
| To celebrate success of ''Ghana Kasoota'' song
|-
| [[Raveena Tandon]]
| To promote ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]''
|-
| [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| To promote ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" | Day 72
| [[Farah Khan]]
| To host the show
|-
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Vaani Kapoor]]
| To promote ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 11
! rowspan="3" | Day 78
| [[Remo D'Souza]]
| To promote ''Moj''
|-
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| To promote his YouTube channel ''Govinda Royalles''
|-
| [[Kanika Kapoor]] and [[Sunny Leone]]
| To promote ''Madhuban''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 12
! rowspan="3" | Day 85
| [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]]
| To promote ''[[Jersey (2021 film)|Jersey]]''
|-
| [[S.S. Rajamouli]], [[Ram Charan]], [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]] and [[Alia Bhatt]]
| To promote ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|-
| [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Nora Fatehi]]
| To promote ''Dance Meri Rani song''
|-
! rowspan="8" | Week 13
! rowspan="8" | Day 91
| [[Anu Malik]]
| To entertain housemates
|-
| [[Dharmendra]]
| To interact with housemates
|-
| [[Shekhar Ravjiani|Sheykhar Ravjiani]]
| To promote ''Sheykhar - Rang song''
|-
| [[Siddharth Nigam]], [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani|Jannat Zubair]] and Ishaan Khan
| To promote ''Wallah Wallah'' song
|-
| Palak Tiwari
| To promote ''Bijlee Bijlee'' song
|-
| [[Waluscha De Sousa]]
| To promote ''Bollywood Wala Dance''
|-
| [[Bharti Singh]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| For fun task
|-
| [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| To interact with housemates
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 14
! Day 93 & 94
| [[Munmun Dutta]], [[Akanksha Puri]], [[Surbhi Chandna]] and [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]]
| To perform task
|-
! rowspan="3" | Day 99
| [[Arbaaz Khan]]
|To challenge housemates
|-
| [[Nia Sharma]]
| To promote ''"Phoonk Le"''
|-
| [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Rahul Mahajan]], [[Divya Agarwal]], [[Kashmera Shah]], [[Debina Bonnerjee]] & [[Geeta Kapoor]]
| To Support their favourite housemates
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 15
! rowspan="4" | Week 106
| Kings United
| For dance performance
|-
| [[Gauahar Khan]]
| To unveil Bigg Boss 15 Trophy
|-
| Janardhan Baba
| To predict the future of housemates
|-
| Joyeeta Mitra Suvarna, Amith Tyagi & Dibang
| As expert panellists
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 16
! rowspan="3" |Day 113
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Bharti Singh]] & [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| To promote ''"[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]"''
|-
| Iulia Vantur & [[Pragya Jaiswal]]
| To promote ''"Main Chala"''
|-
| [[Mika Singh]]
| To promote ''"Majnu"''
|-
! rowspan="2"| Week 17
! Day 115
| RJ Karan and RJ Palak
| To interview housemates
|-
! Day 118
| [[Bharti Singh]], [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]], Siddhartha Dey
| To interact with housemates
|-
! rowspan="5" | Grand Finale
! rowspan="5" |Day 120
| [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Ananya Panday]], Dhairya Karwa
| To promote [[Gehraiyaan (film)|''Gehraiyaan'']]
|-
| [[Rubina Dilaik]], [[Gautam Gulati]], [[Gauahar Khan]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]], [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| To offer ₹10 lakhs cash to the finalists
|-
|[[Shehnaaz Gill|Shehnaaz Kaur Gill]]
|To pay tribute to [[Sidharth Shukla]]
|-
| [[Reem Shaikh]], [[Zain Imam]] and [[Akshit Sukhija]]
| To promote [[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawaan]]
|-
|[[Adaa Khan]]
|To promote [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]] and reveal the main actress
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the house are summarised in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the luxury budget task, punishment than a task for immunity or anything else and then the eviction of a housemate during the Sunday or Saturday episode called as "Weekend Ka Vaar". Evictions, tasks, and other notable events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="9" style="width: 6%;" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 1
|'''Entrances'''||
*On Premiere Night, Jay, Vishal, Tejasswi, Vidhi, Umar, Ieshaan, Donal, Akasa, Karan, Afsana, Miesha Sahil, Simba entered the Jungle House.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title= Bigg Boss 15 Premiere Highlights: 13 Contestants Enter The House, Salman to Introduce Shamita Shetty on Sunday|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-bigg-boss-15-premiere-highlights-13-contestants-enter-the-house-salman-to-introduce-shamita-shetty-on-sunday-5010864/|website=India.com}}</ref>
*On Day 1, Pratik, Shamita and Nishant entered the main house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title= Bigg Boss 15: Mouni Roy Gives Sizzling Performance, Welcomes Shamita Shetty, Pratik Sehajpal and Nishant Bhatt|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-15-mouni-roy-gives-sizzling-performance-welcomes-shamita-shetty-pratik-sehajpal-and-nishant-bhatt-4279340.html|website=News 18}}</ref>
|-
|'''Twist'''||
*On Day 1, Bigg Boss announced that the members of the main house would have special powers and they would all be protected from nominations. The contenders for the captaincy will be from the main house. The rest of the contestants have to live in a jungle house with only a kitchen and have to win tasks to reach the main house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Bigg Boss 15: Shamita Shetty, Nishant Bhat & Pratik Sehajpal make a grand entry on Salman Khan's show|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-15-shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-pratik-sehajpal-make-grand-entry-salman-khan-s-show-910079%3famp|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004055756/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-15-shamita-shetty-nishant-bhat-pratik-sehajpal-make-grand-entry-salman-khan-s-show-910079?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''Nominations'''||
* On Premiere Night, Ieshaan was nominated in a mutual decision between Donal and Ieshaan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title= Bigg Boss 15 Day 1 Highlights: Ieshaan is First Nominated Contestant, Donal Termed Manipulative|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-15-day-1-highlights-ieshaan-sehgaal-is-first-nominated-contestant-donal-bisht-termed-manipulative-4281560.html|website=News 18}}</ref>
* On Day 3, All the contestants who live in the Bigg Boss jungle were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Bigg Boss 15: All the 'Junglewasis' get nominated after Pratik Sehajpal breaks house property; Umar Riaz calls him 'loser'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-all-the-junglewasis-get-nominated-after-pratik-sehajpal-breaks-house-property-umar-riaz-calls-him-loser/articleshow/86798599.cms|website=E Times}}</ref>
|-
|'''Tasks'''||
*''' Entrance Task:''' On Day 3, the housemates of the jungle were given the task of entering the main house, for which they had to place the puzzle piece on the map to complete the path from the main gate to the glass door to gain entry into the main house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title= Bigg Boss 15 October 5, 2021, Written Update: Jay Bhanushali And Pratik Sehajpal Get Into An Ugly Fight|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-15-october-5-2021-written-update-jay-bhanushali-and-pratik-sehajpal-get-into-an-ugly-fight-2565159%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off|website=Ndtv}}</ref>
* ''' Captaincy Task:''' On Day 7, in the garden area there were 2 chickens of each captaincy contender. At the sound of the wolf, the people of the jungle will take 1 chicken of a person and feed it to the wolf. The contender who has the most chickens left at the end of the task will be the captain of the house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-08|url=https://lenglish.jagran.com/lite/entertainment/bigg-boss-15-shamita-shetty-becomes-first-captain-of-salman-khans-show-10033304|title=Bigg Boss 15: Shamita Shetty becomes first captain of Salman Khan's show|website=English Jagran}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| Entrance Task was cancelled by Bigg Boss on Day 20
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Shamita'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Nishant, Pratik'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
| On Day 3, All Jungle Housemates were nominated as a result of Pratik damaging the house property.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Bigg Boss 15: All the 'Junglewasis' get nominated after Pratik Sehajpal breaks house property; Umar Riaz calls him 'loser'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-all-the-junglewasis-get-nominated-after-pratik-sehajpal-breaks-house-property-umar-riaz-calls-him-loser/articleshow/86798599.cms|website=E Times}}</ref>
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* On Day 8, Sahil Shroff was evicted by public vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title= Bigg Boss 15: Sahil Shroff evicted from Salman Khan-hosted show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sahil-shroff-evicted-from-bigg-boss-15-7563774/lite/|website=The Indian Express }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 2
|'''Nominations'''||
* Main House members are safe. All the jungle housemates will stand near their names boards. Bigg Boss will call 2 jungle housemates and will have to mutually decide who will be nominated.
**Miesha & Ieshaan: Afsana
**Karan & Tejasswi: Donal
**Jay & Umar: Akasa
**Vidhi & Vishal: Ieshaan
**Afsana & Simba: Vishal
**Akasa & Donal: Vidhi
|-
|'''Tasks'''||
*'''Daaku Ka Kabza''': Jungle inmates are living a difficult life while 3 OTT members have all amenities. One of the main amenities is the mattress. If Jungle inmates want to become housemates then they have to get puzzle pieces and make a pathway to the house. Today's task name is ‘Daaku Ka Kabza’. The housemates will be against jungle inmates in this task. If the jungle inmates win this task then they will have 30 more puzzle pieces but if housemates win this task then jungle inmates will have to give their existing puzzle pieces. In this task, Vishal will lead the gang that has overtaken the house. Tejasswi will be Vishal's wife as a thief, she will take care of Vishal. Jay and Karan will be right and left-hand men of Vishal as chiefs. They will guide Vishal. Akasa, Miesha, Afsana, and Donal will be cook for the gang. They will keep stirring the food. Simba, Ishaan, Umar and Vidhi will be guards of the game. She reads that Shamita, Pratik and Nishant will have to kill the gang members. They will kill from level up, first guards then cook then chiefs and then Vishal. Bigg Boss says only Shamita, Pratik and Nishant will know the ways to kill the jungle inmates. Shamita reads to Pratik and Nishant that if they want to kill the jungle inmate then they have some options. They can kill by:
**taking their photo
**take their trimmer
**take their luggage bag
**dip their shoe in the paint
**take their photo when they are angry and show it to Bigg Boss
**paste ‘killed’ sticker on their back.
*'''Zeher Ka Kehar''':The tsk will be among jungle housemates. They will be divided into 3 teams;
**Team Tiger: Jay, Tejasswi, Vishal and Akasa
**Team Deer: Ieshaan, Donal, Afsana and Simba
**Team Plant: Karan, Miesha, Vidhi and Umar
In the first round, the teams will take canes from Shamita and use the machine to take out the juice. Only Shamita will decide which team will get how many canes. The team will have to protect their juice from the other team. After the round ends, Shamita will decide which team has the most juice. In the next round, the winner of the first round will take the juice to Pratik and Nishant's lab and get poison from them. They can use that poison to kill other inmates. It's a jungle so tigers can only kill deer. Deers can only kill plants. Plants can only kill tigers. If one team is killed completely then the remaining two teams can kill each other. At the end of the task, the team with the most alive members will win the task and have the chance to be upgraded to main house members and can enter the main house. Shamita will be the referee of the task.
|-
|style="background:#cfc;"| '''House Captain'''||Shamita Shetty
|-
|'''Notes'''|| After winning Zeher Ka Kehar task; Jay, Vishal, Tejasswi and Akasa were upgraded to Main House Members and entered the main house and got luxury items.
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Daaku Ka Kabza) – All jungle housemates'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Daaku Ka Kabza) – Nishant, Pratik, Tejasswi'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Zeher Ka Kehar) –Team Tiger (Jay, Akasa, Simba, Vishal)'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Zeher Ka Kehar) - Team Deer (Karan, Miesha, Umar, Vidhi), Team Plant(Ieshaan, Afsana, Donal''' )
|-
|'''Exits'''||On Day 15, No Eviction took place
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 3
|'''Nominations'''||
* On Day 18, Bigg Boss asked all the 15 housemates to name 2 housemates mutually in which their contribution to the show was zero. The 2 housemates will be directly evicted.
* Right after the eviction, 2nd Nominations Process started in which Captain Nishant has to nominate 8 junglemates for violating the rules. As a result, Karan, Vishal, Miesha, Ieshaan, Umar, Shamita, Afsana and Simba were nominated by captain but all 8 nominated members have a chance to get safe from nomination. Any 4 members mutually can go to the Room of Illusion and They have 2 options.
**Option 1: To be nominated.
**Option 2: To nominate any other contestant and save themselves
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! style="background:lightgreen; width:20%"| Round
! style="background:lightgreen; width:30%"| Inmate
! style="background:lightgreen; width:30%"| Options
! style="background:lightgreen; width:20%"| Nominations
|-
|-
|Round 1
|Shamita
|Option 1
|Shamita
|-
|Round 2
|Karan
|Option 1
|Karan
|-
|Round 3
|Afsana
|Option 2
|Vishal
|-
|Round 4
|colspan="3"|Cancelled
|}
Finally, The nominated contestants were Shamita, Karan, Vishal, Ieshaan, Simba, Umar and Miesha
|-
|'''Twist'''||
* On Day 20, Bigg Boss ordered all the Jungle Housemates to return the path pieces.
* On Day 21, Vishwasuntree announced that The jungle will be closed and gave 2 options to all the Jungle Housemates i.e., Miesha, Ieshaan, Jay, Pratik, Akasa and Simba
**Option 1:If they use the rest of the 25 lakh rupees and enter the main house.
**Option 2:If they do not use the rest of the 25 lakh rupees, they will have to leave the house.
All of them chose the 1st option and the prize money became zero and all Jungle Housemates became Main House Members and The Jungle House was officially closed.
|-
|'''Task'''||
*'''Captaincy's Race''': This task will be between 3 contenders that is Jay, Pratik and Nishant but the jungle inmates will play an important role. The contenders will have to make a buggy carriage. They have to convince the jungle inmates to make a carriage for them and keep it running on the treadmill. At the end of the task, whoever has run the treadmill the most will win the task. Tejasswi will be the referee of the task and decisions will be final. The jungle inmates will use 7 parts to make a carriage, once Tejasswi approves it then the inmates will start running on the treadmill. Nishant, Pratik and Jay can't take part in the task. They have to convince the jungle inmates to work for them. Shamita, Akasa and Vishal won't help any contender in the task. The jungle inmates have a chance to choose their support.
*'''Ticket To Mukhya Ghar''':- This task will be between all jungle housemates, They are divided into 6 pairs, Ieshaan & Miesha, Karan & Tejasswi, Jay & Pratik, Shamita & Vishal, Simba & Akasa and Afsana & Umar. Captain Nishant will be the task supervisor. In the task, Bigg Boss will announce the cost of the access card at the beginning of each round. At the sound of the alarm, Bigg Boss will send materials to make BB points. All pairs will run to get the material so they can make their points. The material will be sent through a tunnel. Nishant will decide which pair will get what time to make their points. Nishant will approve their points. All pairs have to protect their BB points. After the round ends, Nishant will accept or reject the BB points. After every round, Nishant will announce the winning pair who will be able to earn the access card, enter the house and then they won't play the next round.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! style="background:lightgreen; width:20%"| Round
! style="background:lightgreen; width:30%"| Cost of the Ticket
! style="background:lightgreen; width:50%"| Winner
|-
|-
|Round 1
|5 Lakh Rupees
|No Winner
|-
|Round 2
|7 Lakh Rupees
|Karan & Tejasswi
|-
|Round 3
|8 Lakh Rupees
|Simba & Vishal
&
a & Vishal
|-
|Round 4
|10 Lakh Rupees
|Umar & Afsana
|}
|-
|'''Punishments'''||
* As a result of violating the rules, All the main house members including the Captain were downgraded to Jungle Housemates and The Main House was sealed.
* As Ieshaan, Akasa, Umar and Miesha couldn't decide on sending a contestant to the Room of Illusion, Bigg Boss nominated them for that week
|-
|style="background:#cfc;"|'''House Captain'''||Nishant Bhat
|-
|'''Notes'''||
*As a result of winning the Ticket To Mukhya Ghar; Karan, Tejasswi, Shamita, Vishal, Umar and Afsana entered the Main House by spending 25 lakhs rupees. All the 6 main house members had to mutually decide whether Nishant should come inside the Main House or not. All members allowed him and Nishant also became the Main House Member.
*On Day 20, Jungle House Kitchen's gas supply was closed and was replaced by an Induction top
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy's Race) – Nishant'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy's Race) – Jay, Pratik'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Ticket To Mukhya Ghar) – Karan, Tejasswi, Simba, Vishal, Umar and Afsana'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Ticket To Mukhya Ghar) – Rest of the contestants'''
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* On Day 18, Bigg Boss asked all the 15 housemates to evict 2 housemates mutually in which their contribution to the show was zero. As a result, Donal Bisht and Vidhi Pandya were evicted.
* On Day 22, No eviction took place
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="5" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 4
|'''Entrances'''||
On Day 24, Rajiv Adatia entered the house as the 1st Wild Card Contestant.
|-
|'''Nominations'''||
*On Day 23, Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose two candidates who they want to put in nominations. As a result, Vishal, Akasa and Simba were nominated
|-
|'''Task'''||
*'''Torture Task''':Team A will have Tejasswi, Pratik, Nishant, Miesha, Rajiv and Simba. Team B will have Vishal, Jay, Afsana, Akasa, Umar and Ishaan. Team B will stand in the big alphabets in the garden area and team A will try to make them come out of the alphabets. They will send 2 players at a time. Team A will try to make them lose their positions. Team B will take their places in the alphabet and if they leave the alphabet then you are out of the task. It's on them till when they want to stay in the alphabet. Karan and Urfi will be referees of the task but they can't make their own rules.
|-
| '''Results'''
|style="text-align: centre; background:#ccc;"| Task was cancelled by Bigg Boss as the result was drawn and there would be no captain
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 29, Akasa Singh was evicted by Public Vote
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 5
|'''Entrances'''||
* On Day 35, Neha Bhasin and Raqesh Bapat entered as Wild Cards
|-
|'''Nominations'''||
*On Day 31, Some celebrities came to save 4 contestants:
**Rashami Desai saved Vishal
**Gautam Gulati saved Tejasswi
**Devoleena Bhattacharjee saved Jay
**Kamya Punjabi saved Karan
*On Day 32, Karan, Tejasswi, Jay and Vishal were asked to nominate one contestant. They nominated Miesha
*The remaining inmates will play a task. Simba will choose one safe inmate to play for his as he has a finger injury. Miesha is nominated so she won't be part of it. In the task, there is a coconut tree, when the buzzer plays then the inmates have to collect coconuts in their baskets, the coconuts will be thrown from the tree by the safe inmates. They have to protect their baskets. When the round ends, then the referee will announce who has the most number of coconuts. The winner of that round will nominate someone else. Simba chooses Vishal as his proxy
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! style="background:lightgreen; width:20%"| Round
! style="background:lightgreen; width:30%"| Winner
! style="background:lightgreen; width:20%"| Nominations
|-
|-
|Round 1
|Afsana
|Simba
|-
|Round 2
|Simba
|Umar
|-
|Round 3
|Afsana
|Nishant
|-
|Round 4
|Pratik
|Ieshaan
|}
In the end, Miesha, Simba, Umar, Nishant and Ieshaan were nominated
|-
|'''Tasks'''||
*'''House Matters''':There will be a family. The family's head is Jay and his wife is Afsana. Jay-Afsana is an irritating uncle-aunt of the house, their kids are Rajiv and Miesha. Miesha is married and Vishal is her husband who lives with Miesha's parents. Rajiv's friend is Ishaan who lives with him. Jay's brother's sons are Nishant and Karan. They are Jay's nephews. Nishant's wife will be Tejasswi and Pratik will be their adopted child. Karan's wife is Shamita and their kids are Simba-Umar. Nishant and Karan's family don't like each other. In the task, each person knows a secret about another person. When the buzzer plays, a person will go to the recording room and tell the secret of another member which they want to eliminate from the task. The 2 members who are left in the end and their secrets are safe will win the task. At the end of each round, the secrets will be exposed and the gift hampers will be given to them.
*'''Captaincy Task''':. There are Diwali gifts from their families but they have to play a task to get them. This will be a captaincy task between Umar and Miesha. There is a happiness station in the garden which has all the gifts. Bigg Boss will announce the name and then that person can take the gift using fuel. Miesha and Umar will be gas stations so the inmate will have to convince them to give them fuel so they can sit in the car and reach their gifts. It depends on Miesha and Umar to give them fuel or not. Whoever has more fuel, in the end, will become the captain.
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (House Matters) – Umar, Miesha'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (House Matters) – Rest of the contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Umar'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Miesha'''
|-
|'''Exits'''||
*On Day 37, Miesha Iyer and Ieshaan Sehgaal were evicted by Public Vote
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 6
|'''Twist'''
| On Day 37, Salman announced that there will be a new zone named VIP Zone. The VIP Members will be eligible for the trophy and can discuss nominations and have special privileges. The VIP Inmates are safe from nominations. The contenders for the captaincy will be from the VIP Zone.
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| Rest of the Non VIP Inmates, Neha, Rajiv, Afsana, Jay, Pratik, Simba were nominated.
|-
|'''Task'''||
*'''Ticket to VIP Zone''': Umar and 3 other inmates will become VIP members. Simba is punished so he won't be part of the task. All inmates will be tied to Umar, till they are tied to him, they can become VIPs. When the gong plays, Umar will let go of 2 inmates and eliminate them from the task. The inmates can eliminate themselves also. 3 Inmates tied to Umar till the end will become VIPs. Umar will be tied to the inmates using ropes and carabiners
*'''BB Mine''': They can win the VIP zone membership through this task. In the task, the weather of the house will change 6 times. All inmates except VIPs will be miners in the task. In the gold mine, the inmates will try to collect gold as much as they can. VIPs will be shopkeepers who will sell clothes against the gold. When the weather changes, the miners will buy clothes and enter the campsite. The one entering the campsite last will lose that round. Simba won't play for himself as he is punished but he will play on Shamita's behalf as she is injured. The miners will purchase the clothes as per the weather requirement.
*'''Luxury Budget Task''':Non VIP Inmates can earn ration. In the task, they will hunt eggs in the garden. There are 6 eggs hidden in the garden, they have to find them in 2 minutes. 3 inmates will win the task and get luxury items. VIP members won't be part of the task. Karan will be the referee of the task.
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Ticket to VIP Zone) – Karan, Tejasswi and Nishant'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Ticket to VIP Zone) – Rest of the contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Mine) – Vishal'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Mine) – Pratik, Jay, Urfi, Rajiv, Neha, Simba, Afsana'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) – Rajiv Simba, Jay'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) – Pratik, Neha, Afsana'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''||
* Simba was not allowed to take part in the VIP Zone Race for the week as a result of pushing Umar.
* Bigg Boss took away the ration due to violation of rules.
|-
|style="background:#cfc;"| '''House Captain'''||Umar Riaz
|-
|'''Notes'''||
* Since Umar was the Captain, He was upgraded to VIP Zone
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* On Day 40, Raqesh Bapat left the house due to poor health conditions. Later On Day 43, Salman announced that Raqesh will not be coming back to the show
* On Day 40, Afsana Khan was ejected due to harming herself with a knife.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 7
|'''Nominations'''
| Jay, Karan, Neha, Rajiv and Tejasswi were nominated
|-
|'''Twists'''||
* On Day 50, Salman announced that out of the present 11, Only 5 will go-ahead
|-
|'''Tasks'''||
*'''Scary Monster''': One VIP member can earn power. The task is a ‘scary monster’, all VIPs will play against each other in the task .that there are 5 boxes allotted to each VIP. They have to fill their boxes with items. There is a monster who will sit on the chair. Pratik, Neha, Simba and Jay will be the monster of this task. They will select two VIPs with the lowest weights and then the monster will eliminate one of them after giving a reason. Rajiv won't part of the task. there will be 4 rounds, after every round, the one with the least items in their box will be out of the tasks. The housemates will check their boxes and announce the winner. The VIP who remains in the task till the end will win it.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Results'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Scary Monster) – Nishant'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Scary Monster) – Rest of the VIPs'''
|-
|'''Notes'''||
* Nishant had got a special power that he could upgrade 2 Common Members to VIPs and downgrade 2 VIPs to Common Members, He upgraded Simba and Pratik and downgraded Tejasswi and Karan.
|-
|'''Jail'''
|On Day 45, VIPs had to decide to send one Non-VIPs to Jail, They chose Rajiv and He was sent to Jail
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* On Day 44, Shamita Shetty left the house due to health issues
* On Day 50, There was no eviction
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="5" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 8
|'''Entrances'''||
* On Day 50, Shamita Shetty re-entered the House
* On Day 56, Rashami Desai, Rakhi Sawant, Shamita Shetty and Ritesh Kumar entered the House as Wild Cards and became VIP Members
|-
|'''Twist'''||
* On Day 51, Bigg Boss announced That VIP Zone will be closed and All became Common Members.
|-
|'''Nominations'''||
* On Day 55, Voot Select Viewers had to save one of their bottom 5 during the Live Task
|-
|'''Notes'''||
* On Press Conference, The Media chose Jay, Simba, Rajiv, Neha, Vishal and Umar as Bottom 6
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* On Day 53, Vishal Koitan was evicted
*
* Simba Nagpal was evicted by Top 5 Housemates
* On Day 55, Jay Bhanushali, Neha Bhasin and were evicted by Public Vote
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 9
|'''Entrances'''||
* On Day 58, Abhijit Bichukale entered the House as a Wild Card and 5th VIP Member
|-
|'''Nominations'''||
* Karan, Nishant, Pratik, Tejasswi, Shamita, Umar and Rajiv were nominated.
|-
|'''Twists'''||
* The VIPs will have the entire prize money i.e.; 50 Lakhs and Non VIPs will have to win tasks to get their prize money and store it in the BB Vault
|-
|'''Tasks'''||
*'''BB Games''': There are 2 teams, VIPs vs. housemates will play the task. Devoleena will be the captain of her team and Shamita will be the captain of her team. They will be referees and won't take part in the tasks. They will get games from time to time. The winners will earn money in each game, at the end of the task, the winning amount will be transferred to the housemates’ briefcase. The housemates will try to win as many games as they can while VIPs will try to make them lose. The games will start with the announcement. When the buzzer plays, a new game will start. At the end of each game, the captains will announce the winners. They will write their winning amount on the board also.
**'''Game 1''': The winning amount is 5 lacs. One member from each team will be in the swimming pool. There are coins in the swimming pool, they have to collect them and give them to their team member. The other team member will put their coins in the boxes that are beside the pool, they can't remove the boxes from there. They have to protect their boxes. Shamita and Devoleena will follow these rules only. Bigg Boss asks them to announce who will take part in this game. Devoleena announces that Rashami will go in the pool and Ritesh will be by the pool. Shamita announces that Tejasswi will go in the pool and Umar will be by the pool from their side.
**'''Game 2''': The winning prize is 10 lacs. There will be two inmates from each other, one will be a horse and the other will sit on his back and play polo. Karan-Tejasswi, Rakhi-Ritesh will play the game. They have to play with a ball and make sure to have more goals. Shamita and Devoleena are referees. Rakhi and Tejasswi will try to the goal while sitting on their partner's backs.
*'''Immunity Task''': Non-VIP members have a chance to get saved from the nominations. The spider is the VIPs’ friend and each leg of it has a winning prize in it. The non-VIP members have to use clay to make their knives and then break the spider's leg. There will be 3 rounds, in each round, VIPs will give clay to non-VIP members. Then non-VIP members will make their knives and protect them also. The one who makes the full knife will earn immunity and then cut a spider's leg and earn the prize money. But that non-VIP member will have to do 2 sacrifices from the VIPs before cutting the leg. If he or she can't fulfil the sacrifices then they will earn immunity but not the prize amount
|-
|rowspan="3"| '''Results'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| '''Task was cancelled by Bigg Boss as the result was draw and The prize money was reduced to 45 Lakhs'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Immunity Task) – Simbaand Nishant '''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Immunity Task) – Rest of the Non VIPs'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''||
* BB Vault was closed due to Non VIPs breaking the rules
|-
|'''Notes'''||
* Simba and Nishant won the task and earned 3 Lakhs
|-
|'''Exits'''||
* No Eviction
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600;"| Week 10
|'''Twist'''
|
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| Ritesh & Karan were nominated by housemates
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale Task'''
|
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
|-
|'''House Captain'''
|
|-
|'''Notes'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
| Ritesh Kumar was evicted by public votes
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 11
|'''Exits'''
|
* On Day 78, Rajiv Adatia was evicted by public votes.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 12
|'''Exits'''
|
* No Eviction
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 13
|'''Twist'''
|
|-
|'''Nominations'''
|
|-
|'''Captaincy Task'''
|
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
|-
|'''House Captain'''
|
|-
|'''Notes'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
|
* No Eviction
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 14
|'''Twist'''
|
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| Housemates nominated Karan, Tejasswi, Abhijit & Simba. Umar got nominated by Bigg Boss
|-
|'''Captaincy Task'''
|
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
|-
|'''House Captain'''
|
|-
|'''Notes'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
|
* On Day 99, Umar Riaz was ejected from the house due to physical violence with Pratik Sehajpal
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 15
|'''Twist'''
|
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| Rashami & Abhijit were nominated by housemates.
|-
|'''Captaincy Task'''
|
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
|-
|style="background:#cfc;"|'''House Captain'''||Shamita Shetty
|-
|'''Notes'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
| No eviction took place.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 16
|'''Entrances'''
|
* On Day 108, Rajiv Adatia entered the house as a guest.
|-
|'''Twist'''
|
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| Rajiv nominated Devoleena and Rashami.
|-
|'''Captaincy Task'''
|
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
|-
|style="background:#cfc;"|'''House Captain'''||Shamita Shetty
|-
|'''Notes'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
|
* On Day 114, Abhijit Bichukale and Devoleena were evicted by Public Vote.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background:#006600; color:#fff;" | Week 17
|'''Nominations'''
|
|-
|'''Task'''
|
|-
|'''Happenings'''
|
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 116, Rakhi Sawant was evicted by Public Vote.
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:gold; text-align:center"|Grand Finale Day 120
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|5th Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;" style="background:beige;" | [[Rashami Desai]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|4th Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;" style="background:#FF69B4;"| Nishant Bhat
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|3rd Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;" style="background:#DDA0DD;"| [[Shamita Shetty]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2nd Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |[[Karan Kundrra]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1st Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Pratik Sehajpal

|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Winner
! style="text-align:center;"{{Won|[[Tejasswi Prakash]]}}
|}

== Nomination table ==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}}
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 15
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 16}}
! colspan="5" style="width: 5%;" | Week 17
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 18}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 19}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 53}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 54}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 87}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 89}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 90}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 101}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 104}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 114}}
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 117}}
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" | {{nowrap|Day 120}}
|- style="background:#87CEEB;"
! Nominated for Captaincy
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| Nishant Pratik Shamita
| colspan="2" | Jay Nishant Pratik
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| Miesha Umar
| colspan="13" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| colspan="2" | Karan Rakhi Shamita Tejasswi
| rowspan="3" colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="background:#cfc;" | '''House Captain'''
| '''Shamita'''
| colspan="2" | '''Nishant'''
| '''Umar'''
| colspan="2" | '''Shamita'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Donal Vidhi
| Ieshaan Miesha Umar Simba Afsana Shamita Karan Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Tejasswi (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|-
! colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|- style="background:#FFD700;" |
! {{nowrap|VIP Members}}
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No VIP Members''
| '''Karan Nishant Tejasswi Vishal Umar'''
| colspan="2" | '''Nishant Pratik Simba '''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No VIP Members''
| colspan="2" | '''Abhijit Devoleena Rakhi Rashami Ritesh'''
| colspan="5" | '''Rakhi'''
| colspan="2" | '''Abhijit Karan Rakhi Rashami Shamita Tejasswi Umar'''
| '''Karan Pratik Rakhi Shamita'''
| colspan="2" | '''Karan Nishant Pratik Rakhi Shamita Tejasswi'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No VIP Members''
|-
! colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! None
! colspan="4" |Evict
! {{nowrap|Save / Evict}}
! colspan="3" | Task
! Save
! Task
! None
! Evict
! Task
! colspan="2" | Evict
! Task
! 28-Min
! Task
! Evict
! colspan="2" | Task
! colspan="2" | None
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" | WIN
|-
! colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Tejasswi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Donal
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Akasa Simbha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Gautam''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vishal
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rashami
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| {{nowrap|25:57 mins Shamita (to evict)}}
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| Abhijit Rashami
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #FF6766 50%, #959FFD 50%);" |''{{nowrap|Lost Nominated}}''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #3DDC84 50%, #FFD700 50%);" |''{{nowrap|Won VIP Member}}''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |{{nowrap|'''''Winner'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Pratik
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Jay Ieshaan
| Ieshaan (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Neha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rashami
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Karan''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| Rashami Abhijit
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #3DDC84 50%, #FFD700 50%);" |''{{nowrap|Won VIP Member}}''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Karan
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Donal
| Donal Vidhi
| Karan
| Vishal Miesha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Kamya''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Umar
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Nishant
| Abhijit
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| {{nowrap|34:02 Mins Pratik (to evict)}}
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| Rashami Abhijit
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Shamita
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
|Bgcolor=#cfc|''House Captain''
| Donal Vidhi
| Shamita
| Ieshaan Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked (Day 44)''}}
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Rajiv
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Umar
| Abhijit
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''{{nowrap|Nominated by Tejasswi}}''
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| Abhijit Rakhi
| colspan="2" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #FFD700 50%);" |''{{nowrap|House Captain VIP Member}}''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Nishant
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Akasa Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Jay
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Devoleena
| Rashami
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| Rakhi Abhijit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #3DDC84 50%, #FFD700 50%);" |''{{nowrap|Won VIP Member}}''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" | {{nowrap|'''''Walked, 4th runner-up'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Rashami
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Umar
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Umar
| Abhijit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| 33:58 mins
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| Abhijit Tejasswi
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC;" |{{nowrap|'''''5th runner-up'''''}} (Day 120)
|-
! Rakhi
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Karan Nishant
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Abhijit
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| Shamita Nishant
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 117)
|-
! Abhijit
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Umar
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rashami
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| 01:09 hrs
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| Rashami Shamita
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 114)
|-
! Devoleena
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Umar
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rashami
| style="background:#3DDC84;" |''Won''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''{{nowrap|Nominated By Rashami}}''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| Abhijit Tejasswi
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 114)
|-
! Umar
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Akasa
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''
| Simba Ieshaan
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #FFD700 50%);" |''{{nowrap|House Captain VIP Member}}''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 6''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Shamita
| Abhijit
| style="background:#FF6766;" |''Lost''
| 34-35 mins
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #3DDC84 50%, #959FFD 50%);" |''Won Nominated''
| colspan="8" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 99)
|-
! Rajiv
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Vishal Miesha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 6''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 78)
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |''Guest'' {{nowrap|(Days 108–114)}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#D8BFD8;" |''Left'' (Day 114)
|-
! Ritesh
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |Tejasswi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 78)
|-
! Jay
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Akasa
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Pratik Vishal
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|''Saved by Devoleena''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 6''
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
|-
! Neha
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 6''
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 55)
|-
! Vishal
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Ieshaan
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Akasa Simba
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Rashami''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 6''
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
|-
! Simba
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vishal
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''
| Ieshaan Akasa
| Umar (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;" |''VIP Member''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 5''
| colspan="17" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted By Housemates'' (Day 53)
|-
! Afsana
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vishal
| Donal Vidhi
| Vishal
| Akasa Simba
| Simba Nishant (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="20" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 40)
|-
! Raqesh
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="20" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 40)
|-
! Ieshaan
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Afsana
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''
| Akasa Simba
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="21" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 36)
|-
! Miesha
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Afsana
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FF0000;" |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''
| Vishal Umar
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="21" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Akasa
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vishal
| Donal Vidhi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Vishal Afsana
| colspan="22" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 29)
|-
! Donal
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vidhi
| Donal Vidhi
| colspan="24" style="background:#BFFE00;" |''Evicted By Housemates'' (Day 18)
|-
! Vidhi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Ieshaan
| Donal Vidhi
| colspan="24" style="background:#BFFE00;" |''Evicted By Housemates'' (Day 18)
|-
! Sahil S
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="26" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 8)
|-
! colspan="28" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'',''[[#endnote 2|2]]'',''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
|''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]'', ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 9|9]]'',''[[#endnote 10|10]]'',''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 11|11]]'',''[[#endnote 12|12]]'',''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]]''
| colspan="17" {{n/a|None}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
! Against Public Vote
| Afsana Akasa Donal Ieshaan Jay Karan Miesha {{nowrap|Sahil}} Simba Tejasswi Umar Vidhi Vishal
| Afsana Akasa Donal Ieshaan Vidhi Vishal
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| Ieshaan Karan Miesha Shamita Simba Umar Vishal
| Akasa Simba Vishal
| Ieshaan Miesha Nishant Simba Umar
| Jay Pratik Rajiv Shamita Simba
| colspan="2" | Jay Karan <s>Pratik</s> Rajiv <s>Simba</s> Tejasswi
| Jay Rajiv Simba Umar Vishal
| Jay Rajiv Umar Vishal
| Karan <s>Nishant</s> Pratik <s>Rajiv</s> Shamita Tejasswi Umar
| Karan Nishant Pratik Shamita Tejasswi Umar
| Abhijit Karan Nishant Rajiv Ritesh Tejasswi Umar
| Nishant Pratik Shamita Umar
| colspan="3" | Abhijit <s>Karan</s> Pratik Shamita <s>Tejasswi</s> Umar
| Nishant Pratik Umar
| colspan="2" | Abhijit Nishant Tejasswi
| colspan="2" | Abhijit Devoleena Rashami
| Karan Nishant Pratik Shamita Tejasswi
| colspan="3" | Karan Nishant Pratik Rashami Shamita Tejasswi
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Shamita'''
| colspan="18" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Left
| colspan="22" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#D8BFD8;" |'''Rajiv'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Guest
| colspan="21" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''Rajiv'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Raqesh'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |'''Shamita'''
| colspan="18" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Afsana'''
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Umar'''
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''{{nowrap|Sahil S}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="1" style="background:#BFFE00;" |'''Donal'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Akasa'''
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Miesha'''
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#BFFE00;" |'''Simba'''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Jay'''
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Rajiv'''
| colspan="8" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Abhijit'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Rakhi'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#F5F5DC;" |'''Rashami'''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Nishant'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Shamita'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BFFE00;" |'''Vidhi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Ieshaan'''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Vishal'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Ritesh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Devoleena'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Karan'''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Neha'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Pratik'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Tejasswi'''
|}
</blockquote>
'''Color Key'''
: {{color box|#cfc}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{color box|Gold}} indicates VIP Member.
: {{color box|#959FFD}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior and during regular nominations process.
: {{color box|#DAFF99}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{color box|#FBF373}} indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{color box|#FFE08B}} indicates the Housemate was ejected
: {{color box|#fcf}} indicates the contestant has walked out of the show.
: {{color box|#BFFF00}} indicates the contestant has been evicted by housemates.
: {{color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
===Notes===
* {{note|1|1}}: ''Donal'' and ''Ieshaan'' were given a condition to return to the Bigg Boss Jungle, the condition was one of them should be nominated in this week, ''Ieshaan'' was nominated in a mutual decision.
* {{note|2|2}}: Bigg Boss nominated all housemates in the BB Jungle, for Pratik's behaviour and for damaging the Bigg Boss property.
* {{note|3|3}}: The main house members are safe from nominations.
* {{note|4|4}}: As a punishment for not following the house rules, all housemates had to mutually decide to evict two housemates immediately from the house.
* {{note|5|5}}: Captain Nishant had to nominate 8 housemates. Those 8 housemates took part in a Room of illusions Task to get a chance to save themselves.
* {{note|6|6}}: No Captain during this week's nominations.
* {{note|7|7}}: 4 celebrities entered the house for nominations and had the power to save one housemate each. Rashami Desai saved Vishal, Gautam Gulati saved Tejasswi, Devoleena saved Jay, Kamya saved Karan.
* {{note|8|8}}: Karan, Tejasswi, Jay and Vishal had the power to nominate one housemate directly for eviction. They nominated Miesha.
* {{note|9|9}}: Raqesh left the house due to a poor health condition
* {{note|10|10}}: Afsana was ejected from the house due to harming herself with a knife
* {{note|11|11}}: VIP Members are safe from Nominations
* {{note|12|12}}: Shamita left the house due to health issues
* {{note|13|13}}: After Nishant won the task, He got a special power to replace 2 VIPs with 2 Non VIPs, They replaced Karan and Tejasswi with Simba and Pratik.
* {{note|14|14}}: All 5 Safe Housemates Have to save 1 bottom housemate each from getting Evicted, Since No one saved Simba, He was evicted
* {{note|15|15}}: The Voting Lines were opened for the Bottom 5 for Live Task, Out of 5, Jay, Vishal and Neha received the Least Votes and were evicted
* {{note|16|16}}: The Top 5 finalists were offered ₹10 lakhs but to obtain the sum of money, they had to walk out of the show. Nishant agreed and thus walked out with the money.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/bigg-boss-15/ Official website]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|15]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Sanjay Raj Subba

2026-04-21T04:20:30Z

Kamdhenupaints: made new article - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1959/1960–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Sanjay Raj Subba
| image =
| birth_date = 1959 or 1960
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|6|17|65|df=y}}
| death_place = Laluk, [[Lakhimpur district]], [[Assam]], India
| alma_mater =
| assembly = Assam Legislative
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[Sultan Sadik]]
| successor = [[Mamun Imdadul Haque Chawdhury]]
| constituency_AM = [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Sanjay Raj Subba''' (1959 or 1960 – 17 June 2025) was an Indian politician in [[Assam]] who was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in 2006<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=DETAILS RESULT SHEET – ASSEMBLY ELECTION – 2006 |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2006/Result2006.pdf |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=ceoassam.nic.in}}</ref> and 2011 from [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

Subba died on 17 June 2025, at the age of 65.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EC Seeks JP Nadda, Mallikarjun Kharge's Response Amid Spate Of Complaints By BJP, Congress |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ec-seeks-jp-nadda-mallikarjun-kharges-response-amid-spate-of-complaints-by-bjp-congress-jharkhand-maharashtra-assembly-polls-latest-news-9122723.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/assam2006/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default |title=List of Winners in Assam 2006 |website=My Neta |accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subba, Sanjay Raj}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Sagar Shah

2026-04-20T08:52:39Z

Kamdhenupaints: made new pg

{{Short description|Indian chess player and YouTuber (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name = Sagar Shah
| image = SagarShah23.jpg
| caption = Shah in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|1|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| website = {{URL|www.chessbase.in}}
| module = {{Infobox chess biography
|child = yes
|country = India
|title = [[International Master]] (2014)
|peakrating = 2468 (September 2014)
|FideID = 5022509
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Amruta Mokal|5 February 2014}}
| module2 = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = @ChessBaseIndiachannel
| youtube_display_name = ChessBase India

| youtube_years_active = 2012–present
| youtube_genre = Chess, Streaming
| youtube_subscribers = 2.9 million
| youtube_views = 3.2 billion
| stats_update = 28 Jan 2026
}}
}}
'''Sagar Shah''' (born 28 January 1990)<ref name="cb" /> is an Indian [[chess]] player, journalist, commentator, and [[YouTuber]] who holds the title of [[International Master]] (IM).

He co-founded [[ChessBase India]] in late 2015 with his wife Amruta Mokal, who he married 5 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-21 |title=An Indian Chess Wedding (2) |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/an-indian-chess-wedding-2 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CK5scVchqad/?hl=en |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Professionally a [[chartered accountant]], Shah has a peak [[FIDE rating]] of 2468 with two [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (GM) [[Norm (chess)|norms]]. He was awarded the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] in 2014. In 2020, Shah and his longtime collaborator, [[Samay Raina]], started streaming chess on [[YouTube]]. He started teaching chess to a group of comedians on stream. The duo have greatly contributed to the chess boom in India. They also organized team tournaments like the [[Chess Super League]], in which top chess players such as [[Gukesh Dommaraju|Gukesh D.]], [[Hikaru Nakamura]], [[Anish Giri]], [[Koneru Humpy|Humpy Koneru]] and many others participated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rathi |first1=Devanshi |title="I want to make sure that India is able to make its mark in a big way" says Indian Blind Chess team coach Sagar Shah |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/i-want-to-make-sure-that-india-is-able-to-make-its-mark-in-a-big-way-says-indian-blind-chess-team-coach-sagar-shah |website=Sports Keeda |date=5 January 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schormann |first1=Conrad |title=Der indische Schach-Motor: Wie Sagar Shah seinen Traum wahr machte | trans-title = The Indian Chess Engine: How Sagar Shah Made His Dream Come True |url=https://perlenvombodensee.de/2020/08/16/der-indische-schach-motor-wie-sagar-shah-seinen-traum-wahr-machte/ |website=Perlen vom Bodensee |date=16 August 2020 | language = de |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="gotham">{{cite AV media| title = Gotham City Podcast #8: Sagar Shah | date = 1 October 2021 | publisher = [[Levy Rozman|Gotham City]] | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1It2hErDGA | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="cb">{{cite web |last1=Bhat |first1=Avathanshu |title=The Badshah turns 30! |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/The-Badshah-turns-30- |website=ChessBase India |access-date=18 October 2021 | date = 28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doggers (PeterDoggers) |first=Peter |date=2021-09-29 |title=Chess Super League To Start October 11 On Chess.com |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2021-chess-super-league |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Sagar}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Chess players from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Kavali Greeshma

2026-04-19T22:42:16Z

Kamdhenupaints: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kavali Greeshma
| birth_date =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| office1 = Chairperson Andhra Pradesh Women's Cooperative Finance Corporation
| term_start1 = 22 November 2024
| term_end1 = 18 March 2025
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2017–present)
| constituency = Elected by MLAs'
| predecessor = [[Janga Krishna Murthy]]
| occupation = Politician
| parents = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi]] (Mother)
| spouse = Srinivas (m.2022)
| children = 1 Son
}}
'''Kavali Greeshma Prasad''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She has been unanimously elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] in 2025 under MLA quota, representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="MLC polls: 5 NDA candidates elected unopposed in Andhra Pradesh">{{cite news |title=MLC polls: 5 NDA candidates elected unopposed in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/mlc-polls-5-nda-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/118989345.cms |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319142036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/mlc-polls-5-nda-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/118989345.cms |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="All five NDA candidates elected uncontested in Andhra Pradesh MLC polls">{{cite news |title=All five NDA candidates elected uncontested in Andhra Pradesh MLC polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-five-nda-candidates-elected-uncontested-in-andhra-pradesh-mlc-polls/articleshow/118987903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319141849/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-five-nda-candidates-elected-uncontested-in-andhra-pradesh-mlc-polls/articleshow/118987903.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Vijayashanthi, Naga Babu among 10 elected unopposed as MLCs in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh">{{cite news |title=Vijayashanthi, Naga Babu among 10 elected unopposed as MLCs in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/vijayashanthi-naga-babu-among-10-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs-in-telangana-andhra-pradesh |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319141706/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/vijayashanthi-naga-babu-among-10-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs-in-telangana-andhra-pradesh |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter of former Speaker of the Legislative Assembly [[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Prathibha Bharathi]].<ref name="Andhra Pradesh MLC polls: TDP declares three candidates — Beeda Ravi Chandra, B.T. Naidu and Kavali Greeshma — for MLC elections under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh MLC polls: TDP declares three candidates — Beeda Ravi Chandra, B.T. Naidu and Kavali Greeshma — for MLC elections under MLA quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-declares-three-candidates-for-mlc-elections-under-mla-quota-in-andhra-pradesh/article69310371.ece |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=9 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319134556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-declares-three-candidates-for-mlc-elections-under-mla-quota-in-andhra-pradesh/article69310371.ece |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Greesham is currently serving as AP Women's Cooperative Finance Corporation Chairperson from November 2024.<ref name="AP govt. releases second list of nominated posts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=AP govt. releases second list of nominated posts |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-releases-second-list-of-nominated-posts-920411 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319140937/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-releases-second-list-of-nominated-posts-920411 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greeshma, Kavali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Andhra Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{Improve categories|date=March 2025}}

Jalandhar Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:57Z

Kamdhenupaints: Post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalandhar Cantt.
| map_image = 37-Jalandhar Cantonment.svg
| mla = [[Pargat Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:193666 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 37
}}
'''Jalandhar Cantt Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 37) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in
[[Jalandhar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[Tej Parkash Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Gurkanwal Kaur]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Jagbir Singh Brar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=3| [[Pargat Singh]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Jalandhar Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pargat Singh]]|votes={{formatnum:40816}}|percentage=32.63|change={{decrease}}14.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Surinder Singh Sodhi (field hockey)|Surinder Singh Sodhi]]|votes={{formatnum:35008}}|percentage=27.99|change={{increase}}7.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Jagbir Singh Brar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:27387}}
|percentage = 21.89
|change = {{decrease}}1.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sarabjit Singh Makkar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:15946}}
|percentage = 12.75
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaswinder Singh Sangha
|votes = {{formatnum:1890}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Gurmukh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1769}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:935}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:5808}}|percentage=4.60|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:125090}}|percentage=64.5|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193666}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Jalandhar Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pargat Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59349}}
|percentage = 46.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sarabjit Singh Makkar
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:30225}}
|percentage = 23.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harkrishan Singh Walia
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25912}}
|percentage = 20.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amrik Chand
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7989}}
|percentage = 6.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = NOTA
|votes = {{formatnum:1445}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = {{formatnum:29124}}
|percentage = 23.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:125366}}
|percentage = 68.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:184478}}
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Jalandhar Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pargat Singh]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:48290}}
|percentage = 42.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagbir Singh Brar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:41492}}
|percentage = 36.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hardev Kaur Shant
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14278}}
|percentage = 12.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = {{formatnum:6798}}
|percentage = 5.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:114726}}
|percentage = 70.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:162146}}
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.27|75.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Riga Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:11Z

Kamdhenupaints: started a article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Riga
|type= SLA
| map_image = 23-Riga constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|constituency_no = 23
|established = 2008
| electors = 317,263
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
|mla = [[Baidyanath Prasad]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Riga''' is one of the 243 constituencies of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It lies in [[Sitamarhi district]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, the Riga constituency is composed of the following: Riga, [[Bairgania]] and Suppi [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Riga is part of [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Moti Lal Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Amit Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Moti Lal Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Riga<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Baidhyanath Prasad
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:117393}}
|percentage = 54.11
|change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:84268}}
|percentage = 38.84
|change = +3.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramashish Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:4041}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Krishna Mohan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3078}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Upendra Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:2256}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2799}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33125}}
|percentage = 15.27
|change = -2.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216942}}
|percentage = 68.38
|change = +10.98
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = RJD
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Riga<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Motilal Prasad
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95226}}
|percentage = 53.07
|change = +18.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:62731}}
|percentage = 34.96
|change = -14.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Munni Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4255}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Girdhari Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:2617}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Samsuddin Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2343}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:837}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32495}}
|percentage = 18.11
|change = +3.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179449}}
|percentage = 57.4
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Riga<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:79217}}
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Moti Lal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:56361}}
|percentage = 34.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Atul Bihari Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:4262}}
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Braj Mohan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3358}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Priyatam Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2743}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Umesh Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sada Babu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2613}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Rambabu Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:1488}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1105}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22856}}
|percentage = 14.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161768}}
|percentage = 57.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|38|40|N|85|26|21|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sonamukhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:42Z

Kamdhenupaints: made article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonamukhi
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sonamukhi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sonamukhi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| constituency_no = 258
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Dibakar Gharami]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 180,316
}}

'''Sonamukhi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 258 Sonamukhi Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Sonamukhi]] municipality; [[Sonamukhi (Community development block)|Sonamukhi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Belut Rasulpur, Beersingha, Hamirpur, Narayanpur and Patrasayar [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Patrasayer (Community development block)|Patrasayer]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2011-04-03 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Sonamukhi Assembly constituency is part of No. 37 [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| - class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Members<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonamukhi Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Sonamukhi Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/sonamukhi-election-result-s25a258/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=News18}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Dipali Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Ajit Ray (politician)|Ajit Ray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Dibakar Gharami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonamukhi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Sonamukhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dibakar Gharami]]
|votes = 98,161
|percentage = 47.25
|change = {{increase}}39.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shyamal Santra]]
|votes = 87,273
|percentage = 42.01
|change = {{increase}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajit Ray (politician)|Ajit Ray]]
|votes = 15,725
|percentage = 7.57
|change = {{decrease}}38.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Avranil Mondal
|votes = 2,772
|percentage = 1.33
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,076
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{decrease}}1.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,888
|percentage = 5.24
|change = {{increase}}0.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,07,739
|percentage = 89.14
|change = {{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonamukhi<ref name="Sonamukhi">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25258.htm|title = Sonamukhi |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=258| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072626/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=258| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sonamukhi | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sonamukhi |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajit Ray (politician)|Ajit Ray]]
|votes = 86,125
|percentage = 46.05
|change = {{increase}}0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipali Saha]]
|votes = 77,406
|percentage = 41.39
|change = {{decrease}}8.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debjani Roy
|votes = 15,118
|percentage = 8.08
|change = {{increase}}3.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,811
|percentage = 2.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,719
|percentage = 4.66
|change = {{increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,87,035
|percentage = 88.99
|change = {{decrease}}2.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sonamukhi<ref name="Sonamukhi">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25258.htm|title = Sonamukhi |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=258| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072626/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=258| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sonamukhi | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sonamukhi |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipali Saha]]
|votes = 82,199
|percentage = 49.80
|change = {{increase}}11.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Monoranjan Chongre
|votes = 74,910
|percentage = 45.38
|change = {{decrease}}11.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhab Bagdi
|votes = 7,961
|percentage = 4.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,289
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,65,070
|percentage = 91.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 22.35
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Niresh Bagdi of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Sonamukhi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Dipali Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sukhendu Khan of CPI(M) defeated Dipali Saha of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Haradhan Bauri of CPI(M) defeated Pulakesh Saha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and Sastidhar Bagdi of Congress in 1991. Sukhendu Khan of CPI(M) defeated Kallol Saha of Congress in 1987, Sasthi Bauri of Congress in 1982 and Kanai Saha of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp256.htm |title = 256 - Sonamukhi (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Gurupada Khan of Congress won in 1972. Sukhendu Khan of CPI(M) won in 1971 and 1969. K.Saha of Congress won in 1967. The Sonamukhi seat was not there in 1962 and 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]], the Sonamukhi dual seat was won by Shishuram Mandal and Bhabataran Chakrabarty, both of Congress.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2011-04-03 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sabita Singh

2026-04-11T23:44:52Z

Kamdhenupaints: started new bio

{{short description|American judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sabita Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| appointer = [[Charlie Baker]]
| office = Associate Justice of the [[Massachusetts Appeals Court]]
| term_start = June 21, 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Judd J. Carhart
| successor =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Saran District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| citizenship =
| party =
| other_party = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Penn State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Boston University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}}
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sabita Singh''' is an American lawyer and Judge of the [[Massachusetts Appeals Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abcdlady.com/2007-01/art1.php |title=ABCDlady Magazine - for the American Born Confident Desi |access-date=2009-06-03 |archive-date=2009-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017064803/http://www.abcdlady.com/2007-01/art1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Born in [[Bihar]], [[India]], Singh came to the US as a child with her family and was brought up in [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name=bu-law>{{cite news|last=McCartan|first=Caitlin|title=Sabita Singh ('90) is First South Asian Woman Appointed American District Judge|url=http://www.bu.edu/law/communications/singh.html|access-date=25 December 2012|newspaper=Boston University School of Law|date=5 December 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219061812/http://www.bu.edu/law/communications/singh.html|archive-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> She attended [[Pennsylvania State University]], where she received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in the Administration of Justice in 1987, and [[Boston University School of Law]], where she received her [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] in 1990.<ref name=nusl-adjuncts>{{cite web|title=Adjunct Faculty|url=http://www.northeastern.edu/law/academics/faculty/adjunctfaculty.html|publisher=Northeastern University School of Law|access-date=25 December 2012|quote=Pennsylvania State University, BA 1987 Boston University School of Law, JD 1990|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128135308/http://www.northeastern.edu/law/academics/faculty/adjunctfaculty.html|archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh worked an attorney specializing in white collar criminal defense and business regulation in the White Collar Crime and Business Regulation Group at [[Bingham McCutchen]] LLP.<ref name=tie-boston>{{cite web|title=Sabita Singh|url=https://boston.tie.org/speaker/9/sabita-singh|work=Speakers|publisher=TiE Boston|access-date=25 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214458/https://boston.tie.org/speaker/9/sabita-singh|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> She served as Assistant District Attorney for Middlesex County, and then as a Special Counsel for Criminal Rights Enforcement in the Office of the U.S. Attorney in [[Boston]]. As a prosecutor for the U.S. Attorney's office, she focused on human trafficking cases.<ref name=nusl-adjuncts />

Sabita Singh is a Past President of the North American South Asian Bar Association ("NASABA"), an organization of attorneys in the U.S. and Canada who originate from [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and other nations on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=2149|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204073223/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=2149|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 4, 2004|title=Catching Up With Sabita Singh of South Asian Bar Association (SABA)|website=Lokvani}}</ref>

On Oct. 25, 2006, the then Republican [[Massachusetts Governor]] [[Mitt Romney]] nominated Singh to be Judge of the Concord District Court. Her nomination was confirmed on November 15 by the eight-man Governor's Council. She was succeeded by Tejal R. Mehta in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baker-Polito Administration Nominates Tejal R. Mehta to Concord District Court |url=https://www.mass.gov/news/baker-polito-administration-nominates-tejal-r-mehta-to-concord-district-court |website=Mass.gov}}</ref> In May 2017, Republican governor [[Charlie Baker]] nominated Singh to the Massachusetts Appeals Court and she was unanimously confirmed as an associate justice by the Governor's Council on June 21, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=India-West Staff |title=Judge Sabita Singh Confirmed to Massachusetts Appeals Court |url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/judge-sabita-singh-confirmed-to-massachusetts-appeals-court/article_accb6e0c-5c40-11e7-a9bb-e78c44d19878.html |website=India West |access-date=2019-09-04 |archive-date=2019-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904231641/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/judge-sabita-singh-confirmed-to-massachusetts-appeals-court/article_accb6e0c-5c40-11e7-a9bb-e78c44d19878.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Asian American jurists]]
*[[List of first women lawyers and judges in Massachusetts]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quX5HDfwijM Interview with Sabita Singh]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quX5HDfwijM Video of Singh at awards party]
* [http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2011/summer/justice.php Harvard Law Bulletin, 2011]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sabita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century American judges]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American women lawyers]]
[[Category:Boston University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Massachusetts District Court judges]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Saran district]]
[[Category:Women in Massachusetts politics]]
[[Category:People from Somerville, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:21st-century American women judges]]
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Judges of the Massachusetts Appeals Court]]

P.B. Suresh Kumar

2026-04-05T18:16:03Z

Kamdhenupaints: started bio

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P.B. Suresh Kumar
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| image =
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 21 May 2014
| term_end =
| appointer =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|06|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Judge
| known_for =
}}

'''P.B. Suresh Kumar''' (30 June 1963)<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Judge Info: Justice P.B.Suresh Kumar |url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/pbs.html |publisher=High Court of Kerala |access-date=2025-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809171832/http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in:80/pbs.html |archive-date=2016-08-09}}</ref> is a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice P.B. Suresh Kumar |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=807 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CDJ Law Journal}}</ref>

==Biography==
Kumar was educated at [[St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School]], [[Kollam]] and completed legal studies at KGF Law College, [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] (now Sri Kengal Hanumanthaiya Law College).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Kengal Hanumanthaiya Law College {{!}} About Us |url=https://skhlc.gvet.edu.in/#ABOUT |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=skhlc.gvet.edu.in}}</ref> He began practicing in February 1987 and was designated a [[Senior counsel|senior advocate]] in July 2011.<ref name=":0" /> On 21 May 2014 he was sworn in as an additional judge of the Kerala High Court by Chief Justice [[Manjula Chellur]] in [[Kochi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-21 |title=Newly appointed Judge of the Kerala High Court P.B. Suresh Kumar being sworn in. |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=153493204&highlights=SURESH%20DHOLAKIA |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=thehinduimages.com}}</ref> and was appointed a permanent member of the court on 20 May 2016.<ref name=":0" />

== Decisions ==
In 2020, while determining orders in a dispute over control of a building of the [[Malankara Church]] in [[Ernakulam]], Kumar was the recipient of death threats indicating he would be [[Death by burning|immolated]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |title=Kerala HC Judge Gets Death Threat For Trying To Implement SC Order In Church Row |url=https://indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/supreme-court-news/kerala-hc-judge-gets-death-threat-trying-implement-sc-order-church-row/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015203906/https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/supreme-court-news/kerala-hc-judge-gets-death-threat-trying-implement-sc-order-church-row/ |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=India Legal |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''Ridha Fathima'' ''v. State of Kerala,'' within the context of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|India's COVID-19]] [[Vaccination policy|vaccine mandates]] requiring students to be vaccinated to attend exams in-person, Kumar affirmed the principle of "reasonable exceptions" to certain individual rights when the greater welfare of the public in general was at stake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Kushagra |last2=Varya |first2=Yuvraj |date=2022-11-01 |title=Ridha Fathima V. State of Kerala |url=https://journals.bennett.edu.in/index.php/BJLS/article/view/41 |journal=Bennett Journal of Legal Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=159–169 |issn=2583-4673}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, P.B. Suresh}}
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Department of Home, Jail & Disaster Management (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:29:15Z

Kamdhenupaints: put up a details

{{Short description|State government department of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Home, Jail & Disaster Management
| seal = File:Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_size = 170
| nativename = गृह, कारा एवं आपदा प्रबंधन विभाग
| jurisdiction = [[Jharkhand|State of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Building, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|23.29417|N|85.29299|E|scale:10000|display=inline,title}}
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]] and Minister of Home, Jail & Disaster Management
| chief1_name = Vandana Dadel, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vandana Dadel appointed as Jharkhand home secretary|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/vandana-dadel-appointed-as-jharkhand-home-secretary/1369275|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary (Home)
| website = {{Official website|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/home}}
| parent_department = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| formed = 15 November 2000
}}

The '''Department of Home, Jail & Disaster Management''' (Hindi: '''गृह कारा एवं आपदा प्रबंधन विभाग''') is a key administrative department of the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. It is responsible for the maintenance of law and order, prevention and investigation of crime, prosecution of offenders, management of prisons, fire services, home guards and disaster preparedness and response across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Home, Jail & Disaster Management |url=http://jharkhand.gov.in/home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630125004/http://jharkhand.gov.in/home |archive-date=2023-06-30 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-07-11 |title=Jharkhand Sanctions Rs 146.79 Crore for Police Vehicle Procurement |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-sanctions-rs-146-79-crore-for-police-vehicle-procurement-1503456724.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-08-22 |title=Jharkhand releases 51 life-term prisoners after state review |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-releases-51-life-term-prisoners-after-state-review-1503475414.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-24 |title=Jharkhand to set up Jail Intelligence Unit to curb criminal activities behind bars |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-to-set-up-jail-intelligence-unit-to-curb-criminal-activities-behind-bars/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JHARKHAND STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN: 2018‐2019 |url=https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/SDMP/jharkhand_SDMP%202018-19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403070811/https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/SDMP/jharkhand_SDMP%202018-19.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=ndma.gov.in}}</ref> The department functions as the nodal authority for the State Secretariat Service and oversees the operations of the [[Jharkhand Police]], Home Guards, and [[Jharkhand Fire Services|Fire Services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire Department Jharkhand |url=https://advantage.jharkhand.gov.in/fire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923032708/https://advantage.jharkhand.gov.in/fire/ |archive-date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=advantage.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-08 |title=Jharkhand CM lauds home guard and fire services corps work |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-cm-lauds-home-guard-and-fire-services-corps-works/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

It also acts as the cadre controlling authority for officers of the [[Indian Police Service]] (Jharkhand Cadre) and the Jharkhand Police Service (JPS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Sep 2025 |title=Jharkhand Government Reshuffles IPS Cadre, Transfers 30 Officers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-government-reshuffles-ips-cadre-transfers-30-officers-9305971 |access-date=27 Sep 2025 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

The Chief Minister of Jharkhand usually holds the departmental portfolio, while the administrative responsibilities are carried out by the Principal Secretary (Home), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], who coordinates among the department’s various agencies and ensures effective implementation of policies and programs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department of Home, Jail & Disaster Management in Jharkhand is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Home. Since December 2024, [[Hemant Soren]], the [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], holds the portfolio of the Home Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The administrative head of the department is the Principal Secretary (Home), who is supported by Special Secretaries and other senior officials. Since March 2023, Vandana Dadel, a 1996-batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], was appointed as the new Home Secretary of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-11 |title=Jharkhand govt appoints Vandana Dadel as home secretary after Rajiv Ekka’s transfer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/vandana-dadel-appointed-home-secy-after-rajiv-ekkas-transfer/articleshow/98555563.cms |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Police]]
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
* [[National Disaster Response Force]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

A. K. Bera

2026-03-21T17:06:40Z

Kamdhenupaints: created a entry from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{distinguish|Anil K. Bera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. Bera
| image =
| image_size =
| office = PCGM at [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1954|}}
| birth_place = West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nickname = Behraji
| known_for = Officer-in-charge, [[RBI Belapur]]
| predecessor = Deepak Singhal
| successor = [[Ashok Sarangi]]
| education = {{ubl|[[Calcutta University]]|[[Indian Institute of Banking and Finance]]}}
| occupation = [[Banker]]
| title =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 1
| signature =
| website =
| term_start = {{start date|2011|04|01|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|2014|10|31|df=yes}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''A. K. Bera''' is an Indian banker from [[Assam]].

==Early life and education==
A K Bera was born in 1954 in [[West Bengal]]. He obtained his post graduation in [[economics]] from [[Calcutta University]]. He is also a certified associate of the [[Indian Institute of Banking and Finance]].

==Career in RBI==
Bera joined the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1978. He worked in various areas, including public debt management, government & bank accounts and cooperative banking. His career took off when as an administrator, he took over as officer-in-charge of [[RBI Belapur]] in 2005. He was elevated to the position of chief general manager in 2006. Subsequently, he served as regional director of [[Gujarat]] State from 2009 to 2011, before being appointed as chief general manager of RBI in DGBA. As the chief general manager, he was signatory to three consecutive balance sheets of RBI from 2011 to 2013. In recognition of his outstanding work, he was elevated to the position of principal chief general manager in 2011. In 2014 he became the longest-serving PCGM of Urban Banks Department.

==Outstanding achievement==
Bera has the distinction of being the signatory to three consecutive balance sheets of RBI as its chief general manager from 2011 to 2013. He was also instrumental in bringing ''Core Banking Solution'' to RBI. He has been the longest serving GM-in-Charge of [[RBI Belapur]]. During his tenure the irregularities in the construction of RBI staff quarters at [[Kharghar]] were addressed. Under his leadership, Guidelines on Inspection and Audit Systems in Urban Cooperative Banks (UCB) were released in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasCirculardetails.aspx?id=8974 |title=Inspection & Audit of UCBs - Master Circular, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026101110/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasCirculardetails.aspx?id=8974 |archivedate=26 October 2014 }}</ref> As PCGM of RBI, he was instrumental in addressing a large cross section of professionals on regulatory concerns pertaining to UCBs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/banks/icai-to-hold-conference-on-ucb/|title= ICAI Conference on UCB - 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wirc-icai.org/EventDetailsNew.aspx?id=1852|title= WIRC National Conference on UCB - August 2014}}</ref> As regional director of Gujarat, he had taken initiatives for cautioning the public about ''electronic frauds'' and [[phishing|phishing mails]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/market/article-rbi-advises-public-to-ignore-phishing-e-mails-94639|title= RBI Cautions Public on Phishing Mails - November 2011}}</ref>

==Important assignments==
* Regional Director, [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu|Daman & Diu]]
* Officer in Charge, [[RBI Belapur]]
* Chief General Manager, RBI (Dept of Govt & Bank Accounts)
* Principal Chief General Manager, Urban Banks, RBI
* Chairman, Task Force for Diamond Sector

==See also==
*[[Ashok Sarangi|Ashok Kumar Sarangi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bera, A K}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]

Annie Zaidi (writer)

2026-03-15T09:35:43Z

Kamdhenupaints: created some page initial version.

{{short description|English-language writer from India (Born:1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Annie Zaidi''' (born 1978) is an English-language writer from [[India]]. Her novel, ''Prelude To A Riot'', won the Tata Literature Live! Awards for Book of the Year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-22|title=Tata Literature Live: The fest announces its annual awards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/tata-literature-live-the-fest-announces-its-annual-awards-7061602/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she won [[Thinking outside the box#The Nine Dots Prize|The Nine Dots Prize]] for her work ''Bread, Cement, Cactus''<ref name="thehindu 2018-09-03">{{Cite news|title=Annie Zaidi wins The Hindu Playwright Award 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 August 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/annie-zaidi-wins-the-hindu-playwright-award-2018/article24659776.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810201927/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/annie-zaidi-wins-the-hindu-playwright-award-2018/article24659776.ece|archive-date=10 August 2018|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Hindu Nine Dots">{{cite news|date=29 May 2019|title=Indian writer Annie Zaidi wins $100,000 global book prize|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/indian-writer-annie-zaidi-wins-100000-global-book-prize/article27282739.ece|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> and in 2018 she won The Hindu Playwright Award for her play, ''Untitled-1.''<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-10|title=Annie Zaidi wins The Hindu Playwright Award 2018|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/annie-zaidi-wins-the-hindu-playwright-award-2018/article24659776.ece|access-date=2021-03-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her non-fiction debut, a collection of essays, ''Known Turf: Bantering with Bandits and Other True Tales'', was short-listed for the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] in 2010.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/ruskin-upamanyu-in-crossword-awards-shortlist/729300 "Ruskin, Upamanyu in Crossword Awards Shortlist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923181903/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Ruskin-Upamanyu-in-Crossword-Awards-Shortlist/729300 |date=23 September 2014 }}, ''Outlook'' (New Delhi), 28 July 2011.</ref>

She also writes poetry (''Crush'', 2007), short stories (''The Good Indian Girl'', 2011 and Love Story # 1 To 14, 2012), plays (''Jam'', ''Jaal'' etcetera) and has written a novella (''Gulab, 2014'').

== Early life and education ==
Zaidi was born in [[Allahabad]] and raised in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Ghadiali 2020">{{cite news |last1=Ghadiali |first1=Ashish |title=Bread, Cement, Cactus by Annie Zaidi review – indignation and injustice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/14/bread-cement-cactus-by-annie-zaidi-review-indignation-and-injustice |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kokra 2015"/> She and her older brother were raised by their mother.<ref name="Kokra 2015"/> Her maternal grandfather is [[Padma Shri]] laureate Urdu writer [[Ali Jawad Zaidi|Syed Ali Jawad Zaidi]].<ref name="Kokra 2015">{{cite news |last1=Kokra |first1=Sonali |title=Annie Zaidi: Flunking Science, Acing Poetry |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/annie-zaidi-flunking-science-acing-poetry/37412/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=OZY |date=January 26, 2015}}</ref>

Zaidi obtained her B.A. degree from Sophia College in [[Ajmer]].<ref name="Kokra 2015"/> After graduation, she joined the journalism course at Xavier Institute of Communications in [[Mumbai]]. In 2025, she completed her PhD in Creative Writing at [[Durham University]], under the supervision of [[Naomi Booth]] and Dr. Maryam Mirza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Writing PhD and MLitt - Durham University|url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/english-studies/postgraduate-study/creative-writing-phd-and-mlitt/|website=www.durham.ac.uk|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-gb|first=|last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131112258/https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/english-studies/postgraduate-study/creative-writing-phd-and-mlitt/|archive-date=2026-01-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Journalism career ==
After college, Zaidi began her career as a journalist.<ref name="Kokra 2015" /> She first worked for a website, then as a reporter for ''[[Mid-Day]]''.<ref name="Kokra 2015" /> She went to work for ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' in 2005.<ref name="Kokra 2015" /> While working at ''Frontline'', she began a blog titled ''Known Turf'', which became the basis for a published essay collection.<ref name="Kokra 2015" />

In January 2008, ''Rouge'', a supplement of the ''Times of India'', named Zaidi on a list of Women (under 30) to Watch Out For. In 2013, she wrote "An Open Letter to Honey Singh," criticizing the abusive and objectifying content of [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]'s lyrics and videos.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaidi |first1=Annie |title=An Open Letter to Honey Singh |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/music/748-open-letter-honey-singh |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Sunday Guardian |date=January 5, 2013 |quote=updated February 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2017">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manpriya |title=Some words, a lot of meaning |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/some-words-a-lot-of-meaning-494610 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=November 9, 2017}}</ref>

She has written for publications including ''Caravan'', ''[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|Open]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''Elle'', ''[[Forbes India]]'', ''Femina'', ''Marie Claire'', ''[[Tehelka]]'' and the ''[[Deccan Herald]]''. She also wrote a weekly column for ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' (''Daily News and Analysis'') between 2011 and 2013. Zaidi writes a column for ''[[The Hindu]]'' and teaches journalism at the [[OP Jindal Global University]], [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jgu.edu.in/jsjc/faculty/annie-zaidi/ |title=Prof. Annie Zaidi |website=gu.edu.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505135235/https://jgu.edu.in/jsjc/faculty/annie-zaidi/ |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Annie Zaidi's first collection of essays, ''Known Turf: Bantering with Bandits and Other True Tales'', was short-listed for the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] in 2010. Journalist [[P. Sainath]] said of the book: "The stories on dalits in the Punjab easily rank amongst the best done on the subject" and "Above all, it is the quality of the story-telling that grips you. A beautifully written book".<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.amazon.com/Known-Turf-ebook/dp/B00872DR9E
| title = Editorial Reviews
| website = Amazon
| access-date = 3 September 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130717103612/http://www.amazon.com/Known-Turf-ebook/dp/B00872DR9E
| archive-date = 17 July 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

A collection of short stories, ''The Bad Boy's Guide to the Good Indian Girl'', was co-authored along with Smriti Ravindra and published by [[Zubaan Books]] in 2011.<ref name="Subramanian 2011">{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Aishwarya |title=Book Review - Likeable in some ways |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/dj1bAml4fRT7CVM28exzwO/Book-Review--Likeable-in-some-ways.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=LiveMint |date=September 16, 2011}}</ref> ''Crush'', a series of 50 illustrated poems (in collaboration with illustrator Gynelle Alves) was published in 2007.

Her essays, poems and short stories have appeared in several anthologies, including ''Dharavi: The City Within'' (Harper Collins India), ''Mumbai Noir'' (Akshic/Harper Collins India), ''Women Changing India'' (Zubaan); ''Journeys Through Rajasthan'' (Rupa), ''First Proof: 2'' (Penguin India), ''21 Under 40'' (Zubaan), ''India Shining, India Changing'' (Tranquebar). More of her work has appeared in literary journals such as ''The Little Magazine'', ''Desilit'', ''Pratilipi'', ''The Raleigh Review'', ''Mint Lounge'', ''Indian Literature'' (Sahitya Akademi) and ''Asian Cha''.

In June 2012, ''[[Elle (India)|Elle]]'' magazine named Zaidi one of the emerging South Asian writers "whose writing we believe will enrich South Asian literature".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://deepanjana.wordpress.com/2012/06/09/from-elle-the-storytellers/
| title = From ELLE: The Storytellers
| work = Deepanjana Pal
| date = 9 June 2012
| access-date = 18 May 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130321045117/http://deepanjana.wordpress.com/2012/06/09/from-elle-the-storytellers/
| archive-date = 21 March 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2015, Zaidi published an anthology called ''Unbound: 2,000 Years of Indian Women's Writing''.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-unbound-2000-years-of-indian-womens-writing/
| title = Book Review – Unbound: 2,000 Years of Indian Women's Writing
| author = Trisha Gupta
| work = The Indian Express
| date = 20 June 2015
| access-date = 3 September 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180118121511/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-unbound-2000-years-of-indian-womens-writing/
| archive-date = 18 January 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/what-women-wrote/article7282077.ece
| title = What women wrote
| work = The Hindu
| date = 4 June 2015
| last1 = Ray
| first1 = Kunal
}}</ref>

In 2019, she won the Nine Dots Prize, with a $100,000 cash award to develop her essay ''Bread, Cement, Cactus'' into a book.<ref name="Hindu Nine Dots"/><ref name="Dastidar 2019">{{cite news |last1=Dastidar |first1=Riddhi |title=Interview: Annie Zaidi on the Nine Dots Prize and Chasing 'The Call of Blood' |url=https://thewire.in/culture/annie-zaidi-nine-dots-prize |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=The Wire |date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> Ashish Ghadiali of ''[[The Guardian]]'' said the essay was a "haunting evocation of belonging and dislocation in contemporary India" that has delivered her "on to an international platform for the first time in her decade-long career."<ref name="Ghadiali 2020" />

In 2019, she published her novel, ''Prelude to a Riot'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Annie Zaidi's new book is about communal violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/annie-zaidis-new-book-is-about-communal-violence/articleshow/70977004.cms |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> which was short-listed for the [[JCB Prize|JCB Prize for Literature]].<ref name="Modi 2020">{{cite news |last1=Modi |first1=Chintan Girish |title=Interview: Annie Zaidi, Author, Prelude to a Riot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-annie-zaidi-author-prelude-to-a-riot/story-piGkLvjrI9V90bd16HVRmO.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=November 6, 2020}}</ref>

''Bread, Cement, Cactus'' was published as a book by Cambridge University Press in May 2020<ref>{{cite book | title=Bread, Cement, Cactus | date=2020 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-108-84064-4 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/bread-cement-cactus/bread-cement-cactus/FB3E76293FE9FDAF980A003F94210967 }}</ref>. A novel, ''City of Incident'' was published shortly after, in January 2022<ref>{{cite web | title=Annie Zaidi's new novel captures the lives of 12 people living on the edges of Mumbai city | date=5 January 2022 | url=https://scroll.in/article/1014259/annie-zaidis-new-novel-captures-the-lives-of-12-people-living-on-the-edges-of-mumbai-city }}</ref>.

In early 2025, her novel ''The Comeback'' was published, and was long-listed for the Mumbai LitFest book award<ref>{{cite web | title=Mumbai LitFest book awards 2025 announces longlists in fiction, nonfiction, and business categories | date=24 October 2025 | url=https://scroll.in/article/1087968/mumbai-litfest-book-awards-2025-announces-longlists-in-fiction-nonfiction-and-business-categories }}</ref> as well as the Chandigarh Literature Festival's Literati Awards<ref>{{cite web | title=Chandigarh Literary Society announces longlist for inaugural CLF Literati Awards | date=8 November 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-literary-society-announces-longlist-for-inaugural-clf-literati-awards-10354121/ }}</ref>.

== Plays and films ==
Annie's play "Untitled-1" won The Hindu Playwright Award 2018.<ref name="thehindu 2018-09-03"/> Her play ''Jaal''<ref>[http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/features/stage-three TimeOut (January 2012)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930045907/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/features/stage-three |date=30 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/reviews/jaal Jaal, TimeOut (March 2012)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112071703/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/reviews/jaal |date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> opened at [[Prithvi Theatre]] in January 2012 as part of Writers Bloc:3,<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.britishcouncil.in/writers-bloc
|title = Writer's Bloc
|work = britishcouncil.in
|access-date = 31 August 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080338/http://www.britishcouncil.in/writers-bloc
|archive-date = 3 September 2014
|url-status = dead
}}
</ref> a drama festival in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/off-the-bloc-take-three/article2783095.ece
| title = Off the bloc: Take three
| author = JANHAVI ACHAREKAR
| work = The Hindu
| date = 7 January 2012
}}</ref> Another play, ''So Many Socks'' (English), opened at the Prithvi Theatre in September 2012. It was nominated in several categories, including best script, for the META awards.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://metawards.com/v1/so-many-socks/
| title = SO MANY SOCKS
| work = Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards
| access-date = 31 August 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904105827/http://metawards.com/v1/so-many-socks/
| archive-date = 4 September 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/qtps-so-many-socks-nominated-for-the-meta-awards-2013/203454
| title = QTP's 'So Many Socks' nominated for the META awards 2013
| date = 8 March 2013
| work = mid-day
| access-date = 31 August 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113248/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/qtps-so-many-socks-nominated-for-the-meta-awards-2013/203454
| archive-date = 3 September 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The play was directed by [[Quasar Padamsee]].

Her first full-length script, ''Name, Place, Animal, Thing'', was shortlisted for The Hindu Metroplus Playwright Award, 2009.<ref>[http://blogs.thehindu.com/delhi/?p=11924 The Hindu-Blogs "PLAYWRIGHT AWARD 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125400/http://blogs.thehindu.com/delhi/?p=11924 |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/prakash-koechlin-win-metroplus-playwright-award/article352169.ece
| title = Prakash, Koechlin win MetroPlus Playwright Award
| work = The Hindu
| date = 10 February 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wxX0_n-qvRUC&q=name+place+animal+thing+play+the+hindu+metroplus+award&pg=PA180
| title = Three Plays
| isbn = 9780143415589
| last1 = Majumdar
| first1 = Abhishek
| last2 = Koechlin
| first2 = Kalki
| year = 2010
| publisher = Penguin Books India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/asking-tough-questions/article655794.ece
| title = Asking tough questions
| work = The Hindu
| date = 21 January 2009
}}</ref>

A radio play, ''Jam'', was the regional (South Asia) winner for the BBC's International Playwriting Competition 2011.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/2011/08/110812_international_playwriting_competition_2011_winners.shtml
| title = BBC World Service – Arts & Culture – International Playwriting Competition 2011: Meet the winners
| publisher = BBC
| access-date = 18 May 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111012004533/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/2011/08/110812_international_playwriting_competition_2011_winners.shtml
| archive-date = 12 October 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 2016, she directed the short film ''Decibel'' that was part of ''Shor Se Shuruaat'', an omnibus of seven short films. She was mentored by filmmaker [[Sriram Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/writer-director-annie-zaidi-s-short-film-depicts-a-mumbai-without-noise/story-0JPL3OQXSVnz2W2RPU0JZI.html
| title = Annie Zaidi's short film depicts a Mumbai without noise
| work = Hindustan Times
| date = 22 December 2016
| access-date = 3 September 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170801163725/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/writer-director-annie-zaidi-s-short-film-depicts-a-mumbai-without-noise/story-0JPL3OQXSVnz2W2RPU0JZI.html
| archive-date = 1 August 2017
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* 2010, short-listed, Vodafone Crossword Book Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/book-review/vodafone-crossword-book-award-2010/article_31284 |title=Vodafone Crossword Book Award 2010 |website=Afternoon Despatch |date=August 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224807/http://www.afternoondc.in/book-review/vodafone-crossword-book-award-2010/article_31284 |archive-date=4 October 2016 }}</ref>
* 2018, winner, The Hindu Playwright Award
* 2019, winner, [[Nine dots puzzle | The Nine Dots Prize]]
* 2020, winner, Tata Literature Live Book of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|title=TATA Literature Live! Book Of The Year Award - Fiction -|url=https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-book-of-the-year-award-fiction|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Tata Literature Live!|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2020, short-listed, [[JCB Prize|JCB Prize for Literature]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Annie}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of Durham University]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

English Bharatpedia

2026-03-13T14:51:04Z

Kamdhenupaints:

{{Short description|English-language edition of Bharatpedia}}
{{Redirect|en.Bharatpedia.org|the main page|Main Page|the version of Bharatpedia written in Basic English|Simple English Bharatpedia}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} English Bharatpedia
| logo = Bharatpedia-logo-v2-en-25-alt.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt = Bharatpedia logo with text: Celebrating 25 years
| logo_caption = Modified version of the [[Bharatpedia logo|logo of English Bharatpedia]] celebrating its 25th anniversary
| screenshot = English Bharatpedia screenshot.png
| caption = The English Bharatpedia's [[Main Page]] on 17 February 2025
| collapsible = Yes
| url = {{Official URL}}
| commercial = No
| type = [[Online encyclopedia]]
| registration = Optional; required for certain tasks
| num_users = {{Format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|en}}}} (as of {{Date}})
| language = [[English language|English]]
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| founder = [[Jimmy Wales]] [[Larry Sanger]]
| editors = English [[Bharatpedia community]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|1|15}}
| content_license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]) Media licensing varies
| programming_language = [[PHP]]
}}
The '''English Bharatpedia''' is the primary{{Efn|The other edition is [[Simple English Bharatpedia]], which uses [[Basic English]].}} [[English-language]] edition of [[Bharatpedia]], an online encyclopedia. It was created by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] on 15{{nbsp}}January 2001, as Bharatpedia's first edition.

English Bharatpedia is hosted alongside [[List of Bharatpedias|other language editions]] by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], an [[501(c)(3) organization|American nonprofit organization]]. Its content, written independently of other editions by volunteer editors known as [[Bharatpedians]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=2021-09-01 |title=Bharatpedia Is Trying to Transcend the Limits of Human Language |language=en-US |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/09/Bharatpedia-human-language-wikifunctions.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730002113/https://slate.com/technology/2021/09/Bharatpedia-human-language-wikifunctions.html |archive-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> is in various [[List of dialects of English|varieties of English]] while aiming to stay consistent within articles. Its internal newspaper is ''[[The Signpost]]''.

English Bharatpedia is the [[Bharatpedia page views by language|most read version of Bharatpedia]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Sato |first=Yumiko |date=19 March 2021 |title=Non-English Editions of Bharatpedia Have a Misinformation Problem |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/03/japanese-Bharatpedia-misinformation-non-english-editions.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825194500/https://slate.com/technology/2021/03/japanese-Bharatpedia-misinformation-non-english-editions.html |archive-date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Bharatpedia at 15: Millions of readers in scores of languages |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/01/14/Bharatpedia-at-15/ |first1=Monica |last1=Anderson |first2=Paul |last2=Hitlin |first3=Michelle |last3=Atkinson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811225837/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/01/14/Bharatpedia-at-15/ |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> accounting for 48% of Bharatpedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining percentage split among the other languages.<ref>{{cite AV media |author=((A455bcd9)) |date=8 February 2021 |title=Bharatpedia page views by language over time |format=PNG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bharatpedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> The English Bharatpedia has the most articles of any edition, at {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.{{efn|name=":2"|content=The number of articles on the English Bharatpedia is shown by the [[MediaWiki]] variable <code><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</nowiki></code>, with all Bharatpedias as total <code><nowiki>{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}</nowiki></code> = {{formatnum:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}}.}} It contains {{Percentage|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en}}|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}|1}} of articles in all Bharatpedias,{{efn|name=":2"}} although it lacks millions of articles found in other editions.<ref name=":0" /> The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13{{nbsp}}January 2021 by editor [[Steven Pruitt]].<ref name="vice.com">{{cite magazine |first=Matthew |last=Gault |title=The English Language Bharatpedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-english-language-Bharatpedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit/ |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-Bharatpedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |url-status=live}}</ref>

English Bharatpedia, often as a stand-in for Bharatpedia overall, has been praised for its enablement of the [[democratization of knowledge]], extent of coverage, unique structure, culture, and reduced degree of commercial bias. [[Criticism of Bharatpedia|It has been criticized]] for exhibiting [[Criticism of Bharatpedia#Systemic bias in coverage|systemic bias]], particularly [[Gender bias on Bharatpedia|gender bias]] against women and [[Ideological bias on Bharatpedia|ideological bias]].<ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news |date=9 January 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Bharatpedia |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-Bharatpedia |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-Bharatpedia |archive-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Slate-Neutrality">{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=9 June 2020 |title=How Bharatpedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/Bharatpedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/Bharatpedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html |archive-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> While [[Reliability of Bharatpedia|its reliability]] was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and throughout the 2020s,<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news |date=9 January 2021 |title=Bharatpedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/Bharatpedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/Bharatpedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher |archive-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Econ21" /><ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=17 February 2020 |title=Bharatpedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |language=en-us |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/Bharatpedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/ |url-access=limited |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/Bharatpedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/ |archive-date=2022-12-17}}</ref>{{efn|Despite this praise, Bharatpedia does not recognize itself as a reliable source.}} having become [[Bharatpedia and fact-checking|an important fact-checking site]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=2018-04-03 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=2023-01-11 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam |author-link=Noam Cohen |date=7 April 2018 |title=Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Bharatpedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-Bharatpedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-Bharatpedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html |archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> English Bharatpedia has been characterized as having less [[cultural bias]] than other language editions due to its broader editor base.<ref name=":1" />

== Articles ==
{{ multiple image | total_width=450
| image1= 2002- English Bharatpedia article count.svg |caption1= Article count at beginning of indicated year
| image2= 2002- English Bharatpedia article annual growth.svg |caption2= Increase in number of articles during indicated year
}}

[[File:BharatpediaMainpageEngFirefox99x64Ubuntu2004date20220504.webm|thumb|Opening English Bharatpedia's main page with Mozilla Firefox 99 on Ubuntu 20.04]]

The English Bharatpedia surpassed seven million articles on 28 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharatpedia:Seven million articles|url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Seven_million_articles|website=Bharatpedia|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-date=30 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530013636/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Seven_million_articles|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, the total volume of the compressed texts of its articles amounted to 20 [[gigabyte]]s.<ref>See size of downloads at [[Bharatpedia:Database download]] and a list of historical sizes [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bharatpedia_article_size_in_gigabytes.png#Summary here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401011914/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bharatpedia_article_size_in_gigabytes.png#Summary |date=1 April 2019 }}</ref>

The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by [[Ser Amantio di Nicolao]] (Steven Pruitt) who was as of that date and remains as of January 2026 the user with the [[BP:List of Bharatpedians by edit count|highest number of edits on the English Bharatpedia]], at over four million.<ref name="vice.com"/> (as of January 2026, this figure was more than 6.7 million, as per Bharatpedia statistics). Currently, there are {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles created with {{NUMBEROFFILES}} files. The encyclopedia is home to {{Percentage|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en}}|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}|1}} of articles in all Bharatpedias (down from more than 50% in 2003).<ref>{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|articles|en}}-{{NUMBEROF|articles|ceb}}}} (about {{#expr:({{NUMBEROF|articles|en}}/{{NUMBEROF|articles|ceb}}*100)-100 round 0}}%) more than the next in rank, the [[Cebuano Bharatpedia]]. See [[metawiki:List of Bharatpedias|m:List of Bharatpedias]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |date=21 September 2008 |title=List of Bharatpedias |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bharatpedias&oldid=520778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140707/https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bharatpedias&oldid=520778 |archive-date=3 November 2015 |access-date=21 September 2008}}</ref> The English Bharatpedia currently has {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} registered accounts of which {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} are administrators.

== Bureaucracy ==
Editors of the English Bharatpedia have pioneered some ideas as conventions, policies or features which were later adopted by Bharatpedia editions in some of the other languages. These ideas include "featured articles",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Featured_articles&oldid=104207677 | title=Featured articles | author=English Bharatpedia | date=30 January 2007 | access-date=30 January 2007 | archive-date=3 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140709/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Featured_articles&oldid=104207677 | url-status=live }}</ref> the neutral-point-of-view policy,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=103033132 | title=Neutral point of view | author=English Bharatpedia | date=25 January 2007 | access-date=30 January 2007 | archive-date=3 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140710/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=103033132 | url-status=live }}</ref> navigation templates,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Template&oldid=520481 | title=Help:Template | author=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki | date=29 January 2007 | access-date=30 January 2007 | archive-date=3 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140711/https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Template&oldid=520481 | url-status=live }}</ref> the sorting of short "stub" articles into sub-categories,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting&oldid=101829026 | title=WikiProject Stub sorting | author=English Bharatpedia | date=19 January 2007 | access-date=30 January 2007 | archive-date=3 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140713/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting&oldid=101829026 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[dispute resolution]] mechanisms such as [[mediation]] and [[arbitration]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Resolving_disputes&oldid=103577785 | title=Resolving disputes | author=English Bharatpedia | date=27 January 2007 | access-date=30 January 2007 | archive-date=3 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140713/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Resolving_disputes&oldid=103577785 | url-status=live }}</ref> and weekly collaborations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Article_Creation_and_Improvement_Drive&oldid=104243512|title=Article Creation and Improvement Drive|author=English Bharatpedia|date=30 January 2007|access-date=30 January 2007|archive-date=3 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103140714/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Article_Creation_and_Improvement_Drive&oldid=104243512|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Bharatpedians ==
{{Main|Bharatpedian}}

[[File:Most popular edition of Bharatpedia by country.svg|thumb|The countries in which the English Bharatpedia is the most popular language version of Bharatpedia are shown in red.]]
[[File:Editors English Bharatpedia History.png|thumb|right|Number of volunteer editors on the English Bharatpedia over time]]
[[File:Edits to English Bharatpedia by country January 2022.png|thumb|right|Edits to English Bharatpedia by country as of January 2022]]
[[File:Bharatpedia page views by language over time.png|thumb|The English Bharatpedia (marked blue in the graph) is the most-read version of Bharatpedia, accounting for 48% of the website's global traffic as of 2021.]]
[[File:Bharatpedia editors by language over time.png|thumb|right|The English Bharatpedia has consistently been the most edited Bharatpedia language version.]]

The English Bharatpedia reached 4,000,000 registered user accounts on 1 April 2007,<ref name="4,564,000">[[Bharatpedia:Bharatpedia Signpost/2007-04-02/News and notes]]. Retrieved 20 April 2007</ref> over a year since the millionth [[Bharatpedian]] registered an account in February 2006.<ref name="1,000,000">[[Bharatpedia:Bharatpedia Signpost/2006-02-27/News and notes]]. Retrieved 20 April 2007</ref>

Over 1,100,000 volunteer editors have edited Bharatpedia more than 10 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesBharatpediaEN.htm#Bharatpedians |title=Bharatpedia Statistics – Tables – English |publisher=Stats.wikimedia.org |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802202637/http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesBharatpediaEN.htm#Bharatpedians |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 30,000 editors perform more than 5 edits per month, and over 3,000 perform more than 100 edits per month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesBharatpediaEN.htm#activitylevels |title=Bharatpedia Statistics – Tables – English |publisher=Stats.wikimedia.org |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802202637/http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesBharatpediaEN.htm#activitylevels |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 March 2014, ''[[The Economist]]'', in an article titled "The Future of Bharatpedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<ref name="economist1">{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks |title = The future of Bharatpedia: WikiPeaks? |newspaper = The Economist |date = 1 March 2014 |access-date = 11 March 2014 |archive-date = 8 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408202455/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks |url-status = live }}</ref> The attrition rate for active editors in English Bharatpedia was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Bharatpedia in other languages (non-English Bharatpedia). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Bharatpedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Bharatpedia, by "sharp" comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.

The trend analysis published in ''The Economist'' presents Bharatpedia in other languages (non-English Bharatpedia) as successful in retaining their active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000.<ref name="economist1" />

The English Bharatpedia has the [[Arbitration Committee (Bharatpedia)|Arbitration Committee]] (also known as ArbCom) that consists of a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia.<ref name="AU">{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/democracy-for-knowalls/2006/11/30/1164777721624.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title=Know-alls |access-date=15 June 2009 |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |author-link=Stacy Schiff |date=2 December 2006 |work=[[The Age]] |location=Australia |publisher=Fairfax Digital Network |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421063529/http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/democracy-for-knowalls/2006/11/30/1164777721624.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was created by Jimmy Wales on 4 December 2003 as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site.<ref name="Wales1">{{cite web |url=http://markmail.org/message/komcldyapats43xj#query:+page:1+mid:komcldyapats43xj+state:results |title=WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments |access-date=9 June 2009 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=4 December 2003 |work=Bharatpedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917170533/https://markmail.org/message/komcldyapats43xj#query:+page:1+mid:komcldyapats43xj+state:results |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SSRN">{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |journal=[[Emory Law Journal]]|year=2010|first=David A.|last=Hoffman|author2=Salil Mehra |volume=59|issue=2010|ssrn=1354424}}</ref> When it was founded, the committee consisted of 12 [[arbitrators]] divided into three groups of four members each.<ref name="Wales1"/><ref name="Fortune">{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |title=Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams |access-date=15 June 2009 |last=Hyatt |first=Josh |date=1 June 2006 |work=Fortune |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413085723/http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, for English Bharatpedia, Americans accounted for about 40% of active editors, followed by British and Indian editors accounting for about 10% of each, and Canadian and Australian at about 5%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.Bharatpedia.org/contributing/active-editors-by-country/normal%7Cmap%7Clast-month%7C(activity-level)~100..-edits%7Cmonthly|access-date=2022-01-28|website=stats.wikimedia.org|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.Bharatpedia.org/contributing/active-editors-by-country/normal%7Cmap%7Clast-month%7C(activity-level)~100..-edits%7Cmonthly|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
[[File:Klee-Irwin.gif|thumb|upright=1.35|Two radically different versions of the Bharatpedia biography Klee Irwin (now deleted)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharatpedia: Articles for deletion/Klee Irwin (3rd nomination)|url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Articles_for_deletion/Klee_Irwin_(3rd_nomination)|website=Bharatpedia |language=en|date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> presented to the public within days of each other: Bharatpedia's susceptibility to edit wars and bias is an issue often raised by the project's critics.]]

The free online [[encyclopedia]] [[Bharatpedia]] has been criticized since its creation in 2001. Most of the criticism has been directed toward its content, community of [[Bharatpedia community|established volunteer users]], process, and rules. Critics have questioned its [[Reliability of Bharatpedia|factual reliability]], the readability and organization of its articles, the lack of methodical [[fact-checking]], and its [[political bias]].

Concerns have also been raised about [[Systemic bias of Bharatpedia|systemic]] bias along [[Gender bias in Bharatpedia|gender]], [[Racial bias in Bharatpedia|racial]], [[Ideological bias on Bharatpedia|political]], corporate, institutional, and national lines. Conflicts of interest arising from corporate campaigns to influence content have also been highlighted. Further concerns include the vandalism and partisanship facilitated by anonymous editing, [[clique]] behavior (from contributors as well as [[Bharatpedia administrators|administrator]]s and other top figures), [[social stratification]] between a guardian class and newer users, excessive rule-making, edit warring, and uneven policy application.

== Controversies ==
{{See also|Essjay controversy|Bharatpedia Seigenthaler biography incident}}{{Criticism section|date=July 2023}}

=== English varieties ===
A notable discussion within the English Bharatpedia community concerns the preference for [[List of dialects of the English language|national variety]] of the English language, particularly [[American English]] and [[British English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Manual_of_Style_%28spelling%29|title=Bharatpedia:Manual of Style (spelling)|author=English Bharatpedia|access-date=25 February 2006|archive-date=15 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215000000/http://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Manual_of_Style_(spelling)|url-status=live}}</ref> Various suggestions have been made, ranging from standardizing a single form of English to creating separate versions of the English Bharatpedia project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Are English Bharatpedia articles written in British English (BrE) or American English (AmE)? |url=https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/588699/are-english-Bharatpedia-articles-written-in-british-english-bre-or-american-engl |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=English Language & Usage Stack Exchange |language=en}}</ref> According to a style guideline, "the English Bharatpedia has no general preference for a major national variety of the language" and "an article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English|title=Bharatpedia:Manual of Style|author=English Bharatpedia|access-date=10 October 2007|archive-date=25 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192618/http://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Disputed articles ===
A 2013 study from [[Oxford University]] found that the most disputed articles on the English Bharatpedia tend to address broader, global issues. In contrast, articles on other languages' Bharatpedias often focus on regional issues. This pattern is attributed to the status of English as a global ''[[lingua franca]]'', leading to contributions from many editors for whom [[English as a second language|English is a second language]]. The study identified the most disputed entries on the English Bharatpedia as [[George W. Bush]], [[anarchism]], [[Muhammad]], [[list of WWE personnel]], [[global warming]], [[circumcision]], [[United States]], [[Jesus]], [[race and intelligence]], and [[Christianity]].<ref name=Gross>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/24/tech/web/controversial-Bharatpedia-pages/index.html?hpt=hp_t5 |title=Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Bharatpedia pages |newspaper=[[CNN]] |access-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412001130/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/24/tech/web/controversial-Bharatpedia-pages/index.html?hpt=hp_t5 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |date=24 July 2013 |last=Gross |first=Doug}}</ref>

Research published in 2024 determined that several groups of connected accounts had coordinated to promote [[State propaganda in the Russian Federation|Russian propaganda]] narratives and [[Mass media in Russia|state-controlled media]] sources in articles, related to [[Russia–Ukraine relations|Russian-Ukrainian relations]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russia's war with Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Identifying Sock-Puppets on Bharatpedia: A Semantic Clustering Approach |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/identifying-sock-puppets-on-Bharatpedia-a-semantic-clustering-approach/ |first1=Nestor |last1=Prieto Chavana |first2=Chris |last2=Inskip |first3=Carl |last3=Miller |first4=David |last4=Weir |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=ISD |language=en-GB}}{{check source|date=February 2026}}</ref>

=== Threats against high schools ===
There have been reports of threats of violence against high schools made on Bharatpedia.<ref name="LATimes">{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-29-me-Bharatpedia29-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Molly | last=Hennessy-Fiske | title=Bharatpedia threats went unchecked – Los Angeles Times | date=29 April 2008 | access-date=6 July 2011 | archive-date=11 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023515/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/29/local/me-Bharatpedia29 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ABCLocal">{{cite web |url=https://abc7.com/archive/6087243/ |title=Hacienda Heights school receives possible threat |website=abc7.com |publisher=Abclocal.go.com |date=18 April 2008 |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724192822/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=6087243 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LATimes2">{{cite news |title=Student arrested for violent threats on Bharatpedia |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/04/wiki.html?cid=6a00d8341c630a53ef011571abd811970b |work=Los Angeles Times |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184610/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/04/wiki.html?cid=6a00d8341c630a53ef011571abd811970b |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, a 14-year-old was arrested for making a threat against [[Niles West High School]] on Bharatpedia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/article_baef01f3-e56f-52e1-b9af-e90eb83e811b.html|title=Teen charged after threat to school on Bharatpedia|date=31 October 2006|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Pantagraph.com|access-date=26 January 2011|location=Bloomington, IL|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622053546/http://www.pantagraph.com/news/article_baef01f3-e56f-52e1-b9af-e90eb83e811b.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, [[Glen A. Wilson High School]] was the subject of such a threat.<ref name="LATimes" /><ref name="ABCLocal" /><ref name="LATimes2" />

== WikiProjects and assessment ==
{{Main|WikiProject}}

{{redirect|Good articles on Bharatpedia|the Bharatpedia project page|Bharatpedia:Good articles|selfref=true}}
A "[[WikiProject]]" is a [[social group|group]] of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Bharatpedia. These groups may focus on a specific topic area (for example, [[women's history]]), a specific location or a specific kind of task (for example, checking newly created pages). As of August 2022, the English Bharatpedia had over 2,000 WikiProjects, for which activity varied.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:WikiProject | title=Bharatpedia: Wikiprojects | access-date=16 March 2015 | archive-date=19 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319083854/http://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:WikiProject | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English Bharatpedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles.<ref name="WP 1.0 editorial team 1">{{cite web|url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment|title=Bharatpedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment|access-date=28 October 2007|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420190903/https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment|url-status=live}}</ref> Articles are rated by WikiProjects. The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the quality classes: either "good article", "A" or the highest, "featured article". Of the about 6.5 million articles and lists assessed as of April 2022, more than 6,000 (0.09%) are featured articles, and fewer than 4,000 (0.06%) are featured lists. One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the [[main page]] of Bharatpedia.<ref name="FMonday feat article patterns 1">{{cite journal|url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2365/2182|title=Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Bharatpedia|journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]|access-date=13 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506003339/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2365/2182|archive-date=6 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IBM feat articles hidden pattern 1">{{cite journal|author1=Fernanda B. Viégas|author2=Martin Wattenberg|author3=Matthew M. McKeon|date=22 July 2007|title=The Hidden Order of Bharatpedia|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/hidden_order_Bharatpedia.pdf|website=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031052814/http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/hidden_order_Bharatpedia.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2007|access-date=30 October 2007}}</ref>

Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors.<ref name="Poderi Giacomo feat articles 1">Poderi, Giacomo, ''Bharatpedia and the Featured Articles: How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles'', Master thesis, [[University of Maastricht]], October 2008.</ref> A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles.<ref name="FMonday WP quality control 1">{{cite journal|url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2721/2482|title=Evaluating quality control of Bharatpedia's featured articles|first=David|last=Lindsey|journal=First Monday|volume=15|issue=4|date=5 April 2010|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124044443/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2721/2482|archive-date=24 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Internal news publications ==
[[File:BharatpediaSignpostIcon.svg|alt=|''The Signpost'' icon, showing a styled 'S'|thumb|upright=0.5]]
Community-produced news publications include ''[[The Signpost]]''.<ref name=AyersMatthews2008>{{cite book|author1=Phoebe Ayers|author2=Charles Matthews|author3=Ben Yates|title=How Bharatpedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHdi1CEPLb4C&pg=PA345|year=2008|publisher=No Starch Press|isbn=978-1-59327-176-3|pages=345–|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010091112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHdi1CEPLb4C&pg=PA345|url-status=live}}</ref> Other community news publications include the "[[WikiWorld]]" web comic, the [[BP:Bharatpedia Weekly|''Bharatpedia Weekly'']] podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like [[Bharatpedia:BUGLE|''The Bugle'']] from [[BP:Milhist|WikiProject Military History]] and the monthly newsletter from [[BP:GOCE|The Guild of Copy Editors]]. There are a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the [[wmfblog:|Wikimedia Blog]] and ''[[:outreach:This Month in Education|This Month in Education]]''.

== See also ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 550
| image1 = Bharatpedia page views by language.webp
| caption1 = Bharatpedia page views by language
| image2 = Bharatpedia page views by device type.webp
| caption2 = Bharatpedia page views by platform
}}
* [[English Bharatpedia blackout]]
* [[Deletionpedia]]

{{Clr}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHdi1CEPLb4C&pg=PA345|title=How Bharatpedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it|last1=Ayers|first1=Phoebe|last2=Matthews|first2=Charles|last3=Yates|first3=Ben|publisher=No Starch Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59327-176-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howBharatpediawork00ayer_0/page/345 345–362]|chapter=12. Community and Communication §§ Communicating with Other Editors|ref={{sfnref|AyersMatthews|2008}}|url=https://archive.org/details/howBharatpediawork00ayer_0/page/345}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=David A.|last2=Mehra|first2=Salil|year=2010|title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder|journal=[[Emory Law Journal]]|volume=59|issue=2010}}
*{{Cite magazine |last=Hyatt |first=Josh |title=Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |magazine=Fortune |date=1 June 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715040145/http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |archive-date=15 July 2012}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Bharatpedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia|last=Lih|first=Andrew|publisher=Hyperion|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6|edition=First|location=New York City|author-link=Andrew Lih|url=https://archive.org/details/Bharatpediarevolut00liha}} (alkaline paper).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}
* [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/English_Bharatpedia English Bharatpedia] on [[Meta-Wiki]]

{{Bharatpedia}}
{{Bharatpedias}}
{{Bharatpedias in Germanic languages}}

[[Category:English Bharatpedia| ]]
[[Category:Bharatpedias in Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias in English|Bharatpedia]]
[[Category:Global culture]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

R. H. Richharia

2026-03-08T05:20:47Z

Kamdhenupaints: started new stub

{{short description|Indian agronomist}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = R. H. Richharia
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1909
| birth_place = Nandanwara, [[Hoshangabad district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 1996
| death_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| fields = [[Agronomy]], [[Botany]]
| workplaces = [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI), Indira Gandhi Agricultural University (IGAU)
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]]
| known_for = Conservation of indigenous [[rice varieties]]
| awards =
}}
'''Radhelal Harelal Richharia''' (1909–1996) was an Indian [[Agriculturist|agronomist]] and rice scientist renowned for his extensive work in conserving indigenous rice varieties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basile |first=Elisabetta |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Changing_Identity_of_Rural_India/JAFNHBLv5PgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rh+richharia&pg=PA271&printsec=frontcover |title=The Changing Identity of Rural India: A Socio-historic Analysis |last2=Mukhopadhyay |first2=Ishita |date=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-81-907570-2-7 |pages=271–273 |language=en}}</ref> He played a pivotal role in documenting and preserving India's rich rice biodiversity, amassing a collection of approximately 19,000 [[List of rice cultivars|rice varieties]] during his career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Richharia's story – Crushed, but not defeated - Satavic Farms |url=https://satavic.org/dr-richharias-story-crushed-but-not-defeated/ |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=Top Rice Scientist Dr. Richharia Who Sacrificed Much to Protect Interests of Farmers |url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/02/top-rice-scientist-dr-richharia-who-sacrificed-much-to-protect-interests-of-farmers/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Countercurrents |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Richharia was born in 1909 in Nandanwara village, [[Hoshangabad district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Influenced by his father's interest in gardening, he developed an early fascination with plants. He pursued higher education in [[Botany]], completing his [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] from [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.H. Richharia Is the Unsung Hero of Indian Agriculture |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/agriculture/r-h-richharia-is-the-unsung-hero-of-indian-agriculture |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1959, Richharia was appointed as the director of the [[National Rice Research Institute|Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI) in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], a position he held until 1966. During his tenure, he emphasized the importance of indigenous rice varieties and initiated extensive collection and conservation efforts.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Rice Research Institute |date=2025-04-26 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rice_Research_Institute |access-date=2025-05-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the web page of Dr. Sanjoy Kumar Pal, India |url=http://sanjoypal.com/meetimpperson.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=sanjoypal.com}}</ref>

Later, he served as the director of the [[National Rice Research Institute|Madhya Pradesh Rice Research Institute]] (MPRRI) in [[Raipur]] (present–day [[Chhattisgarh]]), where he continued his work on rice biodiversity. His efforts led to the establishment of a comprehensive rice germplasm collection, which became a valuable resource for future research and breeding programs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=17 October 2014 |title=Dr RH Richharia laboratory inauguration at IGAU today |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/dr-rh-richharia-laboratory-inauguration-at-igau-today.html |work=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R.H. Richharia Is the Unsung Hero of Indian Agriculture |url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/r-h-richharia-is-the-unsung-hero-of-indian-agriculture?mid_related_new |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

From 1978 to 1991, Richharia continued his scientific work from his residence and a small farm near [[Bhopal]], despite lacking institutional support. He faced considerable adversity, including personal loss and systemic pushback due to his opposition to the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and promotion of indigenous agricultural practices.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |title=The life and work of Dr. R.H. Richharia by Bharat Dogra |url=https://ia800400.us.archive.org/7/items/LifeworkRichharia/life&work%20richharia.pdf |journal=Bharat Dogra}}</ref>

In 1984, he was affected by the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal gas tragedy]], and later that year, he suffered a heart attack, the aftereffects of which impacted him for the remainder of his life. Despite these setbacks, Richharia remained dedicated to his mission. He was supported by his daughter and family, who helped him maintain his work.<ref name=":2" />

He engaged in the compilation of a large-scale encyclopedia of rice germplasm from Madhya Pradesh, cataloguing over 20,000 rice cultivars. He also prepared a Botanical Dictionary of Useful Plants of India, with work on it beginning in 1946–47 and accumulating over 8,000 entries including botanical names, family names, local names, and other data.<ref name=":2" />

== Contributions ==
Richharia's most notable contribution was his dedication to preserving traditional rice varieties. He believed that these varieties possessed unique traits such as pest resistance, adaptability to local conditions, and nutritional value. His collection of 19,000 rice varieties is currently housed at the Indira Gandhi Agricultural University (IGAU) in [[Raipur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richharia |first=R. H. |date=May 1962 |title=Clonal Propagation as a Practical Means of Exploiting Hybrid Vigour in Rice |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/194598a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=194 |issue=4828 |pages=598 |doi=10.1038/194598a0 |bibcode=1962Natur.194..598R |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

In addition to his conservation efforts, Richharia authored several publications advocating for sustainable agriculture and the protection of farmers' rights. His work emphasized the significance of indigenous knowledge and the need to safeguard genetic diversity in crops.

== Legacy ==
Despite facing challenges and opposition, Richharia's work laid the foundation for future research in rice biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. In recognition of his contributions, the Dr. R.H. Richharia Research Laboratory was inaugurated at IGAU in 2014.<ref name=":1" />

== Selected publications ==
* ''Rice in Abundance for All Times Through Rice Clones: A Possible One-grain Rice Revolution'' – R.H. Richharia

== Further reading ==
* Dogra, Bharat. ''The Life and Work of Dr. R.H. Richharia''. B. Dogra, 1991.

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXuElTw6Uks Dr R H Richharia, the Unsung Hero of Indian Agriculture – YouTube]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richharia, R.H.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:Indian botanists]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:20th-century agronomists]]

Sassoon family

2026-03-07T03:28:10Z

Kamdhenupaints: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Baghdadi Jewish wealthy family}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox family
|name = Sassoon
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_names =
|type = [[Family]]
|coat_of_arms = 
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption = 
|image = The bund shanghai 1.jpg
|image_size = 250
|alt2 =
|image_caption = [[Peace Hotel|Sassoon House]], [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
|parent_family = 
|country = 
|region = Asia; United Kingdom
|early_forms =
|etymology = [[Sasson]] {{nowrap|({{langx|he|שָׂשׂוֹן||joy}} or 'gladness')}}
|origin = {{bulleted list|[[Aleppo]], [[Syria]]|[[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]}}
|founded = 
|founder = Sassoon ben Salih
|current_head = [[James Sassoon, Baron Sassoon]]
|final_ruler = 
|final_head = 
|seat = 
|historic_seat = 
|titles = [[Sassoon baronets]]
|styles = 
|members = {{ubl|[[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David]] {{small|(1792–1864)}}|Joseph {{small|(1795–1872)}}|{{nowrap|[[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon|Sir Albert David]], {{small|1st Baronet}} {{small|(1818–1896)}}}}|[[Elias David Sassoon|Elias David]] {{small|(1820–1880)}}|[[Sassoon David Sassoon]] {{small|(1832–1867)}}|[[Reuben Sassoon|Reuben]] {{small|(1835–1905)}}|[[Arthur Sassoon|Arthur Abraham David]] {{small|(1840–1912)}}|[[Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894)|Solomon David Sassoon]] {{small|(1841–1894)}}|{{nowrap|[[Sassoon David|Sir Sassoon David]], {{small|1st Baronet}} {{small|(1849–1926)}}}}|[[Frederick David Sassoon|Frederick]] {{small|(1853–1917)}}|[[Edward Shellim]] {{small|({{circa|1869}}–1928)}}|[[Edward Albert Sassoon|Sir Edward Albert]], {{small|2nd Baronet}} {{small|(1856–1912)}}|[[Rachel Beer]] {{small|(1858–1927)}}|[[Alfred Ezra]] {{small|(1872–1955)}}|[[Rachel Sassoon Ezra|Lady Rachel Ezra]] {{small|(1877–1952)}}|[[David Solomon Sassoon|David Solomon]] {{small|(1880–1942)}}|[[Victor Sassoon|Sir Victor]], {{small|3rd Baronet}} {{small|(1881–1961)}}|[[Siegfried Sassoon|Captain Siegfried]] {{small|(1886–1967)}}|{{nowrap|[[Philip Sassoon|Sir Philip]], {{small|3rd Baronet}} {{small|(1888–1939)}}}}|{{nowrap|[[Percival David|Sir Percival David]], {{small|2nd Baronet}} {{small|(1892–1964)}}}}|[[Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley|Sybil Rachel Betty Cecile]] {{small|(1894–1989)}}|{{nowrap|[[Solomon David Sassoon|Rabbi Solomon David]] {{small|(1915–1985)}}}}|[[George Sassoon|George]] {{small|(1936–2006)}}|[[Isaac S.D. Sassoon|Rabbi Isaac S.D.]] {{small|(1946– )}}||[[James Sassoon, Baron Sassoon|Baron James]] {{small|(1955– )}}|[[Adrian Sassoon|Adrian]] {{small|(1961– )}}|[[Kathryn Harrison]] {{small|(1961– )}} }}
|connected_members = {{ubl|[[Cavendish Boyle|Sir Cavendish Boyle]] {{small|(1849–1916)}}|[[Theresa Thornycroft]] {{small|(1853–1947)}}|[[Flora Sassoon|Flora (Farha) Gubbay]] {{small|(1859–1936)}}|[[Aline Caroline de Rothschild]] {{small|(1867–1909)}}|{{nowrap|[[Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley|Hugh, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley]] {{small|(1919–1990)}}}}|{{nowrap|[[David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley|David, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley]] {{small|(1960– )}}}}}}
|other_families = {{ubl|[[Rothschild family]]|[[Thornycroft family]]}}

|distinctions = 
|traditions = [[Judaism]]
|motto = 
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms = 
|estate = 
|properties =
|dissolution = 
|deposition = 
|cadet_branches = 
|website = 
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Sassoon family''' were a wealthy [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi]] [[Jews|Jewish]] dynasty, associated with finance, banking, capital markets, the exploration of oil and gas, [[Judaism]], [[British Conservative Party|Conservative politics]], opium trading and philanthropy. Their principal vehicles, Sassoon & Co. and J. Sassoon Financial Group LLC, are domiciled in Europe, Asia and North America.

The family was known as "the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]] of the East" due to the immense wealth they accumulated in Asia.<ref name=jewcy/> The family's businesses in [[China]], [[India]], and [[Hong Kong]] especially, were built to capitalise on the [[opium trade]]. As more family members gravitated toward London, they became prominent in [[England]] and were ennobled by [[Queen Victoria]].

Although most biographical data about the Sassoons lists [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]], as their place of origins, [[Daniel Gross (journalist)|Daniel Gross]], an American journalist, has written that the Sassoon family has their origins in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Edmond J. Safra: A biography on the Sephardi Jewish legend - review |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/article-720753 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> They later moved to [[Mumbai]] in [[India]], and then emigrated to [[China]], [[England]], and other countries. From the 18th century, the Sassoons were one of the wealthiest families in the world, with a corporate empire spanning Asia.<ref name="SiegfriedSassoon">{{cite book |title=Siegfried Sassoon: A Biography |author=Egremont, Max |author-link=Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont |publisher= |location=London |year=2005 |isbn= |pages= }}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
[[File:David Sassoon and sons.jpg|thumb|right|[[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]] (seated) and his sons [[Elias David Sassoon|Elias David]], [[Albert Abdallah David Sassoon|Albert (Abdallah)]] & [[Sassoon David Sassoon|Sassoon David]]]]
[[File:Sassoon docks2.jpg|thumb|right|230px|The [[Sassoon Docks]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]]]
The Hebrew word [[sasson]] ({{langx|he|שָׂשׂוֹן}}) literally means "joy" or "gladness." The name of the family strongly implies a local, [[Mesopotamian]] origin. The family name of Sassoon is also commonly shared by many [[Kurds|Kurdish]] families and tribes who all originate from the mountainous district of [[Sason]] (whence the family and tribal names), west of [[Lake Van]], in upper Mesopotamia in modern [[Turkey]]. It is, however, possible that some Spanish [[Sephardi]] blood was mixed with the primarily Mesopotamian Jewish Sasoons.

==Origins==
Sassoon ben Salih (1750–1830) and his family were the chief treasurers to the [[pashas]] of [[Baghdad]] and Southern Iraq. His sons [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David]] (1792–1864) and Joseph Sassoon (1795–1872) fled from a new and unfriendly [[wāli]], [[Dawud Pasha of Baghdad|Dawud Pasha]].

An important Jewish banker named Sassoon was hanged by the [[Ottoman Turks]] at the conclusion of the [[Siege of Kut]] al Amarah in April 1916. He may have been a member of David's branch of the family or of Joseph Sassoon's branch (see below).<ref>{{cite book |author=Spackman, Tony |title=Captured at Kut |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=Barnsley, England |year=2009 |isbn=9781844158737 |page= }}</ref>

==David S. Sassoon==
[[File:David Sassoon tomb.jpg|thumb|Tomb of David Sassoon, [[Pune]], India]]
{{also|David Sassoon & Co.}}
In 1828 [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David]] first went to the Persian Gulf port of [[Bushehr]] and in 1832 to [[Bombay]], [[India]], with his large family. Over 39 years, with two wives, he fathered 14 children.<ref name=Philpot>{{cite news |author=Philpot, Robert |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-opium-fueled-sassoon-dynasty-the-rothschilds-of-the-east/ |title=The rise and fall of the opium-fueled Sassoon dynasty, the 'Rothschilds of the East' |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=26 October 2024 }}</ref> In Bombay, he built the international business called David S. Sassoon, with the policy of staffing it with people brought from Baghdad. They filled the functions of the various branches of his business in India, [[Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], and east Asia. He cemented the family's dominant position in the Sino-Indian [[opium trade]]. {{crossreference|(See [[First Opium War]].)}} The family's businesses in China, and Hong Kong especially, were built to capitalise on the opium business.<ref name="jewcy">{{Cite web |title=Sassoon |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13218-sassoon |website=Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906}}</ref> His business extended to China, where Sassoon House (now the north wing of the [[Peace Hotel]]) on [[the Bund (Shanghai)|the Bund]] in [[Shanghai]] became a noted landmark, and then to England. In each branch, he maintained a [[rabbi]]. His philanthropy across Asia included the building of schools, orphanages, hospitals, and museums. On his death, tributes to him were made from across the continent by [[Muslim]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Parsee]]s, [[Jew]]s, and [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="SiegfriedSassoon" />

=== Children of David ===
Sassoon's eight sons also branched out in many directions. The Sassoon family was heavily involved in the shipping and the [[opium trade]] in China and India.

; Elias David Sassoon
{{also|E. D. Sassoon & Co.}}
[[Elias David Sassoon|Elias David]] (1820–1880), his son by his first wife, had been the first of the sons to go to China, in 1844. He later returned to Bombay, before leaving the firm to establish [[E.D. Sassoon & Co.]] in 1867, with offices in Bombay and Shanghai.

; Albert Abdullah David Sassoon
[[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon|Albert Abdullah David]] (1818–1896) took on the running of the firm on his father's death, and notably constructed the [[Sassoon Docks]], the first [[wet dock]] built in western India. With two of his brothers he later became prominent in England, and the family were friends of the Prince of Wales, later King [[Edward VII]].

; Rachel Sassoon Beer

One daughter of the family, [[Rachel Beer|Rachel Sassoon Beer]], joined her husband in running a number of British newspapers, including ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' (1893–1904) and ''[[The Observer]]'', which she also edited.

=== Grandchildren and subsequent heirs of David ===
;Sir Edward Albert Sassoon
[[File:Sir Philip Sassoon, 1923, Oil on canvas.jpg|thumb|[[Sir Philip Sassoon]], [[John Singer Sargent]], 1923]]
[[File:Siegfried Sassoon by Glyn Warren Philpot 1917.jpeg|thumb|Portrait of [[Siegfried Sassoon]] by [[Glyn Warren Philpot]], 1917. [[Fitzwilliam Museum]]]]
Sir [[Edward Albert Sassoon|Edward Albert]] (1856–1912), the son of Albert, married [[Aline Caroline de Rothschild]], settled in England, and was a [[British Conservative Party|Conservative]] member of Parliament from 1899 until his death. The seat was then inherited by his son Sir [[Philip Sassoon]] (1888–1939) from 1912 until his death. Philip served in the [[World War I|First World War]] as military secretary to Field Marshal Sir [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]] and, during the 1920s and 1930s, as Britain's undersecretary of state for air. The twentieth-century English poet, one of the best known [[War poet#Britain|World War I poets]], [[Siegfried Sassoon]] (1886–1967) was David's great-grandson.<ref>{{cite web |author=Weil, S. |year=2022 |url=https://www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk/issues/clare-hall-review-2022 |title=Siegfried Sassoon and the Sassoons |work=Clare Hall Review |pages=52–3 |access-date= }}</ref>

;James Sassoon, Baron Sassoon
James Sassoon, Baron Sassoon, born as [[James Sassoon, Baron Sassoon|James Meyer]], is a British banker and former Treasury's commercial secretary. James was mentioned in the [[Paradise Papers]] as one of the beneficiaries of a tax-exempt Cayman Island trust fund worth $236 million in 2007 and defended it as being of non-UK origin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=James Meyer Sassoon |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/james-meyer-sassoon |access-date=5 November 2017 |publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]}}</ref>

;David Solomon Sassoon
[[David Solomon Sassoon|David Solomon]] (1880–1942) collected Jewish books and manuscripts and catalogued them in two volumes. The bulk of this collection is stored at the [[British Library]] in London, England. Some examples of this collection are maintained at the [[University of Toronto Library]] in Toronto, Canada.{{Citation needed|reason=Relevance?|date=May 2019}} The son of David Solomon and Flora Abraham, [[Solomon David Sassoon|Rabbi Solomon David]] (1915–1985), carried the family's rabbinical tradition and moved from [[Letchworth]] to [[London]] and then to [[Jerusalem]] in 1970. Flora Abraham had moved from India to England in 1901 and established a famous [[salon (gathering)|salon]] in her London home. Rabbi Solomon Sassoon had two sons, [[Isaac S. D. Sassoon]] and David Solomon Sassoon, who are both rabbis.

==Joseph Sassoon==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
Joseph Sassoon first went to [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]] and later to Aleppo, Syria, where he established a merchant house and later his business interests spread to [[Alexandria]], [[Cairo]], [[Morocco]] and [[Italy]] which included a shipping company and a money exchange house. His five sons branched out in many directions.

=== Children of Joseph ===
; Moses Sassoon
Moses Sassoon (1828–1909) returned to Baghdad in 1852 before moving to Egypt where he built the financial house Joseph Sassoon & Sons, which later expanded and became an agent for Crédit Foncier in Egypt.

=== Grandchildren of Joseph and heirs ===
In 1871 Moses' son, Jacob (1850–1936), was one of the largest cotton plantation owners in Egypt, and owned cotton mills.

His older brother, Ruben (1840–1917), made a fortune exporting Egyptian cotton during the American civil war to England making him at the time Egypt's largest cotton exporter. In 1927, with Misr Bank and other Egyptian businessmen, Jacob founded the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company ({{langx|ar|شركة مصر للغزل والنسيج}}), also known as Misr Helwan or the El-Ghazl factory owning 61% of the company's shares. Jacob also founded Egypt's Crédit Foncier with Joseph Vita Mosseri.

Jacob's son, Nissim Joseph (1910–1988), was an [[architect]] who designed the Assicurazioni Generali di Trieste Building. Nissim Joseph was also a real estate investor and developer, who foresaw the unparalleled growth of Cairo and the lucrative effect such expansion would have on land values. It is not surprising, that many of the properties he invested in were located at the nexus of the elegant European quarter of Ismailia or in the choicest parts of Kasr al-Dubara, and later, in Garden City, Zamalek, and Giza.

====Eliau (Elias) Nissim Joseph Sassoon====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
The son of Nissim and Messouda Sassoon (born Shamash) (1912–1992)<ref>{{cite web |author=Sassoon, David |url=https://www.myheritage.com/site-family-tree-372295561/sassoon-family#!profile-1500009-info |title=Messouda Sassoon (born Shamash) |work=MyHeritage.com |date=n.d. |access-date=25 October 2024 |url-access=registration }}</ref> was Eliau (Elias) Nissim Joseph Sassoon (1926–2010), ({{langx|he|אליהו נסים אליאו יוסף ששון}}),<ref>{{cite web |author=Sassoon, David |url=https://www.myheritage.com/site-family-tree-372295561/sassoon-family#!profile-1500007-info |title=Eliau (Elias) Nissim Joseph Sassoon |work=MyHeritage.com |date=n.d. |access-date=25 October 2024 |url-access=registration }}</ref> always called Elias. He was born in Aleppo, Syria and went on to become the most influential and wealthiest descendant of Joseph. In 1940, Elias commenced his education at [[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]], a prestigious boarding school in [[Alexandria]] and joined his family's business in 1946 where he worked for the family's firm in [[Alexandria]].

Among the many holdings the family had at the time were interests in [[Burmah Oil]], [[Iraq Petroleum Company|Turkish Petroleum Company]] and the [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company|Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]], a textile factory, a large cotton export business and interests in both the General Company of Commerce and Industry of Greece (later Attica Enterprises Holding S.A.) and Atlas Maritime.

In 1947 Elias focused his attention on three primary sectors: the newly booming oil exploration industry sweeping the Middle East, shipping and banking. With a £5,000 loan from his father, Elias invested in [[Standard Oil]] adding to his family's existing holdings in the company. That same year he married Hannah Rochel Jacque Sassoon (née de Menasche) (1929–2009), granddaughter of Baron Jacques Bohor Yacoub Levi de Menashe (d.1916).

His great-grandfather, Moses, had been an investor in Socony-[[Vacuum Oil Company]], which later partnered with Standard Oil to provide markets for the oil reserves in the Middle East. In 1906, Socony (later [[Mobil]]) opened its first fuel terminals in Alexandria with financing secured with help from Sassoon. Elias was a devoted [[Zionism|Zionist]] and considered the British anything but friends to the Jewish people because of their blockade in the Mediterranean to refugee vessels carrying Jewish refugees of World War II. Due to systematic [[anti-Semitism]] among the British political establishment, and the UK's policies towards Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, he considered the British government just as culpable as the Nazis to the atrocities committed against world Jewry. Elias provided material aid and funds to help smuggle Jews out of Europe to what would later become Israel. He was aided by Capt. Leo Lemos (1913–1989), of the Lemos Greek shipping family. Elias helped pay for and secure vessels to help smuggle Jewish refugees break the British blockade to Israel. Elias was arrested on several occasions by British CID as a result of violating British Home Office and Mandate policies on Jewish immigration to Palestine.

In 1952 he co-founded [[Banque du Caire]] with his childhood friend Moise Joseph Maurice Cattaui (1925–2009). By then Elias had expanded his family's business to France, Brazil, South Africa and the United States where the family exported cotton to and had maintained trading posts since the 1800s.

The Sassoons believed that [[Mesopotamia]] (now Syria and Iraq) contained substantial reservoirs of oil, thus becoming early investors in the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), the forerunner of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). Elias' great-grandfather, Moses, was among the first to secure the interest of the Imperial German banks and companies, already involved in the building of the Berlin–Baghdad railway, which he played an active role in its financing. This German interest was followed by British interests when Moses' brother, David Solomon, became an agent for the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1911, in an attempt to bring together British and German interests competing in the region, Elias formed a consortium of British investors composed of banks and companies and formed the African and Eastern Concession Ltd.

In 1953 Elias used these networks of interests to expand his family's interests to include mining concessions in Africa. In 1957 the new Egyptian post-revolution government under Nasser nationalized all European particularly British and French companies and banks. The government also began expelling foreigners and Jews from Egypt. Once again, the Jewish communities of the Middle East found themselves facing grave danger, false imprisonment, arbitrary arrests without due process, pogroms, and antisemitic policies forcing the community to abandon their homes, render them stateless, and subject to discriminatory policies, many were forced to leave the country with no more than one suitcase and most had their assets and properties seized by the Revolutionary Council.

The Sassoons were among those whose assets were confiscated, and in 1966 Elias and his wife were taken to the port of Alexandria and expelled from the country. Elias' wife, who was an Egyptian citizen, was declared a non-citizen, and at the Egyptian government's declaration, Elias' Syrian citizenship was revoked. They were given ''[[laissez-passer]]'' (travel documents) and ordered aboard a ship bound for Greece. However, their son Shlomo (Solomon) Elias Sassoon (1948–1985), who was a medical student at the University of Alexandria, was denied an exit visa.

The government accused Elias of using his family's banking network to help smuggle assets belonging to members of the Jewish community out of the country. The government's order alleged: "thus depriving Egyptian treasury of assets accumulated by foreigners and Jews on the backs of the Egyptian people". Although these assets were legally acquired over a century through trade and reinvestments in the country, the government demanded that Elias return his assets held in Europe before his son is allowed to leave the country. After paying what amounted to ransom money, totaling £4 million and the intervention of both the French government and the Greek Royal family, Shlomo joined his family in 1971, with his wife Josephine Celine Esther (née Cattaui) (1949–1994), daughter of Moise Cattaui who was also denied exit visa after her family was expelled from the country in 1966.

Elias established Sassoon Cattaui Investment Holding (later Providence Group), a privately owned family hedge fund with Moise Cattaui in 1961 in Switzerland with assets from the Sassoon Family Trust, which had been formed in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1956. In 1983, the partners moved the company to Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles), the firm operated as a private family investment fund, which is not required to register with the SEC or comply with reporting requirements under the Dodd–Frank reform act. It is said that at the time of the formation of the Fund, the total value of assets under management in 1961 was £25 million.

The Fund invested in commercial real estate in the U.S., Canada, and Europe as well as in precious metals, oil & gas, and securities. The fund also speculated in the currency and energy markets, among its many holdings are: [[BHP]], [[Le Méridien]] hotel company with, [[American Express]], [[General Motors]], [[Wells Fargo]], [[HSBC]], [[Lehman Brothers]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[ConocoPhillips]], [[Fendi]], [[Giorgio Armani]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Midland Bank]], and stockbroking firm Frankel Pollak (which was later sold to [[Sasfin Bank]], a Sassoon family bank based in South Africa). It is rumoured that at the time of Elias Sassoon's death, the Fund, had over {{USD}}100 [[1,000,000,000|billion]] of assets under management, most of which are assets of both the Sassoon and the Cattaui families, currently managed by the Sassoon Family Continuation Trust.

== Legacy ==
Today, Sassoon & Co is the only surviving firm of both branches of the Sassoon dynasty, the firm is a private equity and investment banking firm providing investment management, corporate and trade finance and global advisory services to its clients. The firm maintains a strong focus on the U.S. and Israeli markets, it invests in composite material, oil & gas, financial services, mining, and food security in the U.S., Israel, and Africa. After acquiring the remaining assets of the David Sassoon & Co Ltd before its sale to UBS of Switzerland, the firm changed management and rebranded before moving its headquarters from Switzerland to the United States. The firm is owned today by J. Sassoon Financial Group LLC, which is the business arm of the Sassoon Family Continuation Trust. David Shlomo Sassoon is its non-executive chairman. While keeping true to its trading heritage, the firm is heavily involved in banking and the capital markets, capitalizing on its centuries old brand among other investment houses, private banks, and multinational financial institutions.

==Family tree==
{{Sassoon family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last1=Sassoon |first1=Joseph |title=The Global Merchants: The Enterprise and Extravagance of the Sassoon Dynasty |date=2022 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-241-38864-8}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dangoor.com/74099.html Elkebir Family Tree], showing the ancestry of the Sassoon family back to the 18th century.
* {{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=S&artid=269|article=Sassoon}}
* [https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/the-sassoons "The Sassoons"] Exhibit at the [[Jewish Museum (Manhattan)|Jewish Museum]] in Manhattan from March 3 to August 13, 2023. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/02/arts/design/sassoons-jewish-museum-art-exhibition.html?searchResultPosition=1 Review] in ''The New York Times''. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-sassoons-review-a-jewish-family-in-an-imperial-world-2cfdc04c Review] in ''The Wall Street Journal''.

{{Banking families}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sassoon family| ]]
[[Category:Iraqi families]]
[[Category:Political families of Iraq]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Jewish Chinese history]]
[[Category:Jewish Hong Kong history]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian history]]
[[Category:Jewish Iraqi history]]

S. Sitaraman

2026-03-06T14:12:44Z

Kamdhenupaints: started new info

{{short description|Indian environmentalist (1946-2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Sitaraman
| image = Sitaraman Sankaranarayana Iyer, 2011.png
| birth_name = Sitaraman Sankaranarayana Iyer
| birth_date = {{birth-date|4 May 1946}}
| death_date = {{d-da|9 December 2020|4 May 1946}}
| birth_place = Koovappady, Ernakulam
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]; Sree Sankara College
}}
'''Sitaraman Sankaranarayana Iyer''' (4 May 1946 – 9 December 2020), also known as '''S. Sitaraman''' was an environmentalist and teacher from [[Aluva, Kerala]], India. He has been active in the protection of rivers, water bodies and forests of Kerala. He is best known for his campaign on the protection of river [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] and is the founder of e.g. the All-Kerala River Protection Council. He died on 9 December 2020 aged 74.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kochi|first=Special Correspondent|last2=Correspondent|first2=?special|date=2020-12-09|title=Green activist Sitaraman dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/green-activist-sitaraman-dead/article33290101.ece|access-date=2021-05-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sitaraman was born on 4 May 1946 in Koovappady, Ernakulam district, Kerala. He obtained his undergraduate (BSc) degree in chemistry from Sree Sankara college, Kalady and graduated with MSc degree from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's college]], Cochin, Kerala in 1969.

== Professional life ==
He joined the department of chemistry at Sree Sankara College, Kalady as a lecturer in 1970 and later on became the head of the Department of Chemistry in 1996 and held this position for six years until retirement. Sitaraman then became the head of science and humanities at Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering and Technology (ASIET) from 2001 to 2011.

== Environmental activities ==
His most recognized work is regarding the protection of river [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]]. He led the afforestation programme along the banks of [[Periyar (river)]] at Aluva [[Shivratri]] Manappuram, to prevent the excessive soil erosion at the confluence of its tributary, Mangalapuzha. The project was initiated in 1987<ref>{{cite web|author=Priyadershini S. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/in-a-green-urban-jungle/article4856943.ece |title=In a green urban jungle |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-06-27 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> under Integrated Development of [[Kochi]] scheme with small amount of funding from the Science and Technology Department.

Sitaraman has also extensively studied heavy metal contamination and water quality of [[Periyar (river)]] at several locations along its course and has suggested critical measures to prevent water pollution and [[illegal sand mining]].<ref>{{cite web|author=M.P. Praveen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/special-squads-to-check-sand-mining-filling-of-paddy-fields/article4556877.ece |title=Special squads to check sand mining, filling of paddy fields |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-03-28 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>
He is actively involved in environment awareness programmes in high schools around [[Kochi]] area and is also the chairman of the Western Ghat Protection Council.

== Books ==
Sitaraman has coauthored several books and reports and is also the managing editor of ''Jalatharanagam'' publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/04/16/stories/2002041602660200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130815061922/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/04/16/stories/2002041602660200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-15 |title=Creating waves, for rivers |date=2002-04-16 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>

His books include ''The Periyar Action Plan'' submitted to the Kerala state government in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/24/stories/2002022401710200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041129104357/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/24/stories/2002022401710200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-11-29 |title=A crusader for Periyar |date=2002-02-24 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> and ''Periyar, Keralathinte Jeevanadi'' coauthored with Dr. C. M. Joy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/06/19/stories/2005061900800200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130815061859/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/06/19/stories/2005061900800200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-15 |title=Life Kochi : A journey through the Periyar |date=2005-06-19 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* Down to Earth "Joseph C. John" National Award (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/10/stories/2005021002010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217104903/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/10/stories/2005021002010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-12-17 |title=Metro Plus Kochi / Interview : How GREEN his vision |date=2005-02-10 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>
* Paristhithi Ratna Award (2011)<ref>{{cite web|author=Swami |url=http://kbsekm.blogspot.com/2011/06/green-golden-feather-environment.html |title=Kerala Brahmana Sabha - Ernakulam District: Green Golden Feather Environment Puraskar & Paristhithi Rathna Award for Prof. Dr. S. Sitaraman |publisher=Kbsekm.blogspot.com |date=2011-06-07 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Sitaraman Sankaranarayana}}
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

Dhangar

2026-03-05T02:19:46Z

Kamdhenupaints: add article per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Shepherd caste in India}}
{{About|the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa|the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - [[Oraon people|Dhangad]] (tribe) and [[Kurukh language|Dhangar]] (Kurukh language dialect)||the town in Sagar district, India|Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}

The '''Dhangars''' is a caste or clan whose members are found in the [[India]]n states of [[Maharashtra]], northern [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. They are referred to as '''Gavli Dhangars''' in northern Maharashtra ([[Khandesh |Khandesh region]]) and the forested hill tracts of India's [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982">{{cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=K. C. |date=March 1982 |title=Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India |url=http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/1447/HE-10-1-1982-P107-143.pdf |journal=Human Ecology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1007/BF01531107 |s2cid=154253698}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |via=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra 2001" />{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=47}} There are many distinct [[Gavli]] castes in [[Maharashtra]], and [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is one of them.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=129}}{{sfnp|Enthoven|1990|p=368}}{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}}

==History==

===Etymology===
The word "''Dhangar''" is inscribed in a Buddhist cave in [[Pune district]] of Maharashtra. It is believed that this inscription has its origin between the first and the third century AD. Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the word Dhangar. It may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth". [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] maintains that it is derived from the Sanskrit word ''Dhang'' which means 'hill'.{{sfnp|Shashi|2006|p=183}} Syed Siraj-Ul-Hassan noted that some people of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit "''dhenugar''" ("cattle herder") but dismissed that etymology as being "fictitious".{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} In [[Kannada]], the word ''Danagãra'' means 'cowherd' and is derived from ''Dana'' which means 'cattle'. Dana is the [[tadbhava]] of ''Dhana'', which comes from ''Go-dhana'', meaning 'cattle' in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56 |jstor= 41784634|issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

According to [[Shamba Joshi]], Hatakara-Dhanagara ([[Hatkar]]-Dhangar) is a compound of two words of the same meaning.<ref name="Joshi Ramdas">{{cite journal|last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56|jstor= 41784634| quote=जयदेवी जयदेवी जयवेद माते, हाटक कर्नाटक करुणा कल्लोळी |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

===Subdivisions===

Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a [[division of labour]] amongst brothers of one family. The nation around [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being [[Hatkar]] (shepherd), [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Gavli]] or Dange (cowherd) and [[Khutekar]] (wool and blanket weaver)/Sangar. All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in Early Medieval Maharashtra |first=Ajay |last=Dandekar |journal=Studies in History |date=August 1991 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=301–324 |doi=10.1177/025764309100700207 |s2cid=162355452 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=140}}

===Historical migrations===

The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West [[India]], between 4000 and 10000 BC.<ref name="Malhotra 2001"/> The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and [[Kuruba|Kurmar]] who speak [[Kannada]] were originally from [[Karnataka]] and might have migrated to the present habitats in [[Maharashtra]] at different points of time. Whereas [[Hatkar]], Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or [[Sagar Rajput]]s claim that they have nothing to do with the Dhangars and are descendants from [[Rajputs]] of [[Rajasthan]]. [[Ahirs]] speak "[[Khandeshi|Ahrani]]", also known as [[Gawali Dialect of Melghat|Gavli boli]],<ref>Critical Enquiry Vol.VI Issue IV. Oct.- Dec. 2014</ref> a mixed dialect of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and are closely related to the Ladshe and Dange who have supposedly come from [[Gujarat]]. On the other hand, [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Nikhar and [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Dhangar, having migrated from [[North India]], speak [[Sanskrit and Hindi]]. Telangi speaks [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and probably migrated from [[Andhra Pradesh]], the remaining groups speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="Malhotra 2001">{{cite journal |title=Patterns of Variation in a Caste-Cluster of Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44612 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=Dec 2001 |pages=425–42 |pmid=11811272}}</ref><ref name="Maha OBC"/>

===Past occupation===

The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo/sheep herding and [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/> [[ahir]], Halmat, Khutekar, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-Unnikankan]], Mendhe, [[Sagar Rajput|Shegar]], Telangi, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and Zade herded sheep and wove woolen blankets. Dhangar, Hande, [[Hatkar]], [[Kuruba|Hattikankan]], Kannade, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-hattikankan]] and Zende reared only Sheep. However, Hatkars in Sangli district also maintained cattle and some Zendes used to maintain ponies. Thellaris herded both sheep and cattle. Sangars were weavers of woolen blankets.<ref name="Malhotra 1977">{{cite journal |title=Haptoglobin and acid phosphatase gene distributions in the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/063/01/0039-0045 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=63 |issue=1 |date=April 1977 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1007/BF02984224| s2cid=25217479 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadgil |first1=Madhav |last2=Malhotra |first2=K. C. |year=1981 |title=The ecological basis of the geographical distribution of the Dhangars a pastoral caste cluster of Maharashtra |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/64217/1/28-pub-ocr.pdf |journal=South Asian Anthropologist |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=49–59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=84}} In the past, some Dhangars were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdar]]s and some were tenure-holders, holding lands either by a share or by paying a lump sum for a certain period.{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=321}}

[[Image:Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra IMG 1795 (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ponies]] used by Dhangar tribe of [[Maharashtra]]]]

Dhangars were also known for producing fine breeds of cattle and ponies. [[Khillari cattle]], a mixture with a breed of [[Mysore]], was pioneered by a Dhangar of [[Nashik]] named Gowdia who owned cattle in [[Mysore state]].{{sfnp|Mehta|1984|p=747}} Similarly, Dhangar or Khilari [[pony]] is considered the best breed of ponies in Deccan. It is believed that their superior excellence is due to the Dhangar's practice of castrating them.{{sfnp|Watt|2014|p=295}}

===Role in the Maratha Empire===

Dhangars are noted for their martial qualities. A large number of [[Shivaji]]'s most trusted [[Mawalas]] or [[Maratha]] footmen were West-[[Pune]] Dhangars.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}} On the other hand, [[Hatkar]] Dhangars, who are found mainly in the former [[Nizam state]], especially in [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]] and [[Vidarbha]], are known as [[Bargi]] Dhangars or "shepherds with the spears" and were perhaps [[Bargi]]rs or mounted troopers during the time of the [[Maratha Empire]]. However, [[Bargi]] or Bande Dhangar is a distinct sub-caste from them.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}}{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} Hatkars were in the army of [[Shivaji]] in large numbers and were known for their bravery in the [[Maratha Empire]]. "Naik" and "Rao" were the titles given to them. [[Hatkar]]s were a dread to others and even [[Nizam]] was afraid of them. It is on the historical record that for restraining the Hatkars, Nizam had sought help from the [[British Indian army]].{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} While some sources claim [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], Founder of the [[Indore State|Maratha Indore state]], belonged to the Hatkar Dhangar sub-caste, the [[bakhar]]s of [[House of Holkar|Holkar dynasty]] say that he was a Khutekar Dhangar.{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=139}} {{Blockquote|text="The three great tribes which compose the [[Maratha]] caste are the [[Kunbi]] or farmer, The Dhangar or shepherd, and the [[Gavli|Goala]] or cowherd. To this original cause may perhaps be ascribed that great simplicity of manner which distinguishes the [[Maratha]] people".<ref>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |author-link= Robert Vane Russell |date=2020-09-28 |title= The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume IV of IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T59oDwAAQBAJ&q=dhangar |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=9781465583024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |access-date=2020-11-28 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages= 439–478|year=2001|doi=10.2307/2659700|jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |s2cid=40219522 |quote=While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts - Patrick Cadell|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|author=Colonel Tone, Commander of a regiment in the [[Peshwa]]'s army in 1798}} {{Blockquote|text=
In fact, the word "[[Maratha]]" in its narrower use is applied to a society in which Rajputs or quasi-[[Rajput]]s, at the top, with [[Kunbi]]s (farmers), Dhangars (shepherds), and [[Gavli|Goalas]] (cowherds) practise hypergamy, each group taking wives from the one below, causing a superfluity of women at the top and a scarcity at the bottom of the social scale.{{sfnp|Hutton|1961|p=19}}|author=[[John Henry Hutton]], former chair of [[William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]}}

===Relationship with Yadavs===
According to the [[1891 Census of India]], the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included [[Ahirs]], [[Gopas]], [[Gavli|Gawali]] and [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]. The second group was called shepherds which included [[Gadaria]], Dhangars, [[Kuruba]], [[Konar (caste)|Idaiyan]], [[Bharwad]] and [[Rabari]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of her majesty |date= 1893-07-10|title=General Report on Census of India, 1891.|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028033412/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf|archive-date= 28 October 2020}}</ref>

In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian [[Ahir]] and the Maharashtrian [[Gavli]] which were ritually considered as lower castes and formed the bulk of landless peasants in Gangetic plains, founded [[All India Yadav Mahasabha]] (AIYM) in order to lay claims to Yadava identity through sanskritisation of their constituents and by re-imagining a glorified past based on a fabricated descent from the mythical [[Yadava|Yadu]]. Many castes across India adopted Yadav as the last name, illustrating claimed descent from Yadu. They also started practicing vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}} This effort was part of the process of [[Sanskritization]] and Aryanization.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=189-196}}{{sfnp|Gooptu|2001|p=205–210}}{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}}

Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and [[Goa]], Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in [[Gujarat]], and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is a distinct caste from [[Gavli#Dabholis and Chevlis|Yadav Gavli]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982" /><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |via=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} Moreover, [[Ahirs]] of Maharashtra prefer to be known as Ahir Dhangars and [[Maratha]]s of [[Indore]] (Madhya Pradesh), like [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s, call themselves Dhangar gadaria. In North India the gadaria, who call themselves dhangar, were at one time a wing of Dhangar society. Ahir is one of the [[gotra]] of Dhangars.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=29,44,47}}

==Rajputisation attempt==

The Shegar Dhangars, also known as [[Sagar Rajput]]s, were previously identified as shepherd by occupation and Shudra by Varna but later they changed their surname to [[Rajput]] and started wearing [[sacred thread]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg|title=Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOLSAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manohar|page=197|quote=Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=B. S. | last1=Baviskar|first2=D. W. |last2=Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|date=2013-10-30|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132118657|page=389|quote= As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Khandoba]] (literally "father swordsman"), the guardian deity of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] is the favorite god of the caste and is worshiped every Sunday and on Saturday – the light sixth of [[Margashirsha]] day – with offerings of sweetmeats. [[Vithoba]] of [[Pandharpur]] is worshiped daily in every household.{{sfnp|Cashman|1975|p=11}}{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=169}} [[Biroba]] and [[Veer Mhaskoba|Mhaskoba]] are other popular gods amongst Dhangars.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=246,247}}{{sfnp|Zelliot|1988|p=117}}

Gaja Nach, which literally means the dance of elephant, is a traditional dance of the Dhangars. Since it is considered auspicious, the dance is also performed at the time of temple festivals. The dancers also hold colorful scarves which when moved in a swaying manner suggest the fanning of elephant's ears.{{sfnp|Jiwan |2000|p=63}}

Dhangari Ovi is a type of folk singing, which is about women's work songs and the epic-length performances of Dhangars, in which sung verses alternate with narrative passages in prose.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=292}}

==Current situation==
Traditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name=quota>{{cite news |title=Demands for quotas from new groups add to Maharashtra govt's woes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-demands-for-quotas-from-new-groups-add-to-maharashtra-govt-s-woes-1960607 |date=10 February 2014 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |work=DNA |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref> The Dhangar community's population in Maharashtra is around 1.5 crore, which is 13% of the total 11.25 crore (112.5 million) population of the state. [[Devendra Fadnavis]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], had said that "The situation of the Dhangars in some areas of the state was worse than that of [[Scheduled Tribe]]s, and the government was committed to providing them reservation under the [[Scheduled Tribe|ST]] category".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis promises quota for Dhangar community |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-promises-quota-for-dhangar-community/articleshow/45755174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref>

===Reservation===

As per India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]], Dhangars are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in Goa,<ref name="Goa OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Goa|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162529/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Karnataka,<ref name="Karnataka OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Karnataka|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181222014246/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-date= 22 December 2018}}</ref> Gujarat,<ref name="Gujarat OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Gujarat|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030745/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh,<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Chhattisgarh,<ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |last=Nangal |first=Preeti |date=2019-08-29 |title=Adivasis and the Indian State: Deliberately misclassified as SC, Dhangar tribe in UP is being deprived of its constitutional rights| quote=As recent as on 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh stating the difference between Dhangar and Gaderia, and that the Hindi version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the President/Indian Government. Therefore, the Gadaria community’s धनगर cannot be included in the SC category since they are not a sub-caste in Dhangar and rather belong to the OBC category in the state of Uttar Pradesh. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/adivasis-and-the-indian-state-deliberately-misclassified-as-sc-dhangar-tribe-in-up-is-being-deprived-of-its-constitutional-rights-7249071.html |work= Firstpost.com |location= Mumbai| access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> Uttarakhand<ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> and Delhi.<ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> In Maharashtra, they are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]], which comes under [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Maharashtra|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054503/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-date= 10 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ghoge">{{cite news |last=Ghoge |first=Ketaki |date=2019-06-28 |title=Maharashtra's OBC communities not happy with HC ruling on Maratha quota|archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054828/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|quote=The Dhangars come under nomadic tribe category within the larger OBC quota in Maharashtra, but were promised reservation under scheduled tribes in 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jog">{{cite news |last=Jog |first=Sanjay |date=2020-09-21 |title=Maharashtra Dhangar community to launch statewide agitation to press for quota under ST category|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110055210/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|quote=At present, the Dhangar community gets 3.5 per cent quota in government jobs and education under Nomadic Tribe (C) category, which comes under OBC category.|archive-date=2020-11-10}}</ref>

===Dhangar vs Dhangad issue in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra===
Dhangar (shepherds) is a sub-caste of the [[Gadaria]] caste in [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], the [[Kuruba]] caste in Karnataka and the [[Bharwad]] caste in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="MP OBC"/><ref name="Delhi OBC"/><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC"/><ref name="Karnataka OBC"/><ref name="Gujarat OBC"/> Gadaria, Kuruba are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in those respective states while Bharwad is classified as [[Scheduled Tribe]] in Gujarat, in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name="UK OBC"/><ref name="UP OBC"/> In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars come under [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] category within the larger [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC"/><ref name="Ghoge"/><ref name="Jog"/>
On the other hand, Dhangad (cultivators), also known as [[Oraon people|Oraon]], Dhanka and Dom, are listed as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in the states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and [[Orissa]]. In [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] Dhangad or Dom is listed as [[Scheduled Caste]] whereas Oraon as [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Caste |url= https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025118/https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Tribe|url= http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 7 November 2013}}</ref>

According to the 27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002:<ref>{{cite report |author=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India |date= December 2002|title=27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024014153/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-date= 24 October 2020}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text= There are two distinct communities having similar nomenclature, one is Dhangad which is a sub-group of Oraon, a Scheduled Tribe appearing at S.No..36 of the List of Scheduled Tribes. The traditional occupation of this community is cultivation. There is another community known as 'Dhangar' whose traditional occupation is cattle rearing and weaving of woolens. The 'Dhangad' and the 'Dhangar' are two distinct communities having no ethnic affinity at all. The Dhangars who are shepherds have been notified as Nomadic tribe in the State of Maharashtra. Therefore, there is no printing mistake in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1976 through which the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 was amended.}}

On 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] stating the difference between Dhangar and [[Gadaria]], and that the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ (Dhangad), which is classified as [[Scheduled Caste]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the [[President of India|President]]/[[Indian Government]]. They recommended that the [[Gadaria]] community's धनगर (Dhangar) should not be included in the [[Scheduled Caste]] category and rather belong to the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="firstpost"/>

==Notable people==

* [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] (1694-1766), Maratha founder of the [[Holkar]] [[Indore State]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |title=The Indian Princes and their States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |page=35}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Rodney W. |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone |title=Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System |publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone/page/25 25] |isbn=978-0-520-02545-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795), Queen of the Indore State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khanolkar |first=D.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aU4AAAAIAAJ&q=Mankoji+Sindhia,+a+scion+of+a+respectable+Dhangar |title=Marathwada University Journal - Volumes 17-18 |date=1979 |publisher=Marathwada University |page=67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+dhangar&pg=PA40 |title=Education and the Disprivileged Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=9788125021926 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] (1797-1811), King of the Indore State.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Devidas |date=August 2019 |title=They'd like you to caste your vote |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/theyd-like-you-to-caste-your-vote/articleshow/31976070.cms}}</ref>
* [[Anna Dange]], former minister in [[Maharashtra]] government.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-09-30 |title=Former BJP minister Dange joins NCP |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-former-bjp-minister-dange-joins-ncp-1055981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002124327/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-former-bjp-minister-dange-joins-ncp-1055981 |archive-date=2 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Anil Anna Gote]], current member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Government positive about the reservation of Dhangar community: Uddhav Thackeray |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/maharashtra-government-positive-on-dhangar-reservation-says-cm-uddhav-thackeray-56499 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114175808/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/maharashtra-government-positive-on-dhangar-reservation-says-cm-uddhav-thackeray-56499 |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Chandrakant Kavlekar]], current [[List of deputy chief ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Goa |first=HCN |date=August 2019 |title=Dy CM Babu Kavlekar on appointment of Shri N. D. Agrawal (G.C.S) as Advisor for Dhangars community |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEy697JXQCs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=July 2019 |title=Goa Gets Four New Ministers in Cabinet Reshuffle, Chandrakant Kavlekar to Become New Deputy CM |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/goa-gets-4-new-ministers-in-cabinet-rejig-chandrakant-kavlekar-sworn-in-as-new-dy-cm-2228587.html}}</ref>
* [[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]], current state minister in Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-11-02 |title=Vidhansabhet Dhangar samajachi sankhya pachavarun ekvar |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/dhangar-community-numbers-one-to-five-in-the-assembly/articleshow/71858273.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113024152/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/dhangar-community-numbers-one-to-five-in-the-assembly/articleshow/71858273.cms |archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]], former cabinet minister and current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Sangola]], holds record for longest serving MLA (1962 to present).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mhaske |first=Pandurang |date=October 2014 |title=At 94, Deshmukh ready for 11th term |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/at-94-deshmukh-ready-for-11th-term/articleshow/44882071.cms}}</ref>
* [[Gopichand Padalkar]], current member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |author=Alok Deshpande |date=2019-10-01 |title=BJP poaches Dhangar leader to take on Ajit Pawar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-poaches-dhangar-leader-to-take-on-ajit-pawar/article29560332.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113022937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-poaches-dhangar-leader-to-take-on-ajit-pawar/article29560332.ece |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Mahadev Jankar]], founder of the Rashtriya Samaj Party, former cabinet minister and current member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Cabinet expansion: 11 ministers sworn in, Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray skips ceremony |date=8 July 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharshtra-cabinet-expansion-shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-skips-ceremony-327985-2016-07-08 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* [[Ram Shinde]], former minister in Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mrityunjay Bose |date=2019-10-18 |title=Pawar vs Ram Shinde, an eyeball to eyeball conflict |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/man-found-dead-in-greater-noida-family-claims-he-was-mentally-unstable-880438.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113023320/https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/man-found-dead-in-greater-noida-family-claims-he-was-mentally-unstable-880438.html |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Vikas Mahatme]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] for Maharashtra. He has been awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to ophthalmology and social work.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Vikas Mahatme raises Dhangar reservation demand in Rajya Sabha - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mahatme-raises-dhangar-reservation-demand-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/65155847.cms |access-date=2018-09-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book|first=Syed Siraj ul|last=Hassan|title=The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|access-date=2011-07-25|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 2 |author-link2=Singh Kumar Suresh |last=Bhanu|first=B. V. |via= Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 | isbn = 9788179911013 | publisher = Popular Prakashan}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Reginald Edward Enthoven|first=R. E.|last=Enthoven|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/bk616/page/n345/mode/1up?q=dhangar |year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120606302}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi
|first=Shyam Singh |last=Shashi |title=The Shepherds of India |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/68789.pdf |year=2011 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1978 |asin=B003UD017Q }}
* {{cite book|author-link=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi|first=Shyam Singh |last=Shashi|title=The World of Nomads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&pg=PA183|access-date=2011-11-15|year=2006|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-8382-051-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Erdosy |first=George |year=1995 |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110144475}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&pg=PA16}}
* {{cite book|first=Nandini |last=Gooptu |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA205 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard I. |last=Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |publisher=University of California Press |year=1975|isbn=978-0-52002-407-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmr9n7aoRR4C&pg=PA83|title=This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India|author-link1=Ramachandra Guha|author-link2=Madhav Gadgil|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|publisher=University of CaliforniaPress|year=1993|isbn=0520082966|access-date=2020-11-27}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry |author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its Nature, Function and Origins, third edition|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006782999|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961}}
* {{cite book|first=Christian Lee|last=Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC | title = People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 1 |last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|author-link1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author-link2=Bhanu B. V. |via= Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 | isbn = 9788179911006 | publisher = Popular Prakashan}}
* {{cite book|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223237/https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/Chapter%20II.html | title = Maharashtra: Land and its people |last=Pathak|first=A. S.| archive-date=2020-12-05 |via= Government of Maharashtra |year=2009| url= https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/Chapter%20II.html|publisher = Maharashtra State Gazetteer}}
* {{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000029140 | title =Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia |last=Sontheimer|first=G.D.|author-link2=Leshnik L.S.|year=1975| isbn = 9783447015523 | publisher = O. Harrassowitz}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehta|first=B. M. |date=1984|title= Gonds Of The Central Indian Highlands, Volume II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170228509}}
* {{cite book|author-link1=George Watt (botanist)|last=Watt|first=George |date=2014|title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZihOAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108068765}}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|first=Madhukar |last=Dhavalikar|title=Socio-economic Archaeology of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkR3Ke81LoMC |year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, 2014 }}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Christophe Jaffrelot|first=Christophe | last=Jaffrelot|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC|year=2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George |year=2014|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=holkar+khandoba&pg=PT78 |publisher=Roli Books|isbn=9788174369208}}
* {{cite book|last=Jiwan|first=Pani|year=2000|title=Celebration of life:Indian folk dances|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004172999|location= |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=8123007906}}
* {{citation|last=Eaton|first = Richard M | title = A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|volume=8|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|issue=v. 1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vignesha|first=M. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCXbAAAAMAAJ&q=golla+gopala|title=Sociology of Animal Husbandry: Studies Made in Five Villages in Karanataka|date=1993|publisher=Associated Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-85211-33-6}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170|title = The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|last=Zelliot|first=Eleanor|author-link2=Berntsen, Maxine |year=1988|isbn = 0-88706-662-3|publisher = SUNY Press|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=panduranga&pg=PA132|last=Novetzke |first=Christian Lee|year=2005 |publisher =SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-6415-6|chapter = A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home|author-link2=Guy L. Beck|author-link1=Christian Lee Novetzke}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|author-link1=M. S. A. Rao|year=1979|title= Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333902554}} [https://archive.org/details/socialmovementss0000raom Alt URL]
* {{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Feldhaus|editor-last=Sontheimer|editor-first=Gunther-Dietz|title=Pastoral Deities in Western India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvaEQgAACAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195055009}}

* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|year=2001|title=Nomads in the Sedentary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&dq=gavli+dhangar&pg=PA231|publisher=Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group)|isbn=9780203037201}}

==Further reading==

* Baviskar, B.S., "Co-operatives and caste in Maharashtra: A case study". ''Sociological Bulletin'', XVIII:2:1969:148-166.
* Chaubey Ganesh, "The Dhangar Songs", ''Folklore'', Vol. I No 4, Calcutta, 1958, pp. 22–25.
* Malhotra, K., 1980a, "Inbreeding among the four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra. India". Collegium antropologicum, 3.
* Malhotra, K., 1980b, "Matrimonial distances among four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra", ''South Asian Anthropology'', 1.
* Malhotra, K., 1984, "Population structure among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra", in J.R. Lukacs (ed.), ''The People of South Asia''.
* Prasad Satyanarain. "Modern education among the tribals of Bihar in the second half of the 19th century". ''Man in India'', LI:4:1971:365-393.
* Saksena, R.N., and Chinchalkar, "Dhangars and Gadariyas: The Most backward divisions of Indian tribes and caste". ''Vanyajati'', XXV:2: 1977:14–17.
* Prof. Prabhu N Kokane,"Socio-Legal" Identification of Scheduled Castes/Tribes & Backward Classes (2007). Nanded, Maharashtra.

==External links==
* [https://www.dhangar.org/dhangar_gotra_list.php Dhangar gotra list]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2647E/y2647e17.htm Pastoral People Worldwide] at [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan| state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Dhangar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Ahir]]

Chorni

2026-03-03T23:50:48Z

Kamdhenupaints: put up new pg

{{all plot|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Chorni
| image = Chorni (1982 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = Sharad Joshi {{small|(dialogues)}} Hasrat Jaipuri {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = Padma Sood
| screenplay = Kiran Kumar
| producer = V.K. Sood
| director = Jyoti Swaroop
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Neetu Singh]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| editing = Waman B. Bhosle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Kesar Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1982|3|26}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chorni''''' ({{Translation|Lady Thief}}) is a 1982 [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by Jyoti Swaroop and produced by V.K. Sood under the Kesar Films banner. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Neetu Singh]] and music composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chorni {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chorni/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1982-02-26 |title=Chorni Cast List {{!}} Chorni Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chorni/cast/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
One fateful Diwali night, Deepa became a criminal. Not that she wanted to, all she wished was to save her honor from a gang of misguided spoiled rich young men led by the unscrupulous and slightly drunk Sukhdev, who thought that he could have his way with the maidservant where they were all gathered for a Diwali party and that maidservant happened to be Deepa, but it was not to be. She managed to escape with her honor intact and as an act of retaliation, Sukhdev reported her to a known police officer as having stolen some valuable articles from his friend's house. So Deepa was locked up, despite her protests, and in due course sentenced to a remand home for six months. And that was how she became a thief. When she came out, she was a changed person, hardened and clever and over the next four years, she went from bad to worse and became a real thief.

Justice Sinha was the judge in a juvenile court, with a soft corner for all the downtrodden underprivileged youths he had to face and sentence each day in his court, and he heartily wished that there was some way other than jail sentences of curing them of their illnesses. When Sinha saw Deepa in his court, there was some sort of chemistry between them, and although he sentenced her to a year's imprisonment, her independent breezy manner and warm open nature set him thinking. There was a scheme afoot, by which juvenile delinquents could be adopted into respectable families on parole to give them a chance of becoming better citizens. After a discussion with his wife, Uma, in which he had to use all his persuasive powers, Sinha decided to adopt Deepa as his daughter, on a trial basis, for one year and that was how all the fun began. The problems of adjustment that Deepa had to face in her new home were many. Sinha's wife Uma, and college-going daughter Rani were the hardest of all to win over. Because they could not tolerate Deepa's street language and common ways. But the kids in the family, Subash Pappu and Dolly, the old grandmother, and the family retainer Ramdeen became her friends at once because she was the underdog.

Dr. Vikram Sagar, the young handsome family physician started taking a personal interest in her, it looked as if things would turn out well after all. And then came Kishore, the jolly elder son of Sinha, who was studying Law at Pune, he stayed there in the hostel and came to Bombay for his holiday. He was so affectionate and warm to her, that she forgot all her hostility, and started becoming a part of the family. Dr. Vikram and Kishore groomed Deepa into a well-turned-out girl from a decent family and in the process, she and Vikram fell in love. And after a rather tempestuous passage, Vikram managed to get his mother's approval. All was rosy for Deepa when trouble came from an unexpected quarter. On Rakhi Day, both Deepa and Kishore remembered where they had met each other before. Four years back, Kishore was one of the groups of boys led by Sukhdev in the incident that was the turning point of Deepa's life. In acute shame and embarrassment, unable to face her and accept her as a sister, Kishore fled away back to Pune. Deepa was heartbroken.

Further, the blow came from her former mentor and gang leader, Shambhu Dada; Lately released from jail, he threatened to kill Judge Sinha and expose a scandal about Rani if Deepa did not hand over all the money of the safe to him. Since everybody in the house had gone out of town for a couple of days to attend a wedding, there was no one Deepa could turn to for advice, and in fear and desperation, she robbed her own home to appease Shambhu. And when her father and mother returned, she brazened it out before them and became the Deepa of old, the inveterate thief who could not control her impulses, and had thus stolen the money and wasted it away. Shocked beyond belief that all his love and compassion could not reform Deepa, Sinha beat her mercilessly and sent her back to the remand home to complete her sentence. But Kishore and Vikram got wind of something fishy and went after the real culprits. Could they unearth the mystery? And rehabilitate Deepa in the eyes of Society?

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Jeetendra]] as Dr. Vikram Sagar
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Deepa
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Shambhu Dada
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Justice Sinha
* [[Indrani Mukherjee]] as Mrs. Uma Sinha
* [[Sonia Sahni]] as Mrs. Sheela Sagar
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Geeta
* [[Jalal Agha]] as Kishore Sinha
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Judge Sinha's Mother
* Anita as Rani Sinha
* [[Birbal (actor)|Birbal]] as Sales counter in shop
* Sunder Taneja
* Uma Khosla
* [[Mohan Choti]]
* Praveen Paul
* [[Suparna Anand]] as Child artist
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer (in song "Hai Yeh Kaisa Nasha")
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: Shailendra and [[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chorni Hoon Main" (version 1)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Chorni Hoon Main" (version 2)
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Ang Se Achhi Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Kehta Hai Dil"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Dekha Hai Tumhe"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Haye Yeh Kaisa Nasha"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

=== In popular culture ===
* The song'' Chorni Hoon Main'' was later sampled by [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]'s rap song titled ''Chorni''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0439499}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Political thriller

2026-03-02T23:03:17Z

Kamdhenupaints: basic expanded page for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Genre of fiction}}

A '''political thriller''' is a [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] that is set against the backdrop of a political power struggle; high stakes and [[suspense]] are the core of the story. The genre often forces the audiences to consider and understand the importance of [[politics]]. The stakes in these stories are immense, and the fate of a country is often in the hands of one individual. [[Political corruption]], [[organized crime]], [[terrorism]], and [[warfare]] are common themes.<ref>{{cite web |author=Georgia Bishop |title=Political Thrillers vs Political Dramas: What Are the KEY Differences? |url=https://industrialscripts.com/political-thrillers/ |publisher=Industrial Scripts |date=December 15, 2020 |accessdate=January 3, 2022}}</ref>

Political thrillers can be based on facts such as the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]] or the [[Watergate Scandal]]. There is a strong overlap with the [[conspiracy thriller]].

==Literature==
Some early examples can be found in the [[historical novel]]s of [[Alexandre Dumas]] (particularly his ''[[Three Musketeers]]'' novels, which often involve political conspiracies), as well as such literary works as [[Joseph Conrad]]'s novel ''[[The Secret Agent]]''.

''[[Gilles (novel) | Gilles]]'' (1936) contains an early example of the political thriller: in one of the book's subplots the protagonist ''Gilles Gambier'' finds himself embroiled in a left-wing assassination plot against the Prime Minister. The plot falls apart due to the ineptness of the conspirators, and Gilles ends with the protagonist leaving to fight in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web | title=How to build a far right revolutionary, Mark Lilla | website=Unheard | date=2024-08-06| url=https://unherd.com/2024/08/how-to-build-a-far-right-troll | access-date=2024-10-23}}</ref>

The actual political thriller came to life in the early days of the [[Cold War]]. [[Graham Greene]]'s ''[[The Quiet American]]'' (1955) tells about the American involvement in [[Vietnam]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. [[Richard Condon]]'s ''[[The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (1962) is set in the aftermath of the [[Korean War]] and the days of [[McCarthyism]]. In [[Frederick Forsyth]]'s ''[[The Day of the Jackal]]'', an assault on [[Charles de Gaulle]] has to be prevented.

Other authors of political thrillers include [[Jeffrey Archer]] and [[Daniel Silva (novelist)|Daniel Silva]]. In [[Bengali literature]], [[Samaresh Majumdar]]'s ''Aat Kuthuri Noy Dorja'' (বাংলা: আট কুঠুরি নয় দরজা, meaning: "Eight Rooms and Nine Doors") is one example. A political thriller that happens in the backdrop of Bihar and Indian politics is Fawaz Jaleel's 2021 ''Nobody Likes an Outsider''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title=Indian Author, Fawaz Jaleel's Political Thriller Garners Positive Reviews from Readers |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/indian-author-fawaz-jaleel-political-thriller-garners-positive-reviews-from-readers-23178510|access-date=2021-07-05 |publisher=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Film==
Several [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films already contain elements of the political thriller, such as ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'', ''[[The 39 Steps (1935 film)|The 39 Steps]]'', and [[Foreign Correspondent (film)|''Foreign Correspondent'']]. In 1962, [[John Frankenheimer]] made a film adaptation of ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]''.

The late 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of political thrillers that actively reflected the backdrop of the Vietnam and [[Watergate Scandal]] eras in US military and political history and presented a largely unvarnished view of the machinations and cynicism of modern-day political leadership, including assertions around the convergence of politicians and the secret services colluding to create a so-called [[deep state]] focused on neutralizing the will of the people and actively taking out dissension. Films such as ''[[All the President's Men (film)|All the President's Men]]'' (based on the Watergate Scandal), ''[[The Parallax View]]'', whose opening scene actively draws on the conspiracy theories surrounding the [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]], ''[[The Conversation]]'' and [[Three Days of the Condor|''Three Days of The Condor'']], took political and conspiracy thrillers to new heights of paranoia, narrative complexity and realism.

Other examples of political thrillers are ''[[Seven Days in May]]'', ''[[Z (1969 film)|Z]]'', ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'', ''[[Romero (film)|Romero]]'', ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]'', ''[[City Hall (1996 film)|City Hall]]'', ''[[Blow Out]]'', ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'', ''[[Snowden (film)|Snowden]]'' and ''[[The Post (film)|The Post]]''. Several [[post-9/11]] political thriller films refer to the [[September 11 attacks]] or [[terrorism]] in general.

==Television==
The 1990 British drama serial ''[[House of Cards (UK TV series)|House of Cards]]'' is a political thriller set after the end of Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, with a Chief Whip [[Francis Urquhart]] attempting to rise to Prime Minister. The subsequent [[House of Cards (American TV series)|Netflix adaptation]] starring [[Kevin Spacey]] is set in the United States and details Congressman [[Frank Underwood (House of Cards)|Francis Underwood]]'s machinations to become elected president.

[[Shonda Rhimes]]' television series ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' contains many elements of a political thriller in a chronological format.

The former [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Netflix]] series ''[[Designated Survivor (TV series)|Designated Survivor]]'' depicts the political power struggle that follows as a result of a terrorist attack that destroys the [[United States Capitol]] during the [[State of the Union]], assassinating the [[United States President|President]] and all but one of his [[United States presidential line of succession|line of succession]].

2015's [[Okkupert]] (English: Occupied) quickly became Norway's most expensively produced TV series, depicting [[Russia]] and the [[European Union]] cooperating to get Norway to restore its gas and oil production. The series had a budget of over 90 million Norwegian Kroner (3.8 million GBP). It was first broadcast on [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV2]] in Norway, and then broadcast on [[Sky Arts]] in the United Kingdom. It was later added to [[Netflix]] worldwide.

The 2017 [[ABS-CBN Corporation|ABS-CBN]]'s political thriller-drama ''[[Wildflower (TV series)|Wildflower]]'' tells of a woman named Ivy Aguas/Lily Cruz ([[Maja Salvador]]) plots her vengeance for the loss of her family and is willing to determine to dethrone the ruthless, exploitative and oppressive Ardiente political dynasty.

Tom Clancy's [[Jack Ryan (TV series)|''Jack Ryan'']] is an American action political thriller [[streaming television]] series, based on characters from the fictional "Ryanverse" created by Tom Clancy, that premiered on August 31, 2018, on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

In 2018, British political thriller ''[[Bodyguard (British TV series)|Bodyguard]]'' quickly achieved popularity throughout the UK, achieving the [[BBC]]'s highest viewing figures since 2008. The series depicts PS David Budd, a [[British Army]] war veteran suffering from [[PTSD]]. He is working for the [[Metropolitan Police]] within their [[Protection Command|Royalty and Specialist Protection Branch]]. He is assigned to protect the ambitious [[Home Secretary]], Julia Montague, whose politics stand for everything he despises. It was released on [[Netflix]] worldwide on 24 October 2018.

==Theater==

A [[playwright]] who has embraced the genre is [[Gary Mitchell]], who in the 2000s became "one of the most talked about voices in European theatre ... whose political thrillers have arguably made him Northern Ireland's greatest playwright".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1671799,00.html Loyalist paramilitaries drive playwright from his home] — ''[[The Guardian]]'' news article, 21 December 2005.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{film genres}}
{{Filmsbygenre}}

[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Political thrillers| ]]
[[Category:Thriller genres]]
[[Category:Thrillers]]

Nauchandi Express

2026-02-25T16:22:25Z

Kamdhenupaints: quick fixed layout after review also

{{Short description|Train in India}}
[[File:Nauchandi express with new LHB Coach.jpg|thumb|Nauchandi express LHB Coach]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nauchandi Express
| image =
| caption = Nauchandi Express with New LHB coaches.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|04|25}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Prayagraj Junction|Prayagraj Sangam]] (PYGS)
| stops = 29
| end = [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] (SRE)
| distance = {{convert|771|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14241 / 14242
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, may increase upto 130km/h {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Amarish |date=11 November 2025 |title=Railways gave a gift to the people of UP, LHB coaches will be installed in these 2 trains; Will get relief from shocks |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-lhb-coaches-for-yoganagari-nauchandi-express-travel-comfort-upgrade-40035383.html |url-status=live |website=https://www.jagran.com/}}</ref> The 14241 / 14242 '''Nauchandi Express''' is an express train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between Prayagraj Sangam railway station and [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] in India.

It operates as train number 14241 from Prayagraj Sangam station(station code: PYGS) to [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] and as train number 14242 in the reverse direction.

It is named after the Nauchandi Temple in [[Meerut]]. Earlier this train used to run from Allahabad Junction to [[Meerut City railway station|Meerut City Junction]] and then later extended to [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]]. Now it runs from Prayagraj Sangam station to [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]]. The train 14241 has LHB[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-lhb-coaches-for-yoganagari-nauchandi-express-travel-comfort-upgrade-40035383.html Railways gives gift to the people of Uttar Pradesh, these 2 trains will be fitted with LHB coaches; they will get relief from jolts.] 22 coaches that goes continue towards Saharanpur Junction. 14242 starts from Saharanpur Junction and goes to Prayagraj Sangam.

==Coaches==

The 14241 / 14242 '''Nauchandi Express''' presently has 2 AC 2 tier, 6 AC 3 tier economy , 1 First class AC 1 tier, 7 Sleeper Class and 4 General Unreserved coaches, 1 Luggage‑cum‑Divyang Coach , 1 Power Generator coach.

LSLRD – 1 , LWS – 2 , LWSCN – 7 , LWACCN – 6 , LWACCW – 2 , LWFAC – 1 , LWS – 2 , LWLRRM – 1
Total = 22 LHB coaches

As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

Slip coaches of 54402/05 Khurja Passenger are attached/detached at [[Hapur]].
[[File:14511 Nauchandi Express - Sleeper Class.JPG|thumb|[[File:Nauchandi express LHB coaches.jpg|thumb]]14241 - Nauchandi Express - Sleeper Class]]

==Service==

The 14241 '''Nauchandi Express''' covers the distance of 774 kilometres in 18 hours 10 mins (42.61 km/h) and in 17 hours 55 mins as 14242 '''Nauchandi Express''' (45.09 km/h).

==Traction==

It is hauled end to end by a [[WDM 3A]] engine from the [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] shed.

==Timetable==

14241 '''Nauchandi Express''' leaves Prayagraj Sangam railway station every day at 17:20 hrs IST and reaches [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] at 10:50 hrs IST the next day.

14242 '''Nauchandi Express''' leaves [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] every day at 17:25 hrs IST and reaches Prayagraj Sangam railway station at 10:20 hrs IST the next day.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station Code
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Station Name
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''14241 - Prayagraj Sangam to [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nauchandi-express-14511/1166/12854/340|title=Nauchandi Express-14511|accessdate=22 April 2022}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"|
'''14242 - [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]] to Prayagraj Sangam railway station'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nauchandi-express-14511/1166/12854/340|title=Nauchandi Express 14512|accessdate=22 Apr 2022}}</ref>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Distance from Source in km
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background:gold;"| Day
|-
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Arrival
!scope="col" colspan="1" style="background:gold;"|Departure
|-
| valign="center" | PYGS
| valign="center" | Prayagraj Sangam
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''17:20'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | '''10:20'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 774
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | LKO
| valign="center" | [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]]
| valign="center" | 22:05
| valign="center" | 22:15
| valign="center" | 197.8
| valign="center" | 1
| valign="center" | 05:00
| valign="center" | 05:10
| valign="center" | 573
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | HRI
| valign="center" | [[Hardoi]]
| valign="center" | 23:53
| valign="center" | 23:55
| valign="center" | 299
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 03:08
| valign="center" | 03:10
| valign="center" | 471
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | SPN
| valign="center" | [[Shahjehanpur]]
| valign="center" | 00:51
| valign="center" | 00:53
| valign="center" | 362
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 02:12
| valign="center" | 02:14
| valign="center" | 409
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | BE
| valign="center" | [[Bareilly railway station|Bareilly]]
| valign="center" | 01:05
| valign="center" | 01:07
| valign="center" | 432.6
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 01:00
| valign="center" | 01:05
| valign="center" | 338
| valign="center" | 2
|-
| valign="center" | MB
| valign="center" |[[Moradabad]]
| valign="center" | 03:40
| valign="center" | 03:48
| valign="center" | 522.9
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 23:03
| valign="center" | 22:55
| valign="center" | 247
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | HPU
| valign="center" | [[Hapur]]
| valign="center" | 06:10
| valign="center" | 06:30
| valign="center" | 627
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 20:40
| valign="center" | 21:00
| valign="center" | 143
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | MTC
| valign="center" | [[Meerut|Meerut City]]
| valign="center" | 07:45
| valign="center" | 07:50
| valign="center" | 656.7
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 19:20
| valign="center" | 19:55
| valign="center" | 114
| valign="center" | 1
|-
|-
| valign="center" | MOZ
| valign="center" | [[Muzaffarnagar|Muzaffarnagar Railway Station]]
| valign="center" | 08:53
| valign="center" | 08:55
| valign="center" | 712.2
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 18:20
| valign="center" | 18:15
| valign="center" | 58.3
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | DBD
| valign="center" | [[Deoband|Deoband Railway Station]]
| valign="center" | 09:13
| valign="center" | 09:15
| valign="center" | 736.2
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | 17:53
| valign="center" | 17:55
| valign="center" | 34.3
| valign="center" | 1
|-
| valign="center" | SRE
| valign="center" | [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]]
| valign="center" | '''10:50'''
| valign="center" | '''Destination'''
| valign="center" | 770.5
| valign="center" | 2
| valign="center" | '''Source'''
| valign="center" | '''17:25'''
| valign="center" | 0
| valign="center" | 1
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in]
* [https://www.indianrail.gov.in/enquiry/SCHEDULE/TrainSchedule.html?locale=en]
* [http://www.irfca.org]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nauchandi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Saharanpur]]
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1984]]

Social issue

2026-02-24T03:49:12Z

Kamdhenupaints: added references per standard format

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Problem that influences a considerable number of individuals within a society}}
{{essay-like|date=November 2025}}
{{Redirect|Social problem|the journal|Social Problems{{!}}''Social Problems''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
A '''social issue''' is a problem that affects many people within a society. It is a group of common problems in present-day society that many people strive to solve. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an individual's control. Social issues are the source of conflicting opinions on the grounds of what is perceived as morally correct or incorrect [[personal life]] or interpersonal social life decisions. Social issues are distinguished from [[Economic policy|economic issues]]; however, some issues (such as [[immigration]]) have both social and economic aspects. Some issues do not fall into either category, such as [[warfare]].

Exemplary for social issues was the so-called [[social question]] in the beginning of the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]]. Growing poverty on one and growing population and [[Materialism|materialistic]] [[wealth]] on the other hand caused tension between very rich and poorest people inside society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Holly |date=November 2016 |title=THE "SOCIAL QUESTION," 1820–1920* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/social-question-18201920/161912FA1234B9FE6185F59259DAB2D3#:~:text=the%20social%20question?%E2%80%9D-,Answer:%20%E2%80%9CA%20question%20denotes%20a%20problem%20or%20a%20difficulty%20which,calling%20for%20removal%20or%20remedy.%E2%80%9D |journal=Modern Intellectual History |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=747–775 |doi=10.1017/S1479244315000037 |issn=1479-2443 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423220522/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/social-question-18201920/161912FA1234B9FE6185F59259DAB2D3#:~:text=the%20social%20question?%E2%80%9D-,Answer:%20%E2%80%9CA%20question%20denotes%20a%20problem%20or%20a%20difficulty%20which,calling%20for%20removal%20or%20remedy.%E2%80%9D |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There can be disagreements about what social issues are worth solving, or which should take precedence. Different individuals and different societies have different perceptions. In ''Rights of Man and Common Sense'', [[Thomas Paine]] addresses the individual's duty to "allow the same [[rights]] to others as we allow ourselves." The failure to do so causes the creation of a social issue.

There are a variety of methods people use to combat social issues. Some people vote for leaders in a [[democracy]] to advance their ideals. Outside the political process, people donate or share their time, money, energy, or other resources. This often takes the form of [[volunteering]]. [[Nonprofit organizations]] are often formed for the sole purpose of solving a social issue. [[Community organizing]] involves gathering people together for a common purpose.

A distinct but related meaning of the term "social issue" (used particularly in the United States) refers to topics of national political interest, over which the public is deeply divided and which are the subject of intense partisan advocacy, debate, and [[voting]]. In this case "social issue" does not necessarily refer to an ill to be solved, but rather a topic to be discussed.

== Personal issues ==
'''Personal issues''' are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships.<ref name="books.google">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologicali00mill|url-access=registration|title=The Sociological Imagination|first=C. Wright|last=Mills|date=13 April 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513373-8|access-date=4 November 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Personal issues can be any life-altering event. On the other hand, '''social issues''' involve [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]] cherished by widespread society.<ref name="books.google" /> For example, a high unemployment rate that affects millions of people is a social issue.

==Valence issues versus position issues==
A '''[[valence issue]]''' is a social problem that people uniformly interpret the same way.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/valence-issue |title=valence issue: Definition from |publisher=Answers.com |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324191110/http://www.answers.com/topic/valence-issue |url-status=live }}</ref> An example of a valence issue is child abuse, which is condemned across several societies. '''A position issue''' is a social problem in which the popular opinion among society is divided.<ref name="books.google_a">{{Cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Barbara J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKbzYelSkEYC&q=valence+issues+and.+position+issues&pg=PA28|title=Making an Issue of Child Abuse: Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems|date=15 April 1986|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226572017|author-link1=Barbara J. Nelson|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419030411/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKbzYelSkEYC&q=valence+issues+and.+position+issues&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> Different people may hold different and strongly-held views, which are not easily changed. An example of a position issue is [[abortion]] which, in some countries, has not generated a widespread consensus from the public.

==Types==
Generic types of social issues, along with examples of each, are as follows:

===Economic issues===
[[Unemployment]] rates vary by region, [[gender]], educational attainment, and [[ethnic group]].

In most countries (including [[Developed country|developed countries]]), many people are [[Poverty|poor]] and depend on [[welfare spending|welfare]]. In 2007 in [[Germany]], one in six children are poor. That is up from only one in seventy-five in 1965. War also plays an important role in disturbing the economic status of a country by using money that was intended for welfare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/kinderreport2.html|title=Report des Kinderhilfswerkes: Jedes sechste Kind lebt in Armut|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514030446/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/kinderreport2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Public health===
Widespread health conditions (often characterized as [[epidemic]]s or [[pandemic]]s) are of concern to society as a whole. They can harm the quality of life, and the ability of people to contribute to society (e.g. by working), and can result in [[death]].

[[Infectious diseases]] are often public health concerns because they can spread quickly and easily, affecting large numbers of people. The [[World Health Organization]] has an acute interest in combating infectious disease outbreaks by minimizing their geographic and numerical spread and treating the affected. Other conditions for which there is not yet a cure or even effective treatment, such as [[dementia]], can be viewed as public health concerns in the long run.

=== Age discrimination ===
{{Main|Ageism}}

Throughout the life course, there are social problems associated with different ages. One such social problem is age discrimination. People often do not allow old people into high ranking position within their respective jobs because of their age, despite them having crucial experience and ample knowledge collected over many years of labour in the same field or another field with the same requirements as the current one.

===Social inequality===
{{Main|Social inequality}}

Social inequality is "the state or quality of being unequal".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/inequality |title=Inequality | Define Social Inequality at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306055822/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/inequality |url-status=live }}</ref> Inequality is the root of several social problems that occur when factors such as gender, disability, race, and age may affect the way a person is treated. A past example of inequality as a social problem is [[slavery in the United States]]. Africans brought to America were often enslaved and mistreated, and they did not share the same rights as the white population of America (for example, they were [[Disenfranchisement|not allowed to vote]]).

Some [[civil rights]] movements have attempted to and often succeeded at, advancing equality and extending rights to marginalized groups. These include the [[women's rights]] movement (beginning around the 1920s), the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States for [[African-American]] equality (beginning around the 1950s).

===Education and public schools===
{{Main|Educational inequality}}

Education is unarguably the most important factor in a person's success in society. As a result, social problems can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, such as that seen in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bruce J. Biddle and David C. Berliner |url=http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may02/vol59/num08/Unequal-School-Funding-in-the-United-States.aspx |title=Educational Leadership: Beyond Instructional Leadership: Unequal School Funding in the United States |publisher=Ascd.org |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228161145/http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may02/vol59/num08/Unequal-School-Funding-in-the-United-States.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The weak organizational policy in the place and the lack of communication between public schools and the federal government have led to major effects on the [[future generation]]. Public schools that do not receive high [[standardized test]] scores are not being sufficiently funded and as a result, their students are not receiving what should be the maximum level of education.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Dylan |url=http://www.governing.com/news/politics/gov-biggest-problem-for-public-education-lack-of-funding-poll-says.html |title=Biggest Problem for Public Education? Lack of Funding, Poll Says |publisher=Governing.com |date=23 August 2012 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305071337/http://www.governing.com/news/politics/gov-biggest-problem-for-public-education-lack-of-funding-poll-says.html |archive-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Work and occupations===
Social problems in the workplace include [[occupational stress]], [[theft]], [[sexual harassment]], [[Inequality in the workplace|wage inequality]], [[gender inequality]], [[racial inequality]], [[Health equity#Ethnic and racial disparities|health care disparities]], and many more.
In addition, common workplace issues that employees face include interpersonal conflict, communication problems (e.g. [[gossip]]), [[bullying]], [[harassment]], discrimination, low motivation and job satisfaction, and performance issues.

=== Environmental racism ===
{{Main|Environmental racism}}

Environmental racism exists when a particular place or town is subject to problematic environmental practices due to the racial and class components of that space. In general, the place or town is inhabited by lower-income and minority groups. Often, there is more pollution, factories, dumping, etc. that produce environmental hazards and health risks which are not seen in more affluent cities,
such as those in [[Bangladesh]].

=== Abortion debate ===
{{Main|Abortion debate}}
The abortion debate is the ongoing controversy surrounding the moral, legal, and religious status of induced [[abortion]].<ref>Groome, Thomas. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/opinion/to-win-again-democrats-must-stop-being-the-abortion-party.html "To Win Again, Democrats Must Stop Being the Abortion Party."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121212212/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/opinion/to-win-again-democrats-must-stop-being-the-abortion-party.html |date=21 January 2018 }} ''The New York Times''. 27 March 2017.</ref> In English-speaking countries, the sides involved in the debate are the self-described "[[Abortion-rights movements|pro-choice]]" and "[[Anti-abortion movements|pro-life]]" movements. ''Pro-choice'' emphasizes the woman's choice of whether to terminate a pregnancy. ''Pro-life'' proposes the right of the [[embryo]] or [[fetus]] to gestate to term and be born. Both terms are considered [[loaded word|loaded]] in mainstream media, where terms such as "abortion rights" or "anti-abortion" are generally preferred.<ref>For example: {{cite news|title=Wall Street Journal style guide: Vol. 23, No. 1|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/styleandsubstance/2010/01/31/vol-23-no-1/|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=4 November 2011|date=31 January 2010|archive-date=25 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050452/http://blogs.wsj.com/styleandsubstance/2010/01/31/vol-23-no-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> Each movement has, with varying results, sought to influence public opinion and to attain legal support for its position.

===Other issues===
Other issues may include [[cost of living]], [[friendship recession]], [[education]], lack of [[literacy]] and [[numeracy]], [[loneliness]], [[Affordable housing|unaffordable housing]], [[corruption]], [[truancy|school truancy]], [[violence]] and [[bullying in schools]], [[religious intolerance]], [[immigration]], political and religious [[extremism]], [[discrimination]] of all sorts, the role of women, [[pensions crisis]], gender issues, sexual orientation, unplanned [[parenting|parenthood]], teenage pregnancy, child labour, [[war]], [[inflation]], wage inequality and many more.

==By country==
===Canada===
====Poverty====
The face of Canadian poverty is described as racialized, destitute, and young. It is common among whites, aboriginal, and black people
communities, and racial minorities.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lorne Tepperman|author2=James E. Curtis|author3=Albert Kwan|title=Social Problems: A Canadian Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542500-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp/page/35 35]–39}}</ref> Additionally, racial minorities face both unemployment and underemployment compared to their counterparts. On reserves, poverty due to multiple factors has an exponential function. For instance, the sense of cultural isolation normally results from a deterioration of economic, social, and health conditions compared to those living off reserves. [[Poverty in Canada]] has a self-perpetuating system, where the societal mechanisms ensure that the poorest Canadians remain poor. Urban poverty is showcased through a lack of low-income housing for individuals and families and increasing homelessness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/homelessness-chronic-in-canada-study-1.674356|title=Homelessness 'chronic' in Canada: study|website=CBC|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102091835/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/homelessness-chronic-in-canada-study-1.674356|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Racism and prejudice====
The current prevalent forms of [[racism in Canada]] are structural racism (e.g. the Henry and Elfie Ginzberg experiment),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1498549|title=Who gets the work? a test of racial discrimination in employment|last1=Henry|first1=Frances|last2=Ginzberg|first2=Effie|date=1985|publisher=Urban Alliance on Race Relations|others=Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, Urban Alliance on Race Relations|location=Toronto|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731040532/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1498549|url-status=live}}</ref> individualized racism (e.g. racial profiling by police that is broadly defined by the Ontario Human Rights Commission), and [[internalized racism]] (e.g. first-generation immigrants and refugees).<ref>Moreau, S., Rousseau, C., Mekki-Berrada, A., TCMR & ÉRASME. (1999). Politiques d'immigration et santé mentale des réfugiés: profil et impact des séparations familiales, Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales, 11(2) – 12(1), 177–196.</ref> [[Social distance]] between whites and non-whites is a distinct aspect of the Canadian community that is identified through the isolation index. The anti-racism movement in Canada has borne [[aversive racism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lorne Tepperman|author2=James E. Curtis|author3=Albert Kwan|title=Social Problems: A Canadian Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542500-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp/page/58 58]–83}}</ref>

====Aging and discrimination====
It is estimated that by 2030, seniors will make about 23% of the Canadian population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/seniors-action-report.html|title=Government of Canada — Action for Seniors report|last=Canada|first=Employment and Social Development|date=2016-10-03|website=aem|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813194746/https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/seniors-action-report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This shrinks the labour force and [[real GDP]] growth rate, which may result in higher taxes. Additionally, Canada's fertility rate has been falling since 2009, especially in white families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-209-x/2018001/article/54956-eng.htm|title=Fertility: Overview, 2012 to 2016|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2018-06-05|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813194747/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-209-x/2018001/article/54956-eng.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Immigrants with dependents is also not a conducive element for reducing the impact; however, they can increase the population rate of rural areas to increase financial activities. It is studied that Canadians openly practice ageism.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222204196|title=The exclusion of older people in disability activism and policies — A case of inadvertent ageism?|year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.jaging.2007.09.001 |access-date=2019-11-28|last1=Jönson |first1=Håkan |last2=Larsson |first2=Annika Taghizadeh |journal=Journal of Aging Studies |volume=23 |pages=69–77 }}</ref> This discrimination based on age results in refusing jobs to qualified and willing candidates, while such negative attitudes are further legitimized by mass media. Filial responsibility is also an alien concept in the North American culture due to the prominence of [[individualism]], except within indigenous communities. Those that attempt to uphold do not know how to perform (due to lack of precedence) and to a larger extent it might result in [[elder abuse]]. Public Health Agency of Canada reported{{when|date=June 2022}} that about 4 – 10% of seniors were facing elder abuse in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/aging-seniors/elder-abuse.html|title=Elder Abuse|date=2009-07-30|website=aem|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813200336/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/aging-seniors/elder-abuse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

This is both a cultural and historical phenomenon that contests against the basis of social beings able to satisfy needs of other people through companionship and social integration. It could be further seen in the failure of Canadian social institutions to meet the needs of the dependent aged within a systematic approach (e.g. trend of eldercare increasingly considered as a private matter rather than a public one and political leniency to "non-system" for elder care, as in the United States) and representation (e.g. non-representation of the stigmatized's oppressed voice to shape social institutions in ways that meet their needs). However, organizations like "[[CARP (Canada)|Canada's Association for the Fifty-Plus]]" actively lobbies for reforming social policies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lorne Tepperman|author2=James E. Curtis|author3=Albert Kwan|title=Social Problems: A Canadian Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542500-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialproblemsca0000tepp/page/137 137]–162}}</ref>

==={{anchor|United States}}United States===
Several social issues have been prominent in the [[history of the United States]]. Many of them have waxed or waned over time as conditions and values have changed. The term "social issue" has a broad meaning in the United States, as it refers not only to ills to be solved but also to any topic of widespread debate, involving deeply-held values and beliefs.

The Library of Congress has an established index of social causes in the United States. Examples include academic [[cheating]], [[church-state separation]], [[hacker (computer security)|hacking]], [[evolution education]], [[gangs]], [[hate speech]], [[suicide]], [[urban sprawl]], and [[Trade union|unions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0516/2005018778.html|title=Table of contents for Social issues in America|website=catdir.loc.gov|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114203448/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0516/2005018778.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Social issues gain a particularly high-profile when a new [[President of the United States|president]] is elected. Elections are often impacted by several social issues, with many social issues discussed during debates, such as rights for [[Abortion rights|abortion]], [[LGBT rights|LGBT people]], and [[gun control]].

====Crime and the justice system====
{{further|United States incarceration rate}}
In the United States, the [[federal prison]] system has been unable to keep up with the [[United States incarceration rate|steady increase of inmates]] over the past few years, causing major overcrowding. In the year 2012, the overcrowding level was 41 percent above "rated capacity" and was the highest level since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/14/prison-overcrowding-report_n_1883919.html |title=Overcrowding In Federal Prisons Harms Inmates, Guards: GAO Report |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915235552/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/14/prison-overcrowding-report_n_1883919.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to being overcrowded, the federal prison system in the U.S. has also been at the center of controversy concerning the [[Human rights in the United States#Prison system|conditions in which prisoners are forced to live]].

====Hate crimes====
{{Main|Hate crime}}
Hate crimes are a social problem in the United States because they directly marginalize and target specific groups of people or specific communities based on their identities. Hate crimes can be committed as the result of hate-motivated behaviour, prejudice, and intolerance due to sexual orientation, gender expression, biological sex, ethnicity, race, religion, disability, or any other identity.<ref>National Crime Prevention Council</ref> Hate crimes are a growing issue especially in school settings because of the young populations that exist. The majority of victims and perpetrators are teenagers and young adults (the population that exists within educational institutions). Hate crimes can result in physical or sexual assault or harassment, verbal harassment, robbery, and death.<ref>Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN)</ref>

====Obesity====
{{See also|Obesity in the United States}}
{{see also|Social stigma of obesity}}
Obesity is a prevalent social problem in today's society, with rates steadily increasing. According to the Weight-Control Information Network, since the early 1960s, the prevalence of obesity among adults more than doubled, increasing from 13.4 to 35.7 percent in U.S. adults aged 20 and older.<ref name="Weight Control Information Network">{{cite web|title=Overweight and Obesity Statistics|url=http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/index.htm|work=Weight Control Information Network|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213205553/http://win.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today, two in three adults are considered overweight or obese, and one in six children aged 6–19 are considered obese. This disease gives birth to many other diseases and conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, obstructive sleep and different types of cancer and [[osteoarthritis]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-17|title=Essay on Obesity For Students|url=https://indiacelebratings.com/obesity-essay/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Indiacelebratings|language=en-US|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214115652/https://indiacelebratings.com/obesity-essay/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Advertising junk food to children=====
{{Further|Psychological aspects of childhood obesity#Television and advertisements|Fast food advertising}}
The food industry has been criticized for promoting childhood obesity and ill-health by specifically targeting the child demographic in the marketing of unhealthy food products. The food products marketed often are deemed unhealthy due to their high calorie, fat, and sugar contents.<ref>Barnes, B. (2007). Limiting ads of junk food to children. The New York Times, 2.</ref> Reduction of marketing of unhealthy food products could significantly reduce the prevalence of obesity and its serious health consequences.<ref name="Kraak, Vivica I. 2012">Kraak, Vivica I., Mary Story, and Ellen A. Wartella, "Government and School Progress to Promote a Healthful Diet to American Children and Adolescents: A Comprehensive Review of the Available Evidence." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 42:3, (March 2012). 250–262.</ref> Former first lady Michelle Obama and [[Partnership for a Healthier America]] have proposed new rules that would limit junk food marketing in public schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/michelle-obama-proposes-ban-on-in-school-junk-food-marketing/|title=Michelle Obama Proposes Ban On In-School Junk Food Marketing|date=25 February 2014|website=cbslocal.com|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014114045/https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/michelle-obama-proposes-ban-on-in-school-junk-food-marketing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hunger====
{{see also|Hunger in the United States}}
Hunger is a social issue. In 2018, about 11.1% of American households were food insecure.

====Media propaganda====
{{Further|Propaganda in the United States|News propaganda|propaganda model|Propaganda techniques}}
[[Mass media]] may use [[propaganda]] as a means to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view, or to maintain the viewer's attention. Who owns a media outlet often determines things such as the types of social problems that are presented, how long the problems are aired, and how dramatically the problems are presented. The [[American media]] is often biased towards one or the other end of the [[political spectrum]], with many media outlets having been accused of either being too [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] or too [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]].

====Alcohol and other drugs====
{{main|Drug abuse in the United States}}
Drugs are at times the cause of social problems. Drugs such as [[cocaine]] and [[opiate]]s are addictive for some users. A minority of users of such drugs may commit crimes to obtain more drugs. In some individuals, drugs such as [[methamphetamine]] have been known to contribute to violent behaviour, which would be considered a social problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/cocaine/cocaine.shtml |title=Cocaine |publisher=Erowid.org |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006230957/http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/cocaine/cocaine.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Drunk driving is on the rise and is the number two cause of accidental deaths, causing approximately 17,000 deaths each year. All but nine states in the United States have adopted the Administrative License Revocation (ALR). The ALR is enforced when a person is caught drinking and driving and found guilty, resulting in the loss of their license for a full year. This is a step that is being taken to try to avoid the occurrence of this social problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rd.com/advice/social-problems-in-american-society/ |title=Social Problems in American Society | Reader's Digest |publisher=Rd.com |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217044729/http://www.rd.com/advice/social-problems-in-american-society/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Legal marijuana is a debatable topic. Marijuana can be used in the medical domain, and there is no accurate fact that shows marijuana kills. However, people believe marijuana is a gateway to other drugs, injures lungs, and inhibits function. Some states are legalizing medical marijuana, such as New Mexico, Arizona, and New York. Some states are also legalizing it for both medical and recreational purposes, such as Colorado, California, and Oregon.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

====Racism and racial inequality====
{{main|Racial inequality in the United States|Racism in the United States}}
Racism against various ethnic or minority groups has existed in the United States since the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial era]]. [[African Americans]] in particular have faced restrictions on their political, social, and economic freedoms throughout much of United States history.

===Additional social issues===
*[[Healthcare in the United States]]
*[[Human rights in the United States]]
*[[Violence against LGBT people in the United States]]
*[[Domestic violence in the United States]]
*[[Gender inequality in the United States]]
*[[Gun violence in the United States]]
*[[Wealth inequality in the United States]]
*[[Income inequality in the United States]]
*[[Social media and teen relationships|Social media and teens]]

===India===

==== Corruption ====
{{main|Corruption in India}}
India is ranked 75 out of 179 countries in [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], but its score has improved consistently from 2.7 in 2002 to 3.1 in 2011.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/believe-it-or-not-india-is-becoming-less-corrupt/49402-2.html Believe it or not! India is becoming less corrupt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609035004/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/believe-it-or-not-india-is-becoming-less-corrupt/49402-2.html |date=9 June 2008 }}. CNN-IBN. 26 September 2007.</ref>

In [[India]], corruption takes the form of [[bribes]], [[tax evasion]], [[Foreign exchange controls|exchange controls]], [[embezzlement]], etc. A 2005 study done by [[Transparency International]]{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2013}} (TI) India found that more than 50%{{dubious|date=May 2013}} had firsthand{{dubious|date=May 2013}} experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to complete a task in a public office.<ref name="2005-TI-study"/> The chief economic consequences of corruption are the loss to the [[exchequer]] and an increase in the cost of government-subsidised services, the unhealthy climate for investment, political instability, and unprincipled ethics.

The TI India study estimates the monetary value of petty corruption in eleven basic services provided by the government, such as education, healthcare, judiciary, police, etc., to be approximately Rs.21,068 [[crore]]s.<ref name="2005-TI-study">Centre for Media Studies (2005), India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance Volume – I: Key Highlights, Transparency International India.</ref> India still ranks in the bottom quartile of developing nations in terms of the ease of doing business and compared to China and other lower developed Asian nations, the average time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater.<ref name="survey">{{Citation|title=Economic Survey 2004–2005|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2004-05/esmain.htm|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=16 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216142417/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2004-05/esmain.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recently,{{when|date=June 2022}} a revelation of [[tax evasion]] ('''[[Panama Papers|Panama Papers' Leak]]''') case involving several high-profile celebrities and businessmen has increased the number of corruption charges against the elite of the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==== Social structure ====
India is a multicultural country with different social identities formed from varying cultural norms, religious politics, linguistic differences, tolerance to changes in economic orientation, barriers to qualitative education, and mismanagement of resources.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gitika Commuri|title=Indian Identity Narratives and the Politics of Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HyJFzfv39UC|date=4 October 2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0521-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216145233/https://books.google.com/books?id=6HyJFzfv39UC|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Poverty====
The World Bank in 2011, based on 2005's PPPs [[International Comparison Program]],<ref>[http://go.worldbank.org/9EMHDNLC50 World Bank's $1.25/day poverty measure- countering the latest criticisms] The World Bank (2010)</ref> estimated 23.6% of the Indian population, or about 276 million people, lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity.<ref name=sdcnk>Note: 24.6% rate is based on '''2005 PPP''' at $1.25 per day, International dollar basis, {{cite book|last1=The World Bank|title=A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity|date=2015|publisher=World Bank Group|isbn=978-1-4648-0361-1|page=50|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20384/9781464803611.pdf|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009183315/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20384/9781464803611.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cnk2014>Chandy and Kharas, [http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/05/05-data-extreme-poverty-chandy-kharas What Do New Price Data Mean for the Goal of Ending Extreme Poverty?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718145758/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/05/05-data-extreme-poverty-chandy-kharas |date=18 July 2016 }} Brookings Institution, Washington D.C. (May 2014)</ref> According to the United Nation's Millennium Development Goal (MDG) programme, 270 million out of 1.2 billion Indians, or 21.9% of the population, lived below the poverty line of $1.25 between 2011 and 2012 (as compared to 41.6% between 2004 and 2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/8-gdp-growth-helped-reduce-poverty-un-report/article6862101.ece/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081239/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/8-gdp-growth-helped-reduce-poverty-un-report/article6862101.ece/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2015|title=8% GDP growth helped reduce poverty: UN report|work=The Hindu: Mobile Edition|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

==== Terrorism ====
{{main|Terrorism in India}}
The regions with long term terrorist activities today are [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[state-sponsored terrorism]]), [[Central India]] ([[Naxalite|Naxalism]]), and [[Seven Sister States]] (independence and autonomy movements). In the past, the [[Punjab insurgency]] led to militant activities in the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] as well as the national capital of [[Delhi]] (e.g. Delhi serial blasts and [[anti-Sikh riots]]). As of 2006, at least 232 of the country's 606 districts were afflicted, at varying intensities, by several insurgent and terrorist movements.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/index.html|title=India Assessment 2014|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816230507/http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Additional social issues ====
* [[Caste-related violence in India]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Mandal Commission]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[Unemployment in India]]
* [[Illegal immigration to India]]
* [[Refugees in India]]
* [[Fake news in India]]
* [[Malnutrition in India]]
* [[Poverty in India]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Income inequality in India]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

===Germany===
==== Poverty ====
{{See also|Poverty in Germany}}

Unemployment rates vary by region, gender, educational attainment, and ethnic group.

A growing number of Germans are poor and dependent on welfare.{{Citation needed|reason=The following news "source" only refers to children.|date=January 2018}} In 2007, one in six children depended on welfare. That is up from only one in seventy-five in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/kinderreport2.html|title=Aktuelle Nachrichten – Inland Ausland Wirtschaft Kultur Sport|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514030446/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/kinderreport2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Poverty rates vary in different states. For instance, only 3.9% suffer from poverty in [[Bavaria]], while 15.2% of [[Berlin]]'s inhabitants are poor. Families that are headed by a single parent and working-class families with multiple children are most likely to be poor.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F008854-0004, Bremen-Vahr, Neubaugebiet.jpg|thumb|Housing project in [[Bremen-Vahr]] in the 1960s, back then most tenants living in housing-projects were two-parent families with at least one parent working. In many housing projects, the composition of tenants has changed since then and now many tenant-families are headed by a single female or an unemployed male.]]
There is an ongoing discussion about hunger in Germany. Reverend Bernd Siggelkow, founder of the [[Berlin]]-based [[soup kitchen]] "Die Arche," claimed that many German children go hungry each day. He blamed the lack of jobs, low welfare payments, and parents who were drug-addicted or mentally ill.<ref>Bernd Siggelkow, Wolfgang Büscher: Deutschlands vergessene Kinder – Hoffnungsgeschichten aus der Arche. Gerth Medien</ref> Siggelkow has been criticized by some people who said there was no hunger in Germany. [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] politician and board member of the [[Deutsche Bundesbank|German central bank]], [[Thilo Sarrazin]], said it was possible to live on welfare without going hungry if one did not buy fast food and cooked from scratch instead. He was criticized by [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] politician, [[Heidi Knake-Werner]], who said it was not right "if well-paid people like us make recommendations to poor people about how they should shop."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/Landespolitik-Hartz-IV-Thilo-Sarrazin;art124,2474631|title=Sarrazin: So sollten Arbeitslose einkaufen|newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online|date=11 February 2008|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226225718/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/Landespolitik-Hartz-IV-Thilo-Sarrazin;art124,2474631|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Birth rate====
Germany has one of the lowest [[birth rate]]s in the world. In 2012, its national [[fertility rate]] was 1.41 children per woman.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|date=20 October 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075739/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is up slightly from the 2002 rate of 1.31, but it is still well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. (By contrast, the [[United States]] had a fertility rate of 2.06 in 2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|date=20 October 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321202516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the nation's low birth rate, Germans are living longer, with 2012 estimates showcasing a life expectancy of 80.19 years (77.93 years for men and 82.58 years for women).<ref name="cia.gov"/> This demographic shift is already straining the country's social welfare structures and will produce further economic and social problems in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1561093,00.html|title=A Germany Without Children?|date=27 April 2005|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=19 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019092521/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1561093,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mikrozensus]] in 2008 revealed that the number of children a German woman aged 40 to 75 had was closely linked to her educational achievement.<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt. Mikrozensus 2008. Neue Daten zur Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. p. 27ff</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2022}}

====Deprived neighbourhoods====
So-called problem neighbourhoods ("Problemviertel") exist in Germany. These neighbourhoods have a high drop-out rate from secondary school. Children growing up in these neighbourhoods have only 1/7th the probability of going to college compared to a person growing up in another neighbourhood. Abuse of alcohol and drugs is common. Many people living in problem neighbourhoods are what is called ''a-people''. They are poor out-of-work, and immigrants.

Often these neighbourhoods were founded out of good intentions. Many districts that later became problem neighbourhoods were founded in the 1960s and 1970s when the State wanted to provide better housing for poorer persons. As a result, big tenement buildings were built. The first tenants were mostly two-parent families, with at least one parent working. Many were happy with their neighbourhoods, but when the unemployment rate started increasing, more and more people lost their jobs. Moreover, families who could afford it started moving into better districts and only those who could not afford to move stayed in districts such as [[Hamburg]]-Mümmelmannsberg.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wolfgang Uchatius: "Armut in Deutschland – Die neue Unterschicht". Die Zeit. 10 March 2005</ref>)

====Political extremism, racism and antisemitism====
Since World War II, Germany has experienced intermittent turmoil from various groups. In the 1970s, radical leftist terrorist organizations, such as the [[Red Army Faction]], engaged in a string of assassinations and kidnappings against political and business figures. Germany has also continued to struggle with far-right violence. [[Neo Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] are presently on the rise (this is in line with the younger generation of Germans growing older).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/briefs/0,1574,1586388,00.html|title=Sharp Rise in Neo-Nazis in Germany|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910105810/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/briefs/0,1574,1586388,00.html|archive-date=10 September 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There is some debate as to whether [[hate crime]] is actually rising, or whether simply more arrests have been made due to increased law-enforcement efforts. The number of officially recognized violent hate crimes has risen from 759 in 2003 to 776 in 2005. According to a recent{{when|date=June 2022}} study, a majority of Jews living in Germany were worried about a rise in antisemitism. The concern of Jews in Germany was less than those in France, where 90% of Jews that were polled said that antisemitism had risen over the years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/thema-101.html|title=Aktuelle Nachrichten – Inland Ausland Wirtschaft Kultur Sport|website=tagesschau.de|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=16 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116183034/https://www.tagesschau.de/thema-101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some{{who|date=June 2022}} have suggested that the increase in hate crime is related to the proliferation of right-wing parties, such as the National Democratic Party ([[National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)|NPD]]) in local elections.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/569774.html](site down)</ref>

===Iran===
57 percent of the population has malnutrition,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://static3.toseeirani.ir/servev2/YlwQGD2pUALI/j1B63KgImKU,/01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095448/https://static3.toseeirani.ir/servev2/YlwQGD2pUALI/j1B63KgImKU,/01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> while the Ministry of Interior has put population aging as priority first.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-23/612841-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|title=هیچ مسئله‌ای به اندازه مسئله "جمعیت" برای آینده کشور اهمیت ندارد|date=12 July 2023|website=اعتمادآنلاین|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095446/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-23/612841-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023 the country experiences mass economic inequality and extremely heavy inflation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamejamonline.ir/fa/news/1414556/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85|title=شاهد اوج شکاف طبقاتی در جامعه هستیم|date=12 April 1402|website=fa|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709055633/https://jamejamonline.ir/fa/news/1414556/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/1371286-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|title=دولت چاره‌اندیشی نکند فشار اقتصادی و شکاف طبقاتی پیامدهای ناگواری را به همراه خواهد داشت|date=12 July 2023|website=خبرگزاری ایلنا|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095433/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/1371286-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-nowruz-trip-gap-hotels/32360938.html|title="شکاف طبقاتی" در سفرهای نوروزی؛ هتل‌های گران پر شدند، هتل‌های ارزان خالی ماندند|newspaper=رادیو فردا |access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511171411/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-nowruz-trip-gap-hotels/32360938.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There is also political unrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/732922/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85|title=قالیباف: اگر فراخوان فقه حکمرانی را جدی می‌گرفتیم، امروز با مسئله حجاب مواجه نمی‌شدیم|date=19 April 1402|website=fa|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095543/https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/732922/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85|url-status=live}}</ref> The price of education<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-rich-previliege-public-universities-/6687922.html|title=پولدارها در بهترین دانشگاه‌‌ها؛ اختلاف طبقاتی به کنکور رسید|date=5 August 2022|website=صدای آمریکا|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606091522/https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-rich-previliege-public-universities-/6687922.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and health has steadily increased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/31637755.html|title=رفع شکاف طبقاتی در ایران؛ چرا و چگونه؟|first=نجات|last=بهرامی|newspaper=رادیو فردا |date=4 January 2022|via=www.radiofarda.com|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218044154/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/31637755.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85013411/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF |title=آموزش را طبقاتی‌ نکنید! |date=29 January 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130062341/https://www.irna.ir/news/85013411/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-22/614962-%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84|title=با بدترین نوع فقر مواجهیم|date=12 July 2023|website=اعتمادآنلاین|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528063327/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-22/614962-%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84|url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian skilled workers and laborers are moving out of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tejaratnews.com/%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%86%db%8c%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d9%87-%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%87-1402|title=3 هزار ایرانی در صف مهاجرت به قطر/ فقط نور چشمی‌های دولت اعزام می‌شوند – تجارت‌نیوز|date=10 July 2023|website=tejaratnews.com|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095934/https://tejaratnews.com/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-1402|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82/a-66093556 |title=افزایش میزان مهاجرت نیروی کار ایرانی به عراق – Dw – ۱۴۰۲/۴/۱۱ |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709183628/https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82/a-66093556 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://way2pay.ir/326657/ |title=چرا به جای رشد صنعت فناوری اطلاعات شاهد افزایش مهاجرت هستیم؟ |date=8 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712100008/https://way2pay.ir/326657/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===France===
====Precarity and poverty====
There is the fragility of income and social position in France, with several ways to measure this. One example is to look at unemployment. Within the European Union in May 2017, France was ranked 6th with its unemployment rate of 9.4 percent, as found by [https://www.statista.com/statistics/268830/unemployment-rate-in-eu-countries/ Statista]. According to Observatoire des inégalités,{{when|date=June 2022}} France has between 5 and 8.9 million poor people, depending on the definition of poverty (this definition ranges from the poverty line at 50 percent of the median standard of living to 60 percent).

====Gender inequality====
Women suffer from economical and social problems in France. They are paid, on average, 6.8 percent less than men, according to [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2128979 l'insee]. Women in France also face sexual harassment and other problems.
These are some reasons why the [http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/rankings/ Global Gender Gap report of 2016] has ranked France 17th with a score of 0.755 (on this ranking scale, reaching 1 means gender equality).{{update inline|date=June 2022}}

==See also==
* {{anl|Moral entrepreneur}}
* {{anl|Moral panic}}
* {{anl|Social constructionism}}
* {{anl|Social Problems (journal)|''Social Problems''}}
* [[Social policy]]
* {{anl|The Society for the Study of Social Problems}}
* {{anl|Wicked problem}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{World topic|prefix=Social issues in|noredlinks=yes|title=Social issues}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social issues| ]]
[[Category:Politics by issue]]

Century Rayon High School, Shahad

2026-02-21T09:59:09Z

Kamdhenupaints: put up new entry

{{notability|organisation|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Century Rayon High School
| established = {{Start date|1958}}
| image = Century_Rayon_High_School,_Shahad_.jpg
| type = [[Co-educational]]
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| region = [[Shahad]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Thane district]]
| location = NH222, Century Rayon Colony
| status = Open
| website = [http://www.centuryrayon.co.in/crhs.aspx Official website]
}}

'''Century Rayon High School, Shahad''' is a school located in the [[Thane district]] of [[Mumbai]] Metropolis, [[India]].

==About==
Century Rayon High School is a co-educational school managed by Century Textile and Industries and affiliated to [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|maharashtra state board]]. It was established in 1958. The School has classes from Junior KG to X (SSC) and has three medium viz. English, Hindi & Marathi. The school is located near Century Rayon Colony.

==Co-curricular activities==
Century Rayon High School also have a large playground. The school has a physics labs, chemistry labs, Interactive Learning Class rooms, Audio Visual Rooms and biology labs. It also has a computer lab. Sports club are some of the included activities round the year. It has a library with a wide range of more than 12000 books. In 18 August 2013, around 1000 students from Century Rayon High School participated for planting saplings in the city, the programme was known as Vriksha Dindi programme.<ref name="timesone">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/College-students-plant-saplings-in-the-city/articleshow/21920439.cms | title=College students plant saplings in the city | accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Silver Jubilee==
On 18 December 2011, the year of the Silver Jubilee of the school, the 1986 batch of students that joined the school in its Silver Jubilee, held their "golden reunion"—the first reunion of its kind by any batch of the school.<ref name="refone">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/EpaperImages//mumbai//24122011//23kalyan-dombivali-pg3-0.pdf | title=Reunion for class of '86 at Century Rayon School | accessdate=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128185815/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/EpaperImages//mumbai//24122011//23kalyan-dombivali-pg3-0.pdf | archive-date=28 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dr Meenakshi Choudhary, one of the alumni of this school and a leading world expert in the field of reproductive medicine.

Alumni meet 2019
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/latest/2020/06/fertilityexpertshortlisted/ |title=Century Rayon High School Alumni Dr Choudhary named Asian Women of Achievement Award 2020 Finalist, United Kingdom|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref> also attended this silver jubilee reunion celebrations from the U.K.<ref name="refone">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/EpaperImages//mumbai//24122011//23kalyan-dombivali-pg3-0.pdf | title=Reunion for class of '86 at Century Rayon School | accessdate=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128185815/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/EpaperImages//mumbai//24122011//23kalyan-dombivali-pg3-0.pdf | archive-date=28 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.centuryrayon.co.in/crhs.aspx Century Rayon High School]

[[Category:1958 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]
[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]

M. R. Vittal

2026-02-09T12:16:46Z

Kamdhenupaints: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. R. Vittal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =Madakshira Raghavendra
Rao Vittal
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| known_for =
}}

'''M. R. Vittal''' was an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] who worked primarily [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He directed over 18 films in his career, with most of them being very successful and attaining a cult status. In a career spanning two decades, Vittal won three [[National Film Award (India)|National Award]] and three [[Karnataka State Film Award|Karnataka State Awards]] for his films.

Vittal is considered one of the "doyens" of Kannada cinema and is considered to have "carved a niche in the Kannada film industry by exhibiting a rare insight and boldness" while selecting the themes for his films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/suchitra-to-bring-out-books-on-kannada-film-directors-during-future-festivals/article1173483.ece|title=Suchitra to bring out books on Kannada film directors during future festivals|work=The Hindu|date=6 January 2008}}</ref> Most of his films were based on novels written by eminent scholars. Popular directors such as [[K. S. L. Swamy]] and K. V. Jayaram worked as assistant directors under the guidance of Vittal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/veteran-filmmaker-k-s-l-swamy-passes-away/|title=Veteran filmmaker K.S.L. Swamy passes away|publisher=Indian Express|date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Midway through the shoot of ''[[Dharma Vijaya]]'' (1959), Vittal assumed the responsibilities of directing the movie and completed the shoot but refused to be credited as the director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iq5Bb2lLzBQ&feature=youtu.be|title = ಎಂ.ಆರ್. ವಿಠಲ್ ಕಂಡ ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 31 | Hariharapura Manjunath|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Similarly, when his friend [[B. Vittalacharya]] suffered from typhoid and was unable to complete the shoot of ''[[Veera Kesari]]'' (1963), he completed the major portion of the shoot including the immensely popular ''Mellusire Savigana'' song but refused to be credited as the director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0eaNbnY8c_8&feature|title = ವಿಜಯನಾರಸಿಂಹರ ಈ ಹಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಕೇಳದಿದ್ದರೆ ಗಣೇಶ ಚತುರ್ಥಿಗೆ ಕಳೆಯೇ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ..! | Cinema Swarasyagalu Ep 113|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> His official first directorial project was the 1963 movie ''[[Nanda Deepa]]''. The film starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] and was produced by Vadiraj. Upon release, the film received rave reviews and went on to be considered "an all-time classic" in the history of Kannada cinema. The success got enhanced with the film receiving the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] at the [[10th National Film Awards]]. Following this, his next film ''[[Mangala Muhurta]]'' was released in 1964. This film won the Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film at the [[11th National Film Awards]].

In 1965, his third directorial ''[[Miss Leelavathi]]'' based on the late Korati Srinivasa Rao's sensational novel on premarital sex created a sensation for its bold theme. Actress [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] in the protagonist role, found her career break-through with this film. The film for which he wrote the screenplay, again won the Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film at the [[13th National Film Awards]] making his third consecutive win at the National level. His subsequent films ''[[Nakkare Ade Swarga]]'', ''[[Hannele Chiguridaga]]'' and ''[[Eradu Mukha]]'' won him laurels and awards at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]].

In the 1970s, Vittal directed films such as ''Yaara Sakshi'', ''[[Bala Panjara]]'', ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]'' and ''[[Anna Attige]]'' which were commercial hits and fetched him many accolades. His last film was the 1980 film, ''Varadakshine''.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
|1963 || ''[[Nanda Deepa]]'' || Won - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|-
|1964 || ''[[Mangala Muhurta]]'' || Won - Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film
|-
|1965 || ''[[Miss Leelavathi]]'' || Won - Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film
|-
|1966 || ''[[Premamayi]]'' ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[Nakkare Ade Swarga]]'' || Won - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Karnataka State Film Award for 2nd Best Film]]
|-
|1967 || ''[[Manassiddare Marga]]'' ||
|-
|1968 || ''[[Hannele Chiguridaga]]'' || Won - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
|1969 || ''[[Margadarshi]]'' ||
|-
|1969 || ''[[Eradu Mukha]]'' || Won - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Karnataka State Film Award for 3rd Best Film]]
|-
|1969 || ''Kannu Mucchale'' ||
|-
|1972 || ''Yaara Sakshi'' ||
|-
|1972 || ''[[Bala Panjara]]'' ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]'' ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Anna Attige]]'' ||
|-
|1975 || ''[[Koodi Balona]]'' ||
|-
|1977 || ''Punarmilana'' ||
|-
|1980 || ''Varadakshine'' ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0900129}}
* [http://chiloka.com/celebrity/m-r-vittal M. R. Vittal biography]

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vittal M. R.}}
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]

Kamal Meattle

2026-02-07T23:20:26Z

Kamdhenupaints: Stub

{{Short description|Indian environmental activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamal Meattle
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for = TED 2009 entitled How to Grow Your Own Fresh Air
}}
'''Kamal Meattle''' is an Indian [[environmental activist]] and CEO of [http://pbcnet.com Paharpur Business Centre] & Software Technology Incubator Park based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Meattle held a talk at [[TED (conference)|TED]] 2009 entitled ''How to Grow Your Own Fresh Air''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://greenspaces.in/blog/ted09/ | title=How to Grow Your Own Fresh Air - TED 2009 | date=25 January 2009 }}</ref>

==Attributions ==
After becoming allergic to New Delhi's polluted air in 1992, Meattle claimed to have discovered that three common houseplants could help reduce the pollutants in the air.<ref>[https://www.ted.com/speakers/kamal_meattle Kamal Meattle Bio]</ref> The three plants and their properties are listed below:

=== [[Dypsis lutescens|Areca palm]] (''Chrysalidocarpus lutescens'') ===
*Works well in the day time
*Great for living areas
*One needs about 4 shoulder-high plants/person
*Needs to be put outdoors once every 3–4 months
*The leaves of the plant need to be wiped every day in Delhi and perhaps once a week in a cleaner city
*The soil used should be of [[Vermicompost|vermi manure]] or use [[hydroponics]]

=== [[Sansevieria trifasciata|Mother-in-law's tongue]] (''Sansevieria trifasciata'') ===
*Converts CO2 into O2 at night
*One requires about 6–8 such waist-high plants per person in the bedroom
*Leaves need to be wiped in the same way as the Areca Palm
*The soil used should be of [[Vermicompost|vermi manure]] or use [[hydroponics]]

=== [[Epipremnum aureum|Money plant]] (''Epipremnum aureum'') ===
*Excellent for removing [[formaldehyde]] and other [[volatile organic compound]]s
*Best grown using [[hydroponics]]

Meattle does not provide any numerical data to support his claims,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Kamal Meattle – Plants and Air Purification | url = https://www.gardenmyths.com/kamal-meattle-plants-air-purification/ | website = Garden Myths | first = Robert | last = Pavlis | date = 2016-10-18 }}</ref> nor is there third-party confirmation of the results, but at least one study calls the hypothesis into question.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The Potted-Plant Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: I. Office Field-Study | first1=Ronald A. | last1=Wood |first2= Margaret D.| last2= Burchett | first3= Ralph| last3= Alquezar |first4= Ralph L.| last4= Orwell | first5= Jane| last5= Tarran | first6= Fraser| last6= Torpy | journal = Water, Air, and Soil Pollution| date = 2006-07-20 | volume = 175 | issue=1–4 | pages = 163–180 | doi = 10.1007/s11270-006-9124-z | bibcode=2006WASP..175..163W | s2cid=55621034 | url = https://www.urbangarden.co.nz/media/1286/potted-plant-microcosm-office-field-study.pdf }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[NASA Clean Air Study]], where all three plants are listed

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meattle, Kamal}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]

Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art

2026-02-05T15:00:03Z

Kamdhenupaints: made new stub - done

{{Short description|School of applied art in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art
| image = Sir. J.J Institute Of Applied Art, Mumbai.JPG
| established = {{Start date and age|1958}}
| address = Dr. D. N. Road, [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], [[Mumbai]] - 400 001
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.94288|72.83327|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{URL|https://jjiaa.org/}}
}}

'''Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art''' is an Indian [[applied art]] institution based in [[Mumbai]]. It is a state government college that was started through its sister school, the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]. The "Sir J. J." in the name stands for [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, 1st Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy]], a [[Parsi people|Parsi]] philanthropist, whose name is linked to numerous historical institutions of Mumbai, such as the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir J. J. Hospital]]. The institute is well known for its legacy on Indian design and advertising, as well as its historic campus.

In 1958, [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] was divided, with the Departments of Architecture and Applied Art becoming the [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]] and Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art R
Respectively.

==History==

===Commercial Art Section===
The Institute of Applied Art's history first began with the founding of its sister school, the Sir J. J. School of Art, in 1857. Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art started operations in the premises of the School of Art in 1935, and was awarded an independent institute status in 1961.

In 1946, Sir JJ School of Art started a new department, the Commercial Art Section, or CAS. The objective of this division was to impart all of the necessary training in art with an eye on students being able to exploit this training for commercial purposes.

During the [[Second World War]] the school was threatened with closure. At the time the school was run by the [[Bombay Presidency|British Bombay government]] and its funding came directly from the government. In preparation for the looming war many committees were set up to review excess government expenditure and divert money to defense needs. The scrutiny of one such "Thomas Committee" fell on the Sir J. J. School of Art. The committee recommended that the school be shut down, claiming that it only contributed to furthering personal talents of artists and was of no use to society in general.

The director of the J. J. School of Art set out to rectify the situation. In 1935, Mr. Soloman was the dean of J.J. In 1946, J. J. School of Art started a new department, the [[Commercial Art]] Section, or CAS. The objective of this division was to impart all of the necessary training in art with an eye on students being able to exploit this training for commercial purposes. A direct contribution of this section was to aid the war preparations of the government by designing propaganda and public awareness posters. This exercise was a huge success. Therefore, the government decided not to shut down the Sir J. J. School of Art. The students trained at the CAS soon found that they were in considerable demand from the commercial industries of [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) to design publicity material. Also, the fledgling [[advertising]] industry lapped up talent from the CAS, creating a set of people who would end up being counted among the founders of Indian advertising.

The CAS became popular among applicants to the Sir J. J. School of Art, as it offered a direct means of earning a livelihood to skilled artists who had completed the course. Soon, this once-small section of the school began receiving more student applications than the main part of the institute. At this time India had gained independence. The government, which still ran the school, separated the CAS from the rest of the school and created the Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art. Professor V. N. Adarkar was named the institutes first [[Principal (university)|principal]] and later went on to become its first [[Dean (education)|dean]].

===Later history===
The institute's first dean was V. N. Adarkar. Notable deans in recent years have been H. G. Hanmante, Prof. Kamat and M. G. Rajadhyaksha. The current dean of the institute is Santosh Kshirsagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir J J Institute of Applied Arts|url=http://jjiaa.org/faculty.htm|access-date=2021-05-02|website=jjiaa.org}}</ref>

Over the years, Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art has been involved with several projects on social awareness that include "Know the Five-Year Plan" in the 1950s, "Our Himalayas" during the 1963 [[Sino-Indian War]], and the "International Tourist Fair — Bombay" in 1965.

==Present==
The current course leads to successful students receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) in Applied Art from the [[University of Mumbai]]. The total duration of this course is four years, with the first year referred to as a "Foundation" year, and the later three being referred to as "Specialization" years. A student chooses their area of major specialization from amongst areas such as [[Illustration]], [[Photography]], [[Typography]], Exhibition Design Display and Stagecraft or [[Computer Graphics]].

The Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art provides more than half of the Indian advertising industry's top art talent. There is a widely held belief among past professors of the institute, as well as art educators, that it would be best for the future health of the institution if the state government grants [[autonomy]] to the institute. This would clear the way to a much-needed revamp of the quality of teaching and infrastructure and bring modern day requirements to the school.

The campus is located in South Mumbai (opposite [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT station]]) and houses the Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art, the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]], and the Government Institute of Printing Technology. The campus contains many trees that are more than a century old, and houses numerous heritage buildings.

===The Kipling connection===
[[File:Kipling bungalow in the campus of Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|The Kipling Bungalow]]
Famed writer [[Rudyard Kipling]] was born on the campus in 1865, in a later-demolished bungalow, during the deanship of his father [[John Lockwood Kipling]]. Adjacent to this building's former site, the Kipling Bungalow was built in 1882 after Rudyard was sent to England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Goradia |first=Abha |date=2019-01-31 |title=Kipling Bungalow: Restoration on track, likely to open to public next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rudyard-kipling-bungalow-restoration-on-track-likely-to-open-next-year-5562042/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A plaque at the entrance of this house is engraved with the words, "Rudyard Kipling, son of Lockwood Kipling, first dean of Sir JJ School of Art, was born here on December 30, 1865."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2017-01-18 |title=Once Upon a Time: The Inside Story of Rudyard Kipling's Mumbai Connection and 'The Jungle Book' |url=https://thebetterindia.com/82538/rudyard-kipling-jungle-book-mumbai-shimla-seoni/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> A bust of Rudyard Kipling exists at the entrance to the bungalow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnagarwala |first=Tabassum |date=2016-12-31 |title=At Sir JJ School Of Art: Restoration to bring back to life bungalow where Kipling was born |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/at-sir-jj-school-of-art-restoration-to-bring-back-to-life-bungalow-where-kipling-was-born-4452621/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A physical restoration of the building was completed by early 2019.<ref name=":0" />

==Notable alumni==
*[[Arun Kolatkar]], poet
*[[Prabhakar Barwe]], painter
*[[R K Joshi|Prof. R. K. Joshi]], calligrapher and type designer
* [[Nana Patekar]], actor and filmmaker
*[[Rajiv Rao]], advertiser
*[[Raj Thackeray]], politician and social worker
*[[Uddhav Thackeray]], 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra
*[[Gopi Kukde]], advertiser
*[[Akbar Padamsee]], artist
*[[Brendan Pereira]], creative director and designer
*[[Sunil Padwal]], painter
*[[Kunal Vijaykar]], actor and youtuber
*[[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]], aircraft constructor
*[[Gitanjali Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=B I O|url=https://www.gitanjalirao.com/copy-of-b-i-o|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Gitanjali Rao|language=en}}</ref> actress and filmmaker
*[[Ravi Jadhav]], film director
*[[Sameer Kulavoor]],<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anuka Roy|date=Apr 8, 2018|title=Relative value: Family sketch|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/relative-value-family-sketch/articleshow/63660336.cms|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> artist

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jjiaa.org/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]

1858 in India

2026-01-29T04:50:00Z

Kamdhenupaints: fixed content for consistency as per guidelines

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Year in India|1858}}
Events in the year '''1858 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], Governor-General, afterwards Viceroy

==Events==
*January – General Sir [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose]] begins the Central India campaign; Sir Colin Campbell begins the campaign to recapture Lucknow; trial of Bahadur Shah, King of Delhi, from 27 January<ref>Edwardes (1975), p. 141</ref>
*February – General Rose relieves Saugor; Campbell's Army of Oudh assembles on the Kanpur-Lucknow road to await Jang Bahadur's Gurkha army
*March – Lucknow is recaptured on 21 March; Central India campaign continues
*April – Battle of the Betwa; the city of Jhansi is stormed and captured (3–6 April); Azamgarh recaptured; advance on Kalpi (25 April); Campbell begins reconquest of Rohilkhand; Koer Singh leads a rising in Bihar; after his defeat he dies of his wounds
*May – Battle of Bareilly followed by its recapture; Battle of Kunch; recapture of Jagdispur; reoccupation of Kalpi; Battle of Mohamdi (24 May) and end of resistance in Rohilkhand; rebels begin guerrilla war in the jungle; Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi outside Gwalior
*June – Gwalior army deserts to the rebels and [[Tatya Tope]] and the [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]] seize Gwalior; General Rose marches from the Kalpi to Gwalior arriving on the 16th; next day the battle of Kotah-i-Serai and on the 19th the Battle of Gwalior; Gwalior fortress recaptured; during June guerrilla forces in Oudh, Bihar and along the Nepalese frontier are suppressed
*July to December – suppression of guerrilla forces except in Rajputana and Central India
*October to November – Bahadur Shah travels from Delhi into exile at Rangoon<ref>Edwardes (1975), p. 143</ref>
*1 November – the end of the [[British East India Company]]'s rule in India is proclaimed<ref>Edwardes (1975), p. 145</ref>

=== Dates unknown ===
*''Achipudava Samaram'' led by [[Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker]] in [[Alleppey]], [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-07 |title=On the historical Achippudava Samaram and Mookkuthi Samaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Sartorial-assertions-for-change/article14224494.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Law==
*August - Government of India Act 1878

==Births==
*20 July - [[Baba Sawan Singh]], Second Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (died 2 April 1948).
*9 July – [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]] (died 12 May 1930)
*7 November – [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] (died [[1932 in India|1932]])
*30 November – [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[List of physicists|physicist]], [[biologist]], [[Botany|botanist]], [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] and [[science fiction]] writer (died [[1937 in India|1937]]).

==Deaths==
*[[Rani of Jhansi]] Lakshmibai, Queen of [[Jhansi State]] (d. 18 June at [[Gwalior]], now [[Madhya Pradesh]])
*[[Nawab Majju Khan]], Indian freedom fighter.

==See also==
*[[Timeline of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; pp. 154–55 (events of the rebellion)

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1858}}

[[Category:1858 in India| ]]
[[Category:1858 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Sonar

2026-01-27T08:05:23Z

Kamdhenupaints: updated section as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Acoustic sensing method}}
{{Hatnote group|{{other uses}}{{distinguish|Sodar|Zeiss Sonnar{{!}}Sonnar}}}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}

[[File:Motte-Picquet-tugged-sonar.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|French [[Georges Leygues-class frigate|F70 type frigates]] (here, {{ship|French frigate|La Motte-Picquet||2}}) are fitted with [[variable depth sonar]] (VDS) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars.]]
[[File:Miinitraaleri "Virsaitis" vrakk.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A sonar image of the [[Soviet Navy]] minesweeper ''[[SMS M68|T-297]]'', formerly the Latvian ''Virsaitis'', which was shipwrecked in December 1941 in the [[Gulf of Finland]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbOiQ0JFssQC&pg=PA264 |page=264 |title=Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 1935–1953 |author1=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Mikhail Monakov |author3=Mikhail S. Monakov |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-7146-4895-8 }}</ref>]]

'''Sonar''' ('''sound navigation and ranging''' or '''sonic navigation and ranging''')<ref name="Administrative Practices Glossary of Standardized Terms 1961 p. 129">{{cite book | title=Administrative Practices Glossary of Standardized Terms | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | series=Air Force AFM | year=1961 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAkoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA129 | access-date=2022-11-02 | page=129}}</ref> is a technique that uses [[sound]] propagation (usually underwater, as in [[submarine navigation]]) to [[navigate]], measure distances ([[ranging]]), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/sonar |title=Sonar |access-date=18 January 2019 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>

"Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology: ''passive'' sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels; ''active'' sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of [[acoustic location]] and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=978-0-85045-163-4 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=245}}</ref> Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of [[radar]]. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation,<ref name="RibasRidao2010">{{cite book|author1=David Ribas|author2=Pere Ridao|author3=José Neira|title=Underwater SLAM for Structured Environments Using an Imaging Sonar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R72Q2-lN3D0C&q=robot+OR+robotic|date=26 July 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-14039-6}}</ref> and [[sodar]] (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term ''sonar'' is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low ([[infrasonic]]) to extremely high ([[ultrasonic]]). The study of underwater sound is known as [[underwater acoustics]] or [[hydroacoustics]].

The first recorded use of the technique was in 1490 by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], who used a tube inserted into the water to detect vessels by ear.<ref name="DaVinci"/> It was developed during World War I to counter the growing threat of [[submarine warfare]], with an operational [[passive sonar]] system in use by 1918.<ref name="Britannica"/> Modern active sonar systems use an acoustic [[transducer]] to generate a sound wave which is reflected from target objects.<ref name="Britannica"/>

== History ==
Although some animals ([[dolphin]]s, [[bat]]s, some [[shrew]]s, and others) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water was initially recorded by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube.<ref name="DaVinci">{{cite book|last=Fahy|first=Frank|others=John Gerard Walker|title=Fundamentals of noise and vibration|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|page=375|isbn=978-0-419-24180-5}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, an [[Submarine signals|underwater bell]] was used as an ancillary to [[lighthouse]]s or [[lightships]] to provide warning of hazards.<ref>Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley (ed.), ''Applied Underwater Acoustics: Leif Bjørnø'', Elsevier, 2017, {{ISBN|0128112476}}, page 8</ref>

The use of sound to "echo-locate" underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the {{RMS|Titanic||2}} disaster of 1912.<ref>M. A. Ainslie (2010), ''Principles of Sonar Performance Modeling'', Springer, p. 10</ref> The world's first [[patent]] for an underwater echo-ranging device was filed at the British [[UK Intellectual Property Office|Patent Office]] by English meteorologist [[Lewis Fry Richardson]] a month after the sinking of ''Titanic''.<ref name="hilrob">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=M. N.|others=Allan R. Robinson|title=Physical Oceanography|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1962|page=498}}</ref> A German physicist [[Alexander Behm]] obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913.<ref>W. Hackmann (1984), ''Seek and Strike'', pn</ref>

The Canadian engineer [[Reginald Fessenden]], while working for the Submarine Signal Company in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and in 1914 from the U.S. Revenue Cutter ''Miami'' on the [[Grand Banks]] off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="hilrob"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Seitz|first=Frederick|title=The cosmic inventor: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866–1932)|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1999|volume=89|pages=41–46|isbn=978-0-87169-896-4}}</ref> In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications ([[Morse code]]) and echo ranging, detecting an iceberg at a {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} range.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hendrick |first=Burton J. |date=August 1914 |title=Wireless under the water: a remarkable device that enables a ship's captain to determine the exact location of another ship even en the densest fog |journal=[[The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XLIV |issue=2 |pages=431–434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zegeQtMn9JsC&pg=PA431 |access-date=2009-08-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Report of Captain J. H. Quinan of the U.S.R.C. Miami on the echo fringe method of detecting icebergs and taking continuous soundings | journal = Hydrographic Office Bulletin | date = 1914-05-13 }} (quoted in [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/subsignaling/subsignaling.html a NOAA transcript by Central Library staff April, 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510134752/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/subsignaling/subsignaling.html |date=2010-05-10 }}.</ref> The "[[Fessenden oscillator]]", operated at about 500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the iceberg due to the 3-metre wavelength and the small dimension of the transducer's radiating face, less than {{frac|1|3}} wavelength in diameter. In 1915, the ten [[Montreal]]-built [[British H-class submarine]]s launched were equipped with Fessenden oscillators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwpda.org/naval/hbowcap.htm|title=The rotary bowcap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626182639/http://www.gwpda.org/naval/hbowcap.htm |archive-date=2007-06-26 }}</ref>

During [[World War I]] the need to detect [[submarine]]s prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater listening devices called [[hydrophones]]. The French physicist [[Paul Langevin]], working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer Constantin Chilowsky, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915. Although [[piezoelectric]] and [[magnetostrictive]] transducers later superseded the [[electrostatic]] transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones. [[Terfenol-D]] and [[lead magnesium niobate]] (PMN) have been developed for projectors.

=== ASDIC ===
[[File:ASDIC.png|thumb|An ASDIC display unit from around 1944]]
In 1916, under the British [[Board of Invention and Research]], Canadian physicist [[Robert William Boyle]] took on the active sound detection project with [[Albert Beaumont Wood|A. B. Wood]], producing a prototype for testing in mid-1917. This work for the Anti-Submarine Division of the British Naval Staff was undertaken in utmost secrecy, and used quartz piezoelectric crystals to produce the world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus.<ref name="Hackmann"/>

To maintain secrecy, no mention of sound experimentation or quartz was made – the word used to describe the early work ("supersonics") was changed to "ASD"ics, and the quartz material to {{not a typo|"ASD"ivite}}: "ASD" for "Anti-Submarine Division", hence the British acronym ''ASDIC''. In 1939, in response to a question from the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] made up the story that it stood for "Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee", and this is still widely believed,<ref name="Abbot">{{cite web |url=http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/ |title=World War II Naval Dictionary |website=USS Abbot (DD-629) |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212091457/http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/ }}</ref> though no committee bearing this name has been found in the Admiralty archives.<ref name="Hackmann">{{Cite book |title=Seek & Strike: Sonar, Anti-Submarine Warfare, and the Royal Navy, 1914-54 |last=Hackmann |first=Willem |date=1984 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ja4AAAAIAAJ |hdl=2027/uc1.b4255154 |isbn=978-0-11-290423-6 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

By 1918, Britain and France had built prototype active systems. The British tested their ASDIC on {{HMS|Antrim|1903|6}} in 1920 and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923. An anti-submarine school [[RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey)|HMS ''Osprey'']] and a training [[flotilla]] of four vessels were established on [[Isle of Portland|Portland]] in 1924.

By the outbreak of [[World War II]], the [[Royal Navy]] had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hampered by the use of the [[depth charge]] as an anti-submarine weapon. This required an attacking vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern, resulting in a loss of ASDIC contact in the moments leading up to attack. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a submarine commander could take evasive action. This situation was remedied with new tactics and new weapons.

The tactical improvements developed by [[Frederic John Walker]] included the [[creeping attack]]. Two anti-submarine ships were needed for this, usually sloops or corvettes. One, the "directing ship" tracked the target submarine on ASDIC, while the second ship, with her ASDIC turned off and running at 5 knots, started an attack as directed. The low speed of the approach meant the submarine could not predict when depth charges were going to be released. Any evasive action was detected by the directing ship and steering orders to the attacking ship given accordingly.<ref name="Burn">{{cite book |last1=Burn |first1=Alan |title=The Fighting Captain: Frederic John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic |date=1993 |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84415-439-5 |edition=2006, Kindle|chapter=Appendix 6}}</ref>

The new weapons to deal with the ASDIC blind spot were "ahead-throwing weapons", such as [[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehogs]] and later [[Squid (weapon)|Squids]], which projected warheads at a target ahead of the attacker and still in ASDIC contact. These allowed a single escort to make better aimed attacks on submarines. Developments during the war resulted in British ASDIC sets that used several different shapes of beam, such as the Q attachment to the Type 144 set, which was aligned at a deeper angle. The Type 147B set, which had an articulated transducer, enabled operators to cover the blind spot.<ref>[[Marc Milner]], (2003; reprint 2011) ''Battle of the Atlantic'' pp. 212-4 [[The History Press]] {{ISBN|978 0752 461878}}</ref> Another development was the [[FIDO Homing Torpedo]], which aimed itself at the target submarine using passive sonar.

Early in World War II (September 1940), British ASDIC technology was [[Tizard Mission|transferred for free]] to the United States. Research on ASDIC and underwater sound was expanded in the UK and in the US. Many new types of military sound detection were developed. These included [[sonobuoy]]s, first developed by the British in 1944 under the [[codename]] ''High Tea'', dipping/dunking sonar and [[naval mine|mine]]-detection sonar. This work formed the basis for post-war developments related to countering the [[nuclear submarine]].

=== SONAR ===
During the 1930s American engineers developed their own underwater sound-detection technology, and important discoveries were made, such as the existence of [[thermocline]]s and their effects on sound waves.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112064674325;view=1up;seq=503 |title=Howeth: Chapter XXXIX |date=1963 |publisher=Washington}}</ref> Americans began to use the term ''SONAR'' for their systems, coined by [[Frederick Vinton Hunt|Frederick Hunt]] to be the equivalent of [[RADAR]].<ref name="AIP oral history part II">{{cite web|title=AIP Oral History: Frederick Vinton Hunt, Part II|date=23 February 2015|url=https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4688-2}}</ref>

=== US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory ===
In 1917, the US Navy acquired [[J. Warren Horton]]'s services for the first time. On leave from [[Bell Labs]], he served the government as a technical expert, first at the experimental station at [[Nahant, Massachusetts]], and later at US Naval Headquarters, in [[London]], England. At Nahant he applied the newly developed [[vacuum tube]], then associated with the formative stages of the field of applied science now known as [[electronics]], to the detection of underwater signals. As a result, the [[carbon microphone|carbon button microphone]], which had been used in earlier detection equipment, was replaced by the precursor of the modern [[hydrophone]]. Also during this period, he experimented with methods for towing detection. This was due to the increased sensitivity of his device. The principles are still used in modern [[towed sonar]] systems.

To meet the defense needs of Great Britain, Horton was sent to England to install in the [[Irish Sea]] bottom-mounted hydrophones connected to a shore listening post by submarine cable. While this equipment was being loaded on the cable-laying vessel, World War I ended and he returned home.

During World War II, Horton continued to develop sonar systems that could detect submarines, mines, and torpedoes. He published ''Fundamentals of Sonar'' in 1957 as chief research consultant at the [[Underwater Sound Laboratory|US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory]]. He held this position until 1959 when he became technical director, a position he held until mandatory retirement in 1963.<ref>from Dr. Horton's autobiographical sketch and US Department of the Navy Undersea Warfare Center</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Horton|first=J. Warren|title=Fundamentals of Sonar| publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |location=Annapolis|year=1957|page=387}}</ref>

=== Materials and designs in the US and Japan ===
There was little progress in US sonar from 1915 to 1940. In 1940, US sonars typically consisted of a [[magnetostrictive]] transducer and an array of nickel tubes connected to a 1-foot-diameter steel plate attached back-to-back to a [[Rochelle salt]] crystal in a spherical housing. This assembly penetrated the ship hull and was manually rotated to the desired angle. The [[piezoelectric]] Rochelle salt crystal had better parameters, but the magnetostrictive unit was much more reliable.

High losses to US merchant supply shipping early in World War II led to large scale high priority US research in the field, pursuing both improvements in magnetostrictive transducer parameters and Rochelle salt reliability. [[Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate]] (ADP), a superior alternative, was found as a replacement for Rochelle salt; the first application was a replacement of the 24 kHz Rochelle-salt transducers. Within nine months, Rochelle salt was obsolete. The ADP manufacturing facility grew from few dozen personnel in early 1940 to several thousands in 1942.

One of the earliest application of ADP crystals were hydrophones for [[acoustic mine]]s. The crystals were specified for low-frequency cutoff at 5 Hz, withstanding mechanical shock for deployment from aircraft from {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and ability to survive neighbouring mine explosions. One of key features of ADP reliability is its zero aging characteristics; the crystal keeps its parameters even over prolonged storage.

Another application was for acoustic homing torpedoes. Two pairs of directional hydrophones were mounted on the torpedo nose, in the horizontal and vertical plane; the difference signals from the pairs were used to steer the torpedo left-right and up-down. A countermeasure was developed: the targeted submarine discharged an [[effervescent]] chemical, and the torpedo went after the noisier fizzy decoy. The counter-countermeasure was a torpedo with active sonar – a transducer was added to the torpedo nose, and the microphones were listening for its reflected periodic tone bursts. The transducers comprised identical rectangular crystal plates arranged to diamond-shaped areas in staggered rows.

Passive sonar arrays for submarines were developed from ADP crystals. Several crystal assemblies were arranged in a steel tube, vacuum-filled with [[castor oil]], and sealed. The tubes then were mounted in parallel arrays.

The standard US Navy scanning sonar at the end of World War II operated at 18 kHz, using an array of ADP crystals. Desired longer range, however, required use of lower frequencies. The required dimensions were too big for ADP crystals, so in the early 1950s magnetostrictive and [[barium titanate]] piezoelectric systems were developed, but these had problems achieving uniform impedance characteristics, and the beam pattern suffered. Barium titanate was then replaced with more stable [[lead zirconate titanate]] (PZT), and the frequency was lowered to 5 kHz.<ref>Frank Massa. [http://www.massa.com/wp-content/uploads/Frank_Massa-Sonar_Transducers-A_History.pdf Sonar Transducers: A History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418081805/http://www.massa.com/wp-content/uploads/Frank_Massa-Sonar_Transducers-A_History.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}</ref>

The US fleet used this material in the AN/SQS-23 sonar for several decades. The SQS-23 sonar first used magnetostrictive nickel transducers, but these weighed several tons, and nickel was expensive and considered a critical material; piezoelectric transducers were therefore substituted. The sonar was a large array of 432 individual transducers. At first, the transducers were unreliable, showing mechanical and electrical failures and deteriorating soon after installation; they were also produced by several vendors, had different designs, and their characteristics were different enough to impair the array's performance. The policy to allow repair of individual transducers was then sacrificed, and "expendable modular design", sealed non-repairable modules, was chosen instead, eliminating the problem with seals and other extraneous mechanical parts.<ref>Frank Massa. [http://www.massa.com/wp-content/uploads/Frank_Massa-Sonar_Transducers-A_History.pdf Sonar Transducers: A History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418081805/http://www.massa.com/wp-content/uploads/Frank_Massa-Sonar_Transducers-A_History.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}</ref>

The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] at the onset of World War II used projectors based on [[quartz]]. These were big and heavy, especially if designed for lower frequencies; the one for Type 91 set, operating at 9 kHz, had a diameter of {{convert|30|in}} and was driven by an oscillator with 5 kW power and 7 kV of output amplitude. The Type 93 projectors consisted of solid sandwiches of quartz, assembled into spherical [[cast iron]] bodies.

The Type 93 sonars were later replaced with Type 3, which followed German design and used magnetostrictive projectors. The projectors consisted of two rectangular identical independent units in a cast-iron rectangular body about {{convert|16|x|9|in}}. The exposed area was half the wavelength wide and three wavelengths high. The magnetostrictive cores were made from 4 mm stampings of nickel, and later of an [[Alperm|iron-aluminium alloy]] with aluminium content between 12.7% and 12.9%. The power was provided from a 2 kW at 3.8 kV, with polarization from a 20 V, 8 A DC source.

The passive hydrophones of the Imperial Japanese Navy were based on moving-coil design, Rochelle salt piezo transducers, and [[carbon microphone]]s.<ref name="USNTMJ-200B-0343-0412">{{cite report |url=http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/gvt_reports/USNAVY/USNTMJ%20Reports/USNTMJ-200B-0343-0412%20Report%20E-10.pdf |title=Japanese Sonar and Asdic |last1=Schwalm |first1=E.{{spaces}}E. |last2=Lang |first2=A.{{spaces}}A. |last3=Lealy |first3=J.{{spaces}}W. |last4=Lavarack |first4=T.{{spaces}}V. |last5=Kadish |first5=S.{{spaces}}H.|publisher=[[United States Navy]] |access-date=2015-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013502/http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/gvt_reports/USNAVY/USNTMJ%20Reports/USNTMJ-200B-0343-0412%20Report%20E-10.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref>

=== Later developments in transducers ===
Magnetostrictive transducers were pursued after World War II as an alternative to piezoelectric ones. Nickel scroll-wound ring transducers were used for high-power low-frequency operations, with size up to {{convert|13|ft}} in diameter, probably the largest individual sonar transducers ever. The advantage of metals is their high tensile strength and low input electrical impedance, but they have electrical losses and lower coupling coefficient than PZT, whose tensile strength can be increased by [[prestressing]].

Other materials were also tried. Nonmetallic [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrites]] were promising for their low electrical conductivity resulting in low [[eddy current]] losses, [[Metglas]] offered high coupling coefficient, but they were inferior to PZT overall. In the 1970s, compounds of [[rare earths]] and iron were discovered with superior magnetomechanic properties, namely the [[Terfenol-D]] alloy. This made possible new designs, e.g. a hybrid magnetostrictive-piezoelectric transducer. The most recent of these improved magnetostrictive materials is [[Galfenol]].

Other types of transducers include variable-reluctance (or moving-armature, or electromagnetic) transducers, where magnetic force acts on the surfaces of gaps, and moving coil (or electrodynamic) transducers, similar to conventional speakers; the latter are used in underwater sound calibration, due to their very low resonance frequencies and flat broadband characteristics above them.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srREi-ScbFcC&pg=PA45 |title=Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound |journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]] |volume=124 |issue=3 |page=1385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001103/https://books.google.com/books?id=srREi-ScbFcC&pg=PA45 |archive-date=2018-04-26 |bibcode=2008ASAJ..124.1385S |last1=Sherman |first1=Charles H |last2=Butler |first2=John L |last3=Brown |first3=David A |year=2008 |doi=10.1121/1.2956476 |isbn=978-0-387-33139-3|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Active sonar ==
[[File:Sonar Principle EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|The principle of an active sonar]]
{{Listen|filename=Sonar_pings.ogg|title=Sonar pings|description=Recording of active sonar pings.|format=[[ogg]]}}
{{For|the analogous process in animals|animal echolocation}}

Active sonar uses a sound transmitter (or projector) and a receiver. When the two are in the same place it is [[Monostatic radar|monostatic operation]]. When the transmitter and receiver are separated it is [[Bistatic sonar|bistatic operation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Sonar System (Active)|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/asw_sys/asw_sys.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151935/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/asw_sys/asw_sys.htm|archive-date=2020-06-22|access-date=2020-06-22|website=fas.org}}</ref> When more transmitters (or more receivers) are used, again spatially separated, it is [[Multistatic radar|multistatic operation]]. Most sonars are used monostatically with the same array often being used for transmission and reception.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bjørnø|first=Leif|title=Applied Underwater Acoustics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2017|isbn=978-0-12-811240-3|chapter=Sonar Systems}}</ref> Active sonobuoy fields may be operated multistatically.

Active sonar creates a [[Pulse (signal processing)|pulse]] of sound, often called a "ping", and then listens for [[Reflection (physics)|reflection]]s ([[echo]]) of the pulse. This pulse of sound is generally created electronically using a sonar projector consisting of a signal generator, power amplifier and electro-acoustic transducer/array.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=D.G. |last2=Gazey |first2=B.K. |title=Applied underwater acoustics |date=1966 |publisher=Pergamon Press}}</ref> A transducer is a device that can transmit and receive acoustic signals ("pings"). A beamformer is usually employed to concentrate the acoustic power into a beam, which may be swept to cover the required search angles.

Generally, the electro-acoustic transducers are of the [[Tonpilz]] type and their design may be optimised to achieve maximum efficiency over the widest bandwidth, in order to optimise performance of the overall system. Occasionally, the acoustic pulse may be created by other means, e.g. chemically using explosives, airguns or plasma sound sources.

To measure the distance to an object, the time from transmission of a pulse to reception is measured and converted into a range using the known speed of sound.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Technology: Observation Tools: SONAR|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/tools/sonar/sonar.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622153622/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/tools/sonar/sonar.html|archive-date=2020-06-22|access-date=2020-06-22|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> To measure the [[bearing (navigation)|bearing]], several [[hydrophone]]s are used, and the set measures the relative arrival time to each, or with an array of hydrophones, by measuring the relative amplitude in beams formed through a process called [[beamforming]]. Use of an array reduces the spatial response so that to provide wide cover [[multibeam echosounder|multibeam]] systems are used.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=D.A.|title=Applied Underwater Acoustics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2017|isbn=978-0-12-811240-3|chapter=Signal Processing}}</ref>

The target signal, if present, together with noise is then passed through forms of [[Sonar signal processing|signal processing]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=D.A.|title=Applied Underwater Acoustics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2017|isbn=978-0-12-811240-3|chapter=Signal Processing}}</ref> which for simple sonars may be just energy measurement. It is then presented to some form of decision device, that calls the output either the required signal or noise. This decision device may be an operator with headphones or a display. In more sophisticated sonars this function may be carried out by software. Further processes may be carried out to classify the target and localise it, as well as measuring its velocity.

The pulse may be at constant [[frequency]] or a [[chirp]] of changing frequency, to allow [[pulse compression]] on reception. Simple sonars generally use the former with a filter wide enough to cover possible Doppler changes due to target movement, while more complex ones generally include the latter technique. Since [[digital processing]] became available pulse compression has usually been implemented using digital correlation techniques. Military sonars often have multiple beams to provide all-round cover, while simple ones only cover a narrow arc, although the beam may be rotated, relatively slowly, by mechanical scanning.

Particularly when single frequency transmissions are used, the [[Doppler effect]] can be used to measure the radial speed of a target. The difference in frequency between the transmitted and received signal is measured and converted into a velocity. Since Doppler shifts can be introduced by either receiver or target motion, allowance has to be made for the radial speed of the searching platform.

One useful small sonar is similar in appearance to a waterproof flashlight. The head is pointed into the water, a button is pressed, and the device displays the distance to the target. Another variant is a "[[fishfinder]]" that shows a small display with [[Shoaling and schooling|shoal]]s of fish. Some civilian sonars, which are not designed for stealth, approach active military sonars in capability, with three-dimensional displays of the area near the boat.

When active sonar is used to measure the distance from the transducer to the bottom, it is known as [[echo sounding]]. Similar methods may be used looking upward for wave measurement.

Active sonar is also used to measure distance through water between two sonar transducers or a combination of a hydrophone (underwater acoustic microphone) and projector (underwater acoustic speaker). When a hydrophone/transducer receives a specific interrogation signal it responds by transmitting a specific reply signal. To measure distance, one transducer/projector transmits an interrogation signal and measures the time between this transmission and the receipt of the other transducer/hydrophone reply.

The time difference, scaled by the speed of sound through water and divided by two, is the distance between the two platforms. This technique, when used with multiple transducers/hydrophones/projectors, can calculate the relative positions of static and moving objects in water.

In combat situations, an active pulse can be detected by an enemy and will reveal a submarine's position at twice the maximum distance that the submarine can itself detect a contact and give clues as to the submarine's identity based on the characteristics of the outgoing ping. For these reasons, active sonar is not frequently used by military submarines.

A very directional, but low-efficiency, type of sonar, used by fisheries, military, and for port security, makes use of a complex nonlinear feature of water known as non-linear sonar, the virtual transducer being known as a ''[[parametric array]]''.

=== Project Artemis ===
[[Project Artemis]] was an experimental research and development project in the late 1950s to mid 1960s to examine acoustic propagation and signal processing for a low-frequency active sonar system that might be used for ocean surveillance. A secondary objective was examination of engineering problems of fixed active bottom systems.<ref>{{cite report |last=McClinton |first=A. T. |date=September 7, 1967 |title=Project Artemnis Acoustic Source Summary Report |page=iv |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0384324.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611034201/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0384324.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The receiving array was located on the slope of Plantagnet Bank off Bermuda. The active source array was deployed from the converted World War II tanker {{ship|USNS|Mission Capistrano|}}.<ref>{{cite report |last=Erskine |first=Fred T. III |date=August 2013 |title=A History of the Acoustics Division of the Naval Research Laboratory The First Eight Decades 1923—2008 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Naval Research Laboratory |pages=59–63 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a586269.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610212211/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a586269.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> Elements of Artemis were used experimentally after the main experiment was terminated.

=== Transponder ===
This is an active sonar device that receives a specific stimulus and immediately (or with a delay) retransmits the received signal or a predetermined one. Transponders can be used to remotely activate or recover subsea equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lightweight Actuation Transponder (LAT)|url=https://www.sonardyne.com/product/lightweight-actuation-transponder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623112943/https://www.sonardyne.com/product/lightweight-actuation-transponder/|archive-date=2020-06-23|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Sonardyne|language=en}}</ref>

=== Performance prediction ===
A sonar target is small relative to the [[sphere]], centred around the emitter, on which it is located. Therefore, the power of the reflected signal is very low, several [[orders of magnitude]] less than the original signal. Even if the reflected signal was of the same power, the following example (using hypothetical values) shows the problem: Suppose a sonar system is capable of emitting a 10,000 W/m2 signal at 1 m, and detecting a 0.001 W/m2 signal. At 100 m the signal will be 1 W/m2, due to the [[inverse-square law]].

If the entire signal is reflected from a 10 m2 target, it will be at 0.001 W/m2 when it reaches the emitter, i.e. just detectable. However, the original signal will remain above 0.001 W/m2 until 3000 m. Any 10 m2 target between 100 and 3000 m using a similar or better system would be able to detect the pulse, but would not be detected by the emitter. The detectors must be very sensitive to pick up the echoes. Since the original signal is much more powerful, it can be detected many times further than twice the range of the sonar (as in the example).

Active sonar have two performance limitations: due to noise and reverberation. In general, one or other of these will dominate, so that the two effects can be initially considered separately.

In noise-limited conditions at initial detection:<ref name="ReferenceA">ISO 18405:2017 Underwater acoustics - terminology. Sonar equation, entry 3.6.2.3</ref>
:SL − 2PL + TS − (NL − AG) = DT,
where SL is the [[Underwater acoustics#Source level|source level]], PL is the [[propagation loss]] (sometimes referred to as [[Underwater acoustics#Propagation loss|transmission loss]]), TS is the [[target strength]], NL is the [[Ambient noise level|noise level]], AG is the [[array gain]] of the receiving array (sometimes approximated by its directivity index) and DT is the [[detection threshold]].

In reverberation-limited conditions at initial detection (neglecting array gain):
:SL − 2PL + TS = RL + DT,
where RL is the [[reverberation level]], and the other factors are as before.

=== Hand-held sonar for use by a diver ===
*The LIMIS (limpet mine imaging sonar) is a hand-held or [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]]-mounted imaging sonar for use by a diver. Its name is because it was designed for patrol divers (combat [[frogmen]] or [[clearance diver]]s) to look for [[limpet mine]]s in low [[visibility]] water.
*The LUIS (lensing underwater imaging system) is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.
*There is or was a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers, that merely displays range.
*For the INSS (integrated navigation sonar system)

=== Upward looking sonar ===
An upward looking sonar (ULS) is a sonar device pointed upwards looking towards the surface of the sea. It is used for similar purposes as downward looking sonar, but has some unique applications such as measuring [[sea ice]] thickness, roughness and concentration,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Connolley|first1=William|date=29 May 2005|title=Stoat: Sea ice: What I do in my spare time :-)|url=http://mustelid.blogspot.com/2005/05/sea-ice-what-i-do-in-my-spare-time.html|access-date=19 October 2017|website=Stoat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fissel|first1=D. B.|last2=Marko|first2=J. R.|last3=Melling|first3=H.|date=2008-01-01|title=Advances in upward looking sonar technology for studying the processes of change in Arctic Ocean ice climate|journal=Journal of Operational Oceanography|volume=1|issue=1|pages=9–18|doi=10.1080/1755876X.2008.11081884|bibcode=2008JOO.....1....9F |s2cid=125961523|issn=1755-876X|doi-access=free}}</ref> or measuring air entrainment from bubble plumes during rough seas. Often it is moored on the bottom of the ocean or floats on a taut line mooring at a constant depth of perhaps 100 m. They may also be used by [[submarine]]s, [[Autonomous underwater vehicle|AUVs]], and floats such as the [[Argo (oceanography)|Argo]] float.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2018|title=Blue-sea thinking|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018-03-10/ocean-technology|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034715/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018-03-10/ocean-technology|archive-date=2020-11-09|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Economist: Technology Quarterly}}</ref>

==Passive sonar==
{{More footnotes |section|date=October 2023}}
Passive sonar listens without transmitting.<ref name="usff-sound">{{cite web |title=Science of Sound |url=https://www.usff.navy.mil/Community-Outreach/US-Navy-Stewards-of-the-Sea/Science-of-Sound/ |website=www.usff.navy.mil |publisher=U.S. Fleet Forces Command |access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> It is often employed in military settings, although it is also used in science applications, ''e.g.'', detecting fish for presence/absence studies in various aquatic environments – see also [[passive acoustics]] and [[passive radar]]. In the very broadest usage, this term can encompass virtually any analytical technique involving remotely generated sound, though it is usually restricted to techniques applied in an aquatic environment.

===Identifying sound sources===
Passive sonar has a wide variety of techniques for identifying the source of a detected sound. For example, U.S. vessels usually operate 60 [[Hertz]] (Hz) [[alternating current]] power systems. If [[transformer]]s or [[electrical generator|generators]] are mounted without proper [[vibration]] insulation from the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] or become flooded, the 60 Hz sound from the windings can be emitted from the [[submarine]] or ship. This can help to identify its nationality, as all European submarines and nearly every other nation's submarine have 50 Hz power systems. Intermittent sound sources (such as a [[wrench]] being dropped), called "transients," may also be detectable to passive sonar. Until fairly recently,{{when|date=August 2012}} an experienced, trained operator identified signals, but now computers may do this.

Passive sonar systems may have large sonic [[databases]], but the sonar operator usually finally classifies the signals manually. A [[computer system]] frequently uses these databases to identify classes of ships, actions (i.e. the speed of a ship, or the type of weapon released and the most effective countermeasures to employ), and even particular ships.

===Noise limitations===
Passive sonar on vehicles is usually severely limited because of noise generated by the vehicle. For this reason, many submarines operate [[nuclear reactor]]s that can be cooled without pumps, using silent [[convection]], or [[fuel cell]]s or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]], which can also run silently. Vehicles' [[propeller]]s are also designed and precisely machined to emit minimal noise. High-speed propellers often create tiny bubbles in the water, and this [[cavitation]] has a distinct sound.

The sonar [[hydrophone]]s may be towed behind the ship or submarine in order to reduce the effect of noise generated by the watercraft itself. Towed units also combat the [[thermocline]], as the unit may be towed above or below the thermocline.

The display of most passive sonars used to be a two-dimensional [[spectrogram|waterfall display]]. The horizontal direction of the display is bearing. The vertical is frequency, or sometimes time. Another display technique is to color-code frequency-time information for bearing. More recent displays are generated by the computers, and mimic [[radar]]-type [[plan position indicator]] displays.

===Performance prediction===
Unlike active sonar, only one-way propagation is involved. Because of the different signal processing used, the minimal detectable signal-to-noise ratio will be different. The equation for determining the performance of a passive sonar is<ref>M. A. Ainslie (2010), Principles of Sonar Performance Modeling, Springer, p68</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
:SL − PL = NL − AG + DT,
where SL is the source level, PL is the propagation loss, NL is the noise level, AG is the array gain and DT is the detection threshold. The [[figure of merit]] of a passive sonar is
:FOM = SL + AG − (NL + DT).

== Performance factors ==
The detection, classification and localisation performance of a sonar depends on the environment and the receiving equipment, as well as the transmitting equipment in an active sonar or the target radiated noise in a passive sonar.

=== Sound propagation ===
Sonar operation is affected by variations in [[sound speed]], particularly in the vertical plane. Sound travels more slowly in [[fresh water]] than in [[sea water]], though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the water's [[bulk modulus]] and [[mass]] [[density]]. The bulk modulus is affected by temperature, dissolved impurities (usually [[salinity]]), and [[pressure]]. The density effect is small. The [[speed of sound]] (in feet per second) is approximately:

:4388 + (11.25 × temperature (in °F)) + (0.0182 × depth (in feet)) + salinity (in parts-per-thousand ).

This [[empirical]]ly derived approximation equation is reasonably accurate for normal temperatures, concentrations of salinity and the range of most ocean depths. Ocean temperature varies with depth, but at between 30 and 100 meters there is often a marked change, called the [[thermocline]], dividing the warmer surface water from the cold, still waters that make up the rest of the ocean. This can frustrate sonar, because a sound originating on one side of the thermocline tends to be bent, or [[refracted]], through the thermocline.

The thermocline may be present in shallower coastal waters. Wave action will often mix the water column and eliminate the thermocline. Water [[pressure]] also affects sound propagation: higher pressure increases the sound speed, which causes the sound waves to refract away from the area of higher sound speed. The mathematical model of refraction is called [[Snell's law]].

If the sound source is deep and the conditions are right, propagation may occur in the '[[deep sound channel]]'. This provides extremely low propagation loss to a receiver in the channel. This is because of sound trapping in the channel with no losses at the boundaries. Similar propagation can occur in the 'surface duct' under suitable conditions. In this case, there are reflection losses at the surface.

In shallow water propagation is generally by repeated reflection at the surface and bottom, where considerable losses can occur.

Sound propagation is affected by [[Absorption (acoustics)|absorption]] in the water itself as well as at the surface and bottom. This absorption depends upon frequency, with several different mechanisms in sea water. Long-range sonar uses low frequencies to minimise absorption effects.

The sea contains many sources of noise that interfere with the desired target echo or signature. The main noise sources are [[wave]]s and [[shipping]]. The motion of the receiver through the water can also cause speed-dependent low frequency noise.

===Scattering===
{{See also|Deep scattering layer}}
When active sonar is used, [[scattering]] occurs from small objects in the sea as well as from the bottom and surface. This can be a major source of interference. This acoustic scattering is analogous to the scattering of the light from a car's headlights in fog: a high-intensity pencil beam will penetrate the fog to some extent, but broader-beam headlights emit much light in unwanted directions, much of which is scattered back to the observer, overwhelming that reflected from the target ("white-out"). For analogous reasons active sonar needs to transmit in a narrow beam to minimize scattering.

[[File:Undersea bubble clouds.jpg|thumb|Bubble clouds shown under the sea. From ref.<ref name="Leighton_et_al_Nature_2018">{{cite journal |author1=Leighton, T.G. |author2=Coles, D.C.H. |author3=Srokosz, M. |author4=White, P.R. |author5=Woolf, D.K. |title=Asymmetric transfer of CO2 across a broken sea surface|journal= Scientific Reports |year=2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8301 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-25818-6 |pmid=29844316 |pmc=5974314 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8301L}}</ref>]]
The scattering of sonar from objects (mines, pipelines, zooplankton, geological features, fish etc.) is how active sonar detects them, but this ability can be masked by strong scattering from false targets, or 'clutter'. Where they occur (under breaking waves;<ref name="Woolf+Thorpe_1991">{{cite journal |author1= Woolf, D.K. |author2=Thorpe, S.A. |title= Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin |journal= J. Mar. Res. |year=1991 |volume=49 |issue=3| pages= 435–466 |doi= 10.1357/002224091784995765 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> in ship wakes; in gas emitted from seabed seeps and leaks<ref name= "Westbrook_et_al_2009">{{cite journal |author1=Westbrook, G.K. |author2=Thatcher, K.E. |author3=Rohling, E.J. |author4=Piotrowski, A.M. |author5=Pälike, H. |author6=Osborne, A.H. |author7=Nisbet, E.G. |author8=Minshull, T.A. |author9=Lanoisellé, M. |author10=James, R.H. |author11= Hühnerbach, V. |author12=Green, D. |author13=Fisher, R.E. |author14=Crocker, A.J. |author15=Chabert, A. |author16=Bolton, C. |author17=Beszczynska-Möller, A. |author18=Berndt, C. |author19=Aquilina, A. |title= Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin |journal= J. Mar. Res. |year=2009 |volume=36 |issue=15 |pages= L15608|bibcode= 2009GeoRL..3615608W |doi= 10.1029/2009GL039191 |url= http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/164607/1/2009gl039191%2Baux.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> etc.), gas bubbles are powerful sources of clutter, and can readily hide targets. TWIPS (Twin Inverted Pulse Sonar)<ref name="Leighton_et_al_2010_TWIPS">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspa.2010.0154| title = Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar (TWIPS)| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A| volume = 466| issue = 2124| pages = 3453–3478| year = 2010| last1 = Leighton | first1 = T. G.| last2 = Finfer | first2 = D. C.| last3 = White | first3 = P. R.| last4 = Chua | first4 = G. – H. | last5 = Dix | first5 = J. K.|bibcode = 2010RSPSA.466.3453L | s2cid = 111066936|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/2010%20Leighton%20et%20al%20(PRS)%20Clutter%20suppression%20and%20classification.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Leighton_et_al_2012_PRS_dolphins">{{Cite journal | doi= 10.1098/rspa.2012.0247| title = Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A| volume = 468| issue = 2147| pages = 3517–3532| year = 2012| last1 = Leighton | first1 = T. G.| last2 = Chua | first2 = G. H.| last3 = White | first3 = P. R.| url= http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/2012_Leighton_et_al_%20(PRS)_Do_dolphins_benefit.pdf|bibcode = 2012RSPSA.468.3517L | s2cid = 109255100| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Leighton_et_al_2011_JASA_TWIPS">{{Cite journal| pmid = 22088017| year = 2011| last1 = Leighton| first1 = T. G.| title = Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar in ship wakes| journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America| volume = 130| issue = 5| pages = 3431–7| last2 = Finfer| first2 = D. C.| last3 = Chua| first3 = G. H.| last4 = White| first4 = P. R.| last5 = Dix| first5 = J. K.|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub12669.pdf| doi = 10.1121/1.3626131| bibcode = 2011ASAJ..130.3431L}}</ref> is currently the only sonar that can overcome this clutter problem.[[File:TWIPS picture 2.png|thumb|Comparison of Standard Sonar and TWIPS in finding a target in bubbly water. Adapted from ref.<ref name="Leighton_et_al_2010_TWIPS"/>]] This is important as many recent conflicts have occurred in coastal waters, and the inability to detect whether mines are present or not present hazards and delays to military vessels, and also to aid convoys and merchant shipping trying to support the region long after the conflict has ceased.<ref name="Leighton_et_al_2010_TWIPS"/>

===Target characteristics===
The sound ''reflection'' characteristics of the target of an active sonar, such as a submarine, are known as its [[target strength]]. A complication is that echoes are also obtained from other objects in the sea such as whales, wakes, schools of fish and rocks.

Passive sonar detects the target's ''radiated'' noise characteristics. The radiated [[Frequency spectrum|spectrum]] comprises a [[continuous spectrum]] of noise with peaks at certain frequencies which can be used for classification.

===Countermeasures===
''Active'' (powered) countermeasures may be launched by a vessel under attack to raise the noise level, provide a large false target, and obscure the signature of the vessel itself.

''Passive'' (i.e., non-powered) countermeasures include:
* Mounting noise-generating devices on isolating devices.
* Sound-absorbent coatings on the hulls of submarines, for example [[anechoic tiles]].

== Military applications ==
Modern [[naval warfare]] makes extensive use of both passive and active sonar from water-borne vessels, aircraft and fixed installations. Although active sonar was used by surface craft in [[World War II]], submarines avoided the use of active sonar due to the potential for revealing their presence and position to enemy forces. However, the advent of modern signal-processing enabled the use of passive sonar as a primary means for search and detection operations. In 1987 a division of Japanese company [[Toshiba]] reportedly<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/how-the-soviet-akula-changed-submarine-warfare-1819380681|title=How The Soviet Akula Changed Submarine Warfare|website=Foxtrot Alpha|date=13 October 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> sold machinery to the [[Soviet Union]] that allowed their submarine propeller blades to be milled so that they became radically quieter, making the newer generation of submarines more difficult to detect.

The use of active sonar by a submarine to determine bearing is extremely rare and will not necessarily give high quality bearing or range information to the submarines fire control team. However, use of active sonar on surface ships is very common and is used by submarines when the tactical situation dictates that it is more important to determine the position of a hostile submarine than conceal their own position. With surface ships, it might be assumed that the threat is already tracking the ship with satellite data as any vessel around the emitting sonar will detect the emission. Having heard the signal, it is easy to identify the sonar equipment used (usually with its frequency) and its position (with the sound wave's energy). Active sonar is similar to radar in that, while it allows detection of targets at a certain range, it also enables the emitter to be detected at a far greater range, which is undesirable.

Since active sonar reveals the presence and position of the operator, and does not allow exact classification of targets, it is used by fast (planes, helicopters) and by noisy platforms (most surface ships) but rarely by submarines. When active sonar is used by surface ships or submarines, it is typically activated very briefly at intermittent periods to minimize the risk of detection. Consequently, active sonar is normally considered a backup to passive sonar. In aircraft, active sonar is used in the form of disposable [[sonobuoy]]s that are dropped in the aircraft's patrol area or in the vicinity of possible enemy sonar contacts.

Passive sonar has several advantages, most importantly that it is silent. If the target radiated noise level is high enough, it can have a greater range than active sonar, and allows the target to be identified. Since any motorized object makes some noise, it may in principle be detected, depending on the level of noise emitted and the [[ambient noise level]] in the area, as well as the technology used. To simplify, passive sonar "sees" around the ship using it. On a submarine, nose-mounted passive sonar detects in directions of about 270°, centered on the ship's alignment, the hull-mounted array of about 160° on each side, and the towed array of a full 360°. The invisible areas are due to the ship's own interference.

Once a signal is detected in a certain direction (which means that something makes sound in that direction, this is called broadband detection) it is possible to zoom in and analyze the signal received (narrowband analysis). This is generally done using a [[Fourier transform]] to show the different frequencies making up the sound. Since every engine makes a specific sound, it is straightforward to identify the object. Databases of unique engine sounds are part of what is known as ''acoustic intelligence'' or ACINT.

Another use of passive sonar is to determine the target's [[trajectory]]. This process is called target motion analysis (TMA), and the resultant "solution" is the target's range, course, and speed. TMA is done by marking from which direction the sound comes at different times, and comparing the motion with that of the operator's own ship. Changes in relative motion are analyzed using standard geometrical techniques along with some assumptions about limiting cases.

Passive sonar is stealthy. It requires [[high-tech]] electronic components. It is generally deployed on advanced ships in the form of arrays to enhance detection. Surface ships and [[submarine]]s use it. It is also used by airplanes and helicopters{{clarify|How?|date=January 2026}}, mostly to a "surprise effect", since submarines can hide under thermal layers. If a submarine's commander believes he is alone, he may bring his boat closer to the surface and be easier to detect, or go deeper and faster, and thus make more sound.

Examples of sonar applications in military use are given below. Many of the civil uses given in the following section may also be applicable to naval use.

=== Anti-submarine warfare ===
[[File:Variabel dybde sonar (VDS) på et af søværnets skibe af Thetis-klassen.jpg|thumb|upright|Variable depth sonar and its winch]]
Until recently, ship sonars were usually made with hull mounted arrays, either amidships or at the bow. It was soon found after their initial use that a means of reducing flow noise was required. The first were made of canvas on a framework, then steel ones were used. Now domes are usually made of reinforced plastic or pressurized rubber. Such sonars are primarily active in operation. An example of a conventional hull mounted sonar is the SQS-56.

Because of the problems of ship noise, towed sonars are also used. These have the advantage of being able to be placed deeper in the water, but have limitations on their use in shallow water. These are called towed arrays (linear) or variable depth sonars (VDS) with 2/3D arrays. A problem is that the winches required to deploy/recover them are large and expensive. VDS sets are primarily active in operation, while towed arrays are passive.

An example of a modern active-passive ship towed sonar is [[Sonar 2087]] made by [[Thales Underwater Systems]].

=== Torpedoes ===
Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with an active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the target, but [[wake homing]] torpedoes are also used. An early example of an acoustic homer was the [[Mark 37 torpedo]].

Torpedo countermeasures can be towed or free. An early example was the German ''Sieglinde'' device while the [[Bold (decoy)|''Bold'']] was a chemical device. A widely used US device was the towed [[AN/SLQ-25 Nixie]] while the [[mobile submarine simulator]] (MOSS) was a free device. A modern alternative to the Nixie system is the [[SSTD|UK Royal Navy S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence]] system.

=== Mines ===
Mines may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize and recognize the required target. An example is the [[CAPTOR mine]].

=== Mine countermeasures ===
Mine countermeasure (MCM) sonar, sometimes called "mine and obstacle avoidance sonar (MOAS)", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects. Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design. An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32 mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs.

=== Submarine navigation ===
{{Main|Submarine navigation}}
Submarines rely on sonar to a greater extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar in water. The sonar arrays may be hull mounted or towed. Information fitted on typical fits is given in {{sclass|Oyashio|submarine|1}} and {{sclass|Swiftsure|submarine|1}}.

=== Aircraft ===
[[File:SH-3H HS-15 lowers AQS-13 sonar 1979.JPEG|thumb|[[AN/AQS-13]] dipping sonar deployed from an [[H-3 Sea King]]]]

Helicopters can be used for antisubmarine warfare by deploying fields of active-passive sonobuoys or can operate dipping sonar, such as the [[AQS-13]]. Fixed wing aircraft can also deploy sonobuoys and have greater endurance and capacity to deploy them. Processing from the sonobuoys or [[Geophysical MASINT#Airborne dipping sonar|dipping sonar]] can be on the aircraft or on ship. Dipping sonar has the advantage of being deployable to depths appropriate to daily conditions. Helicopters have also been used for mine countermeasure missions using towed sonars such as the [[AQS-20A]].

===Underwater communications===
Dedicated sonars can be fitted to ships and submarines for underwater communication.

===Ocean surveillance===
The United States began a system of passive, fixed ocean surveillance systems in 1950 with the classified name [[SOSUS|Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS)]] with [[American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] (AT&T), with its [[Bell Laboratories]] research and [[Western Electric]] manufacturing entities being contracted for development and installation. The systems exploited the [[SOFAR channel]], also known as the deep sound channel, where a sound speed minimum creates a [[waveguide]] in which low frequency sound travels thousands of miles.<ref name=Whitman/><ref name=ICAA/>

Analysis was based on an AT&T sound spectrograph, which converted sound into a visual [[spectrogram]] representing a [[time–frequency analysis]] of sound that was developed for speech analysis and modified to analyze low-frequency underwater sounds. That process was [[Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder (LOFAR)|Low Frequency Analysis and Recording]] and the equipment was termed the Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder, both with the acronym LOFAR. LOFAR research was termed ''Jezebel'' and led to usage in air and surface systems, particularly sonobuoys using the process and sometimes using "Jezebel" in their name.<ref name=Whitman>{{cite magazine |last=Whitman |first=Edward C. |date=Winter 2005 |title=SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance |magazine=Undersea Warfare |volume=7 |issue=2 |url=https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_25/sosus.htm |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324114806/https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_25/sosus.htm }}</ref><ref name=ICAA>{{cite web |title=Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010 |publisher=IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association |url=http://www.iusscaa.org/history.htm |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munk |first1=Walter H. |last2=Spindel |first2=Robert C. |last3=Baggeroer |first3=Arthur |last4=Birdsall |first4=Theodore G. |date=20 May 1994 |journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |title=The Heard Island Feasibility Test |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=2330–2342 |publisher=Acoustical Society of America |doi=10.1121/1.410105 |bibcode=1994ASAJ...96.2330M |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbrigus.physics.mun.ca%2F~zedel%2FP6317%2Fpapers%2Fheard_island.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Philip |last2=Blumstein |first2=Sheila E. |date= 4 February 1988|title=Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK/New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-30866-6 |lccn=87013187 |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c07XORQ3NdkC&pg=PA51 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> The proposed system offered such promise of long-range submarine detection that the Navy ordered immediate moves for implementation.<ref name=ICAA/><ref name=CUS>{{cite web |title=Origins of SOSUS |publisher=Commander, Undersea Surveillance |url=https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/cus/Pages/sosus_origins.aspx |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123302/https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/cus/Pages/sosus_origins.aspx }}</ref>

[[File:Watch floor.gif|thumb|Lofargram writers, one for each array beam, on a NAVFAC watch floor]]
Between installation of a test array followed by a full scale, forty element, prototype operational array in 1951 and 1958 systems were installed in the Atlantic and then the Pacific under the unclassified name ''Project Caesar''. The original systems were terminated at classified shore stations designated Naval Facility (NAVFAC) explained as engaging in "ocean research" to cover their classified mission. The system was upgraded multiple times with more advanced cable allowing the arrays to be installed in ocean basins and upgraded processing.<ref name=Whitman/><ref name=ICAA/>

The shore stations were eliminated in a process of consolidation and rerouting the arrays to central processing centers into the 1990s. In 1985, with new mobile arrays and other systems becoming operational the collective system name was changed to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). In 1991, the mission of the system was declassified. The year before IUSS insignia were authorized for wear. Access was granted to some systems for scientific research.<ref name=Whitman/><ref name=ICAA/>

A similar system is believed to have been operated by the Soviet Union.

===Underwater security===
{{main|Anti-frogman techniques#Detection}}
Sonar can be used to detect [[frogmen]] and other [[scuba diver]]s. This can be applicable around ships or at entrances to ports. Active sonar can also be used as a deterrent and/or disablement mechanism. One such device is the [[Anti-frogman techniques#Cerberus|Cerberus]] system.

[[File:US Navy 030223-N-7479T-011 An AN-PQS-2A, a handheld sonar device used to aid in the search of the Toledo Bend Reservoir for debris from the Space Shuttle Columbia.jpg|thumb|upright|AN/PQS-2A handheld sonar, shown with detachable flotation collar and magnetic compass]]

=== Hand-held sonar ===
Limpet mine imaging sonar (LIMIS) is a hand-held or [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]]-mounted imaging sonar designed for patrol divers (combat [[frogmen]] or [[clearance diver]]s) to look for [[limpet mine]]s in low [[visibility]] water.

The LUIS is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.

Integrated navigation sonar system (INSS) is a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers that displays range.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7497 |title=Very High Resolution Imaging Diver Held Sonar |journal=Report to the Office of Naval Research |year=2002 |author=Lent, K |access-date=2008-08-11 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008092104/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7497 |archive-date=2008-10-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7498|title=Diver Charting and Graphical Display|publisher=Texas Univ at Austin Applied Research Labs|author=Krueger, Kenneth L.|date=2003-05-05|access-date=2009-01-21|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813191011/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7498|archive-date=2009-08-13}}</ref>

=== Intercept sonar ===
This is a sonar designed to detect and locate the transmissions from hostile active sonars. An example of this is the Type 2082 fitted on the British {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|1}}s.

== Civilian applications ==
=== Fisheries ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
[[Fishing]] is an important industry that is seeing growing demand, but world catch tonnage is falling as a result of serious resource problems. The industry faces a future of continuing worldwide consolidation until a point of [[sustainability]] can be reached. However, the consolidation of the fishing fleets are driving increased demands for sophisticated fish finding electronics such as sensors, sounders and sonars. Historically, fishermen have used many different techniques to find and harvest fish. However, acoustic technology has been one of the most important driving forces behind the development of the modern commercial fisheries.

Sound waves travel differently through fish than through water because a fish's air-filled [[swim bladder]] has a different density than seawater. This density difference allows the detection of schools of fish by using reflected sound. Acoustic technology is especially well suited for underwater applications since sound travels farther and faster underwater than in air. Today, commercial fishing vessels rely almost completely on acoustic sonar and sounders to detect fish. Fishermen also use active sonar and echo sounder technology to determine water depth, bottom contour, and bottom composition.
[[File:Fishfinder.jpg|thumb|upright|Cabin display of a fish finder sonar]]

Companies such as eSonar, [[Raymarine]], Marport Canada, Wesmar, Furuno, Krupp, and Simrad make a variety of sonar and acoustic instruments for the [[deep sea]] commercial fishing industry. For example, net sensors take various underwater measurements and transmit the information back to a receiver on board a vessel. Each sensor is equipped with one or more acoustic transducers depending on its specific function. Data is transmitted from the sensors using wireless acoustic telemetry and is received by a hull mounted hydrophone. The [[analog signal]]s are decoded and converted by a digital acoustic receiver into data which is transmitted to a bridge computer for [[graphical display]] on a high resolution monitor.

===Echo sounding===
{{main|Echo sounding}}
Echo sounding is a process used to determine the depth of water beneath ships and boats. A type of active sonar, echo sounding is the transmission of an acoustic pulse directly downwards to the seabed, measuring the time between transmission and echo return, after having hit the bottom and bouncing back to its ship of origin. The acoustic pulse is emitted by a transducer which receives the return echo as well. The depth measurement is calculated by multiplying the speed of sound in water (averaging 1,500 meters per second) by the time between emission and echo return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/readings/echosounding/echosounding.html|title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Echo Sounding Reading|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910065402/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/readings/echosounding/echosounding.html|archive-date=2015-09-10}}</ref>

The value of underwater acoustics to the fishing industry has led to the development of other acoustic instruments that operate in a similar fashion to echo-sounders but, because their function is slightly different from the initial model of the echo-sounder, have been given different terms.

=== Net location ===
The net sounder is an echo sounder with a transducer mounted on the headline of the net rather than on the bottom of the vessel. Nevertheless, to accommodate the distance from the transducer to the display unit, which is much greater than in a normal echo-sounder, several refinements have to be made. Two main types are available. The first is the cable type in which the signals are sent along a cable. In this case, there has to be the provision of a cable drum on which to haul, shoot and stow the cable during the different phases of the operation. The second type is the cable-less net-sounder – such as Marport's Trawl Explorer – in which the signals are sent acoustically between the net and hull mounted receiver-hydrophone on the vessel. In this case, no cable drum is required but sophisticated electronics are needed at the transducer and receiver.

The display on a net sounder shows the distance of the net from the bottom (or the surface), rather than the depth of water as with the echo-sounder's hull-mounted [[transducer]]. Fixed to the headline of the net, the footrope can usually be seen which gives an indication of the net performance. Any fish passing into the net can also be seen, allowing fine adjustments to be made to catch the most fish possible. In other fisheries, where the amount of fish in the net is important, catch sensor transducers are mounted at various positions on the cod-end of the net. As the cod-end fills up these catch sensor transducers are triggered one by one and this information is transmitted acoustically to display monitors on the bridge of the vessel. The skipper can then decide when to haul the net.

Modern versions of the net sounder, using multiple element transducers, function more like a sonar than an echo sounder and show slices of the area in front of the net and not merely the vertical view that the initial net sounders used.

The sonar is an echo-sounder with a directional capability that can show fish or other objects around the vessel.

=== ROV and UUV ===
Small sonars have been fitted to remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) to allow their operation in murky conditions. These sonars are used for looking ahead of the vehicle. The [[AN/BLQ-11 Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System]] is a UUV for MCM purposes.

=== Vehicle location ===
Sonars which act as beacons are fitted to aircraft to allow their location in the event of a crash in the sea. Short and long baseline sonars may be used for caring out the location, such as [[Long base line sonar|LBL]].

=== Prosthesis for the visually impaired ===
In 2013 an inventor in the United States unveiled a "spider-sense" bodysuit, equipped with [[ultrasonic sensor]]s and [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]] systems, which alerts the wearer of incoming threats; allowing them to respond to attackers even when blindfolded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/02/23/prototype-suit-gives-you-real-life-spider-sense/|title=This Suit Gives You A Real Life Spider-Sense|website=Forbes|date=23 February 2013|access-date=12 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227023201/http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/02/23/prototype-suit-gives-you-real-life-spider-sense/|archive-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

== Scientific applications ==
=== Biomass estimation ===
{{Main|Bioacoustics}}
Detection of fish, and other marine and aquatic life, and estimation their individual sizes or total biomass using active sonar techniques. Sound pulses reflect off any object that has a different density than the surrounding medium. This includes fish, or more specifically, the air-filled [[swim bladder]] on fish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date=2021-01-07 |title=Acoustic Hake Survey Methods on the West Coast {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/acoustic-hake-survey-methods-west-coast |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=NOAA |language=en}}</ref> These echoes provide information on fish size, location, abundance and behavior. This is especially effective for fish swim bladders (e.g. herring, cod, and pollock), and less useful for fish without them (e.g. sharks, mackerel, and flounder).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staugler |first=Betty |date=2019-10-15 |title=Weightless in the Water |url=https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/charlotteco/2019/10/15/weightless-in-the-water/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=UF/IFAS Extension Charlotte County |language=en}}</ref> Data from the watercolumn is usually processed differently than seafloor or object detection data, this data type can be processed with specialized software.<ref name=":0" />

=== Wave measurement ===
An upward looking echo sounder mounted on the bottom or on a platform may be used to make measurements of wave height and period. From this statistics of the surface conditions at a location can be derived.

=== Water velocity measurement ===
Special short range sonars have been developed to allow measurements of water velocity.

=== Bottom type assessment ===
Sonars have been developed that can be used to characterise the sea bottom into, for example, mud, sand, and gravel. Relatively simple sonars such as echo sounders can be promoted to seafloor classification systems via add-on modules, converting echo parameters into sediment type. Different algorithms exist, but they are all based on changes in the energy or shape of the reflected sounder pings. Advanced substrate classification analysis can be achieved using calibrated (scientific) [[echosounder]]s and parametric or fuzzy-logic analysis of the acoustic data.

=== Bathymetric mapping ===
[[File:Sonar operations by survey ship.jpg|thumb|Graphic depicting [[hydrographic survey]] ship conducting [[Multibeam sonar|multibeam]] and [[Side-scan sonar|side-scan]] sonar operations]]

[[Side-scan sonar]]s can be used to derive maps of seafloor topography ([[bathymetry]]) by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom. Low frequency sonars such as [[GLORIA sidescan sonar|GLORIA]] have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas.

Hull-mounted [[multibeam echosounder]]s on large surface vessels produce swathes of bathymetric data in near real time. One example, the General Instrument "Seabeam" system, uses a projector array along the keel to ensonify the bottom with a fan beam. Signals from a hydrophone array mounted athwartships are processed to synthesize multiple virtual fan beams crossing the projector beam at right angles.

===Sonar imaging===
Creating two and three-dimensional images using sonar data.
{{expand section|date=July 2024}}

=== Sub-bottom profiling ===
Powerful low frequency echo-sounders have been developed for providing profiles of the upper layers of the ocean bottom. One of the most recent devices is Innomar's SES-2000 quattro multi-transducer parametric SBP, used for example in the Puck Bay for underwater archaeological purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pydyn |first1=Andrzej |last2=Popek |first2=Mateusz |last3=Kubacka |first3=Maria |last4=Janowski |first4=Łukasz |title=Exploration and reconstruction of a medieval harbour using hydroacoustics, 3-D shallow seismic and underwater photogrammetry: A case study from Puck, southern Baltic Sea |journal=Archaeological Prospection |date=2021-05-08 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=527–542 |doi=10.1002/arp.1823|bibcode=2021ArchP..28..527P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Gas leak detection from the seabed ===
Gas bubbles can leak from the seabed, or close to it, from multiple sources. These can be detected by both passive<ref name="Leighton+White_2012"/> and active sonar<ref name= "Westbrook_et_al_2009"/> (shown in schematic figure<ref name="Leighton+White_2012">{{cite journal|last1=Leighton, T.G. |author2=White, P.R. |title=Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities, from pipelines and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/2012_Leighton_White_(PRS)_Quantification_of_undersea_gas_leaks.pdf |year=2012|volume=468|issue=2138|pages=485–510|doi=10.1098/rspa.2011.0221|bibcode=2012RSPSA.468..485L|s2cid=108841954|doi-access=free}}</ref> by yellow and red systems respectively).
[[File:Seeps.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Active (red) and passive (yellow) sonar detection of bubbles from seabed (natural seeps and CCSF leaks) and gas pipelines, taken from ref.<ref name="Leighton+White_2012"/>]] Natural seeps of methane and carbon dioxide occur.<ref name= "Westbrook_et_al_2009"/> Gas pipelines can leak, and it is important to be able to detect whether leakage occurs from Carbon Capture and Storage Facilities (CCSFs; e.g. depleted oil wells into which extracted atmospheric carbon is stored).<ref name="BLackford_et_al_2014">{{cite journal|author1=Blackford, J. |author2=Stahl, H. |author3=Bull, J. |author4=Berges, B. |author5=Cevatoglu, M. |author6=Lichtschlag, A. |author7=Connelly, D. |author8=James, R. |author9=Kita, J. |author10=Long, D. |author11=Naylor, M. |author12=Shitashima, K. |author13=Smith, D. |author14=Taylor, P. |author15=Wright, I. |author16=Akhurst, M. |author17=Chen, B. |author18=Gernon, T. |author19=Hauton, C. |author20=Hayashi, M. |author21=Kaieda, H. |author22=Leighton, T. |author23=Sato, T. |author24=Sayer, M. |author25=Suzumura, M. |author26=Tait, K. |author27=Vardy, M. |author28=White, P. |author29=Widdicombe, S. |display-authors=3 |title=Detection and impacts of leakage from sub-seafloor deep geological carbon dioxide storage|journal=Nature Climate Change|date=28 September 2014|page=Published online|doi=10.1038/nclimate2381|volume=4|issue=11|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/369551/1/Blackford%2520et%2520al%2520Nature%2520Climate%2520Change%2520QICS-postprint.pdf|bibcode=2014NatCC...4.1011B|hdl=20.500.11820/c1af030d-8998-471e-bcc3-ec174bb2ae24 |s2cid=54825193 }}</ref><ref name="Berges_et_al_2015">{{cite journal |author1=Berges, B. J. P |author2=Leighton, T.G. |author3=White, P.R. |title=Passive acoustic quantification of gas fluxes during controlled gas release experiments |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |year=2015 |volume=38 |pages=64–79 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.008|bibcode=2015IJGGC..38...64B |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375114}}</ref><ref name= Hannis_et_al_2015>{{cite journal |author1=Hannis, S. |author2=Chadwick, A. |author3=Pearce, J. |author4=Jones, D. |author5=White, J. |author6=Wright, I. |author7=Connelly, D. |author8=Widdicombe, S. |author9=Blackford, J. |author10=White, P. |author11=Leighton, T. |display-authors=3 |title=Review of Offshore Monitoring for CCS Projects |journal= IEAGHG Technical Report 2015-02 (July 2015) |year=2015 | pages=Copyright 2016 IEAGHG |url= http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pubs12721.pdf}}</ref><ref name= Hannis_et_al_2017>{{cite journal |author1=Hannis, S. |author2=Chadwick, A. |author3=Connelly, D. |author4=Blackford, J. |author5=Leighton, T. |author6=Jones, D. |author7=White, J. |author8=White, P.R. |author9=Wright, I. |author10=Widdicombe, S. |author11=Craig, J. |author12=Dixon, T. |display-authors=3 |title=Review of offshore CO2 storage monitoring: Operational and research experiences of meeting regulatory and technical requirements |journal= Energy Procedia |year=2017 |volume=114 |pages=5967–5980 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1732 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Quantification of the amount of gas leaking is difficult, and although estimates can be made use active and passive sonar, it is important to question their accuracy because of the assumptions inherent in making such estimations from sonar data.<ref name="Leighton+White_2012"/><ref name="Ainslie+Leighton_2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Ainslie | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Leighton | first2 = T. G. | year = 2011 | title = Review of scattering and extinction cross-sections, damping factors, and resonance frequencies of a spherical gas bubble| url = http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub12667.pdf | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 130 | issue = 5| pages = 3184–3208 | doi=10.1121/1.3628321| pmid = 22087992 | bibcode = 2011ASAJ..130.3184A }}</ref>

=== Synthetic aperture sonar ===
Various synthetic aperture sonars have been built in the laboratory and some have entered use in mine-hunting and search systems. An explanation of their operation is given in [[synthetic aperture sonar]].

=== Parametric sonar ===
Parametric sources use the non-linearity of water to generate the difference frequency between two high frequencies. A virtual end-fire array is formed. Such a projector has advantages of broad bandwidth, narrow beamwidth, and when fully developed and carefully measured it has no obvious sidelobes: see [[Parametric array]]. Its major disadvantage is very low efficiency of only a few percent.<ref>H O Berktay, Some Finite Amplitude Effects in Underwater Acoustics in V M Albers "Underwater Acoustics" 1967</ref> P.J. Westervelt summarizes the trends involved.<ref>Westervelt, P. J. (1963). Parametric acoustic array. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 35(4), 535-537.</ref>

=== Sonar in extraterrestrial contexts ===
The use of both active and passive sonar has been proposed for various extraterrestrial environments.<ref name="Leighton+Petculescu_editorial_2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Leighton|first1=T. G. |last2=Petculescu|first2=A. |date=1 August 2016|title=Acoustic and related waves in extraterrestrial environments| url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/2016_-_Petculescu_and_Leighton_(Sound_in_space_peer_reviewed_editorial).pdf | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=140|issue=2|pages=1397–1399|doi=10.1121/1.4961539|pmid=27586765|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=2016ASAJ..140.1397L|doi-access=free}}</ref> One example is [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], where active sonar could be used to determine the depth of its [[Lakes of Titan|hydrocarbon seas]],<ref>Arvelo & Lorenz (2013), J Acoust Soc Am</ref> and passive sonar could be used to detect [[Climate of Titan|methanefalls]].<ref name="Leighton_et_al_Crete_space_2005">{{cite book | last1 = Leighton| first1 = T. G. | last2 = White | first2 = P. R. | last3 = Finfer| first3 = D. C. | year = 2005 | chapter = The sounds of seas in space | chapter-url = http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub7849.pdf | title = Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Acoustic Measurements, Technologies and Results, Heraklion, Crete, 28 June-1 July 2005 | volume = II | pages = 833–840 }}</ref>

Proposals that do not take proper account of the difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments could lead to erroneous measurements.<ref name="Ainslie+Leighton_2016">{{cite journal | last1 = Ainslie | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Leighton | first2 = T. G. | year = 2016 | title = Sonar equations for planetary exploration | url = http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/2016-Ainslie-Leighton-(sound-in-space-sonar-equations).pdf| journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 140 | issue = 2| pages = 1400–1419 | doi=10.1121/1.4960786| pmid = 27586766 | bibcode = 2016ASAJ..140.1400A | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Leighton_et_al_Icarus_2007>{{cite journal |author1=Leighton, T.G. |author2=Finfer, D.C. |author3=White, P.R. |title=The problems with acoustics on a small planet|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub10172.pdf |journal=Icarus|year=2008 |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=649–652 |doi= 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.008 |bibcode=2008Icar..193..649L }}</ref><ref name="Jiang_et_al_2011">{{Cite journal| pmid = 21877784| year = 2011| last1 = Jiang | first1 = J| title = Acoustic attenuation, phase and group velocities in liquid-filled pipes II: Simulation for Spallation Neutron Sources and planetary exploration|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub12612.pdf | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America| volume = 130| issue = 2| pages = 695–706| last2 = Baik | first2 = K| last3 = Leighton | first3 = T.G.| doi = 10.1121/1.3598463| bibcode = 2011ASAJ..130..695J}}</ref><ref name="Leighton_Fluid_loading_2009">{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1121/1.3104628 |pmid=19425625 |title= Fluid loading effects for acoustical sensors in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub11053.pdf |journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America| volume = 125| issue=5 |pages= EL214–9 |year=2009 |last1= Leighton |first1=T.G.|bibcode=2009ASAJ..125L.214L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=nearesonant>{{Cite journal| pmid = 19894796| year = 2009| last1 = Ainslie | first1 = M. A.| title = Near resonant bubble acoustic cross-section corrections, including examples from oceanography, volcanology, and biomedical ultrasound|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub11442.pdf | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America| volume = 126| issue = 5| pages = 2163–75| last2 = Leighton| first2 = T. G.| doi = 10.1121/1.3180130| bibcode = 2009ASAJ..126.2163A}}</ref><ref name="Leighton_et_al_icy_moons_2012">{{cite journal |author1=Leighton, T.G. |author2=White, P.R. |author3=Finfer, D.C. |title=The opportunities and challenges in the use of extra-terrestrial acoustics in the exploration of the oceans of icy planetary bodies|journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets|url=http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Leighton%20et%20al%20%5bicy%20moons%5d.pdf |year=2012 |volume=109 |issue=1–4 |pages=99–116 |doi=10.1007/s11038-012-9399-6 |bibcode=2012EM&P..109...91L|s2cid=120569869}}</ref>

== Ecological impact ==
{{Pollution sidebar|Noise}}
=== Effect on marine mammals ===
{{Further|Marine mammals and sonar}}

[[File:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|thumb|A [[humpback whale]]]]
Research has shown that use of active sonar can lead to [[Cetacean stranding|mass strandings]] of [[marine mammals]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/03/whales-flee-military-sonar-strandings |title=Whales flee from military sonar leading to mass strandings, research shows |author=Damian Carrington |work=The Guardian |date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001191231/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/03/whales-flee-military-sonar-strandings |archive-date=1 October 2017 }}</ref> [[Beaked whales]], the most common casualty of the strandings, have been shown to be highly sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar |author=Stacy L. DeRuiter |author2=Brandon L. Southall |author3=John Calambokidis |author4=Walter M. X. Zimmer |author5=Dinara Sadykova |author6=Erin A. Falcone |author7=Ari S. Friedlaender |author8=John E. Joseph |author9=David Moretti |author10=Gregory S. Schorr |author11=Len Thomas |author12=Peter L. Tyack |journal=Biology Letters |year=2013 |volume=9 |issue=4 |article-number=20130223 |pmid=23825085 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2013.0223 |pmc=3730631 }}</ref> Other marine mammals such as the [[blue whale]] also flee from the source of the sonar,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar |author1=Goldbogen J. A. |author2=Southall B. L. |author3=Deruiter S. L. |author4=Calambokidis J. |author5=Friedlaender A. S. |author6=Hazen E. L. |author7=Falcone E. A. |author8=Schorr G. S. |author9=Douglas A. |author10=Moretti D. J. |author11=Kyburg C. |author12=McKenna M. F. |author13=Tyack P. L. |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |date=Jul 3, 2013 |volume=280 |issue=765 |article-number=20130657 |pmid=23825206 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0657 |pmc=3712439 }}</ref> while naval activity was suggested to be the most probable cause of a mass stranding of dolphins.<ref>{{cite journal |title=What caused the UK's largest common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass stranding event? |author1=Jepson P. D. |author2=Deaville R. |author3=Acevedo-Whitehouse K. |author4=Barnett J. |author5=Brownlow A. |author6=Brownell R. L. Jr. |author7=Clare F. C. |author8=Davison N. |author9=Law R. J. |author10=Loveridge J. |author11=Macgregor S. K. |author12=Morris S. |author13=Murphy S. |author14=Penrose R. |author15=Perkins M. W. |author16=Pinn E. |author17=Seibel H. |author18=Siebert U. |author19=Sierra E. |author20=Simpson V. |author21=Tasker M. L. |author22=Tregenza N. |author23=Cunningham A. A. |author24=Fernández A. |display-authors=3 |journal=PLOS ONE |date=Apr 30, 2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=e60953 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060953 |pmid=23646103 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...860953J |pmc=3640001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The US Navy, which part-funded some of the studies, said that the findings only showed behavioural responses to sonar, not actual harm, but they "will evaluate the effectiveness of [their] marine mammal protective measures in light of new research findings".<ref name="guardian"/> A 2008 US Supreme Court ruling on the use of sonar by the US Navy noted that there had been no cases where sonar had been conclusively shown to have harmed or killed a marine mammal.<ref>[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-1239.pdf Winter vs. National Resources Defense Council] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044148/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-1239.pdf |date=2017-12-09 }} No. 07–1239., October term, 2008</ref>

Some marine animals, such as [[whale]]s and [[dolphin]]s, use [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] systems, sometimes called ''biosonar'' to locate predators and prey. Research on the effects of sonar on [[blue whale]]s in the [[Southern California Bight]] shows that mid-frequency sonar use disrupts the whales' feeding behavior. This indicates that sonar-induced disruption of feeding and displacement from high-quality prey patches could have significant and previously undocumented impacts on [[baleen whale]] foraging ecology, individual [[fitness (biology)|fitness]] and population health.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar |author1=Goldbogen J. A. |author2=Southall B. L. |author3=Deruiter S. L. |author4=Calambokidis J. |author5=Friedlaender A. S. |author6=Hazen E. L. |author7=Falcone E. A. |author8=Schorr G. S. |author9=Douglas A. |author10=Moretti D. J. |author11=Kyburg C. |author12=McKenna M. F. |author13=Tyack P. L. |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |date=Jul 3, 2013 |volume=280 |issue=765 |pmid=23825206 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0657 |article-number=20130657 |pmc=3712439 }}</ref>

A review of evidence on the mass strandings of beaked whale linked to naval exercises where sonar was used was published in 2019. It concluded that the effects of mid-frequency active sonar are strongest on Cuvier's beaked whales but vary among individuals or populations. The review suggested the strength of response of individual animals may depend on whether they had prior exposure to sonar, and that symptoms of [[decompression sickness]] have been found in stranded whales that may be a result of such response to sonar. It noted that in the Canary Islands where multiple strandings had been previously reported, no more mass strandings had occurred once naval exercises during which sonar was used were banned in the area, and recommended that the ban be extended to other areas where mass strandings continue to occur.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Advances in research on the impacts of anti-submarine sonar on beaked whales |author1=Bernaldo de Quirós Y |author2=Fernandez A |author3=Baird RW |author4=Brownell RL Jr |author5=Aguilar de Soto N |author6=Allen D, Arbelo M |author7=Arregui M |author8=Costidis A |author9=Fahlman A |author10=Frantzis A |author11=Gulland FMD |author12=Iñíguez M |author13=Johnson M |author14=Komnenou A |author15=Koopman H |author16=Pabst DA |author17=Roe WD |author18=Sierra E |author19=Tejedor M |author20=Schorr G. |display-authors=3 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |date= 30 January 2019|volume=286|issue=1895|article-number=20182533| doi= 10.1098/rspb.2018.2533|pmid=30963955 |pmc=6364578}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/whales-sonar-ban-military-navy-stranding-beached-canary-islands-a8752611.html |title=Scientists demand military sonar ban to end mass whale strandings|first=Tom |last=Batchelor|date=30 January 2019 |work=The Independent }}</ref>

===Effect on fish ===
Low frequency sonar can create a small [[Noise-induced hearing loss#Temporary and permanent hearing changes|temporary shift in the hearing threshold]] of some fish.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Popper A. N. |author2=Halvorsen M. B. |author3=Kane A. |author4=Miller D. L. |author5=Smith M. E. |author6=Song J. |author7=Wysocki L. E. | year = 2007 | title = The effects of high-intensity, low-frequency active sonar on rainbow trout | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 122 | issue = 1| pages = 623–635 | doi=10.1121/1.2735115| pmid = 17614519 | bibcode = 2007ASAJ..122..623P}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Halvorsen M. B. |author2=Zeddies D. G. |author3=Chicoine D. |author4=Popper A. N. | year = 2013 | title = Effects of low-frequency naval sonar exposure on three species of fish | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 134 | issue = 2| pages = EL205–EL210 | doi=10.1121/1.4812818| pmid = 23927226 | bibcode = 2013ASAJ..134L.205H| doi-access = free }}</ref>{{efn|Halvorsen et al. (2013) conclude that observed effects were "typically small even though the fish were near the sonar and remained there for the full duration of three test signals".}}

== Frequencies and resolutions ==
The frequencies of sonars range from infrasonic to above a megahertz. Generally, the lower frequencies have longer range, while the higher frequencies offer better resolution, and smaller size for a given directionality.

To achieve reasonable directionality, frequencies below 1 [[kHz]] generally require large size, usually achieved as towed arrays.<ref name="navalweapsyst">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-DzknmTgDUC&q=sonar+frequency+kHz&pg=PR25|title=The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001103/https://books.google.com/books?id=l-DzknmTgDUC&pg=PR25&dq=sonar+frequency+kHz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m74xVcqEEMrraK3dgPgJ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=sonar%20frequency%20kHz&f=false|archive-date=2018-04-26|isbn=978-1-55750-268-1|last1=Friedman|first1=Norman|year=1997|publisher=Naval Institute Press }}</ref>

Low frequency sonars are loosely defined as 1–5 kHz, albeit some navies regard 5–7 kHz also as low frequency. Medium frequency is defined as 5–15 kHz. Another style of division considers low frequency to be under 1 kHz, and medium frequency at between 1–10 kHz.<ref name="navalweapsyst"/>

American World War II era sonars operated at a relatively high frequency of 20–30 kHz, to achieve directionality with reasonably small transducers, with typical maximum operational range of 2,500 yd. Postwar sonars used lower frequencies to achieve longer range; e.g. SQS-4 operated at 10 kHz with range up to 5,000 yd. SQS-26 and SQS-53 operated at 3 kHz with range up to 20,000 yd; their domes had size of approx. a 60-ft personnel boat, an upper size limit for conventional hull sonars. Achieving larger sizes by conformal sonar array spread over the hull has not been effective so far, for lower frequencies linear or towed arrays are therefore used.<ref name="navalweapsyst"/>

Japanese WW2 sonars operated at a range of frequencies. The Type 91, with 30 inch quartz projector, worked at 9 kHz. The Type 93, with smaller quartz projectors, operated at 17.5 kHz (model 5 at 16 or 19 kHz magnetostrictive) at powers between 1.7 and 2.5 kilowatts, with range of up to 6 km. The later Type 3, with German-design magnetostrictive transducers, operated at 13, 14.5, 16, or 20 kHz (by model), using twin transducers (except model 1 which had three single ones), at 0.2 to 2.5 kilowatts. The simple type used 14.5 kHz magnetostrictive transducers at 0.25 kW, driven by capacitive discharge instead of oscillators, with range up to 2.5 km.<ref name="USNTMJ-200B-0343-0412"/>

The sonar's resolution is angular; objects further apart are imaged with lower resolutions than nearby ones.

Another source lists ranges and resolutions vs frequencies for sidescan sonars. 30 kHz provides low resolution with range of 1000–6,000 m, 100 kHz gives medium resolution at 500–1,000 m, 300 kHz gives high resolution at 150–500 m, and 600 kHz gives high resolution at 75–150 m. Longer range sonars are more adversely affected by nonhomogenities of water. Some environments, typically shallow waters near the coasts, have complicated terrain with many features; higher frequencies become necessary there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swDJtOj6yRIC&q=sonar+frequency+kHz&pg=PA105|title=Ships from the Depths|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001103/https://books.google.com/books?id=swDJtOj6yRIC&pg=PA105&dq=sonar+frequency+kHz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m74xVcqEEMrraK3dgPgJ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sonar%20frequency%20kHz&f=false|archive-date=2018-04-26|isbn=978-1-60344-218-3|last1=Søreide|first1=Fredrik|date=2011-04-28|publisher=Texas A&M University Press }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Baffles (submarine)}}
* {{annotated link|Gordon Eugene Martin}}, sonar physicist

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

== General bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Dring |first1=Thomas R. |title=A Steep Learning Curve: The Impact of Sonar Technology, Training, and Tactics on the Initial Years of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare in World War II |journal=Warship International |date=March 2018 |volume=LV |issue=January 2018 |pages=37–57 |issn=0043-0374}}
* Hackmann, Willem. ''Seek & Strike: Sonar, Anti-submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy 1914–54''. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1984. {{ISBN|0-11-290423-8}}.
* Hackmann, Willem D. [https://online.ucpress.edu/hsns/article-abstract/16/1/83/47674/Sonar-Research-and-Naval-Warfare-1914-1954-A-Case "Sonar Research and Naval Warfare 1914–1954: A Case Study of a Twentieth-Century Science"] {{subscription required}}. ''Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences'' 16#1 (January 1986) 83–110. {{doi|10.2307/27757558}}.
* Urick, R. J. (1983). ''Principles of Underwater Sound'' (3rd edition). Los Altos: Peninsula Publishing. {{isbn|9780932146625}}. {{oclc|1132503817}}.

===Fisheries acoustics references===
* [http://www.acoustics.washington.edu/ Fisheries Acoustics Research (FAR)] at the University of Washington
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718014532/http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st4/protocol/Acoustic_protocols.pdf NOAA Protocols for Fisheries Acoustics Surveys]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170916154712/http://www.acousticsunpacked.org/ ''Acoustics Unpacked'']}}—A "how to" great reference for freshwater hydroacoustics for resource assessment
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514165318/http://www.ifremer.fr/sympafae/ "ACOUSTICS IN FISHERIES AND AQUATIC ECOLOGY"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721124918/http://www.pnamp.org/web/workgroups/FPM/meetings/2005_1205/2005_1202Hydroacoustics-Lakes.doc "Hydroacoustic Protocol – Lakes, Reservoirs and Lowland Rivers"] (for fish assessment)
* Simmonds, E. John, and D. N. MacLennan. ''Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice'', second edition. Fish and aquatic resources series, 10. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-632-05994-2}}.

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219223930/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804015,00.html "Canada: Stable Sonics"], [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], October 28, 1946. An interesting account of the 4,800 ASDIC sonar devices secretly manufactured at [[Casa Loma]], [[Toronto]], during World War II. Retrieved 25 Sept. 2009.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=bCEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84 "Radar of the Deep - SONAR"], ''Popular Science'', November 1945, pp. 84–87, 246, 250: one of the best general public articles on the subject

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910113516/http://www.mil.no/multimedia/archive/00082/Sonars-marine-_envir_82682a.pdf FFI Facts: Sonars and the marine environment] by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100603084726/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/rs_apps/sensors/single_beam.htm Remote Sensing for Coastal Management: Single Beam Sonar]—Coastal Services Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* [https://man.fas.org/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/SNR_PROP/snr_prop.htm Sonar Propagation], in-depth explanation on the propagation of sound underwater, Military Analysis Network, [[Federation of American Scientists]]

{{hydroacoustics}}
{{Naval combat systems}}
{{Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{Underwater diving|divsup}}
{{Pollution}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sonar| ]]
[[Category:Submarine warfare]]
[[Category:Anti-submarine warfare]]
[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:French inventions]]
[[Category:20th-century inventions]]
[[Category:Listening]]

Arun Prabu

2026-01-17T12:49:00Z

Kamdhenupaints: created first data from scratch

{{short description|Tamil film director|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|06|14|df=yes}}
| native_name_lang =
| name = Arun Prabu
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film director, writer, actor
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Sivakarthikeyan]] (cousin)}}
| awards =
}}

'''Arun Prabu Purushothaman''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director and former actor who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema. He is known for directing ''[[Aruvi]]''.

== Early life and career ==
Arun Prabu studied Visual Communication at [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref name="aruvi-masala">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aruvi-is-new-age-masala-it-is-not-a-realistic-film-arun-prabhu/articleshow/63112191.cms |title=Aruvi is new-age masala; it is not a realistic film: Arun Prabhu |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

He began his film career as a television actor, appearing in the soap opera ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''. He has been coached by director [[Balu Mahendra]],<ref name="aruvi-masala" /> and has worked as an assistant director to [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in the film ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arun-prabhu-purushothaman-of-aruvi-acted-in-the-tamil-serial-annamalai.html |title=SURPRISE: ARUVI DIRECTOR WAS AN ACTOR IN THIS TOP SERIAL! CHECK OUT! |work= Behindwoods |date=20 December 2017}}</ref> In 2013, Arun Prabu began writing the script for ''[[Aruvi]]'', which was subsequently directed by him and released as his first film in 2017.<ref name="aruvi-masala" /> He received critical praise for the film's direction.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aruvi-director-arun-prabhu-s-next-feature-90-year-old-lead-98700 |title='Aruvi' director Arun Prabhu's next to feature a 90-year-old in the lead |date=21 March 2019 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Vaazhl]]'' has been in production since 2019 and was released in 2021.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

'''As director '''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2017
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Aruvi]]''
| Directorial debut
|-
| 2021
| style="text-align:left; |''[[Vaazhl]]''
|
|-
|2025
| style="text-align:left; |''[[Shakthi Thirumagan]]''
|
|-
|}

'''As actor'''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="filmography"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2002-2005 || [[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|''Annamalai'']] || Sivakumar || [[ Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] serial ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || young Muthu || Special appearance in the song "Vellaiyai Manam" ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2018
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Debut Director
| rowspan="8"| ''[[Aruvi]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2017 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Debut Director
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineinsta.com/11th-annual-edison-awards-2018-winners-list/|title=11th Annual Edison awards 2018 Winners List|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104121/https://www.cineinsta.com/11th-annual-edison-awards-2018-winners-list/|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|publisher=Filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Director - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha |website=NDTV |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Debut Director - Tamil
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[10th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/10th-vijay-awards-winners-list/articleshow/64446173.cms|title=10th Vijay Awards winners list}}</ref>
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut Director
| {{nom}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2022
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Lyricist (Tamil)
| rowspan="1"| ''[[Vaazhl]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm8273413}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purushothaman, Arun Prabu}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]

The Unending Game

2026-01-14T21:43:34Z

Kamdhenupaints: made post - done

{{Short description|Book by Vikram Sood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage
| image = File:The Unending Game.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Vikram Sood]]
| audio_read_by =
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| illustrator =
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| country = India
| language =
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| set_in =
| publisher = [[Penguin Random House]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2018
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 978-0-670-09150-8
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
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| native_wikisource =
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[[File:Vikram Sood Ex Intelligence Chief RAW India.jpg|thumb|Author [[Vikram Sood]] during a book launch in [[New Delhi]], 2018]]
'''''The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage''''' is a 2018 book by [[Vikram Sood]], former head of India's foreign [[intelligence agency]], the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW). According to Sood his book is not a memoir but a beginner's guide in intelligence and [[espionage]].<ref name=":0" /> Sood tries to clarify that the real world of espionage is not like [[James Bond]] movies and much more than just "cloak and dagger" operations; with [[John le Carré|John le Carre's]] novels about [[George Smiley]] being a better comparison to the reality.<ref name="asianageCloak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/books/030818/espionage-is-much-more-than-cloak-and-dagger-ops.html|title=Espionage is much more than cloak and dagger ops|last=Banerjie|first=Indranil|date=2018-08-03|website=The Asian Age|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106082727/http://www.asianage.com/books/030818/espionage-is-much-more-than-cloak-and-dagger-ops.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/not-raunchy-side-world-spies-061204298.html|title=The not-so-raunchy side of the world of spies|last=Kashani|first=Sarwar|date=8 August 2018|website=Yahoo News India|agency=IANS India Private Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106082852/https://in.news.yahoo.com/not-raunchy-side-world-spies-061204298.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> The book further gives insights into the methods of intelligence collection and espionage and the relevance in the scope of a country's national interests.<ref name="The Economic Times Intelligence">{{cite news |title=Intelligence agency heads should be selected on performance – Ex-R&AW chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/intelligence-agency-heads-should-be-selected-on-performance-ex-raw-chief/articleshow/65186177.cms |access-date=11 February 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

==Description==
The book covers the history and problems associated with espionage, its analysis and actions that are taken based on the information.<ref name="Balachandran" /> It covers the workings of international intelligence agencies including the meddling of the [[KGB]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in Indian politics. Events that led to the [[Kargil war]] in 1999 with Pakistan and Sood's tenure as secretary, R&AW from 2000 till 2003 when he retired is also discussed in the book. It also includes the trends in the field of espionage and analysis of major intelligence failures in the world such as the [[9/11 attacks]] and the [[26/11|26/11 attacks]].<ref name="delicate truth" /><ref name="TheHinduService" />

The book is divided into three parts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage|last=Sood|first=Vikram|publisher=Viking, Penguin Random House|year=2018|isbn=9780670091508|location=India|page=x}}</ref> The book is divided into three concept related sections that are titled as "Tradecraft", "Inside Intelligence" and "What Lies Ahead." The prologue section of the book covers how R&AW found about the progress of the "clandestine nuclear weapons programme" of Pakistan.<ref name="asianageCloak" />

Part 1, titled "Tradecraft", covers basics such as the definition and value of intelligence, the working of spies work and the traits of a perfect spy.<ref name=firstpost_spymaster /> Chapter 3 covers battles between America's CIA and Russia's KGB. Chapter 4 covers the intelligence world in Asia and the role of [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI).<ref name="Balachandran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-the-unending-game-by-vikram-sood-the-shadowy-world-of-espionage-1327550-2018-08-31|title=The Unending Game by Vikram Sood: The shadowy world of espionage|last=Balachandran|first=Vappala|date=31 August 2018|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907114842/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-the-unending-game-by-vikram-sood-the-shadowy-world-of-espionage-1327550-2018-08-31|archive-date=7 September 2018|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> This chapter includes how in four years during the 1970s, the KGB planted nearly 17,000 stories in the Indian media, citing [[Mitrokhin Archive|Mitrokhin's archive]] for the same.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/for-espionage-buffs-vikram-soods-the-unending-game-is-a-fascinating-read/96645/|title=For espionage buffs, ex-Raw chief Vikram Sood's 'The Unending Game' is a fascinating read|last=Ghose|first=Sandip|date=12 August 2018|work=The Print|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104050134/https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/for-espionage-buffs-vikram-soods-the-unending-game-is-a-fascinating-read/96645/|archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The KGB and the World: The Mitrokhin Archive II|last1=Andrew|first1=Christopher|last2=Mitrokhin|first2=Vasili|publisher=Penguin Books UK|year=2005|location=United Kingdom|pages=323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/sunday-edition/spying-for-the-country.html|title=Spying for the country|last=Mukherjee|first=Gautam|date=9 September 2018|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106100229/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/sunday-edition/spying-for-the-country.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> The book covers the top Indian officials and politicians that were on the payrolls of foreign intelligence agencies. The extent of [[psychological warfare]] in India, in the decades of 1970s and 1980s is also discussed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/34141/3/GHI-DC%20Bulletin%20Supplement%209%20-%20Maddrell%20-%20RevisedDecember17CS%20-%20Revised29DecemberPM.pdf|title=Cooperation between the HVA and the KGB, 1951–1989|last=Maddrell|first=Paul|date=2014|website=Loughborough University|page=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104062753/https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/34141/3/GHI-DC%20Bulletin%20Supplement%209%20-%20Maddrell%20-%20RevisedDecember17CS%20-%20Revised29DecemberPM.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> Mention of how [[Rabinder Singh (intelligence officer)|Rabinder Singh]], a R&AW official, was successfully infiltrated by America is also made.<ref name="delicate truth">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-delicate-truth-5323813/|title=A delicate truth|last=Sarin|first=Ritu|date=25 August 2018|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002104414/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-delicate-truth-5323813/|archive-date=2 October 2018|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> The book discusses Pakistan's preference of a [[Low intensity conflict|low-cost warfare]] over conventional battle.<ref name="Balachandran" />

Part 2, titled "Inside Intelligence", talks about topics and organisation such as the [[Five Eyes]], [[Edward Snowden|Snowden]], [[Le Cercle|Pinay Cercle]], the [[Safari Club]] among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/books/vikram-sood-the-unending-game-book-review|title=Ex-RAW Chief Vikram Sood's Unending Insights Into Spy Trade|last=Joshi|first=Ravi|date=3 August 2018|website=The Quint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804114608/https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/books/vikram-sood-the-unending-game-book-review|archive-date=4 August 2018|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> The [[Cambridge Five]] are also discussed. Part 3, titled, "What Lies Ahead", discusses aspects such as the technological future of the intelligence world. Chapter 10 is titled, "Known by their failures", which discusses [[Kargil War]] and the assassination of a former Prime Minister of India, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], in [[Sriperumbudur]] in 1991.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Vikram Sood Ex Intelligence Chief India book launch 1.jpg|thumb|The book launch of "The Unending Game", at [[India International Centre|India International Center]] on 13 August 2018. Apart from Vikram Sood, also seen in the picture are [[Smriti Irani]], [[Baijayant Panda]] and [[Shivshankar Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=203858634|title=Smriti Irani Book Release|last=Pushpakar|first=Shiv Kumar|date=13 August 2018|website=The Hindu Images|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106084706/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=203858634|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>]] Vikram Sood also briefly differentiates between India's R&AW and Pakistan's ISI, saying that the main difference is in the latter's ability to form policy, including foreign policy, whereas R&AW is just a "service provider" to the policymakers.<ref name="TheHinduService">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-is-just-a-service-provider-says-ex-chief/article24681589.ece|title=R&AW is just a service provider, says ex-chief|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2018-08-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=firstpost_spymaster>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-unending-game-ex-spymaster-vikram-soods-book-is-a-treatise-on-espionage-marked-by-understated-brilliance-4891141.html|title=The Unending Game: Ex-spymaster Vikram Sood's book is a treatise on espionage marked by understated brilliance|last=Talukdar|first=Sreemoy|date=7 August 2018|website=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928224232/https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-unending-game-ex-spymaster-vikram-soods-book-is-a-treatise-on-espionage-marked-by-understated-brilliance-4891141.html|archive-date=28 September 2018|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/peace-talks-with-pakistan-will-be-futile-former-raw-chief-vikram-sood/315006|title=Peace Talks With Pakistan Will Be Futile: Former RAW Chief Vikram Sood|date=14 August 2018|website=Outlook India|agency=Outlook Web Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106092236/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/peace-talks-with-pakistan-will-be-futile-former-raw-chief-vikram-sood/315006|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> In Chapter 11, the book discusses reforms and ways that R&AW could follow for appointing personnel on the key posts.<ref name="Balachandran" /> According to Sood the intelligence agencies are the "sword arm of the nation (not the government)".<ref name="delicate truth" /> During an interview with ''[[The Quint]]'' in 2018, Sood said that the rivalry between R&AW and ISI is exaggerated.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-reveals-the-real-world-of-spies|title=Rivalry With ISI Is An Exaggeration: Former RAW Chief Vikram Sood|last=Gautam|first=Nistha|date=10 August 2018|website=The Quint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811112043/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-reveals-the-real-world-of-spies|archive-date=11 August 2018|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>

==Book launch==
The book launch took place on 13 August 2018 at Delhi, followed by a panel discussion with the Union minister Smriti Irani, former national security advisor [[Shivshankar Menon]], and former foreign secretary [[Kanwal Sibal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/peace-talks-with-pakistan-will-be-futile-former-raw-chief/articleshow/65398325.cms|title=Peace talks with Pakistan will be futile: Former RAW chief|date=14 August 2018|website=The Times of India|agency=PTI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106085827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/peace-talks-with-pakistan-will-be-futile-former-raw-chief/articleshow/65398325.cms?|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> Several former chiefs and officials of the R&AW attended the book launch.<ref name="TheHinduService" /> At the book launch, Sood said that the [[Pakistan Army]] is the "largest corporate entity in Pakistan", and that peace talks with Pakistan are "futile".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/security/pakistans-army-is-a-corporate-entity-that-supplies-heroin-all-over-country-former-raw-chief/98316/|title=Pakistan's army is a corporate entity that supplies heroin all over country: Former R&AW chief|date=14 August 2018|work=The Print|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106090605/https://theprint.in/security/pakistans-army-is-a-corporate-entity-that-supplies-heroin-all-over-country-former-raw-chief/98316/|archive-date=6 January 2019|agency=PTI}}</ref> He stated that [[Kashmir]] is being used by the Pakistan army, as an excuse to be in power and have control over Pakistan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="News18_Excuse">{{cite news |title=Kashmir Is An Excuse For Pakistan Army To Control Pakistan: Former RAW Chief Vikram Sood |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kashmir-is-an-excuse-for-pakistan-army-to-control-pakistan-former-raw-chief-vikram-sood-1843903.html |access-date=11 February 2019 |work=News18 |date=14 August 2018}}</ref> In 2016, following an attack in Baramulla on 3 October in which a [[Border Security Force]] soldier died, Sood had stated similar thoughts, that "unless Pakistan mends its ways, India should not hold talks."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/talks-useless-until-pakistan-changes-it-attitude-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-3063318/|title=Talks useless until Pakistan changes it attitude: Ex-RAW chief Vikram Sood|date=4 October 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|agency=Asian News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094355/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/talks-useless-until-pakistan-changes-it-attitude-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-3063318/|archive-date=21 December 2016|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

==Response==
''[[India Today]]'' in its review stated that the book was "low-profile but solid contribution to the study of intelligence as a tool for formulating security policy in India and elsewhere".<ref name="Balachandran" />

== See also ==

* ''[[The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace]]''
* ''[[R.N. Kao Gentleman Spymaster]]''
*''[[Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled]]''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* The Launch of Book ‘The Unending Game’ [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/S_Joshi_Speech.pdf Opening Remarks] by Sunjoy Joshi. Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20190310184221/https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/S_Joshi_Speech.pdf version].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unending Game, The}}
[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about espionage]]
[[Category:Books about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]

Tamil inscriptions of Bengaluru

2026-01-05T20:03:29Z

Kamdhenupaints: made new info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

There are nearly a thousand inscriptions in Tamil in the Southern Karnataka districts of Bangalore, Mysore, Kolar and Mandya in India. Nearly one third of these inscriptions are found in the [[Kolar District]]. Of all the inscriptions collected and published in the Epigraphia Carnatica Vol X for Kolar district , a fourth are in Tamil. The Tamil inscriptions start to appear around 1000 AD, after the conquest of the region by the [[Chola dynasty]] king [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]]. Even after the Cholas left the area, the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] and later the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar]] kingdoms continued to use Tamil in the inscriptions.<ref name=Subbarayalu>{{cite book|last1=Subbarayalu|first1=Y|editor1-last=Sreenivasa|editor1-first=H V|editor2-last=Rao|editor2-first=B Surendra|editor3-last=Veluthat|editor3-first=Kesavan|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Bari|editor4-first=S A|title=Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170992117|page=101|edition=First|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&q=tamil+inscriptions+in+bangalore&pg=PA101|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>

Tamil inscriptions are found south of the [[Ponnaiyar River|Pennar-Ponnaiyar]] divide, running south west from Bangalore to Mysore. Several Tamil inscriptions are found in the [[Honnuhole|Honnu-Hole]] basin.<ref name=Iyer>{{cite book|last1=Iyer|first1=(Diwan Bahadur) L Krishna Anantha Krishna|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|date=1936|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Madras, British India|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EDcBSHGZaIC&q=tamil&pg=PA104-IA10|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>

Numerous Tamil inscriptions can be found in the [[Bangalore Rural district]], especially in the [[Nelamangala]] and [[Hoskote]] taluks. The Mukti Natheshwara temple at Nelmangala have Tamil inscriptions of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], dating back to the 11 Century. At [[Kadugodi]], there is one inscription from the period of [[Rajendra Chola]]'s rule, that records donations for developing the Pattandur lake.<ref name="Bharadwaj">{{cite book|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=Arun|title=Seen & Unseen Bangalore|date=2016|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-9386073181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtxxDAAAQBAJ&q=bangalore+tamil+inscriptions&pg=PT25|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>

==Temple Inscriptions==
Many Tamil inscriptions in Bangalore were compiled and documented by [[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Rice]] and appear in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District''<ref name=RiceIX />

===[[Domlur (bengaluru) inscriptions|Inscriptions of Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur]]===
The [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]], located in [[Domlur]] is a 10th-century temple of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] origin. There are a number of [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] inscriptions in the temple. Domlur is called as Tombalur or Desimanikkapattanam in these inscriptions. Chakravarthi Posalaviraramanatha Deva has left inscriptions with directions to temple authorities of his kingdom. Further some inscriptions record the tributes, taxes and tolls made to the temple by [[Deva Raya II|Devaraya II]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]], which state the houses, wells, land around Tombalur were offered to the deity Sokkapperumal. Another Tamil inscription dated 1270 talks about 2 door posts being donated by Alagiyar. Yet another inscription in Tamil details Talaikkattu and his wife donating lands from Jalapalli village and Vinnamangalam tank to the deity. A 1290AD inscription talks about donation of ten pens from the revenue of Tommalur by Poysala vira Ramananda.<ref name=Rice>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|date=1887|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=London, UK|isbn=8120609778|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&q=tamil+inscriptions+in+bangalore&pg=PA70|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Githa>{{cite news|last1=Githa|first1=U B|title=A Chola temple in Domlur!|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr192004/metro9.asp|accessdate=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=19 April 2004|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114438/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr192004/metro9.asp|archivedate=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Githa1>{{cite web|last1=Githa|first1=U B|title=Chokkanathaswamy Temple, a fine example of Chola architecture|url=http://www.chitralakshana.com/chokkanatha.html|website=Chitralakshana: All about Indian Art|accessdate=17 January 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202919/http://www.chitralakshana.com/chokkanatha.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Sridhar>{{cite web|last1=Sridhar|first1=Lakshminarasimhan|last2=Sridhar|first2=Geetha|title=Chokkanarayan Swamy Temple Domlur|url=http://www.vishnutemplesofkarnataka.info/Bang/Chokanarayana.htm|website=Vishnu Temples of Karnataka|accessdate=16 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118114213/http://www.vishnutemplesofkarnataka.info/Bang/Chokanarayana.htm|archivedate=18 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Priyanka>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Priyanka S|title=Chokkanatha: The city's oldest temple|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article524984.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118114415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article524984.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|accessdate=18 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=19 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha-Domlur>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The temple of the Cholas|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2012/12/the-temple-of-cholas.html|website=Suttha Muttha|accessdate=25 January 2015|date=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Good vibrations|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Good-vibrations/articleshow/44881818.cms|accessdate=6 February 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="400px">
File:Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore
File:Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore
File:English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore.jpg|English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Bangalore<ref name=RiceIX />
</gallery>

===Someshwara Temple, Madivala===
The [[Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshware temple]] at [[Madiwala|Madivala]] is one of Bangalore's oldest. There are a number of [[Grantha script|Tamil Grantha]] inscriptions on the outer walls of the temple. The oldest of these inscriptions dates to 1247 AD talks about a land grants "below the big tank of Vengalur" by a Veppur (modern Begur) resident. Other inscriptions also talk about other land grants including those done during the reigns of [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] . Another inscription dated 1365 talks about land grand at Tamaraikkirai (which translates to 'lotus pond bank' in Tamil), and according to HS Gopala Rao, Secretary of the Karnataka Itihasa Academy refers to the present day Tavarekere suburb.<ref name=Meera>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Meera|title=Ancient temple; bustling junction|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/content/212867/from-mann-mysore.html|accessdate=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=20 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=Srikumar>{{cite book|last1=Srikumar|first1=S|title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)|date=12 March 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1482815078|page=57|edition=International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&q=tamil+inscription+begur&pg=PA57|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="400px">
File:Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore
File:Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore
File:English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore.jpg|English Translations of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Around Bangalore===
====Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote====
[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] period copper plates in possession of the temple priest written in [[Grantha script]]:

<gallery mode=packed heights=200px>
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates.jpg|Dharmeshwara Temple Plates - Vijaynagar Period
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates HT-34.jpg|Dharmeshwara Temple Plates - Vijaynagar Period<ref name=RiceIX />
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="400px">
File:Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote
File:Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote.jpg|Roman Script of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote
File:English Translation of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote.jpg|English Translation of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, Hoskote<ref name=RiceIX />
</gallery>

====Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple, Nandi====
The [[Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]], on [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills (Nandidurg)]], 50 km from Bangalore has [[Chola]] period Tamil inscriptions on the walls

====Kolaramma Temple, Kolar====
The [[Kolaramma|Kolaramma Temple]], at Kolar, 60 km from Bangalore, was built by [[Rajendra Chola I]] (A.D.1012-1044) and has his statute and Tamil inscriptions (KL110-KL115) on the walls of the temple. Numerous other Tamil inscriptions are found around Kolar and Bowringpet<ref name=RiceX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District (Part II)|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/p2epigraphiacarn10mysouoft|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px" perrow="4">
File:Inscriptions on Kolaramma Temple (KL 112 109).jpg|Tamil Inscriptions of the Chola period at the Kolaramma Temple (KL 112 109)<ref name=RiceX />
File:Rajendra Chola in Battle, Kolaramma Temple - Edited.jpg|[[Rajendra Chola I]] in Battle, Kolaramma Temple
</gallery>

====Mukthi Natheshwara Temple, Binnamangala====
The [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], at Binnamangala, Nelamangala Taluk, 60 km from Bangalore was built by period of Kulothunga Chola - 1 (A.D.1069-1120). The inscriptions in Tamil talk about the endowments of surrounding villages to the deity Muththeeswarem Udaiya Mahathevar (Lord Shiva), referring to the place as "Vinmamangalam of Kukkanur Nadu of Viikkiramachola Mandalam"<ref name=RiceIX />

====Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor====
The [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple|Someshwara Temple]], at [[Ulsoor]] was originally built by the Cholas, and later renovated during the Vijaynagar Period.<ref name=Bayer>{{cite book|last1=Bayer|first1=Jennifer Marie|title=Dynamics of Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minorities: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Tamil Communities in Bangalore|date=1986|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|location=Bangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyViAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+++temple+ulsoor|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Achari>{{cite news|last1=Achari|first1=Soumya Narayan|title=Bangalore's beautiful Someshwara temple|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/240777/F|accessdate=10 July 2015|agency=Deccan Herald|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=10 April 2012}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths=auto heights="200px">
File:Vijaynagar Tamil Inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor.jpg|Tamil Inscription, [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple|Someshwara Temple]], [[Ulsoor]]
File:OldmadiwalasomeshwaraTemple.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions at the Someshwara Temple, Madivala
File:Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur
File:Domlur Chola Temple.jpg|Tamil Inscriptions at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple, Domlur
File:MaddurTamilInscriptions.jpg| Maddur Ugra Narashima Temple Inscription
</gallery>

===Outside Bangalore===
===Maddur===
An ancient Tamil inscription found in Ugra Narasimha temple in Maddur explains that the temple is built for the people for Marudhur.

==Village Inscriptions==
===Kalkere Lake===
An ancient Tamil inscription, supposed to be from the Chola period was found under a sewage canal connecting to Kalkere Lake in East Bangalore. A similar stone was at Kithaganur Village nearby and has been installed in a temple. The inscription hasn't been deciphered as yet, as it is written in an older form of Tamil.<ref name="Kalkere Lake">{{cite news|last1=Mehrotra|first1=Reya|title=Down the drain, a piece of history|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/down-the-drain-a-piece-of-history/articleshow/63963616.cms|accessdate=1 May 2018|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

===Kaadugodi===
A Tamil inscription from dating 1043AD exists in [[Kadugodi]], [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Kadugodi,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9926505,77.7619795,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae0e3e3d3e1b11:0xe04553362124bdbb] from the period of [[Rajendra Chola I]], which describes the construction of the Pattanduru Lake, and Ganesh, Durga and Kshetrapaala temples by Chola chieftain Raja Raja Velan son of Permadi Gavunda.<ref name=Krishnamurthy>{{cite journal|last1=Krishnamurthy|first1=P V|title=Inscriptions of Bangalore East Taluk - A Study|journal=Itihasa Dharshana|date=2005|volume=20|url=http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/11/20/inscriptions-of-bangalore-east-taluk-a-study/|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129123246/http://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2014/11/20/inscriptions-of-bangalore-east-taluk-a-study/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chola period Tamil inscription of [[Rajendra Chola]] is located at a graveyard at Kadugodi, East Bangalore. The inscription records the construction of the Pattandur Lake with three sluice gates, with the land grants given by Rajendra Chola. Further, the inscription talks about installation of the deities of Shiva, Durga and Ganapathi. There is some words to protect the inscription, cursing anyone who damages with inheriting the sins of all those who died between The Ganges and the Cape Comorin.<ref name="TOI2018">{{cite news|last1=BR|first1=Rohith|title=11th-century stone inscription found in graveyard|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/11th-century-stone-inscription-found-in-graveyard/articleshow/63790576.cms|accessdate=17 April 2018|agency=Times New Network|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

===Marathahalli===
Doddanekkundi village,[https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Doddanekkundi/@12.979604,77.694497,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xd66fc209276d9858] located North of [[Marathahalli]],[https://www.google.com.au/maps?q=Marathahalli&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.83829542,d.dGc&biw=1366&bih=677&dpr=1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ei=cUW6VOSnC9Pm8AXLqID4Cw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ] and much older than Marathahalli, has two ancient inscriptions in Tamil. The first inscription dated 1304, mentions the village name as Nerkundi and talks about the existence of a fort around the village constructed in 1304. The second inscription talks about the Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] granting the entire revenue of the Doddanekkundi village to the Shivagange Temple. There is also a Telugu inscription in Marathahalli. According to scholars, this shows the use of Tamil and Telugu in Bangalore, much before the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar Kingdom]].<ref name=Marathahalli>{{cite news|last1=Aruni|first1=S K|title=Of inscriptions and the medieval period|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/of-inscriptions-and-the-medieval-period/article2794112.ece|accessdate=16 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="BM2017a" /><ref name="BM2017b">{{cite news|title=Stories in stone|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stories-in-stone/articleshow/60092130.cms|accessdate=18 September 2017|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>

===KR Puram===
In 2017, Tamil inscriptions of the [[Hoysala]] period were discovered around Bangalore. Two inscriptions of [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] (1173-1220) were found in [[Krishnarajapuram|KR Puram]]. The inscription was found at Sadaramangala describes land grants made to Brahmins who had migrated from the present [[Andhra Pradesh]] region. Another inscription dated 1343 was found an abandoned site in Kattigenahalli near [[Yelahanka]]. This inscription has 16 lines and dates to the year after death of the Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]].<ref name="BM2017a">{{cite news|last1=Rudrappa|first1=Chetan|title=Two more Hoysala inscriptions in city|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/two-more-hoysala-inscriptions-in-city/articleshow/60501494.cms|accessdate=18 September 2017|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

===Tamatakallu village, Chitradurga district===

15th September 2021, The New Indian Express published, The Tamizh(தமிழ்) inscription in 'Vatteluttu Script' (characters of round type), dating back to the '''6th century''' was identified by him and that he had read the letters inscribed on it. The inscription reads as 'Elur Modallar Saatan', which might be the name of the stone inscriber or sculptor who had also carved the hero stone nearby. He further said that the stone inscription in Tamil is the oldest in Karnataka, the last one being a Tenth-century inscription discovered at Kolar earlier. This also proves harmony prevailed during the sixth century between Kannadigas and Tamilians. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/sep/15/karnataka-6th-century-hero-stone-tamil-inscription-restored-in-tamatakallu-2359027.html

==British Period Inscriptions in Tamil==

===Madras Sappers War Memorial, Brigade Road===
A war memorial raised by the British to commemorate the lives lost in different wars by the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] Regiment. It details the number of British officers, Indian officers and soldiers who died fighting during [[Second Opium War]] in China, [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]](1885–87), [[World War I]], [[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)]] (1916–18), [[East African Campaign (World War I)|East Africa]] (1914-18) and the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]] (1915). The soldiers fell during the Indian wars of [[Battle of Assaye|Assaye]], [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Seringapatam]], [[Sitabuldi Fort|Seetabuldee]] and [[Battle of Sholinghur|Sholinghur]] are also acknowledged. The inscriptions are both in English and Tamil.<ref name=Rodricks>{{cite news|last1=Rodricks|first1=Allan Moses|title=A chapter from the war|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-histories-the-memorial-at-brigade-road-junction-in-bangalore-salutes-the-heroes-of-a-bygone-era/article6426720.ece|accessdate=5 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Karthik-Deccan>{{cite news|last1=Karthik|first1=S A|title=A memorial for WWI Warriors|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/424831/a-memorial-wwi-warriors.html|accessdate=16 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=11 August 2014}}</ref>

===Broadway, Shivajinagar===
When an encroached storm water drain was cleared in [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]], a huge plaque dating back to the 19th century was found. The stone, shows the progress of the building of the British [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. It reads 'This stone laid across the main channel in 1868 and worn by the feet of two generations was set up to mark the opening of this bridge and road on 16 February 1922'. The inscription is in English, Tamil and Urdu. According to SK Aruni, deputy director of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]], Tamil was used as all the workers of the British were Tamil people, and Urdu to communicate to the Hindustani men working for the British.<ref name=TOI-Shivajinagar>{{cite news|title=Slice of history found in encroached drain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Slice-of-history-found-in-encroached-drain/articleshow/45891306.cms|accessdate=16 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Times of India|date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths=auto heights="150px">
File:War_memorial,_Brigade_Road,_Bangalore.JPG|British War Memorial in Bangalore in English & Tamil
File:WarMemorialBangalore.jpg|Madras Regiment War Memorial, Bangalore
File:The Great War 1914-18.jpg|War Memorial on Brigade Road
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Vatteluttu]]
*[[Indian inscriptions]]
*[[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]]
*[[Tamils in Bangalore]]
*[[Bangalore Tamil dialects|Bangalore Tamil Dialects]]
*[[Gulakamale inscriptions|Gulakamale (Bengaluru) Inscriptions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia]]

Groundwater

2025-11-18T00:51:17Z

Kamdhenupaints: slightly updated formatting for accuracy and corrected details

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{short description|Water located beneath the ground surface}}
[[File:Groundwater (aquifer, aquitard, 3 type wells).PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.5|An illustration showing groundwater in [[aquifer]]s (in blue) (1, 5 and 6) below the [[water table]] (4), and three different [[well]]s (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach it.]]

'''Groundwater''' is the [[water]] present beneath [[Earth]]'s surface in rock and [[Pore space in soil|soil pore spaces]] and in the [[fracture]]s of [[stratum|rock formations]]. About 30 percent of all readily available [[fresh water]] in the world is groundwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Groundwater? {{!}} International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre |url=https://www.un-igrac.org/what-groundwater |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.un-igrac.org |language=en}}</ref> A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an ''[[aquifer]]'' when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which [[soil]] pore spaces or [[fracture]]s and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the ''[[water table]]''. Groundwater is [[Groundwater recharge|recharged]] from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] and [[Seep (hydrology)|seeps]], and can form [[oasis|oases]] or [[wetland]]s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction [[water well|wells]]. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is ''[[hydrogeology]]'', also called groundwater [[hydrology]].

Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain [[soil moisture]], [[permafrost]] (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability [[bedrock]], and deep [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] or [[petroleum geology|oil formation]] water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide [[lubrication]] that can possibly influence the movement of [[fault (geology)|faults]]. It is likely that much of [[Earth]]'s subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances.

Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to [[water pollution|pollution]] than [[surface water]]. Therefore, it is commonly used for public [[drinking water]] supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the [[United States]], and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states.<ref>National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7922-3877-X}}, p. 148.</ref> Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the [[Great Lakes]]. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater.<ref name="hydrology">{{cite web |title =What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? |work =The USGS Water Science School |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |date = 23 May 2013 |access-date = 21 Jan 2014 |url =https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html}}</ref> Over 2 billion people rely on it as their primary water source worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=J. S. |author-link1=James S. Famiglietti |title=The global groundwater crisis |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=November 2014 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=945–948 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2425 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..945F |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2425 |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=en |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Human use of groundwater causes environmental problems. For example, [[Groundwater pollution|polluted groundwater]] is less visible and more difficult to clean up than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include [[Industrial chemical|industrial]] and [[household chemicals]] and garbage [[sanitary landfill|landfills]], excessive [[fertilizer]]s and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process [[wastewater]] from mines, industrial [[fracking]], oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, [[sewage sludge]] and [[septic tank|septic systems]]. Additionally, groundwater is susceptible to [[saltwater intrusion]] in coastal areas and can cause [[land subsidence]] when extracted unsustainably, leading to [[sinking cities]] (like [[Bangkok]]) and loss in elevation (such as the [[Central Valley land subsidence|multiple meters lost in the Central Valley of California]]). These issues are made more complicated by [[sea level rise]] and other [[effects of climate change]], particularly [[Effects of climate change on the water cycle|those on the water cycle]]. Earth's [[axial tilt]] has shifted 31 inches because of human groundwater pumping.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisberger |first=Mindy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Humans pump so much groundwater that Earth's axis has shifted, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/26/world/pumping-groundwater-earth-axis-shifting-scn/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide |date=2023 |title=Rampant Groundwater Pumping Has Changed the Tilt of Earth's Axis |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rampant-groundwater-pumping-has-changed-the-tilt-of-earths-axis/ |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01993-z |pmid=37328564 |s2cid=259183868 |access-date=2023-08-15|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Humans Have Shifted Earth's Axis by Pumping Lots of Groundwater |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/humans-have-shifted-earths-axis-by-pumping-lots-of-groundwater-180982403/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC level|3}}

== Definition ==
Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface [[porosity|pore]] space of soil and [[Rock (geology)|rocks]]. It is also water that is flowing within [[aquifer]]s below the [[water table]]. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with [[surface water]], and deep groundwater in an aquifer (called "[[fossil water]]" if it [[Infiltration (hydrology)|infiltrated]] into the ground millennia ago<ref name="unesco-2006">{{Cite web |title=Non-renewable groundwater resources: a guidebook on socially-sustainable management for water-policy makers; 2006 |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=146997&set=005671D42B_3_346&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 |access-date=2015-12-16 |website=unesco.org}}</ref>).

== Role in the water cycle ==
{{Further|Water cycle}}
[[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|Water balance]]
[[File:Shipot.jpg|thumb|Dzherelo, a common source of drinking water in a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[village]]]]

Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as [[surface water]]: inputs, outputs and storage. The natural input to groundwater is [[Infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]] from surface water, which must then [[percolation|percolate]] downward to reach the groundwater. The natural outputs from groundwater are [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] and seepage to the oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/mrx/hydro_cycle#:~:text=Percolation%20is%20the%20movement%20of,called%20the%20%22water%20table%22.|title=Simplified hydrologic cycle|website=National Weather Service Morristown|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> Groundwater storage can be much larger (in volume) compared to its inputs than surface water and have a slower turnover rate, though this depends on the features of the aquifer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/infiltration-and-water-cycle|title=Infiltration and the Water Cycle|author=Water Science School|date=8 June 2019|access-date=5 May 2025|website=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of infiltration above a groundwater source plus input from streams is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/aquifers-and-groundwater|title=Aquifers and Streams|website=U.S. Geological Survey|author=Water Science School|date=16 October 2019|access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/rivers-contain-groundwater|title=Rivers Contain Groundwater|access-date=5 May 2025|website=U.S. Geological Survey|author=Water Science School|date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

Groundwater is naturally replenished by surface water from [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], [[stream]]s, and [[river]]s when this [[Groundwater recharge|recharge]] reaches the water table.<ref>{{cite book |last=United States Department of the Interior |title=Ground Water Manual |date=1977 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |edition=First |page=4 |author-link=United States Bureau of Reclamation}}</ref>

Groundwater can be a long-term '[[Water cycle#Reservoirs|reservoir]]' of the natural water cycle (with [[residence time]]s from days to millennia),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bethke |first1=Craig M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas M. |date=May 2008 |title=Groundwater Age and Groundwater Age Dating |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=121–152 |bibcode=2008AREPS..36..121B |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124210 |issn=0084-6597}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gleeson |first1=Tom |last2=Befus |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Jasechko |first3=Scott |last4=Luijendijk |first4=Elco |last5=Cardenas |first5=M. Bayani |date=February 2016 |title=The global volume and distribution of modern groundwater |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2590 |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=161–167 |bibcode=2016NatGe...9..161G |doi=10.1038/ngeo2590 |issn=1752-0894|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as opposed to short-term water reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times from minutes to years). Deep groundwater (which is quite distant from the surface recharge) can take a very long time to complete its natural cycle.

The [[Great Artesian Basin]] in central and eastern [[Australia]] is one of the largest confined aquifer systems in the world, extending for almost 2 million km2. By analysing the trace elements in water sourced from deep underground, [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeologists]] have been able to determine that water extracted from these aquifers can be more than 1 million years old.

By comparing the age of groundwater obtained from different parts of the Great Artesian Basin, hydrogeologists have found it increases in age across the basin. Where water recharges the aquifers along the [[Great Dividing Range|Eastern Divide]], ages are young. As groundwater flows westward across the continent, it increases in age, with the oldest groundwater occurring in the western parts. This means that in order to have travelled almost 1000 km from the source of recharge in 1 million years, the groundwater flowing through the Great Artesian Basin travels at an average rate of about 1 metre per year.

===Groundwater recharge===
{{excerpt|Groundwater recharge|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}

=== Location in aquifers ===
{{excerpt|Aquifer|paragraphs=1}}

==Characteristics==
[[File:AlapahaRiver2002.jpg|thumb|The entire [[surface water]] flow of the [[Alapaha River]] near [[Jennings, Florida|Jennings]], [[Florida]], going into a [[sinkhole]] leading to the [[Floridan Aquifer]] groundwater]]

=== Temperature ===

The high [[specific heat capacity]] of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady [[temperature]]. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for [[heat pump]]s that is much more efficient than using air.

=== Availability ===
Groundwater makes up about thirty percent of the world's [[fresh water]] supply, which is about 0.76% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Earth's Water? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/where-earths-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=www.usgs.gov| date=13 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Peter H. |editor-last=Gleick |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-507628-8 |oclc=26400228 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterincrisisgui00glei}}</ref> About 99% of the world's liquid fresh water is groundwater.<ref name="Lall">{{Cite journal |last1=Lall |first1=Upmanu |author-link=Upmanu Lall |last2=Josset |first2=Laureline |last3=Russo |first3=Tess |date=2020-10-17 |title=A Snapshot of the World's Groundwater Challenges |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025800 |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the total amount of freshwater stored in the snow and ice pack, including the north and south poles. This makes it an important resource that can act as a natural storage that can buffer against shortages of [[surface water]], as in during times of [[drought]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn More: Groundwater |url=http://water.columbia.edu/?id=learn_more&navid=groundwater/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=[[Columbia Water Center]]}}</ref>

The volume of groundwater in an aquifer can be estimated by measuring water levels in local wells and by examining geologic records from well-drilling to determine the extent, depth and thickness of water-bearing sediments and rocks. Before an investment is made in production wells, test wells may be drilled to measure the depths at which water is encountered and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. Pumping tests can be performed in test wells to determine flow characteristics of the aquifer.<ref name="hydrology" />

The characteristics of aquifers vary with the geology and structure of the substrate and topography in which they occur. In general, the more productive aquifers occur in sedimentary geologic formations. By comparison, weathered and fractured crystalline rocks yield smaller quantities of groundwater in many environments. Unconsolidated to poorly cemented alluvial materials that have accumulated as [[valley]]-filling sediments in major river valleys and geologically subsiding structural basins are included among the most productive sources of groundwater.

Fluid flows can be altered in different [[Lithology|lithological settings]] by brittle deformation of rocks in [[Fault (geology)|fault zones]]; the mechanisms by which this occurs are the subject of [[fault zone hydrogeology]].<ref name="faultzone">{{Cite journal|last1=Bense|first1=V.F.|last2=Gleeson|first2=T.|last3=Loveless|first3=S.E.|last4=Bour|first4=O.|last5=Scibek|first5=J.|date=2013|title=Fault zone hydrogeology|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825213001657|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=127|pages=171–192|bibcode=2013ESRv..127..171B|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.008|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Uses by humans ==
[[File:Burg Zusameck 5.jpg|right|thumb|Groundwater may be extracted through a [[water well]]]]Reliance on groundwater will only increase, mainly due to growing water demand by all sectors combined with [[Effects of climate change on the water cycle|increasing variation in rainfall patterns]].<ref name="WWDR2022">United Nations (2022) [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380721 The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible]. UNESCO, Paris [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/3.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License]]</ref> Safe use of groundwater varies substantially by the elements present and use-cases, with significant differences between consumption for humans, livestocks and different crops.<ref name="BrineReuse">{{cite journal | last1=Lanter | first1=Alec M. | last2=Svetanoff | first2=Rachel | last3=Chitturi | first3=Lahiri | last4=Chirchir | first4=Abraham | last5=Arowo | first5=Moses NyoTonglo | last6=Ringera | first6=Harun | last7=Warsinger | first7=David M. | title=Maximizing water recovery from reverse osmosis for agricultural brine reuse in Kenya | journal=Agricultural Water Management | volume=298 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108855 | doi-access=free | article-number=108855| bibcode=2024AgWM..29808855L }}</ref>

=== Quantities ===
Groundwater is the most accessed source of freshwater around the world, including as [[drinking water]], [[irrigation]], and [[manufacturing]]. Groundwater accounts for about half of the world's drinking water, 40% of its irrigation water, and a third of water for industrial purposes.<ref name="Lall" />

Another estimate stated that globally groundwater accounts for about one third of all [[water withdrawal]]s, and surface water for the other two thirds.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris }}</ref>{{rp|21}} Groundwater provides drinking water to at least 50% of the global population.<ref name="Akhter2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Tanjila |last2=Naz |first2=Maheen |last3=Salehin |first3=Mashfiqus |last4=Arif |first4=Sharif Tanjim |last5=Hoque |first5=Sonia Ferdous |last6=Hope |first6=Robert |last7=Rahman |first7=Mohammad Rezaur |date=2023 |title=Hydrogeologic Constraints for Drinking Water Security in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh: Implications for Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=13 |page=2333 |doi=10.3390/w15132333 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023Water..15.2333A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> About 2.5 billion people depend solely on groundwater resources to satisfy their basic daily water needs.<ref name="Akhter2023" />

A similar estimate was published in 2021 which stated that "groundwater is estimated to supply between a quarter and a third of the world's annual freshwater withdrawals to meet agricultural, industrial and domestic demands."<ref name="Douville etal-2021">{{cite book |last1=Douville |first1=H. |first2=K. |last2=Raghavan |first3=J. |last3=Renwick |first4=R.P. |last4=Allan |first5=P.A. |last5=Arias |first6=M. |last6=Barlow |first7=R. |last7=Cerezo-Mota |first8=A. |last8=Cherchi |first9=T.Y. |last9=Gan |first10=J. |last10=Gergis |first11=D. |last11=Jiang |first12=A. |last12=Khan |first13=W. |last13=Pokam Mba |first14=D. |last14= Rosenfeld |first15=J. |last15=Tierney |first16=O. |last16=Zolina |date=2021 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf |chapter=8 Water Cycle Changes |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-first=P. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor3-first=A. |editor3-last=Pirani |editor4-first=S.L. |editor4-last=Connors |editor5-first=C. |editor5-last=Péan |editor6-first=S. |editor6-last=Berger |editor7-first=N. |editor7-last=Caud |editor8-first=Y. |editor8-last=Chen |editor9-first=L. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor10-first=M.I. |editor10-last=Gomis |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Huang |editor12-first=K. |editor12-last=Leitzell |editor13-first=E. |editor13-last=Lonnoy |editor14-first=J.B.R. |editor14-last=Matthews |editor15-first=T.K. |editor15-last=Maycock |editor16-first=T. |editor16-last=Waterfield |editor17-first=O. |editor17-last=Yelekçi |editor18-first=R. |editor18-last=Yu |editor19-first=B. |editor19-last=Zhou |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=1055–1210 |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.010 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6}}</ref>{{rp|1091}}

Global freshwater withdrawal was probably around 600 km3 per year in 1900 and increased to 3,880 km3 per year in 2017. The rate of increase was especially high (around 3% per year) during the period 1950–1980, partly due to a higher population growth rate, and partly to rapidly increasing groundwater development, particularly for irrigation. The rate of increase is (as per 2022) approximately 1% per year, in tune with the current population growth rate.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|15}}

Global groundwater depletion has been calculated to be between 100 and 300 km3 per year. This depletion is mainly caused by "expansion of irrigated agriculture in [[drylands]]".<ref name="Douville etal-2021" />{{rp|1091}}

The [[Asia Pacific region|Asia-Pacific region]] is the largest groundwater abstractor in the world, containing seven out of the ten countries that extract most groundwater (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey). These countries alone account for roughly 60% of the world's total groundwater withdrawal.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|6}}

=== Drinking water quality aspects ===
{{See also|Arsenic contamination of groundwater}}
Groundwater may or may not be a safe water source. In fact, there is considerable uncertainty with groundwater in different hydrogeologic contexts: the widespread presence of contaminants such as [[arsenic]], [[fluoride]] and [[salinity]] can reduce the suitability of groundwater as a drinking water source. Arsenic and fluoride have been considered as ''priority contaminants'' at a global level, although priority chemicals will vary by country.<ref name="Akhter2023" />

There is a lot of heterogeneity of [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeologic]] properties. For this reason, salinity of groundwater is often highly variable over space. This contributes to highly variable groundwater security risks even within a specific region.<ref name="Akhter2023" /> Salinity in groundwater makes the water unpalatable and unusable and is often the worst in coastal areas, especially due to [[Saltwater intrusion]] from excessive use, which are notable in Bangladesh, and East and West India, and many island nations.<ref name="Akhter2023" />

Due to [[climate change]] groundwater is warming. The temperature of [[Vienna|Viennese]] groundwater has increased by .9 degrees Celsius between 2001 and 2010; by 1.4 degrees between 2011 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-15 |title=Wiener Grundwasser wird wärmer |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3289090/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=wien.[[ORF.at]] |language=de-AT}}</ref> In a joint research project scientists at the [[Karlsruher Institut für Technologie]] and the [[University of Vienna]] have tried to quantify the amount of [[drinking water]] loss to be expected due to ground water warming up to the end of the current century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hochwarth |first=Dominik |date=2024-06-04 |title=Forscher warnen: Erwärmung des Grundwassers gefährdet Millionen weltweit |url=https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/umwelt/forscher-warnen-erwaermung-des-grundwassers-gefaehrdet-millionen-weltweit/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=ingenieur.de - Jobbörse und Nachrichtenportal für Ingenieure |language=de-DE}}</ref> Stressing the fact that regional shallow groundwater warming patterns vary substantially due to spatial variability in climate change and water table depth these researchers write that we currently lack knowledge about how groundwater responds to surface warming across spatial and temporal scales.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Benz |first1=Susanne A. |last2=Irvine |first2=Dylan J. |last3=Rau |first3=Gabriel C. |last4=Bayer |first4=Peter |last5=Menberg |first5=Kathrin |last6=Blum |first6=Philipp |last7=Jamieson |first7=Rob C. |last8=Griebler |first8=Christian |last9=Kurylyk |first9=Barret L. |date=2024-06-04 |title=Global groundwater warming due to climate change |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=545–551 |doi=10.1038/s41561-024-01453-x |issn=1752-0908|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024NatGe..17..545B }}</ref> Their study shows, however, that following a medium [[Emission intensity|emissions pathway]], in 2100 between 77 million and 188 million people are projected to live in areas where groundwater exceeds the highest threshold for drinking water temperatures (DWTs) set by any country.<ref name=":0" />

=== Water supply for municipal and industrial uses ===
{{Further|Water supply|Drinking water|Self-supply of water and sanitation}}
Municipal and industrial water supplies are provided through large wells. Multiple wells for one water supply source are termed "wellfields", which may withdraw water from confined or unconfined aquifers. Using groundwater from deep, confined aquifers provides more protection from surface water contamination. Some wells, termed "collector wells", are specifically designed to induce infiltration of surface (usually river) water.

Aquifers that provide sustainable fresh groundwater to urban areas and for agricultural irrigation are typically close to the ground surface (within a couple of hundred metres) and have some recharge by fresh water. This recharge is typically from rivers or meteoric water (precipitation) that percolates into the aquifer through overlying unsaturated materials. In cases where the groundwater has unacceptable levels of salinity or specific ions, [[desalination]] is a common treatment,.<ref name="BrineReuse"/><ref name="j443">{{cite report | title=Professional Paper | date=2017 | doi=10.3133/pp1833 | page= | last1=Stanton | first1=Jennifer S. | last2=Anning | first2=David W. | last3=Brown | first3=Craig J. | last4=Moore | first4=Richard B. | last5=McGuire | first5=Virginia L. | last6=Qi | first6=Sharon L. | last7=Harris | first7=Alta C. | last8=Dennehy | first8=Kevin F. | last9=McMahon | first9=Peter B. | last10=Degnan | first10=James R. | last11=Böhlke | first11=John Karl }}</ref><ref name="h754">{{cite book | last=Arafat | first=H. | title=Desalination Sustainability: A Technical, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Approach | publisher=Elsevier | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-12-809896-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ2pDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 | access-date=2024-12-24 | page=367}}</ref> However, for the brine, safe disposal or reuse<ref name="BrineReuse"/> is needed.

=== Irrigation ===
{{Main|Irrigation}}
[[File:Crops Kansas AST 20010624.jpg|thumb|right|[[center pivot irrigation|Center-pivot irrigated]] fields in [[Kansas]] covering hundreds of square miles watered by the [[Ogallala Aquifer]]]]In general, the irrigation of 20% of farming land (with various types of water sources) accounts for the production of 40% of food production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Water |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water in Agriculture |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water-in-agriculture |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Irrigation techniques across the globe includes canals redirecting surface water,<ref>[[Irrigation#refMcNeill2000|McNeill 2000]] pp.174.</ref><ref name="Peterson 2016">[[Irrigation#refPeterson2016|Peterson 2016]]</ref> groundwater pumping, and diverting water from dams. Aquifers are critically important in agriculture. Deep aquifers in arid areas have long been water sources for irrigation. A majority of extracted groundwater, 70%, is used for agricultural purposes.<ref name="NGWA">{{cite web |title=Facts About Global Groundwater Usage |url=https://www.ngwa.org/what-is-groundwater/About-groundwater/facts-about-global-groundwater-usage |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=National Ground Water Association}}</ref> Significant investigation has gone into determining safe levels of specific salts present for different agricultural uses.<ref name="a659">{{cite web | last=Ayers | first=R.S. | title=Water quality for agriculture | website=FAOHome | date=1967-04-10 | url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0234e/T0234E00.htm#TOC | access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref>

In India, 65% of the irrigation is from groundwater<ref name="groundirri1">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-launches-rs-6-000-crore-national-groundwater-management-plan-on-atal-bihari-vajpayees-birth-anniv-2154120 PM Launches Rs 6,000 Crore Groundwater Management Plan], NDTV, 25 December 2019.</ref> and about 90% of extracted groundwater is used for irrigation.<ref name="chindarkar">{{cite journal |last1=Chindarkar |first1=Namrata |last2=Grafton |first2=Quentin |date=5 January 2019 |title=India's depleting groundwater: When science meets policy |journal=Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=108–124 |doi=10.1002/app5.269 |doi-access=free|hdl=1885/202483 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Occasionally, sedimentary or [[Fossil water|"fossil"]] aquifers are used to provide irrigation and drinking water to urban areas. In Libya, for example, [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi's]] [[Great Manmade River]] project has pumped large amounts of groundwater from aquifers beneath the Sahara to populous areas near the coast.<ref name="Scholl">{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy journal}}</ref> Though this has saved Libya money over the alternative, seawater desalination, the aquifers are likely to run dry in 60 to 100 years.<ref name="Scholl" /> [[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well in [[Niger]].]]

=== In developing countries ===
{{excerpt|WASH#Groundwater|paragraphs=1-3}}

== Challenges ==
First, flood mitigation schemes, intended to protect infrastructure built on floodplains, have had the unintended consequence of reducing [[aquifer recharge]] associated with natural flooding. Second, prolonged depletion of groundwater in extensive aquifers can result in land [[subsidence]], with associated infrastructure damage{{snd}}as well as, third, [[Saltwater intrusion|saline intrusion]].<ref name="Zektser-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Zektser |first1=S. |last2=LoaIciga |first2=H. A. |last3=Wolf |first3=J. T. |year=2004 |title=Environmental impacts of groundwater overdraft: selected case studies in the southwestern United States |journal=Environmental Geology |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=396–404 |doi=10.1007/s00254-004-1164-3 |s2cid=129514582}}</ref> Fourth, draining acid sulphate soils, often found in low-lying coastal plains, can result in acidification and pollution of formerly freshwater and [[estuary|estuarine]] streams.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Water quality and macroinvertebrate response to acidification following intensified summer droughts in a Western Australian wetland|doi=10.1071/MF00021|year=2001|last1=Sommer|first1=Bea|last2=Horwitz|first2=Pierre|last3=Sommer|first3=Bea|last4=Horwitz|first4=Pierre|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research|volume=52|issue=7|page=1015|bibcode=2001MFRes..52.1015S }}</ref>

=== Overdraft ===
{{Main|Overdrafting}}
[[File:1960- Groundwater loss - depletion - Central Valley of California.svg |thumb |Within a long period of groundwater depletion in California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.<ref name=NatureComms_20221219>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Pang-Wei |last2=Famiglietti |first2=James S. |last3=Purdy |first3=Adam J. |last4=Adams |first4=Kyra H. |last5=McEvoy |first5=Avery L. |last6=Reager |first6=John T. |last7=Bindlish |first7=Rajat |last8=Wiese |first8=David N. |last9=David |first9=Cédric H. |last10=Rodell |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7825 |page=7825 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x |pmid=36535940 |pmc=9763392 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7825L }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230130223801/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35582-x/figures/4 Archive] of chart itself)</ref>]]
[[File:Aquifersalt.jpg|right|thumb|Diagram of a [[Hydrology (agriculture)|water balance]] of the aquifer]]
Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. Most land areas on [[Earth]] have some form of aquifer underlying them, sometimes at significant depths. In some cases, these aquifers are rapidly being depleted by the human population. Such over-use, over-abstraction or overdraft can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g., [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[India]]) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perrone|first1=Debra|last2=Jasechko|first2=Scott|date=August 2019|title=Deeper well drilling an unsustainable stopgap to groundwater depletion|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0325-z|journal=Nature Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=8|pages=773–782|doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0325-z|bibcode=2019NatSu...2..773P |s2cid=199503276|issn=2398-9629|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[GRACE and GRACE-FO|GRACE satellite]]s have collected data that demonstrates 21 of Earth's 37 major aquifers are undergoing depletion.<ref name="Lall" /> In the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] region of [[India]], for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/water/2009/07/28/punjab-a-tale-of-prosperity-and-decline/ |title=Punjab: A tale of prosperity and decline |publisher=[[Columbia Water Center]] |author=Upmanu Lall |date=28 July 2009 |access-date=2009-09-11 }}</ref> A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as [[groundwater-related subsidence]] and [[saltwater intrusion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bagheri |first1=Rahim |last2=Nosrati |first2=Azad |last3=Jafari |first3=Hadi |last4=Eggenkamp |first4=Hermanus Gerardus M. |last5=Mozafari |first5=Morteza |title=Overexploitation hazards and salinization risks in crucial declining aquifers, chemo-isotopic approaches. |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |language=en |date=5 May 2019 |volume=369 |pages=150–163 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.024 |pmid=30776598 |bibcode=2019JHzM..369..150B |s2cid=73455611 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389419301517 |access-date=2 March 2022 |issn=0304-3894|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Another cause for concern is that groundwater drawdown from over-allocated aquifers has the potential to cause severe damage to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems{{snd}}in some cases very conspicuously but in others quite imperceptibly because of the extended period over which the damage occurs.<ref name="Zektser-2004" /> The importance of groundwater to ecosystems is often overlooked, even by freshwater biologists and ecologists. Groundwaters sustain rivers, [[wetland]]s, and [[lake]]s, as well as subterranean ecosystems within [[karst topography|karst]] or alluvial aquifers.

Not all ecosystems need groundwater, of course. Some terrestrial ecosystems{{snd}}for example, those of the open [[desert]]s and similar arid environments{{snd}}exist on irregular rainfall and the moisture it delivers to the soil, supplemented by moisture in the air. While there are other terrestrial ecosystems in more hospitable environments where groundwater plays no central role, groundwater is in fact fundamental to many of the world's major ecosystems. Water flows between groundwaters and surface waters. Most rivers, lakes, and wetlands are fed by, and (at other places or times) feed groundwater, to varying degrees. Groundwater feeds soil moisture through percolation, and many terrestrial vegetation communities depend directly on either groundwater or the percolated soil moisture above the aquifer for at least part of each year. [[Hyporheic zone]]s (the mixing zone of streamwater and groundwater) and [[riparian zone]]s are examples of [[ecotone]]s largely or totally dependent on groundwater.

A 2021 study found that of ~39 million investigated{{how|date=May 2021|title=How did they get the data on wells' depths?}} [[groundwater well]]s 6–20% are at [[Water security|high risk of running dry]] if local groundwater levels decline by a few meters, or{{snd}}as with many areas and possibly more than half of major aquifers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=James S. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Grant |date=23 April 2021 |title=The hidden crisis beneath our feet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867 |access-date=10 May 2021 |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=344–345 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.abh2867|pmid=33888627 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..344F |s2cid=233353241 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{snd}}continue to decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up |language=en |work=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |date=23 April 2021 |title=Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=418–421 |doi=10.1126/science.abc2755 |pmid=33888642 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..418J |s2cid=233353207 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=10 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Fresh-water aquifers, especially those with limited recharge by snow or rain, also known as [[meteoric water]], can be over-exploited and depending on the local [[hydrogeology]], may draw in non-potable water or saltwater intrusion from hydraulically connected aquifers or [[surface water]] bodies. This can be a serious problem, especially in coastal areas and other areas where aquifer pumping is excessive.

===Subsidence===
{{main|Groundwater-related subsidence}}

Subsidence occurs when too much water is pumped out from underground, deflating the space below the above-surface, and thus causing the ground to collapse. The result can look like craters on plots of land. This occurs because, in its natural equilibrium state, the [[hydraulic pressure]] of groundwater in the pore spaces of the aquifer and the aquitard supports some of the weight of the overlying sediments. When groundwater is removed from aquifers by excessive pumping, pore pressures in the aquifer drop and compression of the aquifer may occur. This compression may be partially recoverable if pressures rebound, but much of it is not. When the aquifer gets compressed, it may cause land subsidence, a drop in the ground surface.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=Devin L. |last2=Burbey |first2=Thomas J. |title=Review: Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |date=December 2011 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=1459–1486 |language=en,fr,es,zh,pt |doi=10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5 |bibcode=2011HydJ...19.1459G |s2cid=127084866 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5 |access-date=2 March 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In unconsolidated aquifers, groundwater is produced from pore spaces between particles of gravel, sand, and silt. If the aquifer is confined by low-permeability layers, the reduced water pressure in the sand and gravel causes slow drainage of water from the adjoining confining layers. If these confining layers are composed of compressible silt or clay, the loss of water to the aquifer reduces the water pressure in the confining layer, causing it to compress from the weight of overlying geologic materials. In severe cases, this compression can be observed on the ground surface as [[subsidence]]. Unfortunately, much of the subsidence from groundwater extraction is permanent (elastic rebound is small). Thus, the subsidence is not only permanent, but the compressed aquifer has a permanently reduced capacity to hold water.

The city of [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] is actually below sea level today, and its subsidence is partly caused by removal of groundwater from the various aquifer/aquitard systems beneath it.<ref name="Dokka2011">{{cite journal|last1=Dokka|first1=Roy K.|title=The role of deep processes in late 20th century subsidence of New Orleans and coastal areas of southern Louisiana and Mississippi|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=116|issue=B6|article-number=B06403|year=2011|issn=0148-0227|doi=10.1029/2010JB008008|bibcode=2011JGRB..116.6403D|s2cid=53395648|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the first half of the 20th century, the [[Central Valley land subsidence|San Joaquin Valley experienced significant subsidence]], in some places up to {{convert|8.5|m|ft|abbr=off}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sneed, M|last2=Brandt, J|last3=Solt, M|title=Land Subsidence along the Delta-Mendota Canal in the Northern Part of the San Joaquin Valley, California, 2003–10|journal=USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5142|series=Scientific Investigations Report |date=2013|page=87 |doi=10.3133/sir20135142 |bibcode=2013usgs.rept...87S |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5142/pdf/sir2013-5142.pdf|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> due to groundwater removal. Cities on river deltas, including Venice in Italy,<ref name="TosiTeatini2014">{{cite book|last1=Tosi|first1=Luigi|title=Engineering Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 4|last2=Teatini|first2=Pietro|last3=Strozzi|first3=Tazio|last4=Da Lio|first4=Cristina|chapter=Relative Land Subsidence of the Venice Coastland, Italy|year=2014|pages=171–73|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-08660-6_32|isbn=978-3-319-08659-0}}</ref> and [[Bangkok]] in Thailand,<ref name="AobpaetCuenca2013">{{cite journal|last1=Aobpaet|first1=Anuphao|last2=Cuenca|first2=Miguel Caro|last3=Hooper|first3=Andrew|last4=Trisirisatayawong|first4=Itthi|title=InSAR time-series analysis of land subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=34|issue=8|year=2013|pages=2969–82|issn=0143-1161|doi=10.1080/01431161.2012.756596|bibcode=2013IJRS...34.2969A|s2cid=129140583}}</ref> have experienced surface subsidence; Mexico City, built on a former lake bed, has experienced rates of subsidence of up to {{convert|40|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} per year.<ref name="ArroyoOrdaz2013">{{cite journal|last1=Arroyo|first1=Danny|last2=Ordaz|first2=Mario|last3=Ovando-Shelley|first3=Efrain|last4=Guasch|first4=Juan C.|last5=Lermo|first5=Javier|last6=Perez|first6=Citlali|last7=Alcantara|first7=Leonardo|last8=Ramírez-Centeno|first8=Mario S.|title=Evaluation of the change in dominant periods in the lake-bed zone of Mexico City produced by ground subsidence through the use of site amplification factors|journal=Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering|volume=44|year=2013|pages=54–66|issn=0267-7261|doi=10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.08.009|bibcode=2013SDEE...44...54A }}</ref>

For coastal cities, subsidence can increase the risk of other environmental issues, such as [[sea level rise]].<ref name="Nicholls-2008">{{cite journal|last1=Nicholls|first1=R. J.|last2=Hanson|first2=S.|last3=Herweijer|first3=C.|last4=Patmore|first4=N.|last5=Hallegatte|first5=S.|last6=CorfeeMorlot|first6=J.|last7=Chateau|first7=Jean|last8=Muir-Wood|first8=Robert|year=2008|title=Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5kzssgshj742.pdf?expires=1443516109&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=86F9E81D60F674BDFA259B0843C4A964|journal=OECD Environment Working Papers|issue=1|doi=10.1787/011766488208|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref> For example, Bangkok is expected to have 5.138 million people exposed to [[coastal flooding]] by 2070 because of these combining factors.<ref name="Nicholls-2008" />

=== Groundwater becoming saline due to evaporation ===
If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become [[salinity|saline]]. This situation can occur naturally under [[endorheic]] bodies of water, or artificially under [[irrigation|irrigated]] farmland. In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause [[soil salinization]].

As water moves through the landscape, it collects soluble salts, mainly [[sodium chloride]]. Where such water enters the atmosphere through [[evapotranspiration]], these salts are left behind. In [[irrigation]] districts, poor drainage of soils and surface aquifers can result in water tables' coming to the surface in low-lying areas. Major [[land degradation]] problems of [[soil salinity]] and [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]] result,<ref>{{cite web |title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control |url=http://www.waterlog.info |access-date=2010-07-28}}</ref> combined with increasing levels of salt in surface waters. As a consequence, major damage has occurred to local economies and environments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ludwig |first1=D. |last2=Hilborn |first2=R. |last3=Walters |first3=C. |year=1993 |title=Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation, and Conservation: Lessons from History |url=http://landscape.forest.wisc.edu/courses/Landscape565spr01/Ludwig_etal1993.pdf |journal=Science |volume=260 |issue=5104 |pages=17–36 |bibcode=1993Sci...260...17L |doi=10.1126/science.260.5104.17 |jstor=1942074 |pmid=17793516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826142557/http://landscape.forest.wisc.edu/courses/Landscape565spr01/Ludwig_etal1993.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2011-06-09}}</ref>

Aquifers in surface [[Irrigation|irrigated]] areas in semi-arid zones with reuse of the unavoidable irrigation water losses [[Groundwater recharge|percolating]] down into the underground by supplemental irrigation from wells run the risk of [[Soil salination|salination]].<ref>{{Citation |author=ILRI |title=Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review |url=http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf |pages=18–34 |year=1989 |series=In: Annual Report 1988 of the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands}}</ref>

Surface irrigation water normally contains salts in the order of {{val|0.5|u=g/L}} or more and the annual irrigation requirement is in the order of {{val|10000|fmt=commas|u=m3/ha}} or more so the annual import of salt is in the order of {{val|5000|fmt=commas|u=kg/ha}} or more.<ref>ILRI (2003), ''Drainage for Agriculture: Drainage and hydrology/salinity - water and salt balances''. Lecture notes International Course on Land Drainage, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download from : [http://www.waterlog.info/faqs.htm], or directly as PDF : [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/balances.pdf]</ref>

Under the influence of continuous evaporation, the salt concentration of the aquifer water may increase continually and eventually cause an [[Environmental impact of irrigation|environmental]] problem.

For [[Soil salinity control|salinity control]] in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface [[Drainage system (agriculture)|drainage system]] and disposed of through a safe outlet. The drainage system may be ''horizontal'' (i.e. using pipes, [[Tile drainage|tile drains]] or ditches) or ''vertical'' ([[drainage by wells]]). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of a [[groundwater model]] with an agro-hydro-salinity component may be instrumental, e.g. [[SahysMod]].

=== Seawater intrusion ===
{{main|Saltwater intrusion}}

{{Further|Sea level rise}}
Aquifers near the coast have a lens of freshwater near the surface and denser seawater under freshwater. Seawater penetrates the aquifer diffusing in from the ocean and is denser than freshwater. For porous (i.e., sandy) aquifers near the coast, the thickness of freshwater atop saltwater is about {{convert|40|ft|m|0|order=flip}} for every {{convert|1|ft|m|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} of freshwater head above [[sea level]]. This relationship is called the [[Ghyben-Herzberg equation]]. If too much groundwater is pumped near the coast, salt-water may intrude into freshwater aquifers causing contamination of potable freshwater supplies. Many coastal aquifers, such as the [[Biscayne Aquifer]] near Miami and the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer, have problems with saltwater intrusion as a result of overpumping and sea level rise.

Seawater intrusion is the flow or presence of seawater into coastal aquifers; it is a case of [[saltwater intrusion]]. It is a natural phenomenon but can also be caused or worsened by anthropogenic factors, such as [[sea level rise]] due to [[climate change]].<ref name="Befus-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Befus |first1=K. M. |last2=Barnard |first2=P. L. |last3=Hoover |first3=D. J. |last4=Finzi Hart |first4=J. A. |last5=Voss |first5=C. I. |date=October 2020 |title=Increasing threat of coastal groundwater hazards from sea-level rise in California |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0874-1 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=946–952 |bibcode=2020NatCC..10..946B |doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0874-1 |issn=1758-6798 |s2cid=221146885|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the case of homogeneous aquifers, seawater intrusion forms a saline wedge below a transition zone to fresh groundwater, flowing seaward on the top.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Polemio |first1=M. |last2=Dragone |first2=V. |last3=Limoni |first3=P.P. |date=2009 |title=Monitoring and methods to analyse the groundwater quality degradation risk in coastal karstic aquifers (Apulia, Southern Italy) |journal=Environmental Geology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=299–312 |bibcode=2009EnGeo..58..299P |doi=10.1007/s00254-008-1582-8 |s2cid=54203532}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleury |first1=P. |last2=Bakalowicz |first2=M. |last3=De Marsily |first3=G. |date=2007 |title=Submarine springs and coastal karst aquifers: a review |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=339 |issue=1–2 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2007JHyd..339...79F |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.03.009}}</ref> These changes can have other effects on the land above the groundwater. For example, coastal groundwater in California would rise in many aquifers, increasing risks of flooding and [[Surface runoff|runoff]] challenges.<ref name="Befus-2020" />

Sea level rise causes the mixing of sea water into the coastal groundwater, rendering it unusable once it amounts to more than 2–3% of the reservoir. Along an estimated 15% of the US coastline, the majority of local groundwater levels are already below the sea level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott J. |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |last3=Seybold |first3=Hansjörg |last4=Fan |first4=Ying |last5=Kirchner |first5=James W. |date=26 June 2020 |title=Groundwater level observations in 250,000 coastal US wells reveal scope of potential seawater intrusion |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3229 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3229J |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17038-2 |pmc=7319989 |pmid=32591535}}</ref>

=== Pollution ===
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|[[Waterborne diseases]] can be spread via a groundwater well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from [[pit latrine]]s]]
{{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1-2}}

=== Climate change ===
{{Further|Water security#Reduced water quality due to climate change impacts}}[[File:Providing clean water and flood-resistant shelter in Sindh (5950788649).jpg|thumb|A woman pumps water from a handpump in her village in [[Sindh]], Pakistan]]

The impacts of climate change on groundwater may be greatest through its indirect effects on irrigation water demand via increased [[evapotranspiration]].<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|5}} There is an observed declined in groundwater storage in many parts of the world. This is due to more groundwater being used for irrigation activities in agriculture, particularly in [[drylands]].<ref name="Douville etal-2021" />{{rp|1091}} Some of this increase in irrigation can be due to [[water scarcity]] issues made worse by [[effects of climate change on the water cycle]]. Direct redistribution of water by human activities amounting to ~24,000 km3 per year is about double the global groundwater recharge each year.<ref name="Douville etal-2021" />

Climate change causes changes to the [[water cycle]] which in turn affect groundwater in several ways: There can be a decline in groundwater storage, and reduction in groundwater recharge and water quality deterioration due to extreme weather events.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022">{{cite book |last1=Caretta |first1=M.A. |first2=A. |last2=Mukherji |first3=M. |last3=Arfanuzzaman |first4=R.A. |last4=Betts |first5=A. |last5=Gelfan |first6=Y. |last6=Hirabayashi |first7=T.K. |last7=Lissner |first8=J. |last8=Liu |first9=E. |last9=Lopez Gunn |first10=R. |last10=Morgan |first11=S. |last11=Mwanga |first12=S. |last12=Supratid |chapter=4. Water |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf |editor1-first=H.-O. |editor1-last=Pörtner |editor2-first=D.C. |editor2-last=Roberts |editor3-first=M. |editor3-last=Tignor |editor4-first=E.S. |editor4-last=Poloczanska |editor5-first=K. |editor5-last=Mintenbeck |editor6-first=A. |editor6-last=Alegría |editor7-first=M. |editor7-last=Craig |editor8-first=S. |editor8-last=Langsdorf |editor9-first=S. |editor9-last=Löschke |editor10-first=V. |editor10-last=Möller |editor11-first=A. |editor11-last=Okem |editor12-first=B. |editor12-last=Rama |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |pages=551–712 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.006 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/}}</ref>{{rp|558}} In the tropics intense precipitation and flooding events appear to lead to more groundwater recharge.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|582}}

However, the exact impacts of climate change on groundwater are still under investigation.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|579}} This is because scientific data derived from groundwater monitoring is still missing, such as changes in space and time, abstraction data and "numerical representations of groundwater recharge processes".<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|579}}

[[Effects of climate change]] could have different impacts on groundwater storage: The expected more intense (but fewer) major rainfall events could lead to ''increased'' groundwater recharge in many environments.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|104}} But more intense drought periods could result in soil drying-out and compaction which would ''reduce'' infiltration to groundwater.<ref>{{cite web |author=IAH |date=2019 |url=https://iah.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IAH_Climate-ChangeAdaptationGdwtr.pdf |title=Climate-Change Adaptation & Groundwater |series=Strategic Overview Series}}</ref>

For the higher altitudes regions, the reduced duration and amount of snow may lead to reduced recharge of groundwater in spring.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|582}} The impacts of [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|receding alpine glaciers]] on groundwater systems are not well understood.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|106}}

Global [[sea level rise]] due to climate change has induced seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers around the world, particularly in low-lying areas and small islands.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|611}} However, groundwater abstraction is usually the main reason for seawater intrusion, rather than sea level rise (see in [[#Seawater intrusion|section on seawater intrusion]]).<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|5}} Seawater intrusion threatens [[coastal ecosystems]] and livelihood resilience. Bangladesh is a vulnerable country for this issue, and [[mangrove forest]] of [[Sundarbans]] is a vulnerable ecosystem.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|611}}

[[Groundwater pollution]] may also increase indirectly due to climate change: More frequent and intense storms can pollute groundwater by mobilizing contaminants, for example fertilizers, wastewater or human excreta from pit latrines.<ref name="Caretta etal-2022" />{{rp|611}} Droughts reduce river dilution capacities and groundwater levels, increasing the risk of groundwater contamination.

<noinclude>Aquifer systems that are vulnerable to climate change include the following examples (the first four are largely independent of human withdrawals, unlike examples 5 to 8 where the intensity of human groundwater withdrawals plays a key role in amplifying vulnerability to climate change):<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|109}}
# low-relief coastal and deltaic aquifer systems,
# aquifer systems in continental northern latitudes or alpine and polar regions
# aquifers in rapidly expanding low-income cities and large displaced and informal communities
# shallow alluvial aquifers underlying seasonal rivers in drylands,
# intensively pumped aquifer systems for groundwater-fed irrigation in drylands
# intensively pumped aquifers for dryland cities
# intensively pumped coastal aquifers
# low-storage/low-recharge aquifer systems in drylands</noinclude>

==== Climate change adaptation ====
Using more groundwater, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, is seen as a method for [[climate change adaptation]] in the case that climate change causes more intense or frequent droughts.<ref>WaterAid and BGS (2022) [https://washmatters.wateraid.org/publications/groundwater-the-worlds-neglected-defence-against-climate-change Groundwater: The world's neglected defence against climate change]</ref>

Groundwater-based [[climate change adaptation|adaptation]]s to climate change exploit distributed groundwater storage and the capacity of aquifer systems to store seasonal or episodic water surpluses.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|5}} They incur substantially lower evaporative losses than conventional infrastructure, such as surface dams. For example, in [[tropical Africa]], pumping water from groundwater storage can help to improve the [[climate resilience]] of water and food supplies.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|110}}

==== Climate change mitigation ====
The development of [[geothermal energy]], a [[sustainable energy]] source, plays an important role in reducing CO2 emissions and thus [[Climate change mitigation|mitigating climate change]].<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|5}} Groundwater is an agent in the storage, movement, and extraction of geothermal energy.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|110}}

In pioneering nations, such as the Netherlands and Sweden, the ground/groundwater is increasingly seen as just one component (a seasonal source, sink or thermal 'buffer') in [[district heating]] and cooling networks.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|113}}

Deep aquifers can also be used for [[carbon capture and sequestration]], the process of storing carbon to curb accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|5}}

== Groundwater governance ==
[[File:High plains fresh groundwater usage 2000.svg|thumb|Groundwater withdrawal rates from the [[Ogallala Aquifer]] in the [[Central United States]]]]Groundwater [[governance]] processes enable groundwater management, planning and policy implementation. It takes place at multiple scales and geographic levels, including regional and transboundary scales.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|2}}

Groundwater management is action-oriented, focusing on practical implementation activities and day-to-day operations. Because groundwater is often perceived as a private resource (that is, closely connected to land ownership, and in some jurisdictions treated as privately owned), regulation and top–down governance and management are difficult. Governments need to fully assume their role as resource custodians in view of the common-good aspects of groundwater.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|2}}

Domestic laws and regulations regulate access to groundwater as well as human activities that impact the quality of groundwater. Legal frameworks also need to include protection of discharge and recharge zones and of the area surrounding water supply wells, as well as [[sustainable yield]] norms and abstraction controls, and conjunctive use regulations. In some jurisdictions, groundwater is regulated in conjunction with surface water, including rivers.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|2}}

==By country==
Groundwater is an important [[Water resources|water resource]] for the [[Water supply|supply of drinking water]], especially in [[arid]] countries.

The [[Arab region]] is one of the most water-scarce in the world and groundwater is the most relied-upon water source in at least 11 of the 22 Arab states. Over-extraction of groundwater in many parts of the region has led to groundwater table declines, especially in highly populated and agricultural areas.<ref name="WWDR2022" />{{rp|7}}

{{World topic|Groundwater in|title=Groundwater by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}}

==See also==
* {{in title|Groundwater}}
* {{annotated link|Baseflow}}
* [[Hydrology]]
* [[List of aquifers]]
* [[List of aquifers in the United States]]
* {{annotated link|Water resources}}
* {{annotated link|Water security}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Underground water}}
* [https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/ USGS Office of Groundwater]
* [https://iah.org/ IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists]
* [https://gw-project.org/ The Groundwater Project] Online platform for groundwater knowledge
* [https://upgro.org/ UGPRO] 7-year research project on the "Potential of Groundwater for the Poor" (2013–2020)
{{Natural resources}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aquifers|*]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineering]]
[[Category:Soil mechanics]]
[[Category:Liquid water]]
[[Category:Water and the environment]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Lithosphere]]
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]

List of Odia films of 1951

2025-09-15T05:46:22Z

Kamdhenupaints: creating basic details from scratch

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1951:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1951 in film|1951]]'''
|-
|''[[Rolls – 28]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Kalyan Gupta ||Bimala Debi, Kishori Debi, Giridhari ||Social| ||Fourth [[Oriya film]] in release and the first Oriya film with an English name.
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1951 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1951]]
[[Category:Lists of 1951 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1951 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1950s in Orissa]]

Pallana

2025-08-14T23:33:50Z

Kamdhenupaints: improved article

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pallana
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| other_name = kumarakodi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Ashan Smarakom.jpg
| image_alt = From Top Clockwise: Beauty of Pallana, K.A.M.U.P School, Pallana River, Pallana Temple, Pallana backwater scene in the west side
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| nickname = Pallana River
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.29629|76.394277|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = In memory of the Eternal poet Maha Kavi [[Kumaran Asan]]
| government_type = KERALA GOVT
| governing_body = Panchayath
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 14
| area_total_km2 = 3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 690515
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 690515
| website = {{URL|https://entepallana.blogspot.com/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Pallana
}}
'''Pallana''' is a village near [[Haripad]] on the shore of Arabian Sea. It is also alongside the River Pallana. National Highway 66 runs nearby. It is made famous by the fact that it is the final resting place of the great Malayalam poet Kumaranasan.

==Asan Memorial==
Pallana is the final resting place of the poet Mahakavi [[Kumaran Asan]], the representative of cultural renaissance in [[Kerala]] who introduced the form of poetry called "Khandakavyam" to Malayalam. It is now preserved as 'Asan Smarakom' (Memorial Tomb) by state cultural Department [[Government of Kerala]].

==Schools==
Mahakavi Kumaran Asan Memorial High School was established in 1976.It was later renamed to Mahakavi Kumaran Asan Memorial Higher Secondary School. There is also a library in memory of Asan, which houses books of his poetry.

==Kaviyarangu==
The Asan Memorial Trust frequently organizes 'Kaviyarangu' (a meet of poets and literary persons in Malayalam) and conducts the speeches of famous Malayalam poets.

==Image gallery==
<gallery>

File:Pallana Temple.jpg|Porkkali Devi Temple
File:Pallana River.jpg|Boating in Pallana
File:K.A.M.U.P School.jpg|K.A.M.School
File:Beauty of Pallana.jpg|Pallana river

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alappuzha district}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

{{Alappuzha-geo-stub}}

Director General of Forests

2025-08-06T12:27:56Z

Kamdhenupaints: refine citations for clarity and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Forest administration in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Director General of Forests''' is a term used in various countries for high officials in forest management and forestry.

==Germany==
The [[Ranks and insignia of the Forest protection (Nazi Germany)|Generalforstmeister]] (Director General of Forests) was the second highest forestry official in the Prussian civil service and in the German Reich. He was subordinate to the Reichsforstmeister, the head of the Reich Forestry, and was his deputy. The title of Generalforstmeister corresponded to the former Oberlandforstmeister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vormalige Edelleute im preußischen Staatsforstdienst 1936-1945 |url=http://home.foni.net/~herumstreifer/forst00.htm |website=home.foni.net/ |accessdate=20 November 2019 |language=German |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223165802/http://home.foni.net/~herumstreifer/forst00.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==India==
The '''Director General of Forests''' of India is the highest-ranking officer of the [[Indian Forest Service]]. The director is posted in the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] and generally selected from the senior-most PCCFs{{clarify|What does this mean?|date=February 2020}} of the states of India. The Indian Government has only one post for the Director General of Forests. The person holding this rank is also the ex-officio Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]. An officer posted at this level has generally completed about 35 years of service.<ref>Ministry of Environment and Forests Resolution, New Delhi, 14 December 2000 [http://envfor.nic.in/legis/ifs/ifs12011.doc]</ref>

At present (2025) '''Sushil Kumar Awasthi''' <ref>https://x.com/moefcc/status/1885604239915053491 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref> is currently working as the Director General of Forests and Special Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

==See also==
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]] Forest Science Centres

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Director General Of Forests (India)}}
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Forest administration in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Transport in Karnataka

2025-07-23T17:55:40Z

Kamdhenupaints: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Karnataka locator map.svg|thumb|Karnataka map showing major roads]]
'''[[Karnataka]]''', a state in [[South India]] has a well-developed transport system. Its capital city, [[Bengaluru]] is well-connected by air to domestic and international destinations and the [[Kempegowda International Airport]] (KIA) in the city is one of the busiest airports in [[India]]. It was also the headquarters of the airlines [[Air Deccan]] and [[Kingfisher Airlines]]. The road transport is also well developed in the state with many National and State highways providing means for fast transportation. The headquarters of the South-Western Railway division of [[Indian Railways]] is located at [[Hubli|Hubballi]] and this division governs most of the railway network in the state. [[Konkan Railway]] which passes along the coastal region of the state is considered one of the toughest engineering projects being undertaken in India till date. Buses, cars and trains are the means of transport for moving across distant places in [[Karnataka]]. For transportation within the city or town limits; motorbikes, cars, [[autorickshaw]]s and buses are used. With the advent of low-cost airlines, many people are choosing to travel via air as well.

==Air transport==
{{see also|List of Airports in Karnataka}}
[[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport - Bengaluru]] is host to 9 domestic airlines and 19 international airlines and [[Lufthansa]], [[British Airways]], [[Air France]], [[United Airlines]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Singapore Airlines]] and [[Malaysia Airlines]], connecting the city to almost 50 destinations across India and the world. With Bengaluru being the 'IT capital' of India, the air traffic to this city has increased manifold.

'''[[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru International Airport]]''' on the other hand connects 7 international destinations which includes [[Dubai]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Dammam]], [[Kuwait]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and domestic destinations like [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Calicut]], [[Chennai]]. [[Mangalore International Airport]] has recorded 28.1% annual growth in passenger traffic for the year 2015-2016 by carrying 1.67 million passengers, making it the fastest growing airport in the state.

'''[[Hubballi Airport]]''' is one of the major operational airports serving northern Karnataka. Currently '''[[Indigo Airlines]]''' have started its operation.

'''[[Mysore Airport|Mysuru Airport]]''' Many airlines disconnected the service from mysore as flights which plied to [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International airport]] did not go well. New routes of air service were introduced under the UDAAN scheme to Hyderabad and chennai everyday which received great response. Additional to that the state operates flights from bangalore to mysore during dasara festival. The airport landed in major controversies with the runway expansion. A decision was taken to build an underpass as it was blocked by rail route and a national highway connecting [[Kozhikode]] - a first kind in the country. Plans are to develop this major tourist destination's airport to an international service as there is competition now from the upcoming [[Kannur International Airport]].

'''[[Belgaum Airport|Belagavi Airport]]''' is the Oldest and north Karnataka busiest airport and the Major Airport in [[North Karnataka]] serving Belgaum city, Part of Goa and southernmost part of Maharashtra, [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air(India)]] [[Indigo Airlines (American airline)|Indigo]] [[Star Air (India)|Star air]] [[SpiceJet|To]] [[Bangalore]], [[Air India]] started operation to Bangalore four days a week Mon, thu, fri, Sun including Pune. Spicejet operates daily flights to Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mangalore and Jabalpur. And also Star air operates daily flights to Bangalore and Ahmedabad.

'''[[Kalaburagi Airport]]''' serves direct flights to Bengaluru and has expansion plans to the other locations in near future.

There are airports at [[Bellary Airport|Ballari Airport]] and [[Bidar Airport]] that do not have any air service. In addition, there are private airstrips at [[Sedam Airport]], Koppal Airport and [[Harihar Airport]].

[[Shimoga Airport|Shivamogga Airport]] is the newest operational airport with second longest runway after Bengaluru airport that serves direct flights to Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Goa, Tirupathi.

[[Hassan Airport, Karnataka|Hassana Airport]], [[Bijapur Airport|Vijayapura Airport]], [[Raichur Airport|Raichuru Airport]] are being built under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model.

===Planned===
*[[New Bellary airport|New Ballari airport]]
*[[Hassan Airport, Karnataka|Hassana Airport]]
*[[Karwar Airport|Karwara Airport]]
*[[Raichur Airport|Raichuru Airport]]
*[[Bijapur Airport|Vijayapura Airport]]

== Rail transport ==
[[File:Mysore railway station.JPG|250px|right|thumb|[[Shatabdi Express]] parked at [[Mysore]] railway station]]

[[File:Hubli railway.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Hubbali railway station built in [[Modern architecture]] style as opposed to [[Architecture of Karnataka|Karnataka architecture]] syle]]

[[File:SWR railway map.png|thumb|Map of [[South Western Railway zone]]]]
The total length of rail track in Karnataka is 3089&nbsp;km<ref name="trans">Statistics related to transportation in Karnataka is provided by {{cite web|url=http://iic.nic.in/iic2_bka.htm|work=Online webpage of Indian Investment Centre|publisher=Government of India|title=Karnataka|access-date=2007-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326015935/http://iic.nic.in/iic2_bka.htm|archive-date=26 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> For a long time after independence, the railway network in the state was under the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern]] and [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western]] railway zones which were headquartered at Chennai and Mumbai respectively. The South Western Zone, headquartered at [[Hubballi]] was created in 2003 thus fulfilling a long-standing demand of the state. Several parts of the state now come under this zone with the remaining being under Southern Railways. Coastal Karnataka is covered under the [[Konkan railway]] network, a project that is regarded as one of the feats of Indian engineering and included the construction of a bridge of length {{convert|2023|m|ft|0}} across the river [[Sharavathi]] at [[Honnavar]] and a tunnel of length {{convert|2960|m|ft|0}} at [[Karwar]]. Bengaluru, the capital city, is extensively connected with inter-state destinations while other important cities and towns in the state are not so well-connected.<ref name="rail1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/dec252006/state143720061225.asp|title=Pilot project: GPS system on B'lore-Hubli Jan Shatabdi|work=Online Edition of the Deccan Herald, dated 2006-12-25|publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref><ref name="rail2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/issues/karnataka_railways.htm |author=GS Prasanna Kumar |title=Karnataka and Indian Railways, Colossal wastage of available resources or is it sheer madness of the authorities concerned |work=Online webpage of OurKarnataka.com |publisher=© 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211025612/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/issues/karnataka_railways.htm |archive-date=2007-02-11 }}</ref><ref name="rail">The state of Railways in Karnataka is discussed by {{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/issues/karnataka_railways.htm |author=GS Prasanna Kumar |title=Karnataka and Indian Railways, Colossal wastage of available resources or is it sheer madness of the authorities concerned |work=Online webpage of OurKarnataka.com |publisher=© 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211025612/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/issues/karnataka_railways.htm |archive-date=2007-02-11 }}</ref> The train connectivity within Karnataka has improved since K.H.Muniyappa, Member of Parliament from [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
constituency has been the Union Minister of State for Railways.
* [[Mangaluru]], one of the major cities in Karnataka now has a train service to other major cities like [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]] started on 8 December 2007, but not directly to [[Hubballi]]. There is a proposed railway line between [[Hubli|Hubballi]] and [[Ankola]] to fulfill this demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1401870.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130409204850/http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1401870.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 9 April 2013| title = Hubli-Ankola Railway line may get clearance- The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* Shivamogga-Talaguppa, Mysore-Chamarajanagar meter-gauge tracks has been converted to broad-gauge. There is a direct train service from [[Mysuru]] to [[Talaguppa]] which is very close to the world-famous [[Jog Falls]].An announcement regarding the extension of Bangalore-Shivamogga Express (night train) to [[Talaguppa]] has been made in the [[Railway Budget]] 2012–13. There are 4 direct passenger trains running from [[Mysuru]] to [[Chamarajanagar]] and a Chamarajanagar-Tirupati fast passenger which connects to the state capital [[Bengaluru]] via [[Mysuru]].
* District capital like [[Madikeri]] is not connected by a rail network. A rail link to [[Madikeri]] would be difficult since it is a hill station and any construction activity would harm the pristine environment.
* The district of [[Kodagu]] has no railway track within it. However a survey is under progress to link [[Mysuru]] with [[Kushalnagar]] in [[Kodagu]] district.
* Doubling of the track between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mysuru]] (a line that receives very good patronage) is already completed.
* Though the state has [[Konkan Railway]] within it; it has remained isolated with no trains running from other parts of the state ( except [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] )to places that exist on the [[Konkan Railway]].

The superfast [[Shatabdi Express]] trains run from [[Bengaluru]] to [[Chennai]] and [[Mysuru]]. A ''Jan Shatabdi'' express runs from [[Bengaluru]] to [[Hubballi]] and this is the first train in India that has been fitted with a GPS (Global Position System) based Location Announcement System. Using this system, the passengers are announced apriori the arrival of a station.<ref name="rail3">The state of Railways in Karnataka is discussed by {{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec252006/state143720061225.asp|title=Pilot project: GPS system on B'lore-Hubli Jan Shatabdi|work=Online Edition of the Deccan Herald, dated 2006-12-25|publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|access-date=2007-05-06}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Konkan Railway]] is an engineering marvel; the construction of which included the bridge across the river [[Sharavathi]] at [[Honnavar]] of length 2,023&nbsp;m and a tunnel at [[Karwar]] of length 2,960&nbsp;m.

A high-end luxury train operated by the Tourism Department of Karnataka [[The Golden Chariot]] covers the places of interest in [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]] under the tour name "Pride of the South". Places Covered: Bengaluru - Kabini/Bandipur - Mysuru - Hassan - Hampi - Gadag - Goa - Bengaluru.
The same train covers the places of interest in [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] with a different tour name "Southern Splendour". Places Covered: Bengaluru - Chennai - Mamallapuram - Pondicherry - Tiruchirapalli & Thanjavur - Madurai - Kanyakumari - Thiruvananthapuram - Backwaters & Kochi / Allepey - Bengaluru.

== Water transport ==
{{See also|Ports of Karnataka}}

Karnataka has 1 major port; the [[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port]] and 10 minor ports; [[Karwar]], Belekeri, Tadri, [[Honnavara]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Kundapur]], Hangarkatta, [[Malpe]], [[Padubidri]] and Old [[Mangaluru]].<ref name="ports">Ports in Karnataka are mentioned by {{cite web|url=http://www.karnatakaports.in/our_ports.htm|title=Minor Ports of Karnataka|work=Online Webpage of Karnataka Ports Department|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref> The construction of the [[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port]] was started in 1962 and completed in 1974. It was incorporated as the 9th major port in [[India]] on 4 May 1974. This port handled 32.04 million tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006–07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports.<ref name="manport">Details related to [[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port]] is provided by {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/07/stories/2007040705571500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011224/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/07/stories/2007040705571500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-01|title=Slowdown in traffic at New Mangalore Port|access-date=2007-05-06|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-04-07}}</ref> This was actually a slowdown in traffic at this port compared to the previous fiscal year mainly due to the reduction in iron ore exports from the Kudremukha Iron Ore Company limited. The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006–07.<ref name="manport" /> The sector of Inland water transport within the rivers of Karnataka is not well-developed.

== Road transport ==
{{See also|List_of_National_Highways_in_India#Karnataka|l1=List of National Highways in Karnataka|List of State Highways in Karnataka}}
[[File:City bus in Mysore.jpg|thumb|City bus in Mysore]]
Among the network of roads in Karnataka, 3973&nbsp;km. of roads are [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]].<ref name="nh">National Highways in Karnataka are mentioned by {{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/pwd/mis2005/Map%201%20of%20MIS%20report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://www.kar.nic.in/pwd/mis2005/Map%201%20of%20MIS%20report.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-15 |title=National Highways in Karnataka |work=Online Webpage of Karnataka Government |access-date=2007-05-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karnataka also has [[State Highway (India)|state highways]] of length 9829&nbsp;km.

The public bus transport in Karnataka is managed by the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]. It was set up in 1961 with the objective of providing adequate, efficient, economic and properly coordinated road transport services.<ref name="ksrtc">A brief discussion on KSRTC is provided by {{cite web|url=http://ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm |title=About KSRTC |work=Online webpage of KSRTC |publisher=KSRTC |access-date=2007-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420114315/http://www.ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm |archive-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It operates 5100 schedules using 5400 vehicles covering 1.95 million kilometres and an average of 2.2 million passengers daily. About 25000 people are employed in Corporation For better management of public transport, Corporation was bifurcated into three Corporations viz., Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, Bengaluru on 15 August 1997, North-west Karnataka Road Transport Corporation, Hubballi on 1 November 1997 and North-East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation, Gulbarga on 1 October 2000. The reservation system is networked and computerised and tickets can be availed at designated kiosks in towns and cities. An online reservation system called ''AWATAR'' has also been devised by Corporation using which travellers can reserve tickets online. [[File:Volvo 9400 B11R Airavat Club Class.jpg|thumb|Airavat Club Class Volvo B11R bus]]Corporation plies various categories of buses viz. Ambaari Dream Class AC Sleeper (Volvo), Airavat Club-Class (high-end luxury Volvo, Scania, Mercedes-Benz multi-axle AC buses), Airavat (high-end luxury Volvo and Mercedes Benz AC buses), Ambaari(Corona AC and non AC Sleeper buses), Rajahamsa Executive (Deluxe buses built on Leyland, Eicher and Tata chassis), Karnataka Vaibhav (Semi-Deluxe buses built on Leyland, Eicher and Tata chassis), Karnataka Saarige (Bus service linking rural areas to major settlements as well as the cheapest alternative for inter-city or town routes. The buses are built on Tata and Leyland chassis). ''Grameena Sarige'' is another initiative by corporation to provide bus service to the rural populace of the state.

Buses run by private persons are allowed to operate in few districts of Karnataka.Inter district transportation are run by private operators, connecting capital Bengaluru and main cities like [[Mangaluru]] and [[Dharwad]] to district headquarters. Intra district transportation by private operators is currently allowed in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]] districts. Omni bus and Maxi cabs are also other modes of road transportation in the state, especially where KSRTC does not buses or run very few.



==Urban transit==
* {{rint|metro}} [[Namma Metro]], [[Bengaluru]]
* {{rint|bus|rapid}} [[Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System|Hubli-Dharwad BRTS]], [[Hubli–Dharwad]]

;Under construction
* {{rint|cable}} [[Nandi Hills, India#Development|Nandi Hills Gondola System]]

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Transport in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Karnataka| ]]

Valinath Mahadev Temple

2025-07-20T20:33:13Z

Kamdhenupaints: made new bio - done

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Valinath Mahadev Temple
| image = Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh 23.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption =

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = [[Shiva|Valinath Mahadev]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board = Valinath Mahadev Mandir Trust
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = Tarabh
| locale =
| district =
| state = [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Nagara Style]] ([[Maru-Gurjara architecture]])
| founded_by =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking = 2011
| year_completed = 2024
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction = East
| length = 265 feet
| width = 165 feet
| height_max = 101 feet
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials = Bansi Paharpur pink stone
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value=
| designation1_free2value=
| designation1_free3value=

| website = {{official website}}

| footnotes =
}}
'''Valinath Mahadev Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]], located in Tarabh village in [[Visnagar]] Taluka of [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It was opened in February 2024.

==History==
[[File:Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh 10.jpg|thumb|Central sanctum|left]]
The temple site has a history of about 900 years. The seat of the temple was held by Viramgiri Bapu who founded the original temple. It is currently held by the 14th successor Jayramgiri Bapu.<ref name="IEG" /> The temple is a centre of faith of [[Rabari]] caste as well as other Hindu castes.<ref name="IEG"/><ref name="db3"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ત્રીજા ભવ્ય હિન્દુ મંદિરની પ્રાણ પ્રતિષ્ઠા કરશે પીએમ મોદી, રબારી સમાજનુ આસ્થાનું છે કેન્દ્ર |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/photo-gallery/rabari-samaj-spiritual-home-tarabh-valinath-mahadev-mandir-pran-pratistha-by-pm-modi-soon-324806 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Zee News Gujarati}}</ref> The foundation of the new temple was laid in 2011.<ref name="db3">{{Cite news |last=Parmar |first=Kamal |date=2024-02-11 |title=વાળીનાથ મહાદેવ પ્રાણપ્રતિષ્ઠા:મંદિરને ફૂલોનો શણગાર, ભાવિકો ઊમટ્યા, પોથીયાત્રા યોજાઈ, ગિરિબાપુની શિવ મહાપુરાણ કથાનો પ્રારંભ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/visnagar/news/valinath-mahadev-pran-pratishtha-mohotsav-after-10-years-of-purushartha-the-temple-is-ready-15-thousand-hosts-will-sit-in-1100-kundi-havan-132591121.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref> The construction was completed in 2024.<ref name="ANI1">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to attend 'Pran Pratishta' ceremony at Valinath Dham temple in Gujarat's Mehsana |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-to-attend-pran-pratishta-ceremony-at-valinath-dham-temple-in-gujarats-mehsana20240220194935/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The [[prana pratishtha]] ceremony held over a week from 16 to 22 February 2024. The event was attended Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other politicians on last day.<ref name="ANI1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi inaugurates Valinath Mahadev temple in Mehsana |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/modi-inaugurates-valinath-mahadev-temple-in-mehsana/81862681.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=વાળીનાથધામમાં ભવ્ય પ્રાણ પ્રતિષ્ઠા મહોત્સવ ઉજવાશે: વિસનગરના તરભ ગામે વાળીનાથ મહાદેવ મંદિરની પ્રાણ પ્રતિષ્ઠા મહોત્સવનો તારીખ નક્કી કરાઇ, 22 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2024માં પ્રતિષ્ઠા યોજાશે |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/visnagar/news/tarabh-village-of-visanagar-has-fixed-the-date-of-pran-pratishtha-mohotsav-of-valinath-mahadev-temple-pratishtha-will-be-held-on-22-february-2024-131176204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502035824/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/visnagar/news/tarabh-village-of-visanagar-has-fixed-the-date-of-pran-pratishtha-mohotsav-of-valinath-mahadev-temple-pratishtha-will-be-held-on-22-february-2024-131176204.html |archive-date=2023-05-02 |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-22 |title=વાળીનાથ મહાદેવ મંદિરની પ્રાણ પ્રતિષ્ઠાના કાર્યક્રમમાં PM મોદી આપશે હાજરી, જાણો શું છે મંદિરની ખાસિયત |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/mehsana/pm-modi-attend-event-valinath-mahadev-temple-know-what-is-special-about-the-temple-973296.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref> Around 5 lakh people attended the ceremony.<ref name=":0" /> It is the second largest Shiva temple in Gujarat, next to the [[Somnath temple]].<ref name="ANI1"/>

==Architecture==
The temple is built in [[Nagara Style]] of Hindu temple architecture. It has three [[shikhara]]s. The central sanctum houses a [[shivalinga]] of Valinath Mahadev while two secondary sanctums house [[Dattatreya]] and [[Hinglaj]] respectively. The central sanctum has the carvings of 12 [[jyotirlinga]]s. The temple is 101 feet high, 265 feet long and 165 feet wide. It has 68 pillars. The construction used over 1.45 lakh cubic feet of stone. It is built primarily using Bansi Paharpur stone.<ref name="ANI1"/><ref name="IEG">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=તરભ, વાળીનાથ મહાદેવ મંદિર ઈતિહાસ? ગામ નું નામ તરભ કેવી રીતે પડ્યું? જાણો આ શિવધામની રસપ્રદ વાતો |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/tarabh-valinath-mahadev-temple-history-and-specialty-interesting-km/257364/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Indian Express - Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TARABH VALINATH TEMPLE : જાણો વાળીનાથ મહાદેવ મંદિરની શું છે વિશેષતાઓ |url=https://www.gujaratfirst.com/gujarat-all/tarabh-valinath-temple-know-what-are-the-features-of-valinath-mahadev-temple/123829/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Gujarat First |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh 14.jpg|Pillars
File:Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh.jpg|From front
File:Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh 38.jpg|Memorial cenotaphs of Gurus
File:Valinath Mahadev temple, Tarabh 37.jpg|Old shrines
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2024]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mehsana district]]

Dattatreya Upanishad

2025-05-28T23:30:33Z

Kamdhenupaints: expanded content per standard format and updated info

{{short description|Vaishnava Hindu text}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Raja Ravi Varma - Dattatreya.jpg
| caption = Dattatreya Upanishad is dedicated to the deity [[Dattatreya]]
| Devanagari = दत्तात्रेय
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Dattātreya
| meaning = The god [[Dattatreya]]
| authors = Vishnu
| type = [[Vaishnava]]
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| chapters = 3
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''''Dattatreya Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|दत्तात्रेय उपनिषद्}}), also called the '''''Dattatreyopanishad''''', is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor [[Upanishad]]s of [[Hinduism]]. It is attached to the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', and classified as a text of the [[Vaishnava]] sect, which worships the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Citation|title=An outline of the religious literature of India|first=John Nicol|last=Farquhar|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford university press|year=1920|isbn=81-208-2086-X|page=364}}</ref>

The ''Dattatreya Upanishad'' appears in the [[Telugu language]] [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads called the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]], where it is listed at number 101.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=557}} However, the Upanishad is neither part of the anthology of 52 popular Upanishads in north India by Colebrooke, nor is it found in the ''Bibliotheca Indica'' anthology of popular Upanishads in south India by Narayana.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=561-564}}

The text is a Tantra and Vaishnava work, likely one of the relatively recent, 14th- or 15th-century CE era composition compared to other Upanishads.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp= 69–70, 77}} The text presents a Vaishnava mantra that is the most popular mantra in Dattatreya tradition,{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=74}}{{Refn|group=note|name=mantra1|The mantra in verse 1.7 of the ''Dattatreya Upanishad'' is, ''dattatreya hare krsna unmattananda-dayaka digambara mune bala pisaca jnana-sagara'' '''Translation:''' Oh Dattatreya, Hari, Krishna and the crazy bliss-bestower! Oh, you clad in space [naked], the silent one, the child, the demon, the ocean of knowledge! – Translated by Antonio Rigopoulos.<ref>{{cite book|author=Antonio Rigopoulos|title=The Mahanubhavs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHNQf5G5tRgC|year=2005|publisher=Firenze University Press|isbn=978-88-8453-264-0|page=7}}</ref>}} as well as a series of tantric [[mantra]]s for the worship of sage Dattatreya, a form of Vishnu.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=October 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=113}}</ref> The text asserts that the worship of Vishnu, Narayana and Dattatreya leads one to the nature of Truth-Bliss-Knowledge.{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|pp=216-217}}

==Date==
The author and composition date of the text are unknown. Rigopoulos states it is a tantric sectarian work, with a mix of Vaishnavism and [[Shaktism]] ideas.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=70}} Given this sectarian nature, and the description of tantric mantras in the text, it is likely a relatively late Upanishad. Sectarian Upanishads with tantra mantras were likely composed after the 10th century, states Douglas Brooks.<ref name="Brooks1990p13">{{cite book|author=Douglas Renfrew Brooks|title=Secret of the Three Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXD8crHUdPQC|year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07570-9|pages=13–14}}</ref>

[[Patrick Olivelle]] states that sectarian Upanishads attached to Atharvaveda were likely composed in the 2nd-millennium, until about the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Upanisads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJGL2tUm6P4C|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954025-9|page=xxxiii}}</ref> Rigopoulos states that the text likely was written in perhaps the 14th or 15th century CE, after Dattatreya sampradaya (monastic group) within Vaishnavism was well established.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=70, 77}}

==Title==
The text is named after sage Dattatreya. He appears in several Upanishads, states Rigopoulos, because he symbolizes the mastery of [[Yoga]] and the perfectly liberated individual (''Avadhuta'') in ancient and medieval Hindu texts.{{Sfn| Rigopoulos|1998|pp=64-71, 74}}

==Content==
The ''Dattatreya Upanishad'' is divided into three ''khanda''s or sections. The first section opens with the creator god [[Brahma]] asking the god [[Vishnu]] (Narayana) how to overcome ''[[samsara]]'', the cycle of birth-death-rebirth. Vishnu replies that he is Dattatreya (Datta), the Supreme God and one should meditate on Vishnu in the form of Dattatreya to free oneself from ''samsara''. After following Vishnu's advice of meditating upon him as Dattatreya, asserts the text, Brahma realizes that the infinite and peerless ''[[Brahman]]'' is realized, as the residuum after one meditates ''neti, neti'' ("not this, not this") negation process on the phenomenal universe.<ref name="Rigopoulos70ff">{{Harv|Rigopoulos|1998|pp= 70–74}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite web |url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/dattatreya.html |title=Dattatreya Upanishad |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523041428/http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/dattatreya.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The text presents various [[mantra]]s of Dattatreya. The single-syllable mantra is considered the important mantra in Tantra for a deity. Dattatreya's ''dam'' is described as the ''[[hamsa]]'' (swan), interpreted as the ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]'' (soul) that dwells in all ''[[jiva]]''s (living beings). Its lengthened form ''dām'' is described to symbolize ''[[Parabrahman]]'', the Supreme Brahman. The phoneme of ''dam'', ''dram'' is popular in Dattatreya worship. The six-syllabled mantra "[[Om]] [[sri]]m hrim klim glaum dram" is given. This mantra shows Tantric and Shakta influences, and contains a reference to Dattatreya's [[shakti]] (female counterpart), denoted by ''hrim''. ''Srim'' denotes [[Lakshmi]], Vishnu's consort/shakti, thus Dattatreya's shakti is in the mantra. The eight-syllabled "Dram Dattatreyaya namah" follows. It means 'dram obeisance to Dattatreya'.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref name="Rigopoulos70ff"/>

The text says that "Dattatreyaya" stands for ''[[Satcitananda]]'' (literally "being, consciousness, bliss"), while ''namah'' denotes Bliss. This is followed by the twelve-syallabled and sixteen-syllabled mantras of Dattatreya, "Om Aam Hrim Krom Ehi Dattatreya [[svaha]]" and "Om Aim Krom Klim Klaum Hram Hrim Hraum Sauh Dattatreyaya svaha" respectively. Both mantras show Shakta impact and have terms like ''krom'', ''hrim'' etc. which represent Dattatreya's shaktis. The mantra denotes to the "Tantric blissful union" of Dattatreya and Lakshmi, similar to the god [[Shiva]] and goddess [[Adi Parashakti|Shakti]]. The [[Vedic meter|poetic meter]] of the mantras is [[Gayatri]], the associated rishi (sage), who is believed to have composed the mantras, is Sadashiva and presiding god is Dattatreya.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref name="Rigopoulos70ff"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tattvāloka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzWAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust}}</ref>

After the syllable mantras, the text presents the mantra – "Dattatreya Hare Krishna ..." – in [[Anustubh]] metre.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=74}}{{Refn|group=note|name=mantra1}} It praises Dattatreya as [[Hari]] and [[Krishna]], names of Vishnu. It identifies the god as an "antinomian ascetic", calling him a "crazy" (''unmatta'') bliss-dweller, a naked ascetic (''digambara'') and ''muni'', a sage who has observed a vow of silence. It calls him a child and a ''[[Pishacha]]'' (demon), hinting towards his role as violator of moral laws. Finally, Dattatreya is called an ocean of knowledge, conveying his role as a great Teacher; this mantra is one of the most popular mantras of sage Dattatreya as a deity.<ref name="Rigopoulos70ff"/>

The second ''khanda'' begins with the ''mala-mantra'' ("garland-mantra") of Dattatreya, "Om Namo Bhagavate Dattatreyaya ...", which is prescribed to be used in ''[[japa]]''. The hymn says that Dattatreya is propitiated easily by simply remembrance. He is the "dispeller of great fears", giver of great knowledge and who dwells in [[Consciousness]] and Bliss. He is called "crazy" (''unmatta''), child and demon, as earlier.<ref name="Rigopoulos74ff"/> Dattatreya is exalted as a great [[yogi]], an ''[[Avadhuta]]'' and the son of Sage [[Atri]] and his wife [[Anusuya]]. He is described as the manifestation of all mantras (incantations), [[Tantra|Tantras]] (esoteric scriptures or knowledge) and powers. He is said to fulfill the wishes in a devotee's heart, destroy worldly bondage, destroy the effects of malignant ''[[graha]]''s (celestial bodies), take away sorrows and poverty, cure diseases and bring great joy to the mind.<ref name="Rigopoulos74ff">Rigopoulos pp. 74–6</ref>

The last ''khanda'', in tradition of Upanishadic literature, tells the advantages of reading the text. He who learns the ''[[Vidya (Knowledge)|vidya]]'' (knowledge) and the mantras in the scripture is sanctified and earns the merit of reciting the ''[[Gayatri Mantra]]'', the ''maha-rudra'' hymns and Om mantra numerous times, and is cleansed of all sin.<ref name="Rigopoulos77">{{Harv|Rigopoulos|1998|p=77}}</ref> Meditating on the mantra taught, asserts the text, leads the yogi to transmute, fuse with the supreme and realize god within himself.<ref name="Rigopoulos77"/>

==Reception==
The description of Dattatreya worship in the ''Dattatreya Upanishad'', states Rigopoulos, is comparable to the reverence for goddesses described in various Shaktism-related Upanishads.<ref name="Rigopoulos77"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar|first2=V.M. |last3= Palsule |first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA976|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/dattatreya.pdf |title= श्रीदत्तात्रेयोपनिषत् (''Sri Dattatreya Upanishad'')|access-date=7 March 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yluXuM5NuUIC | year=1975| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ| isbn=978-81-208-1611-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Antonio |last= Rigopoulos|title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7}}

==External links==
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/dattatreya.pdf Dattatreya Upanishad] in Sanskrit

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]

Awashi Dam

2025-05-06T09:24:38Z

Kamdhenupaints: add references for clarity and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Awashi Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Awashi Dam D03353
| dam_crosses = local river
| location = Dapoli
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|36.51|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|894|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Awashi_D03353 |title=Awashi D03353 |accessdate=4 March 2013 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|10440|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|831|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.8776139|73.271293|display=inline}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Awashi Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on local river near [[Dapoli]], [[Ratnagiri district]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|36.51|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|894|km3|abbr=on}}, and the gross storage capacity is {{convert|11151.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Iramsiphai

2024-09-13T04:20:54Z

Kamdhenupaints: New

{{short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Iramsiphai''' is a village situated in [[Manipur]]. The village is separated into two parts by the [[Imphal River]]. The northern part of the village<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/writereaddata/citizen_out/WA_2007007_2007007001_RC_19806.html|title=Asset Register|website=nrega.nic.in|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185406/http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/writereaddata/citizen_out/WA_2007007_2007007001_RC_19806.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> belongs to [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]] district and the southern part belongs to the [[Imphal West district]] of Manipur. The Thoubal part belongs to the [[Lilong (Thoubal)|Lilong Constituency]] and the Imphal West part comes under the Wangoi Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2017/22.pdf|title=CEO Manipur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24.6640|93.9219|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Villages in Imphal West district]]

Matla Halt railway station

2024-09-05T13:52:22Z

Kamdhenupaints:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Matla Halt
| other_name = Chandkhali Halt
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|Kolkata Suburban Railway Station]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Matla, Canning|Matla]], [[Chadkhali]], [[Canning I]] [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.333146|N|88.630248|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|6|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Sealdah South lines#Canning Branch line|Canning Branch line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible = Not Available
| bicycle = Not Available
| parking = Not Available
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MATL
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| closed =
| former = [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]
| opened = {{start date and age|15 August 2022}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1965–66
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Sealdah South|left=Canning|right=Taldi|to-left=Canning|type=[[Sealdah South lines#Canning Branch line|Canning Branch line]]}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Sealdah South lines}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Matla Halt railway station''' (formerly known as '''Chandkhali Halt railway station''')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/new-matla-station-inaugurated-for-canning-people-on-independence-day-2022_440236.html|title=Independence Day 2022: নদীর নামেই পরিচয়, স্বাধীনতার ৭৫ পূর্তিতে নতুন স্টেশন পেল ক্যানিংবাসী|language=bn|date=15 August 2022|access-date=15 August 2022|first=Prasanjit|last=Sarder|newspaper=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> is a [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|Kolkata Suburban Railway Station]] on the [[Sealdah South lines#Canning Branch line|Canning Branch line]]. It is under the jurisdiction of the [[Sealdah railway division]] in the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Matla Halt railway station is situated at [[Matla, Canning|Matla]] in [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-matla-halt-matl/12662|title=MATL/Matla Halt|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/matla-halt-matl-station|title=MATLA HALT (MATL) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
In 1862, the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] constructed a {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad-gauge railway]] from {{stnlnk|Sonarpur Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Canning|India}} via Matla Halt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railways History Time Line |access-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Electrification==
Electrification from {{stnlnk|Sonarpur Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Canning|India}} including Matla Halt was completed with 25 kV AC overhead system in 1965–66.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title=History of The Electrification of Indian Railways|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

==Station complex==
The platform is very much well sheltered. The station possesses many facilities including water and sanitation. There is a proper approach road to this station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |title=The Chronology of Railway Development in Eastern India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327200122/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Sealdah South}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Rudrasena II

2024-08-13T11:51:51Z

Kamdhenupaints:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{for|the [[Western Satraps]] ruler|Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Mahārāja
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Vakataka king of Nandivardhana-Pravarapura
| reign = c. 385 – 390 CE
| predecessor = [[Prithivishena I]]
| successor = [[Prabhavatigupta]] (regent)
| spouse = Prabhavatigupta
| issue = Divakarasena, [[Damodarasena]], [[Pravarasena II]]
| house = [[Vakataka]]
| father =
| mother =
}}
{{Vakataka Infobox}}
'''Rudrasena II''' ({{reign|{{circa|385}}|390 CE}}<ref name="altekar">{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=100}}</ref>) was a ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the [[Vakataka dynasty]]. While his reign was short, he notably married [[Prabhavatigupta]], the daughter of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Chandragupta II]]. His early death led to Prabhavatigupta ruling as regent for an extended period of time as his sons Divakarasena, [[Damodarasena]], and [[Pravarasena II]] were all minors.<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|authorlink1=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=482|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref>

Rudrasena's brief reign was also notable for religious changes which were likely brought about by increased Gupta influence. Unlike his ancestors who were all devout Shaivites (worshippers of [[Shiva]]), Rudrasena became a devotee of Chakrapani or [[Vishnu]]. Rudrasena's change of faith was probably encouraged by his powerful father-in-law and his queen, who were both staunch Vaishnavites.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Yazdani |editor1-first=Ghulam |title=The Early History of the Deccan |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=174–175}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Classical Age |date=1997 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=180 |edition=Fifth}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudrasena 02}}
[[Category:Vakataka kings]]
[[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Deer Park, Hisar

2024-08-12T12:11:21Z

Kamdhenupaints: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deer Park
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Wildlife park
| image_skyline = Blackbuck male female.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bluebuck]] male & female deer
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|11|27|N|75|45|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1985
| founder = [[Forests Department, Haryana]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Url|haryanaforest.gov.in/DeerParkHisar.aspx}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Deer Park, Hisar''', on Hisar-[[Dhansu]] in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]] has an area of {{convert|48|acre|order=flip}} including a 6-acre plot for producing fodder for the deer.<ref name=park>{{cite web|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/DeerParkHisar.aspx |title=Deer Park, Hisar |publisher=Haryana Forest Department |access-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513213600/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/DeerParkHisar.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Park as 4 species, [[blackbuck]], [[chital]] [[spotted deer]] and 6 [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]]. It also doubles up as the wildlife rescue clinic for the treatment injured wild animals and birds brought here by the people, which are released back in to the wild after the recovery.

[[Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar|Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park]] is 1 km northeast of the Deer Park.

==Background ==

===Location ===

Deer Park Hisar is located on Hisar-[[Dhansu]] Road in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]. From the junction of Hisar-Barwala [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and northern bypass at Hisar, 400 m north on NH-52 take the link road to Dhansu in northeast direction. The Deer Park, 1 km ahead/northeast of 'BPCL LPG Bottling Plant' on this link road, is 2.8 km from NH-52. Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park is 1.1 km ahead of Deer Park in northeast, 2.1 km from 'BPCL LPG Bottling Plant' and 3.9 km from NH-52. Dhansu is further 5 km and 4 km northeast of Deep Park and Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park respectively on this link road. Both, the Deer Park and the Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, are run by the [[Forests Department, Haryana|Forests Department]] of [[Government of Haryana]].

Deer Park is 6.4 km from [[Hisar Airport]] and 4.9 km northeast of [[Blue Bird Lake]].

===History===

The Deer Park was established by the [[Forests Department, Haryana]] of [[Government of Haryana]] in 1985 <ref name=park/> to advance conservation and to increase public awareness and understanding of the topic through education.<ref name=park/> It is the oldest among Zoos and deer parks in [[Haryana]].

==Flora ==

The flora in the park includes [[ficus benghalensis]] (bayan or vat vriksh), [[ficus religiosa]] (peepal), [[dalbergia sissoo|indian rosewood]] (sheesham), [[vachellia nilotica]] (kikar), [[Morus (plant)|white mulberry]] (shahtoot), [[eucalyptus]] (safeda),{{Which lang|date=August 2024}} and other thorny shrubs.

==Fauna ==

The deer park is surrounded by the largest forested area which is also home to the [[bengal fox]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], various species of snakes, [[black partridge]], etc. The [[Asiatic lion]] was last seen here in 1960.

===Deer park ===

The deer housed at the park for breeding include 20 Blackbuck, 16 Chital (spotted deer) and 6 sambar.<ref name=park/>

===Great Indian Bustard breeding and conservation program===

In 2021, [[Forests Department, Haryana|Forests and Wildlife department of Haryana]] informed that [[Great Indian Bustard]] (hindi: सोन चिड़िया), which was previously found in abundance in the [[tehsil|area]] of [[Siwani]] and [[Adampur, Hisar|Adampur]], has largely disappeared from haryana. It is still found in [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] and [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]] in India. Forests department will start a breeding program for the Great Indian Bustard at Hisar Deer park.<ref name=aujala1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/soan-chiraiya-in-hisar-hisar-news-rtk6093402121 Soan chiraiya in Hisar] (see [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarujala.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar%2Fsoan-chiraiya-in-hisar-hisar-news-rtk6093402121 english translation]), [[Amar Ujala]], 21 May 2021.</ref>

===Butterfly and Bhanvra breeding and conservation program ===

From 2021, Wildlife department will also create a [[Butterfly]] and [[Xylocopa violacea]] (carpenter bee or काला भंवरा) breeding program. Plants, shrubs and flowers will be grown which support and sustain the life cycle of these [[insect]]s.<ref name=aujala1/>

==Visitor facilities==

The park has a landscaped area with seats and fountain for picnic, an administrative block, wildlife treatment clinic, etc.

==Concern ==

There is demand to upgrade the visitors facilities such as the interpretation centre, toilets, shelter/shade, cafe, etc. Ecologists have demanded construction of wetland inside the park and planting of additional plants and conversion of the land into grassland with sprinkler system and by rejuvenating the organic manure and nutrient content of the soil inside the park.

==Gallery==

Below are pictures of some of the species found at the deer park (pictures for representation only):

<gallery>
Cheetal_male_with_females_(Axis_axis).jpg|[[Chital]] Spotted Deer male (with long horn) and females (without horn)
Chital_deer_Sasan-Gir.jpg|[[Chital]] Spotted Deer
Sambar_Deer_male._Cervus_unicolor.jpg|[[Sambar (deer)|Sambar]] male with longer horn
Female_Sambar_Deer.jpg|Sambar female with shorter horn
Sambar_deer_Cervus_unicolor.jpg|Sambar deer of unicolor
Blackbuck_(Antilope_cervicapra)-_Male_%26_female_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_7268.jpg|[[Blackbuck]] male (darker/black) and female (lighter/brown)
Male_Blackbuck.jpg|[[Blackbuck]] Antelope male
Black_Buck.jpg|[[Blackbuck]] female
Great_Indian_Bustard_from_DNP_(cropped).jpg|Great Indian Bustard
Carpenter_bee_iran.jpg|Carpenter bee or Kaala banvara
</gallery>

==Other nearby attractions==
{{col div}}
* [[Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar]] is next to the Deer Park on Dhansu Road
* [[Blue Bird Lake]] Hisar
* [[Kanwari#Primary Mounds: Kanwari-1 .26 Kanwari-2|Kanwari Indus Valley Mound]] at [[Kanwari]]
* [[Tosham rock inscription]] at [[Tosham]]
* [[Asigarh Fort]] at [[Hansi]]
* [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]]
* [[Pranpir Badshah tomb]] at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
* [[Mahabir Stadium]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{col div end}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
*[[Rohtak Zoo]]
* [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli]]
* [[List of zoos in India]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]] in [[Haryana]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Zoos of India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Protected Areas of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}

{{Asia topic|List of zoos in|title=Lists of zoos in Asia}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1985]]

Aurangabad district, Bihar topics

2024-02-17T22:06:01Z

Kamdhenupaints: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Template:Aurangabad district, Bihar topics]]

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Industrial Finance Corporation of India

2015-09-23T04:34:30Z

Kamdhenupaints: started first article first draft

#REDIRECT [[IFCI Ltd]]
{{R from move}}